The Nation 1906-05-17: Vol 82 Iss 2133

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GENFE* UNiv. vr mh) MAY 15 1906 | The Naas "¥ey VOL, LXXXII—NO. 2133. THURSDAY, MAY 17, vailh === ———— ee : ee ay “Pre, j Pr. TEN CENTS. LEO TOLSTOY His Life and Work Autobiographical Memoirs, Letters and Biographical Material compiled by PAUL BIRUKOFF and revised by LEO TOLSTOY This is the most important biography yet published in this century. The entire book will be in three volumes. This first volume takes up the story of Tolstoy's childhood, youth and early manhood, ending with his marriage. M. Birukoff has not only had at his disposal all the papers which the co-operation of Countess Tolstoy could secure for him, but Count Tolstoy has also written his recollections especially for this work. In the introduction M. Birukoff says: “I secured a rough draft of the precious notes of his recollections written by Tolstoy and hastened to make use of them, putting in the place of colorless passages of the biography I had begun his own vivid descriptions. At the first opportunity I forwarded to Tolstoy the early chapters of my work, asking him to give his opinion of it. In his answer he says: “My general impression is that you make very good use of my notes.’’ The volume is fully illustrated. $1.50 net. THE APOSTOLIC AGE In the Light of Modern Criticism JAMES manew ROPES Professor of New Testament Criticism and Interpretation, Harvard University THE ORIGIN AND PERMANENT VALUE OF THE OLD TESTAMENT CHARLES FosTER KENT Woolsey Professor of Bibiical Literature, Yale University. This is a book to deepen and broaden the faith of the | ‘* The writer's aim was to outline a sketch from which a present and rising generation, and to bring religion and faith | popular audience might gain a stronger sense of the human in the Bible into harmony with modern life and thought. historical reality which modern critical study finds in the men and events of this stirring period of the world's history."’ $1.50 net, postpaid $1.62 MY LITTLE BOY | CONCERNING PAUL AND By | FIAMMETTA CARL EWALD Translated by A. TEIXEIRA de MATTOS By Georg Brandes, the great critic, says: ‘‘This book is L. ALLEN HARKER the acme of the literary output of the year. With it Ewald | With an Introduction by KATE DOUGLAS WIGGIN has taken every heart by assault."’ in which she says: ‘‘ Any one who has ever cared for the $1.00 net, postpaid $1.11 $1.00 | simple histories of Timothy, Carol, Polly Oliver, or Rebecca | will delight in Mrs. Harker's winsome portrayals of Paul and THE SEASONS IN A FLOWER | Fiammetta."’ $1.25 GARDEN CAMP KITS AND CAMP LIFE By By ° LOUISE SHELTON CHARLES STEDMAN HANKS A practical guide for amateurs who have small gardens | “NIBLICK,” author of Hints to Golfers where space must be economized in order to secure a variety of | The best practical handbook for the woods yet published constantly flowering plants from April to November. ‘The | Entertaining as general reading and contains directions for chapters follow the order of the months. outfit, cooking, fishing, shooting, and general woodcraft Illustrated, $1.00 net, postpaid, $1.10 | Fully illustrated. $1.50, postpaid $1.62 THE POCKET EDITION of GEORGE MEREDITH In 16 vols., each volume sold separately. Limp leather, $1.25 net, cloth $1.00 The text of this most attractive and convenient edition will be the same as that of the Boxhill Edition, the volumes of which were re-edited by Mr. Meredith and copyrighted. ‘The make-up and general appearance will be similar to the successful Biographical Edition of Stevenson. NOW READY THE ORDEAL OF RICHARD FEVEREL SANDRA BELLONI VITTORIA DIANA OF THE CROSS-WAYS CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS, New York Peele? 19 ieee og I « — >» Re A te te Byatt mr 7 ase Save apc ewe ge

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— ae The Nation. 1 WEHREKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED Tu Politics, Literature, Science and Art. FOUNDED IN 1865, Ratered at the New York City Post-Oftce as second-class mail matter. | CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Tus Ween EDITORIAL ARTICLES ' wit 208 Immigration and the South 39S \ Teast f Civics sve Al mees Sp st] and General 400 Carl & J 400 SPECIAL CORRESPUNDENCE rhe Royal Academy -. 402 Austra n Land Seandals 404 1? Dangers of Casulatry ... 406 Meneu dl Kriegsherr'’’ 406 A Spa Lit ity Enterprise . 406 The Noeldek Festschrift ‘s 407 Hook REVIEWS dire s Dlays 410 A Finlander on Revolutionary Russia . 411 liooks for Music Lovers . 413 A Book of the Riviera 4i4 rhe Wild Flowers of Selborne ‘ 415 Chr les of London 4165 Literature Its Principles aud Problems 415 L, Pmpire Libéral.—Histoire du Second Empire 416 books or Tus Weex ese oe i116 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 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at isi Re hit. a et ee ee Ee ee ee, hee fe em May 17, 1906] The Nation. | iii Telephone Duplication Present Company Proposed Company Development: Development: Telephones, May ist, 1906 ......... 256,962 rhe proposed company promises 33,250 stations in New Gain for three years, 1903-1906.... 106,202 York City in three years. Gain for first four months, 1906..... 14,807 Duplication produces fictitious not effective development In five principal citieswhere two companies operate from smaller system us¢ The New York system is the largest in the world, and to 78 of the total subscribers to the most highly developed among cities of the first class. ‘Tele- both services, and consequently pay double charges phones per hundred population, New York, 6.625 average Counsel for proposed company says “The majority of next seven largest American cities, 6.15; Berlin, 3.53; Paris, the busi F ; ‘ lepk . { th ting com 2.09; London, 1.70: Vienna. 1.46 it susiness concerns using telephones o le existing co _s > ere ). pany would, of course, be compelled to install our telephones in addition.”’—Times, May 3d System and Service: H. T. CEDERGREN, Manager Stockholm System: “Always | System and Service: ahead in every respect.” FERDINAND SLEGMANN, Chief Engineer, Bavarian Tele- phone System: “ Might well serve as a model.” Princeton, N. J., is the only nearby place mentioned in JOHN HESKETH, Chief Engineer, Australian Telephone Sys- agit en ~_ 2 pe age Me gy — ~ sonny y An gp "ae tem: “Service in all respects at the very highest | ' 'Titceton, after six years of effort, serves a total of | point of efficiency.” subscribers, 17 of whom also use the “Bell LORD STANLEY, Late Postinaster General of Great Britain : “Highly developed and eflicient.” An “Automatic” service is proposed The Chief Engineer of the Australian Government Tele phone System, after an exhaustive investigation throughout Europe and America, reports “Even admitting that the automatic system would do certain things, the com mon battery system (the present New York system) would do Telephone Rate Policy : all this and more, and do it better and cheaper.” The average rate per telephone station decreased be- tween 1898 and 1906, in Manhattan and The Bronx 657 per cent.; in other Boroughs 40 per cent.; in the entire city 54 Rates to Users: per cent, In Manhattan and The Bronx alone the decrease, 1594 The value of a telephone service depends upon the scop: to 1900, when there was no talk of two telephone companies, of the system and its efficiency If the services offered was 47 per cent.; from 1900 to 1906 it was 42 per cent. customers by two concerns are wholly unlike in quantity and quality, comparisons are worthless “Ever since 1894, when the present rate plan was in- augurated, there has been a voluntary and an almost con- Moreover, fulfilment does not always follow promis¢ In tinuous reduction of rates. It may reasonably be expected Baltimore, Cleveland and elsewhere second companies, after that the evolution which has been going on for twelve years obtaining a footing, have increased their rates, in disregard or more will continue.’’"—An officer of the Company to the Gen- of their franchise agreements, in some cases as much as eral Laws Committee, April 4th, 1906. fifty per cent. After long litigation with the public, the courts have sustained the companies Earnings: The Audit Company of New York, after a thorough ex- amination of the books of the New York Telephone Com- pany has certified: That the average annual percentage of net earnings to investment for fifteen years, 1889 to 1903, was 10.89%, and for sixteen years, 1889 to 1904, 11.12%; that ex- penditures were properly distributed between capital and expense, depreciation fairly treated, and every facility af- forded in the conduct of the examination. Compensation to the City: Compensation made by a telephone company for the us of the streets amounts to an indirect tax on the public, levied through the telephone subscriber. The public pays the bill ultimately Such payments would necessarily operate to keep up the rates, providing they were otherwise reasonabl: and fair The report of the Bureau of Franchises “The granto of this permission and the consumer to which this product must be sold are identical, being the people of the city Net earnings provide for fixed charges, dividends, and reserves for contingencies. There is no over-capitalization. Franchises are not Shall benefits go to the public as “consumer” in reduced capitalized. Capitalization represents only actual property charges, or to the public as “grantor” in proceeds of ind at a fair and conservative valuation and working capital. rect taxation? “Monopolies are not a hardship if the city can control the mo- nopoly. If it were possible for the authorities to control ... the present monopoly .. . there would seem to be no reason why another company should be allowed to enter the field.”—Chief Engineer Nichols of the Bureau of Franchisesin Report upon Application of Atlantic Telephone Co. A second telephone company, inflicting a burden of double charges and vexation on the public, is the most wasteful and ineffec- tive means of control that can be adopted. a ee OO 8 MRE Name 6 ee eee Re eee ee ree ? - nla tite me ether -- 0 BF gna am oe

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The Nation. [Vol. 82, No. 2133 Important New Macmillan Publications NEW NOVELS PUBLISHED THIS DAY Dr. Andrew Macphail’s The Vine of Sibmah = (lor, $7.50 A romance of the days of the Restoration period, turn- ing on a valiant soldier's search for the winsome woman whom the fortunes of war had thrown in his way and withdrawn again. PUBLISHED LAST WEEK Mr. John Luther Long’s new novel The Way of the Gods lois, $7.50 Since the death of Lafcadio Hearn there is no one who approaches the author of “ Madame Butterfly’ in the ability to make his readers feel the charm and atmos- phere of Japan, while he tells of the fair Hoshiko’s longing for the intense joy offered her at the price of eternal ob iteration. OTHER RECENT ISSUES Mr. Owen Wister’s new nove! Lady Baltimore By the Author of **The Virginian.”” Cloth, $7.50 Charmingly illustrated from original drawings. “Mr. Wister has had not only the wit, but the courage to forbear repetition. ‘ The Virginian’ was a great and a deserved success. : ‘Lady Baltimore’ unmis- takably comes from his heart,—a sincere, well thought out book, which embodies a charming romance . . . the spontaneous vivacity of this book is perhaps its chiefest charm The story, as a story, is full of interest. . . . ‘Lady Baltimore’ is, in short, not only as good a book as ‘ The Virginian,’ but, in its total- ly different way, a much better one.”’—Neaw York Tribune. new Agnes and Egerton Castle’s .,.....: if Youth But Knew Cloth, $1.50 “They should be the most delightful of comrades, for their writing is so apt, so responsive, so joyous, so saturated with the promptings and the glamour of spring. It is because ‘If Youth But Knew’ has all these adorable qualities that it is so fascinating.” Cleveland Leader. 1O BE READY IN JUNE Miss Marie Van Vorst’s new novel The Sin of George Warrener A study of life and manners among people of a suburb- an town, by the author of “Amanda of the Mill.” The story is realistic and human, and its interesting theme is handled fearlessly. Cloth, $17.50 Mrs. Mabel Osgood Wright's The Garden, You and I (%/, £7.50 The new book by the author of “The Garden of a Com- muter’s Wife” and “ People of the Whirlpool’’ returns to the famous home garden, which her practical ideas and wholesome humor enlivened so charmingly. Mr. Winston Churchill’S 6 novel Coniston Illustrated, Cloth, $1.50 By the author of “Richard Carvel,” “The Crisis,” etc. Freely illustrated from drawings by Florence Scovel Shinn Published by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS PUBLISHED THIS DAY Professor Simon Newcomb’s A Compendium of Spherical Astronomy With Its Applications to the Determination and Reduc- tion of Positions of the Fixed Stars. 444 Svo pp. Cloth, $3.00 net | A new volume in the English Men of Letters Series Mr. Arthur C. Benson’s Walter Pater Cloth, 75 cts. net Biographer more comprehending and sympathetic, Mr. Pater could not have wished. Cambridge Modern History Planned by the late Lorp AcTOoN. Edited by A. W. Warp, Litt.D., G W. PROTHERO, Litt.D., STANLEY LEATHES, M.A. To be complete in twelve imperial 8vo volumes. Each, cloth, $4.00 net Dr. Kaempfer’s A History of Japan (1692) as translated by J. G. SCHEUCHZER The First Complete Reprint of this famous work since its publication in 1727. Three volumes with facsimiles of the original plates. Uniform with the Reprint of Coryat’s Crudities, in the general style of Hakluyt’s Voyages and Purchas His Pilgrimes. Three volumes, cloth, 8vo, $9.00 for the set Mr. Goldwin Smith’s In Quest of Light The recent letters to the New York Sun on religion and immortality. Cloth, 16mo, $1.00 net John A. Ryan’s A Living Wage A discussion of both its ethical and economic aspects, and of the basis of industrial, religious and moral fact upon which its principle rests. Cloth, 72mo, $7.00 net READY NEXT WEEK The Writings of Benjamin Franklin, Vol. VII. Collected and edited with a Life and Introduction by ALBERT H. SmyTH. Special Limited Edition in ten volumes, of which six are now ready. Sold by sets only. Price, $3.00 met, per volume, as issued “No former edition of Franklin’s Writings has ever approached this in fullness.”-—Rewiew of Reviews. Mr. W. S. Harwod’s The New Earth Cloth, $1.75 net Aims to describe interestingly the wonderful progress of recent years in all industries having their focal point in the earth. With many illustrations. Mr. Ernest Ingersoll’s The Life of Animals—Mammals Illustrated with colored plates, unpublished photo- graphs from life, and many original drawings. Cloth, $2.00 net; postage 27 cts. 64-66 5th Ave., New York. SE te A AAR al me Ne BD ngs a Ne ee

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en aeutpeapinmderhicaeatieiment ea eae ed ne The Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, MAY 17, 1906. The Week. If the Duma, which assembled on May 10, is undeniably meeting under a cloud, it falls nearly in the realm of political miracles that it should be meeting at all. Whoever, three years ago, had dared predict that a Russian Parliament was to assemble on any terms, would have passed for a lunatical optimist. Ac- cordingly, it is the part of wisdom not to dwell too much upon the niggardli- ness of the new fundamental law, nor even upon unseasonable repression by the Czar or divided counsels among the reformers. All these things were to be expected, and it is more profitable to fix one’s hope upon the momentous fact that a popularly elected legislature is actually in session in St. Petersburg to-day. Immediate results may seem small, but the moment the Czar re- ceives the delegates he gives up a portion of his power that probably no Czar will ever be able to reclaim. However slight the concessions of self-government, they are irrevocable, and Russia is started on the road, however long and difficult, that leads to free and representative government. This great good should surely outweigh minor evils that par- tially obscure this day of triumph for liberal ideals. The plan of testing the strength of the Duma and the temper of the Czar by a prompt appeal for po- litical amnesty seems a wise one, but the Duma could not have been expected to limit itself to this minimuin pro- gramme when such urgent matters (to mention no others) as the land prob- lem and the ascertaining of its own powers are in men’s hearts. It is a sit- uation that calls for the utmost tact and sympathy on the part of the Czar. His insight must supplement the arid letter of political memorials. Have he or his councillors the capacity to read the dumb aspiration of the representatives of the milis, and mines, and fields? Un- der almost identical circumstances, Louis XVI., while the States-General was sitting at Versailles on what his- tory has decided were his momentous days, adorned his diary with the curt memorandum, “Rien.” It all meant no- thing to him. The Czar’s attitude to- wards the Russian States-General is by far the most interesting personal prob- lem of our time. His address to the delegates, if rather colorless, at least avoided all offence. It is most painful to every American to see the President involved in a ques- tion of personal veracity. Sharp differ- |} ences of opinion we are accustomed to: but it is something new, and distinctly unpleasant, to have the Chief Magis- trate charge that a certain statement about him is “a deliberate and unquali- fied falsehood,”’ and then to have the statement reaffirmed in detail, with a threat to produce further evidence if it is needed. But the only wonder is that such an unhappy fate has not ere this befallen “the most reckless talker that ever lived in the White House,” as an old Senator has characterized Mr. Roose- velt. His confidence has been amazing- ly respected; but at last he has awk wardly stirred up two men, Senator Till- man and ex-Senator Chandler, who have small regard for the minor proprieties, and to whom the fact that a communi- cation was confidential constitutes no objection to blurting out what they know about it. The unhappy effect of their revelations does not stop with the question whether or not the President was right in saying in his haste that all men who tell a different tale from his are liars. More damaging than any pos- sible verbal misunderstanding is the ad- mitted fact that this most direct and above-board of men was pursuing his ends by subterranean and slippery meth- ods. Was Chandler an envoy from Presi- dent Roosevelt to Senator Tillman, or from Senator Tillman to President Roosevelt? This is the question to which our attention is being diverted; but it does not touch the main issue. The essential fact, which President Roosevelt and Attorney-General Moody admit, is that they were forming a com- pact with the Democratic leaders in or- der to pass the Rate bill. In so doing, they were, we maintain, wholly within the bounds of morality and propriety. But the President wisely refused to com- mit himself to any “phraseology”; he was for “essence.” He was “entirely willing” to accept any amendment “that did not seek to grant a broad review”; and when an amendment was proposed which granted the broadest sort of broad review, he was delighted with it, and declared that “no genuine friend of the bill can object to it without stultifying himself.” So keen was his enthusiasm for the amendment to which he had al- ways been unalterably opposed that, without a word of warning to his Demo- cratic confederates, without a hint to his own go-between, Mr. Moody, he jumped into the galley with Senator Aldrich. Naturally, Mr. Moody, in the first flush of surprise and irritation, expressed himself to Senators Tillman and Bailey as “flabbergasted.” “There was nothing,” writes Attorney-General Moody, in cool- er mood, “in the conversations between the Senators and me which in any way bound you to any particular amend- ment, or in the slightest degree impair- ed your liberty at any time to acquiesce in any amendment which you should deem expedient and in the public inter- est... Absolutely nothing but a fantas tie notion that, even when a man is actuated by the purest of motives and | devoted to the loftiest ideals, he should keep faith with his allies The due process of law, the slowness of which is so trying to President Roose- velt and others of ardent temperament, seems to have done the work for the Paper Trust. In the Federal Court at St. Paul the defendants, who are accused of restraining and monopolizing trade, have practically confessed guilt; and the prosecution has secured a perpetual in junction against the unlawful combina tion and conspiracy of manufacturers Attorney-General Moody says, ‘““This ter- minates the litigation. It is a complete victory for the United States.” More than twenty corporations united in the General Paper Company, and through that organization sold practically all of their product. Such a union the courts declare to be a violation of the Sher- man Anti-Trust law, and the company will accordingly be dissolved. Consider- able time, we must admit, has been con- sumed by these suits. The first peti- tion was filed on December 27, 1904 nearly a year and a half ago. Of course, an executive order by an omniscient and benevolent despot could have settled the business in ten minutes. But it is only once in a century or so0 that we choose a President who is both omniscient and benevolent. Our frame of government, with its irritating checks and balances, is intended not so much for the present happy era as for those long stretches when fallible or even malevolent men get into office. In spite of checks and bal- ances, the price of paper in the territory controlled by the General Paper Com- pany has fallen from $2.25 a hundred- weight to $1.85. Secretary Hitchcock warns the West that the twenty-one indictments §re- turned by the Portland grand jury against the men accused of timber steal- ing in Oregon will not be the last. His agents are at work in the Middle West- ern States on charges of a like nature. The indictment of the Crook, Lake, and Klamath County operators § illustrates the need for the most general invest!- gation. At the head of the list stands the name of F. W. Gilchrist, the second largest owner of vessels on the Great Lakes, and a heavy lumber dealer of RT aE Ne OR Me A aE hy nctnainibdig titative. cae __— 2 emer ae Sopra Ee er

