Records of the Past (November-December, 1907)

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Ih | it il i t NN i ANS ANMET LMA gh = = s RECORDS THEPAS Vo.tumE VI NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1907 Part XI . oS KIT Sy, £ a Ro ood SOE SL CG - it.) nat » ; PSSA ISH ITSSHe Rath LLnL Hate asd Teal

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v=“ ECORDS fe PAST" * PROF. G. FREDERICK WRIGHT, D. D., oer D., and MR. Ed BENNETT WRIGHT, ditors : | bof + CONSULTING EDITORS DR. PAUL V. C. BAUR, Assistant Professor in PROF. WILLIAM LIBBEY, Fellow of the Royal Classical Archaeology, Yale University. Geographical Society of ‘London, ete. ., of the REV. CHARLES DE WOLFE BROWER, Winter University of Princeton. Park, Fla. PROF. W. C. MILLS, M. Se., Curator of the PROF. "ALBERT T. CLAY, Ph. D., of the Uni- Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society. versity of Pennsylvania. ‘| PROF. F. W. PUTNAM, Curator of Peabody PROF. GEORGE A. DORSEY, Ph. D., Field Co- Museum, etce., Cambridge, Mass. - lumbian Museum, Chicago, Ill. PROF. MARSHALL H. SAVILLE, Curator of MR. EDGAR L. HEWETT, Director Am. Arche, {| Mexican and Central American ’ Archaeology of Arche. Inst. of Am., Washington, D. C. in American Museum of Natural History, of _ REV. M, G. KYLE, D. Dy Member of the Vor- New York City. derasiatische Gesellschaft, Berlin, Egyptolo- MR. WARREN UPHAM, Secretary of the Min- gist, of Philadelphia, Pa. } nesota Historical Society. NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, ADO? CONTENTS . L The Liver in Babylonian Divination . eee : Citing 307 By Pror. Atsert T. Cray, PH. D. ‘be Il, Adolf Furtwangler ; ; , 317 By Pror. EDMUND VON Mack: Py D. | me Ill, Mound-builders of the Mississippi Valley. aca Bees yf . By RicHARD HERRMANN ., 3 IV, Huntington's Explorations in Central Asia , : 323 | By FREDERICK BENNETT WRIGHT V. Palestine Exploration Fund ' noe ; , 332 By Rev. THeEopore F. Wricut, PH.D. VL Book Review ; ; ' ; Begg i fo History OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA OUTLINES OF THE History OF PAINTING THe DISCOVERIES IN CRETE VIL Editorial Notes. ; ‘ Hedges Chee , , 337 Index s s 6 id s s s s s s s s 347 ‘Re-entry as a B1-monthly at the Washington Post-office as Second-class Matter Applied for TERMS: Annual Subscription, $3. Single copy, 50 cents. Foreign Subscriptions, $3.36, — except Mexico, which is $3, and Canada, which is $3.20. Requests for free specimen copies can not be honored. Subscriptions must begin with the January issue of each year. Sub- scriptions are continued until notice to discontinue is received and amount due paid. ‘RECORDS OF THE PAST EXPLORATION SOCIETY 330 A Street S. E., Washington, D. C. NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS DURING 1908 RECORDS OF THE PAST will appear as a BI-MONTHLY The Annual Subscription Price will be $3.00 The Bi-monthly Issues will be larger than the present Monthly Issues : Never less than 48 pages . The General Character of the Magazine will not be Changed This change in date of appearing and subscription price seems advisable to avoid the annual deficit arising from the publishing of the Magazine, since from the beginning the subscripticn price has not entirely covered the actual cost of publication, although no salaries have been paid the Editors. We trust that our patrons will continue their sup- port and thus distribute more evenly the burden which has heretofore been borne by a few. : DIRECTORS OF RECORDS OF THE PAST sethbe i diagehda te SOCIETY GEO. E HOWARD. PR., WASHINGTON Rh ee Sie ee ie et ie es ee ‘

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eee Se SR. ey Alo a ese, ad MY. bee ee vi i T > “7 y Me gle 4 ™ Loe. Sb paaeie cus. ty OARS CL ee ag ie é pee, iat } » Ls ey era , a pee Tarek Saadeh oeahe se! ; ‘ ‘ Se Mie Ma Tes YEE Vudu Ag = : , ne iy A RSE Pt ere ' Fie C . : a eo as eae oA ee ee ieee ee i See 3 d vs i oe RE NE a we Sy han f tea O eed e THE | 3 rm t yh es ‘. ; | EDITORS PROF, G, FREDERICK WRIGHT, D.D, LL.D. FREDERICK BENNETT WRIGHT CONSULTING EDITORS DR.. PAUL) V.. C..° BAUR | a REV. M. G.. KYLE, D.D. REV, CHARLES DE W. BROWER PROF. WILLIAM: LIBBEY, SC.D, PROF. “ALBERT -T.. CLAY, PH.D. Hh PROF. W. C.. MILLS, M.SC. PROF. GEORGE A. DORSEY, PH.D. PROF. J. W. PUTNAM MR. EDGAR L. HEWETT . PROF. MARSHALL H. SAVILLE MR. WARREN UPHAM VOLUME VI, 1907 PUBLISHED BY RECORDS OF THE PAST EXPLORATION SOCIETY _ WASHINGTON, D, G |

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} PUBLISHED BY RECORDS OF THE PAST EXPLORATION SOCIETY WASHINGTON, D. C. 3 PRINTED BY GEO. EK. HOWARD WASHINGTON

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CONTENTS ‘ PAGE Climate and History in Western Asia..... Vee BY MR. E. CUTLER SHEDD 3 The Development of the System of Boundary Fortifications in Britain and Germany Under the Roman: Empire—Part 1... 003.00... ee see eees 9 BY PROF. GEORGE H, ALLEN, PH.D The seers Dwellings of Rakhtcht-Saral ooo 58s See oe 1 ER 13 BY PROF. GEORGE FREDERICK WRIGHT, D.D., LL.D. The McEvers Mounds, Pike County, Illinois..... BY CLARA KERN BAYLISS 21 SOE NS i576 Sa 5 STE SS OKA Ge OVEN Soe EF ek 27 SEINE ECCS 0 oN ies hc bY 59 PR ee oe we a ts ee eee eT oo 30 $Me NGpraska Loess Mati ii a oe wi ee eas BY MR. ROBERT F. GILDER 35 Ancient Inhabitants of Nebraska....By PROF. ERWIN HINCKLEY BARBOUR 40 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of NCH oso ee ip ees Oa gen Co ip eee USS PAGER pai ale OL ese 47 The: Development of the System of Boundary Fortifications in Britain and Germany Under the Roman Empire—Part II...................... 50 BY PROF. GEORGE H. ALLEN, PH.D Annual Meeting of the Archeological Institute of America.............. 57 Sees MGTIO WR AS. Ss p'nk 6a bs ae FORA S LRM EOS s PU ERD Ph we ee a 58 SRE AA INOS Hg ek os a iets 3 Ss Pee eT ets eee Leh eee ee 462 PE PROT - PUTICR. 6 os ic ed ated Secs BY PROF, C. DENSMORE CURTIS 67 Premstoric Manin Nebrasica so. SS BY PROF. E. E. BLACKMAN 76 Mound Builders of the Mississippi Valley.....By MR. RICHARD HERRMANN 79 The Development of the System of Boundary Fortifications in Britain and Germany Under the Roman Empire—Part III.......... i ating ae 83 BY PROF. GEORGE H. ALLEN, PH.D. Palestine Exploration Fund.......... BY REV. THEODORE F. WRIGHT, PH.D 89 Editorial Notes ...... Ap red Mis AicES Vas WHE a 8 aly ie Cae oe ed Oe ae go A Primitive Cattle Shrine in Asia Minor............ BY REV. G. E. WHITE 99 peer Pi lint Carries 5) ae Pk ss ve Sie BY PROF, E. E, BLACKMAN 103 The Autobiographic Element in Latin Literature and Inscriptions—Part I.. 111 BY PROF. HENRY H. ARMSTRONG, PH.D. Palestine Exploration Fund.......... BY REV. THEODORE F. WRIGHT, PH.D. 117 RS Peer pa err eee mir Pe re a yh moe a hoe ee 118 SS M8 a esis oe ea IT ee bees Aniki EROe hie POS eae I2I mite. 1 Pimcient Persepolis) soc cose .. BY MR. THOMAS FORSYTHE NELSON I31 Preserving Wisconsin Mounds.....:...... BY MR. FRANK ABIAL FLOWER 137 The Autobiographic Element in Latin Literature and Inscriptions—Part II. 141 BY PROF. HENRY H. ARMSTRONG, PH.D. Pre-Indian Inhabitants of North America—Part I..................... 145 BY PROF. NEWTON HORACE WINCHELL Palestine Exploration Fund........... BY REV. THEODORE F. WRIGHT, PH.D. 157 iii

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iy . CONTENTS | PAGE Pet IRL BNOIEE gees a OES Gano yee Pe i ee 158 Pre-Indian Inhabitants of North America—Part II............0..0.0... 163 BY PROF. NEWTON HORACE WINCHELL Work of the Ohio Archeological Society........ Qplvesie ke ees 181 PROUEM TC Steer: PUTTIN ic 5a Ce a i 0a Ws 8 I Wk oe 183 Reais Per ae IS Ee oe BY MR. FRANK ABIAL FLOWER 184 Palestine Exploration Fund.......... BY REV. THEODORE F. WRIGHT, PH.D. 186 Mack: RONNWE vias oA ee ee Spas OS Gis Pa ee oe 187 MAMUONTED NOMEN pcos ca lbs 6) Va Deg SP e es eA eee hee Tee eee 190 Soul-houses in Egypt.............. BY W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE, D.C.L., F.R.S. 195 Relics: of the Stone Age from 1 ditat Cite a 558 cose 62,056 ORS 202 A Neglected Archeological Field... 2.0... 0.000.004. one BSG ee eee 204 Archeological Work. of the University of California... .)...... 0.000.004. 206 : BY PROF. A. L. KROEBER Arnber ian Ag vias. Sees ls ope pee eR ES ee ek 207 ihe Eyobution of the: Greek Pret 20232. e020. BY MRS. EUNICE GIBBS ALLYN 210 Palestine Exploration Fund........... BY REV. THEODORE F. WRIGHT, PH.D. 215 POATONIG ON te A hk la Vee US oak Ce DI Ee en 2106 Greek Draped Figure at Vassar...... BY PROF. EDMUND VON MACH, PH.D. 227 Maya Ruins in Quintana Roo........... BY LE COMTE MAURICE DE PERIGNY 232 The Swastika 20h 36033 SA ae: Se BY REV. CHARLES DE WOLFE BROWER 2360 The Hittite Capital Boghaz-Keuy and Its Environs. By REV. GEORGE E. WHITE 245 LEW ..apet emperors CNPOmOIN ey 6 oe oo iis Digg eS ae 4 cw gee CR 254 PRO TROCK BEC As oie Ss BY REV. ST. JOHN SEYMOUR, B.D. 256 Interdependent Evolution of Oases and Civilizations.................... 204 Palestine Exploration Fund............ BY REV. THEODORE F. WRIGHT, PH.D. 266 RL VORINEE STROBORECH “CREKANAME Ss Sco oe 8 OSS, ached sale oi gee kL © a ee 268 Editorial Notes ..... ests! BSS ai, Co Ga ake OE Womans Epes 270 An Archeological ‘Tour Through Sicily with a Camera.................. 275 ‘ ; BY PROF. EDWARD W. CLARK AE TROIS 1 TON Ss Ses OS ft in yt Re eS a ee 286 A Paleolithic Implement from the Loess......... BY MISS LUELLA A. OWEN 289 Roman Portrait Head in Vassar College.By PROF. EDMUND VON MACH, PH.D. 292 Palestine Exploration Fund,........... BY REV. THEODORE F. WRIGHT, PH.D. 208 Pdiaridl “Mates i ae iss oo a. Sea ee 5 SIERRA ON e e a Poa 300 The Liver in Babylonian Divination........ BY PROF, ALBERT T. CLAY, PH.D. 307 A@olt Firtwangler. i. 23.5... venens BY PROF. EDMUND VON MACH, PH.D. 317 Mound-builders of the Mississippi Valley.......... BY RICHARD HERRMANN 318 muntiigton © Pxniorations: wi (ceutral Asia. ..4 oi es Le ces Oa 323 BY FREDERICK BENNETT WRIGHT Palestine Exploration Fund............... BY THEODORE F. WRIGHT, PI.D. 332 TORE Re Sor ee ee as ha BS Se ee cc 8 Oe ee Gs DU 333

