The Nation 1899-06-22: Vol 68 Iss 1773

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j | } { the N at ion VOL. LXVIII—NO. 1773. a ‘THU RSDAY, Ju NE 22, ane: PRICE 1to CENTS. LLL ~TTTT ~~ GENERA\ DAD dDAAAADDADAAAADADADAADADAD Oa at ii ii i iii i i i i i i hii ii iti thi ithe td dh hh hh hhh hhh hhh hh hhh hhhh hhh bb bbb be bd ddd a -—_‘: JOHN LANE’S NEW BOOKS. SOME NEW NOVELS FOR SUMMER READING. By RICHARD LEGALLIENNE $1.50 THE HEART OF MIRANDA YOUNG LIVES By H. B. MARRIOTT WATSON $1.50 A DAUGHTER OF THE VINE By GERTRUDE ATHERTON 1.50 A MAN FROM THE NORTH By E. A. BENNETT 1.25 A LOST LADY OF OLD YEARS By JoHN BUCHAN 1.50 THE REPENTANCE OF A PRIVATE SECRETARY DEFENDER OF THE FAITH By FRANK MATHEW 1.50 | By STEPHEN GWYNNE 1.25 IDOLS By W. J. LOCKE 1.50 | PROFESSOR HIERONIMUS By AMALIE SKRAM 1.50 | A DELIVERANCE By ALLAN MONKHOUSE 1.25 HEART’S DESIRE By VANDA WATHEN-BARTLETT 1.50 BOTH GREAT AND SMALL By A. E. J. LEGGE 1.50 | SUNBEETLES By G. PINKERTON 1.25 THE MANDATE By T. BARON RUSSELL 1.50 | OF NECESSITY By H. M. GILBERT 1.25 SOME IMPORTANT VOLUMES OF VERSE. THE ISLAND RACE. By Henry Newso 7t, author of ‘‘Admirals All.’’ 12mo, $1.00. etree eeeene ne ree tone cate tecekt wlan, tales ancthie wecunure, bo the Gvge masis of ‘Mommies daheeoae | THE WIND AMONG THE REEDS. By W. B. Years. §1.25. “Mr. Yeats has written not a little of reedable verse, and a new volume from his pen is sure to meet with a kindly welcome from many readers. In the little book called ‘The Wind eg the Reeds’ the author has sought to emhbody his feeling for Irish song. He has endeavored to voice the emotions of the humbler Irish people, and to view the poetic side of their life."—New York Times. THE COLLECTED POEMS OF WILLIAM WATSON. With Portrait. $2.50. “T prefer the poet who sings of my immortal soul to the chap who sings of windlasses and steam-winches. And sol prefer William Watson to Kipling Mr. VANCE THOMPSON in The Criterion. THE LAST BALLAD and Other Poems. By Joun Davivson. Feap 8vo, $1.50. The London Times says: “Mr. John Davidson, when the fine frenzy of Inepiration is , ny him, writes verse That must appeal to all wh have any poetical instinct. His imagination glows and his phrase sstrike home. He stands among the few writers of the day who really write poetry, an vd *The Last Ballad and Other Poems’ is a volume in which his finer qualities are evident.” THE SILENCE OF LOVE. Poems. By Epmonp Ho.mes. Post 4to, $1.50. “Those lovers of what is lovely, who have long treasured Mrs. Browning's ‘Sonnets from the Portuguese ‘ and Rossetti's ‘House of Life,’ will rejoice to find in this new volume a legitimate successor."’"— Boston Jranscript. THE ALHAMBRA and Other Poems. By F. B. Monry-Covurts. Crown 8vo, $1.25. The London Daily bee me pe says: “He isa strong poetic craftsman, and his work is always carefully and delicately finished. It is plain on every page that Mr. Coutts is a serious and strenuous craftsman, who places a fine and individual faculty at the service of a lofty ideal THE COMING OF LOVE: Rhona Boswell’s Story and Other Poems. By THeopore Warrs-Dvurron, author of ‘*Aylwin.’’ Crown 8vo, $2.00. Literature says: “‘In ‘The Coming of Love’ (which, though published earlier, is a sequel to ‘ Aylwin’) he has given ua an unforge table, we cannot but beHeve an enduring, portrait—one of the few immortal women of the imagination. Rhona Boswell comes again into ‘ Aylwin POEMS. By A. BERNARD MIALL. $1.50. “Some of them are very striking and unique.”—N. Y. Commercial Advertiser POEMS OF EMILE VERHAEREN. Selected and rendered into English by ALMA STRaTTELL. $1.50. | } A NEW VOLUME OF ESSAYS BY ‘‘MAX.” MORE. By Max Beersonum, author of ‘‘Works,’’ &c. 12mo, 81.2! “In the greater part of this volume we have the perfection of whimsical j Literature says: “In his hands the knack of graceful impertinence te rateed fooling, many flashes of true insight, and a style so excellent that the reviewer | by dint of sheer mastery to the dignity of a serious art; there are moments, hails it thankfully as a beacon shining across the latter-day deluge of bald bad | indeed, when he brings It within measurable distance of the sublime English.”--London Daiiy Chronicie. . Number I. Ready Early in July. Price, $6.00 net. THE ANGLO-SAXON REVIEW A QUARTERLY MISCELLANY Edited by LADY RANDOLPH CHURCHILL. The principal contents of the opening number include an aatiale A) LORD ROSEBERY on SIR ROBERT PEEL, giving some highly interest- notes on the British system of Government by Cabinet ; ‘the Hon. WHITELAW REID on the LAST TREATY OF PARIS; some pi vate letters of the famous GEORGIANA, DUCHESS OF DEVON: NST IRE, edited by the present Duchess; an article on the Sudan by SLATIN SHA ; a complete story by HENRY JAMES ; a& poem by ALGERN( IN CHARLES SWINBURNE, and 80 on. a pages in all, with 7 photogravure plates, handsomely bound in leather, with gilt top, $6.00 net. JOHN LANE, 140 5th Ave., N. Y., and all Booksellers. Be a OO ee a ee eee eae aie eee 8 OF FF FBG BF OOS SF FFT FGFS SS BS GS SS GB BG BS GS SS FF BFGF SSF GBS BS GF FGF SF FFF OF FOF 5512 VOVEY JUN 23 1899 tN AY oe ail ee I 8 6 8 “penal Se a

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The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1773

The Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO Politics, Literature, Science, and Art.

FOUNDED 1865. [ Entered at the New York City Post-Office as second class mail-matter. |

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. TE PER 6 oc nccccowretccctccapncvvesovesceicancrcentes 467 EpIToRIaL ARTICLES: Entermational Unity. 2... ccicssesccdccrevesos 470 A Bipartisan Census ... 1... cece cee eeeneee The Rationale of Trusts ee AS BOG SOE OB TA. oc cesccvccvcceccosecers

SproraL CORRESPONDENCE: SeeGieios Te TIRED. occ cicc cee dcostcnesevees 472 ey Pree eee 473 Italian Fiction in the Twelve Month........ 474 CORRESPONDENCE: PEEL, eichcie6cnvie ob nsiny ites san bewn 476 er ere re 476 PE 66ce b 0b 400%000090500000 00eeOR RRR 476 a ndckatal vs vevsbens ah00019shs0kcasebtanesstaeeees 476 Book Rgevirews: we) a ree 479 James’s Tulks to Teachers..............0006 481 With Kitchener to Khartum..............+. 482 Stars aud Telescopes.........ccccvcessecece 482 England and the Age of Wycliffe........... 483 A Guide to the Wild Flowers.............. 434 The History of South America.............. 484 DORES OP GS TI ie ives vvcsccsadcnvestasperaven 485

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Educational. CaLtrorntiA, Los Angeles, West 23d Street. M4 RLBOROUGH SCHOOL for GIRLS. Mrs. Grorce A. CASWELL. Principal.

CanaDa, P. Q., Lennoxville. ISHOP’S COLLEGE SCHOOL. (Es- tablished 1842 ) Church School for Boys on lines of English Public Schools. Specially adapted for sons of English residents in America. Bathing, cricket, and healthy country situation. Best New York references. 880 a year. H. J. H. Farsy, i. ohn Headmaste ter.

Conweortcvr, Norwich. ORWICH ART SCHOOL offers the best oppertantiy for the study of Drawing, Paint- ing, Design, and Modelling to students of both sexes. Locality Femarkable for its beauty. School attached to Slater Museum. General education may be carried for- ward in classes of Free Academy. A limited number of students received in a home where every advant. he found. Two schoiarships, defraying pasey awardec competition. Graduate scholarships in A rt League, and School of Drawing and oy my For Ri particulars, address Oztas Dope, Director.

DELAWARE, Wilmington, ees St. ‘HE MISSES HEBB Boarding and Day School eg Girls. Students are prepared for College.

DISTRIOT OF LOLUMBIA (Chevy Chase P. O., Md.). HEV Y CHASE French and English School for Girls. one of Washington. ies _ he language of the hous BouLieny, Prinetpal. Mise C. Perrierew. Assist. Prin.

MARYLAND, Baltimore, 122 and 124 W. Franklin St. DGEWORTH BOARDING and DAY School for Girls.—37th year will pera e September 28, 1899. Mrs. H. P. LEFEBVRE, Pr Miss E. D. HUNTLEY, ‘Associate Principal.

MARYLAND, Catonsville. i TIMOTH Y’S SCHOOL for Girls re- pens September 21, 1899. Prepares for College. Heads ft School, Miss M. 6. Canren. Miss 8. & CaRTER, MASSACHUSETTS, Boston. OSTON UNIVERSITY Law School. Address the Dean, SAMUEL C. BENNETT.

: ss MASQAOuUSETTS, Boston, 66 Marlborough St. 'LASSICAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Boarding and Day School. Certificate accepted by Smith, Vassar, and Wellesley. S. ALice BRowN and AM&LIA L. OwEn, Principals.

MASSACHUSETTS, Cambridge, 9 Channing Street. ‘HE LEE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. Miss M. L. KSLLY, Principal.

MASSACHUSETTS. Duxbury. OWDER POINT SCHOOL — —Prepares for Scientific School, College, or Business. Indl- vidual teachin Elementary classes for owt Ra Home and outdoor life. . B, Knapp, 8.B. (

New Hampsarre, Plymouth. OLDERNESS SCHOOL. — Thorough preparation for College and Scientific School. Holderness boys are standing well at bg el Dart- mouth, one oy Harvard, Wesleyan, West Point. Send for catalogue to’ Rev. LORIN WEBsTER, M.A., “Resta tor. Rt. Rev. W. W. Nrues, President of Trustees.

New York, Sing Sing. R. HOLBROOR’S SCHOOL will reopen Wednesday, September 27, at 6 P. M.

New York, Utica. RS. PIATT’S SCHOOL.—The next school year begins Thursday, Sept. 22. 1898.

Oun10, Cincinnati. TSS ARMSTRONG’S SCHOOL FOR Girls, Liddesdale Place, Avondale. Family limit- ed. Circulars sent on application. Onto, Cincinnati, Walnut Hills, 944-946-948 Morris St. DEN PARK SCHOOL.—BOARDING and Day School for Girls. Primary, Preparatory, Collegiate Departments. Higher course in the Lan- guages, Music, and Art. MADAME FREDIN, Miss Mary F. SMITH,

Principals.

PENNSYLVANIA, Bethlehem. EHIGH PREPARATORY SCHOOL has prepared 900 men Los rious colleges in the last 20 years. Send for catal a iscopal school, Visitor, Rt. Rey, Ethelbert Talbot, FornrrnaG, B.3., Prin. PENNSYLVANIA, Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill. RS. COMEG YS’ AND MISS BELL'S BOARDIN N AY SCHOOL Will reopen October 2, 1899. Students prepared for college. TSS ANABLE'S Boarding and Day School for Girls. Established in 1845, Circulars on application. Opens Sept. 27. 1860 Pine 8t., — Pa. Highland Military Academy ,\\?

school. Prepara hore of ot the | firat t grade ti yar. A nom loce- tion, Newa' hiete id. Live tea me, Small classe:

Visitor: The Rt. Rey, Win, pn toy MOT: i tmiester: JOSEPH ALDEN SHAW, A.M,

Educational. SCHOOL OF DRAWING AND PAINTING. MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, ee a Year ns October 2 nstructors—E. 0. coher 3.1. F. W. BENSON hy ‘ae el BALE Drawing and eT] B. ATT, Modelling; MRS. ° sions, ‘easaietes Destans EK. W. EMERSON, Anatomy; CROSS, Perspective. Free use of ‘useum Galleries. Paige Foreign Scholarshi for Men and Women. Helen Hamblen Scholar- anap Ten Free Scholarships. A lh aes in mo- Per circulars and terms a M SS ELIZABETH LOMBARD, Manager.

BOSTON, MASS. Roxbury Latin School. (Founded in 1645.) WM. C. COLLAR, Headmaster. Prepares for Harvard. Exce eptional educational advan- tages. Refined home in the “Admiral Winslow House.”’ JAMES DE NORMANDIE, D.D., President of the Trustees. Address O. M. FARNHAM, Roxbury, Mass

MISS BALDWIN’S SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, BRYN MAWR, PA. Preparatory to Bryn Mawr College. Miss FLorEeNcE Batpwiy, Principal. Within eight _ more than ae pupils have entered Bryn wr College from this school. Diploma given in both General and a opens ourses. Fine, fire-proof stone building. acres beautiful grounds. For circular, addrees' the Secretary. ACADEMIC CLASSES GIRLS. A Boarding and Day School. College preperation, and advanced courses. Certificate accepted by Smith, Vas sar, Wellesiey, and Mt. Holyoke. Artistic, ‘Military, and Swedish ornate, Para Department. pot ear. MARY B. WHITON,A.B., and LOIS A. B Gs. 43 West 47th Street, Now York, HOWARD SEMINARY fr GIRLS and YOUNG WOMEN West Bridgewater, Mass. 17th year opens : . Terms pr J year. Academic, College-Preparatory, and Special courses. Art, Mu- sic, and Elocution. hah wn daa Library and La- boratories, = Rory siu Miss SARAH E. LAUGHTON, Prin. BRADFORD ACADEMY. Founded 1803. For the higher education of young women. grew and Scientific goamee of study ; also Prepara tory and Optional. Year begins Sept 20, 1899. Miss Ida C. Allen, Prin., Bradford, Mass. FORESTRY SCHOOL, sircular = Leese Ae = Cc. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Forester to the Biltmore Estate.

Quincy Mansion School for Girls. On the finest rt of the historic estate of the bg Several acres, beautifully diversified by t x Rm ill po the landscape gardener. Thoroughly for the work of home education. sana * ideal "op <4 and school.” HORACE MANN WIL- . Se, D., Wollaston, Mass. ABBOT ACADEMY F* Xoune,tadies. Andover, Mass., Begins its 7ist year September 14, 1899, offering three Seminary Courses of Studies, and a College, fitting Course. Address Miss Emity A, MEANs- ncipal. For catalogue, W. F. Drapgr. Mr. and Mrs. John A. Bellows will reopen their Boarding and of School for Girls at 115 B , Oct 4, 1899. Certificate Street, B of Principals admits to Smith and Wellesley Colleges. THE PHILLIPS EXETER ACADEMY . ear begins Sept. 18, 1899. Scho- we R, pk Be ed to wadente of high ane ir im- portant bu bul dings added since 1886. For Catalogue and e su men HA HAN ¥ AMEN E Principal, Exeter, N. H.

The Four Weeks’ Summer Course of French of the Pensionnat Francais of Vermont ot Academy. 12th Reoeton & 8 A a aL td HOU Bexton' shiver, PALF Bellows

a : ¥ S & ES zg Bs eee on : $ : q Aj

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The Nation. NEW EST AND BEST TEXT-BOOKS | € e A low he Complete Latin Grammar, $1.25 Short Latin Grammar, -_ .80 Practical, clear, and concise. Special attention paid to syntax, the subjunctive, etc. Harper and Gallup’s Cicero’s Orations and Letters $1.30 | The Orations are those generally required by colleges throughout the country. The Letters | were selected with special reference to their fit- | ness in sight translation. Eight Books for Graded Schools Five Books for Ungraded Schools The most attractive series of readers ever pub- lished. _McMaster’s School History of the United States $1.00

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The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1773 New Books tor Summer Reading THE NEW NOVELS. Richard Carvel. By Winston CHUROHILL, author of *‘The Ce- lebrity,”” with Illustrations by MALCOLM FRa- SER, Fourth edition in press. * Wholesome, thr!ling, inspiring.” —Globe- Democrat. The Short-Line War. By Merwin-WessTER. Third Edition, the first having been exhausted in three days. “ A capital perry J farmers in the field of rail- roading.” —The Out Bound in Cloth, 12mo, $1.50 Each The Maternity of Harriott Wicken By Mrs. Henry DUDENEY. “It falls but little short of being a masterpiece, ‘o A remarkable book.”-—R. H. Stoddard, Mail and xpress. The Custom of the Country. TaLes OF NEw JAPAN. By Mrs. Hu@u Fraser, author of ‘ Letters from Japan,” etc. Nearly heady. BOOKS ON NATURE AND OUT-OF-DOOR LIFE. The Solitary Summer. $1.50. “ Even more charming than the oriatpal work, and that is saying a great deal.”—Glasgow Heral A continuation of the following: Elizabeth and Her German Garden. “The chronicle of days spent in and about one of the most delightful gardens known to modern litera- ture. The atmos exquisite humor is ever present, and her descriptio . have wonderful fresh- ness and charm.”’- o'The Post. Cloth, $1.75. BOOKS OF TRAVEL AND Letters from Japan. A Recorp or Mopgrn Lire in tHe Isuanp EMPIRE. By Mrs. Hue Fraser, author of “ Palladia,” etc. Beautifully illustrated. 2 vols., Cloth, $7.50. “Every one of her letters is a valuable contribu- tien.” —LAterature. The Philippines and Round About. By Maj. G. J. YounGuusBanp. An up-to-date account of conditions and events of the past year; an admirable com- plement to Prof. Worcester’s standard work. Cloth, $2 50. Our Gardens. By 8. ReyNo_ps Houg, author of ‘‘ Memories of Dean Hole,” ete. Cloth, $3.00 With Illustrations of the ideal DEANERY GARDEN; practical hints for even experienced gardeners, and a wealth of the Dean’s cha- racteristic reminiscences. Lamia’s Winter Quarters. By ALFRED AvustTIN, Poet Laureate. Crown 8vo. $2.50. “Of singular sweetness and charm.”—Literature. : ADVENTURE. The Trail of the Gold-Seekers. A Rzcorp or TRAvEL IN Prosz AND VERSE. By HaMLIN GARLAND, author of ‘‘ Main Travel- led Roads,” ete. Cloth, $1.50. Describing a trip with a pack-train overland to the gold country. On Many Seas. By HerBert E. HaMBLEN, author of ‘‘ The Ge- neral Manager’s Story,”etc. Cloth, $1.50. “ As an accurate and vivid portrayal of the life fo wh which it deals there is nothing superior to this —The Sun, New York. LITERATURE, BIOGRAPHY, ETC. Old Cambridge. By Tuomas Wentworts HiaGinson. “Col. Higginson’s Gelighstel book . i} Bo ger ether a most cajorabs and valuable one.”— telegraph, Phila. Cloth, 1.2! 25. Wordsworth and the Coleridges. And other memories, Literary and Political. By Eviis YARNALL. Cloth, $3.00. con —— volume of romtniasenoes. No more nae Fo ing pergone! monet Teaver, Phila published 4 . The Life of Henry A. Wise. By his grandson, the late Barton H. Wisz, of Richmond, Va. $3.00. oe of the most interesting figures of the civil . of whom both sections may well be proud.”—The Herald, New York. Heart of Man. By Grorce E, Woopsrrry, author of “ The North Shore Watch,” etc. Cloth, $1.50. “Very attractive pages . . . loftily ideal.”—The Nation, Tristram Lacy; or, The Individualist. By W. H Mattock, author of ‘‘Is Life Worth Living?” etc. “A witty, incisive, acute satire.”—The Evening Post, Chicago. Jesus Delaney. By JoszpH Gorpon DONNELLY, formerly U.S. Consul-Genera! in Mexico. “ Any reader will be abundantly compensated is entertainment for the time he devotes to the asta of these =e and Spoctnasing Pes s, Rg ee A, if S is interested in Spaniards.”’ Heart or Nature SERIEs. Four-Footed Americans and Their Kin. By Maset O. Wriaut. Edited by Frank M. CHapMANn. Freely Illustrated by ERNEST Seton THOMPSON. $1.50, net. “We have seen nothing more delightful.”—N. EB. Jour. of Education. Citizen Bird. By MaBet O. Wrieut and Dr. ELLiorT Cougs. Profusely Illustrated. $1.50, net. “ By far the best bird book for by: and girls yet published in America.”—C. H. M, in Science. The Making of Hawaii. By Prof. WitL1amM FREMONT BLACKMAN, Yale University. Cloth, $2.00. A careful study, clear and concise, of the social, political, and moral development of the Hawaiian people. The Philippine Islands and Their People. A Record of Personal Observation and Expe- rience. By Dean C. Worcester of the Philippine Commission. Fifth Edition. Cloth, $4.00. “Should be read by every American.”’—Evening Bul- letin, Phila. Three Studies in Literature. By Lewis Epwarps Gates, Harvard University Cloth, $1.50. “These masterly studies should be in the hands of allstudents of our literature in this century.”—The Home Life in Colonial Days. Written by Atice Morse Earve. Profusely illustrated. Cloth, $2.50. wash tation +y K- = 4a os sath 4 rness, an e ees, “Fairness, an suggestivences Send for special descriptive circulars. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Publishers, N. Y. Dns Riehl ASD Se sist tx tage TESA os 8 Sa TAGE tN PDR NER FSP NSE ISLE OEE AR SEES “et & ‘ = 2

