The Independent 1912-04-11: Vol 72 Iss 3306

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April 11, 1912 A Pioneer Anti-T uberculosis Experiment MARCUS M. MARKS The Bahai Movement . . . . . LOUIS G. GREGORY i The Passing of the Manchu Dynasty e tse GILBERT REID

We (Story) . . . . +. LOUISE DUNHAM GOLDSBERRY A Birthday Posy (Poem) . . . ARCHIBALD MacMECHAN What Is the Matter with Our Army? . ROBERT K. EVANS Exploration: Its Conditions and Rewards HERBERT L. BRIDGMAN The Stranger (Poem) . . . . . +. +=. ERNEST RHYS The Census and the Negro . . BOOKER T. WASHINGTON Mr, Winston Cherchill’s Offer . . . .° . W.T.STEAD Workingmen’s Expenditures. . . . WILLIAM B. BAILEY EDITORIALS :—The Japanese Specter—T rusting the People—A Peculiar Grace —Observations on Animals—The Single Tax for China—Child Labor Retorm—Mr. Roosevelt and his Party—Other Topics BOOK REVIEWS:—The Works of Henrik Ibsen—From lbsen’s Workshop— Memoirs of Theodore Thomas—Mrs. Harrison’s “Recollections” —T he Passing ot the Idle Rich—The Women of Tomorrow—Rayton—Literary Notes SURVEY OF THE WORLD:—A Message on Economy and Efficiency— Municipal Elections — Congress—Trust Cases—Labor Controversies— The War in Mexico—Central and South America—British Affairs—T he Continent—In the Antarctic—T he Near East INSURANCE AND FINANCE :—Federal Investigation of Fire Inswrance— Money Trust Inquiry—Arbitration in Business

Poet - < . X a ® . “oe! y ™ . ms re 0 + _~ ” * ‘ oy ee ~* .« ’ J 4 ee » r ‘ Dey - - bee P e 4 r a, 2 i Ot a s « ud ~ A *te* New York

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Here’s Something New No more ashes to lug. No clumsy pan to spill dust and dirt on the kitchen floor The Glenwood Ash Chute solves the problem. It is located just beneath the grate and connected by a sheet iron pipe straight down through the kitchen floor to ash barrel in cellar. No part isin sight. Not a particle of dust canescape. Just slide the damper once each day and drop the ashes direct- ly into the ash barrel. The Dust Tight Cover to barrel is another entirely new Glen- wood Idea and is very ingenious. The Ash Chute is sold complete with barrel and all connections, as illustrated, at a moderate price to fit any cabinet style Glenwood. This is only one of the splendid improvements of Re. =o ESS aes fit y iy ) J Ys i The New Plain Cabinet ¥ Glenwood the ec without ornamentation or fancy nickel, ‘“The Mission Style’’ Glenwood. Every essential refined and improved upon. The __ Broad, Square Oven with perfectly straight sides, is very roomy. The Glenwood oven heat indicator, Improved baking damper, Sectional top, and aan grate are each worthy of special mention. Up-To-Date Gas Range Attachments This Range can be had with the latest and most improved Elevated or End Gas Range attachments. It has a powerful hot water front or for country use a . Large Copper Reservoir on the end opposite fire box. It can be furnished with fire “Makes Cooking Easy ? box at either right or left of oven as ordered. When the Ash Chute cannot be used an Improved Ash Pan is provided. Our handsome booklet tells all about it. niin (TCHEN Write for booklet ‘‘40’’ of the Plain Cabinet Glenwood, mailed free. H factu f th lebra’ Glenwood Coal and Gas Ran Weir Stove Co., Taunton, Mass, ™*™*ssturers of the celebrated Glenwood Coal and Gas Ranges, a eal ite

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THE INDEPENDENT i ON PUBLIC QUESTIONS By Nicholas Murray Butler |; President of Columbia University Why Should We Change Our Form of Government ? Net 75 cents; postpaid 83 cents. By Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer,Ph.D. The Initiative, Referendum, and Recall in America $2.25 net. By Frederic J. Stimson University Professor of Comparative Legislation, Harvard University Popular Law-Making Net $2.50; postpard $2.70. A Study of the History and Tendencies of Wisconsin: An Experiment in Democracy By Frederic C. Howe, Ph.D. The writer believes Wisconsin is leader of all the States in the solution of local governmental problems—“‘an expériment station in politics, social and industrial emerges and in higher education.”” He purposes to. show how in the last fifteen years the State transformed a corrupt legislature into one of integrity and independence, and raised offices of government from the mire of the spoils sys- tem to be prized by trained men enthusiastic for service. 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His book is a graphic study of abolitionism which, in the writer’s treatment, is given a new and even more weighty significance than it usually receives, 12mo, $1.00 net; postpaid $1.08 TheReligionsof Modern Syria and Palestine By Frederick Jones Bliss, Ph.D. This is a new volume of the Bross Library and is an expansion of the Bross Lectures delivered in 1908. In: order to collect ‘material, two journeys were made from the United States to Syria and Palestine, one before and one after the de- livery of the lectures. For a large part of his life the author has been a resi- dent in these lands; Syria, indeed, being his birthplace. I2mo, $1.50 net; postpaid $1.65 The Sources of Religious Insight By Josiah Royce Professor of Philosophy, Harvard University. Contents: “The = Problem and the Human Individual,” “Individual Ex- perience and Social Experience,” “The Office of the Reason,” “The World the Will,” “The Religion of Loyalty,” “The Religious Mission of “The Unity of the Spirit and the Invisible Church.” $1.25 net; postpaid $1.35 Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. and Sorrow,” Volume IV Edited by Dr. James Hastings Sold only in complete sets. Price per volume—cloth $7.00 net; half-morocco $0.00 net CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

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The Mwependent VOL. LXXII NEW YORK, THURSDAY, APRIL 11, 1912 No. 3306 Survey of the World For Economy and President Taft sent Efficiency to Congress on the 4th a message on economy and efficiency in the Govern- ment service, recommending changes which would save more than $11,000,000 a year. His most striking proposals are that all the local officers of the depart- ments of the Treasury, the Post Office, of Justice, of the Interior and of Com- merce and Labor, be placed in the classi- fied service under the merit rules; that the Revenue Cutter Service be abolished as a distinct organization, provision be- ing made for a distribution of its equip- ment among other services requiring the use of marine craft; and that the Life- Saving Service be discontinued as a separate organization, the maintenance and operation of the life-saving stations being made duties of the Bureau of Lighthouses. Very substantial economy would result, he says, “from putting ex- perienced and trained officers in charge of the first and second class post offices, instead of selecting the postmasters in accordance with the present practice.” There would be great saving in salaries, with additional saving due to increased efficiency, “if these officers were em- braced in the classified service and re- quired to devote all their time to the public service.” Similar benefits would be gained in the Internal Revenue and Customs services, where “large expen- ditures are made for salaries of political appointees.” Pension agents should be in the classified service; the change recommended would give to one person the work now done by two. The office of receiver of a district land office should be abolished; the register, assist- ed by a clerk, should do the receiver’s work. All marshals and deputy marshals should be under the merit rules. There should be only one treasury auditor, in- stead of six. In the handling of corre- spondence, briefing and press copying should be eliminated. There should be a centralization of the distribution of Government publications. Reasons for all the proposed changes are given, and with respect to most of them the annual saving is estimated. At the conclusion of the message, the President urges Con- gress to appropriate the $200,000 needed for the work of the Economy and Eff- ciency Commission in the coming year, and the $50,000 required for the publi- cation of results. At the municipal election in Milwau- kee, on the 2d, Dr. G. A. Bading, candidate of the combined Republican and Democratic parties, was elected mayor by a majority of 13,000 over Emil Seidel, Socialist, who has been mayor for two years. Nearly 80,000 votes were cast, against 60,000 when Seidel was elected. In the new Council the fusionists will have twenty-six mem- bers and the Socialists eleven. It is ex- pected that a law will now be enacted to permit Wisconsin cities to hold elections without regarding the old party names and lines. The campaign was a bitter one, the victorious majority striving to make the contest one between the red flag and the Stars and Stripes. In Mon- tana the Socialists lost ground in Butte, where the present mayor is a Socialist. Municipal Elections . They carried only one of the eight wards. In Lewiston they lost the one ward in which they were successful a year ago. Peter Stewart, Socialist. was elected mayor.of Hartford, Ark., and is the first Socialist mayor in that State.

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THE 760 The voters of Girard, Kan., which has been regarded as a stronghold of social- ism, elected a Democratic mayor by a vote of nearly 3 to 1. In Flint, Mich., Menton, the present Socialist mayor, was defeated by Mott, fusion candidate. Socialist aldermen were elected in Dowagiac, Kalamazoo and Battle Creek. In Illinois the Socialists will have three aldermen in Belleville, one in Peoria and one in Quincy. In Chicage’s new Coun- cil there will be twenty-six Democrats and ten Republicans. a At the beginning of the present week the managers of Mr, Taft’s canvass claimed for him 280 dele- gates. This week 160 more are to be chosen, and it is expected that he will have a large majority of them. The number elected on the Democratic side is still comparatively small. Mr. Roosevelt denounces the New York pri- maries as “an infamy unmatched even by the kindred infamies perpetrated in behalf of President Taft in Indianapolis and Denver.” Speaking at Louisville on the 3d, he sharply criticised the record of the Taft Administration and virtually asserted that Mr. Taft was a reaction- ary, the candidate of bosses. Three days later he attacked Joseph H. Choate and other eminent lawyers who have organ- ized a movement in disapproval of the recall of judges or court decisions. Sen- ator La Follette, who easily won a vic- tory at the primaries in Wisconsin, has begun a three weeks’ tour in the Middle West and Pacific States. The old offi- cers of the New York Republican Com- mittee have been re-elected, and the pre- diction is made that the platform to be adopted by the State convention will op- pose a third term and the recall of deci- sions. Speaking in Louisville, on the 6th, Mr. Clark frankly asked for the support of Kentucky. Mr. Underwood has the delegates from Alabama. Some are led by Mr. Bryan’s recent utterances to think that he would bolt the Demo- cratic ticket if Mr. Underwood or Gov- ernor Harmon should be nominated. Governor Wilson has been making speeches in Illinois. On the 6th, in Chi- National Politics cago, he paid tribute to the heroes of Poland, adding that he was not doing this because lies had been told about his INDEPENDENT He also estimate of Polish immigrants. said: “The control of credit is dangerously con- centrated. The money resources are not at the command of those who do not submit to the domination of small groups of capitalists. who wish to keep the economic development of the country under their own eye and guid- ance. The great monopoly in this country is the money monopoly. So long as this exists, freedom and individual development are out of the question.” He has asked for the withdrawal of his name from a Populist ballot in Ne- braska. & The House, on the Ist, by a vote of 189 to 92, passed the Underwood bill, revising and reducing the tariff on wool and woolen goods. This is the bill that was passed last year. After it had been modified in the Senate, the President vetoed it. This time only one Democrat was counted in the negative, and 20 Republicans of the Progressive group voted with the major- ity in the affirmative. It is understood that there will be no more tariff legisla- tion in the House at this session, Debate in the Senate upon tariff bills will begin on the 15th. The Republicans of the Finance Committee have submitted an adverse report upon the bill affecting the rates on iron and steel. Cane sugar planters in the South, producers of beet sugar in the West, and the people of Porto Rico, protest against the bill which makes raw sugar free. In the Senate, Mr. Bristow, Progressive Republican. has introduced a substitute which slight- ly reduces the present duty on raw sugar. Mr. Taft, addressing the con- vention of the Cotton Manufacturers’ Association on the 3d, said: Congress “We are in this country, in respect to every business, on a protective tariff basis. I do not mean that every business needs a protective tariff to enable it to live, but that there are so many businesses dependent for life on a pro- tective tariff that to take it away would dis- turh the whole business foundation of the country.” He urged the manufacturers to exert their influence in behalf of the Tariff Soard. The bill establishing a Chil- dren’s Bureau in the Department of Commerce and Labor was passed, 173 to 17, in the House, last week. The Senate had already passed it. This bill provides that the bureau shall make in-

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SURVEY OF quiries and reports on all phases of child life, with especial reference to depend- ents and orphans. It has the support of Jane Addams and other philanthropists. Senator Bailey opposed it——On the 3d the Senate passed the bill imposing a prohibitive tax on matches in the manu- facture of which white or yellow phos- phorus is used. The purpose of it is to save employees from the disease known as “phossy jaw.” Mr. Sulzer’s bill, creating a Department of Labor, whose head shall be a member of the Cabinet, has been favorably reported in the House, and a favorable report on the bill for an eight-hour workday in all work done for the Government has been ordered in the Senate. As a result of the Florida Everglades inquiry in the Department of Agriculture, C. G. Elli- ott, formerly chief of drainage investi- gation in the department; Allison D. Morehouse, who was an assistant chief; Ray P. Teele, formerly an assistant chief of irrigation investigation, and Frank E. Singleton, accountant, have been indicted. The first two had been dismissed by Secretary Wilson and the third had resigned. & Senators Borah, Nelson, Trust Cases Brown, Culberson and Cummins, a minority of the Judiciary Committee, have subm't- ted a report in which they assert that the recent dissolution of the Tobacco Trust has not restored competition, but has really given new strength to the combi- nation, tightening its grip on the inde- pendents. They support the Cummins bill, which would permit the independ- ents to intervene in the case and to ap- peal to the Supreme Court. A majority of the committee say this bill is unconsti- tutional—-—A bill suggested by the two suits of the Government against combi- nations of foreign steamship companies (the first relating to the Atlantic steer- age compact, and the second to trade with the Philippines, Japan and China) has been drafted by Attorney-General Wick- ersham and introduced in the House. It provides that any steamship owned or controlled by a person or persons found guilty of violating the Sherman act shall be forbidden to enter or clear at any port of the United States, the penalty being a fine of $25,000 for each offense ; also that THE WORLD 761 the Postmaster General may cancel a mail contract held by the company owning such a ship.—lIt is understood that in the negotiations with the Government the [International Harvester Company pro- posed a division of itself into two compa- nies, which should compete, and that the proposition is disapproved by. the De- partment of Justice. & It is expected that the 400,000 bitu- minous coal miners will remain idle until the 22d, and then return to work. The 175,000 anthracite miners await the result of a conference on the 1oth. They care more for recog- nition of the union than for an increase of wages. The number of union mem- bers in good standing has been falling, because of failure to pay dues. Recog- nition that will involve the collection of dues by the employers is desired, That is to say, the union leaders ask that the employers shall withhold the dues from wages and pay the same to the organi- zation. At the end of last week they were also demanding the closed shop. An incredse of wages amounting to about $10,000,000 a year at the New England cotton mills has been followed by an advance of % cent per yard in the price of goods. In Chicago and neighboring c‘ties 15,000 carpenters are on strike for an addition of 5 cents an hour. Building operations involving an expenditure of $40,000,000 are affected. In Utica, where 3,000 cotton mill workers are on strike for an addit’on of 15 per cent., violence has required the presence of three companies of troops. There have been riots at Passaic, N. J., where the striking silk weavers are led by William D. Haywood.——The police officers of San Diego, Cal., assisted by many armed citizens, have expelled about 125 Industrial Workers of the World (who admitted they were anar- chists), having first compelled them to kneel on the ground and kiss the Amer- ican flag. Labor Controversies Js A courier came to Orozco, on the fst, from Zapata in the south, offering an alliance. The offer was accepted. Zapata said he had the capital at his mercy, but would wait for The War in Mexico

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702 THE Orozco. One of the latter’s generals, Campa, attacked Parral, expecting an early victory. A forward movement to Torreon was to follow. But Campa was whipped and driven back. This was on the 2d. When the second attack was made, on the 5th, the town was easily taken, for the Federal troops had with- drawn from it. At the end of the week Orozco was planning his attack upon Torreon. Madero sent confident mes- sages to London. There was trouble only in Chihuahua, he said, and the strength of the rebels there was diminishing. In a message to Congress he asserted that recruiting would soon give him an army of 60,000. He deplored rumors in un- scrupulous newspapers about interven- tion. Our Government had assured him that it did not intend to interfere. Inter- vention would mean war to the death. Congress received his message with ap- proval. At the same time, however, it loudly cheered a member’s eulogy of Diaz and voted unanimously to make a legal holiday of the date of one of Diaz’s victories, many years ago, in Puebla. De la Barra landed at Vera Cruz, where he spoke to friends briefly and with caution. In our Congress a bill has been introduced —at the suggestion of the Government, it is said—to amend the laws so that State militia may be sent out of the coun- try for service. Three representatives of Orozco have come to New York. Two of them are lawyers. Their mission is to explain that his cause is just. A resolu- tion reported in the House at Washing- ton directs our Government to press for the payment of claims on account of the killing of peaceable Americans on our own soil by Mexican bullets during the battles near Douglas, Ariz., and El Paso, Tex., some months ago.—Referring to Senator Lodge’s resolution of inquiry as to a reported purchase of land at Magdalena Bay by the Japanese Gov- ernment or a Japanese company, Mar- quis Saionji, the Japanese Prime Min- ister, says. that the Oriental Steamship Company acquired from Mexico fishing rights along the west coast, between Tepic and Oaxaca (far south of Magda- lena Bay) and transferred them to the Oriental Whaling Company. President Madero and the Marquis agree in say- ing no purchase on the bay has been INDEPENDENT made. It is reported that land on the bay, held by a California corporation, has been offered to a Japanese company by the American owners. & The State Department at Washington announces its approval of the agrec- ment between Honduras and the Whit- ney Central Trust and Savings Bank, o/ New Orleans, relating to a loan of $6,- 000,000 under the terms of the conven- tion now pending in the Senate. This agreement followed the recent with- drawal of an offer of $10,000,000 by J. P. Morgan & Co. and associated interests in New York. The New Orleans loan is to be used exclusively for refunding or paying the foreign debt; part of the Morgan loan was to be used in building railroads. William C. Sheldon & Co., of New York, are associated with the New Orleans bank in the transaction. ——General Leonidas Plaza has been elected President of Ecuador. He was Central and South America President from 1900 to 1904, and he commanded the Government’s army dur- ing the recent Alfaro revolution. In Paraguay, the new Government has sent troops to attack Colonel Jara (formerl Minister of War and President), who commands the only group of revolution- ists now in the field——Letters from Rio de Janeiro to official papers in Ber- lin warn Germany against efforts now being made by the United States to ob- tain from Brazil larger tariff concessions on American goods exported to that country, and also say that German trade is in danger of being hurt by a Brazilian subvention to a line of steamships be- tween Rio and New Orleans.——Secre- tary Knox went from Porto Rico to Hayti, where he urged the people to maintain peace and develop their coun- try. President Leconte said Hayti need- ed more Americans and American capi tal. Hayti resents Santo Domingo’s ac cusation that it has assisted the rebels in the latter’s northern provinces, From Hayti the Secretary went to eastern Cuba, where he visited the San Juan Hill battlefield. It is said that he avoid ed a delegation of negroes who desired to protest against President Gomez’s de- cree forbidding the organization of* a negro party. A committee sent by the

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SURVEY OF Porto Rican Assembly to protest against the proposed removal of the duty on raw sugar has arrived in Washington and been introduced to the Senate Finance: Committee by Secretary Stimson, who confirmed the assertion of these delegates that the proposed legislation would ruin the island’s sugar industry. They say that the growth and prosperity of the in- dustry have been of great importance to the people of the island, and that the House bill caused almost a panic in Porto Rico, bankers witholding credit from the planters. The New York Chamber of Commerce has voted a protest against the pending bill which would exclude from the Panama Canal the steamships of a company in which a railroad com- pany has an interest. “This,” the Cham- ber says, “would prevent the use of the canal by the largest owners of American steamships and would prevent the fur- ther building of steamers in American yards for their service.” a An almost complete re- sumption of work by the British coal miners was expected to occur during the week fol- lowing Easter. By a vote of 440 to 125 the Miners’ Federation accepted, on the 6th, the recommendation of the executive committee that work should be resumed. The extremists attacked this proposal as cowardly, but were voted down. The strike is said to have cost the miners themselves $50,000,000. The funds of their unions have decreased by $6,029,: 000, leaving only $3,941,250, chiefly in securities, in their possession. The vote of the miners on the general proposition of returning to work is said to have been about 175,000 to 150,000 in favor of re- sumption. Scarcely half the men voted. Rioting occurred last week in several dis- tricts, but there was a constant gain in the number of men working. In in- troducing the budget in the House of Commons on April 2 Lloyd-George, Chancellor of the Exchequer, said that the coal strike had so far cost the Govern- ment $200,000 in revenues, not counting a loss to.the post office of $300,000. It is said unofficially that the Government has laid aside the realized budget surplus of £6,545,186, a record breaking figure, with the intention of using it for the in- British Affairs THE WORLD 763 crease of ship building if the German naval program is increased. It is report- ed in other quarters that the sum is set aside to finance the Irish home rule scheme. The bill providing for home rule is now ready for Parliament, and -will also be submitted to an Irish Nation- alist convention to be held in Dublin. The new Irish Parliament will, it is said, have power to vary the rates of custom duties, while it will not be allowed to vary the articles dutiable. Customs and the ex- cise will for six years be collected by the Imperial Parliament, while the Irish Par- liament will be denied the power to im- pose duties against British goods. The Irish Parliament will sit at Dublin, and will consist of two houses, one entirely elective and the other consisting of thirty-eight elected members and twelve members to be nominated by the Crown. Forty Irish members, six of them repre- senting Dublin, will sit at Westminster. in the House of Commons. Ireland will make no direct contribution to the Im- perial revenue. Old-age pensions and the land purchase scheme remain under British responsibility. Religious freedom is guaranteed. The Lord Lieutenant will continue to hold office on the nomination of the Crown, and will have the right to veto Irish legislation when instructed so to do by the Imperial Parliament, which also reserves the right to repeal an unjust act of the Irish Parliament. The Privy Council, too, may declare such an act void. <A protest against home rule, planned by Bonar Law, the new Union- ist leader, was scheduled for April 9. Mrs. Pankhurst has been released on bai! of $10,000 pending her appearance at the Old Bailey Sessions on the charge of con- spiracy and inciting to commit malicious mischief. & The German Emperor has lately visited the King of Italy at Ven- ice. Enthusiastic demonstrations greet- ed the appearance of the two sovereigns upon a balcony of the palace. It is re- ported that a renewal of the Triple Alli- ance was effected. Before going’ to Venice William II visited Emperor Francis Joseph, of Austria-Hungary, at Schénbrunn. A parliamentary crisis in Hungary, over the refusal of the Aus- The Continent