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ILLUSTRATIONS 13 ; PAGE Deserted Mosque in the desert north of the Ala-Tau Mtns., Turkestan.......... Frontispiece Nomad Kirghiz watering their sheep on the steppes of Southern Siberia......... Frontispiece Tents oF the Nomad Kireshiz T deiars of Purest oe AG ee ee ee 5 (Eee SU ae AAT ROL, AL UMNO PAIN o os tee SE Fad es Cea eh Ee ae eek Vea cae 6 Street in the Sart Section of Samarkand just as the call to prayer has been given at noon. 7 Sieeet of Daxhichi-naral.t tte MOG 205 oro i ks iis ae La eo ein 14 Beier tiilized for-a chapel.at Bakitchi-Sarat 06650045 Sa ss Se Sas i one whee ct ek 15 heraneete ine A Gabel -in the Boueer oes be Os ose ov oo ae WAG Wi we ee he oO 15 i Reta) 0 TG CIE, TRACHEA REE ss is Si sig ot 5s SPUR ee FG 8 1958 5d LS APR No Sp 15 Near view of the Crypts... ak Ge Ie PATE er Gee Lr eas Sa Pera sei e eee 15 South side of the Promontory of T’choufout-Kale, with the Karaite school in hécearound: 17 A Rentnant ot Urosion,. babhiich@haral ic. os cs eS i a ee eee Rass 19 ee RMI 5 ba she Goes sacakin ov sia G9 ED en Wie PT ee I WEL OH alae NE ad RUE ee ee 19 TES BEG GR oe Se |. eRe men teas win Pate a SS Ste ia mse a al Oy gees g Ordered Gr 7 tg eR GSay nia inh ea ah 19 Near view Re Ee ag ahs Gog the a GRE C te OEY RE Ee Bee PO BE eg Fens 19 Front view of the Karaite School looking across the SOTRE. eee ee eee ee ee eee eee ees 20 Pitot Huth. sipat i Mel vets -Mounde secession eben eevee a 2I Trench through NG ee AGW RES DACRE OSE a hoes ceo Lae eee reese 25 Watriors on Lintel 2, Piedras Negras, Mexico ..........5..:.c0000-- pla oop Read os 30 SUE OG CRE AGIA LACES MGW os 6s ose ope A CTs OREO L ED Cer Frontispiece The Valley of the Missouri River, showing Long’s Hill.....................:% ‘Frontispiece BE RNS Sa FAG Aa ise OE Ene CoS CRONE EEE OE EE Oe AT HES 4 Le 36 Batt NG: Os Nebraska Loess Man: 802 sO eee cae yibnee mal tane 6 cikle Gast 37 BM AA NEE IIA, AG Sk hia 4 5 hp OR EG AS 5 BA CS 18 AERO OT EN EP IEEE CEE Ss 30 eter ee CARMI SESE Eg oe oa aa sce ete vic ie Sy | SE Te Eo Loe PAN DETR hs CORN ee oes 40 A Diagrani of the Hxcavations.at Galders- Motind. 23.85. sce oa te eS SE Sindee ss 42 Pare SEE CBOE WRN oe 95 ds ales DS oa eC WAS OER kn MPS A RP Se 43 Bones from Gilders Mound ......... RGAEEB ICL Bic 6 LEDN DON es TE Cea ee eT OES 4 44 PENA A Le ESO ES. DAOUSIE prices i ay 04 Fhe SOUS ES ei ls fee he an oe ea 45 Remains of Villa of the Commander of the “Cohort Castellum’” at the Chesters, on the Nee the Maris i NOTEnern Egle oy 6s os Sse ok ee a AS BS She LM ee ee 50 SE DAATALA. » TEL. IN OT EMOT SY “ACAI MONT 55 05 6 5 RS STC eM eS Oe eS 51 Sectional cutting in the Antonine Vallum in Scotland, Showing the stone foundation of ARTI PAGING 2 GANG cs Ori y BEM OE os Se kde ease Denes CORE Le eg ae 53 Remains of a stone tower erected during the reign of Antoninus Pius on the “limes” in the tidenwaid, Germany ve. s sv bic tay sine C1 UES he eee ea pos ene l aae ee ae a 53 A “Mile Castle,” with a portion of the “Murus,” Northern England............. 0.60.04. 55 The course of the “Murus” northeast of the “Castellum’” of Housesteads (Borcovicus).. 56 aitae ee Ta eee a FS GE 8 Oe ae Ct PE ee eee Frontispiece Arch at the Entrance to the Forum, Khremissa, ae cae att med Weer Ek 1s eo betas ee Frontispiece os Sicha gis 555 Nv ke ON POE A ROT ERE TS tke Del ge TER Peet PON Lee ere ae er re 69 Béboin.at Timmad:: Al@eria FEAL AA TCH: At -TeAPNDORR,. AIROPIR§ 5 6 irs os doce es Su PUTA Re ws ae Dw LAN PE ee eee ers 75 Weert battle Mounds 3weat- Cassville, - Wis.” 0 ioe. A Se a 80 Caainen Corget oc Breastplate. «oie cep Usa eg ods SU aes Be ee eV wd 1S ee 81 Copper Tomahawk from mound near Menomonee, Jo Daviess Co., Ill................5. 81 Teeaeeients from iMod: wear: Garner; Wis. bs ORAS a ean Ca ae pees 81 COE APRS TOR 5 5 64k bok Ho FEN EEE CS Soe LENSE PIG OEE eee ae te Pred Ges ow cores ae A Gorner of the Saalbufe, Showing the -two: Ditches,.:. BAR ad EE Cae 102 Map.of Nehawka: and Vicmity 0). feces 2 ees ee bb che ie os cee Naan cee 6 5% 104 Rocks from Nehawka quarries, showing fractures made by a heavy blow......... ere 105

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v1 : | ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE ry Re SP Oe OPW Ae TE ik an a i ed oo os ck bie tha 105 Sete Ge Eom, Se Oe Te nec pei a ee 106 Exposed ledge showing flint nodules, near the Nehawka quarries..........0...ececeesees 107 Trench cut through a flint quarry by POURS ETE hi oo a eh oss oe aR ORE ceo 109 Dedicatory poem of the poet Rufius Festus Avienus, in the Vatican Museum, Rome...... 1I3 Wall in the, Capitoline Museum, Rome, containing among others, epitaphs of Q. Pompeius Sosus, Manilia Nice, and Ti. Claudius Euhemerus, all autobiographic cy eG ulakie his 113 Epitaph of Claudia llias, in the portico of the church’ of Maria Trastevere, Rome...... II5 Sesta-cotta Daey. Satiies Sram ae os oo ede hs a ee we a hn LE 122 Pavement laid by Ashurbanipal, Kadashman-Jorgu and Urninib...................... 123 Clay iabels or tags, ne tablet with ts envelope =... 25h. ik on bokeh ed co oehaites. 125 Ee OE Bis BUA, FRU, Bo So ae Bi sn i wh fe Frontispiece Se Fe FOUN aS i iin ag os 1 Ny by no OR SH Et aie CFR ade ee Be EE 133 Bas-relicis, ial, Gr A RUMIeiee COMMING (5 ooo eg ce rik chee hes css ce eves ees One of the 4 tombs of the Achemenian Kings, Probably that of Xerxes..«............. 136 Section of burial mound, near Racine, Wis. .............. al hes ides ke thee 138 SC MGIer TRING OE VV BUCO WN IR 8 an og a os 6 we ne ike oo ho bee Ph eae hbo da ablas 140 Elaborate poetic epitaph of Probus and Athenais, Capitoline PAGEGUM, ROMS... cas ano’ 142 View of wall with epitaphs, showing a variety of tombstones and cinerary urns, Capitoline TRE ROIS ere yas he ewe dinlk Ws eo 6 ES CD RO ae Spa eh dae oe 143 Wivaun- brady ie 1etth be os kc Sa a tha oe tines 149 Obsidian arrow point from the Nevada loess, Walker Valley Supe. Gate Goa x eh ee CEU Maney we 150 The Lansing Skull (Front and back views) ................ Ee alah acute ate SS kia Sean KM 152 hate ite ee Oe BEN LOD VICWE Yes ich Ben 8k was FSi ak ae hae bee wa 153 eC: Ses aes TOA Peete, WB 5s kn 0 bs hs 0 Wale Sik ag CASE WE od aN ald Lidoes . 154 Chipped pebble of black chert from Madisonville, Ohio, 8 ft. below the surface.......... 155 Flints and potshreds from Lost Dog Canyon fireplaces, Pine Ridge Reservation, South — Tas a hips Na Veh or Sd eis Pe eae ee be Oe ee oe bo a a 157 Gravel deposit at Trenton, N. J., where Mr. Volk found a human femur in December, RN ees ed eR Bn Ss Fx ee ws Nes Ee es SE ee Fr ontispiece Siberian Mammoth in the situation in which it was found in I900...............000005 165 COM cc ppaerewrer tha ce Eee? Sean 64% wale 36 ER ASR Ree Te ee a eles ee 169 Subsea Ce kmraeael SION Ss iO i eo las bes SRY weld He £dlo b whet be 0 es ome ck 169 Quartz fragments and chippings from the mar beds at Latle Palle! : ooo. 2. ils oo eee I7I Re RR eras ss Saas Foie wage SERA bales NAL ng Cah CLG ee ee eed 173 Siar’ Mime SOIR Cy hegre ai ok 5 ss 5 ko oa oA Kees Fe RO Fn 174 Bevionias Farbace Or toe Ceti 1 ATA a) oi og 5 vo ony nw hs he hw ne co Dabok 184 Soul-house of two floors, with chair, couch, and stairway up ) the SiR. ote ts Frontispiece Pottery trays of offerings POL Weare PRG ery See Sp SRS TAR S CKie eA OAR Ra Lee 196 AVE OE Ce Ie on os hak Aw go 6S Rx bE ie abel ab ede os 196 Soulnouse Portico with canopy over Me tank... i rs eek es heb ce 197 Modern cemetery at Rifeh showing serrated walls used 5,000 years ago...............5. 198 Soul-house with couch and stool in back chamber. Bread-maker beneath the stairway.. 199 Soul-house with upper story beginning on the roof and closed door to storeroom below.. 199 Fragments of windows, doorways, and serrated walls of model houses.................. 200 eMMeMRenE SENDER yn cia s Pies SE Roe s 8K aR A BRO ha oe ee 210 Devrect: fOr or Gareee PF Tet. ee a oe ee cia ns EPs cas Venu er NE Riad veka Beate 210 Pee TEGT: FCME Soi es a rh ee se Spa ds POR ta ae ea ee Weis Sp ete seca as 211 Bert Eee ee ON oe ae oo ok ok vs RNa ic Oe he Oe we ne ce Las ere 211 TMNT SOREN SU 5g ca aes 4 bk aS ead 9 8 CR BLS Gi pe bies tle POV sae ee 212 Syreveat SGN OE TRO OE. SG Orc coi ae a ces oOo n ee’ eS ipse oR GR gh 94h Wk ee Oe ue Co ER 213 Me re gy ie ae GAS on oo ba oo fea ess Fa OE a EAE Cake kee 213 Te WORE Be ee os Ge a CaS ohare ao a oo A CO ee ee 214 Peale OF Cire TIPUCe WEN GANAS os Sb oe ns ig we Soo REN hE Oe cB Frontispiece Brtit View Oh COO Ee a i he ae cok ES Oh yd ec ye ace pune a 228 eRe eh ar ey a, Fe a wis s Sesinc s CPE VAS A EWE CERK bb RO 229 Se RE AC OUI ig 8 il sin a os ww AG Cie 5 he tae Ped ve Ea a ee oe 230 Parts Tir See TEE NOE ono sc vals ak eke OS bh Sno eS TAN ohn AREA ee a 231 Pe Se Rave EC ON i eg hive Gag ocd 5 ccnp Cae big GO 0 RMA S SSD WEL ERR 232 Swastika on the cliffs above a Pueblo ruin in Canyon Del Muerto, Arizona............. 236 See Ge Si Eos EE aeR re op cap Maer ear nae a errs SEIT ONE So Meg egy ncn gap roa 245 I RES pg OE nr Neer e ny tener ere PN aha Ths ph yer 246 Peers ee NE, Ch I 8s i a aos Ss Ge pen bso Vd aoe kee ke bees 247 Cea ks ONE Sw, oko phn Pane Churn bined ake cee keg e 247 ea ET A a ev ih ae 6 oo Mis Beech pea Dah eos ¢ 5 hear be 249 Inner walls of the doorway ............. sec eee ee cee ete eee e eee eee eee e teen ences 249 emer ih Re OY ik isis 5 0 92 oe 8G eae bc cep heed a) WES Odes ede Kee t ses Wel mas 249 Figures at the head of the aroceasion Ne ie eh pw cin Fe Re eee Lia 240 er Ole Pt iene sige caeebs cies eames gah y Ge ea ca anche ese cks 250