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396 Alpena, Mich. Patrick Culligan, Gil- | christ’s associate, who was also indicted, | is a banker and a man of wealth. Three members of the firm of Elkins & Co., lawyers of Prineville, Ore., are also in- cluded in the twenty-one, and at the bot- tom of the list stands the name of Ed- gar N. White, a Portland saloonkeeper. The old method was used, it appears; these men secured dupes to file timber claims under the defective Timber and Stone act, who, after completing title, turned over the land to their employ- ers. This plan has the merit of age, but little else, to recommend it now. The Interior Department’s agents have be- come so well trained that they can see “the man behind,” without waiting for a row over the “commission” of the en- tryman The standpatters in Congress are again embarrassed, this time by the re- fusal of Secretary Taft to assume re- spousibility for an order requiring the Isthmian Canal Commission to buy only American goods. The Commission re- cently purchased 20,000 barrels of Eng- lish cement at a saving of 37 cents a barrel on the price demanded by Amer- ican manufacturers. But the Ohio ce- ment-makers have got Senator Dick to introduce a resolution which would shut out European supplies for the canal. The Canal Commission fears combinations of manufacturers and dealers extortionate | American which would result in prices, and the puzzling problem is how to “protect” American interests without leaving the Commission at the mercy of | persons who may attempt to corner the needed for canal market in supplies work. This question, coming before the matter of the demand for free building materials in aid of San Francisco has heen quieted, promises to furnish matter for debate in Congress and more cam- | paign material for this fall's Congres- | ional elections The Nation. a bite’’—another 25 per cent. of relief. In exchange for this they are reported to be willing to relinquish that very im- portant provision of the House bill | which promised free trade with the isl- ands after 1909. That is the year when the coastwise shipping laws are to go into effect with the Philippines. Possi- bly, if we judiciously dole out another 25 per cent. by that time, the Filipinos may be even prosperous enough to pay their additional freight bills. “Regular” Republicans of Pennsyl- vania suggest to Senator Knox that if he will consent to be elected Governor, it will be an “easy step’ to the Presidency. The uninformed might detect in any such programme, on the contrary, a dis- tinct retrogression. To go from the Senate to Harrisburg would, in the pres- ent disorganized state of the party, ef- fectually shelve any man of doubtful Presidential stature. The appeal at this time, of course, is purely selfish. A Democratic State Treasurer has just tak- en office and promised to cut off the | graft that formerly fattened the organ- ization. Some $13,000,000 of surplus State funds are to be taken out of the control of the machine banks. The “Lincoln” Republicans mean to hold their State convention at the end of May, a week in advance of the “Regu- lars,’ and the Democratic leaders are in a mood to form an alliance with any re- form element of the dominant party that splits off from the Penrose organization. Senator Knox might save Pennsylvania to “the party of McKinley and Roose- velt,” but we see no chance, in that event, of shattering the unbroken prece- dent that the “banner State's” Gover- nors never get to the White House. A pert paragrapher remarked a few days ago, apropos of the arrest and fin- |ing of a citizen of Warrensburg, Mo., | for making a false return as to his per- sonal property, that “it will be many a It would be demoralizing in the ex- treme, we take it, for the Filipinos to acquire all at once the benefits of hu- mane and liberal policies They would doubtless experience the discomforts of children who should receive at Christ mas, say, a whole year's allowance of sweetmeats At any rate, we are run ning no such risk in our treatment of | them After several years’ considera tion we took off 25 per cent. of the Dingley tariff rates to see what would Nothing happened, and this happen year the impetuous House of Represen- tatives was preparing to concede 50 per cent. more But the wiser Senate com- mittee did not propose to spoil the na- tion's wards by such ill-considered lib- erality It thought best to give nothing at all Yet Roosevelt and | Secretary Taft, benevolent uncles, are | laboring with the Senate to secure “just | President long day before that particular wave of reform reaches New York.” It may be retorted that this particular species of reform is not likely to last long in Mis- souri, if Gov. Folk has his way. He has appointed a commission to revise the | State revenue laws, and has suggested that the tax on personal property should be removed. “A tax on conscience” is the way Gov. Folk characterizes that part of the present system which turns respectable members of society into ar- rant liars once a year. “It does not reach the tax-dodger, and it discourages in- vestment,””’ adds Mr. Folk. In his view, the retention of the personal-property tax, with the consequent disregard for the law that is indicated by the annual perjuries, is a serious menace to the in- tegrity of government. To enforce all laws strictly is still Gov. Folk’s plat- form. So long as the old law stands, the [Vol. 82, No. 2133 citizens of Warrensburg are liable to ar- rest, but the difficulties of the situation are a strong argument for changing the statute. The Governor's further sugges- tion that a small State tax on the capi- tal stock of corporations be levied in place of the personal tax, is likely to be favorably received by his commission. The young District Attorneys militant who have set out either to make the world a better place to live in or to be- come Governor, “like Folk,” should form an association and make John B. Moran of Boston president. As a busy hive of industry, his office is excelled only by the night-and-day bank. His latest feat, the summoning of the entire Massachu- setts Legislature to appear before the grand jury to testify that bribery was or was not practised in the defeat of the anti-bucket-shop bill, is character- istic of his genius. Elected to the office in spite of the opposition of practically every organized party, Mr. Moran made his first bid for fame by compelling the proprietors of Boston’s best hotels to re- move every sash curtain that in any de- gree impeded the view from the street into the dining-rooms and cafés. When the advertising value of this firm stand for “the equal enforcement of the law” decreased, the District Attorney turned his attention to State Street and big financial game. Lawson found the young prosecutor a credulous listener, and it is due to his initiative that the General Court of Massachusetts is to report, in sections, to the grand jury. We hear that “practically every one at the State House took the whole affair as a huge joke, and hilarity reigned supreme.” What saves the General Court from ex- treme depression—a sense of humor— seems to have been omitted from the District Attorney’s make-up, however. Gov. Cummins of Iowa is making it increasingly plain that he means to be- come something more than a mere Gov- ernor before his political career is end- ed. To the “Cummins idea,” which has “taken” exceptionally well in his State, | he now adds the income tax and the pop- ular election of Senators. This is an | equipment that is designed not only to land him in the Senate as Allison’s suc- cessor, but to keep him in the public eye as a Presidential possibility for 1908 or even 1912. It might occur to the ordinary student of the tariff that Gov. Cummins as a revisionist will have his hands full in the Middle West for a long time. Indeed, his present contest for re- nomination against George D. Perkins, the Sioux City standpatter, leaves him little time for developing other political reforms. But that will be settled short- ly, and, in obedience to the resolution of the State Legislature, the restless Governor of ideas will call a convention to consider ways and means of amending aoa oe td Oe tmp vntilin teats reel hdiee a ee a

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POMPEY grat cs 0m 5 PO nantede BA.» Lili ie crac tail May 17, 1906] _The Nation. the Constitution in order to secure the popular election of Senators. The in- come-tax issue was not raised in the last Legislature, but it is a fine radical thing for a Republican to take up. The Crapsey trial, which has ended in this clergyman’s suspension, was cer- tain to reverberate beyond the denomin- ation immediately affected by it. The issues involved concern all churches, touch all clergymen. They raise the whole question of the attitude of the Church towards modern learning. Wher- ever clergymen are gathered together the matter comes up, though not often is it discussed with the frankness shown. by the speakers at the dinner of the alumni of Union Theological Sem- inary on Monday evening. Invited to deal with the subject of theological edu- cation and the training of the modern minister, President Hyde of Bowdoin College and Dr. Knox of the Seminary went to the heart of the question witha refreshing directness and candor. Their remarks showed how a breath from the Crapsey case is stirring the dry bones everywhere. President Hyde drew with sure hand the picture of the ordinary education of the ordinary clergyman. It is cloistered, narrowing, deadening. Original thinking is discouraged. Free inquiry is frowned upon. The custom- ary methods of testing assertions, by reading, debate, comparison, weighing of evidence, give way to dogmatic teaching on authority which must not be disput- ed. Occasionally, large natures are able, as Emerson said a man of native force might be, to take these old and musty conventions and use them for rational and moral ends in profitable and even inspiring ways; but the common result is, as President Hyde said, to turn out clergymen who “can comfort a few sis- ters weaker than themselves, and that is all.” The consequence is, he declared, that the fixed gulf before which the re- ligious world stands to-day is more sharply marked than ever before. There were published in Germany last year the results of an inquiry among educated people who were asked to an- swer the question, “Has the clergyman any longer an independent significance in the modern enlightened world?” We know this work by Theodor Kappstein only as it is summarized in the Cincin- nati Volksblatt. Replies were had from many distinguished professors and writ- ers. Their general tenor was very much that of the opinion of Friedrich Dern- burg, who said, “Formerly the office made the clergyman, to-day the clergy- man makes the office.” Some of the scientists, like the Director of the Zoblogical Museum in Berlin, objected strongly to the departure of the clergy from “practical Christianity” to attack the progress of learning. The dramatist Von Wildenbruch wrote that, in his judgment, the clergyman as a mere cut- and-dried professional man had no rea- son for existing longer, but that there was more need than ever of a true priest. The International Postal Congress, which has long been perplexed over the demand for an international stamp, has at last voted in favor of a plan by which it will be possible to send return post- age with foreign letters. The scheme, proposed by England, and adopted on Thursday by a majority of one, provides for coupons sold in each country at the price of the regular foreign letter stamp, and exchangeable at the desti nation for the equivalent stamp of that particular country. The initial difficulty has always been that the international rates were not uniform; twopence half- penny, for instance, not being exactly equal to 5 cents. With a single inter national stamp, speculators could buy in quantity in a country where this stamp was cheap and sell it in one where it was dear, making a possible profit of a dollar or more on every thousand, Ap- parently, though the details are not ex- plained in the brief dispatches, the new plan is to issue in this country, say, a special 5-cent stamp for foreign letters to which is attached the return postage coupon. These exchangeable slips, there- fore, cannot be obtained except by using an equal number of stamps on outgoing matter, a requirement that would pre- sumably make speculation impossible on any scale large enough to be worth while. Col. Giadke, the well-known military expert, pays a high tribute, in the Ber- lin Tageblatt, to the French army. “In equipment and military worth” he de- clares that it “stands high.” In some re- spects, conditions are superior to those across the Rhine; maltreatment of sol- diers by officers, for instance, being ab- solutely unknown. The weak point lies in the frequent lax discipline and lack of loyalty. Gen. André, during his ex- ceptionally long activity as Minister of War, gave up much of his time to efforts to secure a corps of officers devoted to republican principles, but in vain. Many officers are monarchists; and no less powerful is the clerical influence. The want of discipline and obedience was recently exemplified in a manner incon- ceivable in the German army, when the three oldest officers in succession refused to obey their brigadier-general’s order— given in presence of the soldiers—to force entrance into a church. The fact that in this and similar cases the of- fenders were either exculpated or sub- jected to a ludicrously mild punishment, could not but foment the spirit of in- subordination. Nevertheless, Col. Gidke believes that the ardent patriotism of Frenchmen would minimize the dan- 397 gers from this source in case of a for eign war. General strikes break out with start ling suddenness in Italy, and testify to the efficient organization of the advan ed Socialist party. The latest political strike extended from Milan to Rom and had the unusual effect of bringing about the wholesale resignation of So cialist Deputies in Parliament. The Gov ernment majority—-a composite one, to be sure—is not likely to be seriously affected by this move, but the disaffe« tion of the Socialists may cause resig nations in the Cabinet. The issue is one on which Baron Sonnino cannot yield The Socialists protest against the right to suppress industrial rioting by force of arms. They assert the privilege of disorder, and seek to reduce the weapon of constabulary and army to those of moral suasion Of course, no nation can live long on any such basis, and Sonnino, who stood behind the stern military repression of 1900, the year of the bread riots, is not likely to change his policy now. For several years past, popular sentiment in Italy has upheld all Government measures taken to pre serve order. Accordingly, it seems un likely that the recent strike will have serious political results. Still, it shows a formidable degree of organization among the Italian proletariat. In the latest appeal to the Hungarian electorate, the Wekerle Government ha received a large majority. The Indepen dence party, which is Ministerialist pro tempore, secured a little more than half the seats in the Diet. It is, of course the ruling element of the Government and the future of Hungarian politi will depend largely upon Francis Ko suth. The election marks the complete disintegration of the old Liberal party, which has long, if only nominally, been in power at Budapest. The Wekerle Ministry is, it will be recalled, by its very constitution one of transition. Its chief business is to pass a univeral-suf frage bill, besides a minimum of routine supply bills. After the election of a new Diet under the liberalized suffrage, a Government will be formed in accord- ance with the vote, and the longstand- ing disputes over the army and language questions will be faced anew. As Kos- suth put it the other day, the present situation is “a truce, not a peace.” It is a decided gain, however, that the In dependence party will enter the new Diet in a spirit friendly towards the Emperor Speculation as to the effect of universal suffrage on the Diet is rather idle. Some observers hold that it will, by enfran chising many of the other races, actually reduce the Magyar element; but, ob- viously, political and racial lines are by no means identical in a mixed popu lation like that of Hungary. a ee re Sr i. Ss Cer CRT I cg me Bene set ee ee - ee ee ——_ — Se ee ee eee ee ss regs a a, ae ee 2 GP ee) Bea ~—-

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398 THE NECESSARY LAWSUIT. In his Standard Oil message, the President with impatience as remedies for corpor- spoke some of suits at law ation abuses “It is impossible,” he aid, “to work a material improvement above described in conditions such as merely through the instrumentality of a lawsuit.” This bespeaks partly a mind which President Harrison described as ilways wanting the millennium, and wanting it right off; partly that lack of legal which has so often led Vr. Roosevelt astray: partly, it may be, training lingering resentment at the failure of the Government's Beef Trust prosecu- tier owing to the perverse unwilling- re of Judge Humphrey to agree with the law as laid down by the Presi- len This attitude has since been thrown into fresh prominence by the Attorney- General's proceeding in court against the so-called Drug Trust This is a} wsuit It is but the latest of several imilar suits brought by the present Ad- ministration In its name, injunctions have been North- western Paper Trust, the Tobacco Trust, the Elevator Trust: by it suits have been ught against the Sugar Trust and va- ious railways. The Northern ecurities case, which the President had sought against the famous Oo much reason to contemplate with sat- isfaction, was nothing but a lawsuit. Why, then, should he speak of such a legal process as miserably inadequate for the reforms he has in mind? Various reasons suggest themselves, A legal ; necessarily slow; but the Presi- habitual “Lord, have quick.” The trial dent prayer is, merey, and have mercy hort way with dissenters from his Then. too, There view is his favored way lawsuits are little spectacular is no glitter about men of the robe Judges are seldom theatric. The opin ion of the court is apt to be dull read ims uily fitted for delivery from a mp. And if President Roosevelt may not fairly be called sensational in his method he at least is fond of sharp and decisive utterance from somewhere near the centre of the stage. Compared with that, the slow droning of lawyers ind jud naturally seems pretty tame Yet the Executive, under our Constl tution, finds his main duty in enforec- it the law: and to enforce the law means the constant bringing of lawsuits i} ire not pleturesque, but are neces Bal There is really no shorter road The President seems to think that ewift and radical action by Congress is pref to the slow processes of the law. ut such action by Congress will It- self be the Not even a Federal statute can be self executing, like the of a Czar. Every man who has an Interest at stake, mother of endless lawsuits decree every corporation, is entitled to come | sent to that and admire it. i The Nation. al enactment, which Mr. Roosevelt ap- pears to regard as a cure-all, be chal- lenged and tested in every possible way Its constitutionality may question; its application the true implication may be Train- in the courts. be called in may be disputed; of its every phrase and word brought up for judicial decision. ed lawyers may search the statute as with a lighted candle and demand that the courts pronounce upon every defect That is what is involved in without due constitu- or loophole. taking no man’s property great tional muniment of liberty, we all as- Well, then, we must not rail at the lawsuits which process of law. As a grow out of it. It is probably the belated perception of these elementary truths which has led Mr. Roosevelt to give, at last, his reluctant assent to the amendment of the Railway-Rate bill so as to safeguard every right of the carriers. Who was the successful instrument of the Presi- dent’s conversion, we need not ask. We presume that, whoever he was, he mix- ed political with legal arguments. He pointed out to the President, doubtless, that it was rapidly becoming a question whether this is a Republican Adminls- tration or not; whether Mr. Roosevelt was really going to set up for himself against the leading Republicans of the Senate, or would conclude to accept what they in their wisdom would give him. It is known that President Roosevelt has expressed a determination to “have no | Andy Johnson business” of his own; and his deep desire to keep in line with his party need to be skilfully played upon in order to make him drop suddenly his dalliance with Democratic Senators and with the handful of ex- tremist Republicans. But the main thing is that he has finally gone over to the broadest kind of judicial review of the rate-making of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Every resource of the law—including the enjoining of would only power | the Commission, suspension of its rates, or their annulment-——is to be left open to the railways. If it be said that this leaves the situation very much what it was before, that is only to state that we had a government by Jaw before, and shall go on having one in the future. IMMIGRATION AND THE SOUTH. States an movement for the en- In many of the Southern unprecedented couragement of immigration is one of the features of the legislative year now ending; and in most cases there has been an appropriation to employ com- missioners and defray expenses. Per- haps the most important effort was that of Virginia, where $10,000 was voted by the Legislature, on the understanding that work should begin at once. In Mis- sissippi, intentions were as good, but forward and insist that the Congression- | the bill was carelessly drafted, and as a [Vol. 82, No. 2133 result the matter must be laid over for the next Legislature. Several other Southern States have sent representa- tives to Europe and to the great cities of the North, where the seamy side of the immigrant problem presents itself. Altogether, the South shows signs of general awakening to the possibilities that lie in attracting immigration. The movement must contend against two obstacles: the prejudice of the South against foreign labor, and of for- eign labor against the South. These prejudices are not hard to understand, and they should be easy to dissipate. The conservatism of the old South, which saw in the coming of the aliens the breaking down of mafiy traditions and the end of the easy-going relation- ship of proprietor and field-hand, has lung since given way before the demands of the newer, bigger South. The pro- gressive element is fully aware that a new industrial era has come, and that if the South is to hold its own—to say nothing of making an advance—either in agriculture or in manufactures, it must make a strong bid for that immi- gration which has so rapidly built ur the West. In Mississippi and Louisiana there are still traces of feeling against the Italians—provoked by the unfortu- nate outbreak in New Orleans some years ago. But that incident will be forgotten, for the Italians are showing themselves to be in the main industrious and law-abiding. The prejudice on the other side is perhaps more difficult to deal with, for there are very few means of getting at the immigrant and persuading him that the South is the place where he ought For years he has been listening to another gospel. There is truth in the complaint of the South that certain States of the Northwest, in their eager- ness to advertise and populate the wheat fields, have sent out circulars which make comparisons unfavorable and unfair to the States below Mason and Dixon's line. These advertisements, together with certain too well-founded complaints about lawlessness and the miscarriage of justice, have helped to deprive of its share that part of the country which most needs the infusion of new blood. Yet the immigrants who have gone to the South have succeeded well. When we remember that the en- tire peninsula of Italy, excluding the Alps and the Apennines, is but little larger than the State of Georgia, and that it supports, chiefly by agriculture, a population of 36,000,000, we can see why newcomers from the south of Eur- ope, trained to methods of careful and intensive cultivation, should get ahead in a region where the farming methods are among the loosest and most waste- ful in the world. Many instances could be given of the achievements of adven- turous immigrants who have disregarded all warnings, and have found comforta- to go. Dh gpewiilipniin,

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the ot Dal ah bi A Ceara: Dea aT Ili Ae il octet ere eres

May 17, 1906] ble homes, hospitable friends, and a free- dom which they could not have hoped for in the over-crowded cities. A col- ony at Ladson, South Carolina, has found silk-raising profitable. Prosper ous Italian and Bohemian truck-farmers are now living along the seaboard from Norfolk to Jacksonville. An experiment in Alabama, where a colony was set at work in the cotton fields, has been whol- ly successful, and has shown that the cultivation of cotton can be performed by white labor as well as by black. In the South more than one “model” farm, demonstrating the effect of intensive methods and hard work, is in the hands of men who, though industrious and intelligent, have been in this couptry hardly long enough to make themselves understood. These examples of adapta- bility, as they become more widely known among immigrants, cannot but have the effect of turning attention to the South. The importance of immigration to the South can hardly be overestimated. The population in many districts is very sparse, and the opportunities for devel- opment of agricultural and mineral re- sources are boundless. For this work there must be both men and money; but if the South can once turn the tide of immigration, the capital will be forth- coming in abundance. A question often raised is the effect of foreign labor upon the negro. If the South carries out its plan of drawing the best foreign labor, the effect upon the negro should be bene- ficial. If he is to hold his own in com- petition, he will be forced to improve himself, and he will be stimulated in- tellectually and morally. One reason why he is lazy and irresponsible is that he often regards himself as not a direct competitor of the white; and he meas- ures himself by no standard of achieve- ment except that of the shiftless and ignorant of his own race. The coming of the immigrant should open the eyes of his mind and soul. Placed side by side with earnest, steady workmen, he himself should reach a higher degree of skill and trustworthiness. From every point of view, it is the South’s plain duty to itself and to the rest of the country to correct the evil impressions that have gone abroad as to its conditions of life and the opportuni- ties for tranquil, profitable, livelihood In order to set forth its manifold ada- vantages the South must employ such businesslike methods as have been used in advertising our own Western States and the Canadian Northwest. Keen, alert agents at home and abroad will doubt- less obtain desirable settlers in growing numbers. Above all, the South should make good its promises by strictly en- forcing law and protecting all its citi- zens. Each lapse of justice and un- punished mob rule will keep from the South thousands of people whose coming is ardently to be desired, Without law The Nation. and order the door will stand open in vain. A TEST OF “CIVICS.” We all know what a vast amount of instruction about government has been given of late years in our public and fit ting schools, not to speak of women’s | Clubs. A preparatory school that did not | Offer courses in “civics” could to-day scarcely hold up its head. “Current 3899 group that counted among its number four of colonial stock, four of German, five f | Scandinavian, a Belgian, a Hungarian, a Pole, and thirteen of mixed Swiss, German English, Scottish, | I Scandinavian, and American colonial lescet! ‘ ot fi average for the five best ind second on |} general averages in the little group of five best there appeared one of English Scotch parentage, one of Gk al | German-American, one of Sw Am ellie Se

