The Nation 1908-04-16: Vol 86 Iss 2233
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AP 16 ‘GK The Nation VOL. LXXXVI—NO. 2233. THURSDAY, APRIL 16, 1908. PRICE TEN CENTS. . Of Special Interest to Teachers * LIVES OF GREAT ENGLISH WRITERS from Chaucer to Browning. = $1.50 xe: By W. S. HINCHMAN, Instructor in English at Groton School, and FRANCIS B. GUMMERE, Professor of English at Haverford College. With 8 portraits. This book is inspired by the belief that the study of literature should begin with the lives of authors and their original works, and that literary criticism should be withheld until the student has formed some opinion of his own. It comprises thirty-three biographies, arranged in groups, with short transitional introductions to each group. MODERN CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHERS from Bruno to Spencer. § $2.50 ne Selections, edited by BENJAMIN RAND, Librarian of the Harvard Philosophical Library. n this book Dr. Rand has sought, so far as practicable by means of selections, to present the history of modern philosophy in the words of the great thinkers. The aim has been to bring together such chapters from the writings of these men as will best set forth the most essential features of their systems. The volume will be found eminently adapted as a prescribed text-book for the introductory courses of phi- losophy in colleges and universities. THE ARTHUR OF THE ENGLISH POETS. = $1.50 xe By HOWARD MAYNADIER, Instructor in English in Harvard University. This is the first attempt to trace the complete history of the Arthurian Legend, from Layamon’s ‘“‘Brut’’ to Tennyson's ‘‘Idylls of the King.”” The work will be found valuable in courses in English Literature and jndispensable in courses in Comparative Literature. THE POETRY OF CHAUCER. $1.50 ne By ROBERT K. ROOT, Preceptor in English in Princeton University. This book is not only an admirable text for courses in Chaucer, in Middle English, or in the history and development of English Lit- erature, but also an invaluable volume for reference libraries. THE CHIEF AMERICAN POETS. § $:.75 ne Edited by CURTIS HIDDEN PAGE, Ph.D., Adjunct Professor in Golumbia University. This book contains the most omeiate equipment yet combined in one volume for the study of our chief poets, Bryant, Poe, Emerson. Longfellow, Whittier, Holmes, Lowell, Whitman, and Lanier. All the best of each poet's work is included, and also some representation of each period and each class of his work—ip short, all that would be given as preseribed reading in a college or university course. LITERATURE AND LIFE IN SCHOOL, = $:.25 ne: By J. ROSE COLBY, Ph.D., Professor of Literature in the I!linois State Normal University. This book is a persuasive appeal for the study of literature as literature in all the years of a child’s school life. A full list of books, single poems, and pieces of prose to be read in school is given, with directions explicit enough to be of practical value. A THEORY OF MOTIVES, IDEALS AND VALUES IN EDUCATION. $1.75 nec By WILLIAM E. CHANCELLOR, recently Superintendent of Public Instruction in Washington, D.C.; Lecturer in School Administration in Chicago University. “Superintendents who have the attitudes or interests of the scholar should read this book; = will broaden their vision and help them to poapeeve poise and sanity amid the confusion and chaos of the existing order of things.’’—Prof. M. V. O'Shea, in The Wisconsin Journal of Edu- cation. GROWTH AND EDUCATION, §$ $1.50 x By JOHN M. TYLER, Professor of Biology in Amherst College. “Professor Tyler has made it | my task to present in this volume all the evidences of s non-technical character which corroborate the new view of the relation of mind to body. Writing with the aim of convince ing parents and school-teachers, rather than the already convinced scientist, the writer has phrased his demonstrations simply and pleasingly.."—New York Tribune, THE RIVERSIDE LITERATURE SERIES. New Issues Edited by College Professors CARLYLE’S HEROES, HERO-WORSHIP, AND THE HEROIC IN HISTORY. With an Introduction, a Biograph- ical Sketch, Notes, Suggestions to Teachers, a Bibliography, etc. Edited by JOHN CHESTER ADAMS, Instructor in English at Yale University. Paper, 45 cents; cloth, 50 cents, met. BACON’S ESSAYS. Edited with Introduction and Notes by CLARK S. NORTHUP, Assistant Professor of the English Language and Literature in Cornell University. Paper, 30 cents. Cloth, 40 cents, met. SHAKESPEARE’S KING LEAR. From the Cambridge Edition, edited by Prof. W. A. NEILSON of Harvard. With an Introduction and Additional Notes by Ashley H. Thorndike, Professor of English in Columbia University. preparation. SELECTIONS FROM RUSKIN. Edited by CHAUNCEY B. TINKER and LUCIUS H. HOLT, Instructors in English at Yale University. /n preparation. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY Boston New York Chicago |
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ae —. The Nation. JOURNAL. A WEEKLY FOUNDED IN 1865. [2ntered at the New York City Post Office as second-clase mail matter. | The Nation is published and owned by the New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Villard, President; Philip Loring Allen, Treasurer; Ham- mond Lamont, Editor; Paul Elmer More, Asso- clate Editor. Three dollare per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United Statee or Mewico; to Can- ada $3.50, and to foreign countries comprised ix the Postal Union $4.00. Address THE NATION, Bow 794, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Tree WME cc cccccccccccccccccccccgecce 343 EDITORIAL ARTICLES: Extravagance and Deficits...........- 346 Conditions in Cuba .......sceeeeeeenes 346 The Governor's Fight ...........++++. 347 The Emotional Races............++.+- 348 Shakespearean Memorials and Nation- Ml Theatres .....ccccccccccccccceces 348 SPECIAL ARTICLES: Paris Booknotes—Correspondence and BIOSTOABRY 2c cccccccccccccccccccccccs 349 News for Bibliophiles..............++- 350 CORRESPONDENCE: 350 Portala A Biography of Dr. Ric hs urd Hodgson. 350 PIO. ccdovecceccccccccscnscesecscsesess 350 Book REVIEWS: The Dynasts, a Drama of the Napo- BOGS WD ccadevcececesdsesesendce 353 Come Om@ Fim Me .nccccccccsccccccs 4 354 Arkinsaw Cousins: A Story of the GERGED cccwcccscmccccccccesssccosees 354 Flower o' the Orange..............++ é 354 The Vermilion Pencil ................ 35 Penne Ge BOM cocccocccececesseees 354 The Call of the Deep.................. 355 Saggio Critico sul Petrarca.......... 355 Petrarch: His Life and Times. ° 355 Robert Owen.—The New Harmony BEOCONEOS cocccccncccccessccesescese 355 BED sececccccsccedescccesccececcescese 356 The Oxyrhynchus Papyri ............ 357 The Palaces of Crete, and Their PD. Seceddedbarceccanseuscevcences 357 Achtzehneinhalb Jahre hinter russis- chen Kerkermauern ...........-++++ { 358 The Gospel of St.John in West-Saxon The Gospel of St. Matthew in West- Saxon.—The Gospel of St. Mark in West-Saxon —The Gospel of St Luke in West-Saxon.—The West- SD DUD cedccescececescencesen BO POD GP WEe ec eesdeeccucdecactesasece 359 ISD cccccccenscesecescccescaccecscss GD DRAMA: Tudor Facsimile Texts .............. 360 Music: Programme Music in the Last Four RSE Sethocréoocescesscceceseeees 361 ART: The History of Sculpture............ 361 FINANCE: SD EP BUONO eccesenctivecacsas 363 BooKS OF THE 363 Bens denediedstevcede 3 , *** Copies of The Nation may be procured in Paria at Brentano's, 17 Avenue de l’Opéra; in London of B. F. Stevens & Brown, Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross. The Nation. [Vol. 86, No. 2233 Ed ucational. ANDOVER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY Affiliated with Harvard University Open to college graduates and other men of equivalent education. Courses in all departments ot theology, and related fields, leading to the de grees of Bachelor of Divinity, Master of Arts, and Doctor of Philosophy. Unsurpassed library facili- ties. Two resident Graduate Fellowships of $400 each. The 10lst year begins Oct. 1908, in Cambridge. For information address Prof. JOHN WINTHROP PLATNER, Andover,Mass. TEACHERS WANTED-FEMALE for young ladies’ boarding and day school, Trafal- gar Institute, Montreal. Teacher of mathematics and science; must be duly qualified in all the higher branches. Salary $600. without residence. TeaPher of drawing, with or without residence, as may be determined. Teacher of General Form work for the younger girls. Salary $400 with residence. For full particulars apply to A. F. RIDDELL, Secretary, 80 St. Francois Xavier St., Montreal. Teachers’ Agencies. WE FISK TEACHERS’ AGENCIES. Everett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 4 Ashburton P1., Boston 1505 Pa. Ave., Washington 156 Fifth Ave., New York 414 Cen. 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C., care The Nation. success, A Special Rate FOR SCHOOL ADVERTISING will hereafter be charged by The Nation TEN CENTS A LINE NET FOR THIRTEEN TIMES Minimum space three lines Supplementary Reading THE JANE ANDREWS BOOKS LONG’S WOOD FOLK SERIES THE YOUTH’S COMPANION SERIES SPYRI’S HEID I COLLODI’S ADVENTURES OF PINOCCHIO baat NS LITTLE FOLKS OF MANY GOULD’S MOTHER NATURE’S CHILDREN COMSTOCK’S WAYS OF THE SIX-FOOTED STRONG'S ALL THE YEAR ROUND SERIES CINN & COMPANY - BOSTON A Commentary on NOTES ON CHAUCER. the Prolog and Six Canterbury Tales. By EN BARRETT HINCKE- LEY. 260 pages, beside h. a Bibliography. Cloth, gilt top. Now ready. Price $3.00. Circular on appl. eation. Address THE NONOTUCK PRESS, Box Northampton, Mass., U. 8. A. HARVARD THEOLOGICAL REVIEW An undenominational quarterly pub- lished by the FACULTY OF DIVINITY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY Contents of the April Number THE COLLAPSE OF THE NEW ENGLAND THEOLOGY George A. Gordon HELLENISM AND CHRISTIANITY. Frank B. 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April 16, 1908] The Nation. ili Economic Prizes ——FIFTH YEAR—— In order to arouse an interest in the study of topics relating to commerce and industry, and to stimulate those who have a college training to consider the problems of a business career, a committee composed of Professor J. Laurence Laughlin, University of Chicago, chairman; Professor J. B. Clark, Columbia University; P.ofessor Henry C. Adams, University of Michigan; Horace White, Esq., New York City, and Hon. Carroll D. Wright, Clark College, have been enabled, through the generosity of Messrs. Hart, Schaffner & Marx, of Chicago, to offer in 1909 prizes under two general heads. Attention is expressly called to anew rule that a competitor is not confined to subjects mentioned in this an- nouncement; but any other subject chosen must first be approved by the Committee. 1. Under the first head are suggested herewith a few subjects intended primarily for those who have had an academic training, but the possession of a degree is not required of any contestant, nor is any age limit set. 1. German and American methods of regulating trusts. 2. The logic of ‘“‘Progress and Poverty.” 3. What are the ultimate ends of trade-unions and can these be gained by any application of the principles of monopoly ? 4. In view of the existing railway progress, should the United States encourage the construction of waterways? 5. Is it to be expected that the present and recent production of gold will cause a higher level of prices? Under this head, CLASS A includes any American without restriction; and CLASS Bincludes only those, who, at the time the papers are sent in, are undergraduates of any American college. Any member of CLASS B may compete for the prizes of CLASS A. A First Prize of Six Hundred Dollars, and A Second Prize of Four Hundred Dollars are offered for the best studies presented by CLASS A, and _AFirst Prize of Three Hundred Dollars, and A Second Prize of Two Hundred Dollars are offered for the best studies presented by CLASS B. The committee reserves to itself the right to award the two prizes of $600 and $400 of CLASS A to undergraduates in CLASS B, if the merits of the papers demand it. ll. Under the second head are suggested some subjects intended for those who may not have had aca- demic a and who form CLASS C: The best scheme for uniform corporation accounts. Desirable methods of improving our tradé with China. The proper spheres of the trust company and the commercial bank. The relations of oriental immigration to American industries. The relative efficiency of American and European labor in manufacturing industries. One Prize of Five Hundred Dollars is offered for the best study presented by CLASS C; but any member of CLASS C may compete in CLASS A. Yen = The ownership of the copyright of successful studies will vest in the donors, and it is expected that, without precluding the use of these papers as theses for higher degrees, they will cause them to be issued in some permanent form, Competitors are advised that the studies should be thorough, expressed in good English, and although not limited as to length, they should not be needlessly expanded. They should be inscribed with an assumed name, the class in which they are presented, and accompanied by a sealed envelope giving the real name and address of the competitor. If the competitor is in CLASS B, the sealed envelope should contain the name of the institution in which he is studying. The papers should be sent on before June 1, 1909, to J. Laurence Laughlin, Esq. The University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois _|
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iv The Nation. [Vol. 86, No. 2233 —2 Important New Macmillan Books SECOND EDITION—NOW READY Lord Cromer’s great work on Modern Egypt “‘The book is a model of what such a book ought to be. It is lucidly explanatory. . . . To the equipment of the diplomat and the financier generally conceded to him must now be added some of the best gifts of the historian -a broad outlook, a keen insight, a patient tolerance and a remarkably vivid, strong and nervous style.’—New York Herald. Cloth, Svo. Ln tw volumes with portraits, $6.00 net THE NEW BOOKS OF THE MONTH The Atoning Life By Henry Sylvester Nash Professor of New Testament Interpretation in the Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge. An effort to interpret the mysteries that spring from life itself and give it form and experience, mysteries of divine and human freedom, of pleasure and pain, forgiveness and law, the individual and society. Cloth, l2mo, $1.25 net; by mail, $1.32 The Philosophy of Loyalty By Josiah Royce Professor of the History of Philosophy in Harvard University. The author considers that what is new in this ethical outline is the freeing of the idea of loyalty from misleading associations and vindicating it as the heart of all virtues, the central duty among all duties, the essential spirit of the moral and reasonable life of man giving unity to his acts. Cloth, $1.50 net; by mail, $1.62 National and Social Problems By Frederic Harrison A new volume in the Series of Collected Essays, with added comment ot autobiographical interest, in which ‘“‘The Creed of a Layman” and “The Philosophy of Common Sense”’ have already been published. Cloth, r2mo, $1.75 net. Ready next week Stephen A. Douglas By Professor Allen Johnson, 20wdoin College, formerly of Iowa College. A STUDY IN AMERICAN POLITICS Cloth, 1r2mo, $2.50 net; by mail, $2.64 Government by the People By Robert H. Fuller, Aurhor of ‘‘ The Golden Hope.” The Laws and Customs regarding the Election System and the Formation and Control of Political Partiesin the United States. Cloth, r2mo, $1.00 net; by mail, $1.08 Mr. Robert Hunter’s xew 404 Socialists at Work By the Author of * Poverty”’ is an account from the Socialist’s point of view of the quiet growth and world-wide working of the organization which is aiming to substitute international brotherhood for industrial war; or, as Mr. Wells puts it, ‘‘ the spirit of service, for the spirit of gain.”’ Cloth, $1.50 net; by mail, $1.63 Mr. H. G. Wells’s —xew 400 New Worlds for Old is attracting approval from all directions as ‘* the sanest, wisest championship of extensive social reconstruction”’ The whole tone of the book, without bitterness, or impatience, or sentimental exaltation, makes the yet presented. Cloth, r2mo, $1.50 net; by mail, $1.62 reading of it a pleasure. Dawbarn & Delphey’s An Aid to Materia Medica Fourth Edition. is the standard manual by Dr. Robert H. M. Dawbarn, revised and enlarged by Eden V. Delphey, M.D. Cloth, 16mo, $1.00 net Miss Clara Barrus Nursing the Insane 4 Manual for Training Schools. By the woman assistant physician in the Middletown State Homeopathic Hospital, Middletown, New York. Cloth, r2mo. Ready next week READY NEXT WEEK—THE NEW NOVEL BY THE AUTHOR OF * FAIR MARGARET” Mr. F. Marion Crawford’s The Primadonna Mr. Crawford ranks as ‘‘one of the few born storytellers of the world,” and his character of the young American Margaret Donne, studying for a career on the opera stage, is one of his most delightful and individual creations. Those who know her already will find this the book for which they have often asked, and those who do not will not tind the earlier book essential to the interest of these delightful episodes in an artist’s life. READY MAY 5—THE NEW NOVEL BY THE AUTHOR OF ‘“CONISTON ” Mr. Winston Churchill’s Mr. Crewe’s Career By the author of “‘ Richard Carvel,’”’ “The Crisis,” etc. Cloth, $1.50 by Published THE MACMILLAN COMPANY “6 Fish Ave
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XUM : The Nation. * iin The Week. While the Massachusetts Convention was technically a defeat for those friends of Secretary Taft who wanted a resolution of “preference”. put through, it cannot be denied that the strength shown by his adherents was greater than had been expected, and must help his candidacy elsewhere. It was ad- mitted even by Senator Crane that a majority of the delegates in the conven- tion favored Taft’s nomination. Noth- ing but the strong desire to avoid a contest prevented a pro-Taft plank from being offered; and, if it had been, it would probably have been adopted. This fact will be used, and properly enough, by those who maintain that the Secre- tary’s votes at Chicago are not to come exclusively from the South and the West. Consequently, we shall now hear the “band-wagon” argument for Taft used more confidently than ever. The passionate third-termer is bring- ing forward a new set of reasons why Mr. Roosevelt should accept the Repub- lican nomination. Senator Bourne, for instance, has given no intimation hith- erto that he questions the fitness of Sec- retary ‘Taft for the Presidency. Only, the argument has been, if we can have the master mind, why have the follow- er; why take the good-enough fellow in- stead of the real thing? But now the third-termer is actually beginning to murmur his doubts of Mr. Taft’s avail- ability. The Secretary of War’s chances, for instance, have been hurt by the growing hostility of the colored voters. With him at the head of the ticket, the defection of the negroes might give In- diana, Ohio, even Illinois, to the Demo- erats. Therefore President Roosevelt should run again. But why are the ne- gro voters incensed against Mr. Taft? Because of his share in the Browns- ville affair. What was the Secretary’s part in the Brownsville affair? Stand- ing by the President’s summary action in that matter. If the negro voters of this country, therefore, are embittered against the Secretary of War, ought they not to be still more bitter against. the President? They probably are. Then would not the same reasons hold against his candidacy as against Mr. Taft’s? No, answers the third-termer, and correctly. The Secretary of War is merely human. The President is Mr. Rovseveit. Other men profit by their virtues and suffer by their vices, succeed through wise ac- tion, and fail through blundering. But nothing can hurt Mr. Roosevelt. From his vices and his virtues, his happy strokes and his failures, he coins the same pure metal of popularity. In the pious belief that it has already done everything really worth while, Con- gress is preparing to adjourn as early as May 10. The passage by the Senate of an employers’ liability bill, which Mr. Dolliver asserted to be purposely drawn to fail before the Supreme Court, gives, for instance, a sense of something at- tempted, something wrought to earn a summer's repose. Since there is to be no more general legislation, and th: President is likely to acquiesce in let- ting Congress go home, it might just as well do so. The question may be raised however, whether we are not deve!op- ing, as part of our political system, the tradition that there is only one period in four years when projects of general legislation have a chance. For twenty years past the sessions preceding Presi- dential elections, though classed as* “long” sessions, have been growing shorter. That of 1888 lasted till Octo- ber 20, that of 1892 till August 5, of 1896 till June 11, of 1900 till June 7, and of 1904 till April 28. The intermediate long sessions have shortened, too, but none in these two decades has adjourn- ed more than a day before July 1. The disposition of the State Legislatures to do as little as possible and adjourn has been equally noticeable this year. The Presidential year becomes more and more an annus non. “Love laughs at the locksmith, and the Trusts can well laugh at the Attor- ney-General.” So said a Republican Congressman, Mr. Perkins of Rochester, in some remarks last week in the House on the International Paper Com- pany and the tariff. That was before the Attorney-General had given his re- ply to the Cannon resolutions asking why the Paper Trust had not been pros- ecuted for violating the Sherman act. Mr. Bonaparte now reports, practically confirming the anticipatory gibe of Mr. Perkins. The Department of Justice has been “investigating,” but has as yet found nothing criminal. It is, however, going to keep on investigating. If any- thing turns up, Congress will be duly informed—unless to inform it would de- feat the ends of justice. So there we are left. Speaker Cannon will probably allege that there remains enough hope, though faint, in the activity of the At- torney-General, to prevent Congress from laying even a finger on the print- paper schedule of the sacred tariff. On the other hand, the Pres‘dent is for the immediate removal of the duty on wood- pulp, and for a corresponding reduction in tke duty on paper made from it. With him stand, a certain number of Republicans, and the entire Democratic membership of the House. John Sharp Williams is moving heaven and earth to get the House a chance to vote on this recommendation of the President’s, but the Speaker and his fellow-oligarchs block the way. As Mr. Perkins said, a bill to reduce any part of the tariff, when referred to the Ways and Means Committee, even with the backing of the President, has about “the same _ pros- pects of a favorable report as a bill im- posing a severe penalty on bigamy would have if introduced into a Con- gress of Mormons.” * The calculated muddle into which this particular question of tariff reduc- tion has been manceuvred ought not to blind any one to the facts in the case. Effort has been made, for example, to show that the Dingley tariff did not in- crease the duty on printing paper. Mr. Dalzell has asserted this; Mr _ Tirrell of Massachusetts attempted to prove it. His contention was that the Dingley tariff fixed a specific duty of $6 a ton, whereas the 15 per cent. ad valorem duty of the Wilson tariff, with paper at 2 cents a pound, came exactly to the same thing, $6. But all this showing of alleged facts was utterly demolished, in advance, by the speech which a news- paper man, who is also a member of the House, Mr. Hitchcock of Omaha, deliver- ed in the debate of March 4. With a wealth of trade statistics and commit- tee hearings at command, by tte use of which he completely silenced Dalzell and Payne, he vroved that the price of paper at the time the Dingley bil! pass- ed was less than 2 cents a pound. It really averaged about a cent and three- quarters. Warner Miller himself, who was advocating the paper duty before the Committee on Ways and Means, and who was shortly afterwards one of the organizers of the International Paper Company, testified: We are selling a much better article of paper—I dare not say how cheap, with Mr. Norris [of the New York Times] in the room—but less than 2 cents a pound. At the most, therefore, the ad valorem duty on paper under the Wilson tariff was a little more than $5 a ton. The Dingley bill marked it up to $6, and in- creased the duty on wood-pulp about 33 per cent. Almost immediate'y there- after the International Paper Company was formed, and to-day the price of paper is some 50 per cent. higher than it was when the Dingley tariff was framed. It would not be fair to deny that the greater cost of materials and labor has had something to do with this heightening of the price; but, so