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ioe hi ieee as oar en, aa Tera i Ml ARE ge i PAR Wert Saige: NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JUNE 22, 1899. The Week. That “the hardest battle of the war” should have been fought just when we were positively assured that the fighting in the Philippines was all over, cannot overcome the average man like a sum- mer cloud without his special wonder. He had been led to believe from Gen. Otis’s dispatches that there was nothing left of the Filipino army but scattered guerilla bands, and now he reads of “the largest and best-organized body of men which has met the American troops.” We do not say there has been deception. Otis has been referring to the forces in the north with Aguinaldo, and all the while the Filipinos to the south have been practically unmolested. They ap- parently grew so confident of their strength that they were about to attack our lines in force, and it seems to have been Otis’s thought that he could not possibly allow such a blow to his mili- tary prestige. So he himself took the aggressive, and bloody work it was. Even the American accounts agree that the natives fought with astonishing courage and tenacity. It was said of Tennyson that men went to see him ex- pecting to find a lion and really finding a bear. If our soldiers went out to hunt Filipinos expecting to find rabbits, they have evidently found something more like tigers. Brave men fighting against tyrants for their liberty could not display finer valor. The War Department’s announcement of its retention at home of one battalion of each of the colored regiments ordered to Manila, marks the adoption of the English system of a home-depot batta- lion. It is the first sign we have had that Messrs. Alger and Corbin are look- ing into the future in army matters. As such, and as the evidence of a desire to make foreign service as comfortable as possible for our troops, it calls for praise. But if Mr. Alger had read some recent debates in Parliament upon this subject, he would have learned that the “linked- battalion” system, as it is known in Eng- land, has come in for much fault-finding and criticism, its shortcomings being a potent cause of the latest increase in the Queen’s land forces. Long years of ex- perience have shown that a single batta- lion is able to keep another in tropical foreign service supplied with officers and men only by constantly stripping itself of its best material, to its grave detri- ment. Mr, Alger’s plan is that our home battalions, besides being recruiting and training depots, shall be the refuge of officers and men invalided from the tropics. But how can invalids become good drill masters, and what doctors would order fever-stricken men to the winter snows of Alaska and the Dakotas, or to the unbearable heat of our South- western and Texas posts? And how “an sufficient officers be found for the home battalions if West Point is to have its quota of instructors, and if the many re- cruiting details and staff places are to be filled ? Even should a way be found out of these difficulties, it must not be for- gotten that, after seven years, the Eng- lish regiments abroad are recalled to a like period of home service. This cannot be done in our army (if we are to keep permanent garrisons in Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines) by merely sending the one home battalion to take the place of the other two. It means that the country must have at least twenty more regiments to provide pro- per relief for those on foreign service. Not only is this necessary as a matter of humanity, but because it would probably be no easy matter to obtain officers and men willing to spend practicalhy indefi- nite periods.away from all the attrac- tions of civilized life. The fact that since January 1, sixteen field officers have voluntarily gone on the retired list rather than continue to serve with their regiments in the Philippines or Cuba, must not be overlooked. We do not believe that any one can begin to estimate what the actual military cost of holding these islands will be, since time alone can give an idea of the pen- sion increase we are surely in for, and neither Destiny nor Duty nor any other guide has yet informed McKinley how many of the 1,200 islands we are to gar- rison. Fifty men to an island would make 60,000, but Luzon alone, Gen. Otis thinks, will call for 28,000 in time of peace. The situation demands deeper thought and more extensive plans than any that have yet come from White House or War Department. No other man can speak with such authority about the situation in Cuba as Gen. Wood, who has been Military Gov- ernor of the province of Santiago since the close of the war. It is most reas- suring, therefore, when he tells inquir- ers everywhere, during his present brief visit to this country, that the situation and the outlook are full of promise. We knew before of the marvellous improve- ment in sanitary conditions which has been brought about, and which Gen. Wood says has within a year reduced the death-rate of the province from ap- palling dimensions to a proportion below that of New York city. What we chiefly wanted to learn was whether there has The Nation. also been progress in other directions; whether the people are taking to work; and whether it looks as though they would some time be able to govern them selves. On all these points Gen. Wood speaks frankly, fully, and encouraging- ly. Brigandage has been stamped out, order prevails, the people are at work and contented, schools have been opened, and “the great cry among them is for more schools”; and while they are not yet fit for self-government, “they are on the road to it.” The extraordinarily involved and al most incoherent line of argument by which Attorney-General Griggs iuter- preted the anti-canteen legislation of Congress to mean that the sale of 1j- quor in canteens was really legalized by the act in question, was calculated to make the reader doubt whether the au- thor of that opinion was capable of clear reasoning. But the reply which Mr. Griggs has just made to an inquiry from the War Department as to the rights of cable companies in Cuba is a straightforward and cogent piece of writing, which applies .ound principles to the case in hand, and incidentally states fairly the proper relation of our yovernment to affairs in that island at the present time. Many years ago the ‘Western Union Company established ca- ble communication between the United States and Cuba, under a concession from Spain that it should enjoy an ex- clusive right for forty years. The Com- mercial Cable Company recently sought authority to establish a line, claiming that the Western Union enjoys a mo- nopoly which one company ought not to have, and also that its grant is void, because it was obtained by fraud prac- tised on the Spanish Government. The Attorney-General points out that all governments have granted concessions which amounted to monopolies, and that such grants are legal, while he main- tains that the allegation of fraud is es- sentially a question for judicial exami- nation and decision. Mr. Griggs con- cludes by expressing the quite justifiable opinion that controversies as to grants and franchises taken from Spain, but exercisable within the island of Cuba or other islands derived by the United States from Spain, ought not to be pre- cipitated to a decision in the present un- settled condition that prevails in those islands. Mr. Henry C. Payne of Wisconsin is authority for the statement that the Se- nate committee on finance, or the Re- publican members thereof, at their re- cent meeting in this city, agreed infor- mally to recommend the passage of a bill declaring all the obligations of the Gov py rd te ak gd be VINO LNT pea 1 PORN * Vides a ge om 6 nt Re ne er Dip oto pet Pe eet yon Nin sw wrecers, Wim Mis meee eee agile ye! i Spanepeie Lethe diag i pthc iA ann ches halal abana Bel RRR AT Le NE a5 Sey Se vue A m4, pelt er sin Apna ~~ TS ape te Dine

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468 — The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1773 ° ernment payable in gold. There are other reasons for believing that Mr. Payne’s information is correct. Leading Republican newspapers are advocating that policy in a way which indicates a common understanding that this is soon to be one of the tenets of the party. It would not be a great step to take, but it would be a very desirable one. Such a bill, once passed, would anchor the country on a gold basis until a Senate, a House, and a President should con- cur in repealing it. Eventhis would not be the chief benefit to flow from it. Such a law would influence the thought of the nation. The gold standard would be a part of the people’s daily walk and conversation, and would develop an un- questioned national policy. It is doubt- ful if any party would have the hardi- hood to deny or controvert it after it was once placed on the statute-book. It may be affirmed that the existing law makes gold the standard of value, and hence that the proposed new law would be superfluous. Week-kneed, backbone- less Republicans will very probably urge this as a reason for doing nothing. To all such we commend a prayerful read- ing of their last national platform, which says: “All our silver and paper currency must be maintained at parity with gold, and we favor all measures designed to maintain inviolable the obligations of the United States, and all our money, whether coin or paper, at the present standard, the standard of the most enlightened nations of the earth.” This resolution was adopted at the St. Louis convention June 18, 1896, but no step has been taken by Congress to car- ry out the declared purpose of the con- vention. It might be awkward for the party to go into the next campaign with- out having put upon the statute-book a single word on the subject. The death of Richard P. Bland calls to mind once more the Bland bill, and all the strife over it, and all the con- sequences of it. Mr. Bland did a great deal of mischief during the twenty-five years that he was in public life, but it is probably true that if he had not taken the lead in the silver agitation, some other ambitious politician would have done so. The money question was at the front in 1872, when Bland was first elected to Congress. It was then a dispute over flat money, inflation, paying the bonds in greenbacks, and simi- lar crudities growing out of war-finan- clering. The decline in the price of sil- ver happened in the course of that dis- pute and just as the flat-money men had been “knocked out,” by the defeat of Butler in the Republican party and of Pendleton in the Democratic. The decline in silver was one of the most baleful accidents that ever befell the financial affairs of any nation. It took the victory that had been won, after hard fighting, by the friends of sound money, out of their hands, and plunged the nation into a controversy of more than twenty years’ duration, and led to the useless expenditure of $464,000,000 gold by the Government in the purchase of silver bullion, without any benefit whatever to the owners of silver mines or to any human being. This expendi- ture was useless and worse than use- less, because the production of silver was artificially stimulated, and the ac- cumulation now hangs over the silver market of the world, depressing the price unduly, because the buyers believe that it will some day come upon the market like the discarded silver of Ger- many. Four hundred and sixty-four million dollars is a pretty large sum to pay for one lesson in the science of finance, but that was not all that it cost us. The panic of 1893 was one of its consequen- ces, and that panic cost more than the Government paid for its silver bullion, but the loss was distributed among in- dividuals instead of being entered in the Treasury ledger. Now the cloud that lowered above us so long is passing away, and Mr. Bland passes away with it. His political career was a failure in every sense. He failed to carry the measure to which he devoted all his public life. The bill which bears his name was not his, but Senator Allison’s. Bland himself opposed it bitterly, and voted for it only after it had become plain that he must take that or nothing. He not only failed to carry his own measure, but he failed to secure a nomi- nation for President when the Demo- cratic party finally put itself on his platform. It is generally conceded that Mr. Bland was sincere in his beliefs. We do not call his sincerity in question, but his career is a fresh illustration of the truth that a little learning is a dan- gerous thing. Mr. Bland knew just enough about finance to put him in the wrong, and he had sufficient ability and. perseverance to drag a large unthinking: multitude after him. The spoilsmen have no doubt about what the President’s recent civil-service order signifies. They have never shown such evidence of hopefulness in their warfare against the reform since the passage of the law of 1883 as they now manifest in view of President McKin- ley’s recent “backward step.” The news comes from Washington that “promi- nent Republican workers,” who are dis- gusted with “the hollow sham of civil service,” have organized a league, with stanch support of McKinley’s adminis- tration and bitter opposition to “civil service” as its chief objects, between which no antagonism is recognized, There have been such organizations be- fore, but they never had so much to en- courage them as now. One of their aims is.to keep “the hollow sham” out of the next Republican platform, and here, too, Mr. McKinley has helped their purpose. What, indeed, can the party say in 1900? In 1896 it “pointed with pride” to the placing of the civil-service law on the statute-book by the Repub- lican party, and declared that “we renew our repeated declarations that it shall be thoroughly and honestly enforced and extended wherever practicable.” But it would be ridiculous to make such a pledge next year, after what a Republi- can President has done this year. Attorney-General Griggs is as confi- dent as Senator Hanna is, that President McKinley will be renominated and re- elected without difficulty and almost without opposition. Will imperialism be an issue in the campaign? Mr. Griggs, sitting serenely upon his own “glory- crowned heights,” thinks it “will not figure as a distinct issue.” The Repub- lican platform will “ refer to it approv- ingly,” but the Democrats “will not deem it prudent to make it a party is- sue.” The reason why imperialism will thus play no part in the campaign is because maintaining authority in the Philippines and elsewhere in our new possessions has become “not a question of party politics, but of national duty, and must be approached and considered by our citizens from their sense of duty to this country.” That is the McKinley theory, undoubtedly. Ask no questions, indulge in no criticism, but stand by me, William McKinley, in everything I do. That is duty to your country, for I, aided by Mr. Hanna and Mr. Griggs and other faithful and unwearying eulo- gists of my greatness and goodness, am the cuuntry in the new era upon which I have launched it. The movement toward the election of United States Senators by popular vote has met a set-back in Virginia. As the nearest approach to such a choice pos- sible under the constitutional rule which requires election by the Legislature, the advocates of a change in that State have sought to secure either the calling of a Democratic State convention or the or- dering of party primaries this year, for the express purpose of nominating a candidate who shall be supported by the legislators next winter. The question has been submitted to the State com- mittee at a meeting in Richmond, and that body decided that there was not such a general demand from the Demo- cratic voters for this new departure as to justify any action by the committee. It is pointed out that the people in the several legislative districts have always had and still have the power to control the election of Senators, either by leav- ing it to the judgment and discretion of the Representatives chosen by them, or by seeing that the Representatives chosen are in accord with them on the subject, or by instructing them where it Phe pasgchecd raring Suis PSS ane AE

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ee et sie Nhat ei Pekin ama ate? ois Re aoa nt veal ZEAL Deo LOI ical obo ak ra hee Soa Wr Scone June 22, 1899] The Nation.

AGY

is deemed necessary. It ought to be added that personal issues have played a large part in the decision of this ques- tion; those who favor the reélection of Senator Martin opposing any change in the method of choice now, because they think it might hurt his chances, although some of them have In the past favored the popular election of Senators on gen- eral principles.

The Michigan Legislature has passed an anti-Trust law more sweeping, if pos- sible, than that of Texas. It forfeits the charters of all corporations of the State that join together to create restrictions in trade, or to limit or reduce the pro- duction of any article of merchandise, or to control the market-price of the same, or to prevent competition. It pro- hibits the corporations of other States which come within these categories from doing business in the State. It subjects to fine, or imprisonment, or both, any person who aids or abets the combinations ‘prohibited by the act, and declares void all contracts in violation of the act, and gives to any person in- jured in his business by the operation of a Trust the right of action against the offender for double the amount of dama- ges sustained. Looking at this enact- ment, and at those which have preceded it, and at those still pending in other States, we apprehend that it will be useless to contend against the public feeling which prompts them. The bat- tle must be fought out in the courts, and more especially in the markets of the country. It is very likely that the courts will sustain the anti-Trust laws wherever they can do so, as they sus- tained the Granger legislation in the seventies. The crucial test of the anti- Trust laws will be found, however, in the experience of society. Probably they will be found unworkable in some parti- culars and injurious in others; that is, injurious to the community. Time only can answer these questions. Probably Congress will not remain unaffected by the anti-Trust excitement now sweeping over the country. The saying of Mf. Havemeyer that “the mother of all Trusts is the protective tariff bill” has awakened many echoes in the country press, and the more it is talked of and the oftener it is printed, the wider is the belief that Mr. Havemeyer spoke the truth. sy ‘

The strike which has just broken out in the State of Colorado is one which is without « precedent in the history of such struggles. It is among the men employed in smeiter works, but it affects all mining operations, and, beyond them, other allied industries, as well as the business of the railroads. Thirty thou- sand is considered a reasonable esti- mate of the number of men who will immediately be thrown out of work, while 5,000 railroad employees will lose

their jobs if the mines of the State are generally closed. The employees in the smelter works havé hitherto worked ten or twelve hours a day. Last winter they appealed to the Populist Legislature to | pass a law for a shorter day, and that body enacted a statute which provides that “the period of employment of work- ingmen in smelters and in all other insti- tutions for the reduction or refining of ores or metals shall be eight hours per day, except in cases of emergency where life or property is in imminent danger.” But the owners and operators generally claim that they could not operate their works profitably if they should pay as much hereafter for a day of eight hours as they have heretofore paid for one of ten or twelve; and, with few exceptions, they proposed to substitute a system of payment by the hour, under which the men would earn considerably less than before. It is not unlikely that the trou- ble may soon be ended by a judicial de- cision that the law is unconstitutional as class legislation. The question whe- ther such a statute would stand was submitted to the Supreme Court of Colo- rado in 1895, and it declared that “‘it is not competent for the Legislature to sin- gle out the mining, manufacturing, and smelting industries of the State and im- pose upon them restrictions with refer- ence to the hours of their employees, from which other employers of labor are exempt.”

Has the Mazet inquiry, which has been adjourned till August, really accom- plished anything? This is the question which one hears oftenest about the in- vestigation, and it is usually answered in the negative. There is no disputing the fact that, in the estimation of most people, the inquiry has been a failure. Yet Mr. Moss, as we look back over his labors, has set forth very clearly certain facts in our condition which we only suspected before he began. He has made Croker admit under oath that he con- trols and runs the government of the city for his personal benefit. He has shown by the evidence of Croker’s sons and family relations that the depart- ments are used for the purpose of ex- torting blackmail from contractors and others for the benefit of the Croker family. He has made Devery and Price and the Police Board confess that the police power of the city is exerted, not for the suppression of vice and crime, but for their protection, stimulating their growth in order that the revenue from them may be made as large as possible. The portraits which he has induced the police authorities to draw of themselves on the witness-stand—those of Hess, Sexton, York, Devery, and Price—have been invaluable revelations of the Croker system of government. Nothing equal to them has ever before been exhibited in a civilized community. One after another, these agents and ad-

ministrators of our laws, the supposed servants of the people, have declared their contempt for both laws and mo- rals, have defied and insulted both the committee and the respectable sentiment of the community, have shown them- selves too ignorant and uneducated to be able to speak in ordinarily correct language, and tco coarse and brutal to have any proper sense of the disgraceful revelations they were making of their own characters.

The general belief is that when Platt started the inquiry, he intended it to be only a little one, just enough to alarm ~ Croker into giving him a larger share of police patronage. Croker was not easily scared, and the employment of Mr. Moss as counsel made it impossible to restrict the inquiry after it was ordered. The net result has been quite different from what Platt intended. Croker has been “shown up,” it is true, but so has Platt. He has been exhibited as a boss of pre- cisely the same tyre as Croker, and Cro- ker’s insistence on the witness-stand upon the calling of Platt, if the inquiry was to be impartial and thorough, de- prived the inquiry at the outset of most of its moral force. As a sort of stereopt!- con show of the evils of boss rule, the inquiry bas been an interesting and use- ful exhibition, but beyond that it has not accomplished much that will leave a lasting impression. Only a languid interest attaches to the Venezuelan arbitration, so far as re- lates to the matter in dispute, but the proceedings will be watched with close attention, as they may throw new light on the subject of international arbitra- tion. Lawyers will also watch the pro- ceedings as a tournament of the best legal minds of England and America. Probably we shall add something also to our stock of knowledge from the rul- ings of the court and the umpire on ques- tions of precedents and on the law of evidence. The spectacle which the tri- bunal itself presents is an object-lesson to The Hague conference, to which it must serve in some degree as a stimu- lant, and all the more since Martens, the Russian jurist, holds the foremost place in both. Every precaution seems to have been taken to secure, not only an absolute decision of the question at issue, but one which shall command the assent of the parties to the controversy. in his opening speech on Thursday Sir Richard Webster, speaking of the fifty- year-title clause, suggested that where a case of fifty years’ occupation was found to be beyond the line of the true ooundary of the government whose sub- jects were there settled, the boundary should be deflected, with territorial com- pensation elsewhere, or with pecuniary compensation. As this rule would work both ways, it could not be considered as favoring one party more than the other. presen 7 seal