tO et re oe ood SR Re eo — OO mt em at cia fees

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400 with the living reality which both cor- rects book-knowledge of politics and makes it more than a dead thing. So it argued from Professor may well be Schaper’s showing, not that the teach- ing of civics should be dropped, but that it should be vitalized. Here, too, ab- stractions should yield, so far as possi ble, to examples. The live Congressman, rather than the pale ghost depicted in the Constitution, vividly brought before the mind of ingenuous youth; who should be bidden, further, to supplement their books by that sure knowledge of politics which comes only should be of seeing and handling. ALLIANCES, SPECIAL AND GEN- ERAL. When a bank begins to publish gratui tous and frequent evidence of solvency, it is time for the depositors to be on their guard tions that the Triple Alliance is unim- paired seem excessive and almost sus Count Guicciardini, the Italian Foreign Minister, in a speech before the Senate, the other day, gave the Triplice a new certificate of health, but advanced a comparatively fresh reason for its validity. All the world knows that Bismarck drew Italy So the repeated protesta- picious. remarkable into the alliance by appealing to mis- trust of French aggression in Tunis. To-day, the I{alian Foreign Office re- gards the pact with Germany and Aus- tria primarily as a guarantee of. the status quo in the Balkans. “It protects us,” sald Count Guicciardini, “against any change without a hearing.” He went on to say that, as regards Albania, a special understanding exists with Aus- tria, whereas the friendship with France and England has become a_ cardinal point of policy, safeguarding as these newer ententes do the position of Italy in the Mediterranean agreements, Count Guicclardini main- tained, were perfectly compatible with the older obligation to Germany und Austria. To that effect, he cited Chan- cellor Bilow's statement, made in 1902, These special that “the good relations of France and Italy are, in my opinion, the comple ment of the Triple Alliance,” and Lord Fitz-Maurice’s sensible mot, that “the fact of being on good terms with one Power does not necessarily imply being on bad terms with another.” This theory that the more general and comprehensive alliances are compat ible with any number of special agree ments, well deserves scrutiny. The ar guments for the view are by no means immediately convincing. The fact, how- ever, Is clear that beside the more gen- eral alliance, like the Triplice, the Franco-Ruasian, and treaties—all of which are based upon somewhat indefinite and remote contin- gencies—there is an increasing number of special agreements resting upon very Anglo-Japanese [Vol. 82, No. 2133 definite and practical issues. We need not recall Bismarck’s private under- standing with St. Petersburg, which set the fashion of a “friendship” superim- posed upon an alliance—or secretly undermining it. It is sufficient to say that Austria has special agree- ments with Russia and Italy as regards Macedonia and Albania. France has, in addition to the Dual Alliance, undertak- en especial obligations to Italy, England, and Spain; in short, a nexus of friendly bargains now covers pretty nearly every disputed point in European politics, and the older so-called fundamental group- ings of the Powers begin to have the look of retiring into some abstract and unrealized realm. It is in the nature of the case, per- haps, that the more sweeping and am- bitious alliances should have little per- manency. Based on national sentiments of a temporary sort, they pledge na- tional policy for a long future. Ger- many, for example, must to-day be pret- ty well free of the dread of Russia and France, which was the reason for rally- ing Italy and Austria to her side. In other words, what began as a measure of Imperial defence persists merely as a matter of national vanity, or as an ab- stract ideal of a central European tri- bunal. Similarly, France, since her rec- onciliation with England and _ Italy, should have nearly outgrown her fear of Germany. Moreover, it may reason- ably be doubted if any member of the three great alliances would be bound by past engagements against its pres- ent interests. Can it be doubted that, if France were called upon to fight beside Russia, or even England beside Japan, either ally would construe its duty not by the letter of a treaty, but by its sense of immediate self-interest? A further reason why the more com- prehensive pacts do not promise the “federation of the world,” Is their moral weakness. ‘They are made in a spirit, not of conciliation, but of potential de- fiance. When the Kaiser virtually re- buked Italy by praising Austrian ac- tion at Algeciras, he showed the old sentiment of exclusiveness. He assum- ed that the rival or opponent of any member of the alliance could be the friend of no other member. In this sense, one may say that the older treat- ies, framed with a view to the balance of power, make for peace very imperfect- ly. Being based on the theory of ex- isting animosities between nations, they give to euch hostilities a kind of inter- national warrant. When friendlier feel- ings come, it is no wonder that the sig- natory Powers which are accustomed to the older régime of distrust, feel obliged to protest that nothing has changed. When a watcher has to pinch himself to make sure he is awake, the worth of his vigilance is at least questionable. Against international agreements of a special and limited kind no skepticism need arise. The Anglo-French entente, for example, has the moral advantage of dealing with perfectly concrete is- sues and of seeming to mean no more than it actually does. All treaties that concern trade, fishing rights, boundaries, spheres of influence, and the like have a similar character of sincerity. That they are limited in application is their strength. None goes beyond an imme- diate point in controversy. Each is an admirable argument for a new agree- ment when occasion arises. In a sense, we cannot have too many especial agree- ments. They greatly promote the habit of frank negotiation and frequent arbi- tration among nations. They mark a stage beyond the arbitrament of arms and the view of world-politics that re- gards international prejudices as a chief asset. It is a just instinct that sees in these special treaties an impairment of those older pacts which presuppose a European equipoise of battalions and battleships. Should the habit of especial agreements ever became universal, the traditional military alliances would be- come superfluous. CARL SCHURZ. The patriot, orator, journalist, states- man, soldier, reformer, who died in this city on Monday morning, was born March 2, 1829, in the village of Liblar, near Cologne; in 1840 he entered the Catholic Gymnasium of Cologne, and in 1846 pro- ceeded to the University of Bonn with the intention of studying philosophy and his- tory. Like many other ardent and gener- ous-minded young students, he fell under the influence of Professor Johann Gott- fried Kinkel, who threw himself unreserv- edly into the revolutionary movement of 1848, and served as a private among the insurgents in the spring of 1849. Schurz, following the example of his friend and teacher, served as adjutant to Gen. Tiede- mann, and, when the latter surrendered the fortress of Rastadt with forty-five hundred revolutionary troops on July 21, 1849, made an almost miraculous escape from it through the sewer connecting with the Rhine, and fled to Switzerland. In the fol- lowing summer he returned to Berlin, under an assumed name, for the purpose of liber- ating Kinkel, who had been taken prisoner, tried for treason, and sentenced to im- prisonment for life. With the aid of wealthy sympathizers, this daring and romantic pro- ject was carried to a successful conclusion in November, 1850, and created a sensation throughout Europe. In fact, a more remark- able instance of self-sacrifice and heroism for friendship’s sake has seldom been re- corded, and it demonstrated the singular nobility of Schurz’s character. Schurz and Kinkel escaped on a Mecklenburg vessel to Leith in Scotland. Schurz spent about two years in London aud Paris, supporting himself by giving music lessons and by acting as correspon- dent of German newspapers. In July, 1862, he married Margaret Meyer, the daughter of a well-known Hamburg merchant. The match was a romantic one,the acquaintance ethene tte Wie ones diy eet Pe ee ae ee oe ee ee)

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Oe vid a ete ee bse Ye ns — ng men + May 17, 1906] being traceable to the fame of Schurz’s ex- ploit in liberating Kinkel, and was the be- ginning of a long and happy union, broken only by the death of the wife in March, 1876. In September, 1852, Schurz crossed the ocean and took up his abode in Phila- delphia, where he remained for three years, removing then to Watertown, Wis. He at- tached himself at once to the newly formed Republican party, and in the following year, 1856, made German speeches which contributed so materially to carrying Wis- consin for Frémont by a majority of more than 13,000 votes that in 1857, although he had but just become a_ citizen, he was nominated Republican candidate for lieu- tenant-governor, and came within one hun- dred and seven votes of an election. Two years later he was offered the same nomi- nation and declined it. His first English speech, made in 1858, during the senatorial contest in Illinois between Abraham Lin- coln and Stephen A. Douglas, attracted gen- eral attention, and was widely circulated under the title of “The Irrepressible.Con- flict.” In the following year he began the prac- tice of the law in Milwaukee. The National Republican Convention of May, 1860, which he attended as chairman of the Wisconsin delegation, upon his motion incorpotated in the fourteenth paragraph of the party platform a declaration unequivocally pledg- ing the Republican party against all legis- lation by which the existing political rights of immigrants could be impaired or abridg- ed. Moreover, he supported George Wil- liam Curtis in his successful appeal for the insertion in the platform of the sentiments of the Declaration of Independence, which had been denied to Mr. Giddings. Although he steadily cast the vote of his whole dele- gation for William H. Seward, Schurz was appointed a member of the committee to notify Lincoln of his nomination; a member of the National Republican Committee, consisting of one representative from each State; and also a member of the Executive Committee, which then consisted of only seven members. During the ensuing canvass he made many brilliant speeches in German and in English, which were an important factor in bringing about the election of Lincoln, who, after his inauguration, recog- nized the valuable services of Schurz by appointing him United States Minister to Spain. Schurz presented his credentials to Queen Isabella on July 16, 1861, but in De- cember resigned his post, and, after a brief visit to his native land, returned to his adopted country in January, 1862, to take service in the Union army. He was commissioned brigadier-general in April, and on June 17 took command of a division in the corps of Gen. Franz Sigel, participating in the second battle of Bull Run (August 29 and 30). He was appointed major-general on March 14, 1863, and on May 2 commanded a division of Gen. Oliver O. Howard’s Eleventh Army Corps, at the battle of Chancellorsville. With the same corps he participated in the battles of Get- tysburg and Chattanooga, and served under Sherman in the Georgia campaigns. The surrender of Gen. Johnston to Gen. Sher- man on April 26, 1865, terminated the war; and Schurz, having obtained leave of ab- sence, proceeded at once to Washington and resigned his commission as general. His resignation was filed May 5, and was the first one received by the War Depart- The Nation. ment, with the sole exception of Gen. Si- gel’s, which was filed May 4. In the summer of 1865 Schurz was com- missioned by President Johnson to make a tour of the Southern States and prepare a report on their condition and the state of public sentiment. He made a careful and conscientious study of the subject, and em- bodied the result of his investigations in a candid and judicial-minded report, in which he recommended that, before readmitting the rebellious States to full political rights, a Congressional Committee be sent there to make a thorough survey of the ground and suggest appropriate legislation In 1866, he removed to Michigan and became editor of the Detroit Post; in 1867, to St Louis to become editor and, with Emil Pre- torius, joint proprietor of the Weatliche Post. Even during the war, and while in active service in the fleld, Schurz had not intermitted his activity as a political or- ator, but had occasionally taken leave of absence when it seemed necessary to rouse public sentiment to support the Adminis- tration, and in 1864 had made some notable speeches in the second Lincoln canvass. Ags a matter of course he was one of the most effective speakers in the campaign of 1868, which resulted in the first election of Grant. On January 19, 1869, the Legislature of Mis- souri elected him Senator, and he took his seat at the special session beginning March 4, being the first German-born citizen who had ever been a member of the upper house of Congress. The career of Carl Schurz in the Senate would have been sufficiently remarkable if regarded merely as a demonstration of his great gifts as a parliamentary orator and of his readiness as a debater. The course of events has taken his part in nearly all the controversies which put him at odds with his party in the Senate. He was in advance of public sentiment, not so much by rea- son of any superior foresight or political sagacity, as because of his fidelity to his ideals, and his conviction that, in the long run, truth was bound to prevail. He was the original Independent in _ politics, and the whole political faith of the In- dependent can be educed from his utter- ances. He was a warm advocate of civil- service reform, of tariff-reform, of currency reform, at a time when the friends of any kind of reform were few and far between, and had nothing to expect from either party but obloquy and sneers. Perhaps the greatest practical service he rendered at this time was by his unwavering advocacy of correct principles on the currency ques- tion. He was among the few public men who never made any concession on this point to ignorant public clamor, and his mastery of the subject was equal to the honesty and courage with which he stood for the right. The two speeches against inflation and in favor of a return to specie payments which he made in the Senate on January 14 and February 24, 1874, were models of sound doctrine. Of the second of them, Prof. Bonamy Price of Oxford said that it was the ablest speech ever made on banking tn any parliament, that its range and solidity were wonderful, and that it offered a body of detailed doc- trine which almost throughout will bear the test of the closest examination. A complimentary dinner was given to Schurz on April 27, 1875, to mark the re- gret which honest men of all parties felt at 401 his retirement from the Senate, failing a reélection—at his being (in the words of one of them) “exiled from one party by his independence and princi- ples, and repelled by the other apparently because it is too ignorant to recognize his value in publie life.” Banqueted a few weeks later In Berlin, a more signal vin- dication awaited him on his return from Europe. Although he had broken with and defied the Republican party by taking sides against it in the Louisiana question, tn the matter of the Ku-Klux laws, in advocating a general amnesty; although he had oppos- ed the Administration in the San Domingo discussion, in the debates on the sale of arms to France and on abuses in the New York Custom House; although he had origt- nated the Liberal Republican movement ia Missouri in 1870, and had thereby given the first impetus to the current of independence in politics which afterwards swept the country; although he had presided over the Liberal convention of May, 1872, which nominated Horace Greeley for the Presiden- cy, and had advocated (with much reluctance, it is true) the election of Greeley; although he had done all these things, and many others that equally demonstrated how little amenable he was to the ordinary canons of party discipline, and how much he placed the cause above the party—no sooner, nevertheless, had he returned home than he was appealed to by the Ohio Republican Committee to stump that State in favor of Hayes and honest money, as against Allen and inflation. Within a week he was in harness, and resumed, with all his wonted boldness and brilliancy, the good fight against financial folly, quackery, and knavishness which he had fought In the Senate, and which he was to fight over again for many years to come. His ap- pointment by Hayes to the Secretaryship of the Interior was only a just recognition of the importance of his services, and at the same time a partial redemption of the pledge, if a pledge there was, in regard to civil-service reform, of which it was on all sides admitted that Schurz was a sin- cere and ardent advocate. So well was this understood by the enemies of the re- form that, while his nomination was pend- ing, they spread a report that his confir- mation would be opposed by some Republi- cans from a “dispassionate belief” that he did not possess business experience and administrative ability enough for the proper discharge of the multifarious duties of the office. The duties of the office were, indeed, mul- tifarious, but Schurz was soon to convince the country that an idealist can be a very practical man in any business which tis compatible with honesty, industry, intelll- gence, and courage. He was confirmed on March 11, and before a week had expired he assured the clerks that no removais would be made except for cause, unless the force had to be reduced, in which case the least competent would be removed; that no promotions would be made except for merit; and that, as there were ho vacan- cles, no recommendations to office would be entertained. This was not empty decla- mation, for Schurz did not even bring a new private secretary with him. On April 6 he promulgated an order providing for the investigation and practical determination of questions connected with appointments, removals, and promotions by means of a a ee ee ee Par Pree Ramet ee eer ee he i. — eee A AE ET OEE I ON ee IY aii . De ny ol 8 8s a CAS Tad ft ahs

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} 1 of inquiry composed of three clerks of tl highest cla and his subsequent setiorn lemonstrated that there was no hat ! t this measure, but that it was I ber earn t Clerical refotm, ! 4 bu i mall part of his He found § the ervice in a de I nd mm, particularly the Indian | rhe Secretary of the Interior, and } Comm oner of Indian Affairs, ‘ key n ignorance of what was going 1 1 con cto ind Indian agents were , wed full wing As fast as Schurz id fasten theresponsibility for wrong joing or negligence or even mere careless h ide change ind removals right | f gardle i he had ever been I h mace His efforts to ! k the timbe thiewe brought him into vith powerful corporations and with I iid Republican antagonists in the wl h intelligent and well-con ! Indiar policy was attacked not " yisy company of traders who had a v |! interest in corruption, but by ff on the one hand, and by well- L ntimental philanthropists on } the \ll of these foes he faced undis I md did not allow clamor or vituper ' » swerve him from what he consid 1 tl traight path of duty. He put an ! the windling of Indians by agents who re appointed to protect them, and fou yea gave the wards of the na- i better tart towards civilization ha they had ever had before In other " t he displayed the same capa f pract il busine RR rning to private life when his term ! had expired, and making his home ~ York, Schurz became one of the f the Kvening Post, when that jour nal et ged ownership in July, 1881, and | the position until December 9, ! I ISsd he took a prominent part in I ndependent movement which was call- ! into being as a revolt against tenden- n the Republican party that repre- i tl intipodes of everything he stood f Hie had himself helped materially by imple and by precept to create the publ feeling which made such a move- t po ble, and he contributed no less iImination in the election of Grover Clevel 1, with whom he had, indeed, much n rhe leisure afforded him by ) , from public duties he employed wl purpose in writing his ‘Life of i y Clay which appeared in 1887, and ired him a high rank as a man of te Repeatedly chosen president of thie jational Civil Service Reform Assoc! \ } peeches and activities in that behalf were notable In the elections of | ind’ 1802 he again effectively supported ‘ land lthough in the latter year his I! not permit him to take as active 1] he had been accustomed to do it j terary effort was devoted to his biography, now in course of publica t t M Iirycee has expressed surprise at the wat of influence upon American politics of tl great German infusion, and it ts tain that no one of the refugees of ‘48 ittained anything like the distinction of Carl Schurz, or had either so conspicuous or so happy a share in repaying his debt to h adopted country As a whole, it may be sald of the Germans as of the Irish that, deceived by the name of Democracy,” they | | | | [Vol. 82, No. 2133 The Nation. at least during the years the anti-slav- cast their weight of moral agitation—against ery by contrast party since he at once saw things as they and divined the unity between the Slave Power and the despots of Old World He differed from of his in making a com- plete surrender to his new nationality, de- siring and aiming to be only a high-minded American Unlike his noble com- patriot, Friedrich Kapp, he was not tempt- ed by the conquest of German unity to re- his Fatherland. In the end, he think in English rather than in though both languages were con- were, essential the again many countrymen citizen turn to came to German, stantly on his lips. The late Profes- sor Price of Columbia—the most competent of judges—once said that Schurz’s mastery of English was the most astonishing intellectual feat that he had ever known It was not simply that this German had learned to speak English with- he had ac- The appeared to out mistake or accent, nor that varied vocabulary. that he have penetrated the very spirit of the alien him with quired a rich and amazing thing was speech Its idioms seemed native to living growths he moved His handling of Among its ease and certainty pronuncia- flexible building up of crisp tion, his phrase and and blending frequent instinctive sentence climax, made listening to him a of delight boasts of bi-lingual achievements, but they and wonder We hear relate ordinarily to the restricted speech of travel or social intercourse or diplomacy play- thunder, Schurz could in either tongue be ful or powerfully argue, soar or and do it with the facility and grace of one to the vernacular born It was, however, the moral force residing in the man that set him apart in strength. His eloquence was of the kind that is a virtue His rare intellectual gifts, his ready bonhomie, his power as an orator, might all have gone for naught had they not clothed a conscien- tious judgment and inner purpose which nothing could shake. This, after all, was the main theatre of Schurz's’ idealism He early formed noble political concep- tions, and clung to them through evil as through good report. The tasks which he had willed in hours of insight, he ful- filled through hours of gloom In the multifariousness of his talent and his experiences in public and in. private life, it was not to be expected that he should be equally surpassing. His military career was certainly less brilliant, though not less creditable, than his civilian. Asa journalist, too, he was less successful than as an orator, and, in fact, the world has seldom seen these two functions combined (in the first order) in the same person. The speaker's rhetoric is opposed to the direct- and terseness demanded of the daily for the to be observed that his preparation in ness writer press, and as a speaker it is Schurz was accustomed to elaborate weightier deliverances by The pays a careful his closet journalist has not time for this, and the penalty in an ephemeral fame It would be unjust to close this imperfect appreciation Carl Schurz’s private character, which was both degree He without a word as to pure and amiable in a singular was very companionable, very warm and kindhearted, most affectionate in his family relations; passionately fond of music; ab- solutely simple and unaffected in his man- ner, and happy to escape from the observa- | tion of the world and the exactions of so- . | . : In this particular Schurz shines | ciety to be at home with his books and en- gaged in literary pursuits. Like Lowell and like Curtis, he learned that the possession of these virtues, superadded to abundant examples of public spirit, patriotism, and self-abnegation, was no security against the most vulgar and odious aspersions on the part of his political adversaries. Yet the fullest appreciation came, too. THE ROYAL ACADEMY. LONDON, May, 1906. The Academy of late has been compli- mented on the ju@gment displayed in its elections. Men have been found worthy of admission within the Academic fold for their distinction not as good fellows, not even as billiard players, but actually as artists Among Academicians and Asso- ciates there is now a fair sprinkling of names of painters and sculptors, engravers and architects, who are doing some of the England. And yet the thing is that the Academy's summer exhibition remains what it has always been within my memory—and this means almost a quarter of a century. It shows absolutely no sign of improvement in the quality of the work, nor in the man- ner of exhibiting it. In fact, I should be say the exhibition just opened s the I have seen for years, had I been saying the same thing regularly With the number of big shows given nowadays, I know it is im- possible to fill each as full as it will hold intelligent work—there are not enough fine or intelligent artists to But that should most best work done to-day in extraordinary inclined to worst not summer after summer. with fine or even supply it. is no reason why the Academy reject, or discourage, or sky the make room for, or give prominence to, the chance Nor is there any obligation to fill the Academy as full as it can hold, especially as everywhere on the Continent, and in such London exhibitions as the International, harmonious spacing, appropriate hanging, and decorative group- ing are considered indispensable. But the Academy on, scrupulously covering every inch of its walls, piling pictures one another to the ceiling—good, bad, indifferent jumbled together anyhow, so long as they fit in and the most con- spicuous places are saved out of the chaos for the performances of Academicians and The Academy is really a monu- the obstinacy that in Britain passes for conservatism. If the Academy continues to repeat itself with such persistency, it is impossible to write of it without repetition. Again this year, as for several years past, Mr. Sargent, by sheer physical strength and downright energy, towers above the large company of timid and anwemic portrait I have seen far stronger work But then what are the other A wooden figure in costly laces sitting against evi- dently as costly a background, with no dif- texture suggested, colorless, without atmosphere—catalogued as “The Duchess of Northumberland,” by Sir Ed- Poynter; another figure that might pass for a dressmaker’s manikin, draped in rose-tinted satins, propped against a distinguished outsiders to dauber and amateur. goes above and Associates. ment to indolent painters. from him. portraits? and costlier jewels, ference of ward