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ILLUSTRATIONS | vii PAGE Spnmix-guarded door to: the sniall teniple at Hyuk <i oi i oe i on eee oa Se wb nes 251 Re MNNNE RM) EPC i 5 Oo Poe eee Cok GA bs 8 SEE Coes Gb Ra Oe 252 Boghaz-Keuy tablet of ‘products of the PATA DL ISS oo ls 5s Bee ok ah PaaS 253 alee OF Genel as ViewnG fromthe southeast nos Sas Sd Si ik og Bk es Dc HRS 256 eet Ce. SIE, CUTIE & CHSOOE Foo ie sine oa hc EN we ERE ee Fates Canto ah 257 Interior of the old cathedral, showing choir and chancel, with remains of the.east window 259 The old rock—the figure of BE ate oe ee Oe 263 Temple of Castor and Polux at Bacau ont SARE aa fe A on Frontispiece SE aL ONO 0 aio k Sp avid Ce ES WS che ED PEI T OL a CR Frontispiece MN NN as nai k Ga ea Be RNS ed OR aL Oe ec ee ae Frontispiece Watpedra. Campanile “at Palermo... 666i a os 1h wins Cb eivinna eats eae hata a se Frontispiece SNE A CMBONERE 50865 9s gi wks ONG foo Rie keh fede a PE i a 277 Palermo Cathedral ..... Picky GER Ee SOY Sah Awe Ee as Es a 277 A TORMLETS 400. PAONIUORIE isos ici ciicad icae tances Digs ih Mey oie ad ee ee ee ea 277 PAU WE NMER Se els iS oh sees Lees oC Sk dips 5 Oe ota as Pa kone wat ae ea 277 AA TRON ey 5 eo Sisk Soi Pe is Boi oo a Le eas Lee ea is ee eee 279 Temple Ruins at Selinus ............ SR ce OK ay Mik t PREY eae ER ed oe 280 SIE BY QOUNGN Lee ee aa Sh whee ein ereats GEE Y Mugs ay ed TRE TE Ra 280 Copal ee coum, Lemole G: at Selinus oo ie yas A. RAG Bl ir oo Vie Ow A Mend wee 280 Temple of Hercules at Girgenti .............. WEN OUI , Cakes Coes ee Ranvig ts hw 280 ARNE SOE eR oa ne gi eie wnlg OS aS EF 4B LO Ue a a LE 281 Giant of Zeus at Girgenti ............ EE hae Ook Es ES A wee DL ee 281 SUtETIOE Gr ce carpal st Syria 3. SE pce cot Oe es Pee ae oe 281 Fount of Arethusa at Syracuse ............ Se kilg hile a aihed pies PET EAS eT are 281 WOES Par CATES “Sk Soy F RCN eos. i SS al bk VE Sn ho Bs BE he Re a Re 283 ree 2 meee. At Mer ehmetee ee ge ene eek cane eh io bee ea foe high dant cnt Gee 283 Stone-quarries at Syracuse ..... Ny Leia ere Reads weak TEEN SE bee bas De Ce ee 283 AE Oe I) XE POO ee es ee ng LE Fb Va ere at wi A de Ew oe oo 283 FROG Peres LO. WATE rie Pe oo a hs ees 2b he a oO TR oi 285 Hage Fy ai on Dom: Till; Missouri, TOGuINe SOREN .6o ds oo ss Se he cep cs bx Maa pe aceon 280 Implement from Dug Hill, Missouri. Actual size. View of Front and imperfect edge.. 2y1 EEC RRIRA SSO io gig 25 os Oo eae oa ee SS Cac ah soe CLM DE ga bere aes ee 292 Profile of Roman Portrait Head ........ Boao He ik ios Fi ee i a a ee ae 203 PROT URGE SAMO oi oa oo oe he yor Chas Yves PE Eee ote Sw ee TE eT a RN ee ; 204 Roman Statue at Vassar ....:...... PEEVE LG. CMe a GAT Sd ois VW es onl a aA tae hee 2905 Me INN EG ROOOLE ose 69 Sw wigan Fis ORE PELL cs sine Fp Gh Die EN wa ek Cae tae ewe ne 206 rane, soowmer memod ot. lroiding Papyrus Rolls, vic. 0 6 oss es ick ideas cok cv ehne ny ads 207 Clay Model of Sheep’s Liver, with divination text of the period of Hummurabi (c. 2000 Be ee ip 5 She VEO EL Lae CLT iw RPE BS AAA TORT AE OO he nk ee Ve ae Frontispiece Omen Text with Illustrations of hepatic duct of the Liver, prepared for Instruction in tite 5 tile “SChOGle OF ADH ION iis 5 ios soe aw vs 0 oe de re ON ee OS pa eek as 309 Bronze Model of Liver found near Piacenza, in 1877. Used in Etruscan divination c. We Pra Be Noes a lea Ge Ws hic cee 0k wah FR EER i be CLEET era Cee 31 Omen Text with illustration of various forms of the finger-shaped appendix of the cine Sage | SRR ice irae py re ec et vaase as Sak I CRN LS 7 ONCE MUR ges eg righ, ag Si ata en ter Sip Of Ceuta 313 An Official’s report of the examination of a Sheep’s Liver ...............c cece cee cenes 315 Omi: Copueet Ciena, CRI OTNER O66 oa ick hie hap Ras ve 9 Oo ORE ea ae 310 Section of Mound No. 16, at East Dabugue, Te. See e ea ba Ce pa AE ee EES 320 Section of the Grave of Dubuque and Peosta, ges chief Of the: Poets. co oi os ieas 321 Bions OF ihe Damasery: at vandaneUune oe os ok Ss GS ye ree he Notre ye 325 Bete GE Te. re RE OR IDES SER Ao 1 nc ev de ek POU ES oe Re ae 327 Ruins of the Mil-i-Kasimabad, near Zahidan at Seyistan ........... 0... cece ee eee eens 328 Documents on wood from Niya River site and Khadaluck........... 0... ccc eee eee wees 330 Half-opened ancient grave of poplar posts on the edge of the zone of gravel, near the WE SL IAUTOR 0 Soo Fa Fd eee b OS CAE OS Ao ey ee oad bade ES VEEL ee eens ss 331 An aqueduct near Timgad, constructed by the Romans and restored by the Arabs....... 3241

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CLAY MODEL OF SHEEP’S LIVER, WITH DIVINATION TEXT OF THE PERIOD OF HAMMURABI (C. 2000 B. C.)-

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RECORDS tHe PAST VOL, VI PART XI BI-MONTHLY NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1907 fob sb THE LIVER IN BABYLONIAN DIVINATION URING the past two years there have appearéd in the scien- tific journals of America and Germany series of articles on liver divination, resulting from the researches of Prof. Morris Jestrow, Jr., of the University of Pennsylvania. Es- pecially valuable and full is the statement of this subject (Vorzezchen und Deutungslehre), in his Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens (10 & I1 parts), which is a rewritten and enlarged edition of his English work on the same subject—practically a new work. Instead of prepar- ing a general review of this important publication for the readers of RECORDS OF THE Past, it occurred to me that a presentation of the results of Professor Jastrow’s researches in connection with the liver in Babylonian divination, not only as they appeared in this work, but also in other scientific publications, would be preferable; and with this end in view the following summary of a general paper on the subject read by him before different societies is offered. _ There were chiefly two methods employed by the Babylonians and Assyrians for the purpose of divining the future or ascertaining the will of the great gods, the one through the observation of the position and movements of the heavenly bodies—sun, moon, planets, and stars; the other through the inspection of the sacrificial animal. 1Die Religion Babyloniens unde Assyriens. Von Morris Jastrow, Jr. Published by Alfred Topelmann, Giessen. | |

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308 RECORDS OF THE PAST Both methods rested on an-underlying theory, the recognition of which enables us to understand the persistent hold which both meth- ods had upon a civilization that extended over thousands of years. The theory underlying the observation of.the heavens was the beliet that occurrences on earth were paralleled in the heavens. ‘Therefore, if one could read the signs of the heavens, one had the key to an un- derstanding of what was happening and what was going to happen on earth. | se In the case of the inspection of the sacrificial animal, it may now be regarded as certain that the one organ which the Babylonian augurs observed was the liver, and that on the theory, for which abundant evidence is now forthcoming, that the liver was the seat of the soul and of life in general. Life being, according to the universal idea in antiquity, the gift of the gods, the liver thus became the organ of divine revelation. Through it the gods, as it were, communicated their purposes to men. If one could understand what the liver of the animal set aside for being offered up to the gods indicated, one had the guarantee of having, as it were, a peep into the workshop of the divine. Starting with this theory, Professor Jastrow has shown that liver divination, or hepatoscopy, developed in the course of time into an elaborate science with more or less definitely defined sets of rules and governed by principles which, though they would not be regarded as scientific in our age, were yet followed with that consistency which marks the application of scientific principles in modern branches of in- vestigation. The two main principles underlying the system of liver divination may be said to be, first, association of ideas, and second, association of words. In liver divination the first step was to carefully note all the signs to be observed on the liver of the freshly slaughtered animal, gener- ally a sheep. These signs included not merely the appearance of the various lobes of the liver, but any peculiarities to be noted in regard to the gall-bladder, the cystic and hepatic ducts, the portal vein, and more particularly the two appendixes attached to the upper or cau- date lobe of the liver. Of these appendixes one which is finger-shaped and was known among the Babylonians as the “finger” of the liver, played a particularly prominent part in hepatoscopy; and it is interest- ing to note that among the Greeks and Romans, this same part of the liver appears with equal prominence in the system of divination which the Greeks and Romans received from the Etruscans. Professor Jastrow illustrates this with a diagram of a seep’ S liver, as showing the various parts of the liver observed by the Baby- lonians and Assyrians, together with the names of these parts and the cuneiform characters by means of which they were written. Great. significance was also attached to the variegated markings to be found on the liver, which, due to various causes, were at times designated as holes or roads, and again fantastically compared with various kinds

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THE LIVER IN DIVINATION 309 K 219 + 2095 and, K 4069 OBVERSE SEL Tor SERT ok CE I ET RE CS Bee ORT ett ok AL heyy ee Ae ar <PF LAr CER <P OTF wr A Or ie CE eer EIT PF BITE GAY OMY FOF gBTI ot CELE <A BSc Bem F< OF firm OIE AF A BT pe BE in RPO ELEN nt BEE me ed < CE CET OMIT Por ert CED ee ERT OL OR & A AY ey LINE GET MTT pipet HE IE bee re om SAT To ato“ ae wet Took pen ot | RSET ANT Poo pent og REPRE ST [Fr eS ST Free EGE BS Ge Me oar | BEES fae Te tr <P gE SP Tee OTT Te eM: || RR ONT ET et | SEF OAT TBF ited er Ee -- Ef sl ( 2 | ool Sea — = | ae oe — f BETS tek Tm wet < | BEES Ge Tem <P ED re IR OTT 4 mT FR OE YE I TB er oT OF SGT TE JET GE IL Ae Tete AT ™ < OTE OTT oe oe re BE OE Oe US RF Or LON ott eee wEpiakctaaty sgthe.. cue <F-4F SET TF RE vet’ SP ie. ey nus SS Ce eer ome we TT te ——— ) OF Seo ~<A i ee A Ce rs. «OR a-Si ee om FRE ——-) OS FoF rare rr Ki 5 ——]— oF RF nT TR« TT m< WATTS oo Te eae NT ITT Be ot 4 Obese of kis 3, Aare | ee ere Pe eter of oF hase See a proseting plote 4 pe ——_ FSS a ‘s “SF OTT We ET TTR 1S “apes AEM Bo . | a: 2a OMEN TEXT, WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE HEPATIC DUCT OF THE LIVER PREPARED FOR INSTRUCTION IN THE TEMPLE SCHOOLS OF BABYLONIA of weapons. Pathological phenomena on the liver were alse noted, and since diseases of the liver are common among sheep in a marshy district, like the Euphrates Valley, it is natural to expect that the phenomena noted by the Babylonian priests should represent largely pathological symptoms. After all the signs and peculiarities on the liver had been noted, the second step, leading to the interpretation, had to be taken. Asa guide for the priests called upon to explain the meaning of signs noted in the case of a sacrificial animal, large collections of omens were made, based in part on past experience in which the meaning of each and every omen was carefully indicated. The chief point was, of course, to determine in each case whether the omen was favorable or unfavorable.

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310 RECORDS OF THE PAST Since liver divination was resorted to largely for official purposes by the kings upon starting out on expeditions, or during the course of a military campaign, it is natural to find that the interpretation of omens bore primarily upon affairs of state, but it was a compara- tively simple matter to adapt the application of the omens to any particular purpose for which the priest was consulted, whether of a public or a private character. The interpretation rested, as be- fore indicated, chiefly on association of ideas and association of words. If, for example, the gall-bladder was swollen on the right side, it was looked upon as an indication that the king’s power would be enlarged. The right side among the Babylonians as among most peoples, was the good side, and the left, the bad side. Therefore, if the gall-bladder was swollen on the left side it portended something that would be of advantage to the enemy, but not to yourself. Again, if the cystic duct was long it was interpreted as an omen that the days of the one mak- ing the inquiry would be lengthened out, or in the case of the king that he would have a long reign. Frequently, a pun or play upon the word describing the sign would form a sufficient basis for the inter- pretation. Thus, the word meaning to shine in Babylonian also means to be happy. Therefore, if a certain part of the liver was “brilliant” in its coloring, it was on the basis of this play interpreted as pointing to the happiness of the individual, the king, or of his armies. Numerous illustrations taken from the omen texts are given by Professor Jastrow. He emphasizes, as a proof of the stronghold that this method of divination of the future had upon the Babylonians, the circumstance that we actually have among the tablets of the famous royal library at Nineveh, collected by King Ashurbanapal (668-626 B. C.), specimens of omens employed by Babylonian and Assyrian rulers from the days of Sargon, about 3000 B. C., down through the days of the Assyrian Empire to the last king of Babylonia, Nabonidus, who reigned from 555 B. C. until the conquest of the city of Babylon by Cyrus in 539 B. C. Professor Jastrow also shows the great similarity between the Babylonian hepatoscopy and that which the Greeks and Romans fol- lowed. As is well known, the hepatoscopy of both the Greeks and the Romans rests upon the example of the Etruscans. A remarkable monument, found in 1877, near Piacenza, turned out to be a model of a liver in bronze, which shows the same general characteristics as _aclay model of a liver with a Babylonian inscription obtained by the British Museum some years ago, and which was found near Bagdad. The Babylonian model dates from about 2000 B. C., that of Piacenza, from about the II or III century B. C. From the Greek and Latin writers further evidence is forthcom- ing, which shows a similarity between the Etruscan and Babylonian methods that can hardly be accidental. Among the Etruscans, like- wise, it was the liver that was the organ of revelation par excellence.

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2a THE LIVER IN DIVINATION git as Bouché-Leclercq recognized in his great work L’Histotre de la Divination dans Antiquté. The most recent investigations have shown that up to a comparatively late period, the liver alone was in- spected by the Etruscans and Romans, while other parts of the animal like the lungs, heart, and intestines were only introduced into divina- tion lore when they presented abnormal phenomena. It was the liver, however, which at all times served as the most important, and, in fact, as the essential medium for determining what the gods had in store for the state, for the ruler, or for the ordinary individual. The possibil- ity of a direct relationship between the Babylonians and the Etrus- cans is thus opened up through this curious subject of hepatoscopy. BRONZE MODEL OF LIVER FOUND NEAR PIACENZA, IN 1877. USED IN: ETRUSCAN DIVINATION Cc. II CENTURY B. C. Outside of the Babylonians and Etruscans, hepatoscopy is found also among people living in primitive conditions, like the natives of Borneo, who to this day on all important occasions when the future is to be divined, sacrifice a pig and inspect the liver, noting precisely the same phenomena, including the markings of the liver, that attracted the attention of the Babylonian priests. The conclusion to be drawn, therefore, is that liver divination is a primitive rite that survived among highly civilized people like the Babylonians and Etruscans, because it was developed into a pseudo-science through the persistent efforts and the ingenuity of the priests. Another factor in accounting for the persistence of its stronghold is the belief upon which it rests that the liver is the seat of the soul. This belief gradually gave way to the later view, which placed the