‘3 <i RRS SSH)" p typnrats METRY AEG Hn ery ee ae “Me mrnopaite -

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A770 ‘The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1773 3 INTERNATIONAL UNITY. The proposals of the Czar of Rus- sia, which have occasioned the Confer- ence now sitting at The Hague, have been compared with the scheme of the “Holy Alexander I. Such a comparison shows how much civilization has advanced during the century. The Holy Alliance was a secret agreement among despots. They were perhaps unusually benevo- lent despots, but they intended to sup- press liberty, and they carried out their intention. The minute supervision of Government officers rendered free speech and even free thought impossible for subjects, and made international trade and travel very difficult. In a recent tour undertaken for the purpose of learning European sentiment concerning the Czar’s rescript, an English journalist travelled everywhere, talked to every one, and wrote everything without hin- drance. A few centuries ago such a tour would have been physically impossible; even a century ago it would have been impracticable. Its purpose would have been inquired into, and probably con- demned. The tourist would have found the barriers of the custom-house almost insurmountable. He would have met with the greatest difficulty in obtaining a passport, and even if he bore one made out with the utmost precision, he would have been subjected to frequent deten- tions. His apartments would have been visited by the police, his letters would have been opened and perhaps refused transmission by the post, and he would not have been able to go for a walk without being followed by spies. These intentional hindrances to free- dom of communication have practically disappeared. The passport is still re- quired in Russia and in Turkey, but throughout the civilized parts of Europe it is no longer thought of. The nuisance of custom-houses is unabated, but the inconvenience is generally reduced to a minimum, and so long as taxes on imports are maintained, the inspection of travellers’ luggage must take place. With this exception, it may be said that the barriers between the different coun- tries of Europe have been broken down. The traveller may pass without inter- ruption from the North Cape to Sicily. Letters are sent by the post to any part of Europe without governmental inter- ference, and merchandise, once commit- ted to the carrier, goes steadily on to its destination without further care to the consignor, The International Postal Union has quietly, almost imperceptibly, melted away the obstacles to the diffu- sion of knowledge which despotism had studiously interposed, and now, when a letter is onee dropped into the box, it goes almost automatically to the person to whom it is addressed. Mail-bags, at least, are carried from country to coun- try without custom-house examination. Railway Bureau , The International is seldom spoken of, and is perhaps un- known to most of those who are bene- fited by its work, but it is one of the most effective agencies in bringing about the unity of Europe. It practically 1 3 al ays ] Alliance” brought forward ‘by | makes all the railways of Europe one system for many purposes, and manages, in spite of tariffs and custom-houses, to deliver goods with remarkable ex- pedition. Besides the Railway Bureau there are the Telegraphic Union, the unions for the protection of patents, of trade-marks, and of copyrights, and others. As M. Droz, the head of the Railway Bureau, says, trade asks little of the state, and the state rather hinders than helps it. Only grant it legal security and it will take care of itself. It will do more; it will gradually make the rulers of the state submit to its requirements. In spite of all endeavors to keep up nation- al jealousies, the expansive and perva- sive force of commerce overcomes in the end. Even the French and Italian Gov- ernments have been forced to admit the folly of their tariff wars by the argu- ments taken from trade statistics. Trade is sometimes regarded as a sordid af- fair; it does not strike the imagination of mankind as the uniform of a soldier does. But when we see what has been done by these commercial agencies in building up rights, they,do not seem sordid. The Railway Bureau,.for ex- ample, has made all the managing de- partments of the railways of Europe se- verally answerable, so that a suit for damages may be brought against either the sending or receiving agent. The Te- legraphic Bureau has established the right of every one to send a dispatch, the right of secrecy, even the right to send messages in cipher, the right to a fixed and reasonable tariff. People think little of these things, but they make, col- lectively, a very great addition to the list of rights formerly enjoyed by the common people. Under the constant prodding of trade, the governments themselves have had to recognize European unity. One of the notable instances of this result is the Commission for the Regulation of the Danube, It would be hard to say whe- ther the perversity of nature or of man more impeded the navigation of that stream. But the governments of the countries interested finally consented to act together for the relief of commerce, and the commission established by this agreement, although clumsily enough constituted, has gradually accomplished very important results. These steps to- wards the “federation of the world” should encourage us to hope that we may be nearing the end of the military ré- gime. The common people everywhere detest It; the educated people very gen- erally condemn it; but the rulers of the nations maintain it. They, however, are not insensible to public opinion, and Bu- rope is in s0 many ways now united that armies will seem more and more an anachronism. When we consider what has been accomplished within a com- paratively short time, we can take heart. The more the ‘world talks about peace and disarmament, the more desirable will they appear and the harder will it be for rulers to oppose them. A BIPARTISAN CENSUS. By this time it musi be plain to every one that Merriam will make as bad a mess of the twelfth census as Porter did of the eleventh. The longer he goes on, the more the wonder grows why the President should have appointed him Director, instead of reappointing Porter. It is true, Porter had brought discredit upon the Harrison Administration; but some lessons of experience had been so drilled into him that he could hardly have done worse, and might have done better, if he had tried his hand again. Merriam’s first act in office was to em- phasize the President’s distrust of Por- ter by searching the record to find out what Porter did, and then taking care to do something else. It is the pursuit of this delicate policy which has got him into most of his trouble. At the outset he admitted that he knew nothing about statistics, and, as he had never studied census methods, no technical scheme of administration had shaped itself in his mind; but in his political career he had taken a hand in carving up salaried jobs and passing the slices around, so he gave his whole mind to that branch of his duties. First, what had Porter done about ap- pointments? He had pooh-poohed the idea of putting his bureau under the civil-service rules, and had set up in- stead a sliding-scale test for the sons and nephews, poor relations, and other dependents of the men who stood by him in Congress. If an incompetent could not pass an examination of the highest grade, perhaps he could pass an easier one; if that still was too hard for him, he could come in any way, figuring on the pay-roll as a laborer and doing the work of a clerk. None of this for Mer- riam, if you please. He took pains .to explain that he would not have objected, personally, to letting the Civil-Service Commission sift his applicants and give him only the best; but there was the law, which provided that ‘these persons shall be appointed,” not from the clas- sified service, but “by the Director of the Census,” and this, of course, left him no discretion. But he did intend to make his own examination rigid. He would hire merciless examiners to put the most searching questions. If an appli- cant was turned away at the front door, he would find no back door open, as in Porter’s day; still, if he passed, it would do him no harm to have some “influ- ence.” Has this pian gratified the spoilsmen

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June 22, 1899] who engineered the census law through Congress? No more than it has satis- fied the good citizens who want a census force worth the money spent upon it. The spoilsmen say: “If you are going to have an examination as severe as the Civil-Service Commission requires, we might as well have left the whole busi- ness in the hands of the Commission.” And they are right. That would have saved time, expense, and irritation with- to pass a Census Bureau examination as rigid as Director Merriam proposes, who would not more willingly have taken the Commission’s examination, because an The Nation. had just been appointed a public sta- tistician contained a warning which to- day has a prophetic ring: “If any mis take is more likely than others to be committed in such a critical position, it is to undertake to recognize both par- ties as parties, and to award so much in due turn to each. inevitably leads to jealousy and dissatis- | faction.” out end. There is not an applicant able | | into detail and explained that where two | parties appointment made through this agency . would have been to the classified service with a fair assurance of permanent tenure. Even with the law as it is, if the Director sought only competency in his clerks, he could obtain the addresses of thousands from the Commission with out any formal process of certification. The law does not tell him where he must look for his help, and the Commission’s eligible lists are continually drawn upon by private employers in search of skilled clerks. This much for the office force; now, had turned the enumeration into a mere machine for rewarding faithful Republi- cans. Well, Merriam must look out not to fall into such a mistake—at least, not in the South. To keep alive the era of good feeling there, was a mission of the McKinley Administration, and Merriam as one of its prophets, must not ignore his share of the work. Hence the ad- vertisement that in the Southern States a part of the patronage would be dis- tributed through the Democratic Sena- tors. At once arose a protest from two sources. The Republican bosses object- ed to these dispensing agents because they were Democrats, and the Demo- cratic Representatives because they were Senators. The only persons pleased | work and —____———-+ Gen. Walker might have gone more divide such an enterprise be tween them, they either quarrel or they enter into a treaty. If they quarrel, each party will denounce the work done by the other as worthless. If they agree, it is only to make common cause against all criticism, and defend bad good alike. Either alterna always the public has simply a big bill to pay for a pig in a poke. THE RATIONALE OF TRUSTS Mm, . OC more testimony before the Industrial | Commission last week than was wanted. what had Porter done in the field? He | were the Senators themselves, and they | were just two citizens in each State. As usual, the plan devised to suit everybody suits almost nobody. The ge- neral verdict is that, if there is anything more foolish than Merriam’s examina- tion comedy, it is his bipartisan farce. | The new Director doubtless understood vagnely that partisan censuses were bad | things, but he could not reason from this that a bipartisan census is only a parti- san census, with its vicious qualities dou- | bled. He has made the old blunder of | confounding bipartisanship with non- | partisanship. The late Francis A. Walker knew the difference. take the ninth census with partisan ma- chinery, because the law gave him only | United States Marshals for lieutenants in ‘the field. Ten years later he was obliged to condemn his own population | statistics for the South as untrust- worthy; but he cherished no illusion that two parties were better than one in | tage over the others. In fact, he rather turned the tables on his interrogators, for, although he did not question them, he confounded them and brought their questions to naught. He first plumped at them the general ! ; | such a case. A letter to a friend who This course almost | | a distinction | Trusts, etc., fi ; 7 , : ; machinery for the operation tive is bound to discredit the result, and | AG1 that each tub revenue were repealed si should stand on its own bottom, the su- would be benefited The whole drift of gar-refining industry rather than harmed. Mr. Havemeyer’s argument runs that way. However that may be, Mr. Have meyer uttered some plain truths which will bear frequent repetition among them these “The tariff bill clutches the people by the throut, and then the Governors and the At torney-Generals of the several States take action, not against the cause but the machinery which the ps rifle the public’s pockets ‘There appears to be in the AZADA ple employ public mind between robbery by an indi vidual and that by a corporation. What is commendable in an individual appears to be dishonest in a corporation. “I maintain that it is immaterial to the public in what form business is done whether by an individual, firm, corporation or even a Trust These are merely forms of conducting busines, or, in ether words of business It is the duty of the to see that under the tariff laws they enact, this ma chinery cannot in its actions result to the detriment or impoverishment of the publi “It is the Government, through its tariff laws, which plunders the people, and the are merely the machinery for Government doing it.”’ ' Havemeyer gave rather statement that “the mother of all Trusts | is the customs-tariff bill.’”” Then he pro- ceeded to show how it has worked. existing bill and the precéding ones,” he | said, “have been the occasion of the for- mation of all the large Trusts, with very “The | ; few exceptions, inasmuch as they pro- | vide for an inordinate protection to all the interests of the country—sugar-re- fining excepted.”” Probably Mr. Have- meyer meant all the special interests or all the favored interests, not “all the "; for if all were inordinately protected, none would have any advan- Whether the refin- ing of sugar has been omitted in the distribution of tariff favors is a moot question. It was much disputed when the Dingley bill was pending, and it was ob- served that, after the bill passed, there was a sharp and permanent rise in the interests | quotations of Sugar Refining stock. The He was forced to | question is so extremely technical that only the best experts can form an opin- ion as to the amount of protection which the existing tariff affords, but probably the quotations in the market are the best test, and these would indicate more than the 3% per cent. which Mr. Have- meyer says is the true figure. The relative amount of protection af- forded by the tariff to the sugar refiners, the sugar-growers, the Hawaiian Island planters (foreigners mostly, says Mr. Havemeyer), and other industries, is not, however, the chief point of interest in his testimony. It is probably true that if all customs duties except those for We have pointed out from time to time since the McKinley tariff first went into effect nine years ago, the modwy operandi of the tariff in formation of Trusts inducing the A Trust is a com- bination of the producing machinery of the country in a particular line of indus try to stop competition and enable the producers of the particular article to sell it at a higher price than they coul¢ otherwise get. Such a combination is if the question can be imported from abroad. If Congress now steps in and performs } not possible, however, article in the job of excluding the imported, arti- cle or putting on duties which raise the price in the home market, got only is there an opportunity afferded, but an inducement or bonus is offered, to form the Trust. No wonder it was availed of as soon as the duties were raised to the inordinate and McKinley bill. that monstrous that such veterans of the tariff as Senator Morrill and Senator Sherman stood aghast at its provisions Senator Sherman took an early occa- sion after its passage to say that if ad- vantage were taken of the tariff to form Trusts or combinations under the shelter of it, he would vote to put on the fre« list any article produced by such Trusi or combination. He might as well have whistled against the wind. The pro- moters of Trusts laughed at him, or ra- ther they gave no heed to his words. The only thing they gave attention to was the plum that he and McK aley and Aldrich and the rest had dangled before their eyes. The Republican party offer- ed a premium for the formation of as many Trusts as there were separate arti- cles in the bill, and when the Trusts came forward to take what was offered them, it tempting height of the Trusts multiplied on the heels of measure—a measure so began to pass other laws to onda, Soe eeprom vont i $

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A'72 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1773 punish them for taking the plunder. Se- nator Sherman was the first one in line to adopt this illogical course. The Sher- man anti-Trust bill was the outcome; a measure which has never led to a con- viction, we believe—at all events has never stopped or hindered a single Trust. It is true, as Mr. Havemeyer acknow- ledges, that there are some Trusts which are not founded on the tariff. Whether these few are good, bad, or indifferent, there seems to be no way to get rid of them. We have little confidence in the efficiency of laws like the one recently passed by the State of Texas to prevent the selling of articles produced by Trusts, or to keep their agents out of the State. We apprehend that the citizens of Texas will suffer more from that deprivation than the Trusts themselves, and that the law will be repealed when the pinch becomes severe. That there is an easy and sure remedy in the hands of Con- gress for all the evils caused by the tariff-protected Trusts is plain enough. It is only necessary to remove the artifi- cial barrier that Congress itself created for them. It is only necessary to do what Senator Sherman, in the days of his intellectual acumen, said that he would do—repeal every scrap of duty on every article which has been made the subject of a Trust or combine; or, if the revenue is needed, to levy an internal tax equal to the duty on every such article. AT SEA FOR AN ISSUE. The Democrats of Pennsylvania held their State convention at Harrisburg last week, to nominate candidates for two judges of the courts and for State Treasurer. This is an “off year,” with no Federal fficials to be elected, and the canvass ought to turn exclusively on State issues. The framers of the plat- form recognized the proper supremacy of such issues, and fourteen of the fif- teen planks which they presented deal with questions of this sort. Republi- can newspapers concede that it is a good platform in this respect. The Philadel- phia Press says that, “to most of ,the declarations, no honest man can take ex+' ception,” and that the Republicans ought to second the demand for an amendment to the Constitution that will provide for an effective registration of voters. It even goes so far as to declare that “if the convention of the Republicans choos- es to take issue with the ugly truths set forth by the Democrats, and writes an endorsement across the backs of all the questionable acts of Gov. Stone and the Quay machine and Mr. Quay him- self, it will drive away thousands of vot- ers now anxious to stay with their party, and will give the ticket nominated at Harrisburg yesterday a hopeful chance of winning, even in this overwhelming- ly Republican State.” But the platform-makers at Harris- burg were not prepared to omit all refer- ence to national politics in a deliverance upon which three candidates, for State offices were to run in an “off year.” The question was how this outside mat- ter ought to be treated. Should the con- vention endorse the free coinage of sil- ver specifically? Should it endorse’ ge- nerally the Chicago platform of 1896, of which the free-coinage resolution was the most important plank? Should it try to “keep in line’ with the position assumed by the party three years ago without making the Chicago platform unduly prominent? The policy of evasion was decided upon by the committee and was accept- ed by the convention. The first resolu- tion, which was the only one referring to national politics, reads as follows: The Democracy of Pennsylvania in con- vention assembled, again renewing our pledges of fidelity and devotion to the sacred rights of the people, true to the faith and principles of our party as declared in the platforms of our several national conventions, and proud of our matchless leader, William Jennings Bryan, realize that the issues in- volved in the coming campaign in Pennsyl- vania are honest government, clean politics,- and the redemption of our State from Re- publican misrule and corruption. This covers equally the financial plank upon which Bryan was defeated in 1896 and that upon which Cleveland was elected in 1892. For that matter, it cov- ers equally the platform upon which Seymour ran as the Democratic candi- _| date in 1868, declaring that ‘‘we regard the reconstruction acts (so-called) of Congress, as such, as usurpations, and unconstitutional, revolutionary, and void”; and that upon which Greeley was supported by the same party in 1872, with the “pledge to oppose any reopen- ing of the questions settled by the thir- teenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amend- ments to the Constitution.” In short, the position now taken by the Pennsyl- vania Democracy leaves them open to support any policy in the national con- vention of their party next year, whether such policy harmonizes with the platform of 1896, or be as inconsistent with that deliverance as was the platform of 1896 with the one of 1892, or that of 1872 with the one of 1868. The uncertainty of mind as to the best course for the future of the party which was manifested at Harrisburg characterizes the leaders of the organi- zation as a rule throughout the country. The Chicago Times-Herald has been ask- ing members of the Democratic national committee what they think ought to be the battle-cry in 1900, and their replies show a growing disposition not to make the silver question again the dominant one. Most would “reaffirm the Chicago platform of 1896,” but some of these could doubtless be induced ty compro- mise on endorsing “the faith and prin- ciples of our party as declared in the platforms of our several national con- ventions.” A number of committeemen favor laying most stress on opposition to Trusts, and treating “the money Trust” as only one feature of a broad problem. “Imperialism” or “militarism” is suggested by some as likely to become a prominent issue next year. But there is no approach to unanimity in opposing the present policy of the Re- publican Administration, so far as any- body can make out what that policy is. “As to the question of imperialism, ex- pansion, or by whatever other name it may be called,” says the member of the committee from Georgia, “I am inclined to think it would be very unwise for the party to commit itself now to any de- claration, pending the changing condi- tions which, as readjustment proceeds, will give the people of the whole country better data from which to reach a satis- factory’ conclusion as to the national duty.” Further illustration of the dif- ference of opinion now existing is fur- nished by contrasting the “flat-footed” declaration of the Tennessee commit- teeman that “the Democratic platform should denounce in unmeasured terms the acquisition of territory by force of arms,” with this equally positive state- ment by his colleague from the State of Washington: “No fault can or should be found with the administration of Presi- dent McKinley in dealing with the Phi- lippines as he has. Atkinson, Hoar, and Cleveland should not be permitted to frame the policy of the Democratic party with reference to the Philippines.” On the whole, such developments as those of the Harrisburg convention and of the canvass of the Democratic na- tional committee are encouraging. The first step towards getting away from the advocacy of a hopeless policy is to cease to have any positive convictions about it, and there is evidently a considerable element in the Democracy which is now in this frame of mind regarding free coinage. It is far better to have a party at sea for an issue than to have it em- bark again on a voyage straight to the rocks on which it has once been wrecked. CONDITIONS IN CRETE. ATHENS, May, 1899. The question now uppermost in people’s minds in this part of the world is not so much when and how the four Powers are going to leave the Island of Crete to her own devices, but what these devices will be. There is talk of the complete withdrawal of the foreign troops and officials within a few weeks, but this does not seem probable, and, whether it take place to-day or next year, the main question of Moslem versus Chris- tian will remain to be solved. Well-instruct- ed opinion differs as to which of these two parties is the worse, but various officials of foreign governments in Italy, Turkey, and Greece with whem I have spoken all concur in the belief that anything done which may alienate the Moslem . inhabitants, even in sympathy, from the island will be most unfortunate for its future well-being. While the Turkish flag that now floats on a small rock in Suda Bay is the only visible sign of the sovereignty of the Sultan, the num-

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June 22, 1899] The Nation. 473 ber of Moslems still left in the island is, notwithstanding emigrations to Smyrna and other ports during the last year, very consi- derable, and their wealth is large in propor- tion to that of the Christians. So far as the Christians are concerned, it would be a plea- sant solution of difficulties were all the Mos- lems to emigrate; and the desire of many of them to depart.is shown by the price for which they to-day will sell their farms— oftentimes scarcely more than the passage money to one of the ports of Asia Minor. But all the Moslems will not emigrate; in the main, only those from the interior will do so, and the larger part of the Moslem population is settled in Candia and other cities. At present, owing to the presence of Eu- ropean officials, affairs for the most part run smoothly, and the country is safe for for- eigners, and almost equally so for its own inhabitants. It is quite possible, however, that, on the withdrawal of the Europeans, this happy condition will no longer endure. This fear is aroused by observing the gene- ral course of action of the temporary gov- ernment which, until lately, has had charge of affairs. Two weeks ago, the first true autonomous ministry was chosen. It is com- posed of five members, four Christians, and one Moslem, who hold office subject to the will of Prince George. While the forms of the government exercised by this body may be slightly different from those practised during the past months, it is scarcely to be supposed that its general tone will be great- ly altered; so, with little question, a fair idea of the future can be derived from study of the past. It is worth noting that the five officials are not true ministers, but merely councillors in charge of the Departments of Education and Public Worship, Justice, Inte- rior, Finance, Public Works, and Agricul- ture. The presidency of this board, although the Constitution provides for no such office, will, in all probability, be held by M. Spha- kianakis, who has charge of .the Depart- ment of Education and Public Worship, and is ex-President of the Assembly. To render justice to the Moslems will be one of the most difficult duties of this or any Christian government in Crete. Personal safety seems now to be, in the main, as- sured, but there is no certainty for the Mos- lem of meeting with just treatment in the courts, and no assurance that laws will not be promulgated pressing harder on him than on the Christian. The conditions in the Pro- vince of Candia (the English ‘“‘sphere of in- fluence’) are excellent. Smuggling has been suppressed, the revenues doubled during the past six months. The natives, however, do not possess the same aptitude as the Eng- lish for running affairs with mechanical im- partiality and accuracy, and it is hardly to be doubted that before the island becomes self- supporting and orderly, the Mosleins will have to suffer much. Instances of the sort of tyranny to which they will be subjected are already numerous. A few weeks ago a notice appeared in the official Gazette, saying that, Prince George having given his sanction to the measure, it was decreed that hence- forth there should be an amnesty regarding all political crimes committed before Novem- ber 4, 1898. By choosing this date, the As- sembly provided for the pardon of all Chris- tians; but, as it was after this date that the attack on the British troops and the conse- quent riot took place, a large number of Moslems would be exposed to trial. Natural- ly this decree created much ill-feeling, for, as far as murder goes, the “Christians” show- ed themselves at Sitia and elsewhere apt imitators of the Moslem. The Moslems did not demand free pardon, but merely that they should be treated in the same way as their enemies. The English sense of jus- tice was strong enough to secure this for them, and, after some dispute between the Cretan and British authorities, the edict was repealed. A similar spirit in the action of the Chris- tian toward the Moslem is shown in the regulation passed that the official language of the island shall in all cases be Greek. Con- sidering that Greek is the language spoken in Crete, the harshness of this enactment is not at once manifest, but, in consequence of its bearing on one at least of the Moslem religious institutions, it is hard for the Turks to endure. In giving over the island to Greece, the Powers guaranteed that Moslem institutions should in no way be interfered with. The system of church property through- out the Ottoman empire is peculiar and com- plicated. It is a branch of public affairs. All books of record and accounts pertaining to it are in Turkish. The English found it in Cyprus, and, although English was made the official language, they did not attempt to en- force its use in this department. The Cre- tan Administration seems not to be wise enough to follow this example, but is ap- parently bent on compelling the use of Greek in this as in other branches of governmental business. This policy is likely to be a con- stant source of irritation to the Moslem community. To insure a civilized government, Prince George will, during his three years of office, have to solve two difficult problems—first, the allaying of fanatical ill-feeling of the two religions towards one another; second, the agricultural question. So long as a country whose main source of wealth lies in her agri- cultural products, and which used to have a considerable export trade, provides less than enough of the primitive products for her own consumption, she cannot be regarded as prospering. There is scarcely a village in Greece so poor or so secluded that a travel- ler could not get in it enough to eat, while it is a commonplace of travel in Crete that you must carry your food with you or go hungry. Crete is, agriculturally speaking, as rich a land as Sicily. You may have fresh grapes there from June to January— the first vintage is in July. Oranges, lemons, and figs grow to perfection. No oil is better than Cretan clive oil. The coast-line is most favorable for trading purposes, and for these the position of the island itself could not be improved. The fact is, that the coun- try is even now vastly underpopulated. While it would not conduce to the advance of the country for the Moslems to be in control, it would be a suicidal policy to drive away peaceable and able-bodied laborers. Another great, but as yet undeveloped, source of wealth lies in the unexplored archzological riches of the island. A par- tially satisfactory law in regard to these is about to be passed, and money for investiga- tions will, for years to come, pour into the island as it does into Greece. It will come mainly, at least at first, from Europe, for American archwologists have not yet taken advantage of an opportunity that has brought European students into eager competition. The excavations of the next few years in Crete are likely to teach us more in regard to the early history of Greece and of the ancient currents of human life and endeavor in the Mediterranean basin than we have ever known. If the Cretan Government should insure justice to all the people, the island might soon become one of the pleasantest corners of the earth. RICHARD NORTON. THE ENGLISH RIVIERA. West BOURNEMOUTH, May 30, 1899. Health-seekers who wander for their quest need hardly take their tickets for the Nile, or even for Italy, if all they want is a mild climate for the winter and freedom from the danger of sudden changes of temperature; for the south of England, at least in cer- tain sections, offers the most equable winter that I have ever had experience of, except, perhaps, Florida. The sun and the thermo- meter do not determine with full powers the degree of comfort which is necessary to the maintenance of health and good spirits, or which is to be obtained from any locality. Indoor conditions may be as fatal, or the re- verse, as those of the open weather, and I have heard from friends wintering in Egypt as bitter complaints of discomfort from cold as those I had formulated in my Italian home, with its oscillating mercury; for, tn that land of the sub-tropics, no preparation for the modern perturbation of the tempera- ture seems necessary, and we all know that what the Italian landlord tells of the ex- posure of his apartment, “that there is so much sunshine here that you never need a fire,” turns out to be a bitter delusion, and you are obliged to come to a stove with its pipe thrust through a window, to eke out your winter. There are many things to be considered when you go to test the proverb, “Celum, non animum, mutant qui trans mare currunt,”’ and the things which most change the soul are the things of the household, for one finds that the skies of Italy do not console when one shivers by the mockery of a hearthstone, and warms one’s chilblained fingers by a scaldino, hieroglyph of the fire- side of our home. I hear, as I write, of a young friend, proud of his ability to endure hardships, who has just been sent to an English health resort after a winter on the Nile, overdone by the rigors of a climate to which he had gone as a cure from the severt- ty of the English winters. I have tried wintering in many and wide- ly different climates, and when, at the ena of a term of twelve years’ continuous re- sidence in Rome, following several years in Florence, I decided to try the south of Eng- land fér the winter, most ef my friends, even in England, predicted the failure of the experiment. We are now in the flush of early summer, and I may consider the trial as at an end and the judgment in order, and it is that the winter in this part of England offers the most favorable conditions of existence for cases of persistent ten- dency to diseases of the throat and bron- chitis of all that I know by experience. In the latest years spent in Rome, and conse- quently those in which my condition was the most nearly that of this winter, I had the advantage, not given to temporary resi- dents, of ‘iving in my hired house, fitted with such heating apparatus as can be sup- plied where it is not arranged, as it rarely is, in the construction of the house, and meet- ing with more than usual satisfaction the demands of the climate. Yet whereas in Rome I rarely passed a week without a cold, dur-