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764 trian Government to recognize Hunga- rian claims to control the calling out of the joint army reserves, led to Francis Joseph threatening to abdicate as King ° of Hungary. Unprecedented attacks upon the sovereign and his heir, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, followed in the Parliament, and a former Minister of Justice declared that the abdication might just as well take place. The loyal- ists were furious at the attacks made by this speaker, M. Polonyi, and others. Thus far the Khuen von Hedervary ministry has remained in office. The Prime Minister offered his resignation on March 7; it was then refused, but now it may be repeated and accepted. On April 1 the young Prince of Wales arrived in Paris, traveling as “the Earl of Chester.” He is to spend sev- eral months there in the household of the Marquis de Breteuil and his Amer- ican wife, seeing little of Parisian soc:- ety, and having for mentor M. Escoffier, professor at the School of Political Sci- ences. The young prince has visited the principal monuments and various quar- ters of the city. He will receive instruction in the practice of the French language and in international law. Altho it is his parents’ wish that he attend no races, the French newspapers express the hope that the heir to the English throne will, like his grandfather, Edward VII, come to love Paris. More motor car and highway outrages are are reported from Paris. Several impor- tant arrests have been made. French artists have subscribed $10,000 for the purchase of a military aeroplane, which will be named after Leonardo da Vinci, who, besides being a great painter, made a study of the theory of flying. The Portuguese republic is now negotiating a loan of $50,000,000 with a group of British and French financiers. Evidences multiply that the financial and _ political condition of the Government is unsatis- factory, and there are repeated rumors of European intervention. Strikes and riots constantly recur, 20,000 textile workers of Lisbon and Oporto being out now, demanding shorter hours and higher wages. Farm laborers in the Mirandella region are on strike, and so are the lightermen of Lisbon. Fatal ‘ THE INDEPENDENT bomb explosions occurred at Oporto last month, the work of a secret society. The suppression of the manufacture of bombs has been undertaken by the Gov- ernment and discussed in the Chamber of Deputies. The new regime is appar- ently less popular than at any time since its establishment in October, 1910. Evi- dences of royalist movements on the frontier have given the republican Gov- ernment cause for activity. On March 17 the Prime Minister published an extract from the Anglo-Portuguese treaty of alliance. Neither Power will help an- other nation in attacking the other, oi give asylum to enemies of the other, ex- cept political fugitives or exiles. In case of war or invasion either party to the treaty will assist the other by land and sea. Election riots at Langaza, re- sulting in the death of ten persons, in- cluding one of the gendarmes who charged the mob, and a strike of 4,000 employees of the Northern Railway, in and near Valladolid, are reported from Spain. Work has been resumed on the Canfranec Tunnel, which will pierce the Pyrenees. This line reopens a Romar road, and the mountain crest is passed at Somport — Sumnus Portus. Contracts have also been let for a railroad between Ripoll and Puycerda, completing the only unfinished section of the line to connect Toulouse, on the French side, and Barcelona. . From latitude 87 de- grees 32 minutes south Captain Robert F. Scott, the British Antarctic explorer, has sent to Akarao, New Zealand, an ac- count of his experience in south polar regions, from January 25, 1911, to January 3, 1912. This narrative was despatched by his ship, the “Terra Nova.” On January 3 he was within 150. miles of the South Pole, and was “going forward with a party of five men”: Dr. Wilson, chief of the scientific staff; Captain Oates, of the Inneskilling Dragoons; Lieutenant Bowers, Royal Indian Marine, and Petty Officer Evans, R. N., being his companions. They car- ried a month’s provisions, and “prospects of success seem good.” Lieutenant Shackleton “has no doubt” that Scott In the Antarctic

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SURVEY OF reached the Pole about January 18. Scott met with greater difficulties than Amundsen, who in his expedition kept under the lea of King Edward Land. While returning to his base after laying depots, on February 16, 1911, One of his dog teams fell into a crevasse, and the commander had an almost miraculous escape from death. This was only one of various hair-raising adventures. Cap- tain Scott owes much to the excellence of his equipment and personnel. For two months at one stretch_the explorers lived on seal meat. During the four winter months the temperature regis- tered, at times, 50 degrees below zero. Usually it was nearer minus forty. In winter quarters at Cape Evans every one was kept busy with station and scientific work, exercising the animals, playing football, and lecturing or listening to lectures. In spite of their big loads, the ponies used on the expedition went well and maintained good health, tho it is doubtful whether ponies are equal in value to good dogs. Some of the ponies were shot to feed the dogs. Fifteen miles of telephone wire were used by the explorers in reporting to one another thé weather and their moveménts. A motor sledge was found useful, and several of the party sledged to Cape Crozier to study the incubation of the penguins and their habits. Bituminous coal and fos- probably crustacean, also great masses of marble and topaz, were found. Thousands of wingless insects of two different species were discovered. Lieu- tenant Shackleton thinks that these are the first land insects to be found in south polar regions. Marine biological work was also carried on, holes being bored in the sea ice to let down nets. Many thousand feet of film were used to obtain permanent records of bird and animal life. The “Terra Nova” will turn south in November, and it may be sev- eral months before further news from Scott is received. Meanwhile, Captain Amundsen has reached Sydney, N.S. W. & The Turks claim to have won a_ great victory on March 27 over the Italian army near Tobruk, on the African coast, about 250 miles east of the city of sils, The Near East THE WORLD 765 Tripoli. It was declared that the Italian loss was twenty-seven officers and 3,500 men killed and wounded, against about 150 killed and wounded on the Turkish side, and that a great quantity of camp equipment was taken. Engagements were said to have occurred on March 11, 12 and 13. The European Powers are again trying to bring the Turco-Italian war to a conclusion. Apparently the Italians have made little headway of late, and dare not leave their fortified trenches. Fever is an enemy of the invaders, and the number of Arabs under the Turkish flag is constantly increased. It is ru- mored that Italy plans to disembark troops on the Island of Lemnos, in the JEgean, a strategic point not far from the Dardanelles. During a period prior to 1487 the Venetians held this island. It has been occupied at different times by the Thracians, Armenians, Persians, Byzantine Romans and Genoese princes of Mitylene. Italian officials at Luino, near Lake Como, have seized two French aeroplanes, bound for Turkey, on the ground that they are contraband of war. The machines have been sent to the mili- tary aviation camp at Rome. A. Turco-Russian dash over a tract of terri- tory in Persia claimed by Turkey is re- garded as more than remotely possible. Turkish troops have taken possession of some 10,000 square miles. It is suggest- ed that an agreement to allow Turkey to take this territory as compensation for the loss of Tripoli may have been decided upon by’ the Triple Alliance. The Persian reply to the Anglo-Russian note is highly satisfactory to those Powers. It accepts the proffered advance of $1,000,- 000, for immediate expenses, at 7 per cent. interest. Persia agrees to dismiss all irregulars from the army as soon as the ex-Shah and Salar-el-Dowleh leave Per- sia. and to discuss with the legations the organization of a small effective army, and to pension the ex-Shah and to give an amnesty to his followers, on condition of his departure. The government of Prime Minister Venizelos obtained a sweeping majority at the elections to the Greek Parliament on March 24. The election was orderly, but it followed an exciting campaign; in which many charges were made against the Premier.

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A Pioneer Anti- Tuberculosis Experiment BY MARCUS M. MARKS {On the 25th of this month the inaugural exercises will be held of the Tuberculosis Pre- ventorium for Children at Farmingdale, N. J. Governor Wilson of New Jersey and others will make addresses and a special train will take guests from this city to Farmingdale for the afternoon. Mr. Marks, who is one of the prime movers in establishing this new charity, has been for years one of New York’s most public-spirited citizens, giving his time, name, and money freely to all good works. He is especially interested in industrial and international peace, and has been very‘active in the National Civic Federation and the New York Peace Society. —Ep1Tor.] 66 LOSE the windows, I'll catch cold,” has always been the cry, when the thermometer Tuberculous people, who slept with open windows, or in open camps on wintry nights with good results, were thought immune from colds on account of their very trouble. The cry, “Close the windows,” was not hushed by their satisfactory experiences. Lately, for the first time, groups of children who were not “actively” tuberculous, have been taken from city tenements, where they were in danger of infection from tuber- culous parents, and were placed in open camps established in the country. They romped, they studied, they rested, they worked, and they slept out in the open, in winter as well as summer. The ther- mometer often ran down near zero— sometimes below—and there was no complaint, or ill result. On the contrary, 706 was low. the children’s cheeks became rosy, their weight increased on the average from four to twenty pounds each during a three months’ stay, despite their active life, and they soon shook off their sen- sitiveness to infection. Not a cold—no illness of any kind in the case of 365 children at the Tuber- culosis Preventorium at. Farmingdale, N. J., thus far! And uniform gain in weight and strength! Shouldn’t the cry of “close the windows” cease? We have in New York many factories and shops that are called “sweat-shops.” Most of these have many windows that give little light and no air—why? They are always closed and usually dirty. Could we make it compulsory to open and clean these windows, by legislation if necessary? It would-be a great point in the fight against tuberculosis. To return to our story:

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lf we could save the children, the next generation would have no “white plague” problem. It is difficult to cure. tively easy to prevent. | The Preventorium began a stormy ex- istence in Lakewood in July, 1909. The residents strenuously objected to the presence of the institution on the ground that it would injure the prestige of Lakewood as a pleasure resort. The proposed gift by Mr. Nathan Straus of a half interest in the great Lakewood Hotel property was lost to the Pre- ventorium by its removal. By the gift of 170 acres of beautiful farm and woodland by the estate of Albert Bris- bane through Mr. Arthur Brisbane, and the subscription of $50,000 by Mr. Straus, and $50,000 by a “friend of Mrs. J. B. Harriman,” the institution was enabled to transfer its work to Farmingdale, N. J., in the pine belt, seven miles this side of Lakewood. The model buildings and open camps de- signed by the architects, Scopes, Feust- mann, and Judell, and now completed, cost $150,000. An appeal for a third $50,000, therefore, became - necessary The ladies of the auxiliary of the Board of Health Tuberculosis Clinics re- It is compara- A PIONEER ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS EXPERIMENT WEREN'T THESE BOYS WORTH SAVING? 767 sponded by subscribing $6,500. A num- ber of friends of the cause sent checks ranging from $1 to $2,500, and Mr. John D. Rockefeller and Mr. Andrew Carnegie subscribed $10,000 each, and Mr. Jacob H. Schiff $5,000, to be paid on the completion of the $150,000. There are four new open camps, each to contain thirty-two beds and two at- tendants. Each of these camps is di- vided into two equal parts by a comfort- able dressing room. Underneath are showers and toilets. Above is a model open school room. A large central administration build- ing includes dining room, kitchen, and quarters for staff. A modern power and laundry equipment completes the insti- tution. The construction is of hollow tile and cement. The architectural lines are sim- ple yet beautiful. The total investment will be $150,000; the capacity, 172 chil- dren. The purpose of the Preventorium is not only to save the 600 to 700 children that will come under its care during the year, but to help show the way to save the 40,000 children living with tuber- culous parents in New York City today. The composition of the board of di-

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768 rectors of the Preventorium is unique. There are thirty men and women, in- cluding physicians, lawyers, and laymen, Protestant, Catholic and Jew. No other private charitable institution has ever been organized on such liberal lines. There is an auxiliary board of thirty in Farmingdale, N. J. The mayor of armingdale is president, and the two clergymen, the two physicians, and the leading storekeepers and farmers make up this local board. They have taken charge of the entertainment of the chil- dren, and have arranged trips to the sea- shore, celebration of festivals, and other plans to add to the happiness of the children. Only poor children ever reach the Preventorium. There is no charge for fare, board, or clothing. Application for admission should be made at the Tuber- culosis Clinic nearest the child’s home. The Tuberculosis Clinics are scattered in thickly populated districts on both the east and west side of Manhattan, Brook- lyn, and Bronx. The children are ap- proved by the Department of Charities, THE INDEPENDENT and are examined by the Hospital Ad- mission Bureau, 426 First avenue. They are taken by nurses to the Preventorium, at Farmingdale, N. J. Here they re- main three or four months in open camps under careful observation. No child is returned until the home condi- tions have been made safe thru the removal of the tuberculous parent, or thru education of that parent as to dis'nfection, burning of sputum, the necessity of open windows and clean floors, The purpose is to avoid “work- ing in a circle.” The children are fol- lowed up by a special Board of Health nurse for years after their discharge from the Preventorium. The Board of Estimate and Appor- tionment, of New York City, has recog- nized the economic and humanitarian value of this preventive work; they ap- preciate the fact that every child thus saved lifts a burden from the city for years to come. Instead of becoming a breeder of further infection, and thus a curse to the world, the child obtains a fair chance to live a happy life. THE SLEEPING QUARTERS AT THE PREVENTORIUM

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THE CHILDREN ARE : Dr. Abraham Jacobi, the dean of the medical profession, says: “Our big cities in a few years to come will be conducting tuberculosis preventoriums for the same reason they are now conducting pure milk stations. To keep people from having tuberculosis instead of making belated at- tempts to cure them after they have contract- ed the disease is not only much more humane; it is much more economical. The pretuber- culous children, if taken away from their in- fected homes in time, don’t become expen- sive public charges on the city or State.” Dr. Hermann M. Biggs, general med- ical officer of the health department of this city, says: “If the children are sent to the sanatoria with their parents they will surely develop tuberculosis. There is no place among all our philanthropic organizations for them. The Preventorium, thus, is an indispensable link in the problem of poverty. It is there that the children of tuberculous parents are sent. The children are kept there three or four months. They sleep out of doors, get the best of food, and gain from ten per cent. to fifteen per cent. of their body weight. They come back to the city in fine physical condi- tion, to a home which has been cleaned up and made sanitary by the Board of Health.” James Alexander Miller, presi- dent of the Association of Tuberculosis Clinics, says: “If tuberculosis is to be stamped out it will WAYS IN THE OPEN not be because sanatoria or other institutions are able to cure all cases, but because grad- ually the sources of infection are being elim- inated and the general resisting power of the individual members of every community in- creased. “It is in this latter direction that the Pre- ventorium fills a most important need, by building up children, who otherwise might be- come consumptives, in such a way that they can successfully resist infection.” Dr. Alfred F. Hess, expert in chil- dren’s diseases, says: “The Preventorium shows that children if properly clothed can thrive in fresh air at any time of the year, and I believe the time is not far distant when we shall have not only the tuberculous treated in the open air as is at present the case, but that the well children in asylums, foundling institutions and similar places, where a large body of children are aggregated, will be allowed to have the pure, fresh air for twenty-tour hours in the day. This seems to me to be the only hope of pre- venting and limiting widespread infections in these institutions.” All specialists and experts in the movement to prevent the spread of tu- berculosis agree that the Preventorium plan is sound, economic, and most hope- ful. Will not our enlightened commu- nity encourage, support, and help de- velop this important pioneer work? New Yor«K City, 769

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The Bahai Movement BY LOUIS G. GREGORY {Abdul Baha, the distinguished Persian who leads the Bahai movement, this spring for a tour of America. New York City will arrive in He has recently visited in Eu- rope, where he addressed many people on the subject of universal peace thru the unity of religions. The Bahai movement is attracting a larger and larger share of public interést and attention, as is deserving of a movement which in sixty-seven years has manifested enough power to unite Jews, Christians and Mohammedans to the extent of several millions. —Ep1rTor. ] HE Bahai movement began in the Orient more than half a century ago, and has made rapid head- way. And now it has gained a firm foothold in Europe and America. Altho its propaganda is very quiet and entirely without. sensational features, there is scarcely a_ large city of America today which does not contain an ac- tive Bahai assem- bly. . Among its adherents it num- bers people of many classes and races, and in its aim and scope attempts the unity of all races and all religions. Its work has brought to pass the curious spec- tacle of Jews, Christians, Mo- hammedans, Hin- doos, etc., finding a common plat- form upon which they may unite to worship God and regard each other as men and broth- ers. It has broken down many of the traditional preju- dices among the people of the Orient and its progress in the western world is watched with inter- est by many people. The following is a brief historical sketch of the three men who have successively led this movement toward the religious emancipation of the world. Persia, “the land of the nightingale and the rose,” in ancient times the seat 770 ABBAS EFFENDI The Bahai leader is also known as Abdul Baha of learning and power, ruled over by Cyrus the Great and Darius, but in modern times sunk into weakness and poverty, was the scene of the origin of the religion of Bahai. On May 4, 1844, there suddenly arose a young man, Ali Mohammed by name, who followed the occupation of mer- chant and declared himself to be a re- ligious leader. Liv- ing in a Moham- medan country and making such a claim without be- ing connected with one of the reli- gious orders was not without its perils, for the Moslems are very fanatical. A fact which further served to increase the danger of Ali Mohammed was the claim which he put forth of being the Imam Mahdi. It was apparent that such a claim could not be an ordinary one. In truth, so quixotic did it at first ap- pear, from a Mos- lem viewpoint that it was met with jeers and laughter on the part of mullahs and people. . For their holy book, - does indeed tell how in the latter days the Koran, the Imam Mahdi will appear, with Christ, to establish peace and universal brotherhood on earth. But according to the theology of Islam such a thing could

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THE BAHAT only be connected with extraordinary phenomena, apparent to all people. But upon this inspired young man ridicule had no deterrent effect. It was evident to a few that he not only took himself seriously, but that his extraordinary beauty of person, exem- plary character, logical reasoning and inspiring eloquence were entitled to some consideration. He not only taught his strange doctrine in his native city of Tabriz, but journeyed from city to city, enduring many privations, but making converts so rapidly that the clergy be- came alarmed. He was arrested and taken before a learned council of mul- lahs, questioned closely and criticised, and soundly beaten, the Sheik ul-Islam administering the rods with his own hands. But falling into disgrace had just the opposite effect upon his follow- ers from that which the mullahs imag- ined. His friends increased in numbers so rapidly that stern measures of re- pression were resorted to. They were robbed of their estates and put to death, ofttimes in the-most brutal manner. It is estimated that the number of mar- tyrs was not less than twenty thousand. Among the most famous of these mar- tyrs was a beautiful woman, a poetess by the name of Kurrat ul-Aine (Conso- lation of the Eyes). She saw in the movement of the Bab, as the leader called himself, an expression which in Persian means the door or gate, the emancipation of her sex in the Orient. She taught his doctrines openly, even daring on one occasion to discard her veil, a mortal affront to the religious fanatics about her. But her logical rea- soning and impassioned eloquence aroused many souls, and as the time of her condemnation drew nigh she await- ed her doom with the utmost resignation, rejoicing that she was surrendering her life in the Path of God. After causing a stir which shook the ancient kingdom from the Gulf to the confines of India and Turkestan, the Bab was himself martyred in the year 1850, after six years of teaching. But the death of the leader did not abate the persecution of his followers. The Babis a" to be treated with great: cru- elty. Before the passing of the Bab he had MOVEMENT 771 warned his followers to prepare their hearts for the coming of One Mightier, who might appear at any time, and mani- fest to them the Glory of God upon earth. This prophecy was to them ful- filled in the coming of Baha’o’llah (The Glory of God), who arose before the passing of the Bab and supported his declaration. This adherence to the cause drew upon his head the wrath of the Government. A man of illustrious fam- . ily and vast estates, he was reduced to poverty and cast into prison. For some time his life was threatened, but thru the intercession of the Russian Ambas- sador and other persons of note, his punishment was commuted to exile. With his family and a few followers he was sent to Bagdad in Turkey. Here he passed about two years, when he sud- denly left his family and friends and retired into the mountains, remaining in close communion with God. Upon his return to Bagdad he revealed the Book of Ighan, wherein many mysteries as found in all the holy books of religion are interpreted. Soon after this he made the declaration of his station to his eldest son, Abbas Effendi, and a few other followers, claiming that he was the Greatest Manifestation of God, whose coming the Bab foretold. He was car- ried as a prisoner to Constantinople, thence to Adrianople, and finally con- fined at Akka or Acre, in Palestine, “the Most Great Prison” of Bahai litera- ture. He revealed many wonderful writ- ings and from his lowly prison sent messages to the rulers of the world, calling upon them to join in the move- ment toward universal peace. Perhaps the essence of his teachings is exprest in a statement made by him to Prof. Edward G. Brown, of Cambridge Uni- versity, England, upon his visit to the illustrious prisoner : “We desire but the good of the world and the happiness of the nations. Yet they deem us a stirrer up of strife, worthy of bonds and banishment. That all nations should become one in faith and all men as brothers; That the bonds of unity between the sons of men should be strengthened; That diversity of religion should cease and differences of race be annulled. . . What harm is there in this? Yet so it shall be. These fruitless strifes, these ruinous wars, shall pass away and the most great peace shall come. . . . Is not this that which Christ foretold? Do

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272 THE not you in Europe desire this? Yet do we see your kings and rulers lavishing their treasures more freely on means for the de- struction of the human race than on that which would conduce to the happiness of mankind. These strifes and this bloodshed and discord must cease, and all men become as one kindred and one family. Let not a man glory in this, that he loves his country, let him glory rather in this, that he loves his kind.” Baha’o'llah passed away in 1892. In two of his writings he commanded his followers to turn to his eldest son, Abbas Effendi, ““The Greatest Branch,” as their leader. For many years he was a pris- oner with his father. But during the revolution of the Young Turks he was set free, after having been condemned by Abdul Hamid to perpetual imprison- ment. He bears the spiritual title of Abdul Baha, which means the Servant of God. His personality is most attrac- tive. Even when a prisoner his fame spread abroad and attracted visitors from Europe and America. His life is given to good deeds, giving hope and i INDEPENDENT cheer to the suffering and aiding human- ity in every way. Among the most learned of men he is as much at home as among the poor and humble. This is very remarkable, as he has never attend- ed school- and studied books after the manner of men. Last spring the writer met him at Ramleh, a suburb of Alex- andria, in Egypt, and found him as much conversant with conditions in America, such as the race problem, as one who had lived here all his life. His messages of peace and good will have been received in England, France, Switzerland, etc., in which countries he has journeyed. And he is due to arrive in America early in the spring of this year. He has already accepted some invitations to speak in churches and address peace societies and other gatherings. So that during his visit Americans will see one who steadily grows in popular favor and is even now regarded by some millions of people as the foremost man of the world. Wasuincton, D. C. The Passing of the Manchu Dynasty BY GILBERT REID [The Rev. Dr. Gilbert Reid is an experienced American missionary who had the large vision of China Christianized, and to that end became an independent worker among the higher classes, mandarins and scholars, who would be followed by masses of the people. He wrote books, pushed education, illustrated by ethics and commerce a higher civilization, and made himself familiar with the Manchu official class in Peking. This article is of unusual value for this experience of his.—Ep1Tor.] HENEVER a person passes \W away to the great Beyond, whether friend, relative, rival or foe, and whatever the defects or the virtues that stain or glorify, a-mantle of charity is thrown over the past, and we mourn for the departed and grieve with the afflicted. Would it not be seemly to act in like manner as we consider the passing of one of China’s many dynas- ties, the end of the Manchu’ House, on February 12, 1912? To think of all that is good during this rule of two hundred and sixty-eight years will do us no harm as we face the future. Respectful ap- preciation of a part of our fellow men in their days of power will expand our sentiments of regard for all mankind, and help to unite the nations in the fellowship of a universal federation. Dr. Wells Williams, some sixty years ago, exprest his calm judgment thus: “There is little doubt that this enormous population has been better governed by the Manchus than under the princes of the Ming dynasty; there has been more vigor in the administration of government and less palace favoritism and intrigue in the appointment of officers; more security of life and prop- erty from the exactions of local authorities, bands of robbers, or processes of law; in a word, the Manchu sway has well developed the industry and resources of the country, of which the population, loyalty, and content of the people are the best evidences.” Distinguished and long were the reigns of the Emperors Kanghi, Yung- cheng and Kien-lung, who laid well the