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312 RECORDS OF THE PAST seat of life and of the soul in the heart, while a third stage is repre- sented in the more scientific view which assigned to-the brain the most important functions connected with the consciousness of life. In Babylonian hepatoscopy we have no trace of the second stage; it rests clearly upon the earlier belief in the liver as the seat of life. In Greek and Roman divination, as already intimated, in later days, under the influence of the second stage, the heart and other organs — were also introduced. While the third stage is not represented in any religious rite, it is interesting to note that it also found its ex- pression in a pseudo-science which still survives at the present day, namely, phrenology, which in its essence is merely the application of hepatoscopy to another organ supposed to be capable of furnishing a revelation of otherwise hidden knowledge. As an illustration of the interpretation given to the various signs noted on the liver, a translation is appended,—taken from the eleventh part of Professor Jastrow’s work,—of the report given to Nabonidus, the last king of Babylonia, who ruled from 555 to 539 B. C., of the result -of the inspection of the liver of a sacrificial animal—a sheep— made in connection with the king’s inquiry of the gods Shamash and Adad, whether it was in accordance with the will of these deities who are the gods of divination par excellence that the king should, on a certain day of a certain month, begin the restoration of Sin’s temple at Harran. No less than 17 signs are noted, together with their inter- pretations as follows: “If the left side of the gallbladder is tight, through thee the death of the enemy. — “Tf the processus pyramidalts (1. e., the finger-shaped appendix at one end of the caudate lobe), is well preserved, —— will go well with the sacrificier—he will enjoy a long life. If a lymphatic gland is to the left of the processus pyramidalis and the processus papillaris (1. e., the smaller appendix at the other end of the caudate lobe) is large (?) —my safety against the enemy. If the processus papillaris is wide—joy of heart. “Tf there is a ‘club’ (i. e., a marking on the liver fantastically com- pared to a weapon of some kind) to the left of the processus papil- laris—my army will do violence to the enemy’s host. “Tf in front of the bag (of the gall-bladder), there are two pro- nounced ‘clubs’ to the right, known as ‘mighty storm’ (i. e., a double marking resembling the weapon of one of the gods that bore the name of ‘Mighty Storm’), then those who formerly hated will love, in place of hostility there will be reconciliation, the gods Sin and Shamash will protect my army and subdue the enemy, the gods alla angered will be favorably disposed. If the points of the gall-bladder are turned to the right—appoint- ment (1. e., the appointment to an office may be safely mace)... “tt at ‘the head of the cystic duct there is a ‘club’ and the cystic duct is tight, if, furthermore, the mags of the gall-bladder is smaller

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THE LIVER IN DIVINATION 313 on the right side and there is an incision vee dias lower and the upper points of the processus pyramidalis, and if the upper surface (of the processus pyramidalis) moves to and fro, the victory of my army will be complete, the suitor will gain his cause against his op- ponents. If the upper part of the back of the liver protrudes on the right side, and if a liver-fluke has pierced the middle—the protector of the fame of my army will overthrow the strength of the enemy’s army. “Tf the upper part (of the processus pyramdalis) moves to and fro, and if the lower edge rides over the depression (1. e., the grove under the processus pyramidalis), and if the upper point of the liver (1. e., of the processus pyramidalis), is TENS on the right side— joy of my army. OMEN TEXT, WITH ILLUSTRATION OF VARIOUS FORMS OF THE FINGER- SHAPED APPENDIX OF THE CAUDATE LOBE “If there is a lymphatic gland to the right of the liver-mass— salvation.” It will be observed that the interpretations do not bear on the inquiry at all, but that was not essential. The important point was to ascertain whether a certain sign was a favorable or an unfavorable one. In order to determine this the scribes of Nabonidus had re- course to the extensive collections of omens and their interpretation gathered on clay tablets for the temple and school archives, partly on the basis of actual experience, and partly based on the application of the principles underlying the Babylonian system of hepatoscopy to hypothetical cases. \What Nabonidus lays before us, therefore, are ex- tracts from these collections in which the signs observed correspond to those noted on the occasion specified in the inscription, while the in- terpretations which belong to ied different inquiries and represent

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314 RECORDS OF THE’ PAST the answer to such inquiries made at one time or the other, are added as an indication merely, whether the sign is favorable or unfavorable. All the signs noted are, in fact, favorable, and hence the conclusion to be drawn from the liver inspection was that the gods approved of the day set aside by the king for eee the restoration of the ee in question. The general principles governing the interpretation of the signs noted can be seen from this example. The right side is the lucky one, the left the unlucky one. A firmly fastened gall-bladder points to a strong grip of something, since the left side represents the enemy. The circumstance that the gall-bladder is tight on the left side prog- nosticates that the enemy’s army will be firmly clutched by the king’s army. A well-preserved part of the liver points to well-being, and similarly, the broad surface of such a subdivision. Markings or “clubs,” on the right side, are favorable signs pointing to success in war or to the general good will of the gods, and so forth. On all important occasions, recourse was had to “liver” divina- tion in.order to assure one’s self of the approval of the gods for any undertaking whatsoever, or in order to ascertain what the outcome of any event would be—military expedition, sickness, journey, and the like, as the case might be. In the official archives of Babylonian and Assyrian rulers the re- ports of the priests were deposited and we are fortunate in possessing a considerable number of such reports. One of these dating from the Cassite period, was found at Nippur by the expedition of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, the text of which I published in my Docu- ments from the Temple Archives of Nippur, dated in the reigns of the Cassite Rulers (Philadelphia, 1906. Plate 3, No. 4). It represents a report sent to King Burnaburiash II (c. 1350 B. C.), in reply to an inquiry whether a certain “pious act’—perhaps the building of a sanc- tuary—in honor of Marduk, who had been angry, but who was now reconciled, would be acceptable to the god. The report begins with the announcement of the decision. Professor Jastrow’s researches have enabled him to sesh ait this difficult text, a translation of which follows: “The pious act of Marduk, as a rite tie the appeased god—let him carry it out.” There follows the justification for this favorable decision on the basis of the signs observed on the liver of the sacri- ficial sheep, as follows: “A ‘place’ is there (1. e., there is a marking on the liver known as a ‘place’), the hepatic duct is destroyed the ‘good mouth’ (the designation of the junction between the cystic duct and the common bile duct), is normal, the portal vein is normal, the lymphatic gland is there, the gall-bladder is tight on the right side, the right side of the processus pyramidalis is torn away, and the split at the rent made, is deflected above and below, the upper surface (sc. of the proces-

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THE LIVER IN DIVINATION 315 AN OFFICIAL’S REPORT OF THE EXAMINATION OF A SHEEP'S LIVER sus pyramidalis), rides over the depression (below the processus pyramidalis), the base of the caudate lobe is sunk a liver-fluke is com- pletely severed. Twelve signs of the sheep let him examine and send to Dur-Kuri-Galzu.” Dur-Kuri-Galzu—presumably near Nippur—is the official resi- dence of the king to which the report was sent. There are a number of signs which are clearly unfavorable, such as the “destroyed” hepatic duct, the “torn” processus pyramidalis, and the like. In such cases a second sheep was sacrificed and another in- spection made. The second inspection is added and this apparently turned out favorably, and the report ends with the date. ‘‘Month lyyar (i. e., 3d month), 12th day, 11th year of Burnaburiash in Nippur.”’ Professor Jastrow’s researches are not without their bearings on the Old Testament. That the ancient Hebrews also at one time believed the liver to be the seat of the soul follows from certain passages in the Old Testament, upon which we can not dwell in detail here. They must also have known of the Babylonian rite which played so promi- nent a part in the cult as to give one the impression that the main purpose of sacrifice among Babylonians and Assyrians was to ascer- tain the will of the gods through the inspection of the livers of the ani- mals slaughtered.

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310 “RECORDS OF THE. PAST The Pentateuchal regulations are full of protests against the cus- toms of the nations by which the Hebrews were surrounded—pro- tests against sorcery and magic, against eating meat from the living animal, against taking interest, against marrying near relatives, and more the like. It would appear that these codes also contain an im- plied protest against Babylonian divination through the liver. In no less than 10 passages in the Pentateuch (Ex. xix: 13, 22; Lev., iti:4, 10, 15}; vil:4; vill:16, 25; 1x:10, 19), the ordinance is found provid- — ing for the burning of part of the liver of a sacrificial sheep, which is ordinarily translated “the caul above the liver.” This part is to be burned 1n the case of sin offerings and of guilt offerings, as well as of peace offerings, although the rest of the liver itself is permitted to be eaten. Now, a number of years ago, Prof. George F. Moore, of Harvard University, showed that the Hebrew term, literally “that which hangs over the liver’ referred to the finger-shaped appendix of the caudate lobe. The Greek translation—known as the Septuagint— so renders it, as do the ancient Jewish authorities who describe the ap- pendix as the “finger’’ of the liver—the very same term which oc- curs in Babylonian hepatoscopy. | To the question, therefore, why this piece of the caudate lobe should be burned, Professor Jastrow suggests as the answer that it is intended as a symbolical protest against the use of the liver for divina- tion purposes. The Hebrew idea of sacrifice is that of tribute to Je- hovah, but since the rite of sacrifice is not peculiar to the Hebrews, being, in fact, widespread in antiquity, the thought of emphasizing the Hebrew conception against other conceptions that were current would naturally be present in the minds of the Hebrew lawgivers and compilers of the codes. Had these lawgivers desired to be perfectly consistent they would have ordered the entire liver to be burnt. They contented themselves, however, with the order to burn that portion of it which played so prominent a part in hepatoscopy that among the Greeks it was called “the lobe” par excellence, and among the Romans, “the head of the liver,’ while in Babylonian divination it is likewise one of the most prominent, if not indeed the most prominent sign noted. Through the burning of this part of the liver, therefore, the warning was brought home to the people in connection with sacrifices of animals, not to di- vert the rite into a means of divination. There are other phases of this interesting subject that could be touched upon, such as the bearings on the early history of animal anat- omy, but what has been brought forward here will suffice to illustrate the wide scope of Professor Jastrow’s researches and their importance in not only throwing a new light on a wide series of ancient religious customs, but in furnishing an understanding of hundreds of cunei- form texts hitherto obscure. ALBERT T. Cray. University of Pennsylvania.

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ADOLF FURTWANGLER DOLF FURTWANGLER, the best-known classical archz- ologist of the day, died in Greece suddenly on October 12. He was born in Freiburg, Germany, on June 30, 1853. . After graduating from Munich University in 1876, he im- mediately began his remarkable career as classical acheologist by an appointment to the Imperial German Institute, first in Italy, and then in Greece. At the excavations at Olympia he was present, and in 1878 he was actually in charge of this tremendous enterprise. In 1879 he was called to the University of Bonn, and in the next year to the Royal Museum in Berlin, where he left a few years later to ac- cept sole charge of the Glyptothek in Munich, and to fill the profes- sorship of classical archeology. In 1901, without relinquishing his ' other positions, he began excavations in Aigina and Orchomenos. Professor Furtwangler’s first publication, Pliny and His Sources Concerning Ancient Art, appeared in 1877. Since then hardly a year has passed without books or articles issuing from his inspiring pen. The best known are: Bronzges from Olympia (1880), The Gold Finds of Vettersfelde (1883), The Vases in the Antiquarium of the Royal Museum m Berlin (1885), The Collection Sabouroff, a monumental publication, 1883-1887; Mycenaean Vases (1886), Olympia, Results of the Excavations, Vol. . IV (1890); Masterpieces of Greek Sculp- ture (1893), Copying Statues in Antiquity (1896), Catalogue of Vases in the Old Pinakothek, Munich (1896); Intermezzi, and His- torical Studies (1896), Art Gems in the Berlin Museum (1896), Col- lection Sornzée (1897), Original Antiquities in Venice (1898), New Monuments of Ancient Art (1900), Ancient Gems, and History of Gem-cutting nm Antiquity, an epoch-making publication of astonishing learning and wisdom (1900); Catalogue of the Glyptothek, Munich (1900), and more recently his publications of the excavations in Greece and Orchomenos. This list takes no account of his contribu- tions to the publications of learned societies. Adolf Furtwangler was an inspiring teacher. His wonderful mind grasped the minutest details and his equally remarkable memory stored them for ready use, but he had breadth of vision—discerned es- sentials. He knew his subject as no other. He was at home in every museum, in Boston as well as St. Petersburg; in Rome and Athens and Madrid, and all the public and private galleries of England. He knew the literature of his subject in its many ramifications, but his _ knowledge was essentially not book knowledge. He was kind and helpful to the beginner, but almost cruelly impatient of the mistakes of older men. He was, therefore, often attacked, and while he entered

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318 RECORDS OF “THE PAST manfully into the feuds forced upon him, he generally bore himself with dignity. ; 3 .His untiring activity, his spirited writings, his eager and per- sistent search for more light on ancient art, his enthusiastic lectures, his versatility, and even at times his mistaken guesses as to the iden- tity of statues, brought life into a study which was threatened with the death of self-sufficient acceptance of traditions. Until Furt- wangler came one did not know how much there was still to learn of ancient art. | : His admirers, and they are legion, believe that there never was and never can be a man of such learning in a special field, and of such inspiring personality as Adolf Furtwangler. And even his profes- sional opponents, while disputing this or that theory, call him a great man. Europe and America have suffered a great loss in his death. Those who knew him and loved him are comforted at the thought that death claimed him in Greece, eager to the last to spread light over the scattered remains of antiquity. By his death, as well as by his whole life, he taught the nations to love and revere the memories of the glorious past of Greece and Rome. ( EDMUND von MaAcH. fp + MOUND-BUILDERS OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY HEN we make a comparison of the burial mounds in the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys with those found in the Ori- ental countries we are led to the conclusion that the cus- tom of burial of the dead and rearing a mound over them has prevailed for many centuries, and been quite universal on both continents, and that it has been practised by the Indians who lived in this immediate neighborhood to within comparatively recent years. As to the origin of the native tribes and peoples of America, as they were found at what we call the discovery of America, it was plainly to be seen that they did not all spring from the same primeval stock, but that different colonies reached the New Continent at various times from different parts of the earth, and the influx of human wanderers added to those already here and intermingled with them. This we can judge from the diversity of language, different degrees or kinds of civiliza- tions, and above all, the mounds and other architectural structures they have left to tell us of the different races that have occupied this continent in bygone times. Whence they originally came is hard to say with any degree of certainty. One of the natural routes on the side of the Pacific is Behring Strait, only about 20 miles across, we can easily see how even primitive man could have been conducted or

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MOUND-BUILDERS 319 POMO COUNCIL CHAMBER, CALIFORNIA cast across so short a distance, and it is more than probable that Behring Strait has been a channel of frequent migration from one continent to the other. The Japanese claim early settlement along the coast of Southern California, Mexico, and Central America, and no doubt there were many different and successive shoals of invaders. Not having any more direct record of the many invasions, which no doubt have occurred from time to time from this source, let us consider such evidences as may be at hand and make a comparison of similar conditions that have existed in times gone by, and as we find them to exist on both sides of the Pacific Ocean, and see if we can find a con- nection with or a remote relationship between the Orientals; Chinese, or Japanese, the Chukchee of Behring Sea, and still farther north, with those on this side of Behring Strait, Alaska, and the North American Indian. Let us trace them down the American side along the Pacific coast to Mexico and Central America, then across the nar- row strip of land to the Gulf of Mexico to the mouth of the Mississippi River, then up that stream as far as St. Anthony’s Falls, as well as up the Ohio River as far as Pittsburg. I have in mind many things that point to similarity of ancient customs, particularly in the ceremony and burial of their dead, and the building of mounds over them, so very many of which are found along both sides of the streams, and on the high cliffs all along the Missis- sippi and Ohio Valleys. A recent writer has stated that he had dis- covered among the Chukchee of Asia, near Behring Sea and still farther north, a striking resemblance in size and features, as well as in language and customs to the Alaska and North American Indians. That their hieroglyphics, their totems, and many other things were very similar, and that he felt very sure that a relationship could be traced.