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ATA The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1773 ing at least five months of the year, I have had here only one or two attacks which required treatment, or compelled me to keep the house for a day during the past win- ter. The difference between the climate of Rome and that of the south of England is not one of latitude or longitude—it is in the local conditions; and though one winter in this locality probably does not warrant a decision, it is even more probable that the late season has been rather worse than better than the average. The early part of it has been milder, the latter part—the early spring, liable always to be treacherous —has been colder and more unseasonable than the average; the spring is several weeks “behind time.”’ By going further west, into Devon and Cornwall, the conditions are found to be still more favorable than here, in the soutbern borders of Hampshire. The characteristic difference between the Roman winter and that we experience here is not, as most people imagine, in the great- er or less tendency to malarial fevers, which the most elementary prudence will always avoid in Rome, but in the sudden and treacherous changes of temperature there at all seasons. The past winter here has prob- ably had less than the average amount of snow and frost, for we have seen none of the former and only two or three short spells of cold sufficient to freeze the water in the gutters; but the difference cannot have been great, for plants of delicate constitution like the rhododendrons thrive here in the wild state in the greatest profusion, and the fuch- sia flourishes, while the magnolia requires little protection.. The great differences be- tween the temperatures of morning and eve- ning, or shade and sunshine, which consti- tute the gravest inconvenience of the Ro- man climate, do not exist here, and it is not unsafe to go ovt here on a warm winter day without an overcoat on your arm, as it is in Rome or any other place in southern Italy. Then, for the inevitable differences and changes of temperature which affect the indoor life, the English civilization has pre- pared its protection in the shape of fire- places in every room—a convenience which Italian conservatism will not face. In fact, the greater part of the inconveniences of winter life in Italy consist in the obstinate refusal of the Italian to adapt his house to the requirements of the stranger. He seems to say always, ‘““‘What is good enough for me is good enough for you, and if you want anything better, go elsewhere to find it." It has happened to me, in visiting some of the attractive and picturesque towns in the interior of Italy, to find the only inn so filthy as to be offensive to the nose, and quite unfit for a lady to enter it. On re- monstrating with the landlord, that the fil- thiness of his house prevented foreigners from coming to the place, he has replied, ‘But the foreigners do not come; when they do, I will make the house clean.’’ To this indolent indifference to his own advantage of the Italian host, the Englishman offers the sharpest contrast. His house is scru- pulously clean, and he is extremely desirous to consult the tastes of his guest. The inns of the small towns are always comfortable, always clean, and provided with the con- veniences of the locality in which they are. They are generally dear as compared with the same class of houses on the Continent, and the general system of separate living at the inn, due primarily to the Englishman's exclusiveness, makes if impossible to ad- minister the business of inn-keeping eco- nomically; but wherever and whenever the attractions of a locality become evident, the system of lodgings and the letting of fur- nished houses come in to establish a large liberty in this respect. In this quality of li- berty and its consequent bettering of life for mankind at large, England is at the head of civilization. To come from such an abstract statement to the concrete example, I will put my own case. Dr. Lauder-Brunton, a high authority in such matters, advised me, on studying my case, which is an ordinary one of chronic bronchial troubles of a slight and intermit- tent character, exaggerated by my life in Rome, to look for a residence somewhere ‘‘in the tract of sunshiny country which extends from Dorking to Bournemouth’’; and after certain vain explorations in the intervening sections I took the bull by this horn, and hired here what can be found only in Eng- land in a satisfactory condition, a furnished cottage. The owner, a widow lady, leaves all her household gods to my care, goes away so completely that we have never seen -her since we came, and I am as complete- ly at home as if I were in my own house. We have five bedrooms and two sit- ting-rooms, water and gas laid on, a hot bath always ready, and the tradesmen come to the door for orders. A large lawn enables us to invite all the birds of the vicinity to meet on it three times a day for such food as we can provide, and we enjoy their visits greatly, and just now the gardens around are vocal with their songs. I hate cities, and can never reconcile myself to live in one, but this is, so far as the thing is prac- ticable to people of little means, a rus in urbe. We pay for it two pounds a week, with no taxes beyond the water and gas bills. The municipality of Bournemouth, like most other small municipalities in England, is stupid and behindhand in all that goes to make a town attractive and convenient for a stranger, but it has not been able to destroy the natural charm of the place. We have the sea at our back door, and a vast pine woods which was capable of being made a paradise, on the other side. The former has been left outside the enterprise of the Town Council, and the latter is so ravaged by the roughs and ruffians that you may wander in it for days and never see a sign of life—every bird’s nest is stolen and every squirrel stoned to death, though both sur- vive the brutal lower classes in the grounds of some of the houses, and exist as a testi- mony to the potential attractions of the country. The vast pine woods which once covered the site where Bournemouth now stands, extend back to, and mainly through, the New Forest, which is not what we under- stand by forest at all, but is simply wild and uncultivated land, the greater part cov- ered by heather and gorse without a tree. Here and there are tracts of woodland and other areas of cultivated land, which, like the private lands in our Adirondacks, were squatted on or bought from the Government before the importance of keeping a national park had become evident, and these culti- vated sections probably comprise all the arable land in the district, The greater part of the woodland is pine, on a soil so poor and thin that nothing but the various spe- cies of pine (or fir), which are found on it, will grow. This causes a peculiar state of climate, or rather atmosphere, which is the secret of the extreme healthfulness of the region, the purity of the air. There are almost no flowers in the greater part of the district, consequently no birds, except where they can live by the food provided by the inhabited sections, and swallows and insect feeders in general are rare or un- known. I have not seen a single swallow in the country round about Bournemouth since I came, though twenty miles west- ward they are as abundant as in other coun- tries. The effect on the air is peculiar, and such as I have seen in only one other re- gion, Nocera of Umbria, where the same conditions of flora and fauna obtain, and the air has a lightness I never felt, so far as I can remember, elsewhere until I came here. The nurseries of germs and microbes do not exist as in regions where the flora and ac- companying air-fauna are exuberant. Yet we have a great deal of pleasure from the’ birds. The class of people who inhabit the villas and cottages in this district are of the English people who sympathize with the animal world, and the birds nest in their gardens as undisturbed as in an aviary, and on my lawn there come, at the hours of feeding, scores of thrushes, blackbirds, finches of various species, starlings, tomtits, and others I do not recognize, and, dearest of all, two pairs of robins, so friendly and familiar that they come to the edge of the lawn at feeding-time and look into the win- dow to see if we are not coming with their food. It would be hard to find a country where man and nature are so amiably inter- dependent as here, though the cruelty of the lower classes in England towards all wild creatures is far greater than in the advan- ced sections of the United States, and the influence of the sporting classes is of the very worst and most brutalizing on the com- mon people. But where you can escape the extremes, English life is humane and prac- tically religious to a degree unsurpassed if not unequalled in any country of which I have experience. W. J. STILLMAN. ITALIAN FICTION OF THE TWELVE- MONTH. ALASSIO, May, 1899. Neither Verga, D’Annunzio, Fogazzaro, De Roberto, nor Rovetta contributed to the novels of the year, nor yet did Matilde Serao nor Neere. Hamlet has been left out with a vengeance, and we have had either to amuse ourselves with Rosenkranz and Guildenstern or to seek our pleasure from a new set of en- tertainers. I may confess that it was in a sort of desperation that I accepted the latter alternative. 1 did not like reading unknown authors—the chances were strong against their being good; and still, however unlikely, there was always the possibility that some- thing of value might be found among them. As for Rosenkranz and Guildenstern unre- lieved—‘‘troppa grazia, Sant’ Antonio!” When the case was once presented in this way, there was no doubt as to the choice to be made. Only, before giving an account of its results, it may be noted that Fogazzaro has published a volume of lectures under the title of ‘Ascensioni Umane’; that De Roberto has given us a biography of Leopardi, Ro- vetta two plays, ‘Il Ramo d’Ulivo”’ and “Il Poeta,’’ that make very agreeable reading, though, I believe, they were not particularly fortunate upon the stage, and D’Annunzio has followed up the ‘‘Citt& Morta”’ and “Sogno d’un Mattino di Primavera” of 1897 by a “Sogno d’un Tramonto d’Autunno”

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June 22, 1899| The Nation. ATO and “La Gioconda,”’ of such importance that | pid sort. It relates to a spectacle of cruelty I cannct help giving a few words to them here. These two plays show a great advance upcn those of the previous year. They have, to be sure, some of the same defects. The author intrudes himself upon the action, making narrative of the stage directions, so that in the representation much of his inten- ticn would be missed by the spectator who did not follow the play with book in hand. same for all; there is no attempt to differ- to animals: “*What a child is man!’ I said to him, directing his attention to the sight. And he. pointing out to me the three poor horses that the carters kept on whipping pitiless- ly, answered with his usual sneer, ‘Child anil wild beast’; then added, in a tone of irritation, "You never see but the one half of human nature!’ Strange! at those words I experienced a case of two-fold conscious- ness: the man was pleased with them— | thinking, ‘And so much the better!’—but And then, in the dialogue, the style is the | entiate the personages by their manner of | speech. They all talk D’Annunzian, than | which, it must be confessed, no prose could be more exquisite. I have tried on former occasions to do justice to its quality, and it was never more flowing, more musical, more perfectly finished than here. And, after all, harmonious prose does not necessarily stifle movement and passion: D’Annunzio gives another proof of this in one and the other of these plays. The ‘‘Sogno d’un Mattino di Primavera” was only a dream, lovely in its shadowiness, but too utterly impalpable to awaken any deep sympathy. The ‘“‘Sogno d'un Tramonte d’Autunno,”’ though ‘‘of the stuff that dreams are made of,” is yet animated by a breath of passionate life. It is also remarkable in that there are two actions, one before the eyes of the spectator, and the other concealed, but, by an ingenious arti- fice, both are made to move together to a united catastrophe. ‘La Gioconda’”’ is a yet finer work. There is in it, especially in the first and third acts, evidence of dramatic power of no common order. Unhappily, the second act is not of equal force, and, from the point of view of the theatre, the fourth is useless. Needless to say that in itself it contains rare beauties. A remarkable pic-~ turesqueness characterizes all these plays. The “Mattino di Primavera” is like a modern ‘picture in which willowy and pallid damsels are set in a harmony of tenderest greens, forming a scene of romantic loveliness. Other readers than myself will probably be re- minded by it of Rossetti and Burne-Jones. A hot light and a parched land are the image left in the memory by the “Citta Morta.’”’ The riches of a Venetian palette are expended upen the “Tramonto d’Autunno,” while the “‘Gioconda” has all the delicacy and distinction of the Tuscan landscape and art. And, coming finally to the novels, I must begin with a work that can be called a novel only by courtesy; but I cannot omit all mention of a book that has given me so much pleasure. Indeed, ‘La Carrozza di , Tutti’ of the veteran Edmondo De Amicis is capable of giving honest enjoyment to many. The sale of it is a proof of this; the works of no other Italian are disseminated so widely, and the thousands of ‘La Car- rozza di Tutti’ already make a respectable figure in the advertised lists of the author’s successes. The book is occupied with the observations made month by. month throughout an entire year on the different tramway lines of Turin. ‘““The eye sees what it carries with it the power of seeing,” and De Amicis is above all an amiable op- timist, with facile smilé and equally facile tear. But he is not blind, for all that; the little romances he follows, with his notes and comments on them, make up an excel- lent bedside book; and the delicate naiveté of the following passage shows that the per- vading optimism is by no means of the stu- the writer was offended, and, alas! the pleasure faded away after a moment; the resentment is not yet dead.” The opportunity has been good for mak- ing acquaintance with the younger writers, and with some of those who have hitherto passed unobserved behind the brilliant pha- lanx to the fore. There are plenty under both categories, the days being past when Italians read only French fiction, and the demand being sufficient to stimulate a brisk home production. It would be hard to say whether the average of it be higher or low- er than that of other countries, but I may own that the ordinary reading—that of the rank and file—seems to me a trifle more dreary than usual. These young Italians take themselves too seriously, and their touch is rarely light. They are not quite so Zolaist as their predecessors, but the psy- chological analysis is still in fashion, and two at least of the cleverest works are among its victims. ‘Il Vecchio’ of Ugo Ojetti is one of these. The author, a young man, was sent by the Corriere della Sera as special correspondent to America during the late war. His let- ters, since published in book form, showed more than ordinary abilities. He no doubt left a pleasant memory of himself with many Americans, who probably did not sus- pect what a fund of gloom he had in him to lavish on his first novel. The subject is an old man of sixty-three years (when Sig. Ojetti shall have reached that age himself, he may find that he should have made his Vecchio some years older), who, having lcst his wife, broods upon his own approaching death until, by indulgence in the one idea, he precipitates the catastrophe he fears. Of course, as the subject is outside of the possible experience of youth, the study is to be taken as a mere tour de force. Still, the novel is a remarkable one, and may be accepted especially as a promise of future (let us hope less dismal) good things. The other victim is ‘L’Esca” of Ottorino Novi, also a young man. This book, like the preceding, is, notwithstanding its rivulet of action coursing through broad meadows of verbiage (description and analysis), perfect- ly readable. Its worst defect Is a note of romantic exaggeration that is repeated from begirning to end. With ‘L’Esca’ one should not fail to read ‘L’Anello’ of Ugo Fieres, which, by an odd fatality, is occupied with the same subject, by no means a common one. In each a man of mediocre abilities, through the death of a friend of uarecog- nized genius, is left with an opera in his hands. This he gets represented as his own (in neither case quite intentionally), and gains sudden fame and consequent chastise- ment. Notwithstanding thus much of iden- tity, the two novels are very different one from another, and both can be read with in- terest. The besetting difficulty of these psycholo- gical novels is, naturally, that, the life of the characters gets lost under the accumulated mass of descriptive touches. You have an encyclopedic knowledge of the personages, but they remain for all that little better than mere abstractions. This is perhaps less the case with the ‘Anello’ than with the othertwo books, but, even after that, it Is refreshing to take up a volume by one of the older an‘ well-known writers, Luigi Capuana, and live for awhile in an atmosphere of clearness and brightness. In the ‘Nuove “Paesane,""" a collection of stories of men and women in a small Sicilian town, it is wonderful what vivacity and relief is given to the figures by the light touch and abundant humor of the author. The work of Sig. Capuana has not always been so much to my taste, but such stories as these, and those in a fermer volume also entitled ‘Paesane,” more than atone for such grewsome feats as his two principal novels, ‘Giacinta’ and ‘La Sfinge.’ And at the last moment, since I began writing these lines, has come into my hands ‘La Bufera’ of Edoardo Calandra, a story of Piedmontese life at the end of the eigh teenth century, but so fresh, so true, so liv- ing that it has nothing of the air of an his- torical novel. We all know in our weariness those studio models, dressed in the costumes of another age, and posturing in something like what Alice would have called “Anglo Saxon attitudes.’ Sig. Calandra’s story of this particular sequel of the French Revolu- tion seems recounted by one of the actors The success is such that I have no hesitation not only in assigning it a place at the head of the year’s production, but in ranking it high among contemporary Italian novels And while we are engaged with such good things as ‘La Bufera’ and the novrelle of Sig Capuana, it is well to mention a story, ‘Le Tentazioni,’ by Grazia Deledda, which ap- peared in the last number for the year of the Nuova Antologia. If one may judge from her name, the author would seem to be a Sardinian, and she paints the world in which she lives with an almost classical breadth and simplicity of touch. ‘Le Tentazioni’ is said to be the first of a series of nine stories. all having their scene laid in Sardinia. With the author’s pleasant manner of narration and the advantage of a fleld well-nigh unex- plored, it will be strange if the series be not rich in entertainment for us. The stories of Lieutenant A. Olivieri San- giacomo bear the martial stamp. Written somewhat alla buona, and of an intellectual order that does not exclude the common- place, they are still very interesting when they are concerned with the soldier’s life in the barracks and in the world outside. The soldier is a good fellow, who loves amuse- ment and good cheer, and gets a fair share of both in the face of untoward circum- stances; his affairs of the heart are mostly of an irregular order. The Italian officer of to-day is a less noisy if not more exemplary person than his Irish colleague of fifty years ago, and offers perhaps a less brilliant figure for light literature, but he is not bad com- pany, for all that, and his acquaintance is worth making. Some earlier performances of Sig. Sangiacomo show that he does well to stick to the regiment; in the volume of last year, ‘La Vita nell’ Esercito,’ the chap- ters devoted to a mere description of soldier- ly ways and doings are far more interesting than the prepared stories. Hitherto the Lieu- tenant has given us booklets in size, but he has recently come out with an imposing no- vel of 559 pages, entitled ‘Il 101° Fanteria.’ rie ot ya PCIE REN Ext te ay Citi, shinee —antls 34 By erage be Bieter ies * Donat Fae Rllpoaeas le Mailiaikaer arth x. nearest MEP 6 ss ws : « Derr errey