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344 The Nation. [ Vol. 86, No. 2233 far as the tariff is concerned, the facts are as we have stated. And if our mills are hampered by our diminishing re- sources of wood-pulp, President Roose- velt’s argument for opening our ports freely to foreign supplies is certainly strengthened. Despite his belated zeal for tariff-reform, however, we have not expected that this Congress would pay any heed to what Chairman Payne con- temptuously calls a “piecemea!” recom- mendation. Congressman Hobson's wild predic tions of a coming world-war, and his appeals for more and more and yet more battleships, were effectively an- swered in the House on Saturday. For- tunately, Mr. Burton of Ohio was on hand to speak, as ever, for sanity, for civilization, and for the higher moral purposes of this nation, which were po- tent years before we dreamed of an in- vincible navy. When the movement for international peace is more promising than ever before, it is inexcusable for the United States to play the part of the swashbuckling patroller of the seas. As Mr. Burton pointed out, America’s mis- |. sion is that of peace, not of war, and it is no more her duty to enforce peace among the nations by being armed to the teeth than it would be for a clergy- man to enforce the gospe! at the point of a revolver. The one obvious fact about the Al- drich bill is that it cannot possibly go through the House in the shape in which it left the Senate. Whether a suf- ficient number of votes can be mustered to pass it in some amended form, is a question which Speaker Cannon appar- ently means to test at once; for he has arranged for a party caucus this eve ning to consider a course of action. In- deed, late dispatches go so far as to intimate that the meeting may not in reality be a “caucus,” but only a “con- ference.” In the same cautious spirit, the Speaker is credited with having ap proved several amendments introduced by Representative Vreeland of New York, which considerably’ modify the bill. These alterations strike out the two extremely foolish provisions tacked upon the Aldrich bill in its last days in the Senate—the clause forbidding na- tional banks to lend to a concern in which any of its directors are interest- ed, and the clause which, after requir- ing “country banks” to keep more of their reserves at home, allows them to invest one-third of such home reserves in securities. The second of these pro- visions, constdered as an application of the lessons of the recent panic, was merely laughable; the first, however worthy its general purpose, would have virtually put out of business many banks in the smaller towns. Mr. Vree- land next undertakes to graft on the Aldrich bill a clause authorizing “emer- | gency currency’ based on deposits of commercial paper approved by the clear- ing house of the district and by the Sec- retary of the Treasury. This provision, it appears, does not replace Mr. Al- drich’s original plan of accepting State and municipal bonds for such collateral, but merely proposes this commercial pa- per as an additional facility. It there- fore retains the fundamental vices of the Aldrich bill, and gives the banks the option of putting out emergency notes on a more scientific basis. We should say, therefore, that Mr. Vreeland’s changes do not greatly improve that ob- noxious measure. The truth is that the voice of practical business men, in the recent committee hearings, has been so overwhelmingly against the clumsy makeshift of the Senate, and in favor of a currency commission, that the sponsors of the measure have had to change their attitude. Had the Speaker persisted in his idea of “jamming through” the bill, he would have been compelling the business community to accept a “relief measure” which it did not want. E. H. Harriman is the only person who comes creditably out of the recent muddle in the affairs of the Erie. The Erie was drifting into bankruptcy, and the persons responsible for its troubles were not lifting a hand to help it. These directors had been ready enough to in- crease dividends on the stock two years ago, when the propriety of paying any dividends on so ill-equipped a property was gravely questioned. They went so far, on the very eve of last October’s panic, when further cash disbursements of the sort were impossible, as to de- clare dividends at the former rate, pay- able in ten-year notes bearing interest at 4 per cent. Only the decisive veto of the Public Service Commission stopped this inexcusable undertaking. But wher it came to the serious question of meet- ing five millions of maturing indebted- ness, which could be done only by out- side help or by arrangement with the company’s creditors, these same direc- tors took no step whatever until four days before the hour of reckoning. To put forth under such circumstances, as they did Jast Saturday, a demand for extension of the notes in the hands of the public, was absurd. To avert re- ceivership, not only must payment of the $5,500,000 one-year notes be provided for or deferred, but $5,000,000 more money must be procured. A syndigate was to look after this second require- ment, but “upon the express condition, and not otherwise, that all of the said $5,500,000 unsecured notes maturing April 8” should be exchanged, deposit- ed, and extended in the form of a three- year obligation. This proposal, which Wall Street promptly described as “clubbing-in the note-holders,” was made when assenting notes held by for- eign investors, or by distant home in- vestors, could not possibly arrive in time. By Wednesday of last week it was evident that this belated plan had fail- ed; and then it was that Mr. Harriman intervened with his offer to care for all of the obligations. In an affair of this sort we are not greatly concerned over ulterior motives.’ The plain fact is that somebody did not do his duty at a crit- ical juncture, and that somebody else did. When a ship is laboring heavily, and the officers are preparing to leave it to founder with its passengers, any one who stops the leak and keeps the vessel afloat deserves credit. If he gets his salvage, also, he will have earned it. “Gooding and Graft” is an expression which has elicited a three or four thou- sand-word opinion from the Supreme Court of the State of Idaho. Gooding is the Governor of the State, and “Gooding and graft have become so thoroughly known as synonymous terms,” said the offending newspaper, “that the rank and file will have no more of it.” The court looked at the question from all sides. Certainly, it thought, the defendant “did not intend to give Gooding a certificate of good character testifying to his hon- esty and integrity or apply to him an’ endearing term. The very reverse is disclosed.” It was urged that, where a word is capable of two constructions, one actionable and the other not, it is the duty of the court to give such a word an innocent construction, if possi- ble; but the court declared that it was unable to find any definition or general use of the word “graft” which would indicate an innocent act or motive on the part of a person designated as a grafter. “To charge one with being a grafter,” it ruled, “has a tendency to impeach his honesty, integrity, and rep- utation.” Various dictionaries were quoted, and the judges finally took the view with which any first-class “yegg- man” brought before them would have agreed, that “to graft’ was “to steal or to swindle.” And so the case of the Governor and the newspaper was re- manded for trial. Of course, seven- eighths of all the graft is not obtained by stealing, but by improper influence. As the Supreme Court of Minnesota de- fined it, Graft is commonly used to designate an advantage which one person, by reason of *his peculiar position of superiority, influ- ence, or trust, extracts from another. It is in the extraction that the odium and the libel lurk. Hereafter the word cannot be lightly used as a synonym for any malefactor at the head of a corpora- tion, or any political ringster. Mr. Asquith’s remade Cabinet pre sents the minimum of change from Sir
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XUM April 16, 1908] Nation. The 345 Henry Campbell-Bannerman’s. The pro- motion of Winston Churchill was expect- ed, and fully earned, though it involved the risk of losing his seat in Manches- ter. He has, however, already thrown Limself into the struggle for reélection in a constituency which he wrested from the Conservatives three years ago, wt a zeal and pugnacity worthy of the fight- ing son of a fighting father. If he wins, the triumph will be the greater because it is scarcely looked for. For Mr. Lloyd- George to be made Chancellor of the Ex- chequer, represents a great and ra advancement. Yet no man in English public life has grown more swiftly in general esteem. His settlement of the great railway strike last year brought him much renown; and he is a skilled orator and first-class debater. The re- tirement of Lord Elgin from the Colon- ial Office makes room for Lord Crewe, who has made a name for himself as Lib- eral leader in the Lords. The change which will excite most comment, if nct most surprise, is the elevation of Mr. Morley to the peerage. It is pretty well understood that there are somewhat pa- thetic personal reasons for his retaining the office of Secretary for India, though unequal longer to the work of the Com- mons. There may be flings at an old Radical becoming a peer, but whether as viscount or commoner, John Morley ‘may be counted upon to maintain the same lofty views of the duties of gov- ernment, and of inalienable human rights, with which his name has been long identified. Premier Clemenceau continues to tread the middle path of moderation, and the country seems to be with him. The Chamber of Deputies, by a vote of 345 to 205, has adopted an important amendment to one of the laws dealing with the devolution of ecclesiastical property. The amendment provides that funds bequeathed for the celebration of masses shall be transferred to societies of aged priests, by whom the terms of the bequest shall be fulfilled. The gov- ernment supported the amendment, and thereby removed one of the principal reasons on which charges of spoliation by the state have been based. Signifi- cant, however, was the vote itself. A majority of 140 is large, but not large as majorities have been going in the French Chamber when the question of church and state is up. Voting against the government there must have been a considerable section of the followers of M. Combes, who have been trying to overthrow the present Radical Ministry and reéstablish the old bloc, including the Socialists. In face of a double dan- ger from Conservative and Radical ex- tremists, the Premier has boldly held to his position, and more than once he has been able to make use of extremist against extremist. Thus, a few days ago, when, in the discussion of an am- nesty bill, the Socialists insisted that re- cently convicted anti-militarists should be included in its provisions, M. Clem- enceau sharply rejected the proposal, and was sustained by a vote of 460 against 73. The progress of the Liberal cause in Russia has been attended with such fre quent disillusionment that only th most confiding nature will cling with hope to this or that particular conces- sion by a benevolent government. A tew days ago the Duma was reported { have achieved a notable triumph in bringing about the dismissal of an as sistant Cabinet Minister. The Budget Committee of the Duma was said to have made the disgrace of the unpopular official a condition for its acceptance of the government’s financial proposals. Thus, it has been asserted, the principle of Ministerial responsibility for which the first Duma battled and came to grief, has been acknowledged, though in a quiet way. The obvious reply is, of course, that any concession from th: government which comes as a favor, an! not as a right, contributes little to the solution of Russia’s problem. The Czar has taken away much; it pleases him now and then to give a little. Or, rather, it pleases Premier Stolypin. The latter has full right to regard his work with much complacency. His policy of strong- handed reform has succeeded for the moment. He has maintained his posi- tion against court cabals, and he has managed the Duma adroitly. But it has all been done at a cost of violated pledges and defeated Liberal hopes which the future must take into account. The German Boerse bill which abol- ishes the official Boerse register, or speculators’ list, and restores time trad- ing in industrial and mining stocks, was passed by the Reichstag last week. Such action, coming as the result of a twelve years’ experiment on the part of a country not given to over-hasty legisla- tion, should be a lesson to us. Reckless financial methods and overspeculation ushered in, about 1890, a period of sharp decline in values, and gave rise to a popular demand for the restriction of stock-speculation and dealing in futures. Agrarian pressure carried the govern- ment farther than it intended to go, and in its final form the Boerse Law of 1896 not only established a register for spec- ulators to whom trading on time was restricted, but prohibited dealing for monthly account in seven leading min- ing and industrial stocks, and also deal- ing in futures in grain. The Boerse reg- ister has proved a failure, in so far as it was intended to protect the outsider, and has directly encouraged dishonest speculation. Operations in industrial securities have been largely transferred from German to foreign exchanges. In- dustrial stocks have fluctuated more vio- lently since the law than before. That Conservatives and Agrarians have rec- ognized the necessity of a change indi- cates that the case was pressing. To have had a distinguished career for 111 years, and then to become a weekly —this is the fate of the Munich Alige- meine Zeitung, long one of the most powerful newspapers of the Continent. For decades a great political factor, quoted as often in the foreign press as the Kélnische or the Frankfurter Zei- tung, 1t has long been on the downward path. Liberal though not radical in its views, and ever a warm supporter of the Federation, it has found but litt:e response in a country so dominated by church and church influences as Bavar- ia. Even though it has excellent art and musical and literary departments, it has lacked the ability to arouse enthusiasm or obtain for itself the advertising pat- ronage which it has needed and which its rival, the Neueste Nachrichten, has so richly enjoyed. Indeed, it frankly confesses that in the last two years of its publication its deficits have amount- ed to no less than $175,000. In its new form as a weekly, the Allgemeine bears a strong resemblance to the Nation, and to English weeklies like the Spectator and the Atheneum. As it announces that it will be independent in politics and religious matters, it has entered a too long unoccupied field, in which it should exert important influence. The famine in India is serious and growing worse. The weekly bulletins from the Viceroy to the Secretary of State for India now tell of a population of more than one and a half millions which is in receipt of state relief in the form of employment on government works or of gratuitous aid. The distress is centred in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, in northern India, where, at the end of March, the number of men engaged on relief works was 957,000, and of those in receipt of free aid 378,000. The Viceroy’s telegrams observe with official self-restraint that “there are some signs of deterioration in the general condition of the people, and crime is intreasing.” The price of grain is abnormally high. It is again the old story of a swarming population clinging to the very edge of subsistence when conditions are most favorable, and reduced by the slightest shortage of rain or a backward season to extreme distress. On an area of 107,000 square miles, 50,000,000 struggle for a living. The problem is tremendously difficult; yet public opinion, appalled by the regu- lar recurrence of famine, is coming more and more to look to the suzerain power in India as charged with the duty of furnishing a solution.
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346 The Nation. [| Vol. 86, No. 2233 EXTRAVAGANCE AND DEFICITS. A “general alarm” has been sent out by the Republican managers in Wash- ington on the subject of swollen appro- priations and the increasing Treasury deficit. It was high time. At this date last year the Treasury had a surplus of rece'pts over expenditures of $52,000,- 000; whereas now there is a deficit of $41,000,000. That means that we are $93,000,000 worse off. By the end of the fiscal year, the deficit, which marches steadily along at about $8,000,000 a month, can scarcely be less than $55,- 000,000. This will have to be set over against a surplus of $72,000,000 in 1907. It is not surprising if Republicans feel that the contrast, showing, say, $125,- 000,000 to the bad in one year, will not be a powerful campaign argument for the party of supreme financia! ability. Senator Hale has done well to bear down hard on the fact that, in a period of shrunken revenues, it is the continu- ing appropriations which play the mis- chief with the Treasury. When econ- omy is most called for, economy is im- possible. We see how this is in the current government figures of receipts and expenditures. To date, the Treas- ury has paid out $57,000,000 more than a year ago, though at the same time its income has been $36,000,000 less. Why is this? Why cannot the Treasury, Il ke a railroad or a factory, cut down ex- penses when receipts fall off? Because Congress votes the money out inexora- bly, by appropriation bills which have to be met whether the Treasury is in funds or not. This simply Illustrates the old maxim in public finance that it is policy which makes extravagance. When a government embarks on lavish plans, lavish outlays are inevitable. Once assent to the plans, and the neces- sity of finding money to carry them out follows as the night the day. The particular application of this truth which Senator Hale makes is in connection with our military policy. An army bill has just slipped through, prac- tically without debate, carrying $98,- 000,000—or $20,000,000 more than that of a year ago. The naval bill has jump- ed up similarly $20,000,000, now having a total of $120,000,000; in a_ short time it will be $150,000,000. Even as the case stands to-day, this great peace- ful and industrial nation is expending, Senator Hale showed, something like 70 per cent. of all its revenues for war purposes—including, of course, pensions. Yet on top of this, and with huge defi- cits in sight for both this vear and next, schemes are afoot for doubling the army. Within a few days, the General Staff has, according to report, been at work on plans for increasing the army to 125,000. There is the usua! prelim- inary talk of the ease with which Ger- many or France could land 100,000 men on our shores: and it is said that the President and Secretary Taft are hor- rified at the sudden discovery of our de- fenceless condition. For our part, we do not take all these yarns too literal- ly. We do not believe that Mr. Taft is ready to commit himself to any ambi- tious plan of military aggrand:zement. In fact, as Senator Hale has rather cruelly intimated, it is not probable that the Secretary knows very much nowa- days about what is going on in the War Department. What is proposed is, we suppose, more work by military ex- perts. They always magnify their of- fice, and would, if possible, also magni- fy military expenditures. But it is the business of those who have the power of the purse, and who stand jealously for the historic control of the civil over the military authorities, to refuse to be drawn into the overweening and costly projects of the technical war-makers. Lord Salisbury once put the case neat- ly in writing to Lord Cromer in Egypt. “Do not,” he said, “be misled by army experts. They would, if they could have their way, make us garrison Mars in order to prevent an invasion from the moon.” There is force in Senator Hale’s com- plaint that the military appropriations are eating up all the funds, so that no- thing is left this year for public buildings or river and harbor improvements. Po- litical abuses in connection with the lat- ter kind of public outlay have undoubt- edly occurred, and will continue to oc- cur. One thing, however, may be said about expenditure for court-houses, post- offices, deepening the channels of rivers and ports, building breakwaters, jetties, etc. That is generally a productive ex- penditure; while money spent on ships and guns is absolutely unproductive. In- cidentally and temporarily, of course, employment is furnished to a certain number of men in ship-yards and else- where; but the great bulk of the money laid out in battleships and ordnance is so much capital made unremunerative. Other government appropriations yield at least some return on the money in- vested. Hence it is only a reasonable policy always to hold down the unpro- ductive expenditure in favor of the productive, instead of exactly the re- verse, as is proposed by the Administra- tion this year. This is to omit men- tion of the most conclusive arguments against extravagance in military appro- priations. We mean, of course, the mor- al ones. CONDITIONS IN CUBA. Gov. Magoon’s removal! of the six Cu- ban provincial governors has smacked of the sensational because it is in mark- ed contrast to the policy of compromise pursued from the beginning of the pres- ent American intervention. The plan has been to placate and soothe wherever possible. True, actual plotters against the government, like Masso Parra and his fellow-conspirators, have been brought up with a round turn; but wher- ever the disaffected or dangerous have appeared, they have generally been met half way. Gov. Magoon’s vigorous move and the circumstances which provoked it must, however, draw public attention to the grave conditions in the island. On February 1 next the President has decreed that the second Cuban republic be established. How will affairs stand then? What guarantees are there that the new Cuban government will last longer than the old? These questions become more serious when one consid- ers the prevalent belief in official cir- cles that, if the Cubans do not succeed this time, their chance will be gone forever. A bare hint to this effect ap- pears in the official correspondence growing out of the intervention in 1906. But even if President Roosevelt’s suc- cessor be disposed to fo_low his excel- lent policy of helping the Cubans to their feet again, there should still be some guarantee that the new republic will be inaugurated under happier pros- pects than the old. It is now frankly admitted in Havana that the island was turned over to its people by Gen. Wood before a proper structure of government had been rear- ed, or a proper set of laws enacted. As a staff correspondent of the New York Tribune recently phrased it, the failure to create such laws “was the chief cause of the downfall of the second Palma A1- ministration and of the American inter- vention.” The Spanish laws were framed for oppressing the island rather than for uplifting it, and Gen. Wood added to the legal confusion by the many mili- tary orders and the decrees which he engrafted upon the existing body of law —some of them of great value, like those which created the writ of habeas corpus and established justice in Cuba with- out charge to the suitor. But the admin- istration of Gov. Magoon found no more pressing duty than the creation by Ex- ecutive decree of a series of new laws. There was no sanitary code except that of the city of Paris, which President Palma had proclaimed by executive de cree. More unfortunate still was the lack of any law governing the Execu- tive, or prescribing the functions of the executive departments. Other statutes needed have been those relating to elec- tions, municipalities and provinces, the judiciary, the armed forces, the civil ser- vice, and the diplomatic and consular corps. As if this were not enough, the abominable penal code has called for revision, and there is crying need of a new code of civil procedure, and of no- tarial, mortgage, and commercial laws. It is with this stupendous undertaking that the Magoon administration has been engrossed, while rehabilitating at the same time the various departments of the government. Substantial progress in revising and