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eg Cree eee May 17, 1906] stage-property magnolia tree—entered as “The Duchess of Westminster,” by Mr Frank Dicksee; the usual assortment of Herkomers, Oulesses, Solomons, and the usual royal effigies; rather insignificant examples of M. Carolus-Duran and M Blanche, who, you might fancy, are dis- heartened by finding themselves in Acade- mic company; an excellent portrait of Mr W. T. Richards by Mr. J. McLure Hamilton placed where it can offend no Academician by its excellence; a well-thought-out deco- rative arrangement of a lady in blue by Mr. George Henry; a not remarkable family group, by Mr. J. J. Shannon; a straight- forward, unaffected portrait of “The Lord Bishop of Salisbury,"’ by Sir George Reid; a sudden eruption of children on horseback and ladies in inappropriate garments, wan- dering through romantic landscapes, that would never have been painted but for the success of the late Charles Furse, who started the fashion—and I remember few others. There is, therefore, not much, it will be seen, to compete with the work of a painter like Mr. Sargent, who is no more afraid of a large canvas than he is of diligent application His most important picture, either at the Academy or at the New Gallery, is the huge presentation group of Professors Wi'- liam Welch, William S. Halstead, William Osler, and Howard A. Kelly, of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore I do not know whether the picture has been al- ready exhibited in America or whether it was designed for a special space in a spe- cial room or hall, where it may look bet- ter than in its present position at Burling- ton House. To me, it is a disappointment The subject gave Mr. Sargent something of the chance Rembrandt had with the Syndics, and Franz Hals with the Regents, and I do not think he has taken advantage of it. Nothing could be simpler than Rem- brandt’s grouping, and yet there is not one of the Syndics who does not belong to the group, is not a part of it. But I can- not help feeling that each of Mr. Sargent’s four figures would be more effective as a separate portrait. There is observation in the four heads, good, sound study of char- acter; the official robes, so much more pic- torial than plain coat and trousers, are put in with that full sweep of the brush Mr. Sargent delights in But, as so often in Mr. Sargent’s groups, the arrangement is haphazard; unity is destroyed by the way the standing figure toward the centre is enveloped, lost in atmosphere, while the head of the seated figure immediately in front so lacks this envelope that it fairly jumps at you from the canvas. It is all you see at first; it monopolizes the in- terest which, in character, the others share quite equally. Nor is the background very successful. Itisdark, vague, dingy, spacious, out of proportion to the group. When the pic- ture finally reaches Baltimore, as I sup- pose it is destined to, the whole effect may be so different that I hesitate to say more about it. It is Mr. Sargent’s most ambi- tious exhibit this year. He has also at the Academy a portrait of Lord Roberts, in which the interest is concentrated on the uniform and the count- less decorations; another, of “The Hon Mrs. Frederick Guest,” in which he has allowed himself the rare pleasure of render- ing personal beauty and feminine grace; The Nation. 4083 | a third, not very striking one way or the other. For the most sympathetic present- ment of character, you must go to the New Gallery, where, inasmall sketch of “Padre Albera’’—whoever the Padre may be Mr. Sargent reveals unusual tenderness and charm. Two or three other sketches here and one at the Academy are his record of a recent journey in the East; brilliant notes of hot, blazing sunshine, so true so suggestive, that one wishes Mr. Sar- gent would devote to landscape some of the time he gives to people who evidently do not appeal to him or interest him in the least Surely, he has arrived at the mo- ment in his career when he could permit himself this luxury Of the sort of pictures that used to be expectedof Academicians—subject pictures historic pictures, heroic pictures, allegort pictures, call them what you will-—-the exam ples are few, and of these few only one or two are above the average. One of the ex ceptions is “A Venetian Funeral by Mr Frank Brangwyn, who has just been made an Associate He is an artist of distinct individuality. He has done good work, both as illustrator and as decorator But as painter he has reached a point where, if he does not take care, he may fall a victim to his mannerisms—to his convention—as have already so many of the Glasgow school He can no longer see nature ex- cept through the formula he has invented for himself. That “A Venetian Funeral” is a most picturesque motive, any one who has been to Venice knows Mr. Brang wyn, however, has made of it only an ex- cuse for the mosaic of paint he now pro duces with every picture The boat in the foreground, the men in it bearing unlit candles, the flowers at their feet—all in shadow not quite accounted for—the fig- ures in the distant boats that fill the hot background, are so many tessera in this mosait It takes several minutes to un- tangle, to puzzle out the design. It is the same with his “‘Wine Shop” at the New Gallery, in which there is nothing in the treatment to distinguish the figures from the objects of still life that surround them It is the same, I might say, with his big etching of “‘Santa Maria della Salute," a confusion of shipping in the foreground that no amount of study has so far made clear to me However, Mr. Brangwyn has an individual way of using his eyes; he may still triumph over his formula, and there is no other large subject-picture at the Academy to be mentioned with his, ex- cept, perhaps, Mr. Abbey's “‘Columbus in the New World.” I say this, though I cannot deny to my- self that, if it were not for Mr. Abbey's name in the catalogue, | probably should have turned from the picture with no de- sire to come back to it, so hot and garish is it in color, so discordant in design He has chosen the moment of landing, and Co lumbus (presumably) kneels in the fore- ground, where it is some little while before you discover him, so dazzled are your eyes by the flight of violently pink flamingoes, orherons, for I am not ornithologist enough to know just what, across the staring blue sky, and by the banners his followers hold aloft, and by the elaborate vestments in which the priests who wear them are quite lost Nothing really explains itself, but least of all the birds, by whose aston- ished flight—that is not a flight at all, for there is no movement-——M Abbey probably meant to symbolize the newness of the New World to man, though the symbol in pain resolves itself into no more than an un pleasant experiment in col and decora tion By giving this pictu the principal centre in the principal gallery—the ent that used to be wo ipied by Leigl n Academicians, no doubt have wished ) express their appreciation of M Abbey Like Mr. Sargent he comes by his tr nence without much trouble Who there to dispute it with him’? No one but 8 Alma-Tadema, with the old marble seat and the old figures in the old classic drapert against the old background; or M Wa house, with his more substantial vers Burne-Jones's maidens, this year bearing water-jJars and called The Danaicde the various younger men who are s iz cling by Academic means or by imitation of Mr. Abbey himself for Academic reco, nition The landscapes compel the ame repet tion as the portraits in an attempt write about them Those that have distin tion or merit come from the same men who have contributed the only landscape of importance for some years past Aga as so often before, one passe the perfu tory Academic machine he phe graph record that a good photograph could beat all to pieces, to come with delight, witt sense of life and freshness and charm, to a little canvas by Mr. George Clausen, in which the sunshine really fall pal green light through an open door into the deep shadows of the barn, or where one looks, with the laborer at rest, across mil and miles of low rolling country lying in sunshine and shadow, or where one ee the morning open in golden brilliance over all the white, frost-laden countryside rhe problem of light and air absorbs Mr. Clau sen, and the beauty of the simple pasto or agricultural landscap: He is not on cerned with the dignity o gedy of lat as Millet—in a way his master—wa for him, the peasant is but a part of the ture, no more important than the tres the hayricks, or the clouds sweep ne the heavens above, or the barn low eave ind dim corners And every year, it seems to me, he comes nearer the successful solv of this problem. I remember, not so long since, when his haymakers or reaper tood out in strong relief against the lands: distinct and separate from it; now, they take their place in it, belong to it. ars separable from it, entirely contained within the atmospheric envelope And I know of no painter in England to-day who can e so well the feeling and beauty of great space, its re pose ana impre ASiveness His three landscapes are small and sim ple, but no others in the collection can be compared with them Mr. La Thangue whose bold uncompromising studies of sunlight have usually, by sheer brutality f realism, compelled one to look at them sxems unable to carry this realiem fur her except by forcing effects already fo ed further, in their strict adherence to na ture, than art can justify One of hi pictures, “Carting Bracken shows ich zeal for the least important facts that you would think any minute the woman b« hind the heavily-laden cart and the boy in front must push and pull it right out of the picture. Like Mr. Brangwyn, Mz a ye ge ite : nr ree ne poe ety tal oe mm ee ee Cee eS eg om etm oe teas Wicdlinemen. «hoa ee ian heel

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404. La Thangue is letting his mannerisms get Here and there, a broad, the better of him quiet sweep of brown common by Mr Aumonier, or a little Yorkshire moorland village in its sombre setting by Mr. James Het or a delicate impression of ““Wash- ng Day" in the open air by Mr. Edward tott, another of the new Associates, may itch the eye and bring it an interval of rest and pleasure in the midst of the icres of discord and restlessness. But there Mr. East con- composition note of the of painters nothing of great nues his pursuit thought so con- generations necessary in a landscape, grateful, even if in the pursuit seem earlier and one tinues to be Oo many no less essential qualities him There is a the Thaulow, who is another art- too close cul- characteristic Copen- to elude rendering of royal palace at izen by M howevel! threatened by vation and the In tl Black-and-White two A engravers, 1 Mr. Short, the Brangwyn with his big plate of the the unpardon- formula. neither Mr. Strang presence of Mr Salute, same Room, of one ociate nor ean do more than emphasize general mediocrity after the interesting and splendid a collection filling a large the Academy small room Architectural and dulness It is able International has proved how drawings that one of prints and made, ucceed in filling work In the is attracted to one or two Lon- gallery can be cannot with good attention for the County Room “improvement” of Councillors and building Victoria Memorials scheme don that speculators and Queen “improving” different out of existence; brand-new When the sym- rapidly an entirely and Lon- from the ruins don rising metry of Regent Quadrant was deliberate- ly sacrificed for the sake of still another huge hotel, an outery was heard from cer- tain quarters, because the Quadrant is one of the few streets in London with any pretension to architectural dignity and design Recently, it was explained that no great harm would be done because Mr orman Shaw was to provide the plans for facade of the hotel, and were to be the Regent Street the old lines—or rather curves wlhered to Mr Shaw's elevations and lrawings are now exhibited, and they pro- vide not merely for the hotel fagade, but for the entire Quadrant, which, as far as I can find out, there is no immediate idea of pulling down In the drawing, Mr. haw new treet seems a little heavy, a little severe, and in any case it will not be the Quadrant in harmony with the period whose name it bears Another plan ta for a County Council Hall built on i bridge across the river. Aas I believe it decided to build this of the river be has been definitely Hiall on the Hungerford and Westminster ean afford to look at the new future of the London, beauty southern side one no fear for the through pictorial with river, which, aa it flows is without a rival in ite Little need be sald There is nothing even tin about the sculpture the way of sen sation, like Mr. Thomas's “Lycidas” at the New Gallery last year In the dispiriting row of busts, In bronze and marble. Mr Gilbert's Francis Petrus Paulus, pictor’’ has the distinetion of life and vigor and There is life, too, in his sketch proposed war memorial that George and the Dragon, character model for a has as subject “St [Vol. 82, No. 2133 Victory Leading’; too much life really, for, while the small model, with its amusing use of color, is delightful, you feel that the swirls of the saint’s ribbon-like drapery and the long lines made by the widespread wings of Victory and the dragon would, when carried out on a large scale, become unbearably restless in effect and confused in outline. Beyond these things, however, I recall no sculptures of sufficient im- portance for mention. Mr. Swan has a small group of “Polar Bears,” in which so much is left to suggestion that you have to examine it very minutely before you make out anything save the lapis-lazull base, an inchoate lump of silver, and a square of Sir William Richmond sends the model for his monument to Mr. and Mrs. Gladstone, to be placed in Hawarden Church; it makes wonder what Mr. Gladstone ever did to deserve a memorial that, in the model at looks like a modern travesty of the beautiful old tombs whereon husband and wife lie side by side. If I have not written of the New Gallery, except to refer to one or two pictures, it is because the exhibition there has become crystal above. one least, more than ever the merest annex to the Royal Acadmy. Burne-Jones has gone, only one or two of his followers linger. No spe- cial school, no special movement, no special There does not seem such an exhibition N. N. artist, is represented. any good reason why should be held. AUSTRALIAN LAND SCANDALS. SYDNEY, April 9, 1906. A people, like a family, ought to wash Its dirty linen indoors, as the Catholic Church invariably does; and if the scan- dals that have lately made the Lands Office of New South Wales a hissing and a re- proach throughout the Empire had been only scandals, no word should be written about them here. The actors and the parts they played in this particular phase of the human comedy were all alike too Lilli- putian to be worthy of description, or even of censure; but they have a far-reaching significance. It was not only a State de- partment that was on its trial before the royal commissioner appointed to investi- gate them: it was the ethics of State ac- tion in such a sphere and the possibility equitable administration of public lands that were in question. More than thirty years ago, on the way to & racquet court in the north of London, the writer took the liberty of asking Her- bert Spencer whether he still adhered to the view that the land of a country should be nationalized. All of his answer that remains in memory is the word, “Eventu- ally.” The reply was enigmatical, but the impression left was that he had abandoned the strong ground taken up in ‘Social Stat- lcs." He was, at all events, already wav- ering; a few years later he had ceased to waver, In 1880 Henry George published his epoch-making book, and thus precipti- tated a development in the mind of “our that might otherwise have been delayed. The reformer founded his propaganda in good part on the memor- able chapter on “The Right to the Use of the Earth,” and claimed the English phil- osopher as his ally. Spencer could refuse the challenge only by accepting the afmili- ation, and he went out of his way to de- of an great philosopher” nounce the reasoning in ‘Progress and Pov- erty’ as “a tissue of sophistry and contra- dictions.” George was as painfully aston- ished as the advocates of female suffrage to whom, in 1870 or 1871, Spencer refused leave to issue as a pamphlet the chapter from the same early work on “The Rights of Women.” The female-suffragists main- tained a dignified silence when they might have branded his apostasy, but “ Henry George was too much of an enthusiast to lie down under an authoritative disavowal that was also a formidable attack. His ‘Perplexed Philosopher’ left a wound that long rankled in Spencer’s mind, and it gave rise to the only embittered chapter in his bulky ‘Autobiography.’ George’s insinu- ation that he recanted his belief in the nationalization of the land from interested motives—barbed with a classical quotation from Browning that was still more ludic- rously inapplicable to Spencer than it had been to Wordsworth—was as pointless as the accusation of mercenariness made against him by the Positivist chief in Eng- land, as it had previously (and far more gently) been made by Renan against Strauss. From Diogenes and Stilpo on- wards, philosophers have an honorable record for their political independence, and Spencer stands high in the category of those who have renounced nearly all the things that most men prize. The explana- tion of his change of opinion is simplicity itself. His own deepest convictions, rein- forced by all that he had known of the working of political institutions, led him to conclude that the land of a country could not be acquired and administered by the State without chronic inefficiency and ruinous loss. He would have rejoiced to find his belief confirmed by the ugliest ex- posure of any public department that has been made in Australia. The Victorian railways department and the New South Wales lands department have long been promenaded in books on Australia as notorious examples of govern- mental corruption. A day of reckoning came for the Victorian railways three or four years ago with the advent of the re- form ministry that swept them clean. A day of reckoning has now come for the Lands Office of New South Wales. It came by a kind of accident. A suit brought by some graziers (the term that has super- seded “squatter” as a name for pastoral- ists who depasture large flocks of sheep on Crown or other lands) to recover a sum of money paid by them to land agents who undertook, and failed, to negotiate an al- teration in the terms on which certain lands were leased by them from the Crown, opened a glimpse of a possible Inferno be- neath the smooth surface of the Lands Office that sent a shudder through the com- munity. Another transaction, of a different sort, contributed the additional dynamite needed to blow up the department. The new Minister for Lands, pursuing the pol- icy initiated by New Zealand of providing lands for settlers by buying back the large estates owned for the most part by com- panies, and breaking them up into moder- ate-sized farms, purchased a tract known as the Myall Creek Estate. An ex-Premier at once denounced the purchase as having been made on extravagant terms. Uneast- ness spread, and the public grew clamorous for an inquiry. A sanguine interviewer bearded the Minister for Lands and asked

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May 17, 1906] him if a royal commission would be ap- pointed to inquire into the purchase and into the other questionable transactions

The Nation. 405 | charge of bribery, but it is admitted that | the vulgarest of all—hard cash; for he that had come to light. Aping the manners of Crispi, who coldly told a pressman that the Italian Government did not desire the support of the press, the Minister replied that he was unaware of anything in the Lands Office that needed to be inquired into ' the amount paid was excessive, and it was proved that a well-known political land agent received £6,000 from the owners for negotiating the purchase on terms favor- | able to them Had the transaction been We are reminded of Mr. Hammond, once | Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office, who informed Lord Granville, when that nobleman became Foreign Minister, that in his long experience he had never known the political horizon of Europe to be so unclouded. A few months later the dream of the official optimist was rudely shattered by the cannon thunder of the Franco-German war; and the very next day our colonial Doctor Pangloss was promptly brought to his senses. In the morning an influential journal published a_ trenchant article imperiously calling for the issue of a royal commission. That very day the Cabinet met, and, in a manner unprece- dented in the history of parliamentary gov- ernment, decided, at the instance of a strong-willed Premier, to appoint a judge of the Supreme Court as a royal commis- sion to inquire into the purchase of the Myall Creek Estate and the fees paid to land agents., The decision was a triumph for the Australian press, which is mod- elled on the English press and is worthy of its exemplar. Then began the sittings of a commission that has broken the record for length, hav- ing sat for nearly a year. Next was seen the strange spectacle of men of the highest political rank being examined and cross- examined like compromised witnesses in a trial for felony. Premiers and ex-premiers, ministers and ex-ministers, legislators, under-secretaries and heads of sub- departments, land agents, landowners, and squatters followed one another in what seemed likely to prove an interminable pro- cession. The legislative rack and the judi- cial thumbscrew were copiously applied. First one and then another special statute were enacted by the Legislature to arm the commission with fresh powers. Leading counsel were engaged to extract evidence from reluctant witnesses. Officers of the in- criminated department offered to make revelations, provided they were guaranteed against injurious consequences, and a bill of indemnity was passed to protect them. The Commissioner was pressed to extend the inquiry into past years and unearth more distant scandals. Thus expanded, the inquest would have been endless. “It is in working within limits,’’ says Goethe, “that the master comes out’; and the Commis- sioner decided to confine his investigation to the previous lustrum. It yielded fruit enough—Dead Sea fruit. First, he had to ascertain what foundation there was for the accusations of corruption made in connection with the purchase of the Myall Creek Estate. It is characteris- tic of the political condition of the mother colony that the very first repurchase of pri- vate lands by the State should have sprouted a thicket of scandals. It was openly charged against the present Minister for Lands that he had received a large sum in order to purchase the estate at about £15,000 in excess of its market price. No evidence was adduced in support of the

equitable, his intervention would not have been needed. He was, in fact, bribed to de- fraud the State, which paid both the bribe and the excess of the purchase money. The well-meaning Minister may be acquitted of dishonesty; he cannot be acquitted of in capacity. The British, and sometimes the more privileged Australian, workman is made to pay for his breakages; the min- ister who lets himself be duped by a scalla wag should be asked to compensate the State for the sum it has lost through his error of judgment or his lack of perspica city A German scholar, Nasse, was perhaps the first to show that there was in Tu- dor England, in consequence vf the hu- midity’of the climate, a constant tends ney for the cultivation of the soil to revert from agriculture to pasture The climate of Australia is still drier than that of Eng- land is moist, but the tussle between pasture and agriculture is as keen as ever The pastoralist strives to keep as much land as possible under grass, and the agri- culturist struggles to bring even more of it under crop. That is the key to a large class of transactions investigated by the Commissioner. It was discovered that, a suitable inducement being offered, the Lands Office was willing to convert settlement leases of State lands into pastoral or im- provement leases. As the holder of a set- tlement lease, the farmer pays a liberal rent; as the holder of an improvement lease for twenty-eight years, the pastoral- ist is bound to improve the land to the value of 4s. 6d. per acre, while he pays a nominal rental of, at most, a few pence per acre. How low that rental may sink will appear from a single fact. Sir Sam- uel McCaughey is one of Australia’s ter- ritorial princes. Besides a lordly demesne of his own, he leases from the State an ex- tensive tract of 110,000 acres, for which he pays the truly “ridiculous sum” of £180 yearly, or a good deal less than a half- penny an acre. No wonder that settlement leaseholders were eager to undergo a change of heart and get converted into improvement leaseholders. It could not be done offhand. Machinery had to be set in motion, and ministers and under-secre- taries manipulated. There are three or four distinct factions in the Lands Office, said a high authority, and whenever one of them sets itself to do something, the other two or three combine to thwart it. The authority cited—the agent who nego- tiated the Myall Creek purchase—proved to be master of the situation. He alone could thread his way through the labyrinth of the land laws. What was his Ariadne’s clue? Knowledge of men and power of managing them. A grazier came from the country to get his lease converted. The- seus took him to the Legislature and there showed the wondering squatter how such august beings as legislators could be twirled round the finger. Another, who had long been vainly endeavoring to change his tenure, he took to the Lands Office, where he interviewed the minister, and “in five minutes” the business was settled. What instruments did he use’? Primarily, would accept no tale-telling check, and give no compromising receipts. About £60 | 000 in all was sworn to as having been paid to him and other land agenta, but those who instigated the inquiry have es timated that as much as £250,000 was thus levied by the fraternity, and public lands to the value of two millions sterling thus temporarily or permanently lost to th State So ingrained was the general be lief that nothing whatever—even things of unquestioned right—could be passed through the Lands Office otherwise than by corrupt means, that graziers, desiring an area for which there was no competition paid an agent large sums (in one cas £700) to procure a lease that could hav been got by simple application. One r« sult of these shady transactions is that large tracts of land, on which hundreds of families might have dwelt, will be massed in large pastoral holdings for many yea to come Numbers of farmers in the Stat« and in England who were desirous of leasing or buying such ftands, and of turn | ing the sheepwalks into profitable farms

have had to emigrate to Queensland, Can ada, or South Africa As day after day revelations were ma the air hurtled with missilk and dang thickened around the chief actor Baral bas fled—first to West Australia and then to Natal, on his way to London in | the distant State and the more remote col ony he was pursued by the authorities (un der indignant popular pressure, be it told) and it reveals the flimsiness of the Au tralian Federal bond on the one hand, and the non-existence of a strong Imy bond on the other, that the most persev« ing efforts have hitherto failed to bring back the robber to justice Throughou the Empire, extradition for such offences is almost proved (for the end is not yet) to be impracticable While the grand conspirator was thu eluding justice, the Judas of the department, scorned to flee. None of the transactions mentioned could have been completed w out the coéperation or the connivance of the Minister for Lands A series of con fessions made by a station agent directly incriminated the late holder of the ofc: The story, as he told it, read like a passage from a mediwval mystery or a miracle play Mephistopheles (the minister) met the new Faust (the agent) and whispered in h ear: “These land agents seem to make a lot of money; why should not you make some?” An unholy compact was silently made “IT understood him,” said Faust “and he understood me."" The terms wero those of all such arrangements Renan amused a dinner party in Paris by relating an ancient tale about a Babylonian mer chant and a dw#mon, with whom he equal ly divided his spoils till he married, when the dwmon’'s claim of 50 per cent. became shockingly unreasonable So did our two confederates go halves Many thousands of pounds were thus shared There was a lack of refinement in the relations between the pair. “I flung the money down,” said the agent, snarling: “ ‘There's some money for you!’ Mephistopheles has evidently a great deal to put up with at the hands of his clients. On the back of these admis sions the Commissioner, Mr. Justice Owen, directed that the ex-minister should be