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4776 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1773 The story of the 101st of the Line is the best thing he has yet done. Angiolo Silvio Novaro, already author of several volumes, published last year a new edition of a former tale, ‘Il Libro della Pie- ta,’ which in its simplicity seems so like a bit of autobiography that it might well de- ceive even an old novel-reader into think- ing it one. Towards the end, however, little evidences of arrangement reveal it as fiction. In all these novels, excepting the martial ones of Sangiacomo—where, however, the not infrequent dalliance with Venus is so much a thing by the way, a thing inherent in garrison life, that you pass it over as in- evitable and therefore to be borne with— there is a cheering absence of insistence on the relations of the heroine with a man who is not, and never can be, her husband. Hence a variety of themes (there are ten command- ments, and only one of them is the seventh) that goes far to lighten the task of the read- er. Fancy having to wade through consecu- tively a score of French novels of a certain period and a certain school! It was much experience of such things that led me, when I found in the preface of ‘Gente di Chiesa,’ by Carlo Del Balzo, that he warns the reader not to mistake the writer’s purpose, which is highly moral, to brace myself to the perusal. Of course I was introduced to a world that needed a good deal of scourging. One can- not say that such a world does not exist—ia- deed, the component parts of it may all be al- lowed; it is only, as in pot-bowille, upon the combination of them upon one scene that one throws doubt. The book belongs to a series of studies of contemporary manners called ‘I Deviati.’ Granting the point of view of these studies, the purpose to depict the sheep which have gone astray, the present showing is far from uninteresting. I would gladly say as muck for ‘La Verginita’ of Enrico Corradini, exclusively occupied as it is with infractions of that most abused of commandments, but differing from many of its sort in that the author’s purpose is not so much to inculcate a lofty morality as to produce a work of art. The gain in amusement is not perceptible. 8S. K. Correspondence. “YOU-UNS.” To THE EDITOR or THE NATION: Sir: In your issue of June 8 Miss Earle asks: “Where do the two expressions come from? ‘You-uns,’ as I have already said, is heard among people of pure English descent who use many archaic expressions dating back to Shakspere and the earlier English writers; but has any one ever seen ‘you-uns’ in early English?” An example of its literary use, as I have pointed out elsewhere, may be seen in an early English classic, Tyndale’s Translation of the New Testament (1526), Matt. III., 9: “And se that ye ons thinke not to say in yourselves, We have Abraham to oure fa- ther’ (Bosworth and Waring). A lady who lived several years in Lan- caster County, Va., tells me that ‘‘we-dem” and “you-dem” are very common expressions among the people there, but that the better educated, who affect to be more “proper,” say, ‘‘we-them” and ‘‘you-them.”’ I am familiar with the language of the people in southeast Virginia, where I was born and reared, but I never heard in my life ‘‘we-uns’”’ and “‘you-uns”’ there or in any other part of the State; nor have I ever heard ‘‘you-all’”’ used with reference to one person. EDWARD A. ALLEN. UNIVERSITY OF MissouRI, June 12, 1899. “YOUSE.”’ To THE EDITOR OF THE NATION: Sir: Akin to the use of “you-all’” and “you-uns” discussed in your columns is the use in northern New Hampshire, by native New Englanders, of “youse”’ in the sense of yours. I have observed this more com- monly in the country than in the villages, from sturdy, substantial, though not edu- cated, farmers. I have also heard it used in the plural, as ‘I am glad yous are here.” G. CHICcaGo. “DONE.” To THE EDITOR OF THE NATION: Srr: The interesting correspondence in the Nation concerning the use of “‘you-all’”’ and “you-uns,’’ emboldens me to call attention to the use of another form of the Afro-Eng- lish tongue, occasionally found in dialect stories. I refer to the word “‘done.”’ I have sometimes seen the expression, “I’s gwine -done,”” meaning “I am going to do,’”’ whereas, in real life, I believe, the negro never uses the word ‘“‘done”’ except to express completed action. One frequently hears “I’s done did it,” and “I’s done done it,’”’ but, during a re- sidence of many years in Louisiana, I have never heard “‘I’s gwine done do it.” Possibly the usage may vary in different localities, but such unfamiliar forms inspire one with the feeling once expressed, in my hearing, by a person who said, “I don’t like dialect stories, because I’m always afraid the writer is ‘playing it low’ on me.” Very respectfully yours, CLARA BOISE BusH. New ORLEANS, June 138, 1899. A well-printed volume by William Scott, entitled ‘Rock Villages of the Riviera’ (Lon- don: Adam & Charles Black; New York: Macmillan),,is an account of a number of villages in the mountain valleys back of Bordighera. Compared with the French Ri- viera, the Italian is but scantily represented in literature, and any contribution towards supplying a need is welcome. The obvious criticism to be made on the present book, which is pleasantly written and prettily il- lustrated with reproductions of sketches by the author, is that, in the great number of similar villages scattered along the Riviera, a wider choice, and more of history than is to be found in the municipal records of ex- penses, would give far greater value to the work. As the author himself sees how much he has left undone, he may yet publish the result of further researches. Would it be vain to wish that he may furnish for this coast a companion book to Lenthéric’s ‘Pro- vence Maritime’? A very elaborate study of ‘Local Variations in Wages,’ in England, has been made by Mr. F. W. Lawrence, and is published by Long- mans, Green & Co. in the series issued by the London School of Economics and Politi- cal Science. The investigation undertaken was confined to certain parts of England and Wales, and limited to industries in which the time-work system prevails. From the figures procured, however, only the meagrest generalizations are attainable. We find that wages are higher in large towns, where in- dustries are active and diversified, than in small and decaying communities. We see that when a high rate of wages prevails in one trade in a certain town, a high rate pre- vails in the other trades in that town. We observe that where wages are high, house rents are high; that common laborers’ wages vary like those of artisans; that there is much difference between the rate of wages in the east of England and that in the north. These conclusions are not new: Adam Smith stated them a century ago, and his explana- tions of the phenomena arestill satisfactory. Mr. Lawrence’s industry is certainly com- mendable, and the figures that he has collect- ed may be of service to those interested in economic speculations; but, for the practi- cal purposes of the statesman, his labors will hardly be of much value. Among recent publications relating to in- ternational law, the second edition of a valu- able official manual issued from the Govern- ment Printing-Office should not be overlook- ed. It is described as a Manual ‘‘based upon lectures delivered at the Naval War Col- lege by Freeman Snow,’” and is “prepared and arranged for publication, by the direc- tion of the Navy Department,” by Com- mander C. H. Stockton. A course of lectures by Dr. Snow had been arranged for and partly delivered in 1894, but was brought to an end by the unexpected death of the lec- turer before the termination of the course. With the aid of the manuscript and notes left by Dr. Snow, Commander Stockton pre- pared the present manual, the first edition of which was rapidly exhausted. It is arranged by subjects, the original divisions by lectures . having been abandoned. The three parts come under the familiar heads of Peace, War, Belligerency and Neutrality. The book is de- signed mainly as a hand-book for naval of- ficers in the discharge of their duties, and for this purpose is extremely well adapted. It also contains so much discussion as is necessary of the general principles of inter- national law. It is a standard work, of the highest authority, and a model of compact- ness. Since the decision by the Supreme Court at Washington of the railroad ‘‘anti-Trust” cases, the commerce clause of the Federal Constitution has attracted more and more the attention of legal writers. It has been made the subject of an elaborate treatise by E. Parmalee Prentice and John G. Egan (Chicago: Callaghan & Co.), in which the re- cent decisions are carefully reviewed. If the authors have not been enabled to reach any satisfactory conclusions as to the princi- ples of law formulated by our highest tri- . bunal, the fault must not be laid at their door, They say—and we have said the same thing ourselves—that “if the statement of the doctrine given by the courts be accepted literally, and every contract which in any degree restricts interstate commerce be il- legal, it would seem that the formation of partnerships or corporations would be for- bidden’’; and they add, ‘‘As a practical mat- ter no such application of the statute is possible,” \’ The authorship of the ‘Text-book of Ana- tomy by American Authors’ (Lea Brothers

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June 22, 1899] The Nation. 4°77 & Co.) represents the anatomical depart- ments of six medical colleges. The bones and veins are treated by Woolsey (Cornell); the nerves, eye, nose, and skin by Keiller (Texas); embryology by McMurrich (Michi- gan); the arteries by Bevan (Rush, affiliated with the University of Chicago); the repro- ductive organs by Stewart (University and Bellevue); while Gerrish (Medical School of Maine) has edited the whole and contributed the remaining articles, viz., elementary tis- sues, muscles, heart, lymphatics, central ner- vous system, tongue, organs of digestion and respiration, urinary system, ductless glands, regional anatomy and practical anatomy; likewise, a twenty-page “Introduction,” which, in substance and style, merits inde- pendent publication. The book is not so much for the investigator as for the student and practitioner; they will find what they want stated clearly and accurately, and illu- minated by figures unusual in number and quality, many of them colored. The nomen- clature is remarkably consistent, and exem- plifies the current tendency towards simpli- fication. In short, the veteran anatomists who hailed the first edition of “Gray’”’ as stu- dents forty years ago, can best appreciate the welcome their pupils of to-day will give to “‘Gerrish.” The fourth volume of the ‘Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Volk’ (History of the Ne- therlands People), by Prof. P. J. Blok of Leyden, from the press of J. B. Wolters of Groningin, is to hand. As an English trans- lation is in progress, we need make no fur- ther mention of the Dutch text, except to state that the years covered in this volume are those of the Great Truce, between the Netherlands and Spain, from 1609 to 1619, and also the time of Prince Frederick Henry, closing with the Peace cf Miinster and the end of the Eighty Years’ War in 1648. Be- sides text and notes, are the usual excellent map, index, and appended chapter on the sources of Dutch history. The time of the Great Truce is one worthy of the examination of the student of the Pilgrim Fathers of New England and of all students of federal gov- ernment. The cool and luminous treatment by Prof. Blok of the duel between Maurice and Barneveldt, and the real questions at is- sue between the Remonstrants and Contra- Remonstrants, contrasts strongly with the heat and partisanship of Motley. The time of Prince Henry was that of “our golden lion,’’ as the Dutch say. Besides other inte- resting features, we have much light thrown on the beginnings of Dutch enterprise in the Far Bast and the later expansion of Holland’s commerce. Prof. Blok does not forget to no- tice the energy and goodness of the women of the House of Orange, especially of Amalia von Solms, whose memorial to her husband ig that House in the Woods in which, to-day, representatives of many nations are meeting in the spirit of that stadholder, Frederick Henry, whose ambitions were almost wholly peaceful. The Association of Collegiate Alumnz proposes to secure annual subscriptions from its members and friends to the amount of $5,000, which sum is to be devoted to the “systematic collection and servizeable ar- rangement” of various kinds of informa- tion in regard to educational matters, es- pecially such as bear upon the immediate interests of college women, Among the ways in which it is designed touse this fund are the preparation of lists of fellowshipsand scholar- ships open to women, a continuation of the study of the health of woman college gra- duates, the keeping up to Jate of the bib- liography of the higher education of wo- man already published, and others which naturally group themselves about these. There are two topics which, it would seem, should be of special interest in this con- nection: the scientific and literary work actually accomplished by the college gra- duate, and the disappointing character of the remuneration received by her as a teacher. Much space is well and deservedly devoted, in the Harvard Graduates’ Magazine for June, to President Eliot, on occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of his incumbency— the longest but one in the history of the Uni- versity. It appears, from a reprinted article by the late Judge Richardson, that Mr. Eliot, while still teaching at Harvard, was tempt- ed with an offer to become superintendeat of the mills of the Merrimack Manufactur- ing Co. He wisely declined, in favor, as fate would have it, of a chance to preside over what Lowell called “the Muses’ factories’’ of his alma mater. Next in interest is the sketch of the life of the late Edward Austin, one of Harvard’s most liberal recent benefactors, though him- self not a graduate nor a college man. Mr. Austin’s portrait accompanies the account of him. Noticeable is the scheme for retiring and pensioning instructors to go into effect on September 1; and so is the action of the Board of Overseers recommending that his- tory be not dropped as one of the require- ments for admission. The present month witnesses the publication of the first num- ber cf the Radcliffe Magazine, founded pri- marily “to publish the best written work”’ of actual and former students, so far as dis- coverable. It will be a quarterly. In the American Journal of Archeology for November-December, 1898, one observes in the report of Prof. Clement L. Smith, Di- rector of the American School in Rome, how the world moves. The women were an ob- stacle to obtaining permits to the Vatican and Lateran museums for the students of the School, but the hesitation of the pontifi- cal authorities was overcome ‘“‘through the good offices of Monsignor O’Connell, Rector of the American College.”” However, the wo- men, by exception, were at first cut off from the Galleria Lapidaria on certain days when it regularly becomes a thoroughfare to the Borgia rooms; but this restriction quickly disappeared. The Germans first tested the question of the admissibility of women to the Vatican Library for the collating of manuscripts, a settlement being reached by placing these students in a large and less ce-nvenient ante-room. Close upon the appearance of the Proceed- ing of the American Antiquarian Society at Worcester in October, 1898, in which Dr. Ed- ward Everett Hale reports upon the ap- proaching publication of the late Dr. J. Ham- mond Trumbull’s dictionaries of the language of the Massachusetts Indians, comes a re- issue of Montague Chamberlain’s ‘Maliseet Vocabulary’ (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Co- operative Society), with an introduction by Prof. Ganong of Smith College. The Mali- seets, to be sure, were not strictly a Massa- chusetts tribe even in the larger sense that embraced Maine; but they were akin to Passamaquoddies, Penobscots, and Kenne- becs. From the Micmacs to the east of their habitat, the St. John River valley, they were separated by linguistic differences, and in fact owe to them their derisive name of Maliseets (Stammerers, Broken-Speech). This name includes a liquid ! which, with r, is unused by them, though they have sometimes been called also Marasheets. They still ex- ist and are slightly increasing in numbers, but mixture with the Acadians has destroyed their purity of blood. Mr. Chamberlain's vocabulary, one of three extant, is very inte- resting, especially for the section of place names, and that of words adopted from con- tact with the whites. As, in Revolutionary days, Americans were in France called Bos- tonians, so the Maliseets made Pas-tan’-kli, United States, Pas-ta’-ni, an American, from Pas’-tan, Boston. In the article ‘‘Les Paysans aux Salons de 1899” in the Revue des Deux Mondes tor May 15, M. de La Sizeranne, after speaking dis- criminatingly of the peasants of Millet, Jules Breton, and Lhermitte, indulges in a digres- sion to show that the peasant is a fit subject for the painter’s brush rather than the no- velist’s pen. The best French writers have either lent to their peasants traits of senti- mental idealism, or represented them under the aspect of a grotesque and vulgar rvalism. Not so those artists of the brush who have devoted themselves to the study of rural life. Love of woman is the Leitmotiv of the French novel, but the French peasant’s great passion is the ‘“‘passion of the soil’; the no- vel thrives on adventure, while no life is more monotonous than the peasant’s, par- taking as it does of the immovability, the unchangeableness of the picture. The no- velist, to convince us of the charms of his shepherdess, makes her speak in ‘‘fine gram. matical phrases with plenty of subjunctives, while the painter needs but a ray of sun- shine.” In short, it is the limitation of the two arts of poetry and painting which, in the case of peasant life, favors the pictorial art- ist: “The poet’s means of expression is a succession of images, the painter’s, their simultanecousness.”’ These words, quoted from Delacroix, are really to be traced to Lessing, and we doubt not that the author of the Essay on the Laocojn would gladly have admitted M. de La Sizeranne’s remarks among his own illustrations of that thesis. The discontinuance of the Woman's Medi- cal College in this city marks an important moment in the progress of civilization. In 1847 the first woman, Dr. Elizabeth Black- well, was admitted to a medical school; in 1857 she, with her sister, Emily, and Dr. Zackrzewska, a young Polish lady, whose talent as a teacher of midwifery in Berlin had led to her coming to this country to study medicine, opened a medical school for women; that is, they rented a house, No. 64 Bleecker Street, and fitted it up a8 a hos- pital ‘‘where both patients and young as- sistant physicians could be received.” Less than fifty years later the opposition to wo- men studying medicine in the same colleges with men has been so completely overcome, and the Johns Hopkins Medical School and that of Cornell offer such admirable instruc- tion, that there is no longer occasion to provide separate opportunities for women. So hard a struggle as this was in the be- ginning has seldom met with such rapid and such complete success. A notable publication of the Boston Pub- lic Library is ‘A Selected Bibliography of the Anthropology and Ethnology of Europe,’ by Prof. William Z. Ripley, whose ‘Races of Europe’ is the consummation of researches leadirg up to the Bibliography. The list is broader than its title implies, for Western Asia and Northern Africa have been in-

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478 : The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1773 cluded, along with the Finns and Mongols of the Russian Empire; and while it reveals the richness of the Boston Library in this literature, it is not confined to that collec- tion. The arrangement is by authors, and under each his works are displayed chrono- with obvious convenience of refer- ence and of criterion. Prof. Ripley’s index is partly analytic, and gives such help as, under Greece, against the several authors’ names, the leading topic—anthropology, co- lor, crania, language, archeology, Pelas- gians, Tyrrhenians. Attention should be drawn to the topo- graphic maps of New York and New England which the United States Geological Survey at Washington places within everybody’s reach. Upwards of 70 of New York and 134 of New England (the three Southern States complete) have been issued, each an atlas- sheet 1614x20 inches, covering one-sixteenth of a “square degree,’ or about 220 square and designated from the principal town or other features. The hill features are shown by contour lines. The cost per sheet is five cents, or (in quantity of 100 or up- wards) two cents. A revised map of New York aud vicinity is also ready, costing fifty cents. The price should be sent to the Di- rector in exact cash or by postal order. A map index to the completed sheets will be furnished on application. logically, miles, —Mr. Augustus Peabody Loring of the Boston bar is the author of a ‘Trustee's Handbook,’ published in convenient form by Little, Brown & Co., Bcston. In two hundred pages he has stated, simply and concisely, the rules which govern the management of trust estates, and the relationship existing between the trustee and beneficiary. The ar- rangement of the book is somewhat pecu- liar, Part I. being devoted to ‘‘The Trustee as an Individual,’’ and Part II. to ‘“‘The In- dividual as Trustee,’’ Part III. to “The Be- neficiary,’’ and Part IV. to “‘Interstate Law’’; but wherever we have examined it, we have found it full of valuable and condensed in- formation, such as a trustee needs to have within easy reach. Trusts are and always have been one of the most difficult branches of the law, and there is no sign of their becoming simpler as time goes on. Yet, cu- riously enough, the compensation of trustees seems to be graduaily becoming smaller and smaller, partly through statutory rules and partly through the competition of corpora- tions, such as trust companies, which can af- ford to discharge the duties of trusts at a much lower rate than individuals can. Per- haps in time we shall find out that the best rule for family trusts is the old Bnglish one—that trustees should be paid nothing at all. The effect of this is that family trusts are taken care of by the immediate rela- tives ot the beneficiary for love and affec- tion, and that only attorneys, men of busi- ness, agents, and brokers are paid fees and commissions, The great advantage of this system, where it is practicable, is that un- necessary expenses are saved, and our prac- tice of screwing down trustees to the lowest market rate avoided. Trustees who take charge of a trust from some disinterested motive are usually far better than trustees who undertake it at the lowest ving wage. The dawn of the sociological era in Christian missions has been welcomed by many who are not friends of the propaganda of the Christian (or, indeed, of any) faith in its merely dogmatic’ form. Probably the most important literary monument in proof of this change of trend, both in the pro- pagandists and in the active supporters of them, is seen in Dr. James S. Dennis’s book, ‘Christian Missions and Social Pro- gress,’ of which the second volume is now out (Fleming H. Revell Co.). With the usual reinforcement and illumination of the text by abundant reproduction of photo- graphs, the proofs of social improvements under alien assistance and industrial sti- mulus seem very real. Another volume is to deal with statistics of every sort. Dr. Den- nis treats in volume ii. of that which is the first task of missions—the creation of a new type of personal character, and the inspiration of the individual for the benefit of the mass, as the true genesis of the so- cial conscience. He shows also the work of Christian missionaries in the making of a new public opinion, the promotion of educa- tion and the intellectual life of non-Chris- tian races, and in awakening not only the philanthropic spirit, but new national as- pirations and higher conceptions of govern- ment. He treats of temperance reform, de- liverance from the opium habit and other forms of slavery to drugs, and with such themes as gambling, personal purity, self- mutilation, the arrest of pessimistic and suicidal tendencies, and the cultivation of habits of industry and frugality. He deals strongly and: clearly with reforms affecting family life, the abolition of slavery, canni- balism, human sacrifices, ordeals, foot- binding, and the mitigation of the brutali- ties of war. A careful examination of this volume reveals few if any signs of: haste, while the method, arrangement, and abun- dant notes and references keep it- fully up to the standard set in the first. Yet, even with the prospectus of the third volume be- fore us, there is one important omission. From observation in the mission field and after long reflection, we are persuaded that one of the very best of the good things which Christian missions can and ought to do is to stimulate the native or ethnic re- ligions— often intellectually stagnant or in- durated in priestcraft—to philanthropic ac- tivity. In Turkey, Japan, and India this has been done, in calling for deeper intellec- tual apprehension and clearer statement, with purging and rejection of hurtful or offensive features, and the creation or de- velopment of active charity and benevo- lence. These excellent fruits are visible, and are worthy of treatment in a work de- voted to social progress through the im- provement of men’s nobler powers. Unless all signs fail, the old religions must work with the newer one in the bettering of the world; while traditional Christianity, over- laden with European and medieval accre- tions, must itself revert wholesomely to the standard set by the Founder. —Odysseus als Afrikaumsegler und Ame- rikaentdecker’ (Leipzig: Kock) a seventy- page pamphlet with plates and map, is a re- cent addition to the literature of the Homeric poems. The author, who writes under the name of “Eumaios der gittlliche Sauhirt und exacte Altertumsforscher,’”’ complains that the accepted idea of the wisdom and re-- sourcefulness of Ulysses precludes the possi- bility of thinking that that hero wandered for ten years in a sea so small as the Medi- terranean. He accordingly strikes out a new course, which takes the much-wandering man through the straits of Gibraltar and thence along Africa to the Lotus-eaters in Gambia, to the Cyclopes, whose dwelling-place he puts by the Bight of Biafra, to the Laestry- gons in Patagonia, “where some inventive Yankee may yet raise his sunken fleet.” The Isle of Circe he identifies with the Cape of -Good Hope. Hence, along Trinacria, which must be Madagascar, to the land of the Phx- acians, which is no other than Aden, through the Red Sea, he makes his way home to Ithaca, which lies in Sicily. Each place the author identifies by a comparison of Homer's description and that of some modern writer, usually Ratzel or Darwin. His etymologies of place-names in support of his theory are not unlike some others that are met with in soberer works of learning. The travesty up- on the methods of certain scholarly investi- gatcrs is evident, and falls in with other ex- amples of theoretical works on Homer. Some, as we know, have found in the poems an allegory of the fall of Jericho, while others have made Homer identical with Solomon simply by reading the letters OMHPOY from right to left. Even the carved sarcophagus of Homer was found about 1770 in the island Ios and carried to St. Petersburg. Le Che- valier is at once called to mind by this work of ‘‘Eumaios.”” In 1829 this French scholar, under the name Constantine Koliades, brought out his ‘Ulysses-Homer,’ in which he identi- fied the localities of the poems, and argued that Ulysses and Homer were one and the same, the husband of Penelope. It also pru- posed the erection of a monument at Itha- ca, with the inscription, OAYZZEY2 . OM . HPO, to be interpreted as ‘“‘Odysseus, Hero and like- wise Poet.’’ This book created great excite- ment among scholars at the time, and was vigorously refuted by Latronne in the Jour- nal des Savants, evidently so much to the author's gratification that he at once, in 1832, published a supplement, which Latronne again attempted to refute. So one Kephala, pretending to be a sailor, published in Con- stantinople about 1830 a book of more than 200 pages, aiming to show that Homer’s fa- therland was Ithaca. Samuel Butler’s argu- ment (London, 1897) that Nausicaa was the author of the ‘Odyssey’ might also be men- tioned. As ‘‘Eumaios” well says: “There is & point in the investigation of the past where theories become merely a question of taste.” —The Frankfurter-Zeitung recently pub- lished some interesting facts regarding the extent to which the anti-German tendencies prevailing in dominant political circles are working to the serious detriment of the Austrian universities. There had been all along an exchange and interchange of teach- ing forces between the German faculties of these universities and those of Germany, but ever since the ministry of Count Taaffe the Austrian authorities have frowned on this custom, and have tried to keep German professors out of Austria. Thus, when the Vienna faculty lately proposed the names of three Germans as candidates for the pro- fessorship of German law, after the only really worthy representative of this depart- ment to be found in all Austria had declined, the Minister of Education rejected all three, -and, without further consultation with the faculty, appointed to this position the Roman Catholic Baron Schwind of Innsbruck, gene- rally regarded as unworthy of a chair in the university of the capital of the Empire, but who is the special favorite of the clerical Leo Society. Some years ago the authori- ties began to withhold a certain amount of the lecture fees from the professors, in order to use the fund thus collected as a means of i