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The Nation. 347 April 16, 1908] drafting the statutes has been made, thanks largely to the skill of Col. E. H. Crowder of the Judge-Advocate-Gener- al’s Department of the army, who was formerly legal adviser to the military governor of the Philippines, and who has been commended for “exceptional legal ability and training” in Gov. Magoon’s annual report. But though six of the new codes are either complet- ed or in hand, but ten months remain for drafting and adopting all the others. It is doubtful whether an attempt can be made, for instance, to attack the mortgage law and the law of commerce. But even if they are put through with the others, the President’s policy of withdrawal on February 1 next will throw on the new government, in addi- tion to all its other difficulties, the task of administering this enormous mass of new law. If, as many believe, the lack of suitable laws would have got an An- glo-Saxon administration into bad trou- ble had one ruled Cuba in Palma’s stead, certainly the sudden creation of all these new statutes will call for the highest statesmanship on the part of the Cuban government of 1909. In this field alone work which might well have been spread over ten or more years will have been crowded into two. Similar haste has been necessary in rehabilitating the executive depart- ments, all of which had been maladmin- istered. For instance, the splendid pub- lic institutions, like the correctional and industrial schools and the insane asylum near Havana, built by Gen. Wood, were starved for lack of funds. or in a deplorable state from m'smanage- ment, or else abandoned altogether. Yet the present policy calls for restoration, the installation of new methods, and the disciplining of employees within twenty- six months. Inevitably, therefore, annexationists and anti-annexation'sts, Cubans and Americans alike, in Cuba, look forward with misgivings to the early withdrawal of the American government. Those Cubans who believe that they can even- tually learn to govern themselves, com- plain that the United States will repeat its error of 1902 if it leaves in 1909 with its constructive work half done. All! this, of céurse, is quite aside from the personality of the incoming government. But when the candidates now in s‘ght are taken into account, the outlock for a successful Cuban government seems less hopeful. For the best Cubans, with rare exceptions, decline to participate in politics, and the candidates now in the field have no platforms an.i no poli- cies save the desire for office and its emoluments. For this failure of the best Cubans to come forward, the Unit ed States is not, of course, responsible. But the situation it creates should make our government consider carefully whe- ther in the interest of Cuba and in the United States it ought not to change its decision for a very early withdraw- al; for to stay a while longer may be the best way of avoiding a third inter- vention. What is worth doing, in Cuba, as elsewhere, is worth doing well. THE GOVERNOR'S FIGHT. Gov. Hughes must be admitted even by his enemies to deserve the praise which Lincoln gave to Grant—“he fights.” His public speeches on Satur- day and Sunday are equivalent to a declaration that he means to fight out the battle against race-track gambling if it takes all summer. In this, there is no new departure for Gov. Hughes. From the first days of his term of office at Albany, he made it clear that his pol- icy would be to seek from the Legisla- ture the passage of needed laws, but, if this was refused, to go behind the Leg- islature and appeal directly to the peo- ple. He followed this plan last year, with the result that the obstinate Legis- lature finally crumpled up meekly be- fore him. This year, with a much more clear and telling moral issue than he then had, he proposes to move immedi- ately upon the gamblers’ works. It is a fair and honorable warfare upon which Gov. Hughes has set out. He is to fight as an honest gentleman, not as a crooked politician. As before, he spurns the suggestion trat he should use the patronage of the Governorship in order to compel a surrender by his op- poncnts. At this moment, the “boss” of Albany, against whom the church-going people of Albany have passed resolu- tions of strong condemnation, has in of- fice a large number of his political mer- cenaries whom Gov. Hughes cou'd throw upon the streets by a nod or a stroke of his pen. But he will not stoop to place- jobbing. He lets Boss Barnes and his underlings rail at him and vote against him. without one thought of reprisals. Their enmity he doubtless counts an aid in the moral crusade upon which he has entered. The Governor is no Odell, to get his way by hole-and-corner bargain- ing, log-rolling, or the vind‘ctive use of the veto power. Neither will he com- promise a mora! question. He could have got the race-track bills through, amend- ed so as to take effect September 1. But the mandate of the Constitution, like tre behests of conscience, knows nothing of a time limit on absolute duty. A pub- lic vice which the Legislature is ferb‘d- den by the supreme law of the State to allow, ought not to be al'owed for e@ month, or a day, longer than it takes te pass the appropriate legislation. It is the immediate and unescapable moral imperative, upon which Gov. Hugtes stands, and wi'l stand That he means business, and knows how to go to work, was shown by the mess-meeting which he attended at Mtica, on Sunday. It was made up of the best people of the city, who felt no qualms in coming out on Sunday to demonstrate their support of a moral cause; and resolutions were passed de- claring that Senator Ackroyd had gross- ly misrepresented his constituents in voting with the gamblers. Moreover, a committee of prominent citizens was ap- pointed to see the Senator in person, and convey to him in plain terms the moral sense of the community in which he lives and for which he is supposed to speak at Albany. In like manner, the church in Auburn of which Senatcr W :- cox is a member had a meeting in which he was called upon to cease af- fronting decent’ sent'ment; and in Al- bany, c’ergymen and church-members openly denounced Senator Grattan for his course, and even had hard things to say of William Barnes, jr. Now, this sort of campaign is one which Republicans in this State cannot afford to resist. Gov. Hughes knows how to appeal to the very bone and sinew of the party. He can address him- self to the steady-going people in the eountry districts who still believe in “the party of moral ideas,” and who give it its majorities. They may not be very rapid in their mental processes, but they can be depended upon to find out the real motives in the opposition to the Governor on this race-track is- sue, and to side with him, both because they think he is right, and because they believe that abhorrent political forces have been set in motion against him. An experienced observer up the State sounds a warning to Gov. Hughes's op- ponents, in the New York Tribune, when he says that, if the sober and long-headed Republicans in the rural re- gions “get the idea that the party lead- ers are devoting more time to killing the Governor’s bills, in an effort to head him off from the Presidential nomina- tion, than they are to furthering good legislation, then it’ll be a sorry day for the Republican party in this State.” When we add the power which Gov. Hughes has to rally the thinking and religious people of the cities, and see with what power of statement and moral earnestness he is setting forth to stir them, we begin to understand how for- midable a fighter he may prove himself. Some people who professed admiration for his tenacity and courage in the in- surance investigation may now have a chance to know what it is to have him, thoroughly roused, in action against themselves. Even tte politicians and gambling in- terests opposed to the Governor know that he is not a man to be “called off.” If any one goes to whisper to h'm that his course wi!l “hurt the party,” Gov. Hughes will ask the question, in a loud voice, how the party can possibly be hurt by giving heed to the Constitution as it expresses the moral sent'ment of the people. The argument of “regular- ity” wil’ fall flat with a man who cares
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ation. [| Vol. 86, No. 2233 348 more for public justice than he does for the command of a caucus. So will selfish appeals with one who would rather sat- isfy his own conscience than promote his political chances. Let who will vote for the Governor at Chicago, or refuse to vote: he has enlisted for the whole war for a great moral cause. It is a fine and inspiriting attitude ‘n a public servant, and the people of this State should ho'd up his hands. THE EMOTIONAL RACES. The frivolous Chinese nation is just now passing through a period of fervid anti-Japanese sentiment. The Chinese are not genera ly looked upon as frivol- ous or sentimental. But how else can we characterize behavior like that of the people of Canton, under the spur of the recent dispute with Japan over the seiz- ure of the steamship Tatsu with arms intended for Chinese revolutionaries’ The settlement of the controversy on terms regarded by the Cantonese as a betrayal of national interests has been fcllowed by the proclamation of a boy- cott against Japanese products. That in itse'f shows a considerable amount of sentiment in the Chinese character, for even the sensitive West finds ‘t hard t see why one should cut off his own prof- its just to hurt his enemy. But when supposedly staid Cantonese merchants meet in public assembly and listen to a twelve-year-old boy's recital of a dirge descriptive of China’s wrongs, and there- upon tear their garments and weep and vow relentless warfare against the Jap- anese manufacturer, we seem to be in the presence of a new phase of Chinese character. Is Oriental stolidity not so elemental as the world has long suppos- ed it? Do emotional stresses and con flicts find play beneath the impassive yellow and brown faces of the East? Such ebullitions as the present one at Canton or the boycott of three years ago directed against ourselves would seem to point towards that con- clusion, In the fie'd of politics we have been receiving much enlightenment these last few years concerning the true nature of the unchanged and unchanging East Asia no longer lifts to watch the armed legions thunder b) and drops them again. Chinese stolid ity, Hindu quietism, Persian supineness | are fast being disproved by such sup- posedly Occidental circumstances as po litical! agitation, revolution, constitution- alism, and parliamentarism. Mr. Kip ling’s “East is East and West is West” is being as vigorously assailed as it was warmly received only a few years ago Is it true, then, that also in matters non-political the Asiatic stands much nearer to ourselves than we have believ- ed, or been willing to believe? The ca- pacity for emotion, for refined sensation, has been there in the Eastern soul; only | alism of her brooding eyes | | had we have been the victims of ignorance and faulty interpretation. We choose to look upon the ceremony of hara-kiri as an exemplification of phys:cal :mpassiv- ity; why not emphasize its character rather as one of the most striking mani- festations of the sentimental? The devotees who cast themselves under the whee's of Juggernaut are to us the vic- tims only of a religious mania; but H. W. Nevinson has finely said that this is because the Western mind finds it prac- tically impossible to understand a long- ing for reunion with infinity so passion- ate as to impel towards self-destruction. And Mr. Nevinson goes on to siate, per- haps too bitterly, h's preference for the sentiment underlying the practice of widow-burning in India over the senti- ment that explains the astonishing pop- ularity of “The Merry Widow” in the Vest. But why only Asia? In the West have fallen into the habit of ranging the nations in a certain gamut of the emotions. There is at one extreme the Slav nature, the “temperament” par ez- cellence, built up almost solid out of feeling. Then comes the Latin tempera- ment, in which training tempers blood; and so on through Scandinavian mystic- ism, German sent'mentalism, American dash, tinged with a trace of neurosis. and finally British—what shall we call it?—unemotionalism, rigidity, frigidity? In any case, that is, in broad lines, the accepted gradation. Yet as when draw- ing distinctions between West and East, we here are victims of the fallacy of generalizing on more or less superficial manners. Do Frenchmen always weep on the slightest provocation, and Eng- lishmen never? Does the British tem- per always run to facts and figures, and the Celtic temper to fairy-lore? Mr. Chesterton has declared that Nelson's dying words, “Kiss me, Hardy,” are typical of the English nature, and Mr. Bernard Shaw has used the same inci- dent of Nelson and Hardy to point out the contrast between the poetic emotion- the average Englishman and matter-of-fact Irish temperament. As between American high-tension and Br'tish self-control, we have the famous experience of “Mr. Dooley” at an inter- national athletic meet in Eng'and. He enjoined himself not to let his American exuberance put him to shame before a vast crowd of calm-faced Eng- lishmen. He had watched one Ameri- can athlete after another carry off the honors without emitting a cheer. And it was only when, in one of the close sprints, his British neighbor leaped into the air and smote him on the back and besought the English runner to give h'‘s lantern-jawed American competitor the elbow, that “Mr. Dooley” turned toward his neighbor and remarked: “If it were not for the Anglo-Saxon brotherhood and our common heritage, I’d paste you in the eve.” Like most of us, “Mr. we the Dooley” had been too credulous of tra- dition. Anglo-Saxon unemotionalism wili be vindicated only when we have no Mafek- ing nights in London, no anti-Japanese window-breaking in San Francisco, no fisticuffs on the floor of Congress, no ap- peals to the Flag to justify robber-tar. ffs or subsidies, no surrender to the fear of sudden crime-waves, no foamings at the dangers of socialism and anarchism, no more new religions having for their basic principle the influence of altruis- tic love on the diaphragm, no vast al- ternations between hope and despair with the varying tone of Presidential messages. The lines of temperament be- tween people are vanishing before a closer observation and sympathy. A peoples keep a check upon themselves, and all peoples are apt to go off ther heads. The two most emotional rulers of nations to-day are an American and a German. Contrast Mr. Roosevelt : William II. with M. Falliéres and Vic- tor Emmanuel III., and the accepted per- spective changes. SHAKESPEAREAN MEMORIALS AND NATIONAL THEATRES. Enthusiastic believers in the efficacy of a national or an endowed theatre asa cure for all the evils of the contempo- rary stage are conducting a lively agita- tion just now on both sides of the At- lantic. That an unearned income is the one thing essential to the establishment of the ideal theatre they are all agreed, but on most other points they are wide- ly, not to say hopelessly, at variance. In England the excitement was started by the report of the special committee on the proposed World’s Memorial to Shakespeare. These gentlemen, after months of deliberation, came to the con- clusion that a magnificent monument of some sort,to which ail the world—mean- ing chiefly the United States, outside of Great Britain and her colonies—might contribute, would best fulfil the purpose. They thought that if a vast sum of mo- ney were to be expended, it would be wisest to have something solid, perma- nent. and generally intelligible. Their scheme was no sooner announc- ed than it was attacked on all sides by persons who had plans of their own, or had hoped to benefit directly or indi- rectly by the subscriptions. The advo- cates of a national theatre, headed by John Hare, are loud in protest. Appar- ently, they had been regarding the mem- orial as a providential aid for their own pet project, and, in their disappoint- ment, they eloquently denounce the fol- ly of permitting some sculptor to dis- grace London with another monstrosity. Others declare in favor of a theatre for Shakespearean or Elizabethan represen- tations only. Several of them quote Milton to prove that Shakespeare needs no monument at all, without perceiving
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April 16, 1908] The Nation. 349 that the famous lines might apply to a theatre just as well as to a statue. A third party, with some dim glimmering of the necessities of the case, urges the establishment of an academy of dra- matic arts. It is not our purpose to discuss the merits of these rival memorials, but to point out one remarkable feature of the voluminous correspondence provok- ed by them. All the advocates of an en- dowed theatre confidently enumerate the advantages which, as they assume, must inevitably arise from it without show- ing any comprehension of the formid- able preliminary difficulties which must be overcome before any theatre, justify ing its endowment by its manifest sv perior:ty, can open its doors. They seem to imagine that nothing but money is required to produce an ideal theatr: most without exception they :gnore the fact, patent enough to all experienced students of the stage, that the first, in- dispensable, and most onerous step in any such undertaking, if it is to have a clance of real success, is the creation of a body of new and competent play- ers, able to acquit themselves without discredit in widely different types of drama. No such organization could found to-day, even if all the “stars” were pressed into service. It would be com- paratively easy to find performers fair- ly efficient—according to their law of perpetual self-reproduction—in the mc ern social, realistic, or emotional play; but the English-speaking performers capable of satisfactory work in poetic romance or tragedy, or the older art: ficial comedy—in all those higher branches of the drama, in a word, wh‘’ require eloquence, passion jmaginat’on, or style—may be counted on the fingers of one hand. Fifty years ago England had what was practically a national the- atre. It was called Sadler’s Wells, and was situated in Islington. In that poor suburb Samuel Phelps and his associates played the English classic drama— Shakespeare, Jonson, Congreve, Beau- mont and Fletcher, Marlowe, and others —as it has never been played since, and drew all cultivated London for nearly ‘twenty years. He had no subsidy, but he had actors. Until these have been secured, a na- tional or Shakespearean memorial the- atre is but a dream. It would be more prudent to begin at the beginning and make sure of the company before build- ing a costly theatre to put them in. And this is a consideration which the promoters of the New Theatre in this city might find it worth while to ponder. There are noble possibilities in the en- terprise they are planning, if they w'] only realize that there are some things which no amount of money, but only patience, experiment, tact, and drill, can procure. It is understood that their aim, and expectation, is to furnish per- formances varying in character, each of which shall be thoroughly good of its kind. This is most praiseworthy. Whai they need for the purpose is malleable youth—such as F. R. Benson impresses into his service—and they cannot be to active in the search of it, or of the prop- er men to train it. The notion that there is an abundance of ready-made talent is a delusion which, if it exists, is likely to cost them dear. Their theatre will lose all significance if the performances do not from the first exhibit a degree of artistry superior to that of any rival. There is something pathetic in the faith, here and in England, in the po- tency of endowment to foster art. No one doubts that the existing commercial syndicates have made the stage a by- word and a cause of hissing; yet, in their way, they have brought greater financial prosperity to the stage than it has ever known before. They have de stroyed art, but they have multipie! theatres and given steady employment and assured salaries to thousands 0 performers, who, without them, woul have starved. Poverty and competitio are, and always have been, the hotbe! of genius. The subsidized theatres of the European Continent, the Francais and others, are good conservators of tra- ditions, and therefore valuable as book of reference are. But even in traditions they no longer have any monopoly, while the greatest actors of modern times, E1 mund Kean, Macready, Phelps, the Booths, Salvini, Duse, Bernhardt, Irving —not to mention others—profited by no protection, state or other. What our stage needs is not coddling, but a dose of wholesome adversity. PARIS BOOKNOTES—CORRESPONDENCE AND BIOGRAPHY. Paris, March 20. The “Correspondance de Stendhal (1800- 1842)” is published in three volumes by Ad. Paupe and P. A. Cheramy, with a preface by Maurice Barrés—an ingrained Stendhal- ian as are so many of the rising intel- lects of France. Stendhal was a_ true prophet in his own case; he foretold that the obscurity which so persistently hover- ed over his work during his lifetime was to lighten in the eighties. Within twenty- five years he has become a Doctor of Young France. Hence the interest of his letters, which also have value from the light thrown on the history of his time, of which he was most observant. More than 700 let- ters are given, of which 200 are published for the first time. The first volume com- prises the years of apprenticeship (1800- 1806), and of active life (1806-1814); the second shows the man of the world and dilettante (1815-1830); the third is from the state functionary and novelist (1830- 1842). There are three portraits, and the index has more than 3,000 names of per- sons, literary works, journals, and the rest, The second volume of Emile Zola’s Cor- respondence dates from the end of the for- mation of his mind and character, where the first volume left him. In 400 pages it gives all his letters, which it has been de- cided to publish concerning letters and art. Its main interest is from the light which it sheds on the history of his work from 1864 until his death. During the first years, when he was making his way slowly and painfully, his chief correspondent was Antony Valabrégue, a Parnassian poet and art writer, who had studied with him at Aix. Curious passages show the growth of his final naturalism from an embryo theory of the art work as “a window opened on creation; and, framed in the window, there is a transparent screen through which we see objects more or less distorted, with changes depending on the nature of the screen.’’ There is the classic screen, the romantic, and the “realist,” which the young writer prefers while waiting to work out his full theory. In the course of time he feels called on to write to various friends and critics, such as Jules Lemaitre and others whom Dreyfus politics later sundered from him, in defence of the ever increasing coarseness of his writings. Later still, when his “Débacle’’ was cried out against as an insult to France, he used the one argument which he was to carry with him into the political fray that has won him burial in the Panthéon—‘‘to tell the truth.’” He never seems to have doubted his own knowledge of the truth or have suspected that there was other truth which ought singularly to modify the relief in which he set his own limited human docu- ments. As Zola, in literary art, held from Flau- bert. so Flaubert owed much to a now al- most forgotten writer, Louis Bouilhet, whom friendships with a generation that was revolutionary in art should save from oblivion. Etienne Frére has written a vol- ume on his environment and heredity and friendship with Flaubert, who called him “my literary accoucheur, my conscience and compass.”’ “Jules Verne (1828-1905),’’ by Charles Le- mire, should have a welcome from many of the numberless readers who have nourish- ed a youth sublime with his fairy tales of science. This modest biography of an un- eventful existence, given over to correct liv- ing and unwearied labor in writing many books, portrays the man, the writer, trav- eller, and citizen, his work, and the mem- ory and monuments he has left behind him. Special readers will be interested in two biographical works from unpublished doc- uments of the thirties, years of intellectual ebullition. The first, ‘Un Romantique sous Louis Philippe,’”’ by Adolphe Boschot, is devoted to Hector Berlioz’s storm and stress from 1831 to 1842. The other is the second volume of Abbé Charles Boutards ‘La- mennais,”’ dealing with the not less stormy Liberal Catholicism in its beginnings from 1828 to 1834. Arvéde Barine (Madame Vin- cent), in one of her entertaining volumes of popular higher literature, writes of sam- ple authors of that erratic time under the title “Poétes et névrosés’’—Hoffmann, De Quincey, Edgar Poe, and Gérard de Nerval. Dr. R. Gourg, a doctor of letters whose book was perhaps a university thesis, writes of an older man, whose influence cannot be easily estimated among all that youth draw- ing its inspiration from Shelley and Byron, most of all on the Continent—‘William Godwin (1756-1836).” The same author publishes, along with a French translation, a study of the “Commonplace Book” of Berkeley, the philosopher. Ss. D.