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320 RECORDS OF THE’ PAST Commencing with the Orientals for comparison, we quote from an article on an Ancient Manchurian Tomb at Mukden. “In this province of the Chinese empire all graves are alike, the ac- tual final resting place of an emperor not differing essentially from _ that. of the humble coolie. All are mounds of earth, the difference in height indicating the difference in quality. All the grandeur of the imperial tombs at Mukden is expended on the entrances and outer courts. This grave of Chin is but a mound of lime-white earth, sur- mounted by a tree to mark it.” Compare this Mound of Mukden, with © the mound in Adams County, Ohio, and see the striking similarity; also note that the same custom and ideas prevailed among the Indians SECTION OF MOUND NO. 16, OF EAST DUBUQUE, ILL. of this immediate neighborhood concerning the building of the mounds, that the higher they built the mound the farther they car- ried the earth or other material, and the more laborious it was to construct the same, the higher they considered the respect paid to the dead. [The tombs of the Ming dynasty, northwest of Pekin, show similar mounds of earth over the actual tomb, while the approach to the mound is very elaborate. See REcorps oF THE Past, Vol I, The Ming Tombs, pp. 99-107.—Ep1Tor. | Mounds had also another significance; they were sometimes built and used as Subterranean Council Chambers. The Pomo tribe build a strange looking mound, the remarkable thing about which is that it

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MOUND-BUILDERS | 321 is hollow, and contains a large room, the floor of which is many feet below the level of the ground. The room is a subterranean Council Chamber in which the wise men and warriors of the Pomo tribe in California hold their pow wows to decide important questions relating to the public warfare. There is a square hole or scuttle, through which access to the interior of the mound is obtained, a ladder being used for descending. In Mound No. 16, excavated on the top of the high hills here at East Dubuque, IIl., was found such a subterranean chamber built with stone walls and timbered, in which were seated around in a circle, 11 SECTION OF THE GRAVE OF DUBUQUE AND PEOSTA, THE CHIEF OF THE FOXES skeletons facing each other, with their feet toward the center, 8 earthen pots being deposited there. In excavating for the foundation for the monument erected over the grave of Julien Dubuque, the first white settler on the bank of the river here, and pioneer lead miner of the West, in the erection of which the.writer had an important part, we found this mound prac- tically what might be termed 3 stories high, that is to say, there were 3 burials, at different times, the mound having been built higher each time, and finally when the ‘United States Government first allowed the white settlers to occupy the ground on this side of the river, about the

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322 RECORDS OF -THE PAST year 1832, there was found a hut built over all this with a stone wall and a roof. In this were seated 2 more skeletons, facing toward the east. . Julien Dubuque, in honor of whom this monument [see frontis- piece, August number, 1906, REcorRDs OF THE Past] was erected on the exact spot_where he was buried by the Indians, was a French Canadian, who settled here in 1788. He lived with and was adopted by the Muskwakies of the Foxes at the “Little Fox Village,” on the west bank of the Mississippi River, just below the mouth of the Cat- fish Creek. He was married to the chief’s daughter, named Potosa; the chief’s name was Peosta. He and Julien Dubuque became lifelong friends. When Julien Dubuque died, March 24, 1810, he was buried Indian fashion by the Muskwakies, and a mound built over him. The chief requested to be buried on the same mound with Julien Dubuque; his death followed several years later, about the year 1818. At his funeral he was placed upon the first-named mound in a sitting position and the mound built that much higher. Later 2 more followed in the same way, Potosa, the squaw wife of Julien Dubuque, being on the south side of the mound and somewhat apart from the rest. In the section given in the accompanying view, No. 1, is the skeleton of Julien Dubuque (except the skull), lying full length, facing toward the west, about 8 ft. below and almost under the north wall; No. 2, the Chief Peosta, about 2% ft. farther south and about 2% ft. higher up in a semi-sitting position; No. 1%, the skull of Julien Dubuque, had been taken away from the rest of the skeleton and placed near the head of the chief, probably at the time of the chief’s funeral; No. 3 is the skeleton 6f the squaw Potosa; No. 4 is the flat top catlinite pipe, a similar pattern to those used by the Alaska and Pacific Coast Indians, and by those around Behring Sea. At number 5 are 11 small, fine, sugar-flint arrow-points, all exactly alike. This reminds me of an article I recently have seen in one of the papers, in which the writer said he is an Indian and a scholar, but he says, “the Indians never made the flint arrow and the spear-heads;” he says, “‘the Indians found them here.” It does not seem clear to me that the Chief Peosta could have found 11 such beautiful little flint points all exactly alike, but I rather incline to the idea that they were made for him as something extraordinarily nice and befitting his rank, and that they were made especially for him and during his lifetime. Of course, I can realize that since the Indians were able to get steel points at the blacksmith’s they dropped the manufacture of the more laboriously made and imperfect flint points—just about the same time that our forefathers dropped the flint locks on their guns for the more improved firearms. I have drawn attention before to their oriental custom of ances- tral worship, the things belonging to their dead were not to be used by any other, they were held sacred as belonging to the dead; and this subject was not to be talked about to any foreigner, or perhaps

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EXPLORATIONS IN CENTRAL ASIA 323 not even among themselves. At any rate there have been regular workshops, so to speak, found, where bushels of flint chips could be picked up that were flakes from the making of these points, and from their geological location, it has been determined that they were of comparatively recent deposit. No. 6 is about a half a cigar box full of such chips, of which tradition informs us, “the Indians made yearly visits to this grave, and never failed to drop some small stones into it.” I have these chips just as they were found in the grave and as indicated in the sketch. RICHARD HERRMANN. fof + HUNTINGTON'S EXPLORATIONS IN CENTRAL ASIA* R. ELLSWORTH HUNTINGTON, in his recent book, under the title of The Pulse of Asia, gives the results, both geographical and archzological, of his two expedi- tions to that facinating region of Central Asia bordering the “Roof of the World.” It is the author’s intention to present the geography of the region in its broadest sense, including not only de- scriptions of the physical aspects of the country, of its resources, geology, people, and their industries, but also to show, in so far as possible, the relation which the physical features of the region bear to the inhabitants, their mode of life, customs, and the direct and indirect effect which these conditions of environment have had in determin- ing the present civilization of these various tribes and peoples. For a discussion of geography from this point of view, there is no better area in the world than that traversed by Mr. Huntington, for here everything goes by extremes from depressions below sea-level to the highest plateaus and mountain peaks of the world, from abso- lute desert to well-watered mountain slopes. There is, further, abund- ant evidence of gradual climatic changes which have taken place, and thus increased the range of observations possible in tracing the ef- fect of physical environment on peoples and their civilization. We have space here to consider only a few of the many interest- ing historical and archzological observations recorded in this volume. One striking instance of the climatic changes which have been taking place was observed at Choka, a town situated at the base of the moun- tains southeast of Khotan. This was once the site of a moderate-sized city, which is now insignificant. Dubuque, lowa. According to the natives, the water supply of the ruins came from the Choka Brook, flowing under the ground in the stone troughs of which pieces have been *This article is composed of excerpts and condensed statements from Mr. Huntington’s book on The Pulse of Asia—The Pulse of Asia. A Journey in Central Asia Illustrating the Geographic Basis of History, by Ellsworth Huntington. Illustrated. Houghton, Mifflin and Company. 1907. :

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324 RECORDS OF THE PAST found. ‘To-day the brook is too small to supply so large a town. The water sup- ply can not have come from the Karatash River. To bring it to the ruins, 250 ft. above the stream, would require a winding aqueduct 10 miles long, cut much of the way in the face of almost perpendicular cliffs of red sandstand or of gravel, and carried across the mouth of at least one large tributary’ gorge. Such a piece of work would be out of all proportion to the size of the town, and would be an engineering feat utterly beyond anything, old or new, known to exist in Central Asia. Moreover, if such an aqueduct had ever existed, some traces of it would surely remain, and would be known to the natives. To bring water from the Choka Brook, on the other hand, would be an easy matter. The bed of the brook rises rapidly up the valley; the cliffs soon die out; and within 3 miles of the ruins, water could be led out of the brook and brought to the ruins by means of a sim- ple ditch. ‘The difficulty is that at present the Choka Brook suffices for only 12 families of peasants. <A little water runs to waste in summer when the snow is melting on the Tikelik plateau, but in spring every drop is needed; and in winter the brook is said to dry up completely except for a few small springs. Since the water supply of ancient Choka can not have come from the Kara- tash River, only two alternatives remain: either the Choka Brook was once larger than it now is; or by careful management a little stream, which to-day supports a dozen families of peasants, was made to support 50 times as many families of townspeople, who, of course, would require much less water per individual. The second alternative seems incredible, especially when the scarcity of water in win- ter is considered, but it is impossible to speak positively. It is scarcely probable that with the Chira, Genju, and Pisha Rivers close at hand, any government would have chosen to build the chief walled town of the district on a little brook, which, under the best circumstances, could provide barely enough water for drinking purposes. There is no ground for supposing that part of the brook has been diverted, or that it has grown smaller for any reason other than change of climate. It the climate was somewhat moister, and the brook larger, all difficulty dis- appears. Mr. Huntington further notes as evidence of the change of cli- mate that the present scanty population, now barely able to make a living in the surrounding region, must have been much larger in the past to support a city of the size of ancient Choka, which evidently had from 3,000 to 5,000 inhabitants. For, from its location, it could © have been nothing more than an agricultural distributing station. It is probable that formerly a better supply of rain made pasture more abundant and thus there was supported a large “Kalmuck,” or Mon- gal nomad population, of which there is a generally accepted tradition among the natives. Before leaving this place Mr. Huntington made a detour east- ward to Imamla, concerning which he says: Imamla is the seat of a famous shrine, and I was anxious to visit it because I had heard that the sheikhs had a “tezgireh,” or chronicle, relating the history of Choka. I went to the house of the chief shiekh, a most unpriestly young man, with a merry, boyish air, and two or three wives. As befitted so religious a house, the call to prayer, or some one of the 5 daily prayers, seemed to be in progress most of the time. Even the beggars attached to the shrine would pray for 5 minutes if one gave them a penny. Whenever one of the other 5 sheikhs came to call, he said, “Salaam,” and at once opened his hands in prayer; and of course there were long prayers at meals. One might have thought himself in a mon- astery, if women had not passed through the courtyard now and again. |

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7 EXPLORATIONS IN ‘CENTRAL ASIA 225 RUINS OF THE LAMASERY AT DANDAN-UILIK From The Pulse of Asia, Courtesy of Houghton, Mifflin & Co. The chronicle, which was owned by the sheikh, is said to have been written by one of the scribes of Yusup Khadir Khan Khazi, king of Kashgar, in 1000 A. D., at the time of the death of the Four “Imams,” or “Saints,” from whom the shrine takes its name. The Imams, so the chronicle says, came with the Mohammedan invaders to convert Khotan. As the Khotani “infidels” clung to the Buddhist faith, the four saints, by power of prayer, destroyed the city, then called Khal- khalimachin. Thereupon 12,000 people became Mahommedans, and built the new city of Khotan. Of the remaining pagan inhabitants, 17,000, with Nuktereshid- Chuktereshid, their king, came to Choka, and built the city, whose ruins I discov- ered. Forty years later, the Imams followed them, and naturally were refused admission. A man of Choka, however, who had secretly become a Mohammedan, came out by stealth, and led them to the water supply of the city. As the water flowed in an underground conduit, its exact course was not evident. The Imams prayed for guidance. At once a tree sprouted, grew to maturity, flowered, and produced fruit, a delicate red crab-apple, peculiar to the terrace villages. Know- ing that the tree must grow from the water, they dug a hole, and found the con- duit, and dropped into it a red crab-apple. The apple swirled round and round in the swift stream, and finally was sucked downward. Thereupon the water dried up. The city was forthwith abandoned, the people moving on eastward through Sai-Bagh and Nura to Imamla on the Ak-Sai River. Thither, in course of time, the zealous Imams followed them for the final combat. The pagan king was encamped higher up the Ak-Sai than were the few Mohammedans, and the water which came to the latter was polluted. The Imams dispatched a-pious subordinate, whose fervent prayer caused the Ak-Sai to be diverted eastward into the Kara Su, where part of it still flows. This did not quench the ardor of the pagans, how- ever, for soon after, when the Mohammedans were at their prayers, the host of Nuktereshid fell upon them and killed them all, including the Imams.': Forty, however, came to life again, and returned to Kashgar. They persuaded the king of that country to send some families, who settled Imamla, Sai-Bagh, and: Nura, which, till then, had been inhabited only by nomads. ° ~Nuktereshid and his people moved on southeastward to Polo, which is ‘said to have been:‘an important post; “because it lies on the Kalmuck road from: Yarkand to: Chenchen” 'There’ bias were finally conquered by the Mohammedans. )) 5) r Inept The whole story is full of fantastic so. ea 8 daich dompo scthtlaties, but the main