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THE PASSING OF foundations of a vast empire. Tho be- longing to an alien race, they absorbed with marvelous sagacity the best of Chinese ideas, while retaining the strength of their Northern character- istics. They adopted the laws, cere- monies, doctrines and usages of the people who had been conquered. In conquest of others they allowed them- selves to be conquered in turn. The most learned men were summoned to the capital to write commentaries on the Confucian classics, to codify the laws and to edit the greatest. dictionary of Chinese history. More Manchus learned the Chinese language than there were Chinese to learn Manchu. More Chi- nese than Manchus held office. Justice marked the course of expansion, The eunuch system was abolished. Enlight- enment, art and integrity flourished. The attitude at the outset to outside peoples was tolerant. Those who came as friends were welcomed. Christian churches were erected in the capital and the provinces. An imperial tablet was Schol- arly missionaries were appointed to office. Trade with the West was en- couraged. If justice and friendliness had characterized the foreign attitude, the “open door” would never have been closed. The empire grew strong. The people were so prosperous as to be sufficient in their own resources. A system of gov- ernment, based on the principles of the sages and recognizing learning, became the admiration of students in the West and the glory of China. While Europe and America were scenes of conflict, up- heaval and aspiration, China was the home of contentment. At last the time of testing came, and the Great Pure Dynasty stood the test. Without was war with Great Britain and France; within was widespread re- hellion. Loyal men arose in the prov- inces—Peng Yn-lin, Tso Tsung-tang, Tseng Kwo-fan, Tseng Kwo-chuen, Li Hung-chang, Ting Pao-chen and Seng Wang, while in the capital arose the Impress Dowager, Prince Kung, Wen- siang and Kwei-liang, and by the help of judicious representatives of the Powers. brought back an era of peace. Treaty ports mutiplied thru the years; mission- hung in the Peking cathedral. THE MANCHU DYNASTY 773 aries under imperial edict resided in all the provinces and prosecuted their work with growing favor; trade, internal and external, steadily increased. The young Emperor espoused the cause of reform. There was a whirl of expectation. Again came a time of testing. The Boxer incantations, mingled with hatred of foreigners and resentment of aggres- sions, captured the court and deceived multitudes. But in the provinces -were Chang Chih-tung, Lin Kw’n-yi, Li Hung-chang, Yuan Shih-kai, Tao Mu and Tuan Fang, while in Peking were Gung Luh, Hsu Yung-i, Hsu Ching- cheng, Yuan Chang, Li Shan and Prince Ching, all of whom, thru the magnanim- ity of foreign Powers, rescued the ship of state and once again sailed her out into a quiet sea. The lesson was well learned. The court and exclusive nobility were at- tracted to intercourse with the legations. Sociability became stylish. Reform in dead earnest advocated by Chang Chih- tung and Yuan Shih-kai, and espoused by the Empress Dowager, became the creed of the nation. Old ideas and old methods were abandoned. Every one was learning. Constitutional govern- ment, all the way from local self-gov- erning assemblies to _a national parlia- ment, with a limited and safe franchise united with a system of Western educa- tion, received the sanction of the Throne and became the hope of the people. China under the Manchu House was at last awake. Then came the end. High Heaven, by inscrutable decree, summoned the Manchu dynasty to yield up its power to the will of the people, to issue its last edict, and to pass on in the stream of history, with its records of the past to be studied by men and judged by God. Those who mourn in the homes of the Manchus may be appalled by the sight, but other than doom awaits them as individual members of the new ~ commonwealth; they are called to be grateful for conspicuous magnanimity in the closing days of the Manchu House, ond to look forward with hope to an equitable participation in the problems and international relations of the New China. SHANGHAI, CHINA,

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BY LOUISE DUNHAM GOLDSBERRY {Our readers will not have forgotten Mrs. Golas- berry’s pretty story, “We, This, Epiror.] tho complete E gave’ the time-honored’ final \W spread. The spread is a thing forbid. Hence. It begins just as town clocks begin to tell the midnight over all the town. One- two-three—soft; low; big; reverberant ; assonances against the black sky; and far, far off, always ending last, like a crystal fringe about all the thick trem- bles of sound and the ebbing pools of sound, the chimes. I always feel as if I were going down a garden of spices and star-lost fragrances when that mid- night sursurge overtakes me and there is nothing in all the world but it and me, And I forgot to unlock the door! I miiste to listen. To unravel every thread as if I were a bobbin for them to wind up around. And I forgot the door! And a peremptory kick on the door— I flew to open—ten ghosts tumbled in— and We bare-l-y shut out another ghost who pursued! “Open the door, young ladies.” It was our floor teacher! Not a breath! “This will be reported to President Moore,” came like pebbles thru the key- hole. “Dread-ful bad for her health,” said Laura, in a very sorrowful voice. “Late hours—temper—reports.” “Well,” said Patty, beatifically, “I ought to beat Peggy; but when I’m sin- ning I like to be a real black-and-blue sinner! Now, We can eat up every- thing and stay out all night and tell murder stories and ghost stories. I 774 ” in our issue of December in itself, is “Part 1I.”’— {/ nL know twelve banshee stories and every s-1-n-g-l-e one is true. Hence. Said our adored president after chapel next morning : “The junior class will remain.” We remained. Also the floor teacher. He looked at her. She was homely. Quite so. She taught us chemistry and mathe- matics. And she looked like it, too. She had been what Lil called the “Pil- lar of Salt” in our path from freshman days, and before; for We knew she was ahead. And he looked at us. He opened his mouth. “Girls,” he said, “was it good?” “Go to class,” he said. “‘Don’t do it again,” he said. And We waltzed solitaire all the way to class. For this was our last junior prank. And when next We should assemble it would be as the always-good seniors. Already We felt something of the be- queathed hauteur of the departing sen- iors, and realized for the first time how perfectly that haughty air appertained to seniors; and, too, with what gracious yet simple dignity We should wear it. Kate Nash called back to us as the seniors-no-more trooped from the stage laden- with commencement plunder : “Little girls, little girls, good-bye.” And Patty chanted back: “Alumnae babes, be good, be good.” What would next year be without that splendid line ahead? What if they did AE YR

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WE appear to own the college? What if even to own the whole earth? “Now on to Cheyenne,” said Kate Nash. What, even, what if We did have to dodge trains down corridors and were required io refrain from stepping on them? The dears knew we were simply consumed with envy! The rain was raining. Just a stilly, dreemg kind of rain. Our seniors were leaving in a body for the station. Patty had gathered us into a dark alcove just over the main entrance. As the seniors (there were twenty-four) began going slowly down the steps into the lamp- light spattered night to the carriages, We began to sing, Patty’s voice lifting high and pure and unbroken out into the dark above them. They stopt. Every wheel and foot passing by stopt. All our voices choked in tears. Except Patty’s: “Keep love's banner floating o'er you,’ her voice dripped sweetness over them. And again We joined: “Till We m-e-e-t, till We m-ce-e-t, Till We meet at J-e-s-u-s’ feet.” And then.the last carriage had gone ‘round the corner. But Patty's angel voice to the night and the still rain sang on alone: “G-o-d be with you till We meet again.” And then We went away to hunt for a wailing place. For never again would darling Mary Ninde go down the corridor to ask some little day pupil if she had on her rub- bers. And never again. would Amy Sutherland’s sweet-lidded eyes laugh at us. And Patty sobbed: “Who w-w-zwwant- ed to g-grow up-p, anyho-o-w ?” “Well,” I said, “I always intended to grow up purposely to marry our adored president—I mean, when he was our pastor. I suppose that’s what started me and T couldn't stop.” And We refused to be comforted. Patty went over to Ireland-that sum- mer. She said, “To hunt for the rest of the teaspoons.” And the balance of us to our admir- ing” parents. I read a list of \nd spent most heautiful mother. I do not know why. Practised. with my books. of the time But I could not bear to be out of her sight. Sometimes | would seem to hear her calling me— just the feel of my name, and she'd laugh and say, “You heard me thinking.” And sometimes I'd find her watching me with gaze unbearably sweet, and once with tears; but she said, “The sun is in my eyes, Peggy.” And she seldom went away from the house. And in her white summer gowns she looked the incarnate white thought of a woman. I did not want to go back to school. But she sent me. And after I got into the carriage | made father let me out again, and | went back and laid my head in her lap and kissed her hands and the sweet throat of her and said, “Mother, mother, I love you so!” And she held my hands to her lips and said, “Mother knows.” We all had a new and difficult-to- handle hauteur when We met. And ach of us was amazed that every one of the thirteen had e-.-a-c-t-l-y the air each secretly hoped she alone would have acquired. We maintained it about two weeks or. thereabouts. But We found analytical geometry the MOST UTTERLY HUMBLING thing any one could have conce?ved in most horrid dreams! Nor was political economy wildly ex- hilarating. And We longed backward for the junior days when We and Dana went trilobiting and ichthyosauring together and putting labels on all the things in God's tired little world. L’ke the Hebrew people for the flesh pots. Almost all my home letters were from father. I wondered if father were practising for a writer. T wrote every week to mother. And then I'd send postscript next mail, just to tell her T loved her. About a month before graduation my beautiful mother wrote: “Peggy, niy own little baby-girl, that mother carried under her heart, remem- ber how as a tinv child you used to dare yourself into being brave? ‘Don’t you dare to ky. Peddy,’ you'd say; ‘don’t

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770 THE you dare to ky, Peddy.’ You were so intensely proud of the old soldier blood in your veins. Darling, be too proud to turn coward now, when mother needs your bravest courage. Needs, little daughter—for mother is the coward at thought of the door closing between you and her. But it’s just a ‘closed door,’ my baby—not a sealed one—and try to think, as last summer here at home, ‘mother’s gone in to rest awhile.’ Now this is your share—my dearest wish has ever been to know you equipped, love- lily, graciously, for life—I want you to take your college degree. But one more month, then you come to me with your shield. With your shield, Peggy; with your shield—because mother asks it— and mother expects it. The blood of your pride never turned traitor on the firing line. Mother will not write again, and desires you not to write save to father. But, O my baby, my one little only baby, you still lie under your mother’s heart.” ° In midnight I wakened in arms I knew could only be Patty’s; close-held, as sometimes, last summer, I’d waken and find my beautiful mother holding me. “T know, precious,” lips ; “T read it.” And in Patty’s arms I wept and prayed and prayed and wept and asked God to make my beautiful mother un- derstand I’d come to her with my shield. And the girls who had no mothers would hold me close in anguish of un- derstanding and say never a word. kissed Patty’s INDEPENDENT And the girls who had mothers would try to stammer scared sympathy. But they did not understand. Patty said, “Darling, if you cry, you can’t study, and tomorrow’s lessons are simply hideously awful.” “T know. The shield.” And the days went. But I understood, now, what she meant when she said last summer, “The sun is in my eyes, Peggy.” And graduation came. It came from home; the dress The graduation gown that had been hers. And hers, too, the bridal fan. And the bridal slippers—too tiny for me, and Patty set gussets into the toes of them. And lily of the valley—her own flower —enough for a queen’s crowning. And they put a great silken coat about me and took me home. Our pres- ident and Patty. And they lifted her, that she might see—crown, lilies, her poor girl, and all. And her arms opened to me, and they put me into them. And they went out and left us alone together. Bare one week after I came back to her, the closed door opened—in her bridal gown they robed her. And into the dark of the flowers, where she slept in the night, I went to her and whis- pered to her all the letters she had not let me write; all the broken vase of my love I told her And O—my beautiful mother—my beautiful mother Wasuin: ton, PD. C. A Birthday Posy BY ARCHIBALD MAC MECHAN FoR one more year of love and love’s increase Let us lift up our hearts, and for the peace Brought home by one more head within the nest, The small, black head between your arm and breast. Your face is three times fairer than the day When you went shining on your sunshine way And dazzled a boy’s eyes, for wearing now The mother’s threefold crown on that white brow. Hartrax, N. S.

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What Is the Matter with Our Army ? VI. The National Failure to Realize Its Purpose BY BRIG..GEN. ROBERT K. EVANS [This is the sixth article in our Army series. Preceding articles have been contributed by Major-General Wood, Brigadier-General Wotherspoon, tenant-Colonel Leggett and Major George W. Shelton. of Division of Militia Affairs.—Epr1ror.] IGHTING must be recognized as F the ultimate purpose of an army. It is an unpleasant idea, but noth- ing is to be gained by disguising it. On the contrary, much is to be lost. And herein lies a fundamental trouble of ours in a military way. If we have not at- tempted to disguise this final purpose of our army, we have at least never recog- nized it in a practical manner. We have almost wholly neglected its development as a fighting weapon, and have been con- tent with shaping it to meet ordinary emergencies as they arise. Undoubtedly armies serve many useful purposes both in peace and war, but there is none for which they may properly be used that is not dependent upon the qualities that fit them for their ultimate purpose. It fol- lows, therefore, that every other purpose will be the better served when an army is developed solely with its ultimate pur- pose in view. For this ultimate purpose of fighting, an army may be used in two different ways—defensively and offensively. Most of us have difficulty in conceiving em- ployment of our army in this latter sense. It sounds too militant. It seems op- posed to the American principle of non- interference. The use of our army of- fensively abroad seems for the moment so improbable as to be unworthy of con- sideration. Yet this is the only way we have used any considerable part of it ac- tively in a military sense for nearly a quarter of a century. We have used it thus in Cuba—twice—and in the Philip- pines, and we have concentrated part of it very recently thru fear of necessity for its use in the same way elsewhere. Ne- cessity for similar use may arise at any time. Under our present system we do not maintdin a regular mobile army suf- ficiently strong to meet: even these de- Brigadier-General Edwards, Lieu- The author of this article is Chief mands; much less, then, do we maintain a mobile army sufficient to meet the de- fensive needs of the nation. Therefore, to supplement the regular army we must needs rely, first, upon the organized mi- litia, and thereafter upon such volunteers as may be necessary for the purpose in hand and that can be raised, equipped, and put into the field without delay. In attempting to understand the pri- mary troubles with the army, we must keep these things in mind. The regular mobile army must be in readiness to be used either at home or abroad, and either alone or in combination with the organized militia, or in combination with newly raised volunteers, or in a combina- tion that shall include all three of these forces. It must serve as a model for the organization, training, and equipment of the organized militia, and as a model to be followed in the event of a call for volunteers. Under the present condi- tions and with the existing system our mobile army is prepared in no way for any of these purposes. It cannot be used efficiently by itself as a defensive force in time of invasion. It cannot be mobilized by itself in anything like its actual strength for use as an expedition- ary force abroad. It has no organization of its own as an army and so can serve in no way as a model for the organiza- tion of the militia. As a consequence we find every deficiency of organizaticn, training and equipment of the regular army duplicated and emphasized in the National Guard. The same deficiencies would be multiplied indefinitely in any volunteer force we should attempt to raise. Without organization as armies, any relation between these forces admit- ting effective combination in time of emergency is impossible, Our dependence upon these additional forces to supplement the regular army is 777

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778 THE fixt by a national attitude that it would be hopeless to expect to change. We are bound to make the best of whatever we have in the way of military forces. From the very limitations placed by law and custom upon the strength of the two forces, the regular establishment and the organized militia, in actual existence, we must build them, if they are to be mili- tarily useful, upon an expansive princi- ple. The strength of the regular estab- lishment is fixed by law, the strength of the National ‘Guard by local conditions and the limitations imposed by forty- eight different States. Neither the one force nor the other in time of peace reaches its authorized strength. In time of war, then, we must be able at least to fill them to their full strength prompt- ly, and to fill them with men at least partly trained, if we are to avoid reduc- ing instead of increasing their efficiency at the moment when their efficiency should be at the highest. In any impor- tant emergency these forces combined cannot be sufficient. We must rely, then, upon the creation of a volunteer army to afford whatever additional force is necessary. To fill the two organized forces to their authorized strength in time of eynergency we must have some system of reserves, that is, some system whereby men who have already served in one force or the other and have had the advantages of some military training can be recalled to the service for the pe- riod of active necessity. To assure the maintenance of these organized forces at their proper strength while the emer- gency continues, and to assure the rais- ing of the necessary volunteer forces, we must have on our statute books a law to enforce military service in time of war. Our three primary military needs, then, today are, first, organization; second, a system of reserves; and third, a general recruiting law. Congress, by the Constitution, is given the power to raise and support armies. It is an essential power of government so long as war remains even a remote possibility in international affairs. It should be a matter of surprise therefore that Congress, having possessed this power since the institution of our Gov- ernment and having seen our govern- mental powers strained to the breaking INDEPENDENT point in both international and civil war, should never as yet have enacted a law permanently insuring its right to call, if need be, every able-bodied citizen to the defense of the nation. The draft act of 1863 comes the nearest to anything of the kind on the statute books. It is doubtful if that act be still in force. It is to be hoped that it is not in force. It was an unsatisfactory act, as any such act passed under the strain of a war de- manding its enactment must always be. But there should be some act written in the calmness and security of peace, pro- viding adequately to meet the govern- mental needs in war. Its mere sugges- tion may seem startling now. To sug- gest a law requiring military service of our citizens, even in time of sore need, seems opposed not merely to the spirit of our institutions, but to the voluntary service, upon which presumably we de- pend for our defense; but, on the con- trary, it is the spirit of our ins‘itutions, itself—equal rights and equal obligations for all; while it should only usefully sup- plement voluntary service or supplant it when its failure is self-evident. More- over, the National Government is not lacking in examples already set by the State governments. Thirty-four of the States comprising the Union hive al: eady written into their laws terms no less drastic. Thirty-four States can now by the law that governs them summon their citizens to serve in the militia if need be and enforce the summons thru the courts. But the National Government cannot, of course, demand enforcement of these laws on the part of the States, even in the emergency of war. They remain State rights, to be operative or not at the pleasure of the States themselves. But with this example set by an overwhelm- ing majority of the States of the Union, there can be no reason why the Govern- ment of the Union should not exercise. the right granted by the Constitution and the first law of nature, as well as of na- tional life. It would mean no hardship or military restriction of any kind in time of peace. It would be the least of all possible evils in time of war. It would not mean militarism; it is democracy in the ultimate. Moreover, it would not be so difficult a thing in execution as may generally

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WHAT IS THE be anticipatea. A recruiting law divid- ing the United States into districts co- inciding with the judicial districts of the country and authorizing United States marshals, when in time of war voluntary enlistments fail, to empanel recruits in the same manner as they now empanel men for jury duty, would meet in full the necessities of the case. The United States has been forced in the past to re- sort to conscription, and it may have to resort to the same unlovely thing again. A system evolved in peace would enable us to avoid in war all of the worst evils of conscription. To wait for war to evolve the system means that all of the worst evils will operate at-once against efficiency in the military service and against loyalty in the nation at large. It will always be It has always been so. sO. A general recruiting law of this char- acter would insure supply of recruits for whatever forces we may have in time of war. We cannot expect to carry on war without losses, and we cannot expect properly to replace these losses without a workable recruiting law. But this is not sufficient. We must be able to put into the field at once in an efficient state whatever military forces are maintained in time of peace. In other words, we must have reserves of trained men suffi- cient to fill these forces to their war strength and sufficient in addition to re- place with trained men the losses that may immediately occur. before our vol- unteer armies are organized and equipped. A reserve system for this country has been condemned as un-Amer- ican and impossible. It is neither. It is no more un-American than are armies themselves. It is no more impossible than is the creation of any military force whatsoever. It is merely new to our habit of thought. With proper organiza- tion and distribution of the army it would probably prove the easiest in execut’on of anything we have attempted in a mil- itary way. And certainly it would afford chance for efficiency in time of need that is now under the system followed abso- lutely precluded. To understand this we have only to consider what has happened within the recent past and what must certainly hap- pen always hereafter unless our system MATTER WITH OUR ARMY? 779 be changed. The organizations of the forces now in existence are at less than half of their full strength. At the out- break of war only two courses are fos- sible. We may send them as they are to the front, in which case they would soon be so reduced in number by casual- ties as to be wholly ineffective and unim- portant. Or we may complete their strength by adding undisciplined and un- trained men drawn from the first rush of volunteers and send them thus to the front, at perhaps their full strength, but with their efficiency seriously reduced if not altogether ruined for the time being by this influx of raw recruits. Either course would leave us, at the time for which presumably we are preparing our mi'i- tary forces, in a condition of practically complete military inefficiency. Without a reserve of trained men this result can be avoided even in part only by keeping organizations at their full strength at all times. This is a costly method and, in the case of the organized militia, at least, would probably prove impossible. Reserves are the only alternative. Re- serves, moreover, are not a novelty in military life. On the contrary, they are a part of every important military sys- tem of the world, and have been an in- creasingly important part of most sys- tems ever since their first institution in the Prussian army after the Napoleonic wars. The principle of reserves may best be understood by brief illustration of its application to our own system. We enlist the soldier now for a three-year term, upon the conclusion of which he may re-enlist for a similar term, and so on until he has served thirty years, or may take his discharge and go his own way without obligation thereafter to the Government. It has been recently legis- latively suggested that this period of en- listment be increased to five years as a matter of economy. The economy is not evident to the military student, if this additional period is to be served in active military employment, while the increase of the pericd with the colors in this way is wholly opposed to modern military principles. Its tendency is toward the “professional” army instead of toward the “people’s” army, toward military aristocracy instead of national democ-

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780 THE racy. But if a part of this longer term were required to be served with the col- ors and the remainder on furlough in the reserves we should work both for econo- my and in line with modern military thought. Moreover, we should work for efficiency. While in the reserves no mili- tary duty would be required of the sol- dier unless called to the colors in time of emergency by the President. No re- strictions would be imposed upon his em- ployment or residence. He would be so- cially and economically a part of the civil life of the republic. All that would be essential is that the War Department should be kept informed of his address. Very small pay, say $20 annually, to be paid quarterly, would doubtless be suffi- cient to insure compliance with this sin- ele requirement. The return to the Gov- ernment in assurance of military efficiency would far more than repay this cost. In the case of the organized mili- tia even fewer problems are presented. The militia is “localized.” It is, except when on active service, always in the same locality. It draws its personnel from this same neighborhood, and those passing to the reserves would remain generally in the same place. The institu- tion of a reserve system for the militia, indeed, would probably in many ways be easicr now than the institution of a simi- lar system for the regular army, but mainly merely from the fact that the or- ganizations of the regular army are not localized, that they have no permanent abiding place, that they draw their per- sonnel from the country at large, and move from one part to another at not in- frequent intervals. But the institution of such a system would probably lead to the localization of the troops of the regu- lar establishment, a thing having com- paratively few objections in a military way and much to be desired for many other reasons, military and economic, as well as to simplify the problem of re- serves. We can readily imagine a call for an expeditionary force where, like the second intervention in Cuba, the regular mobile force, or even a part of it, may be INDEPENDENT sufficient for the purpose. But also it takes very little stretch of fancy to pic- ture conditions arising in the near future that might demarid the mobilization of a much larger force for the purposes of “pacification”—the kindliest term yet used to represent what we must still call technically the use of troops “offensive- ly.” Again, on the defensive, it is alto- gether likely that in case of threatened invasion the regular forces would have to be rushed to the threatened point in order if possible to prevent our enemy’s obtaining an unobstructed foothold while the organized militia is being mobilized. Later these two forces would have to be combined to offer such resistance as possible until our volunteer forces could be recruited and equipped. In the end all three would probably have to be com- bined for the prosecution of the war. This condition demands that the regular mobile force be organized as an army, re- gardless of its strength. and that so far as possible the organization of the militia as well as the plans for organization of volunteers conform strictly therewith. Organization in this sense means merely the division of each force into military units of uniform strength and composi- tion, each such unit being itself a com- plete army on a small scale. We have no such units in any part of our military forces, regular or militia, at present. Without them we can unite these forces neither singly nor together into anything that represents an army in a military sense. The smallest unit of this kind known to the military world is the “in- fantry division.” The smallest unit known is the largest unit we need, but without this unit definitely prescribed in its strength, composition, and proportion of different arms, organization in a mili- tary way is impossible. Unorganized military forces are but the raw material of armies. The raw material has satis- fied our needs in peace, but only with the finished product can we hope to meet the demands of modern war. The trouble with the army is our total forgetfulness of its true purpose. Wasuincton, D. C.