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The Nation. 8350 [Vol. 86, No. 2233 NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. In the Pyser auction in this city a few weeks ago, there was sold a copy of the Second Series of Lowell's ““Biglow Papers” with London imprint, dated 1865. The cat- alogue contained this note; “The very rare First edition antedating the first American issue by two years.” Though three copies had previously turned up in Boston sales, this was the first to be offered publicly in New York. The Second Series of the Biglow papers was printed first in the Atlantic Monthly and collected into a volume pub- lished in Boston in the autumn of 1866, though the title is dated 1867. Meanwhile, from the types of the magazine a few “sep- arates” were taken of “Mason and Slidell,” the second of the series, but, so far as is known, not of any others. That there were earlier London editions is not gen- erally known, but the various issues enu- merated below show that the work was very popular in England. All were bound in fragile paper covers and are extremely rare. There is a nearly complete set in the British Museum, and the following de- scriptions are in part from those copies. (1.) The | Biglow Papers. | By | James Russell Lowell. | Second Series. | Part I. Containing | 1. Birdofredum Sawin, Esq., to Mr. Hosea Biglow. | 2. Mason and Slidell: a Yankee Idyll. | Authorized Edition. | Lon- don: | Triibner & Co., 60, Paternoster Row. | 1862. Title, with imprint on the reverse and pages 3-52 of text, the imprint being re- peated at the bottom of p. 52. Pink paper covers, the first page printed from the types of the title-page, but surrounded by a rule. Below the rule is “Price One Shil- ling.” (2.) Similar to Part I1., but lines 6 to 8 read “Part Il. Containing | 1. Birdofredum Sawin, Esq., to Mr. Hosea Biglow. | 2. A Message of Jeff Davis in Secret Session.” Title, with imprint on reverse, and pp. 63-90 of text, the imprint being repeated on p. 90. Issued in the same form as Part l., but above the rule on p. 1 of cover is found “Originally publisued in the Atlantic Monthly.” (3.) Similar to Parts 1. and II., but lines 6 to 9 read “Part III. Containing | 1. Speech of Honourable Preserved Doe in | Secret Caucus. | 2. Suthin’ in the Pastoral Line.” Title and imprint and pp. 91-120 of text; no imprint on p. 120. The cover is like that of Part Il. These are all dated 1862 and the copies in the British Museum were received there on August 9 of that year. These three parts together form signatures A, B, and C, each 8 leaves; D, 2; E and F, each 8; G, 4; H and I, each 8 The three title-pages (those of Parts II. and III. not being included in the pagination) are Al, El, and Hi. (4.) The | Biglow Papers. | By James Rus- sell Lowell. | Second Series. | Authorized Edition. London: Tribner & Co. 60, Paternoster Row. | 1864. Title, with imprint on reverse; Contents, reverse blank, and text, pp. 3-133; with im- print on pp. 52, 90, and 133. It is made up of the identical sheets of the three separate parts with additional leaves at the end. The titles, dated 1862, have been torn out, so that signatures A, E, and H each have sev- en leaves only; in place of A, the new title and contents are pasted on. In two copies examined the original stab-holes for Part II. dre visible, showing that bound copies of that part had been used. The additional leaves are signatures I and K, each 8 leaves, K8 being blank and used as a paste- down. The front cover is printed from the types of the title-pages but surrounded by a rule. (5.) Title, text, pagination, and signature marks are identical with the preceding (No 4) and differing only by the absence of im- prints on pages 52 and 90. The cover of this issue is of glazed paper; that of the earlier issues being unglazed. The British Museum copy was received November 2, 1864. (6.) The Biglow Papers James Russell Lowell. | Second Series. | Authoriz- ed Edition. | London: | Triibner & Co., 60 Paternoster Row. | 1865. The paging is identical with the preced- ing, the text ending with page 133, with imprint at foot. The book was resignatur- ed for more economical printing. The title is one leaf printed separately and pasted on The contents (Al) and text are signa- tures A to H, each 8 leaves, and I, 4, the last leaf blank, and pasted down on the back cover. In pink glazed paper. The copy sold in the Pyser sale was of this edition. (7.) The | Biglow Papers. | By | James Russell Lowell. | Second Series. | Authoriz- ed People’s Edition. | London: | Triibner & Co., 60 Paternoster Row. | 1865. This edition, though printed from the same plates, shows slight variations. The title and cover now read “Authorized Peo- ple’s Edition,” instead of “Authorized Edi- tion,” as in the earlier forms; there is no imprint on verso of title; a new chapter is added, filling pp. 134-141, and the table of contents has eight numbers instead of seven. The signatures are again rearrang- ed, the book now consisting of signatures A to I, each 8 leaves, the title being A1. It was issued in green paper covers, with “Price one Shilling” at the top above the border. By Preston A. Perry, well known in the West as a lecturer on book collecting and allied subjects, carried with him a number of rare and interesting manuscripts, books, and bindings, to exhibit before his audi- ences. His collection is to be sold by the Anderson Auction Companyof this city April 21 Many unusual items are included, among them a Latin Bible in manuscript, in two volumes, with the date 1447; Wendelin of Speir’s Lactantius, Venice, 1472; a large fragment of Jenson’s Pliny, 1472; the Nu- remburg Chronicle, 1492; Brandt’s “‘Stultif- era Navis,” 1498; the Dante of 1481 with two plates by Botticelli; Fabyan’s Chronicle, 1533; Fraunce’s “Lawyer’s Lo- gike,”” 1588; More’s “Utopia,” 1556; an im- perfect Fourth Folio Shakespeare; a “chained book”; a papyrus of tthe Book of the Dead said to have “come from a mum- my probably about 2000 B. c.”"; and Persian, Hebrew, Arabic, Pali, and Japanese manu- scripts. Included also are specimens of the works of the principal modern binders. Correspondence. PORTALA. Tc THE EDITOR OF THE NATION: Str: Alfred Webb. in the Nation of April 9, asks about Portala, mentioned in Bret Harte’s “Angelus.” Portala was the first governor of California, 1767-1770. A fairly complete account of his administration may be found in Hittell’s “History of Cali'for- nia,”’ Vol. I, pages 509-10. The cross men- tioned in Bret Harte’s poem is described in the same volume, page 328. In the his- tories, the name is usually spel'ed Portola. DEMARCHUS C. BRowN, Librarian. Indiana State Library. Indianapolis, April 11. Toe THE EDITOR OF THE NATION: Str: Portala, the subject of Mr. Webb's inquiry, was evidently Capt. Gaspar Portola (known also as Gov. Portola), who, in 1769, led an expedition by land from Lower Cal- ifornia to the present site of San Fran- cisco—of which expedition he gave an ac- count in his “Diario del Viage 4 la Cali- fornia.” “The swart commander in his leather jerkin,” of the stanza preceding the lines quoted in the inquiry, stands pre- sumably for him; and “the priest in stole of snow” of the next line for Padre Junf- pero Serra, who accompanied the expedi- tion as head of the missionaries and fig- ures as the “pious Padre Serro’’ in “The Miracle of Padre Junipero,” likewise by Mr. Harte. For a full account of the expedition your correspondent is referred to Chapter vi. of Vol. XIII. of Hubert Howe Bancroft’s “History of the Pacific States of North America,’’ which volume is the first of five devoted to California. Prof. Josiah Royce, who gives an abstract of this chapter in his volume on California in the American Commonwealth Series, follows Bancroft in his spelling of the Governor's name, Portolé. As regards Harte’s version of the name, to which he adheres in the voem, “Friar Pedro’s Ride,”’ it appears that “The Angelus” was written in 1868, while Ban- croft’s history, based upon documents which Harte in all likelihood had never seen or heard of, was in process of publi- cation in 1886. In Palou’s biography of the padre, the Governor’s name is given with- out the accent on the ultimate. C. H. Coxe. Philadelphia, April 11. A BIOGRAPHY OF DR. RICHARD HODG- SON. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NATION: Str: The friends of Dr. Richard Hodg- son think it desirable to collect material for a biography of him and his work in psychical research, and I am desirous of securing correspondence with him that may be loaned to us for this object. All such correspondence will be copied and filed, and the original letters returned to the owners. The copies will be placed in the hands of a suitable biographer as soon as he has been selected. No public use of such ma- terial will be made except in the manner prescribed by his biographer. It wou!d aiso be desirable to have the loan of any cther material than correspondence that may be serviceable in the work, whether it be discussions, personal anecdote, or im- pressions of the man. Privacy in all thes2 matters will be duly respected. JAMES H. HysLop. No. 519 West One Hundred and Forty-ninth Street, New York, April 11. Notes. Fifty new titles are now added to Every- man’s Library of E. P. Dutton & Co., bring- ing the total up to 318. And with the new books comes the announcement, of which the publishers excusably make some boast, that the price of the whole series has been reduced from fifty cents to thirty-five cents the volume. “The Life and Correspondence of John Thadeus Delane,” editor of the London Times from 1840 to 1876, has been compiled by his nephew, Arthur Irwin Dasent, and will be published this spring by Scribners. Those were the days when the Times was
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April 16, 1908] The Nation. 351 England, and the memoirs ought to be in- teresting. A new sketch of the lives of Bishop Ken and Izaak Walton, by Edward Marston, known as “The Amateur Angler,” is said to make a considerable amount of material accessible for the first time. The Cambridge University Press (Put- nams) is about to issue the Latin text of St. Augustine’s “Confessions,” with Eng- lish notes by Dr. John Gibb and William Montgomery. In May we are to have from Doubleday, Page & Co. a new novel by Maurice Hew- lett. His theme this time is the Spain of fifty years ago, and the title is “The Span- ish Jade.” W. P. Ker’s excellent essays on medieval literature, called “Epic and Romance,”’ have been added to the Eversley series of the Macmillan Company. The January number (Vol. II., No. 1) of the American Journal of International Law, belated and just issued, may be regarded as a Hague Conference number. Dr. James Brown Scott, its managing editor, who wasa delegate to the Conference, contributes the opening paper, discussing the work of that Conference; the articles that follow con- sider more in detail, and perhaps more technically, certain phases of the general subject. The results of the Conference, con- cerning which some skepticism has been expressed, are clearly summarized by Dr. Seott: provision for meeting in eight years for a third session; a convention for the non-forcible collection of contract debts, substituting arbitration for an appeal to arms; the establishment of a prize court to safeguard the rights of neutrals; lay- ing the foundation of, if not putting the finishing stone to, a great court of arbitra- tion. The Supplement, itself a pamphlet of 265 pages, contains a number of impor- tant documents connected with the Hague Conference, and is therefore very valuable for reference. According to the English newspapers, the name of Dr. Stephen Paget, son of the famous Sir James Paget, surgeon to Queen Victoria and King Edward, ought to be on the title-page of the “‘Confessio Medici” published by the Macmillan Company. It is a pleasant book, whoever is the author. Like the “‘Religio Medici,’’ which suggested half its name, it is the proclamation, by one compelled by his trade to “rake in the bowele of nature,” of life’s underlying mys- tery, and of his faith in the human soul. There is much talk of other things, by the way: here a fling at Christian Science (‘I should like to collect and publish what our chief physicians and surgeons know of the works of Christian Science,’ he says; and we wish he would do it, and that the “‘heal- ers” would then collect and publish what they know of doctors), here a few words about that gossiping soldier and physician Paré (famous for his saying “Je le pansay et Dieu le guarit’’), and again an expres- sion of the joys of hospital life which may not be so clear to the doctor’s readers and patients. The Cambridge Poets of Houghton, Mif- flin & Co. are now so well known that no- thing need be said of the general form and appearance of the new by R. E. Neil Dodge. seems to be even clearer than “Spenser,” edited If anything, the type in some of the earlier volumes, where, as here, much matter is crowded within single cov- ers. In the case of Spenser, more than of almost any other poet, the accuracy of text is important. He was a deliberate archaizer and inventor; his forms and even his spelling are an integral part of his de- signed effect. We cannot say that we have compared the present text with the orig- inals, but it is fair to believe that in this respect the most scrupulous care has been exercised. The printers’ “copy,”’ accord- ing to the editor’s statement, was collated throughout with the original editions in the British Museum, and the proof-sheets were again, for the most part, compared with the same editions procured in this country. We think Mr. Dodge was right in retaining the spelling of the 1590 text of the first three books of “The Faerie Queene” rather than that of 1596. We are not sure that he has been justified in con- forming the use of capitals to modern practice, but no one can object to the ex- pansion of such contractions as ‘‘Lo,” to Lord, or to the modernization of the punc- tuation. As for the editorial apparatus, we note one grave error, as it seems to us. Archaic and obscure phrases are explain- ed in the Notes, or in the Glossary, or in both. Now the only really convenient method is to give such explanations at the foot of the page, or, as is done so ad- mirably in the “Folio Shakespeare,” on the side margins: it is annoying to have to turn from the page one is reading to some out-of-the-way place at the end of a book whenever a word is dark, and especially exasperating when there is a doubt as to which of two such places must be consulted. The plan of the Cambridge Poets may have vetoed the use of marginal interpretations, but at least all the ob- secure words might have been gathered into a single alphabetical glossary. For the rest, we have only commendation for Mr Dodge’s work. The Biographical Sketch is based on full knowledge, and the various Introductions are critically sound. It is a pleasure to observe that Mr. Dodge does not attribute the longueurs (of which some unfit readers complain) of the poem to the allegory. ‘“‘Indeed,”” he says, “this sup- posed domination of the poem by allegory. the allegory of abstractions, will hardly bear the test of simple reading.”’ It is the high and aerial quality of the poem, and its corresponding lack of substantial pas- sion, by which such readers are really re- pelled. Altogether, we may commend this as the best edition of a poet still warmly cherished by a select audience. So far as we have looked into the Notes, they are well-informed and useful. Miss Dorothy Neville Lees has added a pleasant sequel to “Scenes and Shrines in Tuscany” in her “Tuscan Feasts and Tus- can Friends,”’ published in an attractive form by Dodd, Mead & Co. Here, as in her earlier book. she describes many phases of rural Tuscan life, which, living as governess in Florentine families who spent their summers among the hills of Tuscany, she has had exceptional oppor- tunities for observing. Her descriptions of the life at a beautiful Italian villa, of the household servants, and the neighbor- ing contadini are full of interest. With humor and vivacity she draws a del'ghtful picture of certain Tuscan children—of the little Bianca Maria, her quaint and winning seven-year-old charge; of Pio, aged three, almost an ancient Roman in his solemnity and dignity; and of some of the ragazzé among the servants at the villa. Among the particularly good chapters are those giving an account of a Tuscan fair, of the funeral of a contadina’s baby, of the ex- quisite Tuscan irises and the preparation of the orris-root perfume. All this and more is interesting, although it is inter- larded with commonplace statements of well-known facts. The book has two irri- tating blemishes. Miss Lees is so stirred by Ita’-’s fatal gift of beauty that she pauses continually to soliloquize in plati- tudes with exuberant sentimentality. It should be said, however, that she offends in this respect less than in “Scenes and Shrines.”” The other defect is her habit of translating the remarks of her Italian acquaintances literally from the Italian idiom and in the Italian order, and by this libellous method making the most graceful appear the most imbecile of tongues. Bi- anca Maria is climbing a hill; she ex- claims, “Am hot and I have need to repose myself; in this coat so thick I arrive never at the top.” There are few errors apart from occasional misprints; but we must admit that Miss Lees appears to be strong in credulity, when she accepts the story of Dante’s recall to Florence (in 1316), and weak in ethnology, when she says that the original home of the Pelasgi was near the Land of Uz. “The Log of the Laura in Polar Seas,” by Bettie Fleischmann Holmes (privately printed at the University Press, Cambridge, Mass.), is a rather elaborate diary, of a hunting cruise in the summer of 1906, to Spitzbergen, East Greenland, and the island of Jan Mayen. The style is pleasing and unaffected. The party encountered no musk- oxen or walrus, but found plenty of use for tLeir guns, and secured numerous seal and a score of polar bears. Although both the flesh and skins of the specimens bagged were generally put to good use, the re- peated accounts of the killing of wild crea- tures—such incidents as the shooting of one hundred auk “in a short time’’—never- theless form an unpleasant feature of the book. The scientific value of the cruise was small. It is as an example of fine book- making that the volume is chiefly note- worthy, and the best of taste on the part of the editor has saved it from all appear- ance of pretentiousness, in spite of the sumptuous Italian paper, the handsome Bo- doni type and the numerous beautiful photo- graphic reproductions. Unfortunately the book is without an index and is provided with an inadequate map. “The Career of a Journalist,” by Wil- liam Salisbury (New York: B. W. Dodge & Co.) is a vulgarly written account of vulgar experiences. It is a book, never- theless, to provoke disquieting reflections in those who look upon our newspapers as an important influence in shaping the tastes and opinions of American citizens. The author professes to have been engaged “or nine years, chiefly as a reporter, on Western dailies. He relates his achievements with an appearance of entire frankness; and though he has obviously touched up the in- cidents somewhat in order to make them more interesting, he has told the unhappy truth only too often. With all allowance
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352 a ation. for smartness and exaggeration, the tale .s in certain large essentials veracious; it ‘s substantiated by the tone of the news- papers to which he says he contributed. He offers a convincing exp!anation of some of their most repulsive traits, namely their sensationalism and their subser- viency to the advertiser “The English Reformation and Puritan- ism. with other Lectures and Addresses,” by Eri B. Hulbert, a memorial edited by A. R. E. Wyant, has been issued by the University of Chicago Press. Dean Hulbert hard-working teacher and executive who, after sev- years in the ministry, had turned to teaching of church history. This vol- ume contains as Part I. a number of ad- testimonials, and other tributes, to Dr. Hulbert, all of which, by an error in the table of contents, are credited to the editor. The second part consists of a dozen lectures on the English reformation and Puritanism, with seven occasional address- es. Among the latter are two of consider- able interest to the general reader. One is an exposition of the English Education Act of 1902; the other, entitled “The Man and the Message for the Twentieth Century,” contains this passage: was a officer in eral the the university, dresses I do not know whether man ascended from ‘the lower animal kingdom or not. My personal knowledge on these abstruse topics is extremely limited. Candid and qualified men who have given their lives to the investigation pronounce an affirm- ative verdict I am not prepared to say they are wrong The fundamenta! saving and ethical truths of Christianity remain the same The implication is added that any theo- logical system being adapted to the age in which it flourishes is almost necessarily ephemeral In general we may that Dr. Hulbert’s point of view is elevated, his horizon broad, and his purpose sincere. His lectures are therefore good history and not cramped by the immediate purpose for which they were prepared. We may differ from some of his judgments, his estimate of Elizabeth, for example; but in most cases, this, the difference is over an historical conundrum. Dr. Hulbert’s mod- esty prevented printing any able work during his life, so it is eminent- ly proper that the best he has left be- hind him should be put into permanent form for the of his friends and ad- mirers say as in his consider- use Zeit” is a volume containing a series of lectures by Prof. J. MHaussleiter of Griefswald, Prof. Wilhelm Walther of Rostock, Prof. Wilhelm Liitgert of Halle, Superintend- ent T. C. H. Kaftan of Kiel, and Prof. Erich Schaeder of Kiel, all men of the conservative school. Among the special top- ics are the Life of Jesus, the Personality of Jesus, the Teachings of Jesus, and the Uniqueness of Jesus and of His Purposes, (Hamburg: Gustav Schlovessmann). “Jesus Christus fiir unsere A. Huck, pastor in Schiltigheim, whose excellent Greek synopsis of the gospels has recently been issued in its third edition, has now in the press of Mohr, Tiibingen, a “Deutsche Evangelien-Synopse,” containing, besides the parallel texts of the three Synoptic Gospels, extracts from John’s Gos- pel and data from extra-canonical sources. In a small work of less than a hundred and fifty pages, entitled “Loca Sancta,” (Halle: Rudolf Haupt), Dr. P. Thomsen, furnishes a carefully seleerted and arrang- ed list of all the places in Palestine men- tioned in the writings of the first six Christian centuries. The work supplements the editicn of Eusebius’s “Onomasticon,”’ issued about three years ago by Erich Klostermann, but carries the subject down to the rise of the Moslem power. An excellent index and a map make the book valuable in studying the geographical prob- lems of the Old and the New Testament. “Die religiése Frage im Lichte der ver- gleichenden Religionsgeschichte,”” by Dr. G Brunner (Munich: C. H. Beck), aims, by a comparison of the principles of Chris- tianity with those of other religions, to prove the superiority of the former. Dr. A. W. Hunziker of the University of Leipzig publishes an interesting investiga- tion, in his brochure entitled ‘“‘Der Glaube Luther’s und das religionsgeschichtliche Christentum der Gegenwart” (Leipzig: Georg Béihme). He tries to prove that the current critical conception of Christianity does not derive from Luther and his teach- ings The commemoration of the centennial of the birth of Johann Hinrich Wichern, the father of that vast enterprise known as In- ner Missions in Germany, occurs at Easter of the current year. The occasion will be marked by the appearance of a number of publications dealing with Wichern and his works. The most important is “Joh Hinr. Wichern’s Lebenswerk in seiner Bedeutung fiir das deutsche Volk,” by M. Hennig, di- rector of Wichern’s famous institution in Hamburg, known as Das Raue Haus, where th’s biography is published. This book is really a collection of six essays by special- ists on the educational principles and social reform programme of Wichern. His move- ment has permanently modified practical church work in Germany. first volume of the rémischen Literatur,” bearing the special title “Die rémische Literatur in der Zeit der Republik.” has been issued in a third and thoroughly re- vised edition, more than doubled in size (Munich: C. H. Beck). It is one of the series known as Handbuch der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft. edited by Iwan von Miiller. The new Martin Schanz’s “Geschichte der “Balladen-Buch,” edited by Ferd, Avenarius (Munich: Callwey), is a complementary volume to the excellent “Hausbuch deutscher Lyrik,” and repro- duces the best modern German ballad: poetry. The book contains portraits of Ar- nold Bécklin, J. V. Cissarz, Angelo Jank, Max Klinger, Moritz von Schwind, Hans Thoma, Albert Welti, and Ludwig von Zum- busch. “Aus Mexiko,” by Orla Holm, with Bei- trige by Ralph Ziirn (Berlin: Fontaine & Co.), is one of the better class of studies dealing with the peoples of a foreign coun- try. Its contents are historical and de- seriptive, evidently based on more than a passing visit. Herr Ziirn in his contri- bution has set forth the value of Mexico asa land for German colonization. The Engberg-Holmberg Publishing Com- pany of Chicago announces as almost ready a college edition of the Swedish poet Tegnér’s “Frithjofs Saga,’ with introduc- tion and notes by Pref. George T. Flom of [Vol. 86, No. 2233 the University of lowa. A special feature of this edition will be an account of all trans- lations of the poem. Two moderate volumes recently published in Paris offer compendious acquaintance with the writings of two authors of our time, who seem to have made successful appeal to posterity. ‘Les Plus Belles pages de Clemenceau” are chosen from the nar- rations, social philosophy, journalism and criticism, and eloquence of one whose dis- tinguished literary talent has been some- what obscured by a stormy political career. “Vingt-cing années de vie littéraire’’ of Maurice Barrés is prefaced by the rising Clerical critic, Henri Bremond; the vol- ume shows a talent soaring with age to higher accomplishment. beginning with the intensive culture of the Ego and ending seemingly in absorbing race passion, caught from indulging in politics as a _ sportive distraction. These two authors, one of the Revolution and the other of the counter- Revolution, alike belong to the noble classic tradition of French prose. The publisher Emilio Treves of Milan has asked Prof. Dino Mantovani of the University of Turin to write a biography of Edmondo de Amicis, and has supplied a large amount of material, including letters and unpublished manuscripts. An exhibition of text-books and of other means of instruction in modern languages will be held in connection with the meet- ing of the National German-American Teachers’ Association at Milwaukee, Wis., June 30 to July 3. The third meeting of the New England College Librarians will be held at Radcliffe College, April 27. Dr. John S. Billings of New York will deliver the address. There is to be next September a grand celebration of Tolstoy’s eightieth birthday in St. Petersburg or Moscow. A central committee has been formed in Russia to take charge of the proceedings, aided by branch associations in other countries. The following persons have already consented to serve on the British committee: George Meredith, Thomas Hardy, H. G. Wells, Hen- ry James, the Hon. Maurice Baring, J. M. Barrie, J. Galsworthy, Prof. G. Murray, Ber- nard Shaw, Laurence Irving, Sir Donald M. Wallace, Aylmer Maude, Mrs. Garnett, H. W. Nevinson, A. Sutro, Lord Redesdale, the Earl of Lytton, Maurice Hewlett, and Prof. P. Vinogradoff. Edmund Gosse will act as president of the committee. Besides the international address to Tolstoy on the oc- ecasion, it is proposed to issue a cheap edition of his principal works in the leading languages of Europe. To this end contrib- utions are solicited. We have to announce the death of three distinguished Oriental scholars: Prof. Gus- tav Oppert of Berlin has died at the age of seventy-one. His first work of importance was done in the Bodleian Library, where he catalogued the collection of Hebrew manu- seripts. He was then appointed sub-libra- rian at Windsor Castle, and in 1872 was made professor of Sanskrit at Madras. He returned to Europe in 1894, and the next year was appointed professor of the non- Aryan languages of India in the Berlin Uni- versity. He has to his credit many works on the weapons, commerce, religion, and dialects of India. C. A. C. B. de Meynard, aged seventy-two, was at the time of his