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prosecuted He was committed by the sti- pendia ind last month he was tried be fore th Supreme Court What with the he i ‘ of the law and the subter fuge of the chief witness, the case com ly broke down, and the accused was lischarged His escape gave a profound } h » the public conscience rhere much more to be told, but we wuld never end The lantern carried by he Light of the World” in Holman Hunt's luminous painting would be wanted to ex plore the Egyptian darkness of the Lands ithe and reveal it piled-up abuses A parliamentary Hercule required to turn } Sperchelio through these stables of \ugea rhe Premier has announced that r Lands Office to be reorganized, and ' | inder permanent commissioners vho shall be emancipated from the politi il intervention and ministerial control hat have wrecked it rhe moral of the in qu that colonial public institutions it 1 with corruption exactly in pro " 7 hey are pervaded by Socialism J. C ( ‘orrespondence. rit DANGERS OF CASUISTRY I Epitor or THe NATION | have a neighbor, an Episcopal wl epeats the creed regu not accept literally the vn of the Virgin Mary.” I 1} } ly how he explained his ap i y H explanation was i follow The Eastern ' ! lly accounted for the advent ige of heroic or extraordinary paowe by eribing to him a Virgin birth ! ! | livine origin This was J vith Zoroa r and Buddha; and ! lea peated in many of the ( ) b ! The clause in the creed, refo ntended to affirm the divine f ch ind, as | heartly believe " livinity, | am constrained to re ! part ila iffirmation I should ‘ my principl if | omitted ! cighbor profession—not f he believe himself en | ! h right Dr. Crapsey tells ! nh profession I do be ! Virgin birth-——-that is to say, I believe Cl wi born pure and immacu rinally iny one of his prosecutors ) I \ for example) would affirm his ind literal icceptance of the Vir ! } in occurrence improbable to the lores contrary to all the experience kine insupported by any adequat« ! ind niradicted by the New if Not only does he accept ! full ind without reserve but hat Dr Crapsey shall accept it ! ontract and compulsion ") b i ! would say was affirmed he ¢ ' l of » : f you deny it. you ‘ 2 CT i though you may have tH es and most of the beliefs of ‘ hir " Here, then, are three different kinds of t ’ m and bellef Dr Locke and la iccept unreservedly the clause in he creed, without any mundane proofs (to put it frankly); Dr. Crapsey accepts the The Nation. | | same clause, figuratively and metaphoric- neighbor accepts it with an elab- They are of say. |} ally; my orate and ingenious implication all the Dr since it was discussed publicly at the trial, honorable gentlemen; character Crapsey, I may be permitted to is notorious among his intimates for sweet- ness, for all the Christian charity, honesty virtues and graces Observe, now, what a burden and yoke the Council of Nice imposed on the intellect and conscience of these three gentlemen the yoke of acceptance without evidence, or of acceptance, with certain subtilizings and refinements which the public might, perhaps unjustly, term casuistry What habit of mind would naturally be engen- dered and developed by such modes of rea- soning and interpretation? Suppose these in a court of equity for applying interpre- which wife gentlemen sitting the of a will, and the tation interpretation of evidence and of a of a Same canons the the fortune With to decision case in- volved man's and children what dismay would he re- gard the application of such methods! And, is the ecclesiastic | | | to come to my point, how | himset to guarantee the integrity of his reason—the sincerityof his‘‘yea and nay” | against the contagion of such mental pro- cesses? | Let me quote what a great thinker and moralist says of their danger—a plain Pa- | gan, who was not embarrassed by the | physics or the metaphysics of the Council | of Nice. Socrates, at his last hour, is cau- tioning his friends against the impropriety of inaccurate and misleading expressions against promising that they will bury him that bury his body; “‘for false words,” they will he | when they mean adds, “‘are not but they infect the only evil in themselves, soul with evil.”” This is the voice of Plato | speaking through the mask of Socrates. E. L. § “MENSUR” and “KRIEGSHERR.” To THe Eprror or THE NATION: Sir: | beg to file some exceptions to your | remarks on the German Emperor's tele- gram to the Austrian Foreign Minister | apropos of the Algeciras conference. This | telegram was written in German, and does | not contain a single word alluding to or sugesting “the duelling-ground” from which you infer a deadly combat The word used by the Emperor was “Mensur,” a technical term among German students which has quite another meaning “*Men- | sur” means a measurement of strength, all kinds of ar- synonym for a relied on the By the way, does it not and is frequently used for guments, but deadly combat Associated Press never as a Of course you look queer that, of all the news spread broadcast all over the world by the Asso- clated Press during recent years about German political affairs, more than 90 per cent. was absolute falsehood, or, to call a spade a spade, lies, made up for no oth- er purpose than to stir up distrust and hatred against Germany? A short glance | over the telegraphic news published dur- ing the last year will convince you of the correctness of my statement. Be this as it reading the telegram of Goluchowsky will which may, no German the derive Count the meaning to it Emperor from upon you base your indictment Even a verbatim translation is often [Vol. 82, No. 2133 | very inept. Take, for instance, ‘‘War- | lord.” According the Constitution of the German Empire, the Emperor commander-in-chief of all the German armies in time of war The Pres- ident of the United States commander | of the United States army in time of peace too There the Emperor is commander-in-chief of only the Prussian army and the German navy, while the monarchs their com- manding power respective armies during peace. This command in the Emperor master of the for which the Germans have proper word “Kriegsherr,” i. in time of war. Some ingenious with “‘little wit and suit him,” instead of translating word “commander-in-chief in time of war, for it the magnificent “War- If it jollies the boys they are wel- it, but to is is This is not so in Germany retain their various over makes im? war, very war armies the Cus master to fellow, ease this into ” found word lord.”’ come the silliness remains. Dr. E. SCHRADER. SPOKANE, Wasu., May 8, 1906, to A SPANISH LITERARY ENTERPRISE. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NATION: Sir: May I ask you to call the attention the “Nueva Biblioteca de Autores Espafioles,”’ which has just been inaugurated at Madrid the general editorship of Sr. Menéndez y Pelayo, the of the National Library in the Spanish capital? As the title indicates, the new series is in continuation of the “Biblioteca de Autores Espafioles,”’ suc- cessfully engineered by half a century ago. The names of the col- laborators of Menéndez y the present enterprise are in themselves a suf- ficient guarantee of the scholarship that will characterize the work as a whole, for they include R. Menéndez Pidal and A. Bonilla y San Martin of the Central University of Madria, M. Serrano y Sanz of the University of Saragossa, E. Cotarelo of your readers to under Director Rivadeneyra over Pelayo in editorial y Mori, M. Mir, Fr. Rodriguez Marin, and other well-known specialists. By a staff constituted of men like these attention will be paid to the great advance that has been made during the last fifty years in matters appertaining philology, criti- cism, and the comparative history of liter- ature, and therefore the scientific value of the “Nueva Biblioteca” will be appreciably higher than that of the Rivadeneyra series. This fact has been made patent by the ap- pearance of the first number of the new publications, namely, Volume I. of Menén- dez y Pelayo’s ‘Origenes de la Novela,’ con- taining an astonishingly full and clear account of the rise and growth of the nov- elistic fiction of Spain. A second number to has likewise been published; it is entitled ‘Autobiografias y Memorias de Espafioles de los Siglos XVI y XVII,’ and is due to the careful efforts of Serrano y Sanz. There are already in press a second vol- ume of Menéndez y Pelayo’s book, Menén- dez Pidal’s longed-for ‘Crénica general de Espafia mandada escribir por Don Alfonso el Sabio,’ Bonilla’s ‘Libros de Caballerias,’ Cotarelo’s “Teatro del Tirso Molina,’ Mir’s ‘Predicadores los siglos XVI y XVII,’ and an edition of Las Casas’s ‘Historia apologética de las Indias,’ by Se- rrano. Among the volumes announced are maestro de de ‘Cantos populares espafioles,’ ‘Obras selec-

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May 17, 1906] tas de Ramén Lull,’ Sigiienza’s ‘Historia de la orden de San Jerénimo,’ and the ‘Obras completas de D. Ramén de la Cruz.’ To all students of Spanish literature it is obvious that many lacun# are to be fill- ed up by the new collection, which, if the hopes of the editors are realized, will em- brace no fewer than seventy-one volumes Furthermore, it is to be noted that atten- tion is not restricted to Castilian authors: “As our Library,” says the prospectus, “calls itself one of Spanish Authors, it will not only comprehend Castilian authors (in- cluding in the number, of course, those born in the Spanish-American republics and the numerous Portuguese who have written no less in our language than in their own), but, in accordance with the express and reiterated desire of the two illustrious founders, D. Buenaventura Carlos Aribau and D. Manuel Rivadeneyra, there will fig- ure at the end of this national work several volumes of Catalan poets and prose writers of the Middle Ages, chronicles so admirable as those of Don Jaime I., Desclot, Mun- taner, and the one so long ascribed to Don Pedro IV., encyclopedic and doctrinal works of Ramén Lull and of Eximenis, novels such as the ‘Tirant lo Blanch,’ ana the compositions of poets like Ausias March, Jaime Roig, and Corella. These publications will be bi-lingual, for the text and the Spanish translation will be printed juxtalinearly.”’ In conclusion it may be stated that the editors contemplate including in the scheme of the “Nueva Biblioteca’’ Spanish trans- lations of Latin works written by Spaniards during the Middle Ages and during the hu- manistic period, and, with the help of com- petent Orientaliste, the works of Arabic and Hebrew authors that were actually pro- duced on the soil of Spain. For the press- work of the two volumes already issued the highest praise must be accorded to the publishers, Messrs. Bailly-Bailliére é hijos of Madrid; the quality of their paper and of their typography is a source of delight. J. D. M. Forp. Harvarp University, May 6, 1906. Yours truly, THE NOELDEKE FESTSCHRIFT. To THE EpIToR OF THE NATION: Sir: I have been asked to call the atten- tion of libraries and of scholars to the publication of the ‘Noeldeke Festschrift,’ a publication in two volumes issued in com- memoration of the seventieth birthday of the distinguished Professor Noeldeke of Strassburg, who is generally regarded as the world’s leading Semitic scholar. On the occasion of his birthday his pupils and col- leagues in all parts of the world united in paying him tribute by preparing articles of a scientific character for the ‘Festschrift.’ The two volumes contain contributions from eighty-five scholars, and it may fairly be said that the articles are commensurate with the reputations enjoyed by their au- thors. The volumes are handsomely published, with a fine portrait of Professor Noeldeke and a bibliography of the distinguished scholar. The publisher (Alfred Tépelmann, Giessen) has undertaken this work as a la- bor of love and as a tribute of respect to Professor Noeldeke. It is not a commer- cial undertaking; and even if the entire edition is sold, the publisher, I am assured, will still be out of pocket. Very truly yours, Morris JAsTROw, JR. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, May 4, 1906. The Nation. Notes. ‘A History of Seventh Day Baptists in West Virginia,’ now in course of publication by its author, Corliss Fitz Randolph of Newark, N. J., is more comprehensive than its title, as it takes account also of the churches at Woodbridgetown and Salem ville, Penn., and the Shrewsbury Church in New Jersey. The volume will be illustrat ed, and will be rich in genealogical mate rial The Oxford University Press will shortly publish ‘The King’s English,’ by living examples, with the name of a reputable authority attached to each, all “illustrating blunders that observation shows to be common.’ There will be a very full index On the 14th of December, 1909, it will be five hundred years since the University of Leipzig was organized by the secession of several thousand German students from the University of Prague are being already made to celebrate this Arrangements semi-millennium by the publication of a massive work on the history of the city and the University of Leipzig Kimmel, Hahnel, Koetzschke, and Wiist- mann will prepare the different parts re ferring to the university and city, while Professor Witkowski furnishes a general survey of the whole intellectual life of this Professors academic centre. The “Caxton” thin-paper pocket Newnes- | Scribner editions of the English classics, | externally delightful to the eye, and, with their limp covers, to the hand, are contin- ued with Byron’s Poems in three classified volumes, and Addison's Essays. Akin in appearance, but smaller, is Keble’s ‘Chris- tian Year.’ Each has its etched frontis- piece. Bunyan’'s ‘Life and Death of Mr. Bad case with much scrupulosity from the first edition, swells the excellent series of ‘‘Cam- bridge English Classics’ issued by the University (New York: Macmillan) Betwixt Classical Schools and the Stad- ium, Athens now makes a fresh appeal to English-speaking tourists, and these may like to know of a little “practical guide,” ‘Athens and the Environs,’ published by C. Eleutherodakis (New York: Lemcke & Buechner). It has numerous illustrations, which, being half-tones, exact a glossy pa- per intolerable in a guide-book, and a fold- ing map bounded by the Stadium on the south and the National Museum on the north—a divorce in space quite appropriate in our day. The text is in solid, very fine type, made less legible by being whimsical- ly printed in red ink. Per contra, the English is evidently from the hand of one to whom the language is vernacular; but the publisher advertises his bookstore (not bookstall, as one may see from the photo- graph) as the “oldest and largest bookshall in the Orient’—a sin against our idiom in at least one particular. Sigmund Krausz’s ‘Practical Automobile Dictionary’ in English, French, and Ger- man (Frederick A. Stokes Co.) meets a growing and imperative need. It is, of course, almost wholly technical, with an eye to repairs, but sergent de ville, mairie, proces-verbal, interrogation, interpréte, avocat and dommages intéréte are caution-signals against overspeeding and recklessness. The 407 appendix contains frontier regulations for foreign automobile travel, a list of United States consulates in Europe, a table f cable rates from New York, with others of weights and measures, coins, et From the press of T. W. Laurie. Londo comes a little volume entitled ‘Fishing fo Pleasure and Catching It.’ by the veteran ‘Amateur Angler,”” Mr EF. Mar " The book is quite varied in its content ing aside from the author's owr ingling experiences to extracts from the 1 im books of William J. Long. paraphrase of portions of the Song of Hiawatha and other not very intimately related subj« Mr. Marston can still tell an interesting story of a day out of doors when h but the chief appeal of this volume mu be to the readers of the series which hav: preceded it, beginning with the now rarely to be found ‘Days in Dovedale,’ which ay peared in 1884 The Spoilers,” by Rex 1} Beach (Har pers), 18 an attempted translation into fiction of the well-known Alaskan official rascalities to which the author has been applying the muck-rake in one of the magazines Concerning the rascaliti« there is no question, and the title of th book is quite appropriate ince the ap pointments under which the Alaskan ring developed and did its dirty work wer peculiarly of the spoils naturé In turning his material into the form of the novel however, the writer has won no success other than that of maintaining a high sen sational tension “Primordial passion (what a boon they have been to recent sensational novelists!) are seriously over worked, the comeliest of virtues seem al- most of choice to keep the most questior able company, relief by the narrowest of margins makes connection with dire nec sity in a proportion of case beyond all | human experience, and the capaci of the man, and The Holy War,’ reprinted in each | : P - paORY Os English language is sometimes put | straits to convey the strenuousness of the situation Bret Harte could have fashion ed two or three characteristic short stor ies of high value from parts of Mr. Beach material, but the underlying struggle over a gold-claim is bardly adequate as the ver tcbral column of a serious novel Nor was this later Alaskan corruption fundamental ly as important as the crimes and blunders which at an earlier date fell so heavily upon the native population, as described in the Atlantic a few years ago by David Starr Jordan Budgett Meakin has published, through T Fisher Unwin, an extensive compilation of information concerning model factort and villages and other attempts of intel ligent employers of labor to further their own interests and the interests of their employees at the same time by establish ing pleasant conditions of work. The great est gain in such movements Mr. Meakin rightly feels to be the restoration of pet onal touch between emyloyers and em ployed, which has been so largely sacrifiecd since the introduction of modern machi: ery and the consequent concentration o labor in large masses and generally at a distance from the residence of the employ er The practical success of these ef forts, he thinks, depends on the preserva tion of a genuine spirit of fraternalism rather than paternalism. So far as is at all possible, the management of any insti tution for the benefit of the employed must i aed ee ee ae

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408 be left in their own hands; and if the in- titution can be of their own devising, the noployer simply giving moral and finan- cial support, so much the better Mr Meakin strongly supports the tendency to move large manufacturing concerns out of crowded cities to situations where light, air, and pleasant surroundings are ble, and where the health and comfort f the laborer are of course, supported ' he possible saving in land values. The any cores of concrete illustrations cit- from Great Britain, the Continent, and especially the United States, indicate a conscience and such matters The photo- quit kening of elf peopl re rapid mmendabl interest in have been aware of supplied with but they rhere ion of the in- abundantly are too is no good f the annoying divi nto two parts That a tl 1 edition of and Dubois’s stoms and Frowde) has called ufficient proof of Hindu Manners, Cu . ‘ (il been natew yea t} ilue of tl record of by one of the personal ex- most trustworthy Mr. Beauchamp’s part has latin the manuscripts Du rinal publication of the ind co cting which the ire two Versions) of there was no oppor! the rey ed of which are extremely Tsi text except in the first revised English text was The third edition of this two volumes of ttle book of for inferior the n nto one li which compensates handine In other respects | tieal with the former editions Columbia Unt- Series” is a ‘Biblio by Mont- iry of lega rhe latest volume of the ty Indo-Iranian krit the San Drama,’ nery Schuyler, jr now secret m and co il-general of this country to have already ap the this work American will | n Journal of y rhe interest in reader the ordinary feel more intro- h of the Sanskrit Drama” of author and titles of a bibliography; these lists, dif use, make tudent to compl vill be of permanent tudent of drama in general to have at literature of given Mr. Schuy exhausted his ludes lista of have fa po ible well a subject which tne of printed works i p is edition of Schiller’s been added to the by hed, the rr , tant ! lowy ut the re in Bool the chool many al editor being Dr. BE. C professor of German Wisconsin the explanatory Univer ity of (‘o.) There are usual i of vocabulary cal and historical tn nluctio but what } f special merit is the attempt to create for the student, by bing the dress and then Bihnebild, or largely edition ich separate mt of the character talking ia the ppearing and tage picture; material being hat which made Jautsch's There ia not found in preceding American editions, stage unique also a good bibliography The Nation. Students of ornithology who have been in the Philippines or who have cast ap inquiring eye in that direction, will be in- terested to know of a new Philippine Gov- ernment publication, entitled ‘A Hand-List of the Birds of the Philippine Islands,’ by McGregor and Worcester, which is Bulle- tin No. 36, Department of the Interior, Manila. It was prepared by R. C. McGreg- Philippine Government ornithologist, and revised by Prof. Dean C. Worcester, Secretary of the Interior, who himself se- his first knowledge of the Philip- pines as an ornithological explorer in 1887- or, cured 1888 and in 1890-1893, in company with Dr. Frank S. Bourns. Worcester and Bourns’s list of Philippine birds, which was republished by the Smithsonian Insti- 1898, showed 243 genera and 596 The list is, of course, the complete to date, the work of Mr. and of volunteer workers hav- produced many it shows and 691 It is a pleasure to note at last one Amer- ican periodical in the Philippines which Is an organ of truculent jingoism or an exponent of general cheapness. The Ameri- can newspapersand weeklies of Manila have been of this sort or have had a very ephe- But the Far Eastern Re- Manila by an American and devoted to engineering, commerce, and finance in the Orient in general, is a monthly publication of solid char- The January number, for instance, leading illustrated article an description of the construaotion of the Canton-Samshui branch of the Can- ton-Hankow Railway, an enterprise which for the develop- The recent con- tution in spec ies. new most McGregor ing 284 additions; genera species. not meral existence. riew, published at more acter has as its excellent is of great importance of southern China. struction of public works in the Philippines, especially in Manila, appears to have given the occasion for the publi- cation of such a periodical, whereas other periodicals in the Philippines have mainly had their foundation in sol- dier-domination. The February number of the Review contains, besides some inter- esting news as to Philippine railway con- and illustrated material upon public improvements in Manila, a very en- lightening the already important and growing shipyards of Japan, and articles upon water-power electric plants in Mysore, India, and timber tram- ways in Madras. The Japanese, it seems, have taken the English technical terms for shipbuilding as well as on board ment large American struction contribution upon over their steamships The Virror of March reports meetings held in 10 contains Calcutta by educated hear’ the two Japanese scholars, Dr. Motoda, princli- pal of the Formosan College in Tokio, and Mr. Harada of Kobe, an editor, on “Tho Progress of Japan."" Other themes treated “The Young Men of Japan” and Orient and the Occident.” Both content to state facts; the former outlining the system of public edu- Indian of the natives of India to were “The speakers were cation in Japan, showing the emphasis laid on industrial, and professional training, and the latter portraying politi- technical, cal development since 1853. Dr. Motoda was more pragmatic, and his colleague more historical, in his review. Mr. Harada, declining to state the problem in items of logic or inference, whether a pleasure or otherwise to Orientals, dwelt [Vol. 82, No. 2133 upon results without inquiring deeply into causes. He showed that, in old Japan, popular education, individual right, and religious liberty, which are the common ideas of modern civilization, “ta say noth- ing of the manifold conveniences and im- provements of material civilization,” were unknown. Summing up statistically his country’s progress, Harada states that “the grade of a civilization may be fairly tested by the position accorded to woman.” In 1905, besides a woman’s university and over 100 high schools for girls, 18,000 wo- men were teachers in the common schools, while the occupations of clerks, physicians, editors, etc., are open to them. “As dif- ferent as a moon from a tortoise” is the Japanese way of contrasting the old and the new condition of woman. A new and interesting subject, the ancient commercial roads (Handelsstrassen) of Germany, is treated by F. Rauers of Bremen in number three of Petermann’s Mitteilungen. He throws much light on the inner history of those days, showing how, for instance, noblemen, and pil- grims were allowed free passage, but a toll was required from all others; how the building of new roads and the use of cross or by-roads was prohibited by the Govern- ment and the landowners. The rise and fall of great cities is noticed. Nuremberg reached the height of its prosperity at the close of the old and the beginning of the new period, and then Leipzig took its place. Till the Spanish conquest of the Nether- lands, first Bruges, then Antwerp, were the great world ports, to be replaced by Hamburg and Bremen. A large map in color shows the different kinds of roads in the first part of the sixteenth century; even those on which traffic was forbidden are designated. Professor Hess gives the results of numerous observations on the winter flow of glacier brooks, and Dr. Friederichsen contributes a long note up- on the additions to our knowledge of the morphology of the Tian-shan Mountains through the researches of Prof. W. M. Davis and Ellsworth Huntington. The financial committee of the Danish Folkething has accepted the proposal of the Minister for Public Defences to give the sum of 13,000 kroner towards the pro- posed Mylius Erichsen polar expedition along Northeastern Greenland. The total expense of the expedition is calculated at 260,000 kroner, half of which sum has been contributed by private persons. The ex- pedition starts from Copenhagen at the end of June, and expects to return by the fall of 1908, while taking such a route that no news from it can be expected before its return. In addition to the Danish partici- pants, a German, Dr. A. Wegener, as physicist and meteorologist, and the Rus- sian Baron von Fircke, as geologist, will accompany the expedition. From Brussels news comes that 500,000 francs has been subscribed for a Belgian expedition to the South Pole to start in 1907 and to explore the Pacific side of the Antarctic regions, returning in 1908. A preliminary congress of experienced polar investigators of all nations is to be held in Brussels in May to advise in the matter. Lord Cromer’s annual report on Egypt and the Sudan, just published, is one of the most valuable and suggestive docu- ments issued by any Government. While priests,