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— ee ee Exploration: Its Conditions and Rewards BY HERBERT L. BRIDGMAN (Mr. Bridgman, of the Brooklyn Standard Union, has long made a_ specialty of exploration. He commanded the Peary auxiliary expeditions in 1899 and 1901. He is a member of most of the geographical societies. His article is very timely. now that Amundsen has just reported his discovery of the South Pole and the Japanese and English expeditions have at ‘last been heard from, the latter only last week.—Ep1Tor.] F old, and particularly since the darkness of the Middle Ages, which made the rediscovery of the world necessary, exploration and discovery have been honorable and praiseworthy avocations, commanding rewards and distinctions, and honorable fame for the future. Columbus, Magel- lan, Cabot, Gama and the brilliant com- pany of navigators who brought the world under the flags and sway of their sovereigns, founded an order of nobil- ity of which the roll to those of our own day is long and illustrious. But within very recent years exploration seems to have fallen upon evil times, and instead of a mark of distinction, one of large and incredulous inquiry seems to follow. Some little of this change of attitude, this reversal of esteem, may be and probably is due to the change of conditions. Terra incognita is no longer an appreciable and important part of the earth’s surface; at least, we are eager to believe that it is not, and the telegraph and printing press rapidly make com- mon property in all civilized tongues of the achievements in any portion of the globe. The explorers themselves go from one center and one country to another, becoming actual citizens of the world, and so measurably satisfying the universal ‘curiosity of mankind in per- sonality and the impulse for hero wor- ship. But with these allowances, and they are not important, the change in the popular temper and judgment, and to a certain extent in the scientific mind, toward exploration, is radical, almost complete; a new adjustment of values and standards has been effected, and it is necessary for those who are interested in the situation to attempt its estimate and interpretation. For it is a grave error to believe that the exploration of the globe is complete or anywhere near it. Trails have been cut, skirmish lines, as it were, thrown out, and all over the sphere are abundant opportunities for the patient and competent explorer for many years to come. . Exploration, too, is a constantly broadening and more inclusive term. Science assimilates all things, no matter how diverse, and the explorer who specializes in one, two or a few departments leaves much for those who follow. Exactness and detail are continually carried farther and farther, so that the crude and general statements of a generation, or even a decade ago, will no longer serve, or be accepted as real accessions to knowl- edge. Each new group or chain of facts becomes the base for further advance, and the limit of the inclusive explora- tion of the future is not, and never may be, within human vision. The conditions of the new school of exploration, to which events are rapidly impelling us, are not, of course, finally established. Some of its fundamentals are, however, clearly visible, and recent experience makes them certain beyond a peradventure. The day of individual exploration, as a pastime, an adventure, or as a speculation, is over. The eco- nomic law which has resulted in combi- nation is reflected in other fields of effort, and exploration can be planned, handled and controlled by organizations equipt for administration and control far more effectively than in any other manner. Each phase of the expedition as it proceeds from inception thru exe- cution to final accomplishment, and the publication and distribution of its re- sults, illustrates and demonstrates the value of organized responsibility and control. The business of the world nowadays is done on credit, and in scientific matters the same principle ap- plies. When a new enterprise comes into the field, the first question among intelligent men is not, what is it? but 781

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782 THE who is behind it? and so in the new school of exploration the sanction and guarantee, the hallmark and wunder- writing of an organization of acknowl- edged rank, resources and influence will be indispensable. This means many things, among which are first and most obvious, that the project will be care- fully planned, thoroly studied to avoid duplication, repetition, rivalry or in- fringement; that all financial complica- tions or difficulties will be forestalled; that the discipline and morale of the ex- pedition will be maintained; and, more important perhaps than all, that the work will be co-ordinated and correlated with all other work of every sort in that par- ticular field, and of all other work of that particular class all over the world, thus securing that economy of expendi- ture and harmony of conclusions which is one of the reasons for the being and one of the unattained ambitions of the International Polar Commission. Many examples might be cited to prove the necessity of conditions which have just been outlined, and the grave risk and danger which their disregard incurs. Individual explorers of the past have learned by dear experience the lessons by which the new school of exploration must profit. One immediate result of the changed conditions which the new school of exploration will compel will be vast improvement in thé personnel of the explorers. All the best of the quali- ties, the daring and fortitude of the old school, will be needed; but there must be something more and very much more. The idea that physical suffering, starva- tion and deadly peril are necessary con- comitants of exploration is no longer tenable. They may be encountered, and the real explorer will be ready for the challenge, but they are neither necessary nor inevitable. Modern equipment and the combination of means to ends will carry a man anywhere on the globe in safety and comparative comfort. And it is in this connection and relation that the new school w’ll find one of its chief resources, for its organization will en- able it to command the widest experi- ence and all available knowledge, and construct from them a composite far more adequate and effective than would be possible for the individual and often meagerly equipt explorer. INDEPENDENT The field of the exploration of the future, like ancient Gaul, is divided into three parts, over the portal of which is inscribed the question, “Where?’ “How?” and “Whor” In other words, location, administration and personnel; and it may be well to suggest answers, tho they must be general and superficial. The field is the world. .So long as poachers and pothunters are prosecuted and convicted within the limits of the City of New York, the explorer, the true nature-student, should not fear to paraphrase and appreciate the truth that exploration, like charity, may begin at home; and it is a scientific fact, easily demonstrated, that no area of equal size is richer in geological forms and results than that visible ‘from any of the lofty towers of Manhattan. Every State in the Union invites the explorer; Alaska extends a welcome, to which the obsta- cles of an uncertain and unsettled Fed- eral policy are not insurmountable; while the Panama Canal will soon open forces and bring next door the vast and virgifields of. South America, Africa is already interlaced by railroads around its exterior, and soon the systems, rail and river, will be interlocked and articu- lated, so that its rich and rapidly vanish- ing treasures, particularly in ethnology, may be saved and permanently incorpo- rated in the world’s knowledge. In Africa, indeed, at the present moment, is one of the best and most effective examples of modern exploration. An American expedition, carefully project- ed, intelligently equipt, which has for three years searched the great Kongo basin for types of mantmals, of rare and rapidly disappearing species, known to be nowhere else, and sanctioned by the state and at peace with the natives, will soon return with a rich harvest, not only in zoology, but in other departments of scence. What is more to the point, when this expedition has completed its work and its collections are studied and classified, that particular field is finished, and resources and energy may be direct- ed to those awaiting study and investi- gation. Of course, of all the world, South America, for obvious and familiar rea- sons, is the most inviting territory re- maining to the explorer; and since we have been already and abundantly ad-

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EXPLORATION: vised that mines and forests, gold, silver and rubber, beyond the potential- ity of avarice, await the coming of the American and the Panama Canal short ‘cut, it is easy to see that the explorer has no time to lose if his richest fields be not commercialized and appropriated. South America has been hospitable to Yale and Harvard and other accredited North American explorers, but her cabi- nets and commerce are under European influence. The little republics are grow- ing rapidly in resources and their own esteem, and it is not likely that free and irresponsible rangers will long have the freedom which has enabled every adven- turer since the fifteenth century to find in South America a wonderland. For- tunately every South American state is hospitable to legitimate exploration and development, ready to welcome foreign students and investigators, to co-operate with them, and to accept the results of their work, so that to the explorers of this new and little known continent there comes the double appeal of recog- nition both by the organization to which they are directly responsible and by the state in which the work is performed. As to the method of modern explora- tion, Obviously this discussion must be limited to preliminaries, i. ¢., to the organization and general plans before departure for the field. As to what are commonly called “auspices” it has abun- dantly been demonstrated that neither the individual nor the government is ideal. With one, concentration of duty, particularly of raising the necessary funds, often the hardest part of the task, and of power, compelling the leader to carry the whole burden of the project in plan and execution, often proves too great a load, and the expedition pays the penalty. With the government in control, of course the financial resources are ex- actly defined, more often than otherwise too narrowly; and questions of rank, routine, precedence—in short, what is commonly known as “red tape”—ham- per execution and impair efficiency. Even tho jealousy or criticism is spared, sooner or later some _ factor turning on “the good of the service” is likely to subtract from interest in the work, and that whole-souled, undivided devotion to it in general and in detail which is an imperative condition prece- ITS CONDITIONS AND REWARDS 783 dent to its success. Europe has shown us the way to future exploration, for it and its methods are not unknown there. No better type of the modern expedition exists than Charcot’s two to the Ant- arctic. Himself of high scientific as well as professional attainments, expe- rienced in ice navigation and marine research, the official and public sanction of the Ministry of Public Instruction to his undertakings was readily accorded, and his scientific staff, in personnel and equipment, could not fail to command worldwide recognition of the memo- rable and far-reaching work which it accomplished. Organizations are already sufficient in America for the task of the modern explorer; some are already en- gaged in promoting his work, and a very immediate, not to say imperative duty presents itself to these organizations, to establish a “gentlemen’s agreement” or some other modus vivendi by which har- mony of operations, economy of means, financial and physical, and a just and intelligent distribution of fields and of results in them may be obtained. Mod- ern exploration is or should be serious, permanent business, “a steady job,” in the language of the day, and much valu- able time and money may be sayed by recognizing this fact. If the Fish Com- mission and the Carnegie _ Institute must have their vessels in continuous service and commission, could not the geographical bodies, or those which claim and ought to be, find work for one? The personality of the explorer of the new school may be more easily recog- nized than defined, and the temptation to attempt pen portraits is strong. It should go without saying that he should be dauntless, resourceful, master of self and of others, of adequate physical and intellectual equipment. All these and more he should be if he is to be a leader. He should possess sound learning, mas- tery of special branches and sympathy for all, so that his entire force may be worked to its fullest efficiency, and con- ditions barren and unfruitful for some may be made the opposite for others. He should also be able to grasp any opportunities which circumstances may put in his way, to the end that all data may be conserved and properly distrib- uted thru the general clearing house

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784 THE charged with that duty. The credentials which he bears must be those of institu- tions of rank and influence, so that their attestation of his work will admit it unquestioned to the science of the world, and so that exploration will henceforth take its rightful place as one of the ex- act sciences. It would, perhaps, be more easy to define the ideal explorer of the new school by the process of elim- ination, by stating what he should not be. One thing is certain, it will not be diffi- cult to recognize him, and one thing is even more certain, that he must be of INDEPENDENT unimpeached integrity and untarnished honor. What are to be the rewards of mod- ern exploration? Ask Galileo, Newton, Columbus, any of the great living or dead. What reward is possible but the sense of duty done, of some extension and enlargement of knowledge? Ex- ploration is only one of many hand- maidens of Science, and Science is for Man, not Man for Science. Unless the modern explorer can realize that he serves humanity and its progress, he has mistaken his vocation. Brooktyn, N. Y. The Stranger BY ERNEST RHYS Ir he is come from overhill How is it that the dus Upon his cloak lies fine as smoke, Red as rust? But, if he comes from out the north Where the red country is, Why turns he now not to- the town, Where flock the pilgrims, faring down lor the Easter Mysteries? The bells ring sweet in the minster street, As ever I heard them ring; And sweet one hears the choristers When they sing. The townsfolk aisles and towers and bells, And a Lord Bishop have,— With candelabra in the choir And the nave. The hillsfolk here have but a barn,— Bare, whitewashed like the farm That lies beneath,—to keep their faith Barely warm. Their Preacher, with his wild hill-speech, Brings them no Easter bell ;— He preaches gloom,—the Wrath to come; Death and Hell! The Stranger waits without their door,— Ah, now their prayers begin,— And now he bows his head, and goes Softly in. He does not know their wild hill-tongue, Their Calvin’s fatal faith; Nor what they preach in desperate speech Of dark Death. Why should he tarry in their walls Upon the hill this while? What should he hear of Easter’s Lord,— Who might His Mystery have heard, Within the minster aisle? Il. The hymn of death the hillfolk sing Is done; but ere it dies, The stranger passes from the place, What mystic rapture in his face, What tears within his eyes! Oh, what can he have heard within, Of words that hearts can break? What bitter cry? What Christ to die For men’s sake? Oh, what can he have seen within? For there no mystic Blood Of our dear Lord is on the board, As in true Holy Rood. But thru the thorn-tree by the door The sunlight shines and weaves Above His Head, as he goes by, A shadowed crown mysteriously, Of thorns and leaves. And now a white cloud o’er the hill, Drops down, as he. goes on,— Above the white walls,—out of sight ;— He is gone. Ill. Then said an old man:—“I am old, But such a look as His, Who came and knelt here silently, I have not seen, anc skall not see, This side the mysteries !” He said,—“I surely saw the Christ Break Time-and-Death’s dark prison, And show His Face within this place. Christ is risen!” Indeed, such light could not be seen Save the Lord Christ came down; But there are some that wonder still Whether He came unto the hill, Or the town. London, ENGLAND.

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The Census and the Negro BY BOOKER T. WASHINGTON, LL.D. PRINCIPAL OF TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE, HEN the census figures of 1900 were published they revealed the fact that in the forty years since slavery the negro population had doubled. It was 4,441,830 in 1860 and 8,833,994 in 1900. Now that we are be- ginning to get returns from the 1910 census, we learn that during the past ten years the race has added almost another million (994,300) to its stature, so that according to the thirteenth census the negro population was 9,828,294, and if it has increased at the same rate since 1910 that it did before, namely, 11.30 per cent. for the decade, or about 100,- 000 per year, it is now considerably more than ten millions. The importance of these facts is that it assures the physical existence of the race. The negro is not dying out. The rate of increase among negroes is not as great as it was some years ago, but that is true of every civilized country in the world in which the population is not in- creased by immigration. The census of 1911 shows, for example, that the rate of increase for the English people, meas- ured by the excess of births over deaths, is 12.4 per cent. The natural rate of in- crease of the white population, excluding increase by immigration, was estimated at twenty per cent. in the period 1880 to 1&90, and is not quite fifteen per cent. for the period from-1900 to 1910. The census shows that the white population is increasing more rapidly than the ne- ero in the Southern States. This is due in part to the fact that, while there is a movement of the black population northward from the border States like Kentucky, Tennessee and Maryland, there is at the same time a movement of the white population southward, partic- ularly in the direction of Florida, Louis- jana, Oklahoma and Texas. The statis- tics show, for example, that while the negro population has actually decreased in the border States T have mentioned, and the increase in Virginia and Dela- ware was no more than 1.6 per cent., the increase of the negro population in the Northern States was 18.4 per cent. This does not mean, as some persons have said, that the negro population is shifting from the Southern to the North- ern States. The fact is that the total increase of negro population in the North, during the decade from 1900 to 1910, amounted to no more than 167,- 879. During the same period negro population in the South has grown from 7,922,969 to 8,749,390, an increase of 826,421. As a matter of fact, the in- crease in the North over the South has been no more than one half of one per cent. of the whole négro population. The truth is, that negro emigration from the border States has not been d’- rected exclusively toward the North. On the contrary there has been, perhaps, an even larger movement of the negro pop- ulation South and West. For example, in Arkansas, Oklahoma and West Vir- ginia the negro population has not only increased in numbers more rapidly than in most other Southern States, but this increase has been more rapid than that of the white population in the same States. In Oklahoma the white popula- tion increased 115.5 per cent. from 1900 to 1910. In the same period the negro population increased 147.1 per cent. In West Virginia the percentage of in- crease for white was 26.4 per cent.; for negroes, 47.5 per cent. In Arkansas the percentage of increase for whites was 19.7 per cent.; for negroes, 20.7. In Florida, where there has been a large immigration from the North during the past decade, the negro population in- creased less rapidly than the white. In spite of this fact, the percentage of in- crease was 33.8, showing that there has been a very considerable negro immigra- tion into Florida from other parts of the South. The average increase of negro population in the Southwestern States— Kansas, Louisiana, Texas and Okla- homa—has heer 17.1 per cent. Another striking fact which the cen- aQe 785

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786 sus figures have disclosed is that in the readjustment which is now taking place in the South between the city and the rural population, the negro on the whole remains in the country, while the white man goes to town. ‘his is shown, for one thing, by the relative decrease of the negro population in all the larger cities in the South. ‘The four cities which had a larger negro population than white in 1goo will serve as an illustration. These cities were Charleston, S. C., Savannah, Ga., Montgomery, Ala., and Jackson- ville, Fla. In 1g00 the population of Jacksonville was 28,429. In 1910 it had grown to 37,699. In 1goo there were 57 negroes in the population to 43 whites ; in 1910 the ratio was 51 negroes to 49 whites. Montgomery, Ala., in- creased its population in the same period from 30,346 to 38,136. In 1900 the ra- tio of negroes to whites was 56 to 44; in 1910 the ratio was 50.6 negroes to 49.4 whites. In the case of Charleston, S. C., while the population as a whole increased from 55,807 in 1900 to 58,833 in 1910, the negro population of the city actually de- clined. In 1900 the proportion of ne- groes to whites was 56.5 to 45.5; in 1910 it was 53 to 47. Another fact which indicates that the negro is gaining in the rural districts, as compared with his white neighbor, is the rapid increase in the number of ne- gro farmers. In every Southern State except Florida the census shows that the number of negro farmers has increased more rapidly than the negro population as a whole. In spite of the fact that the white population has grown more rap- idly than the colored population in all but two of the fifteen Southern States, in only five of these States has the num- ber of white farmers grown more rap- idly than the negro farmers. In conclusion, I do not believe I can \* THE INDEPENDENT do better than quote a statement of President E. C. Branson, of the State Normal School at Athens, Ga., who, in a very interesting paper on farm life conditions in the South, sums up his own observation in regard to the negro as follows: “Another significant economic tendency in the Southern farm life is the fact that ne- groes are resisting the lure of city life and sticking to the farm better than the whites. In every Southern State, except Kentucky, the white farmers are a lessening ratio. On the contrary, the negro farmers in the South, except in Florida, Louisiana and Texas are a growing ratio. In South Carolina and Alabama the negro population on the farm grew in the last census decade nearly twice as fast as the negro population in general in these two States; more than twice as fast in Mississippi, and nearly three times as fast in Georgia. “On the other hand, there is the steady drift of white farm owners and white tenants city- ward; the first for business opportunities and social advantages, and the last for work in the mills and factories. Thus the growth of urban population in Georgia was three and a half times, and in Mississippi, five times, the growth of rural poputation. Negroes rent the vacated farms and remain in the country, and oftentimes they move back into the coun- try from the towns—a thing selaom true of the whites. “Thus there are fourteen Mississippi coun- ties in which the negro farmers outnumber the white farmers five to one; in four of these more than twenty-five to one; in one of them nearly thirty to one. “And I may add, that the negro is fast rising out ot tenancy into ownership. In ten counties of Mississippi the farms culti- vated by negro owners outnumber the farms cultivated by white owners But the in- creasing ownership of farms by negroes thruout the South is a conspicuous fact, even when they are thinly scattered in white com- munities. The fact appears so uniformly upon the county tax digests that it has ceased to be surprising. “Tt means, of course. that the negro is working out his own salvation upon an eco- nomic basis. It may be that he is traveling along a hard, difheult roaa; but in simple truth there seems to be no other way.” TUSKEGEE, ALA,

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Mr. Winston Churchill’s Offer BY W. T. STEAD EpitokR OF THE HEN | wrote upon Lord Hal- dane’s mission | stated in the plainest possible terms that any Anglo-German entente must leave beth parties free to increase or decrease their naval armaments according: to their own ideas of what their own interests demanded. I added that, so far as my opinion went, the British fleet must al- ways be maingained at a standard of two keels to one. Not so very long ago the comparative strength of the two navies was as four to one. This we regarded as excessive, although no one in Ger- many at that time seemed to regard the four to one supremacy of the British fleet as dangerous to Germany. Neither was the ascendancy of Germany in the councils of Europe one whit less than it is today. We saw the proportion re- duced from four to one to three to one without apprehension. But when the Germans went on steadily increasing every year the strength of their fleet we felt that some definite proportion of su- periority must be asserted once for all. That’ proportion was defined as two keels to one, nor so far as I am aware was a single voice raised in Germany against a standard which corresponded with rough accuracy to the maritime and imperial interests on the sea which fleets exist to protect. So far was this standard from being regarded at Berlin as “arrogant” or “overbearing” that when, just before the last Hague Conference I made a tour as a peace apostle through the capitals of Europe, endeavoring to secure support for a five years’ cessation of the race of armaments, I everywhere based my plea upon the certainty that unless some standstill proposition were adopted, Britain would feel herself comnelled to maintain the status quo by building two ships for every one built by Germany. T stated this to Prince von Biilow, then the German Chancellor, and to M. von Tchirsky, then Foreign Minister, Review or Reviews. and from no quarter did | hear any pro- test or objection. ‘Lhe only object of Great Britain was to maintain the status quo by a cessation of building if possi- ble, but if that were refused by building steadily at the rate of two keels to one. Hence the two keels to one standard was put forward as a pacifist proposition by me as Friedens apostol in the hope of staying the ruinous competition in ar- maiments. Since then the German Chauvinists, foolishly - imagining that Great Britain could neither pay for nor man a fleet on the two to one standard, have indulged in vain hopes that if they only perse- vered John Bull would get tired and they might raise the proportion from two keels to one to three keels to two. In Mr, Winston Churchill’s speech they Without have received their answer. borrowing a penny, without resorting to compulsory enlistment, the British Gov- ernment will build two keels to one and will man the ships when built with eager and well-trained seamen. It is true that Mr. Winston Churchill consented to al- low the proportion of capital ships to stand for a time at sixteen to ten or sev- enteen to ten. But that is only because behind the line of dreadnoughts there stands a great array of pre-dreadnoughts which, although no longer of the first class, suffice from their numbers to give Britain a practical working standard of two keels to one. As these older ships drop out it will be necessary to build two to one steadily without bluster and with- out menace in order to maintain the status quo, That some Germans may wish to reduce that standard is possible. But Great Britain cannot afford to in- dulge them in the gratification of that ambition. It is hideous and_ horrible, this wasteful competition, but the respon- sibility for this rests with the challenger, not with the power which merely asks that the naval status quo shall not be altered to her disadvantage. If so be 787

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788 that the race must go on till we have spent our last penny, that last penny will be cheerfully spent before John Bull al- lows the standard of superiority essen- tial to his existence to be altered to his detriment. Great Britain stands for the status quo. She is prepared to accept a status quo based upon a standstill proposition. _ She is willing to accept a status quo based upon equivalent and simultaneous reductions. But if both these are denied her, then, if there be no other way, she will maintain it by building two keels to one till her exchequer is exhausted. At present she has not even been driven to borrow to maintain her place on the seas. Mr. Winston Churchill’s speech was frank, friendly and pacific. It was the first definite overture made in public by one great Power to another to check the headlong rush to ruin. Judging from the utterances in the German press, it has not been received in the same spirit. This is perhaps due to a certain feeling of irritation against the author of the unlucky phrase about the navy being a luxury to Germany and a necessity to sritain. But all that Mr. Churchill meant in his Glasgow speech was to point out that whereas an army was a necessity to Germany and a luxury to Britain, in the case of the navy the po- sition was reversed. The discontent and irritation occa- sioned by this pestilent naval competi- tion is lessened by the comforting re- flection that it is rapidly nearing its end. For my own part I am strongly of opin- ion that none of these great monsters, THE INDEPENDENT dreadnoughts and _ super-dreadnoughts will ever fire a shot in actual war. They are like the cumbrous armor which reached the maximum of weight and un- wieldiness just before the discovery of gunpowder made armor an anachronism. The Diesel motor engine will necessi- tate the scrapping of all the dread- noughts, and the airship and the aero- plane will render the construction and repair of these monsters impossible. The late Count Aehrenthal saw clearly years ago that the future lay in the air. For my part as a pacifist I would will- ingly give up one of the new super- dreadnoughts if I might spend the two millions sterling which it will cost upon the airship and the aeroplane, which will wipe out frontiers, render fortresses un- tenable and destroy the bases where fleets are equipt. All this arming and counter arming is unworthy of civilization. If ever there should be a great central European war, it will not be decided by armies or navies. It will be settled by starvation. There are too many people in Central Europe whose daily bread depends upon the smooth functioning of railways and steamships and banks for war ever again to be fought to a finish. It is: the mil- lions of non-combatants deprived of their food who will settle the question. For a man without food speedily be- comes a savage, and in time a cannibal, as the most docile of sheep dogs if starved long enough becomes a wolf. When men discover that civilized society has become too complex for nations to fight without dooming the masses to death by famine, war will cease of itself. Lonpon, ENGLAND.