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June 22, 1899] The Nation. securing the services of specially brilliant | men from Germany, but the Finance Minis- ter now emphatically vetoes the use of the | money for such a purpose, and the University is accordingly impotent. On the other hand, the Government is exerting a pressure on the Germans already in the Austrian faculties and showing its willingness to have them go. Not long ago the famous philologian Marx received a call to the University of Leipzig, and, in accordance with an old academic the Minister for final decision. The latter, however, flatly refused to receive him in this matter, and as the Saxon Minister had in person gone to Vienna to see Prof. Marx, the latter at once decided to go to Leipzig. Short- ly afterwards the professor of Roman law in Viénna, Dr. Mitteis, also received a call to Leipzig, and, having learned wisdom by the experience of his colleague, at once, and without consulting the Austrian authorities, accepted. The Germans, on the other hand, have not been slow to see which way the wind is blowing in the university government of Austria, and, if called, simply refuse to accept. In this way Prof. Crusius of Hei- delberg promptly declined the call to the chair made vacant by the departure of Prof. poets of to-day. It has left nothing of Os- car Wilde's early promise but a hideous jail scene, it has turned Thomas Hardy's cheery Wessex life into a gloomy hymn, and it has perhaps reached its culmination in Watson's ‘Collected Poems’ (Lane). This book is, un- like that called ‘Poems’ (Macmillan, 1893), | a deliberately collected reprint of what the | author wishes to keep before the public. He | has excluded, wisely enough, the whole of | the ‘Prince’s Quest’ and ‘The Eloping Angels,’ custom, desired to lay this invitation before | and mest of his ‘Epigrams’; and has included most of the contents of his later volumes ex- cept the ‘Year of Shame,’ here represented, | strangely, by what he calls ‘‘a small selec- | tion’’—namely, nine poems, and these by no Marx. The Beilage of the Allgemeine Zeitung | of Munich, while giving a slightly but not | materially different report of the Mitteis af- | fair, draws attention to a number of other cases in which Germans in Austrian uni- | versity facuJties have been practically driven from their positions. —In the Shaksperian progress at Smith | College the “senior dramatics’” last week | embraced “A Winter’s Tale,’ for the first time. The merits and the shortcomings of the performance did not differ materially | | The mighty poets from their flowing store | Dispense like casual alms the careless ore; | Through throngs of men their lonely way they go, of amateurs. As usual, the female parts were | better done than the male, and those of | fr m those observable in former years, and to some extent inseparable from the work Hermione and Perdita are so lovely in them- selves that, when adequately presented, as they were with slight exception in this case, they atoned for all deficiencies, and made the total impression most pleasurable. It was once more demcenstrated that native breeding and refinement such as we expect to find in women’s colleges, may challenge comparison on the stage with the art of pro- fessional actors. This was manifest especial - ly in the scene of Hermione’s yielding to the order for her arrest and sequestration, with its pathetic tableaux. Bodily grace and charm, again, had their customary triumph in the pastoral drama cf which Perdita was the delightful central figure. Comedy took second place with a clever Autolycus, and this too we are used to look for. It would | be idle to weigh this representation against the ‘“‘Much Ado About Nothing’’ of last year, or “The Merchant of Venice,” or ‘‘A Mid- summer Night’s Dream.’’ There will, we trust, be repetitions hereafter (as the list | the tradition of past sucgesses fades, and | while it is possible to improve upon the me- mory of them. It is enough, with each new effort, to answer affirmatively and emphati- cally the question, Was it worth while?—as they must who witnessed the latest ‘‘senior dramatics.”’ RECENT ENGLISH POETRY. A sad doom of incompleteness and in- sufficiency appears to haunt the English means the strongest, out of the original twenty-six. He also gives but about half of the ‘‘Sonnets’’ published in 1885 under the title of ‘Ver Tenebrosum,’ and of these he says guardedly “that they need not be t*ken as in each case accurately reflecting his pre- sent opinions upon events of that year, but are retained for the sake of such purely lite- rary interest for certain of his readers.’ It is needless, after this, for him to add that he ‘‘can lay claim to no obstinate consistency of view”’ (p. viii). His readers will require no further evidence of this disavowal. If any English poet since Southey has more dis- tinctly struck the flag of early independence it is Mr. William Watson; and when we con- sider the ordinary mediocrity of his verse, and that his temporary attitude of political pro- test was all on which his prestige really rest- ed, there seems no reason why he should not take rank henceforth by the side of Mr. Alfred Austin, and even succeed him in office. This short ‘‘Prelude’’ perhaps writes his epitaph better than any one else could have phrased it (p. 55): Let fall their costly thoughts, nor seem to know. Not mine the rich and showering hand, that strews | The facile largess of a stintless Muse. A fitful presence, seldom tarrying long,_ Capriciously she touches me to song— Then leaves me to lament her flight in vain, And wonder will she ever come again. The volume is fitly enough dedicated to Lord Rosebery, who among English states- men comes nearest to what Mr. Watson has at last proved himself to be in literature, a voice without a hand. The book aitributed to Osear Wilde, as already mentioned, ‘The Ballad of Reading Gaol,’ by C.3.3. (Tucker), is so essentially powerful that it bids fair to secure a dis- tressing immortality. Next to it, or beyond it, in haunting and tragic painfulness is ‘‘Saint Sebastian,’’ in Mr. Thomas Hardy's ‘Wessex Poems, and Other Verses’ (Harper's). The poem addressed to a lady offended by the writings of the author (p. 161) will have a special interest for his admirers as showing him not unconscious of criticism. Nothing weak could ever come from Mr. Hardy, but it is needless to say that the book needs of available plays comes to an end), before | a glossary for such words as barton, church- hay, eoll, eweleaze, knap, lumpered, lynchets, | tallet, tardle, thirtover, and the like. The rough drawings will have fascination for many, and the closing poem may possibly let us farther into the author’s heart than any- | thing else in the book: I look into my glass, And view my wasting skin, And say, ‘“‘Would God it came to pass My heart had shrunk as thin!’ For then, I, undistrest * By hearts grown cold to me, Could lonely wait my endless rest With equanimity. But Time, to make me grieve And shakes this fragile frame at eve With throbbings of noontide | Part steals, leta part abide; Few bibliographers have ever demonstrated | 80 thoroughly that a preface may be better than | a book, as this has been done by Mr. Rich ; ard Garnett (lately of the British Museum) in the case of Shelley's juvenile volume, ‘Ori ginal Poetry by Victor and Cazire.’ This beok, first published in 1810, was vainly looked for during thirty-eight years until breught to light by Mr. John Lane. who pos sesses the only known copy of the original and now issues a reprint of it. The poems by “Cazire’’ were probably by Elizabeth Shel ley. The verses at the worst are better than those to be found in Shelley's early novels The poems addressed to Harriet Grove cer tainly confirm the impression that he really loved her—a fact which has been doubted by some biographers. “The Irishman’s Song’ shows that Shelley's liberal opinions set in early; and the editor’s summing up may on the whole be considered reasonable, as fol- lows: “It {the volume] is therefore of con- siderable interest apart from the romantic history which constitutes its chief claim to celebrity, and the rarity which gives it a unique place among Shelley's extant writ- ings. Fervently as we hoped that a copy might one day be found, we must now hope with equal fervor that no one will ever find another.”” (P. 25.) Yn any group of new English poetry one naturally turns first to any volume bearing the name of William B. Yeats, and the cnly disappointment in ‘The Wind Among the Reeds’ (Lane) is, first, that it is a very small book, secondly, that some of the poems have been previously printed, and thirdly, that nearly half of it is in prose notes. Yet these last, it must be said, are so fascinating and so impregnated with Celtic visions that it is really hard to teli where the verse ends and the prise begins. Irish tradition is full of the spirits of the air, who journey in winds which set the leaves whirling on the r:ad and make the country people bless themselves. The very mention of these will recall the author's previously published poems, “‘The Host of the Air’ and “The Dream of O'Driscoll” beside the drear Hart Lake; but he tells his prose legends also s>» much like a poet, and so little like a folk-lorist, that one hardly misses the rhyme; while in his verses the lovers woo so romantically that, while they wish for the cloths of heaven to place beneath the feet of their darlings, they are ready to sub- stitute their own dreams—and their dreams are just as good (p. 60). AEDH WISHES FOR THE CLOTHS OF HEAVEN Had I the heavens’ embroidered cloths, Enwrought with golden and silver light, The blue and the dim and the dark cloths Of night and light and the half light, I would spread the cloths under your feet; Bat I, being poor, have only my dreams; I have spread my dreams under your feet; Tread softly because you tread on my dreams The ‘Poems’ of A. Bernard Miall are not unfamiliar to the readers of the Pall Mall Gazette, and once at least the author has shown vivid descriptive power, and repro- duces, perhaps for the first time in literature, one of the most marked and peculiar sounds to be heard through the heat of summer (p. 124): THE CIRCULAR SAW Kecause the high, long, dreary Lomion wall Vexed us, when we came to the open gate Idiy we turned aside, and suddenly stopped. rene hls UW, HORII Big SRT ee ee RS MMT AS te

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480 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1773 With eyes enchanted, with voices ready to call One to the other for wonder: ‘‘Wait, O wait!’’ Deep in a covered alley the hot sun dropped, Slant, fierce, and mellow, between high stacks Of yellow timber sweet: an alley where Brown-muscled men bore upon balks of pine, Urging them on to the saw, where they severed like wax, With a rising muffled scream, a triumphant blare, Thrilling the throat and the bosom; and rich as a ‘wine The scent of the spouting sawdust invaded the lace, The Pa of the magical forest, resinous, sweet, Subtly invaded the desolate, sordid street. But O, the wonder! for all the overshadowed space Was thick with the floating dust, a haze there rew, A sas green-golden, full of the fire of the sun; From a fountain of creamy fire that o’erbrimmed it with gold It gushed, in a lift of eddies, so shot through With the further gloom that shadow and light in one, Like the ghost of a glorious opal famous of old, Like the deeps of a flickering ocean of sombre een, Curled and eddied, melted and licked and lapped, Enwrapping the phantom workers, their faces bright In the liquid light so marvellously entrapped, In the odovous whirling water imprisoned between The resinous piles, a hive of fantastic light, Dancing within itself and over the ground, While ever the screaming, rending, blaring saw spun round. ‘The Silence of Love,’ by Edmond H-lmes (Lane), is the perhaps inappropriate title of a volume containing fifty sonnets on the subject indicated. They are in the Shakspe- rian form, to which the later English son- netteers seem reverting, since Rossetti left us—a tendency which we regret, especially where they are, as here, to be grcuped. in large numbers within a single volume. In this collection however, there is much deep feeling and some fine analysis of emotion, as in the following (iv.): “I may not love thee.’"’ ‘‘May not!’’ but I do: This is my title to the crown of love,— A title which each heart-beat doth renew,— A title ancient as the stars above. “I may not love thee.’’ ‘‘May not!'’ but I must: When Nature’s mightiest forces are at play, The ship, o’ermastered by the whirling gust, Forgets {ts course and wanders far astray. “Il may not love thee.”’ ‘‘May not!"’ but I will: My soul leaves thine and glories in love’s name— Itself its arbiter of good and ill— Itself the well-spring of its ardent flame. I may not love thee, my Beloved! but still Love thee I do, I must, I ever will. The sententious and serious mood of Mr. F. B. Money-Coutts shows itself anew in ‘The Alhambra, and Other Poems’ (Lane), but the want of the fluid and lyrical element continues to make itself felt. The nearest approach to this musical abandonment is to be found in the closing verses, in which the final wcrds of Goethe’s “‘Faust’”’ are once more interpreted (p. 76): Follow the Woman Spirit! Onward and onward soar, Far from the chasing Demons! Hark to thetr baf- fled roar! Follow the Woman Spirit, night, Follow her, like the swallow, seeking for love and light! through the noxious Let not the World entice thee! aside! Let this alone suffice thee; follow thy destined bride! There is none other guidance, there is none other Push all its hands goal; Follow her atill-receding, heavenly-leading Soul! Foulness and Folly pursue thee; flercer than el- ther, Fame! Favy, Hatred, name! Flee, flee away for ever. night, 7, att Woman Spirit, seeking for Love and aight and Malice~this is thy triple Thorough the noxious The tendency of young English poets, as of novelists, to put their work into a dra- matic form is doubtless mainly due to the vastly greater profit of the stage. As Mr. Caine can easily set aside all literary cri- ticisms upon ‘The Christian’ in view of the flattering returns of the box-office, so Mr. John Davidson needs to care little for other opinions on his ‘Godfrida’ (Lane) pro- vided he can bring down the house by such a climax as this (p. 121): Siward, Not in this region was my conqueror born. (He drives IsemBert towards the window.) Tsembert. Now! For Godfrida! Now! Help me, my heart! (He is driven over the window mortally wounded, the word “ heart ’’ being prolonged into a despairing shriek. SIWARD crosses quickly to the right and listens intently. Goprripa looks fearfully over the window, and then runs to SIWARD.] Mr. Davidson states in a prologue that his primary object in writing this play was “to give delight’; but his success in this direction seems doubtful. A far more interesting transfer of poetic energies in the direction of the drama is to be found in ‘Pan and the Young Shepherd,’ by Maurice Hewlett (Lane). Mr. Hewlett was previously known as a pleasing semi-pastoral poet, with a touch of George Darley about him; we now have him transposed into a writer of poetic drama with all the names Greek or Latin, half the characters creatures of the air and the other half of the raciest mould of modern English peasant. How he justified the combination to his conscience is his affair, and if he is a conscious and de- liberate imitator of Mr. Hardy, it detracts from his merit; but certainly no one except Hardy has given such a Shaksperian flavor to his rustics. Here, for instance, is the auto- biography of Geron, sheep-farmer of eighty, laying down the rules of life to his grand- son (p. 3): “See here: I’ve made my own beer since I could drink it; paid the size; size e’ bread and ale; multure o’ mill; hearthstead on the Stinted Ground—-that’s solid, boy! “That's the free Commoner of Champney Valtort; that’s the respected man. Hight times Reeve; Pinder for life! Churchwarden, moreover, with a clear mind till the parson ups and bids me turn to God. Turn to God! says I, ‘tis for Him to turn to me, as the Testament doth prove; and I never went near his church from Hocktide unto Cardlemas. That learned him, likely; and no judgment yet for all my eighty years. No, no, cleave to the sheep, boy, and the sheep will cleave to you... . And when your day comes, as come mine must, take to your bed, boy, and face the wall like a stolid Christian man.” The point where Mr. Hewlett goes beyond Mr. Hardy is in painting the cowherdess of corresponding vigor, Merla, who thus draws her own portrait when in love (p. 50): “IT love him, shadow him, think day and night upon him. Do I do a wrong, Mistress Balkis, in speaking of this? I am lusty as a steer; I could carry him up the fell on my back; I have forty gold sovereigns in my mother’s broken tea-pot; I look better when I’m drest for church; I can kill a pig; I would lay down my life for him! Oh, oh, oh! Speak to me for Heaven's pity.’’ It is a satisfaction that, after losing the lover, she marries the god Pan and gets the upper hand of him. ‘“Merla doth not square her jaw for nothing,’’ as another admirer says. A good Hardy passage is the remark of one of the rustics caught out late at night: “Sir, I stand avouched for a common narum- scarum, overstrenuous for years and station. Yet the errand was good; ‘fore the Lord, it was honestly begun” (p. 121). Had this ap- peared in America, the scene of the remark might be suspected cf being laid at Albany. Alma Strettell, dear to many through her previous book of translations, ‘The Bard of the Dimbovitza,’ has brought a new Bel- gian poet within English reach in ‘Poems by Emile Verhaeren’ (Lane). The earlier verses are too sombre and pessimistic, perhaps, for enjoyment, but they gradually rise into strains of exquisite refinement and spiritual beauty, reaching a climax in the closing poem (p. 83): SHE OF THE GARDEN. In such a spot, with radiant flowers for halo, I saw the Guardian Angel sit her dow2; Vine-branches fashioned a green shrine about her, And sun-flowers rose behind her like a crown. Her fingers, their white slenderness encircled ~~ With humble, fragile rings of coral round, Held, ranged in couples, sprays of faithful roses ee. —_ a clasp, with threads of woollen und. A shimmering air the golden calm was weaving, All filigree’d with dawn, that like a braid Surmounted her pure brow, which still was hidden Half in the shade. Woven of linen were her veil and sandals, But, twined 'mid boughs of foliage, on their hem The theologic Virtues Three were painted; Hearts set about with gold encompassed them. Her silken hair, slow rippling, from her shoulder, Down to the mosses of the sward did reach; The childhood of her eyes disclosed a silence More sweet than speech. My arms outstretched, and all my soul upstraining, Then did I rise, With haggard yearning, towards the soul suspended There in her eyes. Those eyes, they shone so vivid with remembrance That they confessed days lived alike with me: Oh, in the grave inviolate can it change, then, The Long Ago, and live in the To Be? Sure, she was one who, being dead, yet brought me, Miraculous, a strength that comforteth, And the Viaticum of her survival ‘Guiding me from the further side of Death. Another book of extremely interesting translations is ‘Legends of the Saints,’ by the Rev. G. R. Woodward of 8. Barnabas Pimlico (London: Kegan Paul). These are all trans- lated from German sources generally unfa- miliar, though one is from the “Knaben Wunderhorn” and one from Chamisso. Most of them are quaint, some fresh and sweet, none being more so than the following, by Helmine Von Chezy (p. 48): JESUS AND THE MOSS. Deep in the hollow of a wood A moss-bed, green and spongy, stood, Like velvet-carpet soft: To outward view, though scant and slight, This nook contained a seemly sight Of leaves and boughs aloft. To greenwood tree and rose o’erhead The moss looked up and whisperéd, “Such bloom God gave me ne’er: But trodden under foot of men No worship my poor shrine doth ken, Mankind love light and glare.’’ But lo! there came that eventide Christ, roaming through the forest wide, With visage pale and wan: Though footsore he would further go, Twas ease to feel the moss below His feet, the Son of Man. Come o’er the plain in heat and thirst, In sand and sun, ’twas here that first The moss ‘gan cool His feet. Then spake the Lord, ‘‘My Father’s hand Such love in thee hath surely planned, And made thee soft and sweet. ‘What eye so blind as not to see E’en here in this thy low degree God’s power and grace and care? Thou comely herb, if set at nought, Of thee too thy Creator thought; Thy lot serenely bear.’’ Jesus had scarcely spoken so When from the moss began to grow A rose, of wondrous hue: Mosa-rose 'twas called in little time, It bloometh now in every clime, Of meekness emblem true. We have kept for the last the ‘Poems’ translated by A, M. von Blomberg into Bng- lish from the Italiar of Ada Negri (Boston: Copeland), because in them alone, of all these, we have genuine poetry of the people. It does not appear whether the translation itself is made in England or America, but we stiould be glad to thifvkk it a home prcduct. It is as if we had Browning’s Pippa singing iD