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May 17, 1906] The Nation. the economic condition of Egypt is highly favorable, he calls attention to the dan- ger of depending too exclusively on one crop, cotton, and recommends an increase in the cultivation of sugar and the intro- duction of cereal crops. The largest space is devoted to the question of proposed modification of the Capitulations, of which we have already spoken. Of especial interest at this time is Lord Cromer’s description of the primitive social condi- tions which prevail in the Sinaitic peninsu- la, and the means which have been taken to improve them. In treating of the Su- dan, he dwells at some length upon the great advantage which it has over Egypt in its “freedom from the complicated net- work of international institutions in which the Egyptian administration was, and to a great extent still is, entangled.”’ The great wants are labor and capital, and the im- portant question is what public works shall be undertaken. Lord Cromer contends that the construction of railways should precede that of irrigation works, and says that surveys are now being made of lines to connect Khartum with El-Obeid on the west and Kassala on the east of the Nile He recommends, besides, the building of a railway up the Blue Nile, as an essential preliminary to the construction of any large irrigation works intended to fertilize the extensive tract of country known as the Ghezireh, lying between the Blue and White Niles. The practical problems which the contact with Western civilization forces upon the pious Moslem for solution to-day are nu- merous and interesting. One of the ulemas or teachers of the University of Al-Azhar at Cairo, the leading Mohammedan univer- sity. has just published two pamphlets on the subject of phonographs and insurance, and their relations to the Sacred Law of Islam. He declares that there is nothing in Islamic doctrine to forbid Moslems to listen to the phonograph, and that, if sen- tences of the Koran are suitably intoned from the instrument, the listener may be justly considered to be performing an act of worship. Fire and life insurance, on the other hand, are condemned by the Sheikh as a gambling transaction, contrary in spirit to the teaching of the Koran. We are obliged to a correspondent who reminds us that, in our recent account of the new Imperial Library building at Tokio, we inadvertently substituted feet for metres in stating dimensions. —By insisting that extracts from con- temporary material should tell the story of his ‘Declaration of Independence’ (Dodd, Mead & Co.), Mr. John H. Hazelton has produced an elaborate work for reference rather than for reading. It may be taken as embodying the final study of the Decla- ration as a document. Every known de- tail concerning its framing, signing, and publication has been carefully gathered The author has resorted to the originals of the letters, diaries, drafts, and memo- randa wherever found, and depended up- on printed sources only where the original manuscript could not be located. The amount of labor put into the compilation and collation of authorities is notable, and the results seem sometimes hardly worth the trouble involved. The text of seven forms or versiong of the Declara- tion are collated, and the wealth of notes explain every shade of difference among them, every incident connected with the attendance and opinions of the members of the Continental Congress The eleven facsimile reproductions are well chosen and are of real value With a lawyer's training Mr. Hazelton examines the con- tradictions of those who sought to de scribe the events before and after the Declaration, and it is not strange that the credibility of some should be challenged Even Jefferson, as much interested as any man could be in giving a true relation does not stand the test: while McKean and others, writing as they did long after the event, are shown to be weak authorities in matters in which they had taken an Certainly, Mr. Hazelton has produced an encyclopedic work on this one active part State paper —__— } —Unfortunately, his methods have serious defects It is not enough to string to gether a large number of extracts from centemporary documents. Unless they are well digested, only a partial picture, con- fused by over detail, can be gained For example, the debates in Parliament after the Declaration reached England are sum- marized by extracts; but the effect pro duced on the Continent of Europe is dis missed in a few sentences from Bancroft Nor does Mr. Hazelton weigh his authori ties. The rhetorical phrases put in the mouth of Henry by Wirt are quite as im portant to him as the known writings of Washington or Jefferson An anonymous communication to a newspaper receives as great consideration as a contemporary of ficial document No attempt is made to estimate the numbers in each colony in favor of independence, and the Loyalist side of the question receives scant notice In the great mass of quotation the reade1 finds it difficult to retain the thread of th« story, and indeed must find that thread by his own efforts, for the system of notes and cross-references (which, with the ap- pendix, comprise one-half of this bulky volume) is as original as it is confusing It is almost impossible to refer from the notes of one chapter to those of another and the great repetition of like refer- ences could easily have been avoided Clearness would have been gained by giv ing one class of notes with the text of the chapter, relegating to the appendix special quotations or discussions Notwithstand ing the author’s care, misprints may be found, and curiously careless references to printed books. Yet, in spite of its draw backs, the volume cannot but be highly useful to the student of sources The publishers have done their part well —William Morris once declared to a friend that Mary Stuart was the greatest bore in history, and expressed wonder at the interest taken by Swinburne in such a theme. Carlyle had the same opinion about “Junius,” and doubtless all of us are plung- ed into a state of profound ennui by the mention of some too famous name. Certain it is that a careful analysis of the histori- cal periodicals which deal with general suh- jects rather than particular periods or novements, will show more articles to the credit of Mary Stuart than to the credit or debit of any other personage. This state- ment, which we make after giving special 409 attention to the matter, is here called forth by Mr. T. F. Henderson's ‘Mary Queen of Scots, her Environm« tand Tragedy’ (Scrib ners). The object of the work—and an ol ject pursued through two volumes s to deal “in a somewhat detailed and critical fashion with the main episodes of her ca reer.” This does not mean that the book becomes a series of technical studies rather than a genuine biography. It i sketch of the Queen's life first, and a co entary upon the moot points of Marian litera in the second place only Mr. Hendersor prides himself upon his freedom from e« clesiastical prepossessions, and writes nei ther to praise nor blame How complete is his detachment from theological part! sanship the narrative of Mary's execution “Perfectly faithful to her supposed religious convictions and ambitions she had proves not been; but, whatever the nature of th« value she set on the form of religion with which her life had been so peculiarly asso ciated, she had had sufficient cause to be now, at the end of it, an enemy to Protest antism. . . She must on the whole be ranked amongst the countk that throughout the ages have been immo = lated on the devouring altar o intolerance. But the causes that determined her immolation were complex and mani fold.”” With regard to the details of Darn ley’s murder, Mr. Henderson is not 4 posed to differ from the results arrived at by Mr. Lang, and in the Queen's fatal pa sion for Bothwell he sees the cause of her willingness to take any and every risk From a controversial standpoint (and there remains little but controversy in the lif of Mary Stuart), the most entertaining part of this work is its criticism, in a long appendix, of Mr. Lang's theory regard the Casket Letters With great skill and every show of candor, Mr. Lang has at gued against the authenticity of the letters Mr. Henderson, with full recognition of ti cleverness displayed, regards the thesis of forgery to be impossible from beginning to end His arguments, covering thirty-five pages, we are unable to rehearse. Like the literature of the Gunpowder Plot and thy Popish Plot, the dialectics of this mystery proceed from a body of evidence which | not only conflicting, but vitiated by the spirit of special pleading The chief thing for the reader of the present biography is that Mr. Henderson, while viewing the let ters as genuine, is still able to admire the more heroic elements in the Queen's char acter. His book not only claims to be free from prepossessions, but succeeds much better than most works on Mary Stuart in preserving the mood of objectivity. The il lustrations are numerous and excellent The discussion of the plan for the Union Catalogue continues in the Zen tralhblatt fiir Bibliothekaweaen, the Febru ary number containing not less than three contributions on the subject ye. C. FF Berghoeffer outlines a plan for the organ ization of the undertaking, involving a comparison of the Berlin title-entries’ by four of the largest libraries, Strassburg Leipzig, Munich, and Géttingen, before the entries are printed for distribution In proof among the rest; further, the printing of both cafd and book catalogues, and the preparation of a classed catalogue in book form. Prof. U. Bess points out that a com- Page oe 3 SFI OOS 4

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The Nation. [Vol. 82, No. 2133 plete list of all the books in the coéperat- librar is not needed; that the Union Catalogue is an undertaking in the interest holarship, and that consequently some itions must be put on the work Dr irticle in the March number, on } ppropriation for cataloguing purposes German librarle is not directly con- i with the present discussion, though he on points related to it, in show- that the appropriations for cataloguing libraris ire entirely inadequate It he April number Dr. O. Glausing pre- : n adve criticism of the whole in h he regards as injurious to the luality of the everal libraries, and tins » destroy the interest of library i heir nstitutions Incident- he i h what he regards as a tend th mportance of tech } ‘ t of holarship, and de- | or nuane of the gather | il n connection with the | n Dr. Schwenke, in a short poll out that one of the rea ! Wil that o many librarians ilist n other branches of learn- } philology ind felt more or less " ‘ here ind the opposing tend he library world to-day are, he } iy not characterized by the term ht ‘ holarship, but by that of | t! me number Dr. A. Keysser ’ in addition to the Union { verre a Guide to German Libraries ! p 1 howing, together with other f formation about the libraries, " location of the many collec- f belonging to monasteries, t | ‘ other Institutions is well | ial collecto ind cholars w) } ourse of me have been ab ! lit Information as of these may be found in Schwen lide ! h der Deutschen Bibliothe- ! ! naller collection are not there, and the book is now n years old. ‘The proposed Guide ll of the literary specialties librari » that students ! hoose the one most likely o them in their investigations ] vould, | Ie erve the libraries them illizing © to speak, their ition i? Keysser's h 1 leering in this coun jurteen yen nee Messrs \\ f I e and ©. K. Bolton published ! on Special Collections in [it rie We understand that ! i f thi work |i among the ! mtemplated by the Biblio pl ‘ of America rhe Amer j i m appointed ome i mmittee to prepare a ‘Hand ! } \rne n Librart and at the M nel meeting of the Association in ! t reported that the Hand 1 ft ! nited by the end of that ' following yea it the Nia ira I j ne the ommittee was ad hares | if t owt request without ha os hed anything GREENE'S PLAYS The Playa and Reabert edited, with Introductions and Notes, by J. Churton Collins, Litt.D. 2 vols. Ox- Poema of (irene | ford: Clarendon Press; New York: H. Frowde 1905 The Delegates of the Clarendon Press were late in realizing their responsibilities with regard to the Modern English classics, their efforts in this direction for many years being limited almost entirely to the They have evidently begun now in earnest, how- publication of select school editions ever, to make good past deficiencies, and in no department of literature are their la- bors likely to be crowned with more cor- dial blessings than in that of our old dra- matists The admirable editions of Kyd and Lyly which they have lately presented to the world are among the most highly prized volumes that have been added of re- cent years to the shelves of students of English literature, and the new edition of the ‘Plays and Poems of Robert Greene,’ under the, editorship of Mr. Churton Col- lins, will worthily find a place by the side of these achievements. It is true that Mr. Collins, in the preparation of it, has not | come upon any new material relating to the life of his author of such startling in- terest as that which rewarded the research of Mr. Boas in the case of Kyd. Nor was magnitude as that which Mr. Bond has performed with such credit to himself in his edition of Lyly. On the other hand, he does not yield to either of these editors in mastery of his subject, in the care which he has bestowed on his text (of the plays, at least), or in the value of his critical apparatus. This last fea- ture of the edition, in fulness and accu- racy, is, as it should be, up to the level which has long been required in the case of the Greek and Latin classics, and, we might add also, in the case of writers of his task one of such The notes especial- If we now the mediwval period ly are replete with learning. proceed to criticise some of the views which Mr. Collins advances in his general and special introductions to the plays, we do not mean in so doing to disparage the excellence of this edition, which we believe will be received with grateful recognition by all students of the English drama. One of the most interesting points, we think, which Mr gard to the limits of Greene's dramatic ac- Collins makes is in re- tivity This did not begin, according to the editor before the first part of 1591, and, lasting until his death in the follow- ing year, covered not quite two years. If which differs from that of all previous writers on the subject—is cor- rect, it may be accepted as practically certain that we possess the whole (unas- this view dramatic production of Greene— “Orlando Furioso,” sisted) namely, “Alphonsus, ‘Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay,” and The Seottish History of James the Fourth.” Of the two remaining plays included in this edition, com- Looking-Glass for London and England” in collaboration with Thomas Lodge, and the authorship of “The Pinner of Wakefield” is doubtful Our editor just- iv rejects “Selimus” entirely from the canon of Greene's works, and the plays which Shakspere recast under the name of The Second and Third Parts of Henry VI.” he very naturally does not reproduce, al- though inclined to believe that Greene had a hand in them Mr. Collins infers the Greene posed —-_ above limits of date for Greene's activity as a dramatist from the silence on this sub- ject of the autbor—usually communicative enough in everything that related to him- self—and also of his friend Nash down to 1591. We are perhaps not at liberty to draw inferences about Greene's life from his romances, although they are so large- ly autobiographical, else we might point out that the hero of ‘Francesco's Fortunes’ (1590), being in circumstances like those of Greene, ashamed to face his wife, re- mained in London and supported himself by writing plays. In any event, however, there are passages in pamphlets of both Greene and Nash of later date than 1591 which, as it seems to us, point to a differ- ent conclusion in regard to this matter. For instance, take the posthumous ‘Repentance,’ says: “After I had continued some short time and driven myself out of credit with sundry of my friends, I became an author of plays and a penner of love pamphlets, so that I soon grew famous in that quality that who for that trade grown so ordinary about London as Robin Greene?’ This passage, from its context, would seem to refer to a time shortly after Greene’s leav- ing the University for good. Still further, in view of Nash's statement in his ‘Strange News’ concerning Greene, that “he was the chiefe agent for the companie, for he writ more than four other,’ {t Is hard to con- ceive that his production was limited to something less than the last two years of his life and the five plays we possess. In- deed, when citing this last passage, a doubt evidently comes over Mr. Collins himself in regard to the tenability of the opinion which he has asserted with so much em- phasis elsewhere, and he makes the con- “it is possible that his dra- passage in the where Greene cession that matic activity extended over at least four years.” There is another matter of more im- portance than the above, involving, among other things, a question of date also, in which we find ourselves taking issue with Mr. Collins—the question, we mean, of the supposed influence of Greene on Shakspere. “It seems to me, _ indeed,” says Mr. Collins in winding up his com- ments on this subject, “that Shakspere owes as much in romantic comedy to Greene as he owed to Marlowe in history and tragedy.”” Now, even Marlowe’s in- fluence on Shakspere, unmistakable as it is, has been, in our opinion, often great- ly exaggerated, except in those matters where the example of the earlier writer determined the development of the Eliza- bethan drama generally. But what speci- fic instance of the influence of plays writ- ten by Greene on plays written by Shak- spere can be cited that will at all corre- spond to the influence of “Edward II.” on “Richard II,” or of the method of characterization in “‘Tamburlaine” on that in “Richard I11."? Mr pecialiy the similarity in versification and diction between Greene's “‘medleys”’ and the earlier comedies of Shakspere. The question of diction is too elusive and sub- jective a matter to count for much here— at least as long as no detailed investiga- tion of the problem has been made. We confess that, for our own part, we have not been etruck with this similarity; and surely the resemblance in versification does not extend beyond peculiarities which are common to all blank verse in the ear- lier Elizabethan drama—namely, monot- ony of structure and the tendency to make Collins notes es- S tetenetiamen ei

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May 17, 1906] logical and rhythmical pauses coincide. Mr. Collins says still further on this sub- ject: “We comedies and we are in the world of Shakspere; we are with the sisters of Olivia and Imogen, with the brethren of Touchstone and Florizel, in the homes of Phoebe and Perdita. We breathe the atmosphere, we listen to the same language.’’ And in the para- graph that follows: “It who first brought into with poetry, into with romance. He took it out into the woods and the fields and gave it all the charm of the idyll; he filled it with incident and adventure, and gave it all the interest of the Novel.” Now, there is an undeniable freshness and charm about the scenes in the best of Greene's plays which is well ex- pressed in the words of Mr. Collins last quoted, but is the atmosphere of “As You Like It” or “‘Winter’s Tale,’’ of the plays referred to above, really due in any open Greene's same was Greene comedy contact contact country two measure, however remote, to the influ- ence of Greene’s dramas? Is it not rather the natural result of Shakspere’s magic genius working on the pastoral material which he found embodied in Lodge’s ‘‘Ros- alynde” and Greene's “‘Pandosto’’? In making up our judgment on this ques- tion of Greene’s relation to Shakspere, it is necessary, besides, to matter of dates. There are only two of Greene's (extant) plays—namely, ‘Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay” and “The Scot- tish History of James the Fourth’’—which it is possible to conceive of as influencing the earlier of these two is assigned by Mr. Col- lins himself to the “end of 1591, or the be- ginning of 1592." But by this time Shak- spere had certainly produced ‘Love's La- bor’s Lost” (to say nothing of “The Com- edy of Errors’), and it tion whether he had not already composed also “The Two Gentlemen of Verona.”” The fact that Greene’s dramas are more archaic and cruder in workmanship does not prove anytbing, for under any supposition, where the dates run so close together as in the case of the two sets of plays we are here discussing, this must have been due prac- tically altogether to in genius, and accordingly Shakspere's su- perior constructive crived to the improvement which naturally comes with time in the development of any literary genre. To be sure, these plays of Shakspere’s are not exactly in the style of “As You Like It” or “Winter's Tale,”” but we may safely say that all that was necessary for the birth of comedy, as illustrated by these last-named plays, was for the author of ‘Love's La- bor’s Lost” to light on the Elizabethan pastoral romances, and it is not at all necessary to call in a theory of extraneous influence. pay heed to the Shakspere’s romantic comedies. Now is an open ques- jreene’s inferiority power cannot be as- early romantic As far as the charm of country life is concerned, the germs of that are surely not absent from “Love's Labor's Lost,” to say nothing of ‘The Two Gentle- men of Verona,’ and we should not forget besides that, long before this, in all prob- ability, Shakspere had already his “Venus and Adonis.” In conclusion, on this subject of the relations of Greene and Shakspere, is it not too much to say that the “Midsummer Night's Dream” “only gave more articulate expression to what found stammering and partial expres- composed sion in the interlude Scottish History of The idea of introducing play was not Greene, but portions’ of “The Fourth’? this from Lord Ber- ners’s ‘Huon of Bordeaux’ (or possibly some James the Oberon into improbably derived surely it is rather early dramatization of that romance) which gave Shakspere the main conception of his character of the (unlike beneficent fairy-king, who Oberon in Greene's drama), as a deus ex machina, takes as active a part in the troubles of the “human mortals” as the corresponding character in the Old French romance It is in a work issued under the auspices of the Oxford the these perhaps too much to expect that University of spelling of the should be however original editions of plays feel spellings as modernized We cannot but that the retention § of “heel” for “he'll,”’ ot simply to such shoes" for examples at shows” choose random are likely to detract from the pleasure of the reader without serving any good pur pose, Save, perhaps, in the case of an oc- casional student of Elizabethan pronun- ciation and orthography We believe that there are few students of literature (as distinguished from pronunciation) who will not congratulate themselves that the gen eral editor of the Variorum Beaumont and Fletcher, now boldly to appearing, has had the cour age modernize the text in this matter of spelling. Quite as objectionable it seems to us, is the of the which Mr here, to reproduce typographical peculiari- and general tendency times, Collins follows ties of sixteenth seventeenth-century texts in editing works of these periods We refer particularly to the italicization of proper names Mr. Collins, for in stance, reproduces the name of the River Volga just as he finds it in the original quarto, not only italicized, but with a small initial letter. Of the last point we may even remark that it is most likely merely a printer’s error (in the full of ask, should quarto) In a world irreverence, why, we may printer's errors be re- garded as especially sacred? In conclusion, we would call attention to an interesting feature of Mr. Collins's edi- tion of Greene's plays—namely, a more Alleyn MS (now at Dulwich College) of Greene's “Or- accurate reproduction of the hitherto been (which than has This manuscript lando Furioso’ printed. is frag- mentary in its present ly the very copy from Alleyn, who took the in the play, learned his part the purpose for which it was intended, the manuscript simply the which the actor was to deliver in the char- state) is evident- which the famous actor leading réle Owing to contains speeches acter of Orlando, together with the cues to As Mr merely the we have belonging to so early of the Elizabethan drama, but, compare it with the of the Quarto, we see either how greatly the stage these speeches Collins remarks, this is ‘‘not only important manuscript a period when we text copies were altered when a play was print- ed, or how greatly the printed copies must from the therefore, have varied stage aud from the copies, presumably, author's manuscript 411 A FINLANDER ON REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA The Russian Revolutionary Movement Ity Konni Zilliacus rra sted by he authority and at the requ of the Au thor E. P. Dutton & Co iw Amid the flood of port: ru vol es which has poured from the world's presse during the past two year n tl rf Russia's internal politics and ondition together with their origin and future this work merits attention chiefly because it emanates from a native of Finland Finlanders have enjoyed, for many year numerous privileges and immunities above the native subjects of the Tsar, and have thriven upon them, in worldly good ind in culture, with due appreciation of their rights and advantages, until the inwise usurpation of chartered prerogatives a few years ago (now, happily, abandoned) a Precisely because of Zilliacus at whole ed them to hostility hostility Mr set forth the value, in that it that tempt ts judicially of care demonstrates the admira ble temper of the people of whom, we have a right to assume he is an average example. Far from agreeing with those re viewers (mentioned by him) who have ex pressed doubts as to his impartiality, we heartily assent to his declaration that ‘no partiality has wittingly dictated the opin ions expressed.”’ Indeed, the very calmness and cautious semi-aloofness of his man ner constitute one of the most convim ing evidences as to his personal character his attitude, and the facts He frankly “pleads guilty to partiality to the fight ers against autocrath despotism but that partiality (which the mer ox istence of the book logically presupp: ) is not allowed to exceed legitimat« bounds The difficulty is, that, afte Prof, Paul Miliukoff’s invaluable work Russi: und Its Crisis,’ the foreigner or semi-foreigner is, practically, driven from the fleld But this does not imply that Zilliacus’s ser- ious effort to state the problem and it solution possesses no value or deserves to indifferent Miliukoff upon Zilliacus and desire to learn to what be dismised with a few words Those who know not may chance degree he has succeeded in his task. First of all it that the conversion to the not effected by the recent Finland; he the tionary journal must be stated author revolutionary cause wa injustice of Rus sia toward mentions that he was one ef contributors to a revolu established in 1887, which did not enjoy a long life because it was printed in Switzerland, too far from its editorial bage in St. Petersburg It advo cated ‘“‘moderate political reform,” he says, although Vera Sassulitch and other extreme revolutionaries were also among When under Nicholas II regarded the contributors however, the cri- sis became acute and the Russian re volutionaries were in Finland as utopians of a dangerous kind,”’ the “criminals, or at best as autho prepared the present volume as a “part of the work of enlightenment” for his fellow- countrymen. It is precisely this long con coupled with of facts as far as pos ble nection with revolutionaries his remark that “no statements have been made without having been checked as to correctness by than evolut onary reference to other sources of information,’ which evoke if-