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Workingmen’s Expenditures BY WILLIAM B. BAILEY, Ph.D. ASSISTANT Proressor oF Potitican Economy In YALE UNIversirty. RENT* CLOTHING~ |) ticati the years 1907-8 an inves- tigation was made, under the di- * rection of Robert C. Chapin, of workingmen’s families in New York. One of the most interesting results of this study was the determination of the relative importance of the items of the expenditures of these families. The fam- ilies were classified, according to their expenditure, in ten groups. In the first group the expenditures were from $400 to $499; in the second group from $500 to $599, and so on, with the gradual increase of $100 in each group. The largest number of families were found to spend between $700 and $799, and can be taken as the model of fami- lies investigated. The average number of persons in each family was 5.1, and the average expenditure in this group was $735.98. The average income for the same group was $749.83, leaving a very small margin when the expenses for the year had been met. The amount spent for different items is as follows: Clothing Sundries The sundries included such items as furniture, taxes, dues, recreation and atnusement, education and reading, to- gether with tobacco, intoxicants, etc. The average amount spent by this group for furniture was only $8.22 for the year; on recreation and amusement only $7.07 for those who could afford anything, 15 per cent. reporting no expenditure. The families which reported expenditure for education and reading could allow but $4.93 on the average for it. The aver- age amount spent by these families on tobacco was $10.81. The average amount expended for alcoholic drinks was $32.52, but about two-thirds of this was consumed at home, and included under the item of Food. New Haven, Conn.

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Literature eh be Oa AGA S ae When Ibsen Dead Awakens* THE new edition of Ibsen, which: is to be sold by subscription, marks. the crowning point in Mr. Archer’s career as a translator. The eight volumes be- fore us at the present writing are splen- did examples of typography, printed in clear face on paper specially water- marked “H. I.” The backs of the sateen cloth binding present as formidable a front for the library shelves as Ibsen showed in his. frockcoat when he faced the opposition which each separate play had to combat before being recognized. Since the fall of 1877, Mr. Archer’s name has been closely identified with that of Ibsen. Mr. Gosse shares with him the distinction of having started the Eng- lish appreciation of the dramas. But the work Mr. Archer has done is a notable instance of literary faith kept from‘first to finish. The remarks in his general preface to this “Viking” set lead one to believe that Mr. Archer now considers his profitable task at an end. Ibsen died in 1906, since which time there has, in all likelihood, appeared whatever miscel- lany will serve to fix the dramatist for the future. Therefore, in the final estimate of Mr. Archer, we must approach the “Viking” edition as definitive. We should distinguish between this de luxe set and the “copyright edition,” which was wholly adequate for popular use. Since the publishers have gone to the outlay of placing the English Ibsen in new and sumptuous form, and since the translator intends this to be the au- thoritative edition for English readers, he should, as an editor, have been even more progressive than he has been in the introductions to the different plays. The publication of Ibsen’s “Literary Remains” brought to light a mass of ma- *Tue Works or Henrik IBsen. ductions by William Archer. Viking Edition. Thir- teen volumes. Vols. I-VIII. Sold only by _subscrip- tion. $2 per volume. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. ; *From Irsen’s WorKSHOP: DraFTs OF THE MopERN Ptays. Translated by A. G Chater. With Introduction by William Archer. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. $1.25. 790 Notes, SCENARIOS AND terial which if it did not Edited with Intro- * serve to shift the critical point of view, at least neces- sitated the addition of many interesting data to Mr. Archer’s introductions—data totally lacking in the “copyright edition.” I take it that a definitive edition should include all of an author’s work which finds place in the authoritative editions of other countries, and especially of his own. It strikes me that while From [b- sen’s Workshop is intensely interesting, even tho it only aims to illustrate the modern dramas—its incompleteness is shown by such remarks as the following, made by Archer in his introduction to: “Emperor and Galilean” : “The sketches and drafts of the ‘world-his- toric drama,’ published in Ibsen’s ‘Literary Remains,’ are so significant, both technically and as throwing light on the process of his thoughts, tha. they deserve far more detailed study than I can here devote to them.” Such a declaration makes us deplore the fact that nowhere in the “Viking” edition will one be able to find these data. Furthermore, the publishers should have arranged for the inclusion of all the Ib- sen letters, now published by other firms. Mr. Archer, in spite of his assertion that “Catiline” is valueless, autobiographical- ly, since Ibsen altered it in later life, should have translated it. Certainly the French and Germans have not ignored it. Some one should have translated Ibsen’s poems, which in embryo con- tained the germs of many views after- wards amplified in the plays. Nowhere in this edition can one find Ibsen’s essay on the Saga, which means much in the study of the Saga dramas. Nowhere is there any indication that Ibsen wrote stories. Often we are told that Ibsen at critical moments delivered himself of a speech. The English translator has seen fit to omit all such significant data. Mr. Archer’s introductions are illumi- native and just. He has made changes in them, even to the point of rewriting many pages. Professor Herford has also lengthened, we might almost say re- written, his foreword to “Love’s Come- dy,” thereby presenting a much -more

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LITERATURE vivid idea of the fermenting mind of Ib- sen when he first went to Christiania. Now and again Mr, Archer makes use of new critical data trom German and Norwegian sources, but generally he re- lies upon his own knowledge of Ilbsen for the critical passages. And _ that knowledge has not deepened very pro- foundly. I should say that some of the students of Ibsen have left the pioneer very far behind. The notes to Professor Olson's edition of “Brand,” for example, have a value for English readers that Professor Herford and Mr. Archer fail to suggest. On the other hand, the in- troduction to “Brand” has been wisely lengthened, and in the course of it we are introduced to the “original” minis- ter, Bruun, of Christiania. One small matter of neglect should be noted. I refer to the stage history -of Ibsen’s plays. Indifferent search was made; hence Mr. Archer falls many times into error. For instance: Speak- ing of “The Wild Duck,” he writes, “Of American performances I find no rec- ord.” Was there no one to tell him of Wright Lorimer’s venture? Speaking of Ellen Terry’s performance of “The Vikings at Helgeland,” le claims it to have been the only performance in the English language. Was there no one to inform him that the Sargent School pro- duced the play in as excellent a manner as one could desire? Tho he mentions Nazimova as Nora, he fails to call at- tention to Orleneff in “Ghosts”’—a Rus- sian actor, who, it may be noted in pass- ing, is ardently expounding Ibsen in New York at the present time, even act- ing the whole of “Brand.” Halvorsen’s “Bibliography” is a model. for the future English student of Ibsen. From Ibsen’s Workshop simply illus- trates how plays are built, and how Ibsen himself went about building. It shows how rapidly his mind changed, from scene to scene, in a scenario. Page after page of discarded matter was preserved by him. Sometimes his analyses light up the finished product; sometimes his self-interest is seen, as when he suggests that Nora dance the “tarantella” to the Grieg music for “Peer Gynt.” Wherein the plays differed from the scenarios, is of not ‘as much importance as it is of in- 791 terest. It is unfortunate that Mr. Archer did not himself translate this book. The excerpts from the “Literary Remains,” used in some of his introduc- tions, indicate that he differs in style from Mr. Chater, who translated “From Ibsen’s Workshop.” Theodore Thomas Tueopore THOMAS was more than the greatest American pioneer in the field of music, for we may even say that no other musician ever wrought so valiantly or accomplished so much for the musical education of any people as Thomas did for the people of America. For fifty vears he performed Herculean tasks for musical culture, traveling hither and yon across this vast country with one of the finest orchestras ever assembled, and to him more than to any other man belongs the credit that today the best music is appreciated in American’ cities from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The bare record of his career is romantic enough to make an interesting story. In reviewing his almost fragmentary “Autobiography” seven years ago THE INDEPENDENT ex- pressed regret for its brevity and “that it does*not tell enough about his re- markably long, significant and interest- ing career.” His widow has now told the story of that career* in such detail as it deserves, and has told the story with such skill, sympathy and charm as to make it the most fascinating and one of the most important of books on music in America that has yet appeared. She jhas succeeded remarkably well in combining her materials into a concrete, complete and organic biography, and it is just her occasional touches upon the deeper intimacies of his life that make it a full-length portrait. The*world al- ready knew Theodore Thomas as a tire- less fighter, possessed of prodigious «trength—tho it had forgotten, perhaps, some of the multitudinous adversities that one after another beset his progress -—knew something of his indomitable will and his unfaltering pursuit of a high ideal; knew him as a man of noble character. It knew also that he was *Memorrs OF THEODORE THomAS, By Rose Fay Thomas. New York: Moffat, Yard & Co. $3.

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792 THE often taciturn, irascible, brusque, and that his nature was not without a streak of jealousy. The account of his home life, which it was a real hardship for him to forego during his many and long trips about the country, of his ideal rela- tions with his family and with certain intimate friends, and the extracts from his personal letters, show the mellower, finer side of his character which the world did not know—his capacity for deep and lasting affection, his love for his fellow men, his self-sacrificing loyal- ty to his musicians, his kindliness, his love of nature, his aspirations for the broadest culture, of which music was only a part, his love of his foster-land— for American patriotism was a veritable passion with him. And the complete record shows that he triumphed as a master and leader of others because first of all he mastered himself. That Thomas was a born conductor, as well as a man at whose door oppor- tunity had not to knock a second time, was shown by the circumstances of his first call to leadership. One evening in 1860 (Thomas was then twenty-five and accredited as “America’s most accom- plished violinist”), he had gone to his room to rest after a hard day*’s work, when word was brought that the conduc- tor of the opera at the Academy of Music was sick. The audience was seat- ed ready for the performance to begin. Would Thomas conduct? He never had conducted. He was not familiar with the opera to be sung (Halévy’s “Jew- ess”). But he did not hesitate. And his conducting was so successful, that it determined his life career. He remained with the opera for two years, and then established a concert orchestra and en- tered upon his great pioneer work. Thomas was fond of reading, was a student of the world’s best literature, al- ways carrying with him to read on the train one or more good books. He avoid- ed trashy books just as he shunned trashy music. He was never willing to listen to vulgar talk or to witness im- moral plays. He said: “A musician must keep his heart pure and his mind clean if he wishes to elevate, instead of debasing, his art. And here we have the difference between the classic and the modern school of composers. Those old giants said " infinitely greater a service. INDEPENDENT their prayers when they wished to write an immortal work. The modern man takes a drink.” For the performance of such a work as Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony he pre- pared himself not only by serious and in- tensive study of the music, but even by what constituted a form of prayer and fasting—a regimen of baths, frugality and solitude. Among the many interesting letters Mrs. Thomas prints, from eminent com- posers and musicians, some of the best are from Richard Strauss, whom Thom- as addressed (in 1903) as “the greatest musician now living and one of the great- est musical pioneers of all times,” and of whom Mrs. Thomas says: “The gratitude of this great composer for the recognition given him by Thomas was a striking contrast to the egotism and greed of Wagner, for whose art Thomas had done so Strauss never for- got the helping hand thus held out to him when he was young and unknown, or lost an opportunity, as long as Thomas lived, to ex- press his appreciation.” Thousands of friends and admirers of Theodore Thomas will be made glad by this beautiful account of his life work, sound appraisal of his noble character, and worthy tribute to his memory. We beseech the publisher to provide an in- ‘lex in the next edition. Recollections Grave and Gay. By Mrs. Burton Harrison. New York: Chas. Scribner’s Sons. $2.50. A daughter of old Virginia stock is Mrs, Harrison, a Cary and a fragment of a wide-spreading family tree in the Old Dominion, with roots in many States and branches that seem, in her rich, sad, glad taie of early days, to have received almost more sunshine than one would have suspected as due to the temperate climate of that mother State of Presi- dents. To the glimpsy, oldtime sing- ing leaves of the family tree she de- votes much space, as is the fashion now of the children of the South, making it her duty perhaps to find, in her reminis- cential way, as many “dears” and “dar- lings” as possible, and rather more bril- liant “beauties” than are usually allowed even to capitals. Tho the Whig antece- dents and a non-slaveholding house at the war period, the old black mammies

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LITERATURE come into her story naturally enough. They all love the “missis” and the “marsa,” and find freedom difficult and somewhat disappointing. In the North, apparently, one sees them in a state of careless independence, sitting on the fence five days in the week, lamenting the good old days when they were taken care of—the blessed state of slavery when they would like to—well, might not have liked to, but did, in the war period, always have a basket of young chickens for white folks at the front who were losing legs and arms in de- fense of the blessed institution. This aspect of the situation does not often, however, disturb the picture of the light, gay and sad pages of Mrs. Harrison’s remembered life at the little Richmond center of strenuous activity. She cares rather to preserve the little prettinesses that made the home coming of soldiers cheerful even when the thunder of guns was to be heard nightly on the Rich- mond outworks. She was a girl in the suburbs of officialdom. She saw much of the shoulder straps, heard the whis- pers in Cabinet circles, wept when the drums were muffled, cheered when the bugles rang, improvised fantastic dramas on the mimic stage when there was a lull in the awful drama of war about the capital. One almost wonders at the amount of ribbons, bonnets, old lace re- vamped, finery donned behind the scenes to make a shiny background for bloody fields and wounded knights. She sees and tells much that has never been better told of those dark days, not shrinking from the desperate expedients of the Southern chivalry at the last to put a hright face on a fading cause. The Passing of the Idle Rich. By Fred- erick Townsend Martin. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, Page & Co. $1. In contrition and shame Mr. Freder- ick Townsend Martin has turned state’s evidence against his class. With the in- timate knowledge of one born to the purple he exposes the luxury and waste, the insipid, costly pleasures, the destruc- tive vices of those “who toil not, neither do they spin.” The complacent convic- tion, in which, he says, he was raised, that the rich were as beloved as they 792 were envied, has yielded to the distress- ful feeling that parasites are hated and idleness evokes disdain. So, oddly enough, he first published in a popular magazine and now issues in a cheap and unpretentious style these sermonic chap- ters addressed mainly to millionaires, chapters in which, with intentions finer than the literary form, he tries to accen- tuate those twinges of conscience which, he declares, the darlings of fortune al- ready feel. His remedy for parasitism —Let the rich go to work”—is pitifully inadequate. Tho the work they do may save them from ennui, it will hardly help the country. Tho the heirs to millions peddle bonds at $15 a week (hardly enough to pay for gloves and neckties), as the author admiringly relates, no im- provement will follow. If they fail or get weary they will still spend more than a score of industrious mechanics; if they succeed they will learn how to inflate further their already swollen fortunes. However, the book is worth while as a sign of the times. If the idlers in the most exclusive clubs are worrying about social ills, their opposition to radical re- form may be undermined; but not till society really arranges that if a man will not work neither shall he eat will the gilded youth of Mr. Martin’s solicitude put their hands to the plow. The Women of Tomorrow. By William Hard, New York: The Baker & Tay- lor Company. $1.50. Prof. Charles Zueblin says of Mr. Hard’s book: “The woman of tomorrow will not differ from the woman of yes- terday in femininity or physique or ca- pacity, in her charm for men, or in her love of children, but in the response of her eternally feminine nature to a changed environment.” Mr. Hard de- votes his chapters to five critical phases in the life of the woman of today: The postponement of marriage; the prelimi- nary period of self-support; the new training for motherhood ; the problem of leisure; the opportunity for civic serv- ice. As the volume is made up of arti- cles originally appearing in Everybody's Magazine, the style is humorous and vivacious and the statistics intelligible and palatable. That there are 2,260,000 American women over twenty-five years

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794 old and still unmarried, is a portentous fact that has to be faced by the sociolo- gist, and the author meets it gallantly, not as a situation to be altogether de- plored, but one to be taken account of in our schemes for the education of girls. They must be trained for efficiency in some practical vocation. At one time every girl was in a trade school in her own home; that day has passed and the schools must supply the need for voca- tional training. The chapter on “The Wasters” is bitter in its condemnation of the “shirking girl, whose job is being nice.” Certainly that is a much more creditable job than being disagreeable, but there is a great’ deal of unpalatable truth in Mr. Hard’s strictures upon “a nice child’s life, full of small things that look big” to a modern girl, but utterly unworthy of a real woman ina real world. It is a comfort to learn from these somewhat drastic pages that there are plenty of worth-while jobs to occupy the leisure of the women of tomorrow, and that they are capable of genuine service to the world in every field of effort, not excluding that of political affairs. Rayton: A Backwoods Mystery. By Theo- dore Goodridge Roberts. Illustrated by John Goss. Boston: L. C. Page & Co. $1.25. Rayton is a person in riding-breeches, and the scene of this story about h‘s ad- ventures seems to be a point somewhere near the jumping off place ; but Samson’s Mill Settlement is not a Roussellian Ar- cady, since the men there play poker from the very first chapter. Between the woods, the games of cards (with their “Mystery”) and the eternal game of love there is surely enough here to in- terest any reader in quest of light diver- tion. Literary Notes ....The Putnams have just issued a third edition of Prof. G L. Raymond's novel deal- ing somewhat humorously with church condi- tions. It is entitled Modern Fishers of Men. ....The March number of the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (Philadelphia; $1) is devoted to Country Life and contains a large number of useful articles on rural, industrial and social problems. THE INDEPENDENT ....Four brief poems in a thin volume, The Light of the Gods (Cosmopolitan Press, New York; $1), show the eager historical mood of Miss Grace Granger, and ire pleasant read- ing, ..--DThe Student’s Illustrated’ Historical Geography of the Holy Land (Sunday School Times Co.), by W. W. Smith, M. D., is a con- venient handbook for Bible classes and teach- ers. It contains a good bibliography and a list of picture materials. ....In Sunlight and Starlight (Richard G. Badger, Boston; $1.50) Henry G. Kost finds music in many things,in “Old Periodicals,” in the “Electric Car,” and of course, in “Fiddle Notes” and 125 pages of equally nourishing intellectual themes. . ....The American Teacher, edited by Henry R. Linville and B. C. Gruenberg, is a small but ambitious monthly, for it aims at nothing less than “the realization of the democratic _ideal in all matters affecting the schools.” (New York: Meads. Publishing Company; 50 cents a year.) ....The latest addition to the long list of the periodicals published by the University of Chicago Press is The English Journal, the of- ficial organ of the National Council of Teach- ers of English (10 numbers a year, $2.50). The February number is chiefly concerned with the new university admission require- ments and methods of preparation for them. ....Marooned on an unknown island is an old tale which Mr. Cyrus Townsend Brady has varied in The Chalice of Courage (Dodd; $1.30), by isolating his lovers in a fastness of the Colorado Mountains. He has succeeded in fixing in his story some of the real ro- mance of the West, undefiled by the usual literary jargon of cowboys, saloons, wild bronchos and cattle stealing. .... There is much gentle satire and shrewd observation of human nature in Annie Trum- bull Slosson’s book, A Local Colorist (Scrib- ner’s; 75 cents), written in good, Connecticut dialect and with, “local color” spread. on with a palette knife. The best of the stories is that of “A Dissatisfied Soul,’ compounded pretty evenlv of the grotesque and the creepy; a ghostly tale of “a woman who came back.” ....A pleasant story of Oxford, of the town instead of the gown, in which life is as slow moving as the gentle river, is Mr. Wich- erly’s Wards by L. Allen Harker (Scribner’s; $1.25). Two lively boys and a small and or- iginal girl are the wards, and Mr. Wicherly’s care of the three, while that of a bachelor and a scholar, is of the wisest psychology—albeit at times bewildered by the vagaries of his charges,

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LITERATURE ....A new issue in the Macmillan Standard Library is Rational Living, by Henry Church- ill King (50 cents), first printed in 1905. The author, in his many volumes of thoughtful and spiritual addresses and essays, is one f the foremost interpreters of rational living by the means of rational writing. ....-An unusual tale of mystery, in which the reader is in the author’s confidence from start to finish and yet which holds, his inter- est and attention, is The Mystery of No. 47, by J. Storer Clouston (Moffat, Yard & Co.; $1.10). A wife, impersonating the cook in a domestic emergency, is supposed to have been murdered by her husband, and the serious personages from Scotland Yard, as well as an investigating bishop, are led thru a series of diverting adventures. ....-Amateur Garden Craft is the fourth of a series of practical books on gardening, not so much for the specialist as for the unin- structed learner of the art. It gives in a simple way instruction in the care of the more common and effective plants, and the rules for the seasons in the garden. The book is not what we would recommend to an expert, but will be useful for those for whom it is intended. (Lippincott; $1.50.) ....In an attractive booklet, issued by the New Church Board of Publication, the Rev. . John Goddard answers the question, What Constitutes Spiritual Living, and shows how it may be realized in the world today. The author regards spiritual motives, fostered by meditation and religjous exercises, and the practical guidance guaranteed by obedience to the law of service as the chief elements in forming the ideal spiritual life. The style of the essay is clear and the tone devotional and reassuring. ....English readers now have a chance to know something more of the Swedish drama- tist, August Strindberg, than his name and fame since Edwin Bjérkman has translated three of his Plays (Scribner; $1.50 net). The shortest of them, “The Link,” is a divorce court scene. The others, “The Dream Play” and “The Dance of Death,” are so heavy with mystic symbolism that we are not sure that we got the author’s meaning, tho we are quite sure that if we did get it we did not like it. .... The subject of deatl. occupied the mind of Maurice Maeterlinck from his youth and it forms the theme of some of his most poig- nant. plays, such as “The Intruder’ and “Tintagile.” He returns to it now in an essay, Death, published by Dodd, Mead & Co. ($1), but in a very different and far more hopeful spirit than formerly. His present outlook will still appear vague and unsatisfactory to the devout Christian, but it is something to have 795 advanced from being afraid of the dark to a point where he looks forward to infinite de- velopment and assured felicity. ....Joseph in Jeopardy, by “Krank Danby” (Mrs. Julia Frankau), is one of those novels in which people are subjected to temptation as dangerous assthe art of the author can make it and saved “yet so as by fire” in the last chapter. The Venusberg music is rather too loud and insistent in the author’s orches- tration. It is lucky for the latest Joseph that he is a passionate lover of cricket and has something of the modern athlete’s admiration of health and wholesomeness of body and spirit. (Macmillans; $1.35.) ....Rome is the unchanging stage-setting for many more romances than those written by Marion Crawford; and the dull gold of the ancient frame gives the pictures painted by modern authors a dignity not always their own. A Painter of Souls by David Lisle (Stokes; $1.25) is one of the best of recent stories of Rome. Its atmosphere is that of artists, art patrons, and art lovers, and there is a brave defense of the painting of Carriére, and his followers. One of his pupils, a frank young Irish portrait-painter, is the hero who dares paint the souls of his patrons. ....Leonard Merrick’s The Actor-Manager is a novel of distinction. In the first place, its pictures of the stage-world in and out of the theater are both vivid and altogether au- thentic. Furthermore, the insight into the character of the men ana women who move thru the story—the Actor-Manager himself, the woman he loves, the woman he marries, the “angel” friend who brings the action to a head, and even all the minor figures—is re- markable in its penetration. The first Ameri- can edition of this deftly managed novel of the English stage is brought out by Mitchell Kennerley ($1.20). ....In The Egyptian Conception of Immor- tality, by Prof. George A. Reisner (Hough- ton Mifflin Co., Boston; 85 cents), we have one of the annual lectures on Immortality given at Harvard University. Professor Reisner is an expert on both Assyriology and Egyptology, and for that reason attention may be given to his belief that the worship of Osiris entered Egypt with Semites from Asia somewhere about 3000 B. C. It is merely a form of the Tammuz-Adonis myth, but much developed. In this, as in the date, our au- thor differs from the German school led by Professors Meyer and Erman. . ’ ....Lhe illustrated family quarterly is a peculiarly German type of magazine. That it can be transplanted to our soil is shown by the recent appearance of the Deutsches Mag- asin (Winona, Minn., Publishing Company;