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The Nation. April 16, 1908] death professor of Persian and Arabic at the Collége de France. For a while he had been attached to the French legation in Persia. He is the author of a ‘Dictionnaire ture-francais’’ and other books on Oriental subjects. Hartwig Derenbourg, who was born in 1844, ded in Paris April 13. He was a chevalier of the Légion d’honneur, and distinguished otherwise by various ti- tles and offices. In 1889-1900 he edited the fourth part of the “Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum,” and he has also to his cred- it a long list of philological and biographi- ca. works dealing with Arabic subjects. THE DYNASTS. The Dynasts, a@ Drama of the Napoleonic Wars. In three parts, nineteen acts, and one hundred and thirty scenes. Part III. By Thomas Hardy. New York: The Mac- millan Co. $1.50 net. Four years ago we gave a dazed and ten- tative notice to the first part of Mr. Hardy’s huge closet drama. We were impressed by the fine martial stir of the piece, Clamorque virum clangorque tubarum, by the startling stage directions whereby the reader was deified into a spectator sit- ting above the clouds, beholding Europe far below stretched out on the map like “a great tiger,” by the marching and counter- marching of vast armies, but as the creep- ing of insects, and by the ghastly vividness of certain other annotations wherein a blind, inanimate will is seen stretching its filaments through the destinies of millions of human puppets. Yet, as a whole, the first part seemed to us a suecés manqué, a piece of imaginative incunabula, the char- acteristic product of a moody, or, as Mr. Hardy calls it, a “nervous and quizzical’”’ a-e, a product which might some day, in an age of stronger artistic feeling, be made by another hand the basis of a masterplece. On the appearance of the second part, two years later, we found ourselves still more deeply impressed with the things that were striking in the first part. We found, too, the philosophic adventure of the piece, the exhibition of the mutations of history as the operation of Unmaliced, unimpassioned, nescient Will, enlisting along with our admiration a kind of anxious interest that gave the poem power not only over our “nervous and quizzical” intellects, but even over our hearts. We began to suspect that we had not done justice to the first part. Now. with the publication of the third and last part, that suspicion has become a cer- tainty We have read the final volume with the complete absorption of every fac- ulty, and going back from it to read again the first and second parts, with the original preface wherein the plan of the whole was laid down, we have become aware af a work marked, despite its superficial un- couthness, by a colossal unity and a stag- gering significance—a fitting and in a way a triumphant climax to that long series of novels in which Mr. Hardy has embodied both his poignant knowledge of the world of men and his grim, undeluded philosophy. The enterprise in “The Dynasts” is no- thing less than a new justification of “the ways of God to man.” For Mr. Hardy there was considerably more to justify than for Milton. The seemingly purpose- less wars that made the of Eur- ope run red with blood and brought an- guish to a million homes, rather more stubborn facts to explain than a dim traditional ‘“‘Fall.’’ Napoleon, “‘The Christof War,” as Mr. Hardy audaciously calls him, was, too, a more vital and compelling figure than the fallen Prince of Darkness, while “The Great Foresightless” that he candid- ly substitutes for a benign anthropomor- phic deity must be justified, if at all, not by the easy appeal to the age-old beliefs and devotions of the race, but only by the cool- er, less persuasive methods of the pure reason. Yet in the end, though the justi- fication is conditional and tentative, it lin- gers in the mind with an insistent and reassuring potency. In this third part of “The Dynasts” the great panoramic spectacle of the Napo- leonic wars draws splendidly to its tremen- dous close. In the first act, from our sta- tion in the clouds we observe the cau- tious warfare of Wellington in Spain, and the disastrous Russian campaign of Na- poleon. The scene is set for colossal trag- edy. Yet even more than in the preced- ing parts the action is humanized by the racy human talk of soldiers and camp followers, by the telling exhibition, not only of the horrors, but of the sordid- ness. the discomforts, the humors of war. Then in successive acts we have the bat- tles of Vitoria and Leipzig presented with a union of imaginative vision and tech- nical understanding that is an education in military tactics; the abdication. the so- journ in Elba, the return, and finally in the last two acts the great concluding ca- tastrophe of Waterloo. From the beginning of the sixth act in the famous ballroom at Brussels to the final scene in the wood of Bossu where Napoleon broods over his defeat, Mr. Hardy is at his very best, and in this kind outside of the chronicle plays of Shakespeare there is none better. The passion of the battle as it is uttered in the nervous Anglo-Saxon profanities of the generals, or reflected in the comments of the Intelligences that speak from the clouds in verse forms ranging from sapphics to rondeaux, fairly takes the reader by the throat Whirled along by the spirit of war, the reader forgets for the moment the philo- sophic adventure in which he has engaged, but when the scene closes for the last time on the figure of the beaten and broken Napoleon weakly brooding on the edge of the bloody field, the questionings come thick, and in the “After Scene,” which passes in “The Overworld,”’ Mr. Hardy has prepared his most explicit answer, the final utterance of that virile philosophy that is the central force of his novels. The scene opens with the last of the panoramic stage directions, which have been throughout one of the most effective poetic factors of the work: rivers were Enter the Spirit and Chorus of the Years, the Spirit and Chorus of the Pities, the Shade of the Earth, the Spirits Sinister and Ironic with their Choruses, Rumors, Spirit- messengers, and Recording Angels. Europe has now sunk netherward to its far-off position as in the Fore Scene, and it is beheld again as a prone and emaciated figure of which the Alps form the verte- bre, and the branching mountain-chains the ribs, the Spanish Peninsula shaping the head of the écorché. The lowlands look like a gray-green garment half-thrown off, and the sea around like a disturbed bed on which the figure lies. Then ensues a final trialogue between the Spirit of the Years, who voices, perhaps, Mr. Hardy’s most characteristic mood, the Spirit Ironic, the expressien of the intel- lect unswayed by any feeling save that of bitter amusement, and the Spirit of the Pities, which last, as he points out in his original preface, “approximates to the Universal Sympathy of human nature, the spectator idealized of the Greek chorus.” First, the Spirit of the Years expresses his own conclusion of the whole matter: Thus doth Great Foresightless mechanize In blank entrancement now as evermore Its ceaseless artistries in Circumstance Of curious stuff and braid, as just forthshown. Yet but one flimsy riband of Its web Have we here watched in waving—web Enorme, Whose furthest hem and selvage may extend To where the roars and plashings of the flames Of earth-invisible suns swell noisily, And onwards into ghastly gulfs of sky, Where hideous presences churn through the dark— Monsters of magnitude without a shape, Hanging amid deep wells of nothingness. Yet seems this vast and singular confection Wherein our scenery glints of scantest size, Inutile all—so far as reasonings tell. the To him replies the Spirit of the Pities, with a faltering, yet audacious question: Thou arguest still the Inadvertent Mind,— But. even so, shall blankness be for aye? Men gained cognition with the flux of time, And wherefore not the Force informing them, When far-ranged aions past all fathoming Shall have swung bv, and stand as backward years? The debate is then taken up in fine lyric measures by the Choruses and Semichoruses of the Years and of the Pities. To the con- cluding question of the former, To what tune danceth this Immense? the Spirit Ironic puts in a characteristic word: For one I cannot answer. But I know ‘Tis handsome of our Pities so to sing The praises of the dreaming, dark, dumb Thing That turns the handle of this idle Show! As once a Greek asked I would fain ask, too, Who knows if all the Spectacle be true, Or an illusion of the gods (the Will, To wit) some bocus-pocus to fulfil? Here most readers of Mr. Hardy’s novels would have expected the debate to end, leaving us in the temper of an ironic agnos- ticism. But the true lover of Hardy, who has pondered the eternally optimistic im- plications of human sympathy, even the kind of grim, untearful sympathy with the woes of mortals that lurks in “Tess of the d’Urbervilles,” will not be surprised to find that the very last lines of the whole vast panorama of nineteen acts and one hundred and thirty scenes are given, not to the Spirit Ironic, but to the Chorus of the Pities, and that in them the faltering ques- tioning with which the after scene opened has become affirmation: But—a yo thrills the air Like to sounds’ of joyance there That the rages Of the ages Shall be cancelled, and deliverance offered from the darts that were, Consciousness the Will informing, till It fashion all things fair! It would be easy to debate the propriety of the monstrous form that Mr. Hardy has chosen, to point out technical flaws in its
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35 The Nation. [ Vol. 86, No. 2233 = execution, but it would be beside the mark here. When all is said, the reader feels that the monstrous form befits the mon- strous subject, and that in an age too “‘ner- vous and quizzical”’ for the epic it could scarcely have been other. As to infelicities of detail, they should no more disturb us than swallow nests should disturb us, pace Lowell, on the facade of the “awful past.” The answer to technical criticism of ‘“‘The Dynasts” is: There it is; a complete and powerfully moving whole, the character- istic and significant climax to the lifelong work of a richly endowed man of letters; one who, given by nature a poet’s imagina- tion, toiled long in prose lest luring fancy lead him astray from human life as it is, yet never in his novels lost sight of the wheeling of the eternal stars over the sordid human scene, who towards the end of his life coming to treat a vast, long- meditated theme involving in its implica- tion the whole body of his thought, slipped off the restriction of prose to express, if with an ocasional unhabituated awkward- ness, a vision in a powerful and compelling poetic medium. Vast poetic CURRENT FICTION. Come and Find Me. By Elizabeth Robins. New York: The Century Co. It is hard to imagine for what quality this tale was judged worthy of serial pub- lication in a leading magazine. It is very long-winded, not much happens, and the people are hardly deserving of prolonged study for their own sakes. No doubt be- cause it belongs to the order of purely arti- ficial and commonplace, yet elaborate, fic- tion which seems to be popular just now— the school of Robert Hichens and Miss El- len Glasgow. There is an affected preface; the whole thing breathes the complacency of the professional writer who has been purred over by editors and interviewers, and is blandly ready to turn out a new “superior article’’ whenever his public likes. The supposed action takes place partly in a California town and partly in the neighborhood of Nome. The object to be found is a stream full of gold nuggets which has been stumbled upon by a young surveyor years before the Klondike boom began. Himself physically disabled from going back into that difficult country to retrieve his find, he cannot convince anybody else that there is anything in his story. Disbelieved on every side, he al- most comes to discredit his own memory, and remains a plodding bank-clerk, till his superannuation and the blaze of the Klon- dike discoveries send him back at last upon the old trail—just too late, as it chances. In a larger sense, perhaps, the thing to be found is the North Pole; and the trick is actually turned by another person of the story. He manages to get back alone to the borders of civilization, bringing with him marvellous records of what he has seen at the Pole. But he is satisfied to have won the game for himself, and, fan- tastically reluctant to rob other men of the same possible triumph, destroys, as he is about to die, the proofs of his achieve- ment. This is all very well as material for fiction, but it would have to be felt far more simply and strongly than it has been here to compass any sort of serious effect. The two heroines involved have some degree of individual and complemen- tary value as sketches; but with all the elaboration of their treatment they remain sketchy. The young scientist who discov- ers the Pole is an impossible prig and bore, and both heroines are naturally in love with him. One of them, however, finally falls to the lot of a very good young fellow, who, with the very good old fellow, her father, suggests through the verbal mist which obscures it all the quality of a very good story which might have been. Arkinsaw Cousins: By J. Breckenridge Ellis. Henry Holt & Co. Current American fiction is prolific in at- tempts to wrest from local condition and ceclor their marketable literary meaning. To “exp'oit’ a new neighborhood or a new dialect has become a sort of game of which the grand prize is vaguely felt to be a something which shall challenge the world by its fresh power; a something, in short, in the directicn of the “great American” novel. Doubtless, if such an achievement is to be hoped for, there is as good a chance in this direction as in any other. But not much of value can be expected to result from local studies undertaken in a spirit of biological zeal or amused explor- ation. In this respect Kipling has set a pretty bad example. In the beginning, like most men who succeed, he seized the world by the handle which was nearest; he does not cease to be the conquering Anglo- Indian, even when he treads the deck of a Gloucester schooner. “Arkinsaw Cousins” is striking among stories of its kind for its spontaneity, its zest born of affectionate intimacy with the subject. Consequently, though it is not without crudity of detail, the affair as a whole is unusually refresh- ing: In Core City, Arkinsaw, lived the Thornberrys. Of al! the men in the county, Winthrop Thornberry was the richest; whereas Hodgins Thornberry, if not the poorest, was the most worthless. Old Tim- othy Thornberry and his grandson, Will, owned the grocery on the corner; another grandson, Peter. was cashier of the Na- tional Bank: while a third, Oscar, con- ducted a restaurant. By such ingenuous and Austen-like means are our characters presented. There are other male Thornberrys, with females duly thereto appertaining; a group of kindly and amusing folk described, you feel, by one of themselves. The story of it does not particularly import, being quite irrelevant to the real mat- ter. And it must be said that one or two of the characters, introduced as in one sense or other foils to the amiable com- pany of the Thornberrys, do what they can to throw doubt upon the author’s sincerity. But they cannot do much. A Story of the Ozarks. New York: Flower 0’ the Orange. By Agnes and Edger- ton Castle. New York: The Macmillan Co. This volume contains seven stories—two Elizabethan, three of the eighteenth cen- tury, and two roughly of the early nine- teenth—of varying length and pretty con- sistent charm. In these pages of chival- rous adventure there is a pleasant sense of color and breathing life, a smooth texture of romance, and a belief that “adventure comes to the adventurous, whether they seek with alert eyes the secret byways, or whether fate tarries for them on their un- conscious threshold.” As in few books of this kind History, instead of playing the school mistress to the reader (having in- structed the writer), sets her easel to paint a background. The best of these stories are by far the first five, for in them the ac- tion is quicker and spicier, more youthful and fresher. The last pair of tales, one of the sick lord and dairymaid type, the other a “love match at sixty,” are less success- ful. But all in all, “Flower o’ the Orange” is a court!y book, and good for a fireside evening. The Vermilion Pencil. By Homer Lea. New York: The McClure Co. Mr. Lea is a voluminous writer, and sub- merges this slight story in a descriptive weiter of typhoons, architectural detail, or- nate heathen gods, and extraordinary cere- monial mysteries. The tale is of a Breton priest in China, who, sent to con- vert a viceroy’s wife, gradually yields to her fascination and elopes. Before he makes this plunge, however, Fate—frequently en- countered with the invariable large F—be- stows on him the symbol of the Great Del- uge Family, a socialistic brotherhood hav- ing branches in London, New York, and Paris. The runaways are caught, and the temptress is doomed to a horrible death. At the supreme moment, the mild priest, no longer a Christian, plays his trump and frees the lady, whose husband has con- veniently just died. There are no charac- ters in the swarm of natives, who, in cos- tume, fill the stage. The Rev. Mr. Hook, a long-tongued treasure-hunting parson, comes nearest; but he is an accident. The atmosphere and a certain wealth of words and invention recall Hugo’s wildest excur- sions. Nature is wrenched asunder and the dictionary deracinated. The following is typical: “the brilliant crepuscular rays from the Western sky, the darkness with its labyrinthian uncertainty, the mangling crunch of the wind, the conflagration of the heavens, the crucifix, chaos, then the calm sun of noonday,” and so on. “The Vermilion Pencil” is a grotesque impression of China. lurid and Priest and Pagan. By Herbert M. Hopkins. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Often as the contrast between the re- ligious and the unmoral nature has been “said in rhyme” and fiction, Mr. Hopkins has given to his theme a new turn. T9? begin with, his pagan is introduced as a gazer at his own cenotaph, constructed while he idly let himself be considered at the bottom of the sea. The priest, too, is unusual in having a Jewish strain which impels him to leave the loved church of his founding and preach Christianity to the Jews. Further, the heroine is a girl with a talent for whistling and, unknown to her parents, exercises it on the vaudeville stage. And finally the action takes place in the Bronx, whose local color—how changed since Hopkinson Smith’s revealings of the French restaurant!—still affords in artist hands ample room for the showing of beauty, crowded though beauty may be by rushing civilization. Of this chance Mr. Hopkins makes the utmost, setting the idyllic features of his picture against the
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April 16, 1908] The Nation. 355 impressive stone of church architecture: not slighting the trolleys and the huts, but éewelling appreciatively on meadow, river apd wood. The portrait of Berwyn, a “negation.” “remote,”’ “‘well-nigh inhuman,” really por- trays. In the case of Cresson, the priest. his phases and changes appear often abrupt to the point of incoherence, yet looked at backward from the last page he takes on a late distinctness which is perhaps at least as strong a proof of his reality as if he hai been throughout unnaturally consistent. Meantime it is refreshing to read a story where the ultra-modern, the civic, the suburb, the slum, are the themes, yet where the undignified does not enter, ani where morality and even religion are in good social standing. e The Call of the Deep. By Frank T. Bullen. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. These “Further Adventures of Frank Brown,” a sequel to an earlier volume, are good entertainment for boys. The writer professes to record incidents of actual sea life aboard British sailing vessels twenty- five years ago. The rise of the hero from common sailor to the rank of captain is the unifying element. The narrative con- tains the usual wicked commanders, outrag- eous mutinies, storms, and hair-breadth *scapes, wherein our sense of security is rarely joggled, because the idea that fair play ultimately succeeds is early premised The spirit of manliness, the healthy con- tempt for “girls and tea-parties,”’ and the equally healthy love affair which crowns Frank's good fortunue, will compensate, in the youthful minds, for a decided lack of literary finish, and novelty of plot. The masters are challenged, but they may rest easy. STUDIES OF PETRARCH. Saggio Critico sul Petrarca, Di Francesco de Sanctis; nuova edizione a cura di Be- nedetto Croce. Pp. xx., 316. Naples: Mo- rano. The name of Francesco de Sanctis is vir- tually unknown to English readers. A few casual phrases in Symonds’s “Renaissance in Italy,’’ and a friendly but wholly inade- quate notice in Saintsbury’s “History of Criticism,” are almost the sole references to his work in our language. But with his ideas English-speaking people are more fa- miliar than they suspect; for from his pages much that is illuminating in Sy- monds’s treatment of Italian literature (in- cluding many of the most personal “impres- sions’) seems to have been directly trans- ferred. In Italy itself he has of late lost ground, with the growth of those scientific and historical methods which the Italians, like ourselves, owe to Germany; but in the greatest of his disciples, Benedetto Croce, he has an advocate who will not willingly let his memory die. Again and again Signor Croce has returned to the defence of his master; and now, at the request of the publisher, Morano, he has edited De Sanc- tis’s luminous and penetrating study of Petrarch’s art and mind. “The name of Francesco de Sanctis,” he tells us, ‘‘calledto me with such an affettuoso grido, that I could not resist his appeal, so long as I lived; and—who knows’?—if any one should offend his memory even after I am dead, I would leap from my grave, den Kaiser, den Kaiser zu schiitzen.” De Sanctis was born in 1818; the patriot’s inevitable exile was his for a while; he taught at Zurich, until he was called to oc- cupy the new chair of comparative litera- ture at the University of Naples; for a brief space he was minister of public in- struction; he died in 18838. He was there- fore the contemporary of Matthew Arnold, and of a generation that looked to Sainte- Beuve for its critical guidance. But though he owes something, even a great deal, to this school of Frenchmen, he drew his in- tellectual nourishment from the Germans; he is, in an historical sense, the Coleridge of Italy, but the Coleridge of a Latin race, keen to seize on pregnant ideas, and to use them for the purposes of literary discus- sion, but careful not to burden his mind and style with the whole weight of an a priori system. Hegel’s “Aesthetik” was his most fruitful field; and it is marvellous to see how he has anticipated posterity in separating the chaff from the wheat, and in developing those ideas which could il- lumine the history of his own literature. His chief work is, of course, his “History of Italian Literature.” which Brunetiére thought the most delightful as well as the most philosophic of all literary histories. It is really a history of !talian civiliza- tion; and the Italian soul, unfolding itself in books rather than in space and time, is interpreted in a series of acute and lumin- ous studies. To call it a mere series of essays is, however, to mistake its purpose, or to be misled, as Signor Croce says, by the fect that the chapters bear such titles as “Dante,” “Ariosto,” ‘‘Machiavelli,’’ or “Marino”; no work could possess greater unity of treatment and continuity of ideas. Recent scholarship has found fault with it for ignoring minor authors; and it is true that De Sanctis touches them but lightly in passing, and uses each of the great monuments of literature to interpret the whole of its own age. But as an exposi- tor of the contents of these greater works, of their intrinsic power, and historical sig- nificance, he has had no equal in Italy; and English literature still awaits an his- torian with kindred powers of exposition and insight. These talents De Sanctis focusses on the genius of a single author in his “‘Saggio critico sul Petrarca.”’ Like Sainte-Beuve, he is anxious to find the secret of the man’s mental life, but unlike Sainte- Beuve, only as the man has unfolded that mental life in his books. Signor Croce, as editor, contrasts the study of De Sanctis with that of a typical erudite historian, Adolfo Bartoli, who has devoted the sev- enth volume of his ‘“‘History of Italian Lit- erature” to the life and works of Petrarch. In nine chapters, Bartoli discusses’ the character of Petrarch, his mysticism, his relations with the Papacy and with Rienzi, with Italy and the Empire, with the Ital- ian princes, with the Renaissance, with Laura, with his friends and children; the history of poetry itself is swamped by the interest in external detail. This is the reverse of the method of De Sanctis, who centres hit attention cn the poetry of Pe- trarch and the mind of which it is the ex- pression; if he digresses at all, it is to follow out a train of ideas to their logical consequence, and to give them such preci- sion and permanence as may make them tenable beyond the sphere of their sources in the original facts. Modern scholarship, with its hidebound empiricism, can find few better antidotes than the study of De Sanc- tis and of his disciple, Benedetto Croce. The former’s “History of Italian Litera- ture” and the latter’s “History of As- thetics’’ ought to be made accessible to English-speaking readers by immediate translation. Petrarch: His Life and Times. By H. C. Hollway-Calthrop; 24 illustrations. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons. $3.50 net. Petrarch is surprisingly modern, in spite of his fourteenth-century dress. This is not only because he touched great interests which are still vital—interests of Church and State, interests of learning, patriotic interests for an Italian—but because he was personally so modern, of the gen- tleman-and-scholar type which does not grow old. The world remembers him now for his sonnets to Laura, but his letters, his life, his friendships, not to mention the important political affairs in which he took part, would serve to keep his career from oblivion. Mr. Hollway-Calthrop has en- deavored to write in English a rather com- pact, straightforward biography ‘of this many-sided personage. He bases his study upon the Italian sources—Fracassetti above all—but, as his purpose is narration and not critical examination of the material, he wisely refrains from long discussion of debatable questions, and thus he is able to produce a life-like, attractive, and most probable portrait. Being well acquainted with the historical environment in which Petrarch flourished, he succeeds in blending the individual career with the larger move- ments that swept through Christendom in that century. But what we have most enjoyed is to see the way in whicn the inmost nature of the man emerges from his obsolete eru- dition and the antiqueness of his sur- roundings. What a sane poet he was! What a stanch friend! What a mellow scholar! That letter of his to Boccaccio, who was upset by Peter of Siena’s dream, might well be laid to heart by the adepts of spiritism to-day; and his many exhorta- tions in praise of scholarly industry, and his refusal to make old age an excuse for sloth, might be written by a modern as in- defatigable as President Eliot. His calm, not to say friendly, attitude towards death is not less noble or less genuine than Whit- man’s. Mr. Ho!lway-Calthrop kas so ar- ranged his material as to bring out these qualities. He writes clearly, without man- nerism or particular distinction, and he has put within reach of readers of English the best biography, so far as we are aware, of Petrarch. Robert Owen. By Frank Podmore, 2 vols. New York: D. Appleton & Co. $6 net. The New Harmony Movement, by George B. Lockwood. New York: D. Appleton & Co. $1.50 net. Robert Owen, described by Leslie Stephen as “one of those intolerable bores who are the salt of the earth,’”’ born in Wales in 1771, lived eighty-seven years, a bore to the
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396 last and the salt losing nothing of its sa- Though Owen's career has been sev- described, the finding of new material for Mr. Podmore’s two ample volumes, a detailed record, sym- pathetic, but often sharply critical—by no means the work of a blind admirer. Per- haps there is no career of the nineteenth century more interesting to the sociologist than that of Robert Owen. Mr. Podmore denies to him the possession of business ability, ascribing to good luck his earlier This conclusion think Mr. own pages though th vor eral times gives excuse success. we Podmore’'s refute: poor boy married well, and came upon th manufacture was industry, mechanical in- genuity, and practical sense could have brought about what Owen achieved. These qualities were combined with a fine spiri' of humanity, to which the biographer does full justice. Of Owen's early years at New Lanark, during which, while making a larg: fortune for himself, he redeemed his work- people from wretchedness, and set an ex- ample which impressed profoundly the rough-shod wor!d of those days, no reader of the entertain any sentiment other than admiration. He brought about a marvellous mitigation of the horrible conditions that affected the working class- es of that time. His beneficence touched remarkably the hearts of men. While the masses turned toward him as a saviour from their many woes, those high in place seemed disposed to make of him a friend and guide. Lords and bishops studied his methods with a sympathy that did them credit; the Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria, became intimate with him; Nich- olas of Russia, then a grand duke, a boy of nineteen, made a sojourn at Owen's home at New Lanark, and schemed to put him at the head of a colony in Russia. Visit- ing the Continent, Owen was warmly wel- comed in France by Cuvier, La Place, and Madame de Staél; about Geneva he Oberlin, Fellenberg, and Pestalozzi; in Germany he von Humboldt America, he addressed in the Federal! cap- itol an audience containing the Presiden: and beth houses of Congress. With years his schemes grew bolder. Mr stage when the cotton prosperous, only story can while Podmore thinks that, self-made man as he | was, he had no philosophy but what he had derived at second hand from Rousseau Embarrassed by partners of sordid minds independent in fortune, his heart growing ever warmer toward his fellow-man, he undertook boldly nothing else than to es- tablish “the New Moral World,” ganization of society. To carry out idea, he bought 20,000 acres at New Har mony, Indiana. Here he established a fa- mous community in which much was said and done that made the world look askance In religion, Owen was a deist of the eigh- teenth-century type, and he denounced or- thodoxy in unmeasured terms. Though aus- | terely virtuous, he instituted a new sacra- ment of marriage, in which, since the feel- ings are not under the contro! of the will, no pledges of enduring exchanged by the contracting parties: the bond was not indissoluble. denounced, inasmuch as the sympathies of men and women ought to be under no limi- tation, but broad as the human race; the children should be the “property of the } sometimes met | ; as has not discussed with Alexander | his plans for reform. In | a reor- | this | | to the present day” and to this end he |} monuments, in hove were to be The family was | The Nation. community,”” and reared apart from their parents by teachers and guardians espe- cially endowed and trained. - Later in life Owen became an enthusiastic spiritualist. Putting himself thus at odds with his en- vironment, Owen naturally met with fail- ure. At New Harmony he sank £40,000, four-fifths of his fortune; nor were other schemes, a multitude of which he took up afterward in England, for bringing to pass the ‘“‘New Moral World,” more suc- cessful. His good heart and purpose were generally admitted. His wisdom, however, indeed his sanity, was ques- tioned; and since he continued to advocate his reforms, sometimes wise, sometimes foolish, with all his old zeal and persist- ence, the society he so yearned to regen- erate shunned him as “an intolerable bore,” until he died discredited and neglected. When all has been said against Robert Owen that can be said, it nevertheless re- mains plain that in his century he was a noteworthy benefactor in many fields. In the English speaking world he was the path-breaker for the kindergarten, for manual training, for industrial education in general; he led in movements to amel- iorate child labor, unreasonable hours, starvation wages, and in the introduction of plans for coéperation and the better- ment of working-men; he was a pioneer in the advocacy of international arbitration and a peaceful federation of nations. Though blind to important facts in human nature, obstinate, and unteachable, he was always brave, sweet-tempered, well-inten- tioned, and did a work which all students of sociology should ponder. Mr. Lockwood's work, occupying itself especially with Owen's American enter- prises, and containing interesting accounts of Owen's eminent sons, and the other noteworthy figures who gathered as helpers and disciples about the initiator, is a good supplement to the volumes of Mr. Podmore, the books together setting forth this im- portant episode of nineteenth cenutry life been done before. Sidon: A Study in Oriental History. By Frederick Carl Eiselen. New York: The Columbia University Press. This is the fourth volume in the Colum- bia University Oriental Series. It is fur- nished with an introduction by Prof. Rich- | ard Gottheil of Columbia, to whom, as his | teacher, the author, now professor of Se- mitic languages and Old Testament exegesis in the Garritt Biblical Institute, Evanston, Tll., dedicates his work. Dr. Eiselen’s purpose is to study the his- tory of Sidon “‘from the earliest times down has ‘“‘gathered together the various refer- ences to Sidon upon Assyrian and Egyptian Hebrew literature, in the classical authors, in the records of pil- grims, and in the historical works of Mo- hammedan writers.” It is strange that the history of the Phenician cities, which | played such an important part in the old world, and which are relatively so accessi- ble, should be involved in such obscurity. The very endeavor to bring together all that is known about Sidon makes plain our lack of material for a consecutive history. The author gives disproportionate space to a speculative discussion as to the origin and early development of Sidon. We are [Vol. 86, No. 2 in sympathy with his view, which he de- name itself, that the city in a pre-Pheenician and rives from the probably existed pre-Semitic period. The Semitic occupation of Phenicia he assigns to about 4000 B. c., while the Semitic migration in which the Phenicians had a part, the “‘Canaanitish- Pheenician,”” began, according to him, about 2800 B. c. This migration came from Baby- lonia, which, according to a tradition re- ported by Greek writers, was the original home of the Phenicians. Dr. Eiselen seems to us, in the first place, to have placed the date of the Semitic occupation of Phenicia about 1,000 years too early. In the second we do not believe that the “Canaan- stock came from Baby- place, itish-Pheenician”’ lonia. Successive floods of Semites, from the earliest known times down to the Moslem conquest, poured out of Arabia northward, splitting at the desert into two streams, one entering Babylonia. the other Syria and sometimes Egypt. At times these two streams formed independent nations; again, they remained in some sort of relation, the centre of influence lying now to the east, now to the west of the Syrian desert. That a racial connection existed between the oc- cupants of Babylonia and Syria, including Pheenicia, before or after 2000 B. c., is made clear by the identity of divine and personal names in the two regions. At this period, also, as we learn from Babylonian sources, the centre of power was to the east of the desert. This does not mean, however, that the Canaanitish population came from Babylonia, but that both Babylonian and Canaanite were derived from the same stock. The tradition as to the Babylonian, or, to be more accu- rate, Persian Gulf origin of the Phe- nicians (so far as there was such a tra- dition, for, as pointed out by Dr. Eiselen himself, the mythology of Sanchoniathon presupposes an autochthonous origin), is a late reflection of this early condition of the dependence of Phenicia upon Baby- lonia politically, and in the sphere of civil- ization and religion. Apparently, however, the people who are commonly known as Pheenicians did not actually come into exis- tence until a later date, and the Semitic inhabitants of Pheenicia about 2000 B. c. bore much the same relation to these later Pheen cians as the Anglo-Saxon to the Eng- lish. The first historical mention of Sidon occurs in the Tel el-Amarna tablets, about 1400 B. c. At that time Sidon, a de- pendency of Egypt, was fighting against in- vading foreigners. The proper names indi- cate that at least the governing element was Semitic, but, if we interpret history correctly, the city was not yet Pheenician. The invaders seem ultimately to have pre- vailed, and Sidon, with the rest of Phenicia and Syria, was lost to Egypt. A great folk movement was then affecting all Syria, Asia Minor, the A®gean archipelago, and adjacent regions. The Pheenicians, like the Hebrews and the Philistines, whom they probably antedate slightly. were in some manner an outcome of that movement; but precisely how, or at what date, this peo- ple actually became Pheenicians, as we un- derstand that name, we do not yet know. In a later chapter and period, Dr. Eise- len discusses the dates of the Sidonian Kings, Esmunazar, Tabnit, etc. (p. 147);
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April 16, 1908] The Nation. 357 including them among the “vassal Kings of Alexander and the Ptolemies,” and placing Tabnit about 320 B. c. (p. 156). In this conclusion he has not, we think, attached sufficient importance to the facts connected with the discovery of Tabnit’s tomb. An actual acquaintance with the site and conditions would probably have inclined him towards the earlier dates of Reinach or Porter. The Alexander sarco- phagus and the other sarcophagi with it cannot be placed lower than circa 300 B. Cc. When the shaft was cut for this tomb, all knowledge of Tabnit’s tomb had been lost, as is evident from the commencement in the side of that shaft of a tomb chamber which would have interfered with the Tab- nit tomb. Before their work of cutting this tomb-chamber had proceeded far, the stone- cutters ascertained from the sound of their instruments on the rock that they were about to break into another tomb. Accorda- ingly the work was stopped, and the shaft sunk to an unusual depth to get beneath the Tabnit tomb and thus avoid interfer- ence. It seems difficult to suppose that all knowledge of the location of the tomb of a King like Tabnit could have been lost in less than a generation. Moreover, the con- ditions of interment in the two tombs are euch as to suggest a considerable interval between them. The actual evidence of the excavations seems to us to favor a date for Tabnit a century or even two or three cen- turies earlier than that which Dr. Eiselen suggests; and, as he himself points out, in our present knowledge of the _his- tory of Sidon, to place the Esmun- azar dynasty in the fifth or sixth century B. c. would certainly not interfere with or crowd any other dynasty. We may add that in general Dr. Eiselen’s account of the an- tiquities of Sidon, and especially the fu- nerary antiquities, leaves much to be de- sired. The value of such a monograph lies large- ly in its completeness. One should be able to ascertain from it both the significant facts and the books from which detailed information can be obtained. For the lat- ter purpose there should have beer a full bibliography, instead of incomplete and scattered references in the foot-notes. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri. Part V., edited by Bernard P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt. London: The Egypt Exploration Fund. The present volume, issued under the auspices of the Graeco-Roman Branch of the Egypt Exploration Fund, lacks some- thing of the varied human interest that characterized the miscellaneous contents of the former volumes of the “Oxyrhynchus Papyri.”” It is distinctly a scholar’s book, and it contains in its ample bulk but five documents. On January 13, 1906, Messrs. Grenfell and Hunt, digging in the rubbish heaps at Oxyrhynchus, had the good for- tune to light upon a quantity of literary papyrus-rolls, torn up and thrown away in the third century after Christ. This waste paper of that far-off day introduces us in the present publication to extensive frag- ments of two previously unknown works of classical Greek literature, and to earlier authority than was hitherto known for the text of considerable parts of two familiar compositions. For good measure a single leaf of parchment is included. which was discovered in another mound a month earlier. . This leaf contains, on recto and verso, forty-five lines from an uncanonical gos- pel, detailing an interview in the Court of the Men in the Temple at Jerusalem between the Savior (as he is consistently called) and one of the chief priests, a Pharisee. The priest rebukes Jesus and his disciples for their presence in that sacred place without proper purification. In an- swer to the Savior’s questions, he relates his own ceremonies of purification, and his interlocutor replies with the begin- ning of a stern homily upon the difference between such formal acts and the true pu- rification of the soul. The writer of the account has so confused an idea of the topography and ceremonial of the Temple, as made known to us by trustworthy au- thorities, that the editors charge him with drawing heavily upon his own uninstructed imagination, and are inclined to attribute the composition of the document to a4 pe- riod not earlier than the middle of the second’ century. The sentiments of the homily are apparently a mere elaboration of the well-known utterances of Jesus on the cleansing of the outside of cup and platter, and on the worthlessness of the Pharisees as guides to righteousness. The first of the four classical works was comprised in 380 separate fragments, pain- fully mutilated, but presenting precious re- mains of the lost Peans of Pindar. This work had been written on the back of old papyrus, revamped and patched up for the purpose; but the valueless cursive doc- ument that had filled the more honorable recto served, at any rate, a useful purpose in helping the editors to determine the proper succession of certain of the Pin- daric verses. Yet considerable doubt re- mains concerning portions of the text. Fragments of seven distinct pzwans are thus preserved, together with other bits, and a considerable number of passages are sufficient in length and completeness to give a fair idea of the character of the whole work—truly Pindaric in metre, style, and imagery, if not measuring up in gran- deur to the previously known work of the poet. The second previously unknown docu- ment consists of some twenty-one columns of a history of Greece, composed on an elaborate scale. These fragments pertain to the years 396-5 B. c. The author is be- lieved by Prof. E. Meyer and Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff to be Theopom- pus, of whose Hellenica, in continuation of Thucydides, only four fragments of more than a few words each have been other- wise preserved. Blass, on the other hand, was certain that the papyrus is to be ascribed to Cratippus. One thing is sure: the historian was of first-rate importance, and was well informed. He differs widely from Xenophon, but was certainly fol- lowed by Diodorus. The most valuable part of the work thus preserved is an account of the Constitution of Beotia in 395 B. c., which furnishes much new and decisive in- formation. Professor Meyer has written an elaborate commentary, which is soon to be published. The two papyri of works previously known are of the Symposium of Plato, and the Panegyric of Isocrates. The Sympo- sium is in the latter half of a papyrus- roll of about 200 a. pD., and the text runs from 200B to the end. It is the largest literary papyrus found at Oxyrhynchus. The text agrees closely with no other man- uscript, but appears to be eclectic, as does the text of so many other papyri. It also tends to establish the antiquity of readings challenged by modern critics, and in a few instances supplies new and excellent read- ings. The quality of text of the Pane- gyr-c is unfortunately poor, though the manuscript dates from the earlier part of the second century after Christ. The Codex Urbinas (Gamma) still retains its pre- eminence, unchallenged by this more an- cient rival. All the papyri are accompanied by ample introductions and commentary by the edi- tors, whose diligence and learning are now so much taken for granted as to render praise, although not gratitude, superfluous. The seven facsimile plates are perfect ex- amples of the art of reproduction. The excavations at Oxyrhynchus are now at an end, though “the publication of the vast store of Greek papyri from [the site] will be the work of many years to come.” The Graeco-Roman Branch lacks _ funds, and has suspended spade-work for the present season, but hopes to resume in fresh fields in the winter of 1908-09. The Palaces of Crete, and Their Builders. By Angelo Mosso. Illustrated. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons. $5.25 net. During the last eight years excavations in Crete have been so fruitful, and have opened so many fresh problems for archew- ologists, anthropologists, and philologists, that final publications of the new material have necessarily been slow to appear. The excavators have, indeed, published in va- rious periodicals preliminary accounts of their work; but these reports, detailing the progress of each successive year, can- not give us a comprehensive picture of the whole. To collect the mass of mate- rial, to arrange it systematically, to study it from every point of view, and to see how it helps to solve the problems of this Medi- terranean civilization, is the task which the Cretan excavators have now set themselves. The undertaking is so difficult and compli- cated that we may well be content to wait a little before each excavator presents us with the results of his work in this final form. In the meantime, we welcome hand- books written by outsiders. For though these will naturally not carry the authorita- tive weight of a publication by an excavator who has been in the field for many years, they at least give us a concise account of what has up to now been achieved. R. M. Burrows’s ‘‘Discoveries in Crete” (see the Nation, October 10, 1907, p. 329) was a work of that kind. The title, ‘Pal- aces of Crete, and Their Builders,” leads us to expect another such attempt; but this is in no sense a scientific treatment. The author calls himself in the preface an amateur archzologist; and so, indeed, he is. What he has written may be much more appropriately styled “a journal, with impressions of travel in Crete.’’ There is scarcely any system in the presentation of the facts. The author takes us from place to place, according to the route he travelled, and offers us his personal im- pressions on the excavations, the scenery, the people, or the sunset. Indeed, the per--