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June 22, 1899] The Nation. 481 her own song. Here is a girl who has never beheld the sea, the mountains, the lakes: who has never until lately spent even two days in the city; who walks daily in her wooden shoes to teach spelling to seventy or eighty noisy children; and yet who in her poems touches the human heart at every step, who sings her very love songs as “One of the People,” and who sums up the silent drama enacted in a thousand mills, the world over, in this poem, ‘“‘The Working Mother’’ (p. 56): Among the shrieking wheels of the great mill Where, ’mid the din that shaketh the wide hall, A thousand women all Their vigour spend, she too is working still. For many a lustre, since she was a child, She has been here.—Deftly her nervous hands Guide thread and spool. She stands And does not heed the noise, the tumult wild That rages all around. But sometimes now She is so tired and weary, oh, so tired! And yet, as if inspired, Raising her head, she smoothes her careworn brow. She seems to say: ‘On, ever onward still!'’— Oh, misery, if one day her strength should fail, If she began to ail And could no more return her place to fill! She must not and she cannot.—For her joy, Her one ambition, her one son, behind Whose brow she has divined The lofty flight of genius—he, her boy, Is studying.—She will, at any price. For his necessities toil on all day, Waste drop by drop away, Offer herself a living sacrificce. As once her youth, her old age too, God knows, Trembling and frosty, she will give, her health That was her only wealth— Oh, saintly worker!—sweetness of repose, All she will give. Her son shall study.—Grand The future time shall see him, world renowned And feared, his dark head crowned With gold and laurel wreaths at fortune’s hand! Son of the people, study, silent sit In the low hut that in the shadow lies, Thou in whose ardent eyes The mystic words of genius high are writ, In thy proud muscles, in each fibre feel The buoyant energy, the health that grace A bold, undaunted race. Aspire to the heights with fearless zeal. Thy mother for thy sake some day will die; To her intrepid, fallen body throw A kiss, a ting, #0 . To meet the hostile host that draweth nigh, And with thy voice, thy pen, go forth to fight And point out to the tottering century The glorious radiancy Of vast horizons bathed in a new light. True, steadfast, honest in the noble strife Awaiting thee, remember evermore: Amid the great mill’s roar For this thy mother sacrificed her life, JAMES’S TALKS TO TEACHERS. Talks to Teachers on Psychology; and to Students on Some of Life’s Ideals. By William James. Henry Holt & Co. 1899. Pp. xi-301. The “Talks to Teachers” in the present volume comprise the substance of a course of lectures given by Prof. James in 1892 to the Cambridge teachers. The “Talks to Stu- dents” “were written in response to invita- tions to deliver ‘addresses’ to students at women’s colleges.” “TI have found by experience,’”’ he says of the earlier papers, ‘‘that what my hearers seem least to relish is analytical technécali- ty, and what they most care for is concrete practical application. So I have gradually weeded ‘out the former and left the latter unreduced; and now that I have at last written out the lectures, they contain a mi- nimum of what is deemed ‘scientific’ in psy- chology.” The whole volume, in effect, may be taken as a partial answer to. a question repeatedly asked by teachers and students in the pre- sent vogue of the study of mind: “Of what use, after all,in practice is psychology to us?” The book is, as the author says, “practical in the extreme,” and, because a capital exam- ple of Prof. ‘ames’s literary method in ex- position, in which the phrase is an argument and the illustration a procf, is “popular’’ in the extreme. Much of it is of necessity half- familiar (the art of teaching does not be- long wholly to the end of the century)— the “maxims of habit,” for example: “We must take care to launch ourselves with as strong an initiative as possible’; ‘‘Never suffer an exception to occur till the new habit is securely rooted in your life’; ‘Seize the first possible opportunity to act on every resolution you make,”’ and “Keep the facul- ty of effort alive in you by a little gratui- tous exercise every day.” Yet even these are given a new freshness by the concept which they are brought fcrward to serve, of man as ‘a stereotyped creature, an imitator and copier of ‘his past self, whose aim is to make his nervous system his ally instead of his enemy—to fund and capitalize his acqui- sitions, and live at ease upon the interest.”’ And side by side with what the new psycho- logy but confirms and rationalizes, there is much that it has to say which is revolutiona- ry; notably its exposure of the futile attempt to train the “general memory,”’ to make the pupil study one thing in hopes that he may remember everything else; its condemnation of the practice of “‘breaking the balky will’; its ‘“‘gospel of relaxation’’; the stress it lays on almcst verbal apperception, on ‘“‘finding the right name,” in moral deliberation. “To think, in short,’’ Prof. James puts it, “is the secret of will, just as it is the secret of memory. . . . The hackneyed example of moral deliberation is the case of an ha- bitual drunkard under temptation. . . . His moral triumph or failure literally con- sists in his finding the right name for the case. If he says that it is a case of not wast- ing good liquor already poured out, or a case of not being churlish and unsociable when in the midst of friends, or a case of learning something at last about a brand of whiskey which he never met before, or a case of cele- brating a public holiday, or a case of stimu- lating himself to a more energetic resolve in favor of abstinence than any he had ever yet made, then he is lost. His choice of the wrong name seals his doom. But if, in spite of all the plausible good names with which his thirsty fancy so copicusly furnishes him, he unwaveringly clings to the truer bad name, and a} ‘erceives the case as that of ‘being a drunkard, being a drunkard, being a drunkard,’ his feet are planted on the road to salvation. He saves himself by thinking rightly.” Of the three essays composing the second division of the book, Prof. James regards the first, ‘‘The Gospel of Relaxation,” as a con- tinuation of the “Talks to Teachers.” The remaining two, “On a Certain Blindness in Human Beings’ and “What Makes a Life Significant,” belong together, he says, and follow another line of thought. There is, however, a fundamental unity in the two lines of thought, which is of especial inte- rest at the present time to the student of the drift of philosophic thought. Prof. James himself expresses the principle of continuity early in the “Talks to Teachers’: “Popular belief has always tended to esti- mate the worth of a man’s mental processes by their effects upon his practical life. But philosophers have usually cherished a differ- ent view. ‘Man’s supreme glory,’ they haye said, ‘is to be a rational being, to know ab- solute and eternal truth. The uses of his in- tellect for practical affairs are therefore sub- ordinate matters. The thedretic life is his soul’s genuine concern.’ Nothing can be more different in its results for our attitude than to take sides with one or the other of these views, and emphasize the prac- tical or the theoretic ideal.” Prof. James frankly takes sides against the philosophers. The whole of his “Talks to Teachers” are based on his notion of what education means—the organization of the ‘‘re- sources in the human being, of the powers of conduct, which shall fit him to his social and physical world. An ‘uneducated’ person is one who is nonplussed by all but the most habitual situations.” The “Gospel of Relaxation” is but an ex- tension of the same principle. ‘Acyorovmeda iva cyoAdgwuer, Wrote Aristotle in the strange Orientalism which he had learned from Plato, and which philos:phy, with its care for the inner life, and Christianity, with iis scorn of outer things and its care for blamelessness rather than efficiency, fer well-being rather than well-doing, have been at one in seeking to impose on the restless, eager Western world, with its incurable sense of outer fact and love of things, its innate sheer fascinated horror of death and annihi- lation, its distrust of ecstasy that simulates death and ends in debility. Xyordgouer iv’ aaxodovpeda dvd «patos —‘ with all our might’ Prof. James writes, between the lines, in his “Gospel of Relaxation.” of relaxation is preached in the name of strenuousness; the aim of life is not im- passioned contemplation, but wise achieve ment; not ecstasy, but action; and the essays “On a Certain Blindness,” and on “What Makes a Life Significant” but carry the same line of thought to the end. What makes a life significant is the service of an ideal, yet not the mere emotional service of it, but the vigorous and effective service; not the worship of an ideal for the sake of the ideal, nor even for the sake of worshipping it, but for the sake of the unity and dignity and power that a single-minded worship lends a man’s energies. ‘‘Any old ideal” al- most will do; absolutely any is better than none, or than a multitude of ftncompatible ideals. The gospel “The more ideals a man has, the more con- temptible on the whole do you continue to deem him if the matter ends there for him, and if none of the !aboring-man’s virtues are called into action on his part—no courage shown, no privations undergone, no dirt and scars contracted in the attempt to get them realized.” And the blindness in human beings, which is a blindness to each other’s ideals, is lamentable because precisely we do not see that other people’s ideals are a source of strength te them, such as. to them at least our own could not be. “We are but finite, and each one of us has some single specialized vocation of his own: and it seems as if energy in the service of its particular duties might be got omly by hardening the heart toward everything un- like them. Our deadness toward everything but one particular kind of joy would thus be the price we inevitably have to pay for being practical creatures. Only in some piti- ful dreamer, some philosopher, poet, or ro- mancer, or when the common practical man becomes a lover, does the hard externality give way, and a gleam of insight into the ejective world, aa Clifford called it, the vast world of inner life beyond us, illuminate our mind. Then the whole scheme of our cus- tomary values gets confounded; then our self is riven, and its narrow interests fly to pieces; then a new centre and a new perspec- tive must be found.” Prof. James's own reading of “On a Ser- tain Blindness” and “What Makes a Life Significant” is that they are chapters in his defence of individualism. “Hands off: nei-

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482 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1773 ther the whole truth nor the whole of good is revealed to any single observer.” But the reason for non-interference is not a specula- tive reason, but the deeper, practical reason, that to attempt to make another like one’s self is to destroy him. He cannot be like anybody but himself; and it is especially absurd for him to try to become so, for, wanton cruelty and violence apart, his own ideal, certainly the best for him, is probably as good as to a man of his power anybody else’s could be. “In this solid and tridimensional sense, so to call it, those philosophers are right who contend that the world is a standing thing, with no progress, no real history. The chang- ing conditions of history touch only the surface of the show. The altered equili- briums and redistributions only diversify our opportunities, and open chances to us for new ideals. But, with each new ideal that comes into life, the chance for a life based on some old ideal will vanish; and he would need be a presumptuous calculator who should with confidence say that the to- tal sum of significances is positively and absolutely greater at one epoch than at any other of the world.” The vividness of many of Prof. James’s phrases—the ‘“‘stolid cheek,” the ‘‘codfish eye,”’ the “balky will,’’ the ‘“bottled-light- ning girl’—has drawn attention away from a quality in his style which in his last two books has become especially marked, the quality of a communicable fervor, a clear, grave passion of sincerity and conviction, from which some vibration detaches itself and passes into the reader, and forms him to the writer’s mood. We have all of us made the acquaintance of the still-born counsel of per- fection that mutely begs the life it is sent to give; and have learned to value a commu- nicable fervor, in the rare cases in which it is found, more highly than any degree of pic- turesqueness. It would, of course, be ridicu- lous to try to present the indwelling spirit of a book gagged and bound within the limits of an “elegant extract,’’ and we shall not make the attempt. With Kitchener to Khartum. By Steevens. With maps and plans. Mead & Co. 12mo, pp. 326. The story of the reconquest of the Sudan is worthy of a more quiet and business-like history than Mr. Steevens has given, and in time we shall get it. For the present we are thankful for any authentic details of Kitchener's campaign, even if marred by a verbosity and rhetoric often extravagant and tiresome. In his ‘Conquering Turk’ Mr. Steevens held himself better in hand, and was, besides, in a position of much great- er impartiality between the combatants. Here ‘we have not only torrents of words, but su thick a covering of praise for everybody in the expedition, from Kitchener down- ward, that confidence is shaken by what was meant to make it undoubting. Through all this, however, we get salient points from which a fairly satisfactory idea of means and ends may be gained when we sift what our witness tells us. First, we can see that the policy of leav- ing the Sudan to its own fermentation for a dozen years was a wise one. Mahdism went through the period of fanatical faith which made every dervish a hero, and the devotion of his followers weakened when the Mahdi was seen to be a selfish and sensual tyrant, when triumphs and conquests ceased, and when the dullest had to ask whether the ex- ploiting of the land. after his death for the G.. W, Dodd, benefit of the Khalifa and his greedy favor- ites was the reign of the promised Messiah of their faith. The terrible hordes which had ‘broken British squares, and which annihi- lated Hicks’s army at Shekan, had degene- rated so that we are at a loss whether to call their destruction at Atbara and Omdurman battles or mere massacres. Second, the work of systematic education of the fellaheen and the Nubian blacks into trustworthy soldiers was a long but necessary task. They had time not only to acquire the discipline and drill which are the foundation of good tactical handling in the field, but, by contact with the enemy on the frontiers of Egypt proper, in the skirmishes and small- er battles of successive seasons, they lost the ‘fear of the dervishes, and gained confidence in themselves and their officers. Again, the time to resume the aggressive was well chosen. We must credit the Eng- lish Government, as well as Lord Cromer and the Sirdar in Egypt, with keeping a watchful eye upon the schemes of France in central Africa; for the Fashoda incident, abortive when Kitchener was already at Khartum, might well have had much graver consequences if the Anglo-Egyptian army’ had still been below the second cataract of the Nile. The singular conjuncture was too fortunate for mere luck. Fourth. Limiting the advance by the progressive construction of the Military Railway from Wady Halfa across the Nubian desert to Abu Hamed, and thence along the east bank of the Nile to Berber and the Atbara River, was wise prudence. Former experience has shown the uncer- tainty of reliance upon the Nile as a means of communication and supply above the cata- racts, and our civil war had taught how long lines of railway could be made secure for heavy columns dependent upon depots far in the rear. The Khalifa and his emirs had sense enough to know that the loco- motive whistle was a more portentous sound than that of heavy guns, for it swept away their visions of the hostile army starving in the desert when checked and made timid by the precarious means of getting food and ammunition. rule was coming to stay. When at last it came to the assault of the Mahdist entrenched camp at the Atbara and the field fight in front of Omdurman, we asked, Can these be the redoubtable war- riors that destroyed Hicks, captured Gor- don, besieged Suakim, and rolled back the Anglo-Egyptian armies a thousand miles? At the Atbara it is said that nearly twenty thousand dervishes, under the Emirs Osman Digna and Mahmud, in trenches with abattis: in front, were assaulted and exterminated by some twelve thousand under Kitchener, with a total loss to the latter of 81 killed and 493 wounded. Almost no prisoners, wounded or whole, are reported. Steevens says: ‘“Mahmud’s army was as if it had never been. These two short hours of shell and bullet and bayonet had erased it from the face of the earth.” Some two hundred or two hundred and fifty miles of desert marching followed, and Kitchener’s forces were at the Kerrerl hills, a few miles only from Omdurman and Khartum, and here the Khalifa Abdullahi fought for his capital, attacking the Sirdar’s lines. The dervishes are said to be over thirty thousand strong; Kitchener, by rein- forcements, has been brought up to twenty- This time, four thousand two thousand. It meant also that British’ prisoners are accounted for, but they are mainly a band which held together after the rout, and were allowed to surrender. In the fighting, 11,000 of the dervishes are said to have been killed and 16,000 wounded; but as the prisoners are only the 4,000 al- ready mentioned, we must conclude that that whole 27,000 perished, first and last. “With all the deductions that moderation can suggest,” says Steevens, “‘it was a most appalling slaughter. The dervish army was killed out as hardly an army has been killed out in the history of war.” Five hundred casualties, killed and wounded, was all it cost the Sirdar’s army! No more decisive proof could be given of the total change in the character of the dervishes as soldiers. None of the old des- peration of fanatical courage appears in such results. Instead of forming squares, Kitchener’s men advanced in line. The dervishes seem nowhere to have made a really vigorous charge. They advanced again and again, but are everywhere de- scribed as melting away under the fire of the Lee-Metford rifles and the Maxim guns, by the time they were within two hundred yards of the Anglo-Egyptian lines. Theré are some of the old assertions of the dan- gerous enemy a wounded dervish is, but it does not stand to reason that the astonish- ing change in the quality of their fighting in ranks left them individually still de- termined, one and all, to die fighting and to accept no quarter. It is not strange that debate has arisen in England over the as- sertions made that the wounded were massa- cred without pity. If the figures. given by Steevens are anywhere near correct, they amount in themselves to an indictment. The description Mr. Steevens gives of the transformation of the little Egyptian village of Wady Halfa, long the advanced post at the second cataract, into a railway base and depot on a large scale, is interesting and instructive. We get also some realistic views of the desert and its withering heats, its smothering dust storms, and the parch- ing thirst of the soldiers marching through it. The characteristics of the men, white, yellow, and black, are shrewdly noted. The diminution of population in the districts which have been under Mahdist rule is said to be appalling, and to indicate that the old-time trade of the country will have to await a new generation of inhabitants. The funeral services at the spot where Gordon fell were solemn, and full of pathetic remi- niscences, made deeper by contrast with the inevitable but long deferred triumph. A significant step in Egyptian and African history has been taken. Stars and Telescopes: A Hand-Bsok of Popu- lar Astronomy, Founded on the Ninth Edition of Lynn’s Celestial Motions. By David P. Todd. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1899. 8vo, pp. 419. Mr. Lynn's original text, to judge of it as well as we can from this volume, seems to be a very popular treatise on astronomy, not at all confined to the subject of “celestial motions,’’ but characterized by a severe avoidance of two things, first, of all that re- lates to research as research, which con- stitutes the life cf science, as well as of everything in the least degree mathematical, as all celestial motions are; and, second, not only of all that approaches the sensa- tional, but also of all that rejates to phi- losophy or to matters of general human in-

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June 22, 1899] The Nation. 488 terest. We can understand how such a book should have gone through nine editions in England, for it meets the popular English delusion that what is ‘“‘plain and substan- tial,” or, in other words, is stolid and posi- tive, is all that is essentially valuable. But the qualities which recommend a book to English readers may not find equal success here. It may be doubted whether Ameri- cans will see any particular appropriateness, for instance, in printing very prominently before a book like this a sentence from St. Augustine’s chapter on the “Spiritual Crea- tion of the Virtues,” set up in English black- letter like a text on a wall of a church. Its inconsistency with the purpose of the volume makes it all the more charmingly English; but that charm may escape the people of the great West. This Latin paraphrase of the opening of a great psalm is put second to a specimen of Wilhelm Herschel’s English dic- tion and German nebulosity. In place of Mr. Lynn’s “Et pulchra sunt omnia, faciente te, et ecce tu inenerrabiliter pulchrior, qui fecisti omnia,’’ St. Augustine would have supplied many another quotation not wandering clear away from astronomy, and more consonant with the main virtue (such as it is) of Mr. Lynn’s book, e. g., ‘“‘Interrogavi ccelum, so- lem, lunam, et stellas; Neque nos sumus Deus, quem queris, inquiunt’’ (Confessions, x. 6). The volume affords no precise indications of what is Mr. Lynn’s and what Prof. Todd’s; but the work of the latter seems to have con- sisted in adapting the text here and there to American readers, to adding half-a-dozen important chapters, as well as long notes throughout giving additional facts, to select references to the literature, especially of the popular kind, at the end of every chap- ter, to a list of asteroids, a full index, and a@ great many illustrations of celestial ob- jects, instruments, observatories, and por- traits of astronomers—all of which is of a rarely painstaking quality. In this way the book has been converted into a veritable hand-book—not a mere digest of: facts, but a copious selection of those that are most im- portant. It is hardly possible for a hand- book to be what we generally mean by ‘“‘po- pular,” nor does this work, perhaps, pro- fess exactly to be a popular hand- book. It is a ‘“hand-book of popular astronomy”’—that is, a compendium of facts interesting to the astronomical amateur —that extremely variable species which ranges all the way from the idlers and semi- idlers through the Ulugh Begs, the Dem- bowskis; the Rutherfurds, through the Low- ells, the Pickerings, the Lockyers, to the glorious company of Tycho Brahe and Wil- liam Herschel. To many persons, the most interesting part of the book, which is well got up, wiil be the illustrations, of which there are nearly three hundred. The author seems to have made it a rule to give no portrait of a living man—a practice which apparently tacitly reflects up- on the susceptibilities of astronomers to a de- gree that we hope is unwarranted. Some of the likenesses are quite admirzble, as those of Alvan and George Clark. A few seem need- lessly blurred, as are some of the star- clusters. Some of the figures of instruments, etc., are confused and dark. Only the pro- fessional astronomer can at all appreciate or understand a great part of the illustrations, which illustrate nothing in the text. ‘The work will deservedly enjoy a high de- gree of secondary authority among amateurs, owing to the good jujgment and care which have presided over its compilation. Yet here and there we come across statements an’! reasonings which are not quite clear. For instance, on p. 219 we read, “Meteors, then, belonged originally to comets,”’ and this con- clusion is extended to “all meteoric bodies.”’ But the only reason which is offered for this belief is that four comets have been known to break up under the influence of tidal forces into small fragments, forming meteors— an inference hardly parodied by the follow- ing: The ‘Visible World’ of Comenius, ‘Na- ture Displayed,’ by Dufief, Ollendorff, and Prendergast’s ‘Mastery’ books, are all known to have produced many fluent speakers of different languages; hence, we may infer that all speaking of languages had its origin in phrase-books and the like. Such reasoning violates a logical rule of all induction, name- ly, that the sample by which the whole class is to be judged ought to be drawn at random from the whole of that class. This sample of meteors is, on the contrary, drawn exclusively from a part of the whole class which, owing to the mode of its limitation, cannot but possess that character which is inferentially, but unreasonably, extended to all other individuals of the class. What is a meteor? It is nothing but a cometary body which enters the earth’s atmosphere. Why should all such bodies, without exception, be supposed to be broken from larger cometary bodies? In our present ignorance of the ori- gin of things, it is not unlikely that of ali the masses which wander through space a large proportion are very small. In such small bodies tidal forces would be very feeble, while their cohesion would be rela- tively powerful. It may be that Prof. Todd is in possession of some good reasons for thinking that no such bodies ever impinge upon our atmosphere; but if he is, they must be different from the premise he ad.- duces. England in the Age of Wycliffe. By George Macaulay Trevelyan. Longmans, Green & Co. 1899. Mr. George Macaulay Trevelyan here of- fers to the public an essay first presented in competition for a fellowship at Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge. It is an attempt to bring together into one point of view the several aspects of an age fertile beyond any other in the great ideas which have made modern England what it is. The several chapters are almost independent studies, but the impres- sion of them taken together is a fairly con- sistent one. Three interests have been made especially prominent: politics, society, and religion. The political field is limited to the decade from the death of the Black Prince in 1376 to the establishment of Richard fI.’s power in 1385—a period too short to serve much purpose except, as the author puts it, that of a prologue to the “Tragedy of King Richard the Second.” Socially, the centrai position is given to the peasant uprising of 1381, with its astounding revelation of the passion and force of the English common man, and its permanent lesson for the gov- erning classes. From the side of religion we are given a picture of the rise of Eng- lish Lollardry, or, again to use the author’s word, of an “indigenous Protestantism.” The narrative of political events is not and could not be very interesting. Its detail is a dreary record of petty family quarrels, through which it is impossible to discern any real principle. The ignoble ending of a glorious reign, the strife for the control of an undisciplined youth, who was to break through restraint by an unexpected display of spasmodic energy, and the failure of John of Gaunt, the most capable person in an un- attractive group, to direct the policy of gov- ernment, are not very enticing subjects for a thoughtful historian. They acquire interest only as they are brought into relation with the really great moving forces of the nation, with its social unrest and its religious as- piration. This connection Mr. Trevelyan suc- ceeds in making, not precisely in any formal or systematic fashion, but in the final im- pression of his book as a whole. Where the author’s sympathies lie, it is not difficult to discover. He has no respect whatever for the spirit of Froissart, who, writing of the social upheaval in England, treats it as a disagreeable but unimportant break in the natural course of things. Mr. Trevelyan has abundant room in his thought for the great meaning of this blind, pas- sionate struggle in the work of human pro- gress. He does not regret it. “It was a sign of national energy, it was a sign of inde- pendence and self-respect in the mediwval peasants, from whom three-quarters of our race, of all classes and in every continent, are descended.’”” Yet he is equally far from extravagant eulogy: ‘Though as a protest it was perhaps useful, as a revolution it could only have led to anarchy.” So in the matter of religion. Mr. Tre- velyan brings out very clearly the inevitable effect of Wycliffe’s teaching in rousing men to higher ideals of personal liberty and pub- lic justice. He shows us that Wycliffe him- self, while deprecating disorder and sedi- tion, had, especially in his earlier teach- ing, supplied a religious basis for social revolt, just as surely as Luther, four ge- nerations later, was to do the same thing for the restless peasants of Germany. His pic- ture of the attempts at repression of Lol- lardry is eminently fair to the persecuting side. He gives to the individual leaders of persecution all due credit for purity of mo- tive, and softens his judgment, even of re- negades, with every consideration for the pressure they had to bear. Yet here, too, one feels the note of true sympathy in his description of the fate of the Oxford Univer- sity in this religious and intellectual strug- gle. There at least was one place where the honest thought of good men ought to have been safe from any form of public violence; yet nowhere was the “purification” of the country more complete or more effective. The University, as a bulwark of learning and of the liberty that ought to go with it, was ruined by the same state which had broken the peasant revolt and striven to make heavier yet the burden that had pro- duced it. We owe Mr. Trevelyan especial thanks for the concluding chapter on the later his- tory of Lollardry. It carries him far be- yond the limits of his title, but it helps to answer a problem of vital interest to the student of the English Reformation. It goes far to establish the proposition that Pro- testantism in England is indeed an indi- genous product—not a mere importation from Germany, but a long-gathered and deeply rooted sentiment. Mr. Trevelyan’s judgment is summed up im the last sentence of his book: “But those who still believe that li- berty of thought has proved not a curse but a blessing to England and to the peo-