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412 prise at many points, as will presently appear Our author starts out with the assump tion that the seed of the social evolution n Russia which in our day has brought lsardom to the verge of revolution, must ; considered as having been sown by none other than Tsar Peter the Reformer, the Great. as he is styled.” That is a ! tart, regarded from the spectacular ! of view As a matter of fact, Peter ly a ntuated and vigorously acceler- the (rjevolutionary, movement initiat- l his father, who was, in turn, the helr hat 1 pect of former Tsa! just as t! rulers of other lands do their share 1 (revolution initiated by their prede- ee in a* line whereof one individual ilwas receives the credit and thanks, in many case for the whole movement, no bt because of personal attributes or i} accidents of history However, Mr Zill us makes his point clearly, that ‘‘the first revolutionary outbreak,’ at the ac- m of Nicholas I. (known as the plot of the Decembrists"), bore a direct re lation to the spirit evoked by Peter IL, and ably maintained by Catherine II., who re mained absolute autocrats, equally with the first Nicholas, despite the reforms they introduced in certain directions Under the chapters respectively designated ‘The ! f Reform,” “The Revolutionary Move- and “The Terror,” we obtain a com- pa ceount of the three periods of Alex- ler Il reign In the last-named chap t , ist observation is made which, al tl zh ! ensable, is generally omitted the reluctance of peasants iw kingmen to yield to the revolution- propaganda Incidentally, it explains j er ond on in some ections of the ir lu ge th troublous’ times, while it Iso illustrates the change which ha cor overt certain classes since the ! l in question Workmen and peasants were well alive to the fact that their existence and sur- roundings were wretched, and that thor- ough-going changes must be effected A practical programme of reform, the mean ing of which they could grasp at ones would have secured their whole-hearted upport but the vast majority of them could not go into raptures over principles 1 theork If the authorities had un- ! tood what a poor chance the propa- ta rged with so much enthusiasm but ilno th ich limited common sense, pos- lof creating a really genuine popular movement, the propagandists might have been left undisturbed to realize for them olve how little their methods were cal tlated to achieve any result. This would undoul lly have been much more judicious from the political, not to mention the hu- ma point of view.” That the revolutionaries of that epoch lid eventually attain to such realization wit onfe ed to the writer of this re view 1 Stepniak, who narrated his per- il experience among the peasants in that Ii From Stepniak, also, the writer heard the tory of how he assassinated Mesentseff, chief of the Third Section, and henee is able to correct a small detail in our author account of that notorious af- fair It took place not on the Nevsky Prospect (as here stated), but on a parallel street, the Grand Italian, at nine o'clock in the morning. The difference is portant than may appear, at first sight, to the the of the degree, precisely as the the scene for such a more im non-expert it aggravates daring assassin in a transference of [Vol. 82, No. 2133 crime from Irving Place to Broadway would constitute an aggravation in New York. For example, the extremely well-known ex-Procurator of the Holy Synod, Con- stantine Petrovitch Pobiedonostzeff, is call- ed “Paul.” The title of “Prince” is ac- corded to Constantine Aksakoff, in the same which calls his brother (rightly) plain “Ivan.” There are only three Metro- politans in Russia; yet Zilliacus appears to think there are five, divorcing the double titles of two, St. Petersburg-Novgorod and Moscow-Kolomna, and thus multiplying their possessors and increasing the size of the Holy Synod, which he professes to state accurately. A different sort of mul- tiplication and confusion arises from lack breath | of uniformity of spelling, such as Garikoff and Harikoff (Kharkoff); Gomel and Homel (both cases involving a question of pho- netics as well as of orthography); Balma- scheff, Belmatcheff, and Belmatscheff; ‘the poet, Maxim Gorki’’—Gorki being a prose writer of poetic temperament, not a poet; the statement that the Countess Stroganoff was a relative of the Imperial family. Other puzzling errors may be typographical or emanate from the author; Schian for Shisn (or Zhizn), and Mir Coschi for Mir Bozhi; Tifomiroff for Tikhomiroff; Miliu- voff for Miliukoff; Diniaburg for Dunaburg; Ulfa for Ufa; Gorevikin for Goremikin— all of well-known persons and places; dvornikos, an utterly un-Russian form, for dverniki—to which the explana- tory footnote is misleading, as these yard- porters neither are nor can be “grooms.” To twoquotations fromother authors, which Zilliacus uses without comment or objec- tion, apparently with full approval, we are indebted for a grave misrepresentation of the truth and what is, we trust, a comical misstatement. Speaking of the Stundists (who, as they originated not earlier than 1860, can hardly have been ‘“‘the most se- verely persecuted during the last two cen- of the many religious sects’’), he states, on the authority of the Christian World, that the pictures of the saints hung on Russian walls are called “God” by the people, who burn sacred oil before them. The oil is not “‘sacred”’ and the word mis- taken for “God” (bog) is bozhnitza, indicat- ing the “image-case”’ (with its contents, of course), derived from the adjective bozhiy, God, and meaning simply whose pictures are re- names turies pertaining to that the saints ferred to are connected with God sition which even enthusiastic ‘Protest- ants” would hardly deny to saints! The comical quotations deal with the habits of the Molokani, another sect. “They have no churches; a house, an open yard, or, better still, a fleld, serves the believers as slecping-places” (the italics are ours)! The enumeration of “Ukrania” (it should be “Ukraina’’), Ruthenia, and Little Russia as separate nationalities belonging to the Empire is a gross error of statement on the part of the author, strangely enough, in the same paragraph, as well as in a preceding chapter, when discussing the prohibition of the Little Russian language and the “war of the Government against the Little Russian nationality,” appears to be fully cognizant of the fact that, for all practical purposes, the three designations identical. What he is evidently ignorant that the restrictions on the Little a propo- who, are of is, Russian language (or, more properly speak- ing, dialect) were resorted to as a means of preventing political agitation along fac- tious lines, tending towards disruption dangerous to the peace of the Empire and of Europe, wherein purely literary and in- nocent poetry and prose played a remark- able part, and were accordingly placed un- der the ban as premeditatedly seditious pamphlets would have been elsewhere. In- extricably involved with this far-reaching question of the Ukraine is that of federa- tion, to which the author refers, but with- out fully comprehending its scope. A misconception of rather serious nature causes the author to state that Jews (be- cause many were engaged in smuggling), “were forbidden to live at a greater dis- tance than fifty versts from the frontier,” and were, consequently, “driven indiscrimi- nately to the town nearest to the fifty- verst limit’; Berditsheff being specifically mentioned as an instance, in connection with the terrible over-crowding thus en- tailed. The fact is, that the law prohibit- ed their residence at a distance of less than fifty versts from the frontier, as is logically apparent, even to those ignorant of the case in hand; and Berditsheff, which is 150 versts from the frontier, thus cited in con- firmation, manifestly furnishes a _ direct contradiction of the assertion in the begin- ning of the paragraph above quoted. A somewhat similar contradiction is involved in the statement of the laws, old and new, as to the baptism of Jews. “Formerly,” says the author, “the Jews had always enjoyed, so soon as they were baptised, the same civil and political rights as orthodox Russian subjects; but in the year 1890 a ukase was promulgated provid- ing that not the baptised, but only their grandchildren, descendants in the second generation, should have the full rights of citizenship. The result of baptism was merely to allow the baptised, but not his family, the right to choose his domicile in the Empire. This system of Pobiedonostseff therefore proved distinctly that he did not want to encourage the conversion of the Jews to the orthodox faith. With regard to them, the motive already suggested for the religious persecution under Alexander IIL. the attainment of homogeneity in the Em- pire by the incorporation of Dissenters with the orthodox Church, played no part.” It is refreshing to find Mr. Pobiesdo- nostzeff, the much-assailed, treated with fairness; and in a previous sentence of the paragraph the Tsar is coupled with him in a like statement. But it must be remem- bered that Alexander III. was still on the throne in 1890; so the “‘facts’’ are obviously self-contradictory. The ukase referred to, it may be said in passing, was a move in the right direction. No civil and political rights should ever have been granted as the result of “conversion” and baptism, which are naturally, under the circumstances, in the great majority of cases, merely a mat- ter of form, as is frankly admitted by all parties concerned, when not speaking of- ficially. The whole question should be re- adjusted on a radically different basis, with religion totally eliminated from considera- tion. The author would appear to have visited Russia occasionally; but he cannot have been familiar with St. Petersburg, although so near his native land, judging from his repetition of the worn-out legend that Alexander III. “lived as a prisoner in his castle at Gatchina, coming very seldom to the capital, and then always so unexpected- ly that no preparation could be made to waylay and slay him on any of his flying oretine —nerlameer tee irene eet ie ute

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May 17, 1906] visits’: and that ‘“‘during the last years of his reign, Alexander did not reside in the Winter Palace.” He never lived in the Winter Palace (because of the painful asso- ciations connected with his father’s death there), using it only for state ceremonials and court festivities, but, during his fre- quent stays in the town, resided in the | modest Anitchkoff Palace, whence he drove out daily like a private person. When in residence at Gatchina (like any private citizen of any land who is fond of the coun- try), or at Peterhoff during the hot season, his movements and trips to town were either announced beforehand in- the morn- ing papers, or could be calculated with ab- solute accuracy by every person acquainted with the Court calendar (or the Church calendar) and the most ordinary customs of the land, as the assemblage of vast throngs to greet him proved in countless instances. One of the interesting features of the book is the quotation, in full, of the letter sent to Alexander II. immediately after his accession to the throne, by the terrorists who had assassinated his father. The de- mands and predictions therein contained are worthy of attention in view of recent happenings. Zilliacus, with commendable justice, recognizes the impossibility of com- pliance with the demands, the impractica- bility and imprudence of this “ultimatum” of the executive committee issued at such an inopportune moment, and admits that it indubitably contributed to the postpone- ment by the Tsar of the definite ratification of Loris Melikoff’s liberal proposals; ap- prehension concerning the ambitions of the Grand Duke Viadimir—and of the Grand Duchess, he might have added—also and rightly playing an important part. It must be conceded that more justice is done to Alexander II.’s character and aims than is the case in most books which deal with his reign; and the author says, in discussing the condition of affairs at that epoch, con- cerning,that Emperor's biographers: ‘‘They have been unable to see that the apparently unrestricted autocratic power of the Tsar can, so far as he himself exercises it, be hardly called a power.” Alexander III.’s widow, the Dowager Empress, who has been so widely and violently attacked as a bitter reactionary, he assigns to the reform and liberal party, with accompanying facts to support his view. The picture which he presents of rural self-government is not encouraging to the concession of complete suffrage in nationa) affairs; in point of fact, it reads like a chapter from the municipal history of cer- tain great cities in the United States. The lack of proper revision may be responsible for certain irreconcilable statements, like that concerning the Dukhobortzy, whose numbers are given as four hundred thou- sand and four thousand (the latter being. nearly correct) in the same paragraph. The author is mistaken in asserting that Count L. N. Tolstoy was excommunicated because of his attacks upon the Government. The excommunication arose from the same cause which has brought about excommuni- cation from various sects in the United States within the last few years—attacks upon the tenets of the church of which he was a member, and the repeated announce- ment and propaganda of beliefs inconsist- ent with such membership, as the great writer himself was the first to recognize ‘The Nation. | and proclaim. As to the expediency of the Holy Synod’s action in that case, opinions varied very widely in Russia among the well as among official classes, and it con- Stitutes a separate problem. In summing up | as to the chances for a revolution, our au- thor admits that the masses of the people | are “only to a very slight extent revolu- tionary in politics,”’ and that the only way to interest them is by working skilfully on their chronic need and desire for more land. With the exception of occasional slips, very few in number, the translation is en- tirely adequate. BOOKS FOR MUSIC LOVERS Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians Edited by Fuller Maitland. Macmillan The Oaford History of Music. Vol. IL: Polyphonic Period, Part Il, by H. E Wooldridge. Vol.VI., The Romantic Pe- riod, by Edward Dannreuther. Oxford Clarendon Press; New York; H. Frowde A Complete History of Music. By W. J Baltzell and Others. Music Dictionary. By Louis C. Elson. Oli- ver Ditson Co. Theodore Presser The second volume of the new edition of ‘Grove’ (as musicians, for short, call the most important dictionary of music and musicians in the English language) is, like the first, a great improvement on the orig- inal issue. In that issue the year 1450 was given as the point of departure In the new version an elaborate article on Greek music calls attention to the fact that the field is now more fully covered. Japanese music receives attention, although, oddly enough, Chinese music was ignored in the preceding volume. Some of the leading ar- ticles, like Grove'’s on Handel, Pohl’s on Haydn, Parry's on Harmony and its evolu- tion, were so thoroughly admirable that little or no improvement was to be ex- pected in the new edition. An elaborate bibliography of two columns has been added to Irish music. Gymnastics is a new head, under which pianists will find a discussion of the problem of training the hands by mechanical means. In Rock- stro’s far from up-to-date article on Or- chestration, we have here a much better treatment of the subject by Corder, under Instrumentation, although this also contains statements place of questionable especially re- garding the use of trombones by Beethoven and Schubert and the ‘‘progress”’ in the art shown by a comparison of Weingartner's arrangement of Weber's “Invitation to the Waltz” with Berlioz’s. The individual in- struments are also more treated. The number of pages devoted to Liszt is doubled, and that many-sided man’s achievements are discussed with in- satisfactorily telligence and freedom from bias—an en- couraging circumstance, for England has been the last country to appreciate Liszt. | Of special value, also, is the complete class- ified list of this composer's works. “‘Li- braries and Collections of Music’’ is an im- portant new head, to which no fewer than 59 columns are devoted. Under the head of individual musicians the bibliographic references are sometimes inadequate. American books, especially, are ignored. Indeed, American composers and writers on music are not by any means 4138 |} treated as fully as one would expect in a |} work of this kind which is intended for | the American quite as much as for the most zealous adherents of the Church, as | j | English market In its five huge volumes one might hope to find at least as many , American names as are included in Baker's ‘Biographic Dictionary of Musicians’ in on« volume, or in the English ‘Who's Who. Of the leading writers on music in New York, Boston and other cities, only one is men tioned. The public may not be especially interested in the lives of critics, but it has a right to expect lists of their books, es pecially when, as happens to be the case |} in several instances, these are admitted, even abroad, to be the best on their sub jects in the English language. Astonish ment must also be expressed at the lament ably inadequate treatment of one of the greatest of all song writers, Jensen, who is disposed of in less than a column, while Léwe gets two and a half and the singer However, the shortcom- Farinelli seven! ings of the new ‘Grove’ are few compared with its many sterling qualities, not the least of which is that the longer articles are, for the most part, not only instructive, but admirably and even entertainingly writ ten, in marked contrast to the articles in Mendel's similar encyclopwdia in the Ger man language What ‘Grove’ is among musical diction aries, the ‘Oxford’ may be said to be among histories of music, so far at least as the English language is concerned It is now complete, in six volumes, two of which critically —Mr remain to be considered Wooldridge’s ‘Polyphonic Period,’ Part Ii | and Edward Dannreuther's ‘Romantic Per- fod.’ The appearance of Mr. Wooldridge’s volume is somewhat belated, as it takes us | back to the fourteenth, fifteenth, and six- teenth centuries. An unusually large part of his volume up with illustrations in musical type, which perhaps a fifth—is taken students will welcome because of the dif ficulty of access to many of the originals Particularly good are the accounts of the musica ficta, the hexachordal system and the faux bourdon. The reference in a foot note on page 85 to Jean de Muris of the fourteenth complaining in his ‘Speculum Music#’ of musicians who cre century ate “a constant cacophony,’ yet are ‘full of confidence and ready to defend their in- tervals as ‘new consonances,’"’ reminds one somewhat amusingly of Richard Strauss and his aposties in our day. Of the writers who coéperated in pro- ducing the ‘Oxford History of Music,’ the most favored Edward Pannreuther, for he had the period which is of most interest to music lovers of our undoubtedly was time—the nineteenth century, with Weber, Schumann, Verdi, Berlioz, Mendelssohn, Chopin Wag- ner, Tchaikovsky, Grieg, and other pres- ent-day idols. The author died, unfortu- could add the = final Rossini Donizetti, Liszt nately, before he touches to his manuscript; but it was com pletely written out, and little remained for the editor, Mr. W. H. Hadow, to supply but the musical examples, which here, too, are given in great abundance Mr Dannreuther treats his period on the sub- ject plan, and not the biographic. In other words, in dealing with Liszt, for instance, he does not devote a special chapter to bim, but recurs to him repeatedly, in the chaptere on Programme Music, Religious : ~~ re eee Spero ang ee ee eee SP gre re rar ee pany renee reaps cs a eure +

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414 Music, Pianoforte Music, and Solo Songs This plan has its advantages, as well as ite disadvantages, which need not be dwelt on The author treats romantic music as an offshoot of literature: “a reflex of poetry expressed in musical terms a de sire to produce musical effects suggested by natural phenomena; an art eager, sensi- tive, impulsive, which seeks its ideal of beauty through emotional expression.”” He does not dwell on the abundant germs of The Nation. cans, while growing garrulous over the romanticism in Bach and Beethoven; nor | | and carried to England by a student of the does he sufficiently acknowledge the great role played by Schubert as a leader of the romantic movement Schubert is treated in vol. v., “The Vien- nese Period,” by Mr. Hadow). But he dis- courses most eloquently and suggestively (probably because Englishmen of all ranks. By way of em- phasizing this injustice, we may as well quote what Mr. Judson has to say here about the English and their scant achieve- ments in music. He admits that English folk-music ranks favorably with the best examples of other nations; but regarding that thirteenth-century canon, “Sumer is icumen in,” of which the English are so proud, he remarks that “impartial histo- rians believe most strongly that the canon is of French origin, reset to English words Paris school.”” He declares that— “native composers have had more encour- | agement in England than usually falls to on the many innovations in operatic and | instrumental music introduced by Weber, | the pioneer who paved the way for Wagner Schumann With pro- gramme music the author has little sympa- thy, nor does he point out the fact that and made his works possible also is sympathetically treated the lot of a creative musician. Indeed, England has always been a patron of the best in music, native or foreign; and no nation has, as a whole, been more generous in appreciation; her treatment of Beet- hoven on his deathbed is a notable example of disinterested generosity. But in real, | original, creative art, England has had no Liszt's symphonic poems revolutionized | concert music almost as thoroughly as Wagner's music dramas did the opera. It is amusing, too, In these days of Strauss, Reger, and YW'Indy, to read complaints Liszt always had More satisfac- about Liszt's cacophony a reason for his discords tory is Mr. Dannreuther’s discussion of Liszt's religious music. That Wagner fares ” great past One of the American books which have not been equalled in England is Elson’s ‘Music Dictionary,’ a marvel of lucid con- densation In its 306 pages it contains not only the definition and pronunciation of such terms and signs as are used in modern music, but a brief list of com- | posers and artists, a list of popular work well at his hands need not be said. In the | otherwise excellent remarks about Chopin, it is amazing to find once more the pre- posterous assertion that that chief repre- sentative of the tempo rubato kept strict time with his left hand. Chopin was no barrel organ; Berlioz said of him he could not have kept time had he tried. More amazing still is the statement that “Schu- mann, in his Lieder and choral pieces, was the first of the Germans who troubled about correct declamation.”” Schubert was a model in this respect, even more than Schumann. One might point out other dis- in music, and an English-ftalian vocabulary of musical words and expressions. In the vocabulary we have noted one important omission, Tonality. Some of the heads, like Suite, Sonata, Symphony, Pedal, Prelude, Temperament, receive a column or more of space, and are models of compact in- formation, historic as well as explanatory. | By an accidental oversight, Schubert and putable criticisms, which the author prob- | ably would have modified on revision; but his book, on the whole, is quite worthy of the company in which it appears, and will | probably enjoy a larger sale than any of the other volumes The most useful and up-to-date history | of music in any language is Mr. Baltzell’s Although in one volume only, it has this in common with the Oxford History, in being the joint work of several writers, viz. W. J. Baltzell, H. A. Clarke, Arthur Elson, Clarence G. Hamilton, Edward Bur lingame Hill, Arthur L Bh Law, and Preston Ware Orem, who Judson, Frederic treat of the different epochs, countries, and | achools. Mr. Baltzell, who is the managing editor of the Atude, has succeeded sur- prisingly well in welding these contribu tions In a connected narrative, while avoid- ing repetition and clashes of estimates Being intended chiefly for classes, or musi- cal clubs, the chapters are followed by questions and suggestions as well as by bib- liographic references. The modern national schools of Bohemia, Scandinavia, and Rus- sia receive attention, and of the sixty chapters, three are devoted to music and musicians in the United States. Mr. Balt- zell’s volume thus serves as a sort of cor- rective of the English volumes above re ferred to, which so loftily ignore Ameri- Schumann are not mentioned under Sym- phony Not content with defining words, Mr. Elson has some sensible suggestions to make in cases where (as under Porta- mento and Rhythm) terms are used in a dubious sense. The book is printed with clear type on good paper. i Book of the Riviera By S. Baring- Gould. E. P. Dutton & Co. 1905. Winter sojourners on the Riviera are con- stantly asking for some book that will in- form them as to the history, traditions, manners, and customs of the various towns of the region they happen to be staying in. Such books as exist are chiefly confined to the French Céte d'Azur, and especially to its archeology and ancient history. There are local guides also, but the ordinary visi- tor is apt to ask for more and for less at the same time—a wider range and less spe- clalized Mr. Baring-Gould’s book is a partial attempt to meet this want; it does | not stop short at Mentone, but includes Bordigthera, San Remo, Alassio, and Savo- na; nor does it treat merely of Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans, but essays to give the more striking and picturesque episodes of all periods, including quite recent ones. Mr. Baring-Gould says nothing, however, of the coast to the east of Savona. Necessarily his book is a compilation, made up from sources more or lesa easy of access and generally good. It is written in a clear and animated style, so that it should make pleasant reading for those who ask for a lively, anecdotic summary of the story and topography of the Riviera [Vol. 82, No. 2133 Still, as the French saying goes, the pret- tiest girl in the world cannot give more than she has got, and it would be useless to look to Mr. Baring-Gould’s scraps of his- tory for anything like thoroughness, com- pleteness, or even accuracy. Let alone that his liveliness sometimes betrays him into flippancy, one soon perceives that he has not merely vulgarized his authorities— as often in the worse as in the better sense —but that he also misrepresents them on occasion. For instance, he borrows repeat- edly from M. Lenthéric’s excellent ‘La Provence Maritime,’ a book that is in the hands of every one who is seriously inter- ested in the Riviera, so that there is no difficulty in- seeing what sort of a sea- change Mr. Baring-Gould’s statements have suffered in the borrowing. One example will suffice to show, for good as well as for bad, his method. On page 119 is found the following passage containing his ver- sion of thirty pages of Lenthéric (op. cit., pp. 320-350). He is writing of Fréjus: “The ruins are many, but not beautiful; everything was built in a hurry, and badly built. The aqueduct was no sooner com- pleted than it gave way and had to be patched up. The triumphal arch on the old quays is a shabby affair. The amphithea- tre is half cut out of the natural rock. There was plenty of granite and porphyry accessible, but the builders did not trouble themselves to obtain large and solid blocks; they built of brick and small stone, with- out skill, and impatiently. The work was probably executed by corvées of laborers impressed from the country round. ... On the ancient mole is the most perfect monument of Roman times extant in Fréjus. It goes by the name of La Lantern [sic]; but it was not a lighthouse at all, but a lodge for the harbor-master, who gave di- rections with a flag to vessels how to enter the harbor and avoid the shoals.” There is just the sort of rough fidelity in this summary that might be expected from one whose memory is not exact, who had read in haste, and who aims at making his recital “‘vigorous.’" Some statements are correct, some are slightly twisted, and some are positively misleading. That relative to “La Lantern” is of the last order: while undoubtedly not a lighthouse, it was cer- tainly not a lodge, for, says Lenthéric, “l’ édifice est complétement massif’’—there is not even a staircase inside, and the use of the monument as a signal post is given only as a probable conjecture. The “flag’”’ is of Mr. Baring-Gould’s invention. The part of the book relating to the Italian Riviera is rather meagre. Ospeda- letti is mentioned only in a quotation from the ‘Adéle et Théodore’ of Mme. de Gen- lis, and beyond Savona everything is ig- nored, save for a paragraph or so about Genoa, ending with a passage so grotesque that we cannot resist the pleasure of quot- ing it: “The palaces of the Lascdris, the Gri- maldis, the Durazzos, the Della Roveres, the Dorias, are in ruins [!], but in their places rise hotels de Paris [!], de Il’'Uni- vers [!], the Metropole; and the bands of bravos entertained by the nobles are re- placed by Italian and Swiss waiters.” And this reflection inspires our author to quote: “The more we read the history of past ages, the more we observe the signs of our own times, the more do we feel our hearts filled and swelled up by a good hope for the future destinies of the human race.” Mr. Baring-Gould’s French is shaky on occasion (perhaps he thinks an accent a a at tats 5 emit AP lr. ee fe