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The Nation. [ Vol. 86, No. 2233 sonal element often becomes obtrusive. Moreover, there are many mistakes in the text, like the following: On p. 180 figured two vases of the third Late Minoan period, which Mosso places at about 1500 B. c., a date manifestly too early; on p 183 the famous lily vase from Knossos is put down as com ng from Hagia Triada, again, p. 72, the author says that more than 2000 inscribed tablets have been dis- covered in Crete, whereas the actual num- ber is over 6,000. With all its faults, however, the volume has a pleasing freshness and spontaneity As we are taken over the various ruins, we are conscious that we have for our guide a man of intelligence and enthusiasm; and, even though his imagination often runs away with him, we pass our time in pleas- ant and even stimulating company. Be- sides relating his impressions of travel, the author, who is by profession an an- thropologist, has tried to prove that the people of that primitive Mediterranean civ- jlization were not Indo-Germans, but of an entirely different race. For this pur- pose, he has written several chapters on the religion, customs, and art of the Cre- tans. He upholds the theory which is now gaining ground, that the Cretans belonged to the “Mediterranean race,” which did not come from the north, but was of southern origin, and that civilization spread from the basin of the Mediterra- nean, and not in the other direction. are Achtzehneinhalb Jahre hinter russischen Kerkermauern: Schliisselburger Aufzeich- nungen. Von M. W. Noworusski. New York: Imported by G. E. Stechert & Co. recalls Kennan's vivid and fearful narrative of life in Si- berian exile should follow with keenest sympathy the fate of Michail Wassiliewitsch Noworusski, torn from friends and books by an autocratic whirlwind, put through a mock trial, and hurried off to a dark, damp, and loathsome prison, to spend eigh- teen and a half years in servitude and soli- tude that might well reduce any one to bestiality and childishness. Noworusski, who was a student in St. Petersburg, pre- paring his university thesis, formed the chance acquaintance of several other stu- dents, and unwittingly allowed one of them, a revolutionist, to use his room in his ab- sence during vacation. In that room, with- out Noworusski’s knowledge, bombs were made, and later, when assassinations were attempted, Noworusski was arrested and ecbarged with the crime. Under stress of confusion, he foolishly lied. The most dam- aging against him was the pos- session of Lewes’s ‘‘Physiology,’’ together with a piece of green paper like that used in sealing a bomb; but this was enough to sentence him to death. He went through the agony of the death watch, but at the last minute was reprieved and resentenced to imprisonment for life. A few hours later he found himself in Schitisselburg fortress, within a narrow earth-floored cell, his home for the best part of his remaining life, into which the friendly sunshine came but half an bour each day. Much of the book naturally deals with Noworusski's wearisome months under the iron heel of Slavic In the beginning each prisoner was held in soli- Whoever still George evidence bureaucracy. tary confinement, with scarcely enough furniture and clothing to keep well, with nothing to occupy the mind or body, save an hour’s exercise each day between two pacing soldiers when no other prisoner was in sight. Under such rigid surveillance it was nearly fifteen years before Noworus- ski learned that in the court, almost under his very window, three comrades had been executed two or three days after their ar- rival with him in Schliisselburg. Accord- ing to the changes of political weather in St. Petersburg, the barometer rose and fell in the distant prison: after a while, a milder régime permitted two, and then three, prisoners to walk and talk together for a couple of hours each day; sandy spots were turned into vegetable and fruit gardens—frequently plundered, it is true, by the unfeeling soldiers—trades and work- shops were introduced, a library was es- tablished (numbering in all some 3,000 vol- umes), and periodicals, including well- known English journals, were distributed. Beard partitions were almost razed, and opportunity was given the unfortunate men to vie with each other in showing atten- tion to the one woman of the prison, Vera Nikolajewna Figner, kept there under spe- cial privations for twenty-one years. The presence of this representative of the weak- er sex, Noworusski says, mentioning Bret Harte, awakened in every man, whatever his character, much the same reverence that the American author describes in his nar- ratives of pioneer life in California. Sud- denly, on orders from the Russian capital, the library was closed and many of its books, particularly a history of the French Revolution, were removed; fence partitions in the court yards were rebuilt, work- shops closed, and the periodicals stopped. Only the official church paper and the Chemical News, both considerably scissor- ed, found their way into the darkened walls. As a protest, all the prisoners fasted for nine days, reducing themselves to fevered skin and bones, and Vera Figner refused food for ten days. The sacrifice availed little, for it was about three years before the books came back from St. Petersburg. Notwithstanding all these ups and downs, however, several of the prisoners managed to advance in self-culture, to assist in im- proving the prison, and even to contribute toward the making up of valuable scientific collections for the Natural History Mu- seum of St. Petersburg. One herbarium secured special recognition at the Paris Ex- position of 1900. One thing that strikes the reader of No- worusski’s narrative is the way in which the prisoners, like the shipwrecked and isolated Robinson Crusoe, set about helping themselves. Denied communication with others, so that they knew practically no- thing of the war with Japan, and “‘were as men on a distant planet,”’ tired of their own voices and small talk, and glad even to count and recount the knots in boards, their minds inevitably turned to reflecting, divining, inventing. One of the most in- genious of their contrivances was a system of telegraphy by means of knocks on the walls—a sort of Morse alphabet—by which they talked with each other. Noworusski gives a number of incidents of significance to the psychologist. For ex- ample, when, after spending nearly twenty years within high walls, Noworusski saw a mass of flowing water again, it appeared to him black, as it had appeared the year before to Vera Figner, when she was re- leased. This peculiar impression he as- cribes to the fact that the idea of water had been kept before him chiefly through black illustrations in books and papers. Moreover, as if he had fallen back into childhood, he continually hesitated to ven- ture alone, fearing he should be unable to reach the street or house he was making for; he found immediate stimulation in the presence of a friend, as the child is stim- ulated by the guiding hand of the nurse. He was often compelled to abandon church service, on account of the effect on his nerves of singing; and he was unable, for a long time, to listen with composure to in- strumental music. Noworusski’s style—possibly polished a little by Luise Flachs-Fokschaneanu, who has translated the work from the Russian manuscript—is clear and pleasing; his sense of humor never fails him, and he is capable also of painting tragedy. Such brief descriptions as that of the execution of the youth—the solemn procession with the condemned past his cell in the dusk, the return, half an hour later, of the sol- diers alone, silently crossing themselves— reveal the power to feel and move others to deep feeling. So, too, there is the light- er side of life in his description of the chaos reigning when pardon suddenly came to the prisoners. Most remarkable of all is the temperate spirit of the author who, while not hesitating to criticise those whom he holds responsible for his misfortune, ad- vocates no more violent means of reform than the ballot, and wastes no time in idle regrets, rejoicing indeed, if only his lost years have furthered the cause of freedom in Russia. The several portraits in the volume, particularly that of the sweet-faced Vera Figner, with her firm-set mouth, must suggest the monumenta! folly in maiming the powers and arresting the development of such sons and daughters who, if properly guided and encouraged, could be of inestimable service to any coun- try and any age. The Gospel of St. John in West-Sawon, 1904; The Gospel of St. Matthew in West-Sazron, 1904; The Gospel of St. Mark in West- Saron, 1905; The Gospel of St. Luke in West-Saron, 1906—all edited by James Wilson Bright. The West-Saron Psalms, being the prose portion, or the “‘first fifty,” of the so-called Paris Psalter, edited by James Wilson Bright, Catherine Donovan, and Robert Lee Ramsay, 1907. Belles- Lettres Series. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co. It is a singular circumstance, consider- ing the place always held by the Bible in the life of the English race, that both in England and America the interest in the English versions which antedate the Refor- mation should have been limited to so small a circle of scholars. In the case of the Anglo-Saxon versions especially, apart from the difficulty of language, there has been the additional obstacle that the prin- cipal texts have not hitherto been accessi- ble in scholarly editions of moderate price. This obstacle has now been removed by the publication of the excellent series named above. While profiting, of course, from the labors
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April 16, 1908 | The Nation. 359 of his eminent predecessors Thorpe and Skeat, Professor Bright offers us, neverthe- less, entirely independent editions—among the best wehave of any Anglo-Saxon prose— which give us a complete record of all manvscript readings down to the minutes: detail, and so, in that respect, are likely to prove definitive. The authoritative manuscript in Corpus Christi College (Cam- tridge) forms the basis of the text of ali four gospe!s, but the variants of the other manuscripts are printed at the bot- tom of the page. In the volume devoted to the Gospel of St. John, we have a general Introduction to the series, in which the editor discusses such subjects as vernacu- lar scripture in Anglo-Saxon times (in- cluding Bede’s lost version of St. John), the manuscripts and their relation to the archetype, and the relation of this arche- type to its Latin source. There are also notes, a bibliography, and a_ glossary. In the case of the other gospels we bave merely the texts with the record cf variant readings. It may be remarked that Professor Bright is inelined to ascribe to cne hand the translation of all four gos- pels. The Latin original was, of course, the Vulgate, but in an impure text, cona- taining many readings which are found commonly in manuscripts of the Irish type. The volume containing the prose Psalms in the so-called Paris Psalter gives the text of the Paris manuscript, with variant read- ings for the introductions from a new text discovered by the editors in a British Museum manuscript of the Cotton collec- tion. It also gives the Latin rubrics and argumenta (for the whole Psalter) which supplied the material for the rubrics and introductions to the individual psalms in the Anglo-Saxon version. Finally, it con- tains an excellent bibliography—analytical- ly arranged—of both the prose and verse psalms in the Paris manuscript. The edit- ors expect to publish later a critical intro- duction which will review all preceding study of the subject and offer a fresh dis- cussion of some of its problems. The Anglo- Saxon introductions especially are worthy of attention, since it has been proved that they are ultimately derived from the heret- ical commentary of Theodore of Mopsues- tia, a man of genius who anticipated by about fifteen hundred years some of the most interesting results of modern his- torical criticism of the O!d Testament. in the preparation of their critical introduction the editors would do well to consider, among others, two matters relating to ihe Furis manuscript: first, the prominence which is given to St. Martial in the litanies at the end of the volume—a circumstance which may contain a hint as to the Englisn monastery where the work was composed: secondly, the fact that the Paris manuscript vas written for a woman—or women. Was this true of the translation itself as of the fragmentary fourteenth century version of the New Testament published by Misxe Paues? It was doubtless for nunneries that such versions were most often made in the Middle Ages. In conclusion, we recommend these vol- vmes to the attention not merely of spe cialists in early English literature, but of all serious students of the history of th> English Bible. Pekin to Paris: An Account of Prince Bor- ghese’s Journey Across Two Continents in a Motor-Car. By Luigi Barzini; translat ed by L. P. De Castelvecchio; with an introduction by Prince Borghese. 100 il- lustrations. New York: Mitchell Kenner- ley. $5 net. This vivacious account motor-car from Pekin to Paris last sum- mer appeals first, of course, to the automo- bilist, as the record of the most perfect of a ride on a test to which this new means of transport has been subjected. He will find in it many helpful suggestions for his comfort and safety in a long tour, and he cannot fail to be impressed with the vitally important part which the chauffeur played. Prince Borghese unhesitatingly attributes his suc- cess in winning the prize offered by the Paris Matin to the skill and unremitting devotion of his driver. And the book closes with his name, the climax of a plea for the establishment of regular schools to train thoroughly reliable men. There is much of general interest, how- ever, in Signor Barzini’s narrative, which is a compendium of the telegrams which he sent almost daily, for the automobile fol- lowed the telegraph line across both con- tinents. True, the volume contains much wearisome detail of rescues from swamps end broken bridges, and there are frequent poetic digressions which might well have been omitted. But the attitude of the peo- ple was always entertaining. In the purely Chinese villages there was absolute indif- ference, as if hundreds of motor-cars were passing daily. The Tartars, on the oth- er hand, were devoured with curiosity and examined the machine carefully to find the imprisoned beast, though the most widely spread conviction was that the car was dragged by an invisible winged horse. In China and Siberia the travellers were treated with unfailing courtesy by the peasants, but in European Russia they were received with silent hostility in many places, for “the idea has obtained that motor-cars are vehicles exclusively used by the enemies of religion and the Czar.” Perhaps the incident most significant of the changing conditions in Asia was the find- ing of a telegraph station at a well in the Gobi desert in Mongolia, almost 200 miles from the nearest town. Here lived a China- man whose solitude was supported by two joys, his little daughter, and the telegraph. For long hours he is wrapped in the tick- tack of keys and receivers, listening in them to the voices of the far-off world— voices from St. Petersburg, from London, from Tokio. He merely transmits the mes- sages, the news passes him—orders, mys- terious diplomatic communications, pas- sionate words go by. When the great con- versation of the continents is over, the telegraphist takes advantage of the clear line himself, and then a less important conversation commences. The operators in the desert greet one another, tell one an- other the small news of the day, their trials, their hopes These conversations take the place of the daily paper for those hermits. The race began, it may be added at Pek- in on June 10, and Paris was reached August 10. The automobile traversed the nearly 10,000 miles, 7,500 of which were without a track, without serious mishap, and, except in about 120 miles, when crossing the mountains in Chi- na, unaided. While the contest has con- clusively demonstrated the strength of the motor-car, it has also proved the possibil- ity of the substitution of it on the great Asiatic plains for the camel caravan, and the consequent development, commercial and agricultural, of the continent. The work of Signor De Castelvecchio is so well done that it is difficult to realize that the book is a translation. The illustrations are attractive reproductions of photographs of scenes in Asia, as well as portraits of the three travellers. There is also an ex- cellent map. Science. Henry Holt & Co. have now ready the fifth volume of their American Nature Se- ries, “American Insects,"’ by Prof. Vernon L. Kellogg. It is a revision, with some additions, of a book of the same name hith- erto published without connection with this series. Like several other books of the series to which it belongs, the New Library of Medi- cine, “The Care of the Body,” by F. Cavanagh (E. P. Dutton & Co.), is exceed- ingly suggestive. In some seventeen chap- ters the author discusses a wide variety of topics: sleep, baths, exercise and fatigue, clothing, hair, eyes, ears, and many other things. Incidentally he touches numerous matters of interest, for example: the un- wise restraint of children, the relation of criginal sin to the reflexes, the justifica- tion of the matutinal yawn, the soporific value of meditation, alkaline dust as the cause of the nasality of American speech, the question of subsidizing the physician, the unsanitary character of much of our clothing with comments on the lining of gloves, the harmfulness of pockets, and the desirability of washable overalls. Every- where the discussion is illuminating, often enlivened by a gentle sarcasm and an irony of such mildness that it never cuts severe- ly. Dr. Cavanagh’s views are in the main rational and sound, and his statements of fact are fairly accurate except in the as- sertion, which he makes twice in the course of some twenty pages, that the tiny sweat crifices have altogether an area of ten thousand square feet! The general criticism may be made that there is often a lack of explicitness as to the remedy for the evils which the reader is asked to recognize; in fact, the book appeals to a rather well- bred and somewhat limited class of readers who, to be sure, need enlightenment hardly less than the great rabble to whom the proper care of the body is a good deal of a mystery. ° Of the “Treatise on Chemistry,”” by H E. Roscoe and C. Schorlemmer, the sec- ond volume, on the metals, has been issued in a new edition, completely revised by Sir H. E. Roscoe and Dr. A. Harden (The Mac- millan Co.). Roscoe and Schorlemmer’s “Chemistry’’ has maintained its position for thirty years as the most comprehensive, systematic treatise on the subject in the English language. It is characterized by the completeness of its descriptions of the elements and their compounds, and by the unusual attention it pays to the history of the science. Most of this matter has re- mained, of course, substantially unchanged
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The Nation. [ Vol. 86, No. 2233. 360 by the in the try; knowledge of revolutions that have taken place fundamental conceptions of chemis- the present edition the new the decade has been in- corporated or added altering the familiar framework To none of the other have recent discov- eries contributed so much that is novel and revolutionary as to this one on the metals. When the inorganic chemistry regarded as an exhausted fleld searching for a protitabl volumes of new carbon they are studying the laws of chemical equilibrium, disintegration of radium, the vibrations of the corpuscles inside th« the theory of solutions, the signifi- of valence, and the behavicr of bod- the liquid air and ultimate- and in last without and style. volumes work was last revised was the young irbcit compounds. men adding Now and were the genesis and atom, cance temperature of All this radical rearrangement of the time when the next and Schorlem- facts will be fitted in- les at of boiling carbon will ly necessitate a the s has not decennial edition of ience, for which, however, yet come Perhaps Roscoe old mer is issued the to the new theories. University of investigation E. Boirac, rector of the Dijon, offers a volume of and philosophy which may serve as an in- troduction, not before written, to “La Psychologie inconnue,”’ to wit, the experi- mental study of psychical The author thus explains his aim: sciences. All these phenomena were formerly call- ed occult—suggestion, hypnotism, animal magnetism, telepathy, spiritism It is to be regretted that they have been so long left to be worked by charlatans and more or less given over to empirics and dream- ers, whereas they might be scientifically cleared up by a systematic application of the experimental method of Claude Bernard and Pasteur series Die Vegetation der Erde Engelmann), the eighth vol- ume has appeared, “Grundziige der Pflan- zenverbreitung in Chile,’ by Karl Reiche. There are 374 drawings in the text, 33 tables, Since 1896 the author has in research in Chile In the (Leipzig: W. pages, 55 and 2 charts. been engaged Prof. J. B. Woodworth of Harvard will go to Brazil in June in charge of the Shaler Memorial Expedition to South Amer- The object will be to study the high- Brazil for evidence ica lands of southeastern bearing on the of glaciation in the carboniferous period. On the comple- tion of the work in Brazil, Professor Wood- worth will the of Chile south of Valparaiso for the purpose of in- vestigating the shore-line changes and the nature of the rock movements in the re- cent epoch question proceed to coast The Fourth will be held in 25, 1908, under the American Scientific Congress. Chile, December auspices of Chilian Santiago, the government. The dates announced by the University of Cambridge for the celebration of the hun- dredth anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin, and the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of the “Origin of Species,” are June 22, 23, and 24, 1909. It is proposed to invite representatives of universities and other learned bodies, together with distin- guished individuals, to visit the university on the occasion. A programme of the cele- bration will soon be issued. Drama. TUDOR FACSIMILE TEXTS. With two folio and ten quarto volumes now before us it is possible to form an opinion as to the value of the Tudor Fac- simile Texts, edited by John S. Farmer and issued for subscribers by T. C. & E. C. Jack of Edinburgh and London. These collotypes are almost exact reproductions of the originals, and will serve every pur- pose of the most minute student. In one that of Massinger’s “Believe as Ye the reproduction has been compared in detail with the original manuscript by J. A. Herbert (Manuscript Department, British Museum), and we quote his report as indicative of the correctness of the pho- tographic copies in general. He calls the work “a faithful reproduction,’”’ with only the following ‘“‘very slight flaws’’: case, List,” (1) Page 6v, line 1, “’em”’’; the dash over the e¢ in the manuscript to indicate the apostrophe is clear. (2) Page 8v, last line, the “‘y”’ of “they” is somewhat plainer than the photo. (3) Page ¥v, line 2, ‘better’ is clearer in original. (4) Page l4r, line 1, the edge of leaf is frayed and crumpled, and so practically impossible to flatten out for photographing; the first word seems to be “fellowe’’; the second word ‘“‘despatch- ed.” (5) Page 18r, line 2, “Antiochus” is faint in manuscript as here, but slightly more legible. (6) Page 18r, line 3, the first two words slightly plainer in MS. are “borne dumbe.” (7) Page 20, last line, the last two words, also rather fainter in photo than in originnal, are “‘personall ap- pearance.” All the volumes are interleaved with good vellum paper both to keep the plates from rubbing and to serve for private annota- tions. The publications so far may be divided into three groups. Four of the plays come from the collection of Cox Macro, an antiquary of the eighteenth century, and are now in the possession of J. H. Gurney of Keswick Hall. These are ‘‘Mankind,” from a manuscript supposedly of the year 1475; “‘Wisdom, or Wind, Will, and Under- standing,” of 1460; “The Castle of Persever- ance,” of c. 1440, and “‘Respublica,” of 1553. These had all been reprinted by the Early English Text Society. A second group comes from the “Irish find of 1906," bought at Sotheby's by British Museum. It in- cludes three plays hitherto lost: ‘‘Wealth and Health,’ from an edition of c. 1557-8; “Impatient Poverty,” of 1560; and “John the Evangelist,” printed some time between 1546 and 1586. There are also four plays from editions hitherto unknown: ‘“‘Nice Wanton,” from a text of c. 1565, the earliest edition being 1560; John Heywood’s ‘Play of the Weather,’ 1565(7), earliest known edition 1533; Richard Wever’s ‘‘Lusty Juventus,” from the first and hitherto unknown edi- tion of 1540; and ‘“‘King Darius,”’ from a hitherto unknown edition, an earlier and presumably first printing being of 1565. The of Massinger’s “Believe As Ye alone. It is endorsed: may be acted this 6 of May 1631, Henry Herbert,” and is in the actual handwriting of Massinger. It is, with the exception of Ben Jonson’s two masques, the only play by an Elizabethan dramatist preserved in the manuscript of the author, and has thus a unique and great interest. the facsimile List” may “This Play stand As for the value of these expensive fac- similes some regretful doubt may be ex- pressed. In the case of the greates: dra- matists no trouble and expense may be regarded as too great to preserve and render accessible the exact text, but all, or nearly all, of these plays have only historical interest, and it should seem that a careful transcription would serve ev- ery purpose. Only a trained scholar can read these black-letter texts with ease, or Manuscripts at all, and the price of such facsimiles is prohibitive to any put the richest libraries. Still the Massinger play was bought by the British Museum in 1900 for £69, and would have cost much more if it had been generally known as a holograph. The facsimile, which has prac- tically all the value of the original save that of sentiment, costs only £2 2s., and may be reckoned cheap in comparison. There is, for those who can afford it, a cer- tain inspiration in handling so exact a re- production of what has upon it the difficult sanctity of age, and we can hope that a suf- ficient number of subscribers may be at- tracted to guarantee the continuation of the series. Some fifty plays are already prom- ised, and more will be added if the funds. are forthcoming. The working value of such a series, it may be added, increases in di- rect ratio to the number of reproductions. the A new play by Eugene Walter is to be produced in the Bijou Theatre in this city Saturday night, and there will be a certain curiosity to see whether it is an improve- ment upon his promising but crude “Paid in Full.” It is called ‘“‘The Wolf,” and is a melodrama of the Canadian Hudson Bay territory. The principal characters are played by Ida Conquest and William Cour- tenay. “The Luck of McGregor’ will be pro- duced in the Garden Theatre on April 20. This is a romantic drama of the colonial period, written by Edward Vroom, who will play the part of the hero himself. Many years have elapsed since Mr. Vroom was last seen in this neighborhood. Older play- goers will remember his appearance in an English version of Coppée’s “Pour la cou- ronne,” in which he proved himself @ ro- mantic actor of uncommon grace, vigor, and skill. Since that time he has acted with success in England. Mr. Vroom, in his younger days, supported Edwin Booth and other famous actors, and has had that training in the romantic drama of which most of our contemporary players are so much in need. The success of the revival of “The Ad- mirable Crichton” at the Duke of York’s Theatre, in London, has necessitated the postponement of the production of the new comedy written by J. M. Barrie, until Sep- tember. The scenes of Mr. Barrie’s play are laid partly in Scotland and partly in England, and the general tone is said to resemble that of “Quality Street.” As in the “Little Minister,” the humorous ele- ment is largely due to the presence of several Scotch characters. A. E. W. Mason’s first play, “‘Marjory Strode,” which has just been produced by Cyril Maude in his London theatre, The Playhouse, has been received with a good deal of critical favor. The hero is a gal- lant young French officer, a prisoner oD