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326 : RECORDS OF >THE PAST facts are historically accurate. The miracles—such, for instance, as the diversion of the Ak-Sai—are chiefly distorted explanations of real facts. The dates are open to question, for while the chronicle gives 1000 A. D. as the time when Nuktereshid ruled, Bellew gives 1095 A. D. Apparently, Choka was a provincial town in a - district inhabited by nomads, and rose to importance only during the brief space when it became the capital of the Buddhist kings, whom the Mohahmmedans ex- pelled from Khotan about toco A. D. The abandonment of the town was tradi- tionally a withdrawal of the people without fighting because their water supply failed. Of course, the water supply may have been diverted by an enemy, as is said to have been done in the case of the Ak-Sai; but that does not explain where the water went, or why a town was ever founded with so diminutive a water sup- ply as that now available, unless the climate were different. Near Chira, Mr. Huntington began special investigations on the “climate of antiquity,” which he considers in chapter VIII, under the title, Sand-burnied Ruins of Chira. Concerning these, he says, in part: _ The best point for beginning my investigations seemed to be a group of ruins, Uzun-Tetti and others, which lie in the zone of vegetation a few miles north and east of Chira, and another group, Dandan-Uilik and Rawak, which lie far out in the sandy Takla-Makan desert, 50 or 60 miles north of Chira. Stein, the only archeologist who has visited the region, describes Dandan-Uilik, the chief of the ruins, as having been a large town with several religious establishments, either Buddhist lamaseries or temples. It was situated in the midst of an oasis, called Li-sieh, or Litsa. A considerable agricultural population was settled round about, as is shown by numerous remains of ancient irrigation works. Rawak, the niore northerly town of the Litsa oasis, was probably abandoned about 300 A. D., while Dandan-Uilik itself, to judge from the evidence of manuscripts found in the houses, does not appear to have been finally deserted until a little before 800 A. D. “But,” as Stein says, “the striking preponderance of religious buildings * * * suggests the possibility that these local shrines and their small monastic establishments continued to be kept up and visited, perhaps as pilgrimage places, for some time after the rest of the settlement had been abandoned. The condi- tion in which Mohammedan Ziarets [shrines] are now often found beyond the present cultivated area of oasis would furnish an exact parallel.” Stein concludes that “the lands of Dandan-Uilik were irrigated from an extension of the canals which, down to a much later date, brought the water of the streams of the Chira, Domoko [properly Dumuka], and Gulakhma to the desert area due south of the ruins * * * [where] the debris-covered site of Uzun-tati * * * can be proved by unquestionable evidence to have been occupied for at least 5 centuries Ionger. * * * A number of historical as well as topographical observations * * * point to the conclusion that the successive abandonment of both Dandan- Uilik and Uzun-tati was due to the same cause, the difficulty of maintaining effective irrigation for these outlying settlements.” Hedin, on the other hand, believes that this can not be true for Dandan-Uilik and Rawak, of which he was the discoverer ; they must have received water from the Keriya River, which now flows 26 miles east of the ruins, but in ancient times, so he supposes, was diverted to the west. * * * My investigations confirmed Stein’s conclusion, and showed that the water supply throughout the whole region was formerly more abundant than now, and hence that in ancient times the climate must have been different. An account of my journey into the desert will show the reasons for this concen. ~~ = * 3 We spent the first 7 days in circling about in the zone of vegetation. Within a few miles of Dumuka, along the north and south line of a former course of the ‘Dumuka or Ak-Sai River, I discovered the waterless, sand-buried sites of 4 small villages, evidently the ancient Buddhist equivalent of modern Dumuka. The southern site, called by my guide Derevzeh Dung, is unimportant. * * * At

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EXPLORATIONS IN CENTRAL ASIA 327 RUINS OF THE “STUPA”’ AT NIYA RIVER SITE From The Pulse of Asia, Courtesy of Houghton, Mifflin & Co. the next site, Kuk Jigdeh (Green Eleagnus Tree), as well as at Kushkusteh Dung; the one farthest to the north, we found some little clay heads of Buddha and some plaques with typical Buddhist figures, which show that the sites antedated the Mohammedan conquest in the X century. The other site, Khadaluk, appears to have been the center of the old town. In two places we found abundant votive tablets with heads of Buddha, and many fragments of painted plaster and gilded stucco, evidently the remnants of an old lamasery or temple. Apparently here, as at Dandan-Uilik, the most permanent structures, and probably the ones last to be abandoned, were of a relgious character. We also found several Chinese coins, dating from early in our era, some fragments of paper bearing records in Brahmi script, and two pieces of wood covered with the characteristic Kharosthi script of the first three centuries of the Christian era. One of these [B, in the accompanying cut], bears on the reverse side paintings of a camel and other ob- jects. Evidently, the 4 sites just described are parts of an agricultural district at least 4 or 5 miles long, and quite as large as modern Dumuka. The final abandonment of the ruins certainly took place before the Mohammedan conquest in 1000 A. D., and perhaps earlier. About 8 miles north-northwest of Khadaluk, at Payet-Begning-Ilesi or Tetti-Gerim, I discovered another little site, with remains of tamarisk-walled houses, abundant crude pottery, a few beads, and a bit of blue glass, but with nothing by which to date it. The general appearance, the aggregation of the houses, andthe condition of the surrounding vegetation, suggest that the site is at least as old as Khadaluk. Farther west, the ruins of Uzun, Tetti, and Ulugh Mazar proved to be more extensive than appears from previous explorations. From the shrine of Lachinata,- for 5 miles to the northwest to Ulugh Mazar, and thence 6 miles farther to the northeast, I found abundant pottery. There were also other relics of human occu- pation, including the traces of a mud-house, the straw of an old threshing-floor, and even the characteristic pattern of the ditches of ancient melon-fields. The en-

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328 RECORDS OF THE PAST RUINS OF THE MIL-I-KASIMABAD, NEAR ZAHIDAN, AT SEYISTAN From The Pulse of Asia, Courtesy of Houghton, Mifflin & Co. tire appearance was such as to suggest that the site was not abandoned till a later date than Khadaluk. The pottery also pointed to the same conclusion, for, unlike that of more ancient sites, it was wheel made, the ornamental designs were drawn in curves with a stick of several points, and one bit had a green glaze. This con- clusion is confirmed by the historic records of the Mohammedan conquest, and by some coins of the XII and XIII centuries, which Stein found at Ulugh Mazar. It appears that at the time of the Mohammedan conquest, and later, not only was Chira inhabited much as it is to-day, as is proved by early Mohammedan records, but that here, 12 miles to the north, along the line where the Chira river would flow if it were large enough, an equally large area, about 6 miles by 8 in size, was also densely populated. * * * Thus it appears that about 1000 A. D., not only was the total population sup- ported by the rivers larger than it now is, but the streams flowed through the mod- ern villages, where their water is at present entirely consumed, and reached places like Ulugh Mazar, 10 or 15 miles farther north. This could happen only if the rivers were decidedly and permanently larger than now. There has been no diver- sion of the upper waters of the rivers except in the: insignificant and easily prevent- able case of a small part of the Ak-Sai or Dumuka River; and there is not the slightest evidence that the irrigation system of the past was better than that of to-day. The true cause of the diminution of the water supply appears to be that the climate has changed. | It is proverbially unsafe to place much reliance upon legends. Students, however, are more and more recognizing that legendary stories contain a kernel of truth, which can be detected by comparing scientific facts with those details of the stories which would be least likely to be the product of imagination. Therefore, the local legend of the destruction of Kenan or Ulugh Mazar is worth recording. According to Ismail Beg, and the people of Malakalagan, a holy Mohammedan priest came to Kenan one day, long after the driving out of the former Buddhist inhabitants, and found no one at home. Men, women, and children had all gone out to work on the canals. The holy man was hungry and tired. Being accus- tomed to live on the fat of the land, he was irritated at finding the houses shut and

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eee, ee ee Re an ow EXPLORATIONS IN CENTRAL ASIA 329 empty. He offered a prayer, which can hardly be supposed to have been pious, and began to turn a hand-mill standing in a courtyard, whereupon sand rained down from heaven. It ceased to fall when the troubled villagers, having seen it from afar, came hastening home and supplied the good man’s wants. Never- theless, the visitation proved fatal. From that time onward the water supply de- creased, until at last the people of both Lachinata and Kenan abandoned their houses and fields, and moved to old Dumuka and Ponak, which had remained uninhabited since the Buddhist inhabitants fled northward across the desert. A similar legend is found in many other places in Turkestan, apparently because similar events occurred. The rain of sand is often spoken of as if it were the cause of the abandonment of ancient towns. I do not think so, however, because extended observation has convinced me that sand rarely encroaches upon a region until after a decrease in the water supply has caused the death of vegetation. In the Kenan legend it is distinctly stated that the amount of water diminished. The villagers said to me, “You ‘see, what happened to Kenan long ago was like what happened to Dumuka in the days of our fathers. The river dried up.” One other quotation from Mr. Huntington’s book will have to suffice to show the evidence of climatic change and its wide effect on the history and present civilization of Central Asia. In the arid Lop basin, the underground water is so saline that even to-day many tracts cultivated to the present time are being given up as unsuitable for raising the scanty vegetation needed for the flocks of a few villagers. Concerning the region near Niya, Mr. Huntington states: In ancient times conditions were very different. Fifty-seven miles due north of Niya, and 7 miles from the shrine, at the point where the largest floods disappear in the sand and the most northern living populars are found, we came upon the southern houses of an ancient town. Stein believes it to have been aban- doned about 300 A. D. The remnants of the town consist of sites strewn with pottery, the remains of orchards, full of fruit-trees, and the white poplar, a “stupa” or Buddhist shrine of sun-dried brick, and the beams and lower walls of ancient houses, of which I counted 116. The town was large and prosperous. It was inhabited for a long time, as appears from the nature of the ruins, and the size of the trees. Its date is known from coins, and from many documents in the Kharosthi tongue. These are written upon wood, and are found in the various forms shown in the [accompanying] illustrations. Accounts, official orders, memoranda, and letters were written upon strips of wood of va- rious carefully defined shapes. Data to be kept for future reference were recorded on strips like A, E, G, I, and L, which were filed away in rows, or were hung upon strings run through the holes at the pointed ends. The most interesting specimens which I found are C and D, parts of two letters. The communication was writ- ten upon the concave side of a strip such as C; and upon the convex side of a com- plementary strip of exactly the same size. The two were then placed face to face, so that the writing of both was concealed. Next, the address was written upon the outside of the concave sheet of the unique letter. Finally, a string was run through a hole in the concave sheet, and brought around through slots to a square depression such as that of D in the convex sheet. There it was sealed with clay, and stamped with a seal like those of the illustrations on the cover of this volume, and was ready for the postman. * * * Far out in the sand, 6 miles beyond the most remote ruins, I found some bits of slag from furnaces, and two mealing-stones. * * * The guide, old Abdullah, had brought us to see some sort of brick fire-place which he had dis- covered when he visited the place a year before on a treasure hunt. He de- scribed the location with great precision, and led us to a spot where we found traces of his camp, but he could not find the fire-place. We searched in all direc-

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330 RECORDS OF THE PAST tions for two hours; and while he was away, out of sight, I found the stones and the slag, which convinced me that the man had not been lying. * * * The stones and slag which we found, apparently belonged to a time more ancient than the ruined houses. * * * It is possible that it represents a town more ancient than the Niya of the Kharosthi documents, or at least the part of a single town which was abandoned at a very early date, just as Rawak was aban- coned before Dandan-Uilik. The condition of the vegetation agrees closely with that of the ruins. To the end of the present flood channel it is vigorous; a little farther out in the desert among the upper ruins, the great majority of the poplars are dead, but retain their branches, and the half- ‘dead tamarisks form mounds 10 or 20 ft. high: among the main ruins the poplars have been reduced to mere trunks with few or no branches, CORE Ee oe a IE SE RT ; ‘ Win i 4 ah i m 7 4 om 7, * — ¥ RE Ete cweere eke 5 vaca, Sai al: . SP s Se Mate A, E, G, H, DOCUMENTS ON WOOD FROM THE NIYA RIVER SITE. BB, IN- SCRIBED AND PAINTED BOARD FROM KHADALUCK. C, D, WOODEN LETTERS (EPISTLES) FROM THE NIYA RIVER. F, MANUSCRIPT FROM KHADALUCK. 7 From The Pulse of Asia, Courtesy of Houghton, Mifflin & Co. and the tamarisks are largely dead, although a few still survive on mounds 30 ft. high; and finally, from the area of finely comminuted pottery to and beyond the mealing-stones, the poplars are mere stumps 5 or 6 ft. high, or have been broken off by the wind even with the ground, and the tamarisks have practically all per- ished, after, in some cases, forming mounds 50 or 60 ft. high. In concluding the chapter on Keriya and Niya, Mr. Huntington says:

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EXPLORATIONS IN CENTRAL ASIA 331 HALF-OPENED ANCIENT GRAVE OF POPLAR POSTS ON THE EDGE OF THE ZONE OF GRAVEL, NEAR THE KURUK DARIYA From The Pulse of Asia, Courtesy of Houghton, Mifflin & Co. If we suppose that the climate of Central Asia has grown more arid during the period covered by history, all the difficulties [of explaining the abandonment of these cities] disappear. Under less arid conditions, the Niya River would not only be larger, but one or two small streams, which now wither to nothing in the desert to the east, would join it below the modern oasis. The water would be much more free from salt, for a relatively small portion would flow underground. As aridity increased, outlying settlements would be abandoned in the order of their remoteness, and the vegetation around them would gradually die. When the remoter oasis had been deserted, it may have happened that the Niyang of Hwen Tsiang persisted for many centuries on the site of modern Niya. Finally, before © the time of Marco Polo, 1295 A. D., it, too, must have decayed and vanished, per- haps, because of slowly increasing salinity which gradually ruined the fields, as it is now doing once more, after their recovery during a long period of rest. It is, perhaps, not insignificant that in one of the wooden documents found by Stein in the main ruins, “we read that all the ‘Shodhagas’ and ‘Drangadaras,’ evidently local officials of the district, are complaining of the want of water.” We reproduce a,cut of an ancient grave pictured by Mr. Hunt- ington, which is of special interest because of the crude female figure carved in wood which stands at the head of the grave. This grave is made of poplar posts and stands on the edge of the zone of gravel, near the Kuruk Dariya. This carved female figure calls to mind the large number of carved female figures which are found in connection with ancient graves in Southern Russia, as described by Vladimir - Riedel, in RecorDs oF THE Past, Volume V, pages 35 to 39. The few fragments of archeological and historical matter, which we have quoted or referred to, give only a slight idea as to the char- acter of the book. The anthropologist will find an enormous amount of valuable information, and to the student of geography, physiog-