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mp es are May 17, 1906] The Nation. 415 good thing in itself when he persists in putting one on the first syllable of René), and his Italian is positively dilapidated. The book is illustrated with very pretty photographs, and there is a good index. The Wild Flowers of Selborne, and Other Papers. By John Vaughan, M.A., Rector of Droxford and Hon. Canon of Win- chester. John Lane Co. 1906. Here we have another indication of the strong hold which the name of Selborne has upon the reading public. The title of the above volume as given on its back is simply, ‘The Wild Flowers of Selborne’; but, within, the title-page gives the whole story—‘‘and other papers.’” With one ex- ception the other papers have little to do with Selborne or with Gilbert White, the naturalist who made it celebrated. Not- withstanding this, the whole volume is very acceptable even to those who are misled by its name. Many attempts have been made to ex- plain the charm which Gilbert White's ‘Natural History of Selborne’ possesses. All are agreed that much of this charm is due to the fact that he was a true pioneer and a faithful recorder of what was to be seen when the first rough paths were made. But there must be something over and above this fact that he was the first of the English-speaking nature-students. It has seemed to us that much of the attraction may be properly ascribed to the inherent tendency which people have to get others to do their work for them. Thousands do all of their fishing while lounging by the win- ter fire or idling in the hammock, with the last edition of Walton in the hand. Wal- ton does more fishing to-day than he and Viator and Piscator together ever did in all their lives. And most of this fishing is done by those who hardly know the differ- ence between a hook and a line. Gilbert White is eyes to-day for thousands who are too lazy to keep their own eyes open in the hundred Selbornes of the Old World and the New. It is vastly easier to have Gilbert White watch the flight of a bee or a bird, and tell you what happens, than to go out from the shadow of your own arbor and see for yourself. And, moreover, you know you are in good company when you do this: you have as your fellow- naturalists many who are likewise dozing in a hammock or reading by a fire. The Dutch say, “Those on the bank always skate best”; with Gilbert White to do your work in collecting, observing, and record- ing, you are sure to make no mistakes. As it was, he made only three, it is said; with these three corrected by the editors, you will not make any. In short, we carry on much of our out-of-door nature-study in the same way in which we accomplish wonders on the athletic field. With intense absorption we watch the professional base- ball or cricket champions in their startling feats, and there is not a spectator who does not move as the ball is thrown or the bat is swung. Everybody plays the game in this easy way; everybody shares in the victory or defeat, even if he knows very little about the game. It is probable that the spectators do not get quite as much exercise out of the game as the players do, although the old proverb says that they see more of it. Now it may well be that this method of observation at second hand, by which we let Gilbert White do our seeing, is sound in principle and practice. It is certain that it is exceedingly popular at the present time, since, even with the scores and scores of recent nature-study books, Gilbert White is to have two new editions this very year But this volume by Rector Vaughan is not one of them. It is a book which makes a lawful use of White's popularity, and tells us something about the present condition of the old district. It is to be regretted that the Rector does not tell us more. The first essay gives a pleasing account of a few of the plants which were rare or plentiful at the time White wrote (that is, ten years, or a little more, later than our Revolutionary war), and he speaks of some of the recent accessions. Among the latter is one of considerable interest, name- ly, our pretty Spring Beauty (Claytonia), which American plant has made for itself a pleasant home in these surroundings The chapter on “The Wild Flowers of Sel- borne”’ occupies only eight pages. Next we have a chatty sketch, of about eight pages more, devoted to White himself; and then follow in succession the chapters on The Use of Simples, Pot-herbs, Wild Fruits, Wall-flowers, Poisonous Plants, and so on, until we come to the essays on Mary Rich, Countess of Warwick, Izaak Walton at Droxford, and French Prisoners at Port- chester. From this list, which we have somewhat shortened, it may be gathered that whoever obtains this volume as an accession to his library of Whiteana may possibly be disappointed, but nevertheless will get his money’s worth in cheerful gos- sip about matters that certainly would have interested Gilbert White. Chronicles of London. Edited, with Intro- duction and Notes, by Charles Lethbridge Kingsford, M.A., St. John’s College, Ox- ford. Oxford: The Clarendon Press; New York: H. Frowde. 1906. In his Introduction the editor tells us that “from the beginning at least of the fifteenth century, aldermen and citizens of London had shown their interest in civic and general history by compiling or causing others to compile, English Chronicles ar- ranged under the years of the municipality The Chronicles of London, which, as we now know them, thus came into being, can, however, trace their ancestry much further back. Early in the growth of municipal life there must have arisen the desire for a readily accessible record, giving at least the succession of city officers.” Robert Fabyan, “to whose labors all knowledge of the Chronicles was for three centuries chiefly due,” was but one of the last in a long line. The Chronicles of London are historical summaries from the point of view of the Londoncitizen,to whom naturally the affairs of his municipality were of primary importance. But the vision of the chron- icler was not limited to what has been called “the parish pump”: he could “think imperially” on occasion. The great events of the kingdom find their place in the Lon- don Chronicles, even when those events are not immediately connected with the city. “To some extent,” says Mr. Kingsford, ‘the Chronicles of London possess that personal element which makes ‘memoirs’ so fruitful in sidelights on history. Yet from this point of view they are often disappointing.” This applies especially to the earlier por tions of the Chronicles. The narrative, if it may be so called, is excessively meagre being little more than a list of names From the middle of the thirteenth century the record lengthens and becomes mor interesting. This volume contains four printed from MSS. in the Cottonian col lection. They are known respectively as Cotton. Julius B II, Cotton. Cleopatra C IV Cotton. Julius B I, and Cotton. Vitellius A V. Of these one has been partly printed before, the other three are here printed for the first time. The Introduction states very carefully the relations between (th: MSS. and other Chronicles The text is printed, so far as may be judged without collation, with great care, the pagination of the original being indicated in the mar gin Appendices show the variations of texts, and the volume is completed with copious notes, a glossary, and a full index Chronicl It is impossible to praise too highly the manner of executing the work These Chronicles are for the most part very artless performances; their interest lies solely in the things told, not in the manner of telling them. They are the ma terial from which skilled craftsmen like Holinshed and Stow compiled their annals There is here no proportion observed. The chronicler took whatever came to hand. In the first of the series forty-four pages are given to a single year, 1399; two pages suffice for the next seven years. The Chron icle ends with Lydgate'’s long metrical ac- count of the reception in London of Henry VI. The most valuable of the series is the “Vitellius Chronicle,’ the publication of which was desired by Dr. Gairdner more than forty years ago. It is recognized ‘as one of the best contemporary records of the reign of Henry VII.”’ It contains a long, detailed account of the insurrection led by Jack Cade. A quotation showing what took place after the dispersion of the men of Kent, will convey an idea of the style of the Chronicle and of the manner in which Mr. Kingsford has dealt with the text: “And when all were departed and goon there were made proclamaciouns, that what man cowde take the Capeteyn, Quyk or Deed, shuld haue a M' marks for his la- bour: after whiche proclamaciouns made One Alexander Idon, Gentilman of Kent, toke him in a garden in Sowsex: but in the takying the said Capiteyn was slayne. And so brought into Southwerk that all men myght see hym, and that nyght left in the kynges bench, and from thens he was drawyn to newgate, and then hedid and quarterid; and his hede set vpon London Brigge. And his iiij quarters were sent in to dyuers Townes in Kent And anone after the kyng Rode into Kent and com- maundid his Justices to sit at Caunter- bury, to Enquere who wer accessariis and cawsers of this Insurrection; and there were viij men Jugged to deth in oon day, and in other places moo. And from thens the kyng Rode into Sowthsex, and from thens in to the West Cuntre, where a litell before was slayn the Bisshop of Salisbury And this yere wer so many jJuggid to deth that xxiij hedis stode vpon London Bryge Vpon whos soules Jhesu haue mercy.” Literature: Ite Principles and Problems. By Theodore W. Hunt. Funk & Wagnalls Co. 1906. As the title indicates, Professor Hunt, who occupies the chair of English Lan- guage and Literature at Princeton, covers

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416 The Nation. [Vol. 82, No. 2133 1 wid inge, and we shall not attempt to follow him in detail. As to literature in the colleges, we are glad to see that he plants himself distinctly and emphatically igainst the extreme philological heresy so prevalent in the treatment accorded to lit- iture by college teachers of recent years On the topic of literary criticism we find his paragraphs involving either a slight elf-contradiction or else lack of clearness in meaning We are told that criticism must never be allowed to stand upon its own merits, must always be a mere means to an end, and never an end in itself; but ut the ime time we are assured, in the words of Professor Richardson and others, that the eritieal function is as high as the itiv that some criticism is creative literature in the best sense, and that not few representative English authors have their best work and won their high- pute in the critical field. “Critical genius is a distinct order of genius in the realm of letters.” All this hardly leaves m for as sharp a distinction as Profes- liunt has asserted between criticism of literature and literature itself, though one may readily admit the entire fitness of the distinetion as applied to the bulk of present-day criticism,” which is born under conditions practically prohibitive of iny ascent into the realm of “creative lit- Literature could hardly be the gainer were critics to accept what our ituthor calls “the better method, by which what is meritorious is magnified and all demet reduced to a minimum.” If press pulpit, and legislative forum had spent the past year in magnifying all the good to be found in life insurance and reducing the offences of culpable insurance officers to the minimum, it would take very little printer ink to record the reform legisla- tion which would have resulted, and it does not yet appear, from any authoritative tudy of human nature and history, that the best way to set authors to uprooting the tares from their literary wheat-field to minimize their presence and import- In a short chapter on “Hebraism and Hellenism,’ we think that the author does erlous injustice to Matthew Arnold's po- tion Of course Arnold strongly con- trasted the two tendencies, and pleaded earnestly for more of Hellenism in the at- le of the English-speaking world, but take to assume that he favored thi yuplete substitution of the one set of virtur for the other It ought to be po ble, in these day to make the neces- sary allowance for somewhat extreme ar Kumentative statement We note that Prof or Hunt introduces this chapter with a quotation from Miss Scudder’s ‘So- il Ideal in Koglish Letters.” It was ime volume, if we remember right- ! t M Seudder seemed to do Ar- neold | njustice of assuming that when } inked of British reformers a pause for light on the subjects in hand, he did not intend that they should go right on with their reform as fast as adequate light for ntelligent, and therefore ef- fective, action should be secured Arnold's final goal was surely nothing less*than the essentials of the Hebraic instinet for con- duct, enlightened and guided by Hellenic culture and insight L' Empire Libéral. Par E. Ollivier. Vols. L- X. Paris: Garnier. Histoire du Second Empire. Par P. de La Gorce. Vols. L.-VIII. Parts: Pilon. These two books represent two classes of literature, one of them, so far as the Second Empire is concerned, just coming into ex- istence, the other just dying out: M. La Gorce writes history, M. Ollivier politics M. La Gorce, with his eighth volume, has the distinction of completing the first his- tory of serious merit of the reign of Na- poleon the Third. M. Ollivier, with his tenth volume, continues his wordy but elo- quent vindication of the part which he played in the Empire, and of that policy of liberal imperialism which was based on illusions and terminated in a cataclysm. Nothing could be more rhetorically bril- liant and more historically unconvincing than the apology of the Minister who en- gaged France in the war of 1870. The jeal- ous rancor with which he constantly at- tacks Thiers, his obvious conceit, his af- fected superiority towards those giant statesmen who crossed his path, Bismarck and Cavour, his amusing belief that elo- quence and wit are synonyms for states- manship and wisdom, his frequent casuis- try and occasional slips in accuracy—all these are matters that alienate a discerning reader and detract from the value of the book. And yet ‘L’Empire Libéral’ must take a high place in the historical litera- ture of the mid-nineteenth century. It is the work of one of the conspicuous actors in the events narrated; it contains many sidelights on prominent persons—Napo- leon, Prince Jerome, Morny, and others; it occasionally gives us new information in the form of unpublished material. In this respect more may be anticipated from the concluding volumes, in which we shall have the author's version of the Franco-Prussian conflict of 1870 unfolded. The work of M. La Gorce is notable for very different reasons. Although consist- ently readable, he lays no claim to bril- liancy or epigrammatic force. His work is one of careful historical research, well compacted, solid, and, for a writer whose antecedents are Bonapartist, singularly un- prejudiced. The success of the book in France has grown steadily since the pub- lication of the first volume; and now that the last is before the public, it is fairly safe to predict that it is likely to remain the standard work on the history of the Second Empire for some years to come. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Babelon, Ernest. Manual of Oriental Antiques. Putnams. $2.50 net. Benson, Arthur Christopher. Window. Putnams. §1.25 net. B ooks, Manstield. The Newel! Fortune. John Lane Co, Bruce, W. 8. Social Aspects of Christian Morall- ty. Dutton. $3.50 net. Bryce, Catherine T. Robert - oe Stevenson Read er. Seribners. 40 cents ne Hurke, John Butler. The Origin of Life. F. A. Stokes Co ky Katharine. 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Imported by Scribners. $1.25 net. Lindsay, Thomas M. A ad of the Reforma- tion. Scribners. §2.50 np Lloyd, Henry wy Man, the Social Creator. Doubleday, P & Co. §2 net. Longfellow's Tales of a Wayside Inn. Edited by J. H. Castleman. Macmillan Co. Lubbock, Basil. Jack Derringer. Dutton. $1.50. Mater, André. L’'Eglise Catholique. Paris: Ar mand Colin. Matthew Arnold’s Merope. Edited by J. C. Collins, Henry Frowde. McCall, Sidney. Truth Dexter. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. McCarthy, sy Huntly. The Flower of France. Harpers MA. Melvor, ‘Allan, The Mechanic. William Ritchie. fe) Meredith, George. The Ordeal of Richard Fev- erel.—Sandra Belloni.—Diana of the Crossways. —Vittoria. Scribners. $1 each Metcalfe, Francis. Side-Show Studies. The Out- ing Publishing Co. $1.25. Montgomery, Thos. H., jr. The Analysis of Racial Descent in Animals. Henry Holt & Co. $2.50 net. Morat, J. P. Translated by Keener & Co. d et Morris, Clara. The Lite a a Star. McClure, Phil- lips & Co. 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May 17, 1906] The Nation. The Analysis of Racial Descent in Animals By Thomas H. Montgomery, Jr., Professor of Zoology, University of Texas. 304 pp., 8vo, $2.50 net; by mail $2.70 A critical examination of the methods of determining racial descent and an estimation of the comparative values of the phenomena to be interpreted. Some of the chapter headings are: Environmental Modes of Existence, Heredity and Embryonic Differentiation, Relations of Modes of Reproduction and Conjugation, Life Cycles and Polymorphism of Individuals, Variations and Mutations, the Transmutation Ontogeny and the Phylogeny, Morphological of Species, Parallelism of the Racial Advancement. Comparisons, the Relative Values of Morphological Characters, HENRY HOLT AND COMPAN Criteria of 29 W. 23 °St NEW YORK Les Archives A Monthly Review of International Law, Diplomacy and History Diplomatiques States: of all governments. France, etc. Published since 1861 in Paris under the auspices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. with the concourse of the most eminent diplomats of the world. In the United ALVEY ADEE, Assistant Secretary of State JOHN BASSETT MOORE, Professor at Columbia University The sole magazine in the world that publishes in the original text, with French trans- lation, all treaties, conventions, protocols, and most important diplomatic documents HAS PUBLISHED IN 1906 Documents relating to the Asiatic, Morocco (White Book, German and French, Yel- low Book), Mascate, Alien’s Act Questions, the Separation of Church and State in WILL PUBLISH IN EXTENSO All By-laws of the Algeciras Conference. Yearly Subscription for the U. S., $11.00 Specimen numbers forwarded on receipt of $0.20 Separate number free of charge, $1.20 And are also received at the Subscriptions and orders should be addressed to THE “DIRECTEUR DES ARCHIVES DIPLOMATIQUES” 36 Rue des Petit Champs, Paris LIBRAIRIE EM. 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The Nation. [Vol. 82, No. 2133 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS NEW BOOKS The Silver Age of the Greek World By JOHN PENTLAND MAHAFFY “This book is intended to replace my ‘Greek World under Roman Sway,’ now out of print, in a maturer and better form, and with much new material superadded. There has grown up, since its appearance, a wider and more intelligent view of Greek life, and people are not satisfied with knowing the Golden Age only, without caring for what came before and followed after. In this Silver Age of Hellenism many splendid things were produced, and the world was moulded by the teaching that went forth from Greek lands.” (Extract from the preface.) 490 pages; small 8vo, cloth; $3.00. Carriage 17c. Hebrew Life and Thought By LOUISE SEYMOUR HOUGHTON The reader of the Bible who wishes to be well informed, and who yet finds little to attract him in accounts of scientific investigations, will do well to read this book. Enriched with the fruits of a life-time of study and versed in the intri-acies of modern criticism, the author approaches her subject with a depth of feeling that reminds one of the best religious writers of the past. 390 pages; 12mo, cloth; $1.50. Carriage 15c. The Social Ideals of Alfred Tennyson as Related to His Time By WILLIAM C. GORDON lt is rare that two departments of study are combined as cleverly and as profitably as English literature and sociology are combined in this work. It is a treatment, on a somewhat novel plan, ’ of a subject at once literary and scientific. 266 pages; 12mo, cloth; $1.50. Carriage 1lc. The Legislative History of Naturalization in the United States By FRANK GEORGE FRANKLIN Che process by which our national laws rose out of chaos is a subject of perennial interest. Not jurists alone, but all intelligent citizens, will be attracted by this summary of the intricate debates that fixed our national procedure regarding naturalization. 330 pages; 12mo, cloth; $1.50. Carriage 13c. Che Finality of the Christian Religion By GEORGE BURMAN FOSTER A long-looked-for work of profound interest to students of religion is now -appearing in “ The Finality of the Christian Religion,” by George Burman Foster. Certainly no reader will escape a sense of sincere admiration at the power with which the problem is handled—the grasp, the fearlessness, the insight. 530 pages; 8vo, cloth; $4.00. Carriage 22c. Ancient Records of Egypt By JAMES HENRY BREASTED Notwithstanding the rapid progress made during the last quarter-century in the reproduction and publication of documentary sources for our knowledge of the peoples of antiquity, no attempt has hitherto been made to collect and present in a modern language all the documents bearing upon Egyptian history. After ten years of labor, Professor James H. Breasted now offers to Egyptolo- gists and students of history a corpus of Egyptian inscriptions. The work is being published in four volumes, of which the first and second are now ready. To those who subscribe before July 1 a special price of $12.00 per set is offered; after July 1, $15.00 per set. Carriage 20 cents additional for each volume. Russian Reader By SAMUEL NORTHRUP HARPER After extensive studies in Moscow, Berlin, and Paris, Mr. Harper is bringing out a “ Russian Reader,’ an adaptation of a French book compiled by Paul Boyer and N. Speranski. 400 pages; Rvo, cloth; $3.00. Carriage 20c. ADDRESS DEPARTMENT 21 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO AND NEW YORK —

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