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484 The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1773 ples that have sprung from her, will re- gard with thankfulness and pride the work which the speculations of Wycliffe set on foot, and the valor of his devoted success- ors accomplished.” We have tried to judge this book upon its merits, but it has an added interest as the maiden effort of a very young man who represents some of the greatest traditions of English historical writing. A nephew of Macaulay might have been pardoned if he had tried to give to his book something of the literary and dramatic charm ever to be associated with Macaulay’s name. It is a tribute to his sound sense and good taste that he has done nothing of the kind. His style is admirable for simplicity and force, quite free from the affectations of clever- ness that have marred the work of some recent English historians. He produces his effects by the intrinsic interest of his point of view, and by the conviction he creates in the reader that he has done honest work of investigation and thought. We venture to predict for him a notable future. A Guide to the Wild Flowers. By Alice Lounsberry. With sixty-four colored and one hundred black-and-white plates, and fifty-four diagrams, by Mrs. Ellis Rowan. Frederick A. Stokes Co. Pp. 347. On page 65, the keynote of the text of this volume is clearly struck: “It sometimes seems that we hardly know what to say about a flower.’’ Let us see how true this is. On page 88, of Arrow-head it is said: “It hard- ly seems possible that these little under flowers would ever have the courage to call out boldly, ‘Joseph, thou art keeping the sunshine from falling upon my head.’” Again, page 120: “The Jewel-weed and a bright, running stream have come to be about as closely associated in the mind as the dear old white horse and the red-haired girl.” Once more, page 128: “Something preliminary is almost neces- sary before venturing to speak of the Frin- ged Gentian, and even then it should be done with bated breath, for is it not the flower that has inspired poets and statesmen to such an extent that they have barely been able to write soberly about it? And, truly, it is a heavenly flower. But to those that are a bit worldly, and have not the poetical soul, it must always suggest that it has been gowned by nature’s Worth; it is so chaus- sée & ravir. The beautiful fringe is but the latest conceit of fashion; and the soft green of its calyx, blending with its incomparable blue, is an example of the most ravishing taste. If we could indulge in such levity, we would almost look up its sleeves for re de combat.’’ We never knew before where to look for hors de combat. Let us keep on with the Fringed Gentian and note: “It is fond of wandering, too, and though we mark the spot where it grows, we may seek in vain for it in the same place the next year. This characteristic, however, it owes to being a biennial.” In an excellent work, largely dué to the botanist who has prepared an in- troduction to this ‘Guide to the Wild Flowers,’ we read that the Fringed Gentian is an annual. And go it is. It is, however, as a guide that the volume should be judged. On page 69, we are told this of the Rose Mallow: “Although at a great distance the large flowers of our plant can be seen, ft is often difficult of approach. Positive terror seizes hold of the timorous, and their ardor for it is often tossed in the balance with the fear of snakes.” Page 164 gives us an idea that the guidance is not confined to our own country, for we there read: “The sweetest sight that Liverpool has to show to the unsteady traveller from over the sea is the rhododendrons that there grow so luxuriously [sic]. A feeling of pride in- evitably takes possession of him, and he is sure to inform the first person with whom he comes in contact that they are from his own country, America.” Although the “unsteady,” in the forego- ing, suggests more snakes, it perhaps is all right, and may account for the failure of the traveller to discriminate between the Hima- layan and other rhododendrons which greet him in Liverpool. The American Catawbiense is there with its offspring, but it is hardly fair to claim all the Liverpcol rhododen- drons as springing from this and from the species Rhododendron maximum. But enough has been quoted to indicate the disappointment which one feels at the emptiness of the text. The authoress has a facile pen, and could well employ it in the society columns of a smart Sunday paper, but it has not been put to a good use in these attempts to construct a serious guide. In fact, the reader feels that she may all the time be making fun of the matter, and may be wondering how much such trash can be patiently read by the students of Thoreau, and Mathews, and Gibson. We cannot imagine these writers putting forth such a statement as the following concerning the skunk cabbage: “The pistil also matures long before the stamens. These facts would favor the theory of its being visited by insects. On the other hand, we have to remember that insects have not the indomitable courage of the skunk cabbage, and do not venture out at so early a season of the year. Flies abound the first warm days of spring, so perhaps they or others of which we know nothing are their secret ambassadors.”’ The sharp line of demarcation between flies and insects would never have occurred to Gibson, or, in fact, to any other Ameri- can. But is the authoress American? On page 104, we find the following, in regard to Monkshood (Aconitum): ‘‘Our own Indians call it ativisha.”” By a curious coincidence, which is commended to the attention of eth- nologists, the natives of the East Indies are said by Mr. Watt and Mr. Dymock to call Aconitum heterophyllum by the name ativisha or ativish. The question arises whether the “Indians” referred to by the authoress are “our own Indians.” The colored sketches in the work are in- teresting. One or two of them are somewhat inaccurate, notably the golden rod, but all are striking illustrations, full of spirit. Mrs. Rowan is especially happy in her manage- ment of distance and atmosphere, and has given in this volume many extremely beauti- ful and effective compositions. The black- and-white drawings are unworthy of their ecmpanions; some of them, like the twin- flower and the tall meadow rue, are coarse in outline and inexpressive. The drawing of the leaves of the tall meadow rue repre- sents a form which is not known to descrip- tive botanists. Exactitude is the essential in all scientific drawings, however wide the latitude may be which is allowed to popular descriptions. It is difficult to believe that Mrs. Rowan could have had a hand in the preparation of the black-and-white sketches. She is so generally accurate, where good ma- terial is provided for her work, that these sketches do not appear to be hers. While ré- gretting that the present volume cannot be accepted as a helpful guide to our wild flow- ers, we acknowledge with pleasure the pos- sibilities suggested by Mrs. Rowan’s suc- cessful treatment of some of her plants, for instance, larger blue flag and sourwood. The brush that can give us such beautiful effects ought to be supplied with well-se- lected specimens to illustrate our flor. The History of South America from its Dis- covery to the Present Time. By an Ame- rican. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co.; New York: The Macmillan Co. 1899, In these days of Pan-America and pan-ex- pansion, a work dealing fully with the his- tory of the South American republics, col- lectively and individually, ought to receive a hearty welcome. Such a book apparently is the volume before us, a portly octavo of 845 pages. The author’s initials are “‘R. C.,”’ and the work is translated, presumably from the Spanish, by Adnah D. Jones. The title- page’ bears the date 1899, but a little glanc- ing through the well-printed pages of the volume reveals the fact that it was written nearly a quarter of a century ago. Brazil has not yet shaken off her imperial ruler, and the fraternal relations between Chili and Peru have not been disturbed by the thunder of the Huascar, while the map of South America prefixed to the volume still shows the Pacific bathing the shores of poor pent-up Bolivia. There is absolutely nothing in the preface to disabuse the eager pur- chaser who thinks he is getting the latest information concerning our sister continent. Perhaps the publishers can explain. The work is to a considerable extent de- scriptive, dealing largely with the physical and ethnographic features, the material re- sources, and the prospects of the individual countries. The treatment of these subjects is, to say the least, amateurish, but the historical portions are much better. The preface informs us-that the book is “written with the most rigid! impartiality, and pervad- ed throughout by a judiciously democratic and ardently American spirit.” We are not disposed to refute the author’s professions. He writes from the patriotic standpoint of the Pan-American, and believes in the future of the South American states. We should imagine, however, that his creed is a kind of optimism tempered by pessimistic spells when we read of Peru (page 286) that “com- plicated plot, treachery, intrigue, stabbing— nothing is wanting in this history of half a century, not even the disguised gentleman and the veiled lady of the old comedies”; or when the author tells us, with reference to a bloody tragedy enacted in Argentina, that “it can only make us reflect that in time ultramontanism might become the plague of the South American republics.” How far his optimism would have been affected by the sight of the fratricidal war on the Pa- cific or the convulsions evoked by Balma- ceda and Mello, we shall not venture to con- jecture. The account of the Spanish conquest is told in a vigorous and attractive manner, and presents an eloquent picture of the devilish- ness of those heroic champions of Mammon

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June 22, 1899] The Nation. 485 make altogether pleasant reading for some among us. The following passage, on page 23, ought to come home to some of our Jingo journalists: ‘In this unequal war, in which all the advantages were on the side of the invaders, the aborigines were treated, not as men who were fighting in defence of their liberty and the independence of their country, but as slaves who had rebelled against their masters.” The translator has performed his task ee BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Alden, Mrs. G. R. Yesterday Framed in To-day. Boston: Lothrop Publishing Co. 50. Bazin, René. La Terre qui Meurt. Paris: Lévy. The Life of Schiller. 1.2. Carlyle, Thomas. [Cente- nary Edition.) Seribners Davia, L. D. Ornamental Shrubs for Garden, lawn, and Park Planting G Putnam's Sons. 50. Fleury, Dr. Maurice de. Le Corps et Ame de r Enfant. Paris: Colin & Cle Gale, June Romance. Chicago: Herbert 8 Stone & Co. 7 Hardy, Charles R. Out of Nazareth, F. Tenny- son Nee Iriah, C. W. Qualitative Analysis for Secondary Schools. American Book Co. JUST PUBLISHED. THE HOOLIGAN NIGHTS. BEING THE LIFE AND OPINIONS OF A YOUNG AND UNREPENTANT eh ee rey oe eae BY BY CLARENCE E ROOK. 1amo. $1.25. HENRY HOLT & CO.,N. Y. Alaska. Its History and Resources, Gold-Fields, Routes, and Scenery. By Miner Bruce. Second edition, revised and enlarged. With 60 Illustrations and 6 folding Maps. 8vo, 250 pages, $2.50. Mr. Bruce’s volume includes a brief his- tory of the territory, together with detailed information concerning its resources, these comprising, among other things, minerals, fur, timber, and fish. The work also con- tains a full description of the various min- ing camps and the routes thither. Practi- cal suggestions are given which will prove |° of great value to those who may be plan- ning to engage in prospecting, and also to those who may wish to visit Alaska in order to enjoy the marvellous scenery of- fered by its mountains, rivers, glaciers, and lakes. G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS, | New York and London. ——— Important and Delightful Books By JOHN FISKE. American History. The Discovery of America. With some account of Ancient America and the _— Conquest. With a Steel Portrait of Fiske, reproductions of many old Maps, Several Modern Ma Facsimiles, and other Illustrations. Eighteenth Thousand. 2 vols., crown 8vo, gilt top, $4.00. Old Virginia and Her Neighbours. Tenth Thousand, 2 vols,, crown 8vo, gilt top, $4.00. The Beginnings of New England; Or, The Puritan Theocracy in its Relations to Civil and Religious Liberty. Twenty-second Thousand, Crown 8vo, gilt top, $2.00. IJlus- trated Editi m. 8vo, $4.00. The American Revolution. With a Portrait of Washington, and Maps. Twenty-second Thousand. 2 vols. crown &vo, gilt top, $4.00. Jilustrated Edition. 2 vols. 8vo, $8.00, The Critical Period of American History, 1783-17809. Notes, ete. Thirtieth Thous ind. With Nap Crown vO, gilt top, $2.00. Julustrated Edition. 8vo, $4.00. The War of Independence. Riverside Library for Young People. 75 cents. Essays and Philosophy. Through Nature to God. By Joun Fiske. i6mo, $1.00 This book discusses, in Mr. Fiske’s large and jumi nous way, the mystery of evil, the cosmic roots of love and self-sacrifice, and the everlasting reality of reli on. It is directly connected with the two following ks: The Destiny of Man, Viewed in the Light of His Origin. Twenty fourth Thousand, Crown Svo, gilt top, $1. The Idea of God as Affected by Modern Knowledge Seventeenth Thousand imo, gilt top, $1.00 Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy. Based on the Doctrine of Evolution Fifth Thousand. 2 vols. Svo, gilt top, $6.00, Myths and Myth-Makers. Old Tales and Sepemiiiane interpreted by Comparative Mythology. Tenth Thousand, Crown 8vo, gilt top, $2 00. The Unseen World and Other Essays. Crown &vo, gilt top, $2.00 Excursions of an Evolutionist. Seventh Thousand. Crown Svo, gilt top, $2.00 Darwinism and Other Essays. Fourth Thousand. Crown &vo, gilt top, Seventh Thousand 0 2.00), NOW READY. THE BOOK OF GOLF AND GOLFERS. By HORACE G. HUTCHINSON With contributions by Miss Amy Pascogz, H. H. Hizton, J. H. Taytor, H. J. Waicsam, and Messrs. Surron & Sons. With 77 Portraits, ete. Medium 8vo, $5.00 net. LONGMANS, GREEN, & C0., 91-93 Fifth Ave., New York. Royal Academy Pictures, 1899. In 5 Parts. Price, 40 cents each, or one vol., $3.00 Complete set, 1888 to 1898, price on application. CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited, 7 AND 9 WEST 18TH ST., NEW YORK. CLARENDON PRESS PUBLICATIONS. For sale by all booksellers. Send for Catalogue. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, (American Branch) 91 sth Ave., New York. Sold by all Booksellers. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston; 11 East 17th St., New York. Sent, postpaid, by Hay Fever. ITS SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT. By W. H. HOLLOPETER, M.D. The success of this book has made necessary an Enlarged Second Edition (JUST READY), which bears witness to the value of the method of treatment. Handsome cloth. Price, $1.00 net. Will be sent, postpaid, on receipt of price. P. BLAKISTON’S SON & CO., Publishers, Philadelphia. By ANNIE PAYSON CALL. Power Through Repose. As a Matter of Course. Price, $1.00 each. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Boston. We buy and selt bits ot exchange to and LETTERS 4 and South | Africas ai aiso make OF lections and CREDIT. spect Gpottea, avetiowle ts all pans BROWN Y BROTHERS &CO. NO, 59 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. A Summer Vacation many times will be more enjoyable if you have with you an Augusta- Victoria Empress Shoulder Shawl. They are very stylish and beautiful—4o inches square, with 6-inch fringe —and are entirely handwoven from purest wool and silk. Colors— white, rich light green, delicate pink, recherché red, or black. Sent postpaid and registered for $7.50. Money refunded if not satisfactory. THE SUSACUAC WEAVING CO., 12 Moravian Church St., Bethiehem, Pa. — NEW and WONDERFUL | ZEISS FIELD-GLASSES IMPORTED AND SOLD BY | THEODORE MUNDORFF, Optician, 1167 Broadway,N. Y. Send for circular.

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The Nation. [Vol. 68, No. 1773 Summer Resorts. Special Inducements to Summer Resorts. GOLFERS IN JULY « Mount Pleasant, WHITE MOUNTAINS. The Links have been put in the finest condition for season of 1899. Few Golf Courses in the world exceed the Mount Pleasant in natural interest or in perfection of improvement. A feature is the caddy service supplied by a force of active, intelligent academy and college boys. Dark room, with complete outfit for use of amateur or professional photographers. Mount Pleasant House is luxurious in every ap- pointment, and has special Post-office, Telegraph, Long-distance Telephone, and Railroad Ticket offices in the hotel. Through Parlor or Lp er, 2 Car service from Bos- ton, Portland, New York, Chicago, Burlington, and Montreal to hotel grounds, Trains leave the grounds twice daily for ascent of Mt. Washington, directly in front of the hotel THE OPEN yp gg” | 2 ap ne through the Pass of the W. sengers to Mount Pleasant er "trom Portland and from Boston, via North Conway, will enjoy this unique rail ride from Bartlett to ‘Mount Plea- onnt, 4 miles of it from Bemis to Crawford Notch, “be being h igh up on the Mountain-side, with yo valley far below, and three miles from the Notch to Mount Pleasant, commanding the grandest view of the Presidential Peaks just across the valley Ammo- again run ountains. Pas. noosuc. No rail ride in America, east of the Rocky Mountains, compares with th his. Bicycle Path to Crawford Notch. Bridle Trail to the Summit of the Rosebrook Range. Daily Concerts in the Big Music Hall. Birch Rock Spring Water. Mount Pleasant Dairy Milk. White Mountain Air. ANDERSON & PRICE, Managers, Also of Hotel Ormond, Florida. Mount Pleasant House, N. H. MALOJ o n from June 19 to the end September. Very first- class hotel. Sanitary ar- rangements of the most im- proved description. Position 6,000 feet above sea-level, in the most pictu- resque scenery of Upper Engadine. Divine ong = the churches belon the hotel. Golf 14 Pa lawn-tennis, fishing in the Lake of Sils, mountain ex- cursions, carriage and coach service. Many natural curi- Oeities; glaciers, waterfalls, glacier mills; wonderful Al- pine flora, Please write or telegraph to the Manager, Telegraph and Post-Office, MALOJA KURSAAL. EUROPEAN SUMMER RESORT, INNSBRUCK, TYROL, AUSTRIA. 1.900 feet above the sea, with dry, bracing climate. HOTEL TIROL. Open all the year. Modern conveniences, ferences. Illustrated pamphiets on application. Cant Lanpsee, Proprietor, Hotel Kursaal (Maloja Palace) Engadine ( SWITZERLAND) Best re- THE BARTLETT COTTAGES, FISHER’S ISLAND, N. Y. Seven miles seaward from New London, Con Fully furnished cottages for housekeeping, or with board and attendance. Plumbing and drainage strictly sani Illustrated circular mailed on applicat: on. SWITZERLAND First-class hotel with moderate tariff. ificent view over the ay and moun baths, electric i in every room. rican families, very redu eee ‘ariff and pamphlets cont free on apples LAUSANNE. HOTEL RICHE-MONT. e gardens Lift, d by Ame- — terms. BERKSHIRE HILLS. The Taghkanowc and Cottages, Great Barrington, Mass. An ideal summer home, charmingly located in the vil- lage of Great nqeon, Extensl ve, shady grounds. One hundred guests, nd for boo’ W. P P SMALL, Proprietor. EAUMARIS HOTEL, MUSKOKA AKK Ont Adt>. CANADA.—1, 000 feet above 0 hay fever. Go ting, . Bend for booklet “i WARD PROWSE, : OPERSTO WN—OTSEGO fi tl se oxcd'Clhe hotel near the she. Well kept: good boating and fishing; 2 golf courses. py ay va Breks SECOND-HAND AND NEW, x3 art and PW. Jonseox, 2 48a Be. The Speed Escapement ENSMORE TYPEWRITER - places it at the head of the type- writer world in this important par- ticular. By its use the action is rendered so rapid that it is impos- sible for even the most expert op- erator to equal, the speed of the machine. This device, while of great simplicity, is quite wonder- ful in its results. We shall be glad to explain its ( workings to any who may call, Descriptive pamphlets and other information for those living at a distance, of the Company, 316 Broadway, New York City For Length and Quality of Service the Remington Standard Typewriter defies competition WYCKOFF, SEAMANS & BENEDICT, 327 Broadway, New York. Travel. ABROAD ON A BICYCLE TRIP? Send for “ Bicyc' Notes for Tourists Abroad,” 10 cents in stamps. e fine new steamers of the LEYLAND LINE Sail every Wednesday. BOSTON First cabin, winter, $37. Bre and up. id steamer Winifredian, 10,500 tons, feet in GOING PARIS in 1900. Re ps word to the wise. Feat dims oniraste Sar ty a ‘ew York; 1011 EUROPEAN TRAVEL.

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