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332 | RECORDS OF THE PAST raphy, and climatology it will read like a novel. However, it is not necessary that you be a student of any of these special lines of research in order to find the volume full of interest, for it 1s specially adapted to the needs of the general intelligent reading public, to whom we gladly recommend it.. ~ FREDERICK BENNETT WRIGHT. fof + PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND T GEZER Mr. Macalister has found a second “high place,” having standing stones like the first, and near this he has found a foundation sacrifice. The stones stand in a row 44 ft. long. The largest is about 18 in. square and over 7 ft. high. The sacrifice was found in a small pit lined with potsherds. Inside were found a few sheep’s bones, the leg-bone of a cow, and the head of a little girl about 2 years old. It is clear that we shall have ere long several “high places” to study in different parts of the country, and at Gezer the fact of infant sacrifice has been fully demonstrated. In both these respects the Scriptures are proved to be true after waiting so long for verification. Mr. Macalister also reports the discovery of a seal, and the old Hebrew letters on it are plain, but the name is not yet certainly read. A new form of the letter Teth is on the seal, which occurs on a jar handle. The most important object in this report is a tablet of the zodiac, and much study will be required to bring out all its details. A Roman bath adds a new chapter to the history, which must some- time be written to tell the whole story of Gezer from its beginning to the Crusades. Professor Sellin made a deviants beginning at Jericho, and deep interest will be felt in the excavation of that place. It is singular that he found at once several clay tablets made ready for writing, but not written upon. Having so well entered upon his work he must cease for a time in order to raise needed money: This seems too bad when a firman is running. Our organization has so far been free from such a loss of time and opportunity. While at Jerusalem Mr. Macalister studied an interesting mosaic near the Protestant cemetery. It contains no inscription, but shows very beautiful work. | — The discussion of Zion continues. It seems that there is no doubt that the, Jews identified Zion with the temple hill, and how the name came in modern times to be fastened on the western hill is a question not yet solved. But may not the name have been originally attached to it and only transferred temporarily to Moriah in Hebrew poetry, which pictured the temple as a kind of citadel? ‘THEODORE F. WRIGHT, nee ae U. S. Secretary. 42 Quincy Street, Cambridge, Mass.

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BOOK REVIEWS THE HISTORY OF BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA* URING the last few years the writings of Dr. Hugo Winckler, of the University of Berlin, have been much discussed by the archzologists and clergy of this country, » so that, although many have read of, but few have actually read his writings on the history of Babylonia and Assyria, and the relation of Bibical history thereto. Under these circumstances it is especially fortunate that we have available an English translation of his book The History of Babylonia and Assyria. We are indebted for this translation to Dr. James A. Craig, of the University of Michi- gan, who has also added many important notes. Doctor Winckler has shown good judgment in the treatment of this subject, having condensed the results of the various Oriental excavators into a single volume without cumbering it with a mass of detail which, although important to the Assyriologist, would pall on any but a specialist in this subject. In some cases, possibly, he has carried this too far and omitted reasons for his statements which even a wayfaring man would like to know. The history of Babylonia is traced from the first peoples of this region of whom we have any knowledge—the Sumerians—to the fall of Babylonia. Of the Sumerians we know almost nothing except their language. However, as they were the “inventors of the cunei- form writing and the originators of Babylonian culture,” their im- portance is evident. “For long after the Sumerian ceased to be a spoken language, when the most varied peoples had settled in the Babylonian plain, and had passed again in turn from the stage of its history, as the old Sumerians themselves had; when the roles of — the different Semitic peoples were ended, when Persians, Mace- dontans, and Parthians’ still ruled there—almost to the beginning of the Christian era—the Sumerian language continued to be cultivated in Babylonia in connection with the sacred cult. * * * Inscrip- tions and religious texts in the Sumerian language have descended to us from the IV millenium B. C.” : He considers that in 3000 B. C. Babylonia reached the zenith of her development, but of this earlier period we know almost noth- ing. From this time on, however, we are able to trace a fairly con- nected history, although there are many gaps to be filled and much additional information is still needed. Most of our knowledge is drawn from “royal that is official reports,’ and these are very unsatisfactory, *The History of Babylonia and Assyria, by Hugo Winckler, Ph.D. Translated by James Alexander Craig, Ph.D., pp. xii, 352. Map. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York.

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334 RECORDS OF THE PAST for “‘in these the king does everything, even when he is no more than a puppet in the hands of his officials.” | , The most interesting chapter of the book, at least to the majority of people, will be that on the Historical Retrospect and Outlook, which closes the first division of the book, that on Babylonia. The spiritual side of the Babylonians, as discussed in that part of this chapter devoted to religion, is worthy of careful consideration, even though his conclusions may not seem satisfactory. It is difficult enough to gain a correct idea of the true religious beliefs of the present generation, but here we have to study this intangible sub- ject from fragmentary records left by either the priesthood or the kings. For the next division of the book—Assyria—we find that there is much more available material and more detailed information, for, as he states, the “rise of Assyria took place in a time upon which the full light of history falls, or which can be illuminated without diffi- culty by the excavations.” The fall of Babylonia was due to the mercenary character of its army, which was the only force which held the heterogeneous parts of the country together. There was no national life or feeling. As- syria’s power, on the other hand, “lay in her army and her people.” These worked together. When she became ‘‘Babylonianized and was ruled over by a military and priestly cast, supported by merce- nary troops, and without a national population, she was doomed to disappear.” By the time of Sargon II, 722 to 705 B. C., Assyria was held together solely by “mercenary troops gathered from all lands and provinces.” ‘These were loyal to the king as long as money and plunder were abundant. From this time on the decline was rapid until the fall, which was followed by the New Babylonian-Chaldean Kingdom, which lasted but a short time, and is briefly treated in the last division of the volume. | The full index to this work is a very important feature, which makes the vast amount of material compressed into the book easily available. Also the short summaries of the kings and the dates of their reigns, so far as our knowledge will permit at the present time, which are scattered through the volume, add greatly to its value. FREDERICK BENNETT WRIGHT. fof + TEMPLE OF LESESEBI.—It is reported that Prof. J. H. Breasted, of the University of Chicago, has discovered a structure called the Temple of Lesesebi. It lies in Nubia, at the foot of the Third Cataract of the Nile, a region isolated by cataracts and wide plains. :

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OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF PAINTING* ANY books on the paintings of the great masters, and the art of different eras, have appeared in the past, but no concise, comprehensive work, such as this volume by Dr. Edmund von Mach, entitled Outlines of the History of Painting from 1200-1900 A. D. In fact, the history of painting from the earliest time is considered, for the /ntroduction is a brief statement of the development, or rather lack of development, of paint- ing as an art prior to 1200. Our knowledge of the earliest paintings, aside from those on vases, which more properly belong to ceramaics, and “colored drawings,” such as we find in Egypt, is very fragmen- tary. The development of the art, as we now understand the term, can truly be said to have begun in the XII century A. D. Doctor von Mach aptly remarks that “if we were to speak of art, not according to periods of history—Egyptian, Greek, early Christian, Renaissance, and so forth—but according to natural divisions, we should call the first the period when men drew according to their thoughts, and the second period when they painted according to their vision. * * * Roughly speaking, the first period comprises antiquity and the Middle Ages. The second period begins with the Renaissance in Italy and enters into its latter stage during the XIX century.” The book is divided into three parts, of which the first is devoted to tables giving the names and dates of birth and death of the great painters and the schools to which they belong. These are arranged by countries, from Italy to China and Japan. The second part is de- voted to a list of artists and a pronouncing vocabulary, with cross references to the tables of Part I, thus making these two divisions of the book doubly valuable and convenient. Important as these tables are to any who anticipate visiting Eu- rope, where they will wish to visit the best of the art galleries, the more general interest in the book will center in the last part, where Doctor von Mach gives a brief but interesting “‘account of the history of painting,” in the different European countries, America and Japan. Here are mentioned the great moving spirits in the development of painting in the various countries and the principles and characteris- tics of these painters, which they infused not only into their own work, but into the very art life of their country and age. Doctor von Mach is very happy in his choice of words to express briefly his ideas in a most pointed manner. As an example, what could better express the general characteristics of Rubens than his remark that: “A consumptiveVenus a la Botticelli is inconceivable in *Outlines of the History of Painting from 1200-1900 A. D. By Edmund von Mach, Ph.D. Boston. Ginn & Co. 8vo. 186 pp., folded map, and tables.

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330 RECORDS OF THE PAST connection with Rubens. The idea of sickness did not exist in his world of thoughts, except in his first Italian period, where it may have crept in at times as the result of unconscious imitation?” The broad view of the subject taken by Doctor von Mach is shown in his last chapter on Chinese and Japanese painting. Al- though a high position has always been given these countries in re- gard to wood and ivory carving, beautiful vases, and delicate and artistic blending of colors, yet as countries whose paintings and paint- ers were worthy of serious consideration, few art critics, at least un- til recently, have thought. He says: Japanese painting is an inspiration to the foreigner. It has had its periods of greatness and of decline, and during the latter the conventionality of the native style has aided in making its standard of art exceptionally low. In the finest periods, however, the great successes of the masters have demonstrated that the character, both of the man and his conceptions are of greater importance than the particular style which his traditions and environments place at his disposal. The greater the skill which an artist has the greater will be his art, provided his skill is accompanied by an equally exalted personality. No undeveloped man, even with supreme skill, can be a great artist. Every one who is even casually interested in the subject of art will find the text of this volume full of interest, while the tables and map will always be valuable for reference. FREDERICK BENNETT WRIGHT. fh +f of THE DISCOVERIES IN CRETE* REQUENT examination of maps, likewise of chronological tables, becomes a very necessary adjunct in pursuing the study of the progress of civilization and the development of mankind. A well-developed understanding of the geography and the physical conditions surrounding a locality will the more read- ily enable the student to properly group the essential conditions as they may be presented from the viewpoint of a writer upon archzolog- ical discoveries. This is particularly true when we take up Professor Burrow’s recent work on the Discoveries in Crete and their bearing on the history of ancient civilization. | The work of excavation has been in progress on the Island of Crete for many years and the results have, within the past 6 years, become almost sensational at times. New material of the deepest archeological interest has been added to former discoveries at such a rapid rate that some such work as Professor Burrows has now given us was a necessity. His own estimate of the presentation which he makes of the subject may properly be given in his own language: *The Discoveries in Crete and their bearing on the History of Ancient Civilisation. By Ronald M. Burrows, Professor of Greek in the University College, Cardiff. With illustra- tions. New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, 1907. 8vo., 236 pp.

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EDITORIAL NOTES 337 It is this help that the present book attempts to give, and the moment of its appearance, during a partial lull of excavation, is an opportune one. ‘There is a chance to take breath and gather up the threads, with the possibility that the next month's spade-work will not put us out of date. It is written, as far as possible, in untechnical language, and does not expect its readers to know by instinct what is meant by a “Schnabelkanne,” or a “Vase a étrier.”” It aims at giving a picture . of Cretan civilization as a whole, and at presenting it in a manner that will make it alive and real. Reference, however, to the original publications have been given throughout, and it is hoped that the book may thus serve, not only as a gen- eral introduction to the subject, but also as a bibliographical guide to students who wish to pursue it seriously. Its main object is to give a clear and compre- a. account of where we stand, rather than to embody the writer’s original research. To summarize the work of this author would be likened to an effort to further condense a sentence already consisting of but 3 words, and to select from its pages some of his most interesting de- ductions would afford so bewildering an array that such an attempt could only result in presenting the whole work page by page. Tuomas ForsyTHE NELSON. fob + EDITORIAL NOTES BRONZE HEAD FROM NAMUR, BELGIUM.—Near Na- mur, Belgium, a curious bronze head was recently found. It is a man’s head with a curled beard, and the ears of a he-goat, one of which is turned toward the face. It is probably Gallo-Roman work of the II or III century A. D. It is thought to be the only male Roman head with long hair. DOCTOR KYLE IN EGYPT.—Dr. M. G. Kyle, one of our con- sulting editors, sails from New York, December 7, for Naples. He will first visit Rome, where he will see some of the recent archzologi- cal work. Later, he expects to go to Egypt for two months of Egyp- tological research. We expect notes from him concerning his work during the winter. His address will be, Care of the American Mis- sion, Cairo, Egypt. PORTRAIT HEAD OF AUGUSTUS.—The most important addition to the Department of Classical Art in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, during 1906, is a fine marble head of Augustus. A large part of the upper left side of the head is missing. It is an unusually ‘characteristic portrait. The modeling of the face is realistic, and thus in contrast with the idealized head of Augustus from the Despuig collection already in the museum.