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700 THE 75 cents per year, 20 cénts per number). It uses the German type and keeps to the tradi- tional department arrangement of the German family periodical, but many of its stories and articles and even the poems and jokes are translations from the English. We wish suc- cess to this endeavor of the publication to in- troduce America to German-Americans of the first generation and Germany to those of the second. ..E. P. Dutton & Co., New York, bring across the water from England an ambitious drama, The Masque of the Elements, by Her- man Scheffauer, who takes a large contract, namely, to unsphere the sun. moon and all the planets, reintroduce Chaos and Old Night, and in a somewhat difficult and unsatisfactory personification of the ghosts of these huge creatures to accommodate them to the mod- ern stage. In ancient days such beiggs exist- ed in the vivid imaginations of the Winstruct- ed mind. Today the stage would require the wireless telegraph to connect its parts. Yet Mr. Scheffauer is not without good equipment in the poetic art. ..Among the additions newly made to the Home University Library, published by Henry Holt & Co., at fifty cents per volume, is a volume, Landmarks in French Literature, by G. L. Strachey. We find this little book a model, in its way. Reviewing French litera- ture, from the beginnings down to Maupas- sant and Verlaine, in some two hundred and fifty pages, sextodecimo, the _ vol- ume escapes any suggestion of perfunctori- ness. The phrasing is crisp and pungent, the judgments free yet not freakish. Necessarily, the evolution of French letters is treated on broad lines; this is indicated in the title. Other additions to this excellent series are W. Warde Fowler’s Rome, A. F. Pollard’s Eng- land; A Study in Political Evolution, Sir T. W. Holderness’s Peoples and Problems of In- dia, A. G. Bradley’s Canada, J. J. Findlay’s The School, R. R. Marett’s Anthropology, and Bertrand Russell’s Problems of Philosophy. ..Senator Theodore E. Burton of Ohio is well qualified to deal with such a topic as the relations of Corporations and the State, and his book is eminently readable and at the same time a valuable reference work. He analyzes the causes of the growth and power of the great corporations, their relation to the public welfare, the attitude of the state to the cor- porations in America and in the nations of ‘Europe, and the various proposed forms of regulation of interstate business. Senator Burton himself favors the plan of Federal in- corporation, preferably voluntary, for corpora- tions organized on a national scale, coupled with such Federal laws as regards publicity, honest management, and fair methods o2f INDEPENDENT competition as may be found necessary. Six chapters of the book consist of lectures de- livered on the Harrison foundation at the University of Pennsylvania in 1910. The sev- enth chapter is more recent and consists -in 4 summary of the decisions of the Supreme Court in the Standard Oil and American To- bacco Company prosecutions. The appendix of the work is especially valuable to the stu- dent since it contains among other matter the text of the opinions of Chief Justice White on these two cases and Justice Harlan’s dissent- ing opinion in the Standard Oil case. (Ap- pleton; $1.25.) Pebbles SHEe—How did they ever come to marry? He—Oh, it’s the same old story. Started out to be good friends, you know, and later on changed their minds. "Puck. THE DAWG SONG OF THE ARCTIC I’m glad to stay right here in town, I won’t go to the polar groun’, . Makes no difference if you win a crown, You've gotta keep eatin’ your dawgs aroun’. —New York Sun. A CARD TO MY SAN MARCOS FRIENDS. The unusual severe winter and Miningitis caused such a stagnation in my line of busi- ness, that I thought seriously of quiting Car- pentering, and applying for a position as teacher of a Mexican or negro School, thereby acquiring the title of Professor, but having recently discovered that the sewerage water on the Brain had become a raging epidemic and while not dangeroug and (Side walk ora- tory never is dangerous). 1 will continue to be cussed and discussed for some time. It has eradicated from the minds of our citizen- ship all fears of meningitis and I hope that we will in the near future assume a normal condition of mind. Therefore have decided to cling to my trade, and I am ready to do anything in my line of business. I have recently been encouraged to continue doing screen work. I read a sermon from an able Baptist min- ister (Dr. Brooks) and among many good things he said in regards to who is a Christian this being his subject, One was that any one who followed screening houses was doing a Christian work. Some Parsons are too verdant to conceive this. It takes a big Gun to see things as they are, and as my de- sire is to continue doing a Christian work thereby strengthening the assurance that I al- ready have, that when I take my final leave from this planet, I will get a location on the other one on Silk Stocking Ave., so far away from the hot place that it will not be neces- sary for me to hold a Negro between me and the fire. So my friends if you need me to do screen work or any other carpenter work call me up at Webb and Co’s Lumber Yard, where my shop is or at my home. Yours truly, R. J. SmirH, Box 4 San Marcos, Tex. —San Marcos (Texas) Times.

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The Fudependerd Entered at New York Post Office as Second Class Matter Publisher, Clarence W. Bowen 130 Fulton Street - - - - New York A WEEKLY MAGAZINE FOUNDED IN 1848 One Year, $3.00 Single Copies, 10 Cents Single copies over six months old, 25 cents. Postage to any foreign country in the Universal Postal Union, $1.75 a year extra; to Canada, $1.00 extra. Subscrip- tions will be received for other periodicals, and club- bing rates will be granted as low as those offered by any responsible agency. An order for the change of an address should be re- ceived two weeks before the change is to take effect. The old as well as the new address should be given. For the convenience of our subscribers we will send on receipt of the publisher’s price any book reviewed or advertised in our columns. Volumes of The Independent are completed at the end of December and June, and a full index is fur- nished free on application. Neat binders holding in book form thirteen current issues will be furnished for 45 cents. If the numbers comprising any semi-annual volume are returned to us prepaid in good condition with $1.50 we will bind the volume in handsome and substantial —_ buckram and deliver it free anywhere in the United ates. We are always glad to receive articles for examina- tion, but writers desiring the return of their manu- scripts, if not accepted, should send a stamped and ad- dressed envelope. Even so, we cannot hold ourselves responsible for their return. copies of their manuscripts. Advertising rates will be furnished on application. Authors should preserve The Japanese Specter Last week Tuesday the Senate adopt- ed a resolution calling upon the President to transmit to them “any information in the possession of the Government relative to the purchase of land at Magdalena Bay [Mexico] by the Japanese Government or by a Japanese company.” This resolution was introduced by Senator Lodge, who, with the exception of Mr. Roosevelt, is more responsible than any other man for the recent muti- lation of the peace treaties with England and France. The Washington correspondent of the New York Times, who, during the prog- ress of the peace treaties thru the Sen- ate, has more than once seemed to have been inspired by the Lodge point of view, says in a despatch of April 5, after the Premier of Japan had explained the utter innocuousness of Japan’s activities in Mexico: “The impression in official quarters is that Senator Lodge, in introducing his resolution, merely intended to give an impetus to the desire of his friend, Secretary Meyer, to put thru his program, for an increase in the navy.” While we would not place undue weight on the utterance of a single cor- respondent, there is no doubt that the activity of Secretary Meyer in berating Congress for re.using to appropriate money for the customary two battleships at this session, is open to severe censure. It seems to us that if it should turn out that he is responsible for this fresh insult to Japan simply to boost his battleship program, his usefulness in the Cabinet is ended. We hope, therefore, that when Presi- dent Taft, a true and proved friend of Japan, replies to the Senate he will take occasion to speak out his mind concern- ing these war-mongers, past and present, who have left no stone unturned to dis- rupt the historic friendship between Japan and the United States. The time has at last come for the American people to take effective meas- ures to stop hereafter all these calumnies against Japan. Every time they come up they are invariably proved to be without foundation. But in the meantime the news has been cabled across the Pacific, and then the harm has been done. From the day when Commodore Perry opened Japan to the world, Japan has lost no opportunity to express her grat- itude to us. Even today she will do any- thing we ask of her, provided she can do it with dignity. With the exception of the preservation of the Anglo-Japan- ese alliance there is nothing that Japan so courts and cherishes as our ‘good will. It is inconceivable that she would think of defying the Monroe Doctrine and thus risk our friendship and our great market for her exports simply for a paltry coaling station 500 miles from anywhere. If it were worth while we could give concrete case after case where Japan has gone out of her way to conciliate us, despite all our recent pin-pricks. We shall refer only to the latest instance. Last year, when it was thought that England and the United States were about to negotiate an unlimited arbitra- tion treaty, Japan voluntarily consented to a modification of the Anglo-Japanese alliance, so that in case of war between Japan and the United States, England would not have to choose between break- ing her peace treaty with us or her alli- ance with Japan. Surely Japan never would have consented to cast off Eng-

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798 THE land's aid if she had expected trouble with us. If we had direction of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace we would employ Detective Burns to inves- tigate the genesis of these perpetual war scares. He might find out things that would furnish as good newspaper “copy” as a real war scare. The late David J. Foster, chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations, whose untimely death has been an irreparable loss to the House of Representatives, was quoted in the Evening Post of April 23, 1911, as saying: “T am absolutely convinced that there is a criminal conspiracy on foot for the purpose of bringing on a war between the United States and Japan. Thousands upon thou- sands of dollars are being spent to carry on this propaganda. .. . I am convinced that this constant agitation for a war between the twe nations is nothing but a subterfuge employed by these people who are determined that this Government shall build not less than two battleships each year. To endanger the friendly relations of two great nations in order that certain selfish interests may be gratified is nothing short of criminal.” When there are no plausible reasons why this war talk should continue, then look to those who may profit by it. At this very moment, when the great naval appropriations are under consid- eration, perhaps the armor and ordnance lobby may have some light to throw on the situation. By a curious coincidence a s'milar anti-Japanese war cry is being used in Australia at the present time so as to get money to upbuild the Aus- tralian navy. Why will not the American people be- lieve once and for all that Japan has only the best of feelings for us? The evi- dence is overwhelming for any one seek- ing the truth. We are the ones who in every instance have offered provocation. If there is ever trouble between the United States and Japan it will be be- cause we deliberately seek it. & Trusting the People We hear much nowadays about trust- ing the people and the rule of the people. It may be well to consider the matter with some clearness and frankness. What are the people? They are the body of the individuals in the town or city, State or nation, These individuals INDEPENDENT are of various sorts. Some are men, some women, some children; some in- telligent, some ignorant; ‘some good, some bad; some rich, some poor. Some have power and influence, some are pau- pers or convicts. When|we speak of the rule of the people we mean the equal right to the ballot of all these to whom by law the ballot is not forbidden. They all have an equal right, rich and poor, intelligent or ignorant, good or bad, to select those who shall make and execute the laws. This we call a republic, which is our form of government. But of late the expression, the rule of the people, is having a different application. It is used to mean the direct act of the total people by their votes to make the laws, and summarily to depose executive or judi- cial officers with whose action the people are dissatisfied. This approaches a de- mocracy, rather than a republic. It does away, to a certain extent, with the inter- mediate representatives of the people. Now which is the better way, the re- public or the democracy? We prefer the democracy where possible, and where the people are fit for it. If the majority of the people are fit for it, and the con- ditions of intercommunication allow, by all means give us the democracy, the en- larged town meeting. But a great many are not fit for it. That may be frankly admitted. The vicious and the ignorant are not fit for it. If the community were made up of them it would be impossible to have a good and stable government. We can afford to let them vote because we believe the large majority to be moral and sufficient- ly intelligent. They can outvote those who have no right to the ballot, but to whom we give it as a privilege because we cannot segregate and separate them, or only a comparative few of them, in prisons and poorhouses, and to these last we deny the ballot. A multitude of those who vote are just as unfit to vote as are the prisoners and the paupers. But we are right in giving it to them be- cause they will, we think, be overborne by the competent ; and we further think that the privilege educates them, and compels us to use our best force to raise their standard. Under ‘our system of education it is safe; under other stand- ards it would be unsafe. Now there are grades of virtue and 4

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EDITORIAL vice, of intelligence and ignorance. In this country a fair degree of intelligence and a fair degree of virtue can be as- sumed for a large majority of the people, except in limited sections. Of these a small fraction are of tried and safe vir- tue, and of these a considerably smaller part are of high intelligence and wisdom. These are the men that are competent wisely to influence and direct the course of public opinion. The fairly good and competent recognize them and follow their direction. They have not the power to initiate and direct, but when told they are able to weigh the arguments and will do as tlftey are advise®& They know enough to choose the competent men as their representatives, to make and exe- cute the laws in their behalf. When they form the great mass of the popula- tion and attend to their duties a govern- ment, no matter how democratic, is safe. At present there is, as we have said, a tendency to seek more direct rule of the people, that is, more democracy, as against a republic. The cutting down of time and space by the telegraph, the telephone, the railroad and the trolley, and especially the newspaper, makes this tendency easier. We see it in the initi- ative, the referendum and the recall. But there is a counter movement which must always be recognized, coming from a distrust in the rule of the people, owing either to the lowered moral tone and in- tellectual caliber of the people, or to their indifference and neglect which allows the inferior who are not indifferent to gain the rule. We see this in what is called the short ballot, and particularly in what is known as the commission form of government of cities. A large number of cities, particularly in the West, and in the very sections which call for the rule of the people, are thus going away from the rule of the people and are putting the rule into the hands of the few competent. This does not constitute an aristocratic form of gov- ernment, for the people choose their rulers, but it approaches toward an aris- tocracy, just.as the other popular tide turns toward a democracy. What we wish to impress is the fact that when we trust the people, and trust them more and more, we do not hide the fact from ourselves that a multitude of 799 our voting rulers are not fit to rule, that they rule as a privilege, and that if they were in a controlling majority our con- dition would be as bad as it is just now in Cuba or Mexico; and that we believe we can trust the people because we be- lieve that a comfortable majority of them are, in most places, fit to be trusted and will attend to their duty of ruling. & A Peculiar Grace No one of the graces of character seems more specially Christian than that which our Lord illustrated when he told his disciples, “I am among you as one that serveth.” In many ways did he enforce this self-abnegation, which is more than humility, which is the oppo- site of ostentation, whose characteristic it is that it is utterly heedless of personal glory and wide fame if it can only do service for others. Jesus taught it by parable, precept and example. He washed his disciples’ feet to illustrate it; he told them to take the lowest seat and not the highest at a feast; and when James and John, “sons of thunder,” wished to sit at his right hand and his left in his glory, their ambition was sharply rebuked. But chiefly he taught the lesson in his whole life on earth, when he made himself of no reputa- tion, took on himself the form of a servant, and humbled himself to the death of the cross. Splendidly has Mil- ton, in his incomparable picture of the high council chamber of Heaven, put the story of our Lord’s prospective humilia- tion into the words of the Father: —— thou hast, tho throned in highest 1Ss, ' Equal to God, and equally enjoying Godlike fruition, quitted all to save A world from utter loss, and hast been found By merit more than pirthright Son of God. Found worthiest to be such by being good Far more than great or high; because in thee Love hath abounded more than glory abounds, Therefore thy humilation shall exalt With thee thy manhood also to this throne.” If ambition of high place is “the last infirmity of noble mind,” the avoidance of self-display, the readiness to let others have the show if one can only do the work, is a peculiarly Christian grace. Two striking illustrations of this grace and of its reverse have come to public view in the last few weeks. One

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800 of these is the case of a distinguished and highly honored ecclesiastical digni- tary. He had just received the highest prize but one in the gift of the largest branch of the Christian Church. He had returned from the official center of the Christian world to receive all the glory and grandeur which his loyal asso- ciates could heap upon him, and he had entered again on the ordinary routine of his duties. Among them came the duty to attend a public function. The Governor of the State was invited, and was to sit at the feast next to the pre- siding officer. But this chief ecclesiastic and example of his flock demanded that he should have the first seat, before that of the Governor; it was not consistent with his dignity that he should take a lower seat. He required the higher one and he took it, crowding out the chief civil magistrate of the commonwealth. We suppose he demanded it, he would say, not for himself, but for his office, which was higher than a civil office. And yet was it higher than that of Him who said, “Ye call Me Master and Lord, and ye do well, for sol am. If I, then, the Lord and Master have washed your feet, ye also ought to wash one another’s feet. If ye know these things, blessed are ye if ye do them.” We wish the churchman had been willing to sit below the hum- blest at that table, as his Master would have been. For the other illustration of the grace exhibited we have to go, strangely enough, to the opposite side of the globe and to one of a race not like ours. A yellow wanderer over the earth, un- known to the world, by his secret but persistent and passionate efforts to give liberty to his people, had achieved the impossible, to the amazement of the nations, and was unanimously chosen President of the Chinese Republic, which he had created. It was the highest honor on earth, to be the founder and head of the reorganized government of ‘the mightiest nation on the face of the globe. There was an ambition not sought, but to be valued and held. But he refused to hold it. He said that an- other man was better fitted by training and experience to be President of four hundred million full citizens, and Sun Yat-sen withdrew. resigned.’ and asked THE INDEPENDENT the new Parliament to put Yuan Shih- kai in his place. All human history has not an example of more remarkable self- abnegation. It was sublimely Christian, altho this Chinese physician had no ecclesiastical honor, but had _ simply learned the lesson of the Master. Higher than Yuan do we put him. He will be remembered in song and tale and myth when the American ecclesiastic sleeps in oblivion. He forgot himself. He that humbleth himself shall be exalted. Hav- ing, as far as’ man may, followed Him who humbled Himself, he will follow in his human measure the exaltation of Him to whom, at “Heaven’s high council chamber,” the Voice from the midst of the throne continued : “All power I give thee; reign forever and assume Thy merits; under thee, as Head Supreme, —_—— Princedoms, Powers, Dominions I reduce: All knees to thee shall bend of them that bide In Heaven, or Earth, or under Earth, in Hell.” a Observations on Animals THE report of the English Royal Commission on Vivisection brings this much discussed subject once more into popular view. Terms often mean so much in discussions that it is important to choose them properly or they may contain innuendos or carry connotations quite beyond their significance. Vivi- section is a designation that carries with it many hints at least of cruelty, pro- longed suffering and painful death. This is of course the reason why it is chosen and maintained as the slogan of those opposed to animal experimenta- tion. After all, vivisection, that is, the cutting of a living creature, has no right to have serious hints of cruelty go with it, for with the best of intentions, in true kindliness of heart and for the saving of suffering, human beings have to be sectioned, that is, cut, and sometimes to a serious extent, every day. The great- est advance in modern medicine has come in surgery, that is, the vivisection of human beings. It is indeed to lessen the necessity for the vivisection of human beings as far as possible that animal experimentation, vivisection so called, is practised.

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EDITORIAL The term, however, has been taken to have quite another meaning and it car- ries with it quite unjustified innuendoes. Of course, this same thing is true for many other terms in popular use. The “dog days” in the summer time are popularly supposed to be days during which dogs go mad much more fre- quently than at other times in the year. As a matter of fact, the term ‘‘dog days” has nothing whatever to do with dogs, for these are the days of the dog star, the dies canis of the Romans, when Sirius or Canis, the dog star of the Romans, rises with the sun. Because of this misunderstanding many a poor dog during the hot weather is made to suffer torture for a drink, because if his tongue hangs out of his mouth people are afraid of him; it is the dog days and he may go mad, tho rabies is much more common in February and March than it is in July and August. Vivisection is the term that unfor- tunately has come to mean the employ- ment of animals for experimental pur- poses in drder to determine whether certain drugs and operations can be em- ployed with safety on human beings and whether certain theories in physi- ology and biology that seem to have hopeful aspects for the understanding and treatment of human diseases are exemplified in physiological and _bio- logical processes as these may be studied in animals. The trials must be made either on animals or man if medicine is to advance. It is now nearly six years ago since the English Parliament, moved by the clamor against animal experimen- tation, appointed a royal commission to inquire into vivisection. This commis- sion consisted of ten members empow- ered to take evidence on the subject, and they held sittings for nearly two years. The report is now presented, its previous presentation having been delayed by the death of two commissioners and the ill- ness of others. There are many persons who are doubtful as to the position they should hold with regard to animal experimenta- tion. They realize that they know very little about the subject, but they are be- ing swayed by friends for or against, and especially against, for it always seems easy to have a propaganda against . Sot things. If they want the judgment of a royal commission of highly intelligent men it is now available. ‘Lheir conclu- sions leave no doubt in the matter. They say: “We have received evidence from persons eminent in physiological, pathological and san- itary science who have testified to their beliet that knowledge has been acquired in regard two the vital functions, the causes of diseases and also in regard to means for their prevention and cure which in their opinion but for such experiments could not have been acquired.” They emphasize in the second para- graph of their conclusions a very impor- tant fact in this matter: “We have, on the other hand, heard many witnesses, some of them having medical quali- fications, who have disputed that valuable knowledge has been obtained by such experi- ments, maintaining that this knowledge has been erroneously attributed to such experi- ments, or who have contended that success has not attended the application of the knowl- edge to the preventive or curative treatment of disease.” Here is the crux of the whole discus- sion. On one side we have the medi- cal scientists of the world, who have brought about a reduction in the death rate that has added many. years to human life in the last generation, who insist that their greatest help in this campaign for better health has been animal experimentation. On the other side we have a few physicians, of no prominence as a rule, and rarely of any scientific standing, who indeed obtain their notoriety in the community by op- posing their brother physicians and who, besides opposition to animal experimen- tation, are usually found to be disbe- lievers in vaccination, in serum therapy and diagnosis, and in all the modern advance of medicine. Most of them harbor a number of queer notions be- sides their antivivisection. ‘ No wonder the commission has said, then, with judicial decision: “Having regard to the witnesses who have appeared before us and to the evidence which we have received there can be no doubt that the great preponderance of medical and scien- tific authority is against the opponents of vivi- section.” And then there is this interesting final sentence : “This [the great preponderance of medical and scientific authority in favor of animal ex- perimentation] is more marked now than it

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802 THE INDEPENDENT was at the time of the royal commission [on vivisection] of 1875.” They declare then: 1. Valuable knowledge has been ac- quired in regard to physiological proc- esses and the causation of disease, and that useful methods for the prevention, cure and treatment of certain disease have resulted from experimental investi gations upon living animals. 2. As far as they can judge it highly improbable that, without experi ments made on animals, mankind woul at the present time have been in pos- \ session of such knowledge. 3. There is ground for believing that similar methods of investigation, if pur- sued in the future, will be attended with similar results. There are men, even physicians, who will cling to their opinion of opposition, who will insist on being different from the majority, an intelligent majority, “extreme examples,” as has been so well said, “of that cheap and despicable para- dox which thinks to escape the charge of blind docility by the affectation of heterodox independence,” but a high court, with all the evidence fairly before it, has spoken. The case is closed for those who follow reasonable authority where they cannot hope to have and weigh all the evidence for themselves. & The Single Tax for China WE might expect anything in China. The ancient empire which has so sudden- ly become a republic need not surprise us if she were to do more radical things than Mr, Roosevelt has ever dared to propose. It would not surprise us much if the new government should ask the people in a mass to accept Christianity even. But we admit that it had not oc- curred to us that so tremendous an ex- periment should be planned as the adop- tion of Henry George’s theory of taxa- tion. To accept Christianity would be mostly a form and would not hurt the pocket. But to put the taxes on land, all the taxes, would touch almost everybody in a land of farmers. It would be an ex- periment tried on a _ tremendous scale, and, we fear, where it would excite great opposition. And yet it is declared that this is the proposition of Dr. Sun Yat- sen, and his influence is immense. Now what is this single tax system that bears the name of Henry George? n a few words it is this. He would take off all other taxes, and put all taxes on land ; not on manufactures, not on any form of personal property, not on houses and other buildings even, but on the bare land, the farm land, the city land, and especially the unoccupied land whether in city or country, the land held for the unearned increment that follows a rise in value. , \ But why tax property in land and tax no other property? Is it fair to tax the man who owns a farm and lives on it, and not tax a mechanic or merchant or speculator who owns no land and who may be much richer than the farmer? Why such apparent injustice? In the first place, because the land is always in sight. Nobody can hide it. Next, and most important, every other value depends on land. Everybody lives on the land and off the land, A tax on land distributes itself over the whole community. The farmer sells his crops, and he has to put the tax on those who buy his produce. They buy it at the en- hanced price. So the man who rents a house finds the tax charged in his rent. He pays no tax in cash to the tax col- lector, but he pays it to the owner of the land, who does pay it over to the col- lector of taxes. A tax on !and, says Mr. George, has the faculty, like water, of seeking a level. No man whatever can escape the tax, even if he thinks he is paying a tradesman or a milkman, The land tax is spread over the whole com- munity. But Henry George put especial credit on this proposition, because he believed that it would put an end to speculation in land. Land would not be held unim- proved for a rise, in city or country, if all other taxes were lumped on the bare land. A man could not afford to hold land that paid him ‘no income if it were heavily taxed. Here is a lot in a city that holds a big thirty-story business house, and next to it is a vacant lot, and both pay the same tax, for the tax is only on land. The owner would have to improve his property or sell it to some one who would, Equally unimproved ° : “_7O oer © et oO “—- 7 — —_— —-,