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April 16, 1908] The Nation. 3861 parole, who falls in love with the daughter of the English squire, who is responsible for his safekeeping. A short time ago there was produced in Paris, at the Théatre Antoine, a four-act comedy, entitled “Les Jumeaux de Bright- ou,” by Tristan Bernard, who took Plau- tus’s ““Menwchmi” as his model, and follow- ed it pretty closely. The piece has been ac- quired by Charles Frohman, who will pro- duce it in an English version by John N. Raphael. The death of Mrs. Henry Thornton Cra- ven (Eliza Nelson), in England, at the age of eighty-one, removes one of the last re- maining links with the stage of Macready. She was twenty-four years old when, after having fulfilled certain engagements under that great actor, she took part in his fare- well performance, in which her husband also appeared. After that her success was chiefly in the “domestic drama” then popu- lar, of which her husband, Mr. Craven, the author of “Milky White,” “The Post Boy,” “Meg’s Diversion,” and other once success- ful plays, was a prolific producer. With her husband she played for some years in Australias The death of Willie Edouin, one of the most comical of English low comedians, was reported in a cable dispatch from London April 14. He was born in 1841, and he was one of the ‘few remaining representa- tives of a school which in its day contribu- ted many accomplished actors to the more serious drama. Occasionally he himself made excursions in that direction, but he was most potent with the cap and bells. Music. Programme Music in the Last Four Centu- ries. By Frederick Niecks. New York: H. W. Gray Co. When Charpentier introduced imitations of the street cries of Paris in the score ot his opera “Louise” he was hailed by many as a daring realist and innovator. He was, however, anticipated four centuries ago by Clément Jannequin, who wrote a descrip- tive piece called “‘Les Cris de Paris,” in which he introduced a great number of these cries, among them “Red and hot wine,” “Hot pies,” “Delicious tartlets,” “Fresh herrings,” and “Old shoes.” He also wrote programme music on other fa- vorite subjects, including war, hunting, and imitations of animal voices, particularly bird voices. Battle pieces were special- ly liked in the sixteenth century. ‘The rec- ord of all the battle and hunting pieces alone would fill a goodly volume,” says Pro- fessor Niecks. Indeed, the author of this book has found so much to take up his space (548 pages) in the last four centuries that he does not, even in a footnote, men- tion the fact that the ancient Greeks al- ready had music intended to call up such incidents as the contest of Apollo with the serpent Python. Such pieces, to be sure, are, in the words of Ernest Newman, not real programme mu- sic, but merely ‘‘the rawest part of the raw material out of which programme music is made.” Some of the greatest composers, among them Haydn and Beethoven, did in- deed on a few occasions imitate the song of birds, but they did it in an apologetic manner. Until the middle of the nineteenth century there was a decided prejudice against programme music of any kind; it was not regarded as quite respectable, and this attitude had some strange results. As Professor Niecks remarks: It used to.be very common with compos- ers to conceal their programmes. They were either afraid of the prejudiced critics, and kept their secret, like Weber in the “Concertstiick”; or were themselves af- fected by the prevailing prejudice, and tried, like Schumann, to excuse their prac- tice by explanations intended to allay their own doubts as well as the wrath of others. Even Beethoven, who was usually a law unto himself, when he had embodied in his Pastoral Symphony what our author pro- nounces “‘the most magnificent picture of a storm, whether color- or tone-picture, that so far has been given to the world,” apologized for his rashness, declaring that this composition was “more the expression of feeling than painting.”’ Fortunately his deed made a deeper impression than his words, and others were encouraged to fol- low in his footsteps; among them was Men- delssohn, whose most original works, as everybody now can see, are precisely those in which he allowed his creative power to be fertilized by poetic subjects, as in the “Hebrides” Overture, the “Midsummer Night’s Dream,”’ and the “Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage.” Programme music had by this time become an infinitely more refined art than it was in the days of bird and battle pieces by Jannequin and others. It was now :nd thenceforth concerned with soul-painting as well as with body paint- ine. : Professor Niecks traces its development and gradual transformation with much acu- men and erudition; his book is the most elaborate and valuable treatise onthe subject in any language. He rightly maintains that the programme need not be verbal, but may -also be pantomimic or pictorial, and he therefore gives 1 chapter to Wagner who, though avowedly opposed to programme music, contributed in his operas countless examples of tone-painting. The works of Berlioz and Liszt are analyzed in detail and the author observes justly that ‘Important as Berlioz is in the development of pro- gramme music, Liszt is far more so. In- _deed, he is the most important of all.” Of the Americans, the author considers in de- tail only MacDowell. Professor Niecks confesses that the re- sults of his inquiry modified to some extent his previous notions and judgments. He found there was a great deal more of pro- gramme music in the world than he had supposed, even apart from the fact that in reality such songs as Schubert’s and ope-. ras like Wagner’s may be included in it. The arguments by which he includes Bach, Schubert (in his instrumental works), Cho- pi-, and Brahr’; in his book are somewhat flimsy, unless indeed we bear in mind that programme music, as Pe understands it, “is so comprehensive that a history of it goes far towards being a History of Musical Expression.” To him it is clear and certain that “all good music has a programme, tak- inz the term in its very widest signifi- cance,” and ‘that, rightly understood, we may therefore say that “programme music is the only high-class music.” Lawrence Gilman is preparing a life of Edward MacDowell, to be published this autumn by John Lane Company. He will be grateful for the loan of letters or other material bearing on the subject. His ad- dress is No. 227 East Seventy-second Street. A new musical league has been founded in England, similar to Germany’s Ton- kiinstler-Verein, the object of which is an annual festival, at which are performed new works by contemporary composers and older works that are undeservedly neglect- ed. The president of the Musical League is Elgar, the vice-president is Delius, and among the members of the committee are Granville Bantock and Percy Pitt. Puccini has been invited by President Diaz to write an opera for the opening, five years hence, of the $5,000,000 opera house to be built in Mexico City. Art. The History of Sculpture. By Ernest H. Short. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $3 net. This book is readable and suggestive. Mr. Short has carried out in a vivid and familiar style his central idea of codrdinat- ing sculpture with contemporary life. He disclaims utterly the text-book idea, and in this way is able to get rid not only of ‘biographical and bibliographical details ir- relevant to his purpose, but even of any mention of sculptors who, in his eyes, are lacking in prime importance. The book is, therefore, quite simple in-its lines and lacking in detail, even in its treatment of the sculptors who are regarded as of suffi-. cient significance to be discussed. The ma- terial is further reduced by Mr. Short’s de- cision to limit himself to those periods of sculpture that have a message for our twentieth century. Greek sculpture before the fifth century, late Roman, mediaval, and even Gothic work, as well as several phases of the post-Renaissance period, are passed over with a few words as not suffi- ciently “human,” that is, realistic. The treatment of the broad lines of de- veloped Greek sculpture, of Hellenistic and early Roman work, of the Italian Renais- sance, and of the modern French and Eng- lish schools is graphic, though we should prefer greater fulness in the description of the mass of sculptured material and the ex- clusion of irrelevant historic reflections. The political and social conditions of the times, the character of the patrons of art, the current forces that moulded and devel- oped the personality, and the themes of the sculptor are the ideas on which the author constantly dwells. This mode of presenta- tion certainly adds human interest; but it is also a mode of extreme difficulty. To keep within bounds presupposes encyclo- Pedic historic knowledge and deep insight. To judge the book afd not be led astray by it a reader must really know more than the author and sit jn judgment on his historic interpretations, which seem often quite unjustified. To say, for example, that the psychological turn given to the Floren- tine sculpture of the Renaissance by Dona- tello and his contemporaries was due to the
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362 The Nation. [ Vol. 86, No 2233 increasing strength of the democratic move- ment in Florence in the fifteenth century as compared to the previous age, is to talk nonsense. The effect of political condi- tions on this aspect of sculpture would be hard enough to trace at best; and gs a matter of fact the golden age of the democ- racy was then closed and liberty was doom- ed. The Renaissance was the age of des- pots. When as a second cause of the same humanizing of sculpture Mr. Short gives the passing of education from the exclusive control of the clergy into the hands of the humanistic philosophers, he seems to forget the great lay universities of Padua, Bo- logna, and the rest, whose golden age was previous to the Renaissance, and to tribute an impossibly widespread influence to the small coterie of humanists in the early fifteen century. With these and innumerable kindred res- ervations the book is stimulating. But it is not really a history of sculpture. It is rather a collection of readable essays for leisure hours at- Two recent volumes of John Lane Co.'s Spanish deal with painters: Goya, by Albert F. Calvert, the general editor of the series, and Velazquez, by Mr. Calvert and C. Gasquoine Hartley. It cannot be said of either book that its text offers any- thing new or important. The principal value of these works will be found in the almost unprecedented fulness of illustra- tion, there being 136 reproductions in the Velazquez, and 612 in the Goya. The group- ing of these illustrations at the end of the volumes has its convenience for future reference, but the entire absence of plate numbers makes consultation while reading extremely difficult. At first one is inclined to regret the presence, in the Velazquez, of a number of reproductions of manifestly spurious pictures, but the demonstration of their spuriousness by their confrontation with genuine works, has its value also. Of the many works of Goya illustrated very few go far to justify the exaggerated rep- utation that has recently been made for that painter. Most of the portraits are stiff and badly drawn, while the composi- tions are not only fantastic but slovenly and the horror generally misses fire. Series The latest issues to reach us of the Newnes-Scribner series of Drawings of the Great Masters and Great Etchers are de- voted respectively to Michelangelo and Rembrandt. E. Borrough Johnson writes of the drawings of Michelangelo with real enthusiasm, if without much critical in- sight. His selection of material for illus- tration, is, however, extremely faulty. Leaving out of the question the drawings attributed by Berenson to Sebastiano del Piombo, about which there may be a rea- sonable difference of opinion, there are a number of things here reproduced that are manifestly not by the artist. The Night and the Morning are drawings after the statues, not studies for them, and are prob- ably seventeenth century work. Much the same thing may be said of Plates 22, 36, and 38, of figures in the Sistine Chapel. Plate 40, labelled Studies of Men for the Last Judgment, has nothing to do with that picture, and has been attributed to Raphael, On grounds of style we should ourselves be inclined to question, also, Plates 4, 13, 21, 28, 39, 41, 43, and perhaps two or three others. Certainly many of these might have been advantageously replaced by un- doubted and magnificent examples. A. M. Hind’s text to the Rembrandt is what the text of these volumes seldom is, an origi- nal and important contribution to the sub- ject, giving us not only a critical account of Rembrandt’s etchings, but an entirely new list of such works as the author ac- cepts as authentic, 293 in number, arranged and numbered as nearly as possible in chronological order. The sixty-one plates are well selected, and, for the most part, admirably reproduced. To the Newnes Art Library (imported by F. Warne & Co.), is added a volume on Raeburn, which contains a brief biography by R. G. Clouston and forty-nine repro- ductions of portraits by the sturdy painter of men. A paper read before the Rhode Island Historical Society by Prof. William Carey Poland of Brown University, and now printed as a pamphlet, gives some account of “Robert Feke, the Early Newport Por- trait Painter.” Professor Poland be- gins his study with Gustavus Hesselius (1682-1755), a Swede by birth, who is the earliest painter in North America of whom we possess any record, and then passes to his particular subject. Feke, he shows, was of English, not of Dutch descent, and was born at the beginning of the eighteenth’cen- tury. He discusses the various portraits attributed to the artist, and in conclusion begs that any one who has further knowl- edge of Feke or Feke’s works will commu- nicate with the aythor at No. 53 Lloyd Ave- nue, Providence, R. I. The sixth volume has appeared of the important Catalogue of the Collection of French and Foreign Portraits kept in the Print Department of the Bibliothéque Na- tionale of Paris. This collection. which is the largest in existence, contains 200,- 000 different pieces. begun by Georges Duplessis, and is con- tinued by P. A. Lemoine. The present vol- ume goes from “Lafayette” to “Louis Philippe I.” The entire Catalogue will take eight volumes, with text in two col- umns. Only 150 copies are offered for sale, at twenty francs a volume. Salomon Reinach continues his series of museum works by a “Répertoire’’ of the paintings of the Middle Ages and Renais- sance in two volumes: the first contains 1,046 engravings, the second 1,200; and there are three indexes. Prof. D. G. Lyon, curator of the Har- vard Semitic Museum, has been given leave of absence from April 25, through part of the next academic year, to supervise exca- vations at Samaria. The site is one of the and one of the most important in On the surface are remains of erected by Herod in the first Beneath these there may be remains of Hebrew palaces and of the homes of the people, still lower, perhaps, relics of Canaanite occupation. Tombs hewn in the rock are also sure to be found. The village in its name, Sebastie, perpetu- ates the Greek name Sebaste, which was given by Herod. The only mosque in the village was formerly a church of the Cru- saders. largest, Palestine. buildings century B. Cc. The ancient Circus Maximus in Rome is to be reconstructed as it was in the time The Catalogue was | o! the Emperor Trajan and used as of old tor athletic contests. It is expected that the work will be completed by 1911. Paintings belonging to T. J. Blakeslee were sold in this city at auction April 9 and 10. The ascriptions were in some eases doubtful. The following were among the higher prices: Sir Joshua Reynolds, Mrs. Hutchinson, $2,250; Mrs. Thomas Orby Hunter, $2,100; Little Girl with a Kitten, $1,150; Romney, Lady Clanricarde, $3,500; Mrs. Hugh Scott, $3,800; David Garrick and Mrs. Siddons as Romeo and Juliet. $1,500; Mrs. Wright, $2,600; Captain Beau- champ, $1,025; Léon Richet, After the Storm, $1,375; Nicolas de Largilliére, The Due de Penthiévre, $1,550; Sir Thomas Lawrence, The Hon. Maria Liddell, $5,300; Lady Ogil- vie, $3,950; Sir William Beechey, Miss Len- nox, $3,600; Mrs. Marshall, $3,200; Francis Cotes, Lady Hertford, $1,825; Pierre Mig- nard, Mme. de Graffigny, $1,950; Jakob van Ruysdael, Mountains in Norway, $4,300; Sir Henry Raeburn, Lord Glenlee, $2,100; George Joseph Bell, $2,300; Master Cath- cart, $1,950; J. Hoppner, Dr. Woods, $1,100; jyeorge Henry Harlow, Portrait of a Lady, $1,125; Gainsborough, Lady Knighton, $3,250; Cornelius de Vos, Three Dutch Children, $1,125; Botticelli (doubtful ascription), Vir- gin and Child, $2,300; Franz Pourbus, Anne of Austria, $1,100; Caneletto, Grand Canal Opera House, $1,000; P. F. Mola, Venus Rising from the Waves, $1,200; Lely, Coun- tess of Exeter, $1,800; Daniel Mytens, Charles I., $1,200. The paintings of Fishel, Adler & Schwarz, art dealers in this city, were offered at auction April 8, 9, and 10. The following prices were paid: Detaille, Twenty-third Dragoons, $2,400; Israel, The Philosopher, $1,125; Neuhuys, Family Happiness, $2,950; Industrious Granny, $2,550; Ziem, On the Lagoon, $1,225; Rosa Bonheur, Tiger, $1,050; Mauve, Plowing, $3,200; Daubigny, Ap- proaching Storm, $3,200. At an auction at Christie’s, London, March 28, the following pictures were sold: Drawings: D. Gardner, Lady Fawkener, with Her Daughter and Grandchild, £1,312; Three Children of the Hon Edward Bou- verie, £525; O. Humphrey, Lady Barbara Ashley, £210; J. Downman, Mrs. Rawlin- son, £210; J. Russell, Mrs. Sarah Bell, £336. Paintings: Romney, Mrs. Dorothea Morley, £2,887; James Morley, £31; Mrs. Anne Poulter, £1,575; Edmund Poulter, £420; J. Hoppner, Lady Caroline Ponson- by, £220; Landseer, The Return from the Warren, £346; Lawrence, Lady Caroline Lamb, £325; H. de Bles, St. Catherine and St. Barbara, £735; Bernardino Luini, St. Anne, £210; J. van Huysum, Flowers and Bird’s Nest, £220; J. Crome, A Woody Landscape, £215; Morland, Blind Man’s Bluff, £1,050; B. E. Murillo, A Woody Landscape, £262; G. B. Tiepolo, The Im- maculate Conception, £430. Among the exhibitions in the dealers’ gal- leries in this city are portraits by Paul K. M. Thomas, at Clausen’s, till April 18; paintings by Alethea Hill Platt, G. M. Glaenzer & Co.’s, April 18; portraits by J. Mortimer Lichtenauer, M. Knoedler & Co.'s, April 18; drawings by Henri Matisse, Photo-Secession Galleries, April 25; etch- ings, @ood-cuts, and original sketches, Frederick Keppel & Co.’s, May 9. The National Academy of Design has.
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April 16, 1908] The Nation. 3863 elected the following associates: Archi- tects, John M. Carrére and Rutherford B. Meai; sculptor, Chester Beach; painters, J. J. Shannon, Cullen Yates, Ernest Law- son, W. Granville Smith, Colin Campbell Cooper, Edward F. Rook, Charles W. Haw- thorne, Miss Lillian Genth, Robert David Gauley, Gifford Beal. Dr. Johannes Sieveking, keeper of the east Museum at Munich, has been appoint- ed head of the Munich Antiquarium, which also comprises the vase collection placed in the Pinakothek. The post has been va- cant since the death of Prof. A. Furt- wangler. Paul Placecanton, pupil of Cormon and Da- meron, and member of the Société des Ar- tistes Francais, has died in his forty-sixth year. His work was chiefly landscapes and marine views of the Midi. Another French artist, Joseph Le Pan de Ligny, of the Société Nationale des Beaux- Arts, has died at the age of forty. He was a native ot Guignen, and devoted himself largely to painting Breton scenery and in- teriors. — 7 Finance. KEEPING UP PRICES. Since the sudden and violent trade re- action which followed the panic of last October, two of our larger industries have followed diametrically opposite paths. The dry goods business, at the opening of the year, was practically at a standstill; buy- ers from the interior were not even visit- ing New York to look at samples. The experienced manufacturers and agents, first at Chicago, then at New York, promptly cut prices some 25 per cent. The New England mills followed by a 10 per cent. cut in wages and a 25 to 50 per cent. cur- tailment of production. When the trade had thus adjusted itself to the new con- ditions, business began to move forward on safe lines, and consumption at the more at- tractive level of prices, though naturally not so large as a year ago, proceeded in orderly fashion. When the volume of the steel trade, be- tween last October and last December, was more than cut in half, people expected similar action. Such a policy had been pursued, as recently as the financial set- back of 1903—a much less formidable af- fair than that of 1907. Steel billets were then reduced, from $30 per ton to $19.50. The average price in the year before the panic of 1893, was $23.63; in the year after, $16.58. Steel rails, in 1873, averaged $120.50 per ton; in 1874, only $94.25; and they went much lower afterward. It was not believed that prices would now fall so far as in these earlier periods; first, because the great combinations in the trade had placed it under better control and had obviated the necessity of forced sales to protect the credit of manufacturers; sec- ond, because the United States Steel Cor- poration’s policy of the past half-dozen years had been to prevent such violent ad- vances, in an “industrial boom,” as occur- red in the seventies and eighties. Still, some concession to the smaller demand and impaired resources of consumers was look- ed for. Such concession, however, has been flatly refused, on grounds quite new to political economy. Chairman E. H. Gary of the Steel Corporation’s board gave out last Thursday the following statement: From all the information at hand, I do not hesitate to say that no reductions in the prevailing prices of steel are contem- plated. Certainly that is our position. .. . Prices should at all times be reasonable and fair. The mere fact that the demand is greater than the supply—that the neces- sities of the purchaser are great—does not justify an increase in price; nor does the fact that the demand is less than the sup- ply furnish an argument for lowering the price. In neither case would the quan- tity bought and sold be more or less. What the manufacturers and purchasers both, as a rule, desire, is stability of prices—the avoidance of violent and sudden fluctua- tions. . If the question of reducing or increasing prices shall be raised at any time during the next few months there will be deliber- ate and orderly consideration. Judge Gary’s doctrine that excess of de- mand ever supply does not justify a rise in prices, nor excess of supply over de- mand justify a decline, is an interesting novelty. Most people will ask, What, then, will justify reduction of prices? Decline in the cost of raw materials might be ac- cepted as doing so; and as a matter of fact prices of pig iron, the raw material of the steel trade, have declined, within a year, from $23 to $15 per ton. It is true that the Steel Corporation makes its own pig iron and holds title to its own ore fields, and thus is not affected. so far as its own use of raw materials is concerned, by the rise or fall of prices as fixed by in- dependent foundries. But this considera- tion, so far as the argument against lower steel prices is concerned, involves the as- sumption that the Corporation is keeping up the price exacted by its own iron found- ries from its steel plants, at a time when outside iron foundries are reducing their prices. Raw material which the company can use is to be had at the lower cost. Conceivably, Judge Gary may have meant that appreciation cr depreciation of gold would be recognized as a factor in changing prices of steel as of other commodities. But that would be to beg the question, because the only way in which even an unprece- dented production of gold could affect the price of commodities would be through in- creasing the demand for them—which would bring the issue back to the influence which Judge Gary repudiates. In short, the more the problem is ex- amined, the more baseless Judge Gary's theory must appear. His most solid argu- ment seems to be that the Steel Corpora- tion is so powerful that it will not reduce prices, whatever happens, and that it will not suffer the usual consequences of defy- ing the inherent laws of trade. But the greater probability is, that Judge Gary has confused the maintenance of a conserva- tive and judicious policy in fixing prices— something which can be heartily approved —with the maintenance of a policy that is purely arbitrary. Even a _ billion-dollar corporation, with an unexampled surplus fund, is not strong enough for that. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Abbott, Ernest Hamlin. On the Training of Parents. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1 net. Adams, Joseph H. MHarper’s Indoor Book for Boys. Harpers. $1.75. Albert, John C. Roosevelt and the Money Power. Sudwarth Printing Co. 10 cts. Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Supplement by T. Northcote Toller. Part I. Henry Frowde. Avenel, G. d’. Aux Etats-Unis. Paris: Ar- mand Colin. 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