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, 338 RECORDS OF THE PAST EXCAVATIONS NEAR BASEL, SWITZERLAND.—Exca- _ vations have recently been carried on in the Roman. fort at Kaiser- augst, near Basel, Switzerland. The western gate, fragments of arches, and a drain were discovered. At the time of the invasion of Alemanni (354 and 357 A. D.), the fort was abandoned, but was re- fortified under Julian and Valentinian I, to be finally abandoned in 402 A. D. VIA TRIUMPHALIS.—North of the Vatican a section of the Via Triumphalis has been found in excellent condition. Near by a large sarcophagus of the IV century has been uncovered. The deco- ration of the front is an attempt to adapt the grandiose arabesques of a temple frieze. An inscription on another sarcophagus shows that the senate still had its scribae in the IV century. Older tombs and oo have been found beside the Via Triumphalis. A ROMAN MONUMENT.—A hill near Nice, Peace: which in Roman times lay between the Via Aurelia and the sea, was the object of investigation during 1906. Sculptured stones, apparently part of a gateway, pottery, and a few coins of the I, III, IV centuries A. D., were found. A close study of the Gallic arms on the sculptures leads to the cohclusion that the monument was erected during the reign of Augustus. ADDITIONS TO THE MUSEUM AT SYRACUSE.— Among the additions to the Archeological Museum at Syracuse, Sic- ily, is a terra-cotta equestrian figure of the early V century, which was part of an acroterion, a flying Nike of the V century, and a curious xoanon; the two latter are unique among Sicilian terra-cottas. One of the vases added is a black-figured cylix, with youths on foot and horseback, and a sphinx to which clings a man in the position of Odys- seus, escaping from the cave of Polyphemus. ROMAN CAMPS.—During the years 1903-1906 the Provincial Museum at Bon carried on work chiefly at Remagen and the “Alte- burg,’ near Cologne. Both were castella, built in the time of Tiber- ius, with palisaded earth wall and trenches, and rebuilt in stone about . 70 A. D. The Alteburg was abandoned about 270 A. D., and the other included in a larger stone wall. These belong to a system of defensive works. Excavations on the Furstenburg, near Xanten, led to the discovery of a Roman fort like that at Remagen. OBJECTS OF THE VIKING PERIOD FOUND IN YORK.—During the autumn of 1906, there were found at York, England, a few yards from the left bank of the Ouse, certain objects which are considered as belonging to the Viking period. Some of these were such as had not been previously reported in England, the most

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EDITORIAL NOTES | 339 interesting being a brass chape of a sword scabbard, showing an open zoomorphic interlacing design ending in a conventionalized animal head, which fastened the chape to the material of the scabbard. ROMAN REMAINS AT NUMANTIA, SPAIN.—At Numan- tia, during 1906, further work revealed evidences of Scipio’s block- ade of the Iberian city, previously discovered. Five of the 7 forts. mentioned by Appian were found, as well as camps and parts of the wall of circumvallation. The positions seem to have been chosen and fortified for defensive purposes. The barracks and other buildings were made of stone. No other such military structures are known previous to the permanent camps of imperial times around Novesium and Carnuntum. MOUND BELONGING TO THE BRONZE AGE.—The Somersetshire Archzological Society began, in April, excavations at the Wick Barrow in Stoke Courcy. The work so far seems to show that the mound belongs to the bronze age, for it contains two fairly perfect burials with pottery characteristic of that date. Below these is a curious wall, the use of which is not yet apparent. There was also at least one interment, seemingly unconnected with those of the bronze age. It is certain that the Danish chieftain, Hubba, was not buried in this mound. | GREEK TEMPLE AT PRINIAS IN CRETE.—Remains of an archaic Greek Temple are reported from Crete. The east side was surmounted by a pediment containing statues, seemingly a procession of warriors carrying shields and lances. Fragments of votive fig- ures and cult images were also found. Among these is a figure of Rhea, seated on a throne. The base of the throne, which was also un- covered, is ornamented with representations in relief of lions and stags. Arrow and lance-heads, knives, and double-axes were dug up on the same site. ANTIQUITIES IN SANTO DOMINGO.—President Morales, of the Republic of Santo Domingo, has taken steps for the preserva- — tion of the archeological objects in that country, and for the estab- lishment of a national museum for that purpose. He declares that as the archzological objects found on their territory pertain to the aboriginal inhabitants of the Republic, they properly belong to the Republic as a whole. No private collections are to be allowed in the future, and no private collections previously made are to be permitted to leave the country. ROMAN CITY OF CORSTOPITUM, ENGLAND.—Excava- tions in this site, near Corbridge, on the north bank of the Tyne, re- vealed a large formidable ditch, internal buildings, which can be traced with remarkable completeness, the walls in places standing 6

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340 | RECORDS OF THE PAST ft. high near the ditch. Traces of the bridge over the Tyne were also found. There was a splendid example of hypocaust, many of the pil- lars standing to the original height. These were of stone with pottery bases. A drain, in excellent state of preservation, and a number of | coins of the III] and IV centuries A. D. were also unearthed. A NEW STATUE OF A NIOBID AT ROME.—In June, 1906, a perfectly preserved statue in Greek marble of one of the daughters of Niobe was found in the Gardens of Sallust. It had been concealed in an underground gallery, southeast of the Nympheum, close to the northern angle of the Servian Wall. G. E. Rizzo thinks that this statue probably belongs with the Niobids in Copenhagen, but that in- stead of being a Greek original of the V century it is the work of an eclectic sculptor about the I century B.C. The treatment suggests the so-called Venus of the Esquiline. P. Gauckler suggests oe it is the work of a Hellenistic sculptor in Asia Minor. FINDS AT ROME.—Reports from Rome state that at the foot of the Tarpeian rock a statue of an old woman carrying a basket has been found. It is realistic in style, belonging, probably, to the same period as the statue of the old woman with the water-jug, in the Capi- toline Museum. It seems likely that such statues as these were used to adorn the market halls in the neighborhood. On the slopes of the Palatine, facing the Circus Maximus, remains of a temple of the VI century B. C., dedicated to Victory, were brought to light under the ‘ direction of Prof. Dante Vaglieri. Near Santa Maria della Vittoria. remains of the oldest walls of Rome have been discovered. “EGYPTIAN WORK OF THE METROPOLITAN MU- SEUM.—Mr. A. M. Lithgoe, of the Metropolitan Museum, has «n- dertaken excavations at Lisht, where are the pyramids of Amenem- hat I and Usertesen I, of the XII dynasty. His work has been on the east front of the former pyramid. A layer of the remains of the Roman period has been removed, and the remains of the pyramid temple partly uncovered, as well as the mastaba of Antef-aker, an 1m- portant official of that time. The only royal stele yet found is the “false door,’ or offering stele of the temple. The temple altar and many architectural remains and inscriptions have also been recovered. The temple was evidently restored at some time. NAVAHO DICTIONARY.—The Franciscan Fathers at St. Michaels, Arizona, are preparing for publication a Dictionary of the Navaho language. It will contain a series of articles on Navaho re- ligion, ceremonies, arts, and industries, each followed by a list of Navaho terms used in connection with it, and more or less detailed explanation. The work will include lists of Navaho names for per- sons, places, stars, plants, and animals. It might be called an ethno- logical dictionary. A limited edition is to be printed. Any desiring

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Pe ag ON ae eee ee ee, a ae ee ee eee ee Ae EDITORIAL NOTES 341 to secure copies should write to Mr. Stewart Culin, Brooklyn Insti- tute Museum, Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y., for further information. AQUEDUCT NEAR TIMGAD.—During the last few years Timgad, in Algeria, has been attracting considerable attention since the French archeologists have been conducting extensive excavations. Museums have been opened in Carthage and Tunis, where the smaller objects discovered in North Africa are preserved. The Roman city AN AQUEDUCT NEAR TIMGAD, CONSTRUCTED BY THE ROMANS AND RESTORED BY THE ARABS Courtesy of The Scientific American of Timgad is found to have been laid out carefully with streets inter- secting at right angles and houses usually separated by open spaces. ‘Like all Roman cities it was well supplied with water and one of the old aqueducts, having been restored by the Arabs, still stands in good condition, as is shown in the accompanying illustration. ROMAN MONUMENT IN AUSTRIA.—During the last few days of July some very interesting relics were discovered at Saifnitz, near Tarvis, in Austria, where excavations brought to light several portions of an old Roman monument. These formed a complete por- tion of a funeral monument about 12 ft. long. Half-length repre- sentations in alto relievo of a Roman and his wife are set in a niche

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342 RECORDS OF THE: PAST cut rectangularly and longitudinally from a large block of stone. This rests on a step-shaped pedestal. ‘The niche is covered by a gable-like roof ornamented on top with scroll work; the sides are decorated with reliefs. In front is an inscription in memory of the deceased, and the giver of the monument. : CROWN LANDS GIVEN BY THE PTOLEMIES.—A num- ber of the Greek papyri from Egypt, translated in part I of Papyrus grecs, a volume edited by Pierre Jougnet, throw light on the tenure of Crown lands given to the Macedonian and Greek soldiers by the Ptole- mies. Heretofore, it had been inferred that these gifts from the Crown did not become hereditary, but reverted to the king. This point has been in part cleared up by these papyri, which show that “upon the death of a ‘lot-holder,’ his land was taken up by the Crown, till the heir satisfied certain conditions within a stated time. It is not told us what these conditions were, except that the son must prove his descent.”’ PRE-ROMAN DISCOVERIES IN SPAIN.—Under the direc- — tion of ‘M. Pierre Paris there have been found at Elché and Cerro de los Santos, in Spain, a number of pieces of sculpture of the pre-Roman period. Oriental and Greek influences were here blended with the native elements, thus producing work which, while showing Oriental. elaboration of style, was executed with Greek perfection. The most important pieces yet found are an elaborately made bust from the stone of the region,'a female statue and a head with a high tiara. The bust shows traces of color on the lips, head-dress, and draperies. The eyeballs are hollowed in order to receive an incrustation in imitation of the hunfan eye. These, with others, have been removed to the Louvre at Paris. | TEMPLE .OF MENTUHETEP AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.—In the course of the work carried on by the Egypt Exploration Fund, during 1906, the temple of Mentuhetep, of the XI dynasty, was fur- ther excavated. Back of a pyramid base, rising in a columned hall, there was found an open court with a colonnade, then a hypostyle hall, not yet completely excavated. In an open court previously dis- ‘covered, a subterranean passage, 16.4 yds. long, was cleared. This ends in a room built of large granite blocks, in which is a large ala- baster shrine. The shrine, now empty, seems to have been regarded as the dwelling place of the Ka of a king. There are evidences of offerings before it and a stele at the entrance of the passage refers to daily provision of food and drink for the cave of Mentuhetep. DISCOVERIES AT CARTHAGE.—Rev. P. Delattre’s work at Carthage has been rewarded by a number of exceedingly interest- ing discoveries. Among them are a number of sarcophagi with the

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EDITORIAL NOTES 343 top cover sculptured in relief with life-sized figures, carved in marble and beautifully tinted. One of these, found at a depth of 25 ft., has a woman, in Greek style, executed on the cover. The flesh parts are highly polished, the eyes painted, and the hair gilded. Another sarco- phagus bore the figure of a “person supposed to be a priest,” with abundant hair, curling beard, and a long robe with short sleeves. M. Delattre found that, although the coloring on these sarcophagi was very bright when first found, it quickly faded on exposure to the light. | . SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS IN GREEK AND ROMAN TIMES.—In a recent book by Dr. John Stewart Milne, on Surgical Instruments in Greek and Roman Times, he points out that surgeons in classical times were used to keen instruments, many of them being of the finest steel; in fact, he claims that it was difficult for ancient iron-founders not to turn out steel of the finest quality rather than iron, on account of the methods they employed. The Romans were a clean-shaven race, and so must have had good instruments and skilful barbers. He shows that shaving and cutting the hair were formerly looked upon as important means of treatment in several diseases. The barber and the surgeon, therefore, acted in conjunction, and were in many cases identical, years before the advent of Christianity. WORK IN WYOMING.—During the past summer Harlan I. Smith was able to begin investigations in Wyoming, part of the “‘vast neglected field for archzeological research” in which he is endeavoring to interest the public. He visited many prehistoric stone quarries, some of which had not been known before. Many stone circles mark- ing the site of tepees were noted by him. He thinks that these stones were used to hold down the skin covering of the tepee. Pictographs in red and black, as wellas petroglyphs cut on the cliffs were noted, and in many cases photographed. Some represented horses, and others buffalo. True pottery he found only in rare instances, and these in the southern part of the state, without exception. Soapstone dishes occur especially in western Wyoming, some of them being of a type apparently unknown heretofore. THE ORIGIN OF THE AINU.—Rev. John Batchelor, who has for 30 years made the Ainu his special study, considers their language tobe Aryan. He no longer believes in the existence of a dwarfish pre- Ainu race of pit-dwellers. Wuth other Japanese archzologists he now thinks that the Ainu themselves were pit-dwellers, and that they used pottery, paint, and flint knives, and lived in the Stone Age. They were conquered by a people, possibly of Semitic origin, who used metal and were otherwise well equipped for conquest. The struggle, however, lasted 2,000 years. Traces of the casi, or forts enclosed by

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344 RECORDS OF THE PAST fences or embankments, used by the Ainu in defense against their | conquerors, are found all over the Island of Yezo, as well as in north- ern Japan. ‘This fact, together with the geographical nomenclature on both islands, points to the conclusion that the Ainu, speaking an Aryan language, once inhabited the whole archipelago. BONES OF THE URUS, WITH FLINT FLAKES, FOUND IN ZEALAND.—The discovery of the bones of a urus, an extinct animal of the ox tribe, in connection with flint flakes, is interesting because of the light it throws on man’s relation to this animal. These bones were found in a peat bog, in northwest Zealand. Certain of the bones are scarred; that the wounds were made by flint implements is clear because fragments of flint are imbedded in the scars. One scar was old, the bone having grown over the flint, but the other was fresh at the time of the death of the creature, probably being part of the wound which caused death. Urus bones had previously been found in small numbers in kitchen-middens of the older Stone Age, proving that man in some way caught this animal, possibly by use of pitfalls, but now it appears that sometimes, at least, he hunted him with flint implements. NEW SCHOOL OF ARCHAZOLOGY AT MOSCOW.—The Russian Ministry of Education has sanctioned the founding of an In- stitute of Archzology and Archzography at Moscow. It is to rank as a university, open to graduates of Russian or foreign universities. It aims to prepare qualified archzologists and archeographists, or persons skilled in the preservation and interpretation of historical archives, libraries, public and private, and the like valuable collec- tions demanding special knowledge. The institute has the right to conduct its own affairs, subject, however, to the veto of the Minister of Education under certain circumstances. The last year of the three in the course must be spent in practical work, either in Russia or else- where. The degrees given will be Doctor of Archzologly or Doctor of Archzography, according to the studies pursued. Some of the men connected with the institute are Doctor Uspensky (the director), Doctor Fleischer, Professor Grot, and Privat- Docent Visotsky, who is the secretary. THE GROVE OF FURRINA.—In July, 1906, workmen dis- covered in the Villa Sciarra on the slopes of Janiculum, Italy, the grove of the old Roman nymph, Furrina. Several inscriptions, found in a semi-circular hollow, are dedications to Syrian gods, including Adadus, Jupiter Malegiabrudis (hitherto unknown), and others. A richly carved altar, 37 by 14.56 in., decorated with horned heads at the angles, is the principal object. It bears the most important in- scription, written in Greek characters, which mentions Jupiter Am- mon and the Sidonian Kypris, as well as the Nymphz Furrine. Be-