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EDITORIAL 803 country land would have to be put in cul- avation. The result would be the reduc- tion of swollen fortunes from specula- tion, and the distribution of population invited to occupy and improve vacant land. The plan is a very alluring one, and we cannot see that it would not work. No tax is impartial, and we do not see that if the tax were put exclusively on land it would not distribute itself over the whole community. But we fear it would not easily be accepted by a farming people like the Chinese. It would seem as if it were unfair to make the farmers pay all the taxes. We know that in India the land tax is the most unpopular of all taxes. The farmers of India or China have very littlke money. They would have to pay, many of them, in kind, as they do now. in Turkey. The tax gatherer would be an object of dread, Very likely the collections, if not in kind, where very little money is in circulation’ and it could not be hoarded. up, would have to be made quarterly. We can imagine that the nation would rise in indignation against it as unfair and uncollectable. But we cannot believe that the taxes on imports will be given up. That has been now for years, under.Sir Robert Hart, an honest British official, the easiest and the most convenient of all taxes. The people are used to it. To be sure, the internal octroi taxes will be given up, but we can hardly suppose that while Japan has its import duties and every other tax it can invent, China will give up the easiest and cheapest and most satisfactory of all its taxes. And further, when the novel single tax is adopted we may expect that the new republic will accept other reforms. It will take possession of all natural monopolies. It will own the railroads and telegraphs and telephones, as well as common highways and canals and mines. All these will bring in a handsome profit to the government, and supplement the land tax and the product of the tariff. It is not at all unlikely that China will hecome a disciple of Henry George, .giv- ing him a fruit of his speculations which he could never have thought of, but which rejoices the heart of his son, who is a member of Congress from Man- hattan. He is acquainted with Dr. Sun. He remembers how much Dr. Sun was interested in his father’s theory of taxa- tion; and he reminds us that one of our American missionaries translated into Chinese a considerable part of Henry George’s “Progress and Poverty,” and that it has had a large circulation among Chinese students. We are quite willing to have the theory put into practice in China, a country which may be destined to be the most progressive as it has been the most conservative of all nations. 3 Child Labor Reform It was a sane position, taken by one of the speakers at the recent Child Labor Conference, that children always had worked, always would work, always must work, and it was good for them to work. Unfortunately, reforming be- comes a profession, and many reformers lose their sanity. Froebel ought to have prepared us by this time to understand that work and play are substantially one, and that a child old enough to play is old enough to work. It has always been a provision of Nature that the hands - should keep pace with the brain, and that hand culture should be closely identified with brain culture. Nothing can occur more unfortunate than a failure to train the hands to helpfulness; that is, to ex- press a desire to share the burdens of others. The juvenile court was an inspiration, and its formulator fortunately was a sane man. He set on foot salvation for thousands of young people. He has, however, promulgated no idea that young offenders can be weaned of crimi- nality by baseball and moving picture shows. What our young people need is work, and plenty of it. They need not be overworked, nor need they be shut in from the sunshine of life; but any proposition that eliminates boys and girls from the bread-winning forces, or makes them simply a social burden, is a blunder. We are willing to go nearly as far as one of our contemporaries in charging the high cost of living to the fact “that children in well-to-do families are not trained up to help as systematically and thoroly as they were formerly.” He is right that the cost of living is greatly { | { 4 v —————

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804 THE INDEPENDENT enhanced when children are no longer willing to assist in the essential work of the family, and when the parents are willing to take upon themselves the responsibility. The cost of living de- pends upon the amount of hired help that is necessary. It is no excuse for this state of affairs when we are told that the children must be sent to school. We wait with considerable impatience the slow change that is going on, from educating our children away from the farm and the kitchen to a home and school education that will specifically fit them for making home life comfortable for the whole family -as well as for themselves. Every child should be a social help and family help, and should be trained for that purpose definitely, to take his place in the working world. Trained to work does not mean trained away from education. Indeed, education has for its prime end to enable the young to use facts. What we want is glorifica- tion of labor, until we entirely slough off the son who will put his parents under a mortgage to pay for his college luxuries, and the daughter who will serve as a show, and be contented as such, while her mother wears out with undue toil. We are well aware that we are not covering the whole subject. The fac- tory has surely taken small children and set them to merciless tasks. Law does righteously to regulate this matter. But those who shoulder the reform should, above all, avoid promulgating the idea that even small children should not be taught to do their share in the family. So long as poverty is as widespread and deep as it still is, the poorest families will not lead an ideal life. The children as well as the adults will come in for their share of the consequences, the pinching and the suffering. Relieve it all that we can, but at no point should we teach that human life can be made up of frolic and play. School itself must mean work, not play; both brain work and hand work. The great problem is not play-yards, but workshops; not how to amuse the young, but how to use them: and how to so organize labor that it shall become the great glory of human life, of child- hood and of youth as well as of adult life. The saddest feature and the least hopeful in our large cities is the condi- tion of those young people who are en-' tirely out of the industrial sphere, with nothing to teach them steadfastness. of will and self-support, floating about without purpose, and so far as their future usefulness is concerned, without hope—a vast mass of human beings, without real training to fill their places in society, and do their share of the world’s work. Can we not, by united effort, make fruit-growing as attractive as football, and homekeeping as attractive as bridge and tennis? We certainly cannot do this until we recognize that there is nothing in work itself that should be despised or dreaded. What the world needs just now is wise hands, and brains wise to direct the hands. We believe in legis- lation and agitation to prevent the dwarfing of children intellectually and physically in the factories; we believe iust as strongly in agitation and legis- lation to prevent the dwarfing of chil- dren intellectually and physically in our schools. All along the line where there is abnormal wealth and where there is painful poverty the only cure is wisely .. directed work. s Mr. Roosevelt The first stages of the and His Party national campaign, on — - the Republican _ side. have been of a_ remarkable charac- ter. In the past, as a rule, men publicly seeking a Presidential nomination have commended and supported the policv of their partv. while criticising or denownc- ing the policy and record of their parti- san opponents. This year we see the Republican who was President for seven years, and who, at the time of his retirement from office, was regarded as the partv’s greatest man, seeking a nom- ination bv attacking his party, its leaders. and its record during the last three and a half vears. Mr. Roosevelt’s denuncia- tion of the President goes far bevond that officer : it strikes the organization in Congress and ont of it. He also attacks the record which the partv must com- mend in its platform. - He world have Mr. Taft characterized in that platform as‘a reactionary who has and deserves

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EDITORIAL the support of unscrupulous bosses and dishonest legislators. He asserts that the party leaders in several States have recently been guilty of deliberate and premeditated fraud, that their action has been “infamous.” He openly makes war against almost all whom the party has chosen to represent it and act for it, be- ginning at the top, with the President, whom he so warmly praised four years ago, when he promoted or procured Mr. Taft’s nomination. And he asks the party to take himself now for its stand- ard bearer. Candidates for the nomina- tion on the Democratic side are taking the usual course. They are not publicly denouncing each other, but are harmoni- ously supporting their party’s policy and opposing the common enemy. Governor Harmon is denounced by Mr. Bryan, it is true, but. Mr. Bryan is not a candi- date. Mr. Roosevelt must know that he is continually giving the- Democrats am- munition. They could ask for nothing more serviceable than his public testi- mony against his party, the leaders of it and the record of the Republican Admin- istration. . Mr. Roosevelt knows, of course, that he will not be nominated. He must also know that his action and utterances have not tended to promote Republican success at the polls. Success there would not have been assured by harmony in the party. Those who hoped for it are not encouraged by the harsh discord which he has introduced. & It is not easy to see the parallel that Mr. Roosevelt makes _be- tween himself and President Lincoln. To be sure, Mr. Lincoln criticised a de- cision of the Supreme Court of his day; or, rather an obiter dictum of Chief Jus- tice Taney that under the Constitution a negro had no rights which a white man was bound to respect. But we have al- ways felt free to criticise decisions of the Supreme Court or other courts, President Taft does not hold them immune from criticism. Just now he is complaining of a decision, and asking that there be a: re- hearing. If criticism is insurgency then President Taft is an insurgent equally with Mr. Roosevelt. But be it under- stood that Mr. Lincoln’s great debate of Mr. Roosevelt and Mr. Lincoln i858 was not against the Supreme Court, but over an utterly different questicn which was entirely legislative, not judi- cial, whether slavery should be admitted into certain new States under the Mis- souri Compromise. Accordingly he se- verely attacked slavery, and if he criti- cised Chief Justice Taney it was only in- cidentally. Of course, slavery was in the Constitution, even the slave trade per- mitted till 1808, and the return of fugi- tive slaves provided for. Neither Lin- coln nor anybody else attacked the courts for protecting slavery under the Consti- tution, but they attacked the Consti- tution, and when they reached a major- ity they corrected the Constitution, but stood by the courts. That is what we would do now, enact stringent laws which restrain and punish. what is called “predatory wealth” wherever it appears ; and, if the Constitution stands in the way of such legislation, then amend the Constitution. That was Lincoln’s way. & Too much must not be made of the defeat of the Socialists in the mayoralty election in Milwaukee. Of course they were defeated. They were not in a majority in the election which gave a Socialist mayor, for he was elect- ed by a plurality which was a good deal less than a majority. This time the other parties united against the Social- ists and swept the field by a majority of 12,824. But this was no very serious defeat for Socialism; for against that party all the old parties combined, and the vote of 30,200 for the Social Demo- crats against 43,064 for the coalition was itself meaningly large. They never cast so many votes before. In 1906 they polled 16,837 votes; 20,887 votes in 1908 ; 27,608 in 1910; and now 30,200 in 1912. Here was a steady gain. On the other side, the combined vote of the two opposing parties showed no such steady gain. In 1906 they cast 44,182 votes; 41,517 in 1908; 31,876 in 1910, and now 43,064 in 1912; less than they cast in 1906, altho the registration in the mean- time had risen from 76,650 to 90,592, It is further to be noticed that the condem- nation of Socialism by the Catholic Church has had little or no effect, for the Socialist vote has been chiefly from the Socialist Defeat in Milwaukee

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806 laboring class, which is predominantly Catholic. They do not propose, any more than the people of Ireland, to get their politics from Rome. Socialism in Milwaukee is not crushed by this defeat. Only an extraordinarily good municipal government under Mayor Bading, and the maintenance of the non-partisan coa- lition, can keep the Social Democrats out of power in 1914. We have exprest Honors to Cardinals at the absurd claim by the “Marquise de Fontenoy” in his (or her) discussion of so important a matter as ceremonial precedence, that Cardinals, as “princes of the blood,” must stand at the top of the procession ; but we should not have expected to see this claim presented here in this country by any of our American Cardinals, To our surprise we see the substance of the long article printed conspicuously in The Pilot, the organ owned by the Cardinal Archbishop of Boston, and from it we quote the following passage : “Even tho Cardinals Farley, O’Connell and Gibbons are at heart patriotic Americans and members of an American hierarchy, yet they are as Cardinals foreign princes of the blood, to whom the United States, as one of the great Powers of the world, is under obligation to concede the same honors that they receive abroad. “Thus, were Cardinal Farley to visit an American man-of-war he would be entitled to the salutes and to the naval honors re- served for a foreign royal personage, and at any official entertainments at Washingtor. the Cardinal will outrank not merely every Cabi- net officer, the Speaker of the House and the Vice-President, but also the Foreign Ambassa- dors, coming immediately next to the Chief Magistrate himself.” We laughed at this when we read it in the dailies, but we are amazed when we see it presented in the Cardinal’s own or- gan. a Now that the outline Irish Home Rule jis published of the Irish Home Rule bill, it is evident how little its opponents have to fear from its passage. All the evils they have foretold are carefully avoided. The Irish Parliament will have no authority over imperial affairs, such as army, navy, treaties and coinage. It cannot meddle with religton by favoring an amused surprise - THE INDEPENDENT one over another in the public schools or otherwise; nor can it give other privi- leges or impose disabilities because of parentage or place of business. Ireland will lose twenty members of the im- perial Parliament. The Lord-Lieutenant will have the power of veto of Irish laws, and the imperial Parliament can repeal an unjust tax. What strikes us in this country as most anomalous is that after six years Ireland will have power over the tariff, but retaining free trade. with England. This will be for the purpose of giving a revenue and will be in agreement with the government of Canada. Canada, however, with the right of imposing duties, has no right to representation in Parliament; and _ it may be expected, and perhaps is antici- pated, that Canada, Australia and South Africa will seek and demand later their own representation in Westminster. Doubtless the Ulsterian hysteria will continue, but Ulster will have to submit to what is a very reasonable demand for self-government, & “There must _ be Dickens Once More something wrong with me,” confesses one Englishman: “I can never get a thrill by saying: ‘Exactly a hundred years ago Charles Dickens was born.’ Sometimes I try saying it another way, ‘Just fancy! A hunared years ago Charles Dickens wasn’t even alive. Still it conveys nothing to me. . . . To have been born a hun- ~—- ago is hardly a triumph; thousands 1d it. We are with Mr. Milne here. The centenary has at least one unfortunate feature, it stimulates, as a rule, the turn- ing out of a great many exaggerated, not to say hectic, “appreciations.” But this Dickens centenary has given New Yorkers the opportunity to see a drama- tization of one of Dickens’s best known novels staged in a truly royal fashion, the “Oliver Twist” in which Mr. Good- win, Miss Doro, and an uncommonly well rounded cast are playing to full houses. Perhaps the play is not one to make the children sleep the better for seeing, but children should only attend matinées anyway. And how the boy Charles Dickens—enthusiastic gallery god that he was—would have clapped the melodrama!

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EDITORIAL Once in ten years there is taken a religious census of the 315,000,000 inhabitants of India. That of 1911, just published, shows an increase in the number of Christians much more rapid than of the general population. In 1901 the Chris- tians numbered 2,923,000, and in IgII, 3,870,000, nearly a million more. In order to discover the result of missionary work we must deduct about 200,000 of European descent, including soldiers, which gives us 3,670,000 natives. Of - these 101,000 are Eurasians, and of these 57,000, a little more than half, Roman Catholics. Of the native Christians not Eurasians, there are about 3,574,000, and of these the Roman Catholics number 1,396,000, as against 1,122,000 ten years ago, which is a surprisingly small in- crease. Of the various Syrian churches there are nearly three-quarters of a mil- lion, a handsome increase over the 571,- 000 of the previous enumeration. But here the chief growth has been in the Romo-Syrian branch (which we take it is really Roman Catholic) by nearly go,- 000, giving them 413,000 adherents, The native Protestants count 1,442,000, an increase of almost one-half since r1gotr, when the total number given was 970,- 000. The number of Baptists has in- creased in ten years from 217,000 to 331,000, mostly in Burma and Assam; the Anglicans from 306,000 to 332,000; the Congregationalists from 37,000 to 134,000; the Presbyterians from 43,000 to 164,000; the Methodists from 68,000 to 162,000; the Lutherans from 154,000 to 217,000; and the Salvationists from about 17,000 to 52,000. It would seem that the rate of increase in the Prot- estant native community is quite as rapid as it has been in previous decades, when it has been a little less than one-half; and this growth is due wholly to the suc- cessful work of European and American missions, Christianity in India & Thomas Jefferson, no less than any living statesman, stood for justice. We read in Mr. Morse’s biography that one of Jefferson’s animosities was directed at the Federalist judges. In the course of his first term he sent a special message to the House of Representatives concern- ing the shortcomings and eccentricities of Pickering, of New Hampshire, a 807 judge of the district court, who ended his days as a Victim of insanity. Picker- ing was impeached before the Senate, was found guilty, and removed. Jeffer- son was a radical in his own day; he would seem a radical were he living his life over again today. If he did not urge the recall of judges and judicial de- cisions, perhaps that is because he was too much the democratic statesman—in- sufficiently (in spite of his part in the attack upon Judge Chase) a demagog. & It would be charity to hold that it is what the Apostle calls “godly sorrow” that has led Abraham Ruef, the former boss of San Francisco, and now a con- vict, to make what he declares will be a full confession of the bribery and. graft bv which he ruled the city. He is stung by the attack upon him in a paper, and he has begun what will be a long story and will expose the magnates of finance to whom the city was sold. It may send some of them to prison, but the question will be hard at times to answer, whether these big corporations tempted Ruef or whether he and his gang held up the business men. Doubtless both conspired, now one and now the other. Such a con- fession illustrates the difficulties of con- cealment, and so fear will be a force for civic honesty. & The daily journals have called atten- tion to the fact that the late Lord Lister, the father of modern operative surgery. forbade by his will that any of the large bequests made by him to the public should be called by his name; but they have given less notice to the fact that it is be- cause of his known wish that he is not buried in Westminster Abbey. This lat- ter distinction is one that should be be- stowed by public acclaim, and we regret that his desire is respected, for no soldier deserves the honor more. While no blame is to be put on those who desire their name perpetuated, we yet admire the man who does service and avoids fame. & Another development of the pension plan, which our Congress still refuses to give to our civil servauts, is to be seen in the decision by the University of Chi- cago to set aside over $2,000,000 of its endowment to pension its professors who

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i | | j | 808 have reached the age of sixty-five and have served for not less than fifteen years. Because the University of Chi- cago has a provision in its charter giving Baptists a certain preference in its board, it cannot receive advantage from the Carnegie Foundation; but the last gift of $10,000,000 from Mr. Rockefeller allows it to do its own pensioning. Congress is to be congratulated in hav- ing passed by practically unanimous vote the phosphorus match bill of the Ameri- can Association for Labor Legislation. Henceforth the importation and exporta- tion of poisonous phosphorus matches will not be permitted, and a prohibitive internal revenue tax will be imposed on their manufacture within the United States. Thus “phossy jaw,” the most foathsome of all industrial diseases, is abolished. a On the side of the workmen in the re- cent coa! mine strike in Great Britain the most notable fact is that there was al- most no violence. The miners avoided all rioting and behaved as peaceable citi- zens. And yet it was the most powerful strike yet known, and it frightened the whole Empire. That is an example for this country, where a strike is hardly be- gun before there is violence. This shows that rioting is unnecessary and does more hurt to the cause than good. & We have spoken of the danger that the starling will become a nuisance in this country, such as is the. English spar- row. It has no friends abroad, notwith- standing Sterne’s sympathetic account in his “Sentimental Journey” of the caged starling that kept repeating “I can’t get out.” We see in an English paper the mention of a man who shot with one barrel at a flock of starlings on the ground and then fired the other bar- rel as they rose. He killed fifty birds. We already have considerable flocks of them about the orchards and gardens of this neighborhood. as A league of Republican clubs in this State, composed of culored voters, has adopted a resolution objecting to the use of the word negro as applied to the mem- bers of the race as humiliating. The word is decent in itself, and one not to THE INDEPENDENT be resented, and means simply black ; the gne fair objection to it is that in the North most of them have as much white blood as black, and may more properly be called colored, but the word includes Hindus, Chinese and Indians, We trust our readers will excuse us if we have given no space to the name or the appeals for release from prison of a contemptible house-servant discharged for insult, and who was convicted of burglary, guilty of assault, and who has sought pardon by defaming a lady. And yet the case has filled pages day after day of the daily papers. & It is the merit of Christianity that it has initiative, and other religions must follow. The latest example appears in the decision of the Buddhists of Japan to undertake the establishment of a woman’s college, such as the Christians set the ex- ample of ; and this is being promoted by a Women’s Buddhist Association, which is patterned on the Y. W. C. A. & It is not surprising that Kaiser Wil- liam should have told Colonel Goethals that the Panama Canal ought to be for- tified and heavily garrisoned. He would put soldiers everywhere he could. We would keep them out of every place pos- sible. We would not have our children know what a soldier looks like. & One of the important acts to be done at the Methodist General Conference next month is to remove from the Dis- cipline the prohibition against dancing and theaters, which may be very inno- cent amusements. The rule is obsolete, and to amend it is more important than the election of bishops. : as We welcome the 2,600 dwarf flower- ing cherry trees sent by the Mayor of Tokyo to this city. This time they have been disinfected and: will bring beauty to the grounds about Grant’s Tomb. It is a very graceful gift. The British budget shows a surplus the last year of $32,725,000, but it is not used to reduce the debt, but is put aside to pay for new ships of war if Germany decides to make fresh additions to her navy. So war blasts in time of peace.

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> f S 7 Insurance |f@& Federal Investigation of Fire Insurance FirE insurance as conducted in the United States has been assailed from many quarters and charged with innum- erable shortcomings of both a positive and negative character, but until very recently it was not suspected of being the probable cause of our disgracefully large annual fire waste and the conse- quent death of thousands of citizens. Representative Jackson, of Kansas (at one time Attorney-General of the State), has introduced a resolution in the lower house of Congress directing that the Department of Commerce and Labor make an investigation of the fire insur- ance companies of the United States, inquiring into “the rates charged for fire insurance; the means and classifications employed in fixing the same, the reason- ableness thereof, and the effect, if any, in causing’ the enormous fire loss (which Mr. Jackson estimates at $427,- 000,000), and the deaths of six thousand people. These are staggering figures and they will be heard with amazement by those who actually know something of the sub- ject. Statisticians have gravely lament- ed the annual average of $250,000,000 fire waste during late years, and they will naturally lose hope when they learn on such high authority that it is nearly twice what they think it is. As will be seen by the sense of the resolution, its author appears to believe that in some mysterious way there is a connection between this enormous waste of the nation’s resources and the manner in which the fire insurance companies make their premium rates and otherwise conduct their business. Just what the relation is between the two is difficult to conceive, and doubtless underwriters will await with deep interest Mr. Jack- son’s exposition of the matter when he talks to the question on the floor of the House. Another feature of this proposition which will grip the attention of those versed in the matter is that of the juris- diction of a Federal Department over local corporations engaged in a business which has been specifically declared by the Supreme Court to be exempt from the interstate commerce provisions of the Constitution. It is presumed that, as Mr. Jackson has filled the office of Attorney-General of a State, he has some acquaintance with the case of Paul vs. Virginia. Congress has power to order the investigation and the De- partment of Commerce and Labor may proceed to make it, but it is clear that if the companies should be inclined to resist such an inquisition, they would be clearly within their rights. There have been several investigations of the fire companies within the past three years, two of them notable—those undertaken by legislative committees of New York and Illingis—and it does not seem that another is of particular importance, or that it would yield results of any more value. A national commission to in- quire into our tremendous fire waste and suggest remedies. would be of vastly greater benefit to the country. & FIeLp men of the Prudential Insur- ance Company have organized the Dry- den Memorial Association, the object of which is to erect, at a cost of $15,000, a life size statue in bronze of the late John F. Dryden, the founder of the com- pany. In order that as many employees of the company as possible may partici- pate in the memorial, it has been decided that no contribution to the fund shall exceed one dollar. & THE Metropolitan issues a new form of industrial policy known as the “non- lapsable endowment.” The policy is a single premium contract, and, being fully paid up, must remain in force to matur- itv unless its cash surrender features are taken advantage of. A summary of the business done by foreign insurance companies in the United States during the last ten years shows an underwriting loss of $11.919.~ 3IT,

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Financial Money Trust Inquiry A SUB-COMMITTEE of the House Com- mittee‘on Banking and Currency will be- gin this week to hear testimony in the inquiry as to the existence of a Money Trust. This action follows the demise of the National Monetary Commission, which, on the 31st ult., quietly ceased to exist. The purpose of the sub-commit- tee is to ascertain, at the beginning, to what extent the banks and trust com- panies of the country are involved in a network of interlocking . directorates, and the relation between them and the large industrial corporations. It will seek information from more than 3,000 banks, but the first stage of its inquiry will relate to the banking institutions of New York. The first witness, it is said, will be Frank A. Vanderlip, president of the largest bank (the Natidnal City) and formerly an Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. An investigation of this kind, if conducted by sane and compe- tent men seeking a basis for good legis- lation, will serve the public interest. The inquiry should not be made in a spirit of hostility to banking institutions. It should not be made for partisan pur- poses, nor should the aim of the investi- gators be to support a preconceived the- ory that a wicked combination exists by means of which a few men rule and rob the people. Their aim should be to pro- cure the facts and opinions which can be used in framing legislation for the pro- motion of that banking and currency reform which is so greatly needed. In their work, the information accumu- lated by the Monetary Commission, as well as that commission’s recommenda- tions, should be considered without prejudice. & Arbitration in Business In March of last year the New York Chamber of Commerce elected members of a committee on arbitration, and in June these members were sworn in by a Justice of the State’s Supreme Court. This attempt to: substitute inexpensive and speedy arbitration for expensive and protracted litigation, in suth contro- versies between persons or corporations engaged in business as relate to ques- tions of fact rather than to those of law, has attracted much attention here and abroad, and several other similar organi- zations now intend to establish such committees. The first annual report of the Chamber’s committee was submitted last week. Much of the committee’s time during this first year was consumed in a campaign of publicity, in order that business men might know what the com- mittee was ready todo. But in the work for which it was created a good begin- ning was made. The report says: “In addition to this necessary work of pub- licity and preparation, the committee has had the satisfaction of assisting in the settlement of a number of important differences, altho in most of these its work was that of concilia- tion rather than of arbitration. In other words, the committee has been instrumental in bringing contending parties into a state of mind that enabled them to settle their differ- ences without a format submission to an ar- bitrator. Twenty-two disputes have been brought to the attention of the committee, fifteen of which have resulted in friendly set- tlements, ‘out of court,’ while seven are still under discussion. One of the cases settled was a difference between two of the biggest houses in the city. After an arbitration had been agreed upon and a time set for a hearing, the two parties were able to settle their dis- pute privately. It is probable that but for the committee’s friendly: offices, this case would have resulted in litigation.” The first arbitration took place in Feb- ruary of this year, and it was an excep- tionally interesting case, because neither of the disputants was a member of the Chamber of Commerce, and one of them was an English firm. In this interna- tional controversy a decision was reached in about thirty days, at a cost of less than $60. We are confident that much good work will be done by the commit- tee in its second year. & .. The world’s output of cane and beet sugar last year was 16,418,800 tons. against 14,524,450 in the year preceding. .A pension plan for the employees of the Western Union Telegr: iph Com- pany has been completed, and it will go into effect in July next. The minimum allowance will be $25 per month.

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Fas years ago the Pony Express became the most efficient messenger service ever known. Pony riders carried messages from Missouri to California, nearly two thou- sand miles across mountains and des- erts, through blizzards and sand storms, constantly in danger of attack by hostile Indians. Fresh horses were supplied at short intervals, and the messages, relayed from rider to rider, were delivered in the record-breaking time of seven and one-half days. Railroad and telegraph took the place THE INDEPENDENT The Pony Express A Pioneer of the Bell System of the Pony Express, carrying messages across this western territory. Today the telephone lines of the Bell System have done more, for they have bound together ranch and mine and camp and village. This network of telephone lines, following the trails of the Indians, con- nects with the telegraph to carry mes- sages throughout the world. By means of Universal Bell Service the most remote settler is no longer isolated, but has become a constantly informed citizen of the American Com- monwealth. AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY AND ASSOCIATED COMPANIES One Policy One System Universal Service

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vi THE INDEPENDENT The New Carpet Warehouse of W. & J. Sloane A aotable incident .in the uptown trend of business was the removal last week of the carpet house of W. & J. Sloane from Broadway and Nineteenth street to the handsome new eight story building at the northeast corner of Fifth avenue and Forty-seventh street. The new Sloane building, which was designed especially to meet the growing requirements of the wholesale and retail carpet business, is a solid, substantial, well proportioned struc- ture, faced with Indiana limestone. The architecture is simple and dignified, almost to the point of severity. The interior ar- rangements are admirably adapted to the use of the various departments of this great business. As there is but one row of sup- porting columns in the various floors of the building the maximum amount of unob- structed floor space is available. The en- trance in the middle of the Fifth avenue front leads into a vestibule with wal!s of white and colored marble. From the vesti- bule one enters the main show room, which occupies nearly all of the ground floor of the building. This floor is devoted to the display of oriental rugs. At the Forty-sev- enth street entrance of the building, facing the passenger elevators, is the carriage vestibule, a handsome marquise extending over the sidewalk from the entrance to the curb line. There is a reception room at this entrance which is about twenty-five feet square, the walls paneled with dark oak. This room typifies the domestic style of architectute accredited to Sir Christopher Wren. The details, in the main, are taken from Melton Constable Hall, Norfolk, Eng- land. The second floor, which is divided into several large apartments, is devoted to decorations and furniture. On alighting from the elevator one enters a large and attractive foyer in the Jacobean style, adapted from the celebrated drawing room in Haddon Hall. The ceiling is an exact reproduction from the ceiling of the famous Reindeer Inn at Bambury, Oxfordshire, England, built in 1620. This plaster work was cast from impressions taken from the old ceiling, and has all the appearance of the original, with mouldings and ornaments softened and crumbled away by the wear of nearly three centuries of time, Directly in front of this foyer is a large room in white, in the period of George I, the walls enriched with ornamental chair rails, wall panelling, cornices and over- doors. In fact, this room is closely copied from the mansion of Saltram, at Plympton. in Devonshire, England, which was built in 1720. At the Fifth avenue and Forty-sev enth street corner of the second floor is « large gallery in dark oak in the period o/ William and Mary, which is expressive of the type of work executed for these sove- reigns by Sir Christopher Wren in the Kensington and Hampton Court palaces. Upon the third floor, directly over the George I room, is the Louis XVI Salon, adapted from the palace of the Petit Tria- non. In this room will be shown specimens of French furniture and decorations. Als» upon the third floor, at the Fifth avenue front, is the directors’ room, which is pan- elled in dark oak and has a distinctly Scotch atmosphere. The ornamental plaster ceil- ing, treated so as really to appear old, was modeled after a ceiling in Purdie Midlo- thian, with the introduction of the Scottish Thistle and the conventional Fleur de Lys so closely associated with the palaces of the time of James VI. There are many more rooms upon the -second and third floors, the walls of which are all plainly and simply panelled in simi- lar fashion, but which differ somewhat in their tinting. Within these rooms will be found beautiful examples of hand-made furniture of “modern design and _ also reproductions of the best specimens of seventeenth and eighteenth century types, which have as their most prominent fea- tures an appreciation of the value of plain surfaces and the refined detail so character- istic of early Georgian interiors. Upon these two floors will be carried the largest and finest stock of hand-made furniture in the world. The fourth floor embraces the retail rug, oilcloth and linoleum depart- ments, while the fifth floor is utilized for the retail carpet department. The other floors contain the wholesale departments and executive offices. Many other features of this establishment are worthy of note. A complete vacuum cleaner plant is included in the mechanical equipment of the building. Filters of large capacity purify the water used for drinking purposes ,and this is piped to all floors into white enameled coolers. The electric

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THE INDEPENDENT vii lighting thruout is by tungsten lamps of high candle power set in ornamental glass reflectors in the ceilings. Automatic fire alarm boxes are located upon each floor, and there is a complete automatic sprinkler system with concealed piping. years, and then moved to 591 Broadway. In 1866 the firm erected a building at 649 to 655 Broadway. The growth of the busi- ness was such during the next sixteen years that a larger building was erected at the corner of Broadway and Nineteenth street, The firm, which is now known as W. & J. Sloane, was founded by Wil- liam Sloane in 1843, and commenced busi- ness at 245 Broadway, opposite City Hall Park. In 1855 the business was removed to sor Broadway, where it remained six into which the firm moved in 1882, and it has remained there until the present time. The illustration printed herewith shows the exterior of the new Sloane building, which is an ornament to the rapidly developing Fifth avenue business section.

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THE INDEPENDENT VEL EUROPE Best Way to Travel at Moderate Cost The and Orient Send for Booklet ID Box Pittsb: Wa J. P. Graham, ideal Ti RECREATION TOURS High class travel off the beaten path. Nine unique tours. Illustrated Booklet. RECREATION CLUB, 1 Madison Ave., New York. Europe viaMediterranean ¥*" y 80, June 8. 12, 20 60 to 107 days. $850 to $800. Azores, Madetra, a, Algiers, Buiope (Monte Carlo, Vienna, JOHNSON N TOURS, 210° Preston St., Baltimore, Wd. BEST TOURS EUROPE gest sires CHAPMAN TOURS, - - - *Eimira (®), N. ¥. EUROPE AT OUR EXPENSE Organise email party. Write for Plan Programs and Cash Commissions, EUROPEAN TOURS, Box 12, New Paris, Ohio. ne A4ABOuT TRAVEL & TOURS ow Mor w. ™ ano DENMARK ~ IDEAL GOLDEN RULE TOURS (2845 Small estioe. June sailings to southern and northern ports, ding Scandinavia and Russia. asth — W. PVie EUSEN, 542 West i24th Street, New "York, MAKE CERTAIN THAT SWITZERLAND Is Included in Your European Tour. Our free Bureau is at your service, and will gladly vee your itinerary and assist you in every possible way. eharge for booklets or service. SWISS FEDERAL 241 Fifth Ave. (Dept. C3), RAILROADS, New York. The Pilgrim fs 10... KUROPE to Attractive Itineraries. Best Man: Small Parties. For Booklet a 306 W: s.. Boston. RAYMOND & WHITCO ment. ress New York. Phila. Chicago. Pittsburg. “Detroit. San Francisco. HOTEL BRUNSWICK BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS EUROPEAN and AMERICAN PLANS THORNDYKE HOTEL ,,,2A8372%":,,, AQUIDNECK HOTEL "¥onr. orexs Booklets—P. H. HORGAN, Newport, RB. I. LAKEWOOD, NEW JERSEY. OAK COURT HO R. family hotel notable for a t air of as —--% melike re. Also Tat” Bhesebons, pring Lake Bee Beach, N: _— ist to Oct. ist. E. SPANGENBERG, Manager. COTTAGE en all year feet e sea : POCONO MANOR Under management of Friends. 1, level. Steam qontps, baths en ‘suite, sun parlor, library: fine scene and exhilarating atmosphere. M DENGLER, he g SA Manor P. O., Monroe Co., Pa. San urday, May . COHIYO MARU, Triple June 15th, 1912. am vers allowed at all ports. Service and w improvements for safety and cuisine u Ww. AVERY, oP ene Beis’, Asst. Western Metropolis Nat'l 625 Market Street, San Francisco, Cal. R. C. NICHOL, 1482 B’way, N. Y.,*Gen. Eastern Agent. TOYO KISEN KAISHA (Oriental Steamship Company) pA. Triple Screw Turbine, 21,000 Tons, INYO MARU new), Triple Screw Turbine, 21,000 Tons, 21 Knots Speed, via Manila direct, sailing from Francisco, Bate - 7 18th, 1912. ” Screw Turbine, 21,000 Tons, 21- Knots Speed, sailing from San Francisco, Saturday, ireless ~~ 7 7 Signals, leentry, Children’s AROUND THE ; wentD TOURS ARRANGED IN ALL DIRECTIONS . Write for Schedule and Information. 1. he San Francisco, Wednesday, April 17th, 21 ‘Kno nots Speed, sailing from San Francisco, Wednesday, celled. rm and w » oe. A. BE. — Gen. Pass. Western M Nat’l Bank 625 Market street, San Francisco, t. Head Office, Tokyo, Japan.

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THE INDEPENDENT HOTEL SAVOY Fifth Avenue, 58th to 59th Streets NEW YORK CITY Single Rooms $2. With Bath $3. - Double Rooms $3. With Bath $4. Overlooking Central Park and affording a residence in the most beautiful part of the city at rates within reach of all. Accessible to shopping and amusement centres. JOHN F. RIES, Manager. CUISINE UNSURPASSED and upwards TWO PERSONS Can have board at nominal Save on x FARM for the sum- mer. Sapa needed. . W. OODBERRY, oe Court Building, New York. SANATARIUMS ASK YOUR PHYSICIAN to Investigate the Baths given at (MUD BATHS) FOR RHEUMATISM A History of vour case from your Physician is of great value to our Medical Staff. Reservations for accommoda- tions must be made in advance. = spas no longer necessary. Ample evidence to sustain this con- tention forwarded on application to Resident MUDLAVIA. IND. DIV-ALET »usion ay 1 DIVISION BY LETTERS PRICE 50 CENTS The most uni metic of the ue mental diversion extant! Mental arith- phabet. Adapted to parties or for indi- vidual amusement. Just the thing for convalescents and ‘“shut-ins.”” W, Originator and Publisher, 141 Avenue, Newark, N. J. CHEAPER THAN EVER Kind of Woven Wire Fence, ences, The following dividends are announced: American Light and Traction Co., quarterly, preferred, 114 per cent.; quarterly, common, 24 per cent.; both payable May 1, also a stock divi- dend of 2% shares of Common Stock:on every 100 shares of Common Stock. J. G. White & Co., Inc., quarterly, preferred, 1% per cent., payable May 1. H. B. Claflin Co., quarterly, common, 1% per cent., payable April 15. American Malt Corpn., preferred, 2 per cent., payable May 2. PECAN PROFITS ARE AMAZING Free book tells how you can own a Florida Pecan Orchard by monthly payments. Write today AMBRICAN PECAN ©O0O., Gainesville, Fla. LAKE CHAMPLAIN Eight-room cottage furnished, at Star Farm Beach, 4 miles from Burlington, Vt. Boathouse and rowboat. A bargain at $1,800 complete. W. J. DODGE, 149 Broadway, N. Y. LAKE SUNAPEE, Cottage for housekeeping to rent. Ten bedrooms, large living-room, dining-room, open fireplaces, kitchen, laundry, modern conveniences. Waring system of drainage. MRS. J. R. NILSEN, 27 W. 88th St., $40 room furnished house with two acres of land for rent. Accessible to train and trolley. Good bathing, boating and fishing. Apply to E. W. Higgins, Norwich, Conn. N. H. N. Y. Fronting on Thames River. Nine Virginia Estate For Sale A beautiful farm of 175 acres of most fertile land; resi- rooms, : ——y all conveniences; coach house; try house; complete farm ord ond all small fruits; on a mac- 7 from Warrenton, and fifty-six a from Washington, D. ©. For photographs and de- tailed description, price, etc., of this and other properties, address HARRY M. HD lates nia. BRONZE MEMORIAL TABLETS —_ WILLIAMS, Inc., Bronze Foundry, 550 West_27th treet, New York. Write for illustrated’ booklet. Free. Warrenton, Fauquier County, HIGH GRADE NORTH MISSOURI FARM LOANS FOR SALE 5 0 h To net , Rinerteenyntng % 0 principal and interes - 5 0 ane rstablished 1885. REEVES & Mc CALLISTER Milan, Missouri Reference furnished if desired REAL ESTATE LOANS Safest, Most Promising and Profitable ° yf: 5 Investment on the Market To-day 5 A Daring the Past 30 Years no Client has Lost a Dollar. BEVERLY H. BONFOEY Send for Booklet I. UNIONVILLE, MO. 1000 COPIES FREE A book explaining “MR. WILSON’S PROBLEM” A live and fascinating story built around a subject of business which must be of interest to all people of property and responsibility. Write for free copy to . WINN & KENNEDY, Dept. B, 1385 Broadway, New York City.

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THE INDEPENDENT LET ME COME If you are going to build a home, church, library, school, office building or public building of any kind, or especially if you want to lay out a model town-site, private estate or residential tract, or contemplate a city-beautiful campaign, let me come and see you at my expense on one of my quarterly coast-to-coast trips and get your exact requirements. Architect HERBERT C. DIVIDENDS American Light & Traction Company, 40 Wall Street, New York City. April 2, 1912. The Boerd of Directors this day declared from the net earnings of the Company the regular ae dividend of ONE AND ONE-HALF (14%) PER CENT. on the PRE- FERRED stock of this Company, payable May 1, 1912, to stockholders of record of Preferred stock at the close of business April 16, 1912, The Board also declared from the undivided Profits of the Company a quarterly dividend of TWO AND ONE- HALF (2%%) PER CENT. on the COMMON stock of this Company, payable May 1, 1912, to stockholders of record of Common stock at the close of business April 16, 1912. The Board also declared from the undivided profits of the Company a dividend of TWO AND ONE-HALF (2%) SHARES OF COMMON STOCK on every ONE HUNDRED (100) shares of Common stock outstanding, payable May 1, 1912, to stockholders of record of COMMON stock at the close of business April 16, 1912. The transfer bocks for both Preferred and Common stock will close April 16, 1912, at 3 o’clock P. M., and will reopen May 1, 1912, at 10 o’clock A. M. Cc. N. JELLIFFE, Secretary. AMERICAN TELEPHONE TELEGRAPH COMPANY A dividend of Two Dollars per share will be paid on Monday, April 15, 1912, to stockholders of record at the close of business on Saturday, March 30, 1912. WILLIAM R. DRIVER, Tréasurer. AMERICAN MALT CORPORATION, 15 Exchange Place, Jersey City, N. J. Dividend No. 8 of 2% on the Preferred Stock is payable May 2, 1912, to Stockholders of record of April 19, 1912. Transfer books close at 3 P. M. April 19,* 1912, and re- open at 10 A. M. May 3, 1912. HENRY EGGERKING, Treasurer. April 3, 1912. THE H. B, CLAFLIN COMPANY, Corner *f Church and Worth Streets. New York, April 5, 1912. A quarterly dividend of one and one-half (14%%) per cent. will be paid April 15th, 1912, to holders of the Com- mon stock of this Company of record at the close of busi- ness Wednesday, April 10th, 1912. D. N. FORCH, Treasurer. J. G. WHITE & COMPANY, INCORPORATED. PENGINEERS—CONTRACTORS. 43-49 Exchange Place, New York, N. Y. The regular quarterly dividend (36th quarter) of One and One-half Per Cent. has been declared on the Preferred Stock of this Company, payable May ist, 1912, to stock- holders of record April 20th, 1912, H. 8S. COLLETTE, Secretary. REAL ESTATE SECURITIES FREE FROM TAX IN CONNECTICUT Write for information to THE MIDDLESEX BANKING COMPANY Middletown, Conn. Chartered 1872 The Oldest Mortgage Company in America ™ LIVERPOOL “°’ LONDON “°’ GLOBE INSURANCE COMPANY, uate NEW YORK OFFICE, No. 4s WILLIAM STREET

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THE INDEPENDENT AND SEE YOU My offices at St. Louis or San Francisco take care of such work as I cannot personally handle. At the San Francisco office, Russ Building, I publish a 1000-page $1.00 book of designs, ‘‘ Artistic Homes,’’ which may interest you. Also a 7x11 dollar book of actual photographs of California Bungalows and Homes, also a 50c book of Churches. CHIVERS Herald Squ Bldg. 7 thE loor , THE 1912 United States Life Insurance Co. Wi THE CITY OF NEW YORK ISSUES GUARANTEED CONTRACTS JOHN P. MUNN, M.D., President Finance COMMITTEE CLARENCE H. KELSEY Pres. Title Guarantee and Trust Co. WILLIAM H. PORTER, Banker EDWARD TOWNSEND Pres. Importers and Traders Nat. Bank Good men, whether experienced in life insur- ance or not, may make direct contracts with this Company, for a limited territory if desired, and secure for themselves, in addition to first year’s commission, a renewal interest insuring an income for the future. Address the Company at its Home Office, No. 277 Broadway, New York City. Wise Conclusions “If I had my way,’’ remarked a successful whole- sale merchant, “I would make it a disgrace for any man to be married unless he had first insured or had tried to insure his life in his wife’s favor. She de- serves this consideration from him, and he should be proud to take advantage of such an opportunity to shield her from the world’s hard knocks.”” In spite cf the fact that this is a matter in which all the argu- ment seems to be upon one side, there are plenty of men who never give life insurance a serious thought. They may know that they are living a little beyond their income; they may realize that if they were to be taken tomorrow they would leave no legacy, except one of debts, and yet they dream the years away with only hope for a prospect when provision for the future could be made so easily and carried with such small self- denials by a policy in the METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY. Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. Atlantic Building, 51 Wall Street, New York Insures Against Marine and Inland Transportation Risk and Will Issue Policies Making Loss Payable in Europe and Oriental Countries. Chartered by the State of New York in 1842, was preceded by a stock company of a similar name, The latter company was liquidated and part of its capital, to the extent of $100,000, was used, with consent of the stockholders, by the At- lantic Mutual Insurance Company and repaid with a bonus and interest at the expiration of two years. During its existence the company has insured property to the value of $25,625,288,114.00 Received premiums thereon to the extent o Paid losses during that period.. Issued certificates of profits to dealers 87,544,160.00 Of which there have been re- deemed 80,138,500.00 Leaving outstanding at present time 7:405,660.00 Interest paid amounts to On December 31, 1911, the assets of the company amounted to.. 13,465,923.62 The profits of the company revert to the assured and are divided annually upon the premiums ter- minated during the year, thereby reducing the cost of insurance. For such dividends, certificates are issued sub- ject to dividends of interest until ordered to be redeemed, in accordance with the charter. A, A. Raven, President, CorNELIUS Etpert, Vice-President, WALTER Woop Parsons, 2d Vice-President, Cuartes E, Fay, 3d Vice-President, Joun H. Jones Stewart, 4th Vice-President. G. Stanton FLoyp-Jones, Secretary. 245,318,624.22 137,525,816.95 21,703,538.85

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THE INDEPENDENT THE GOAL IS IN SIGHT Before the General Assembly Meets we hope to Consummate this Plan An investment that combines the greatest possible secur- ity, the largest justifiable returns, and the farthest reach- ing results along missionary lines ANNUITY GOLD BONDS OF THE WITHERSPOON BUILDING Issued in Denominations of $500.—$1,000.—$5,000. Paying Interest to the Annuitant from 5% to 10% according to age This issue is limited in amount, and so attractive have these Bonds been to those who have investigated their security, purpose and returns that very few remain to be disposed of. If this interests you, let us send you fuller information. It is a great OPPORTUNITY TO SERVE THE CHURCH without diminishing your present income. In’ fact it may increase it. Write to-day while it is fresh in your mind. , caley Te) + Presbyterian Board of Publication and Sabbath School Work F. M. BRASELMANN, Treasurer 124 Witherspoon Building - - Philadelphia cairo} wa}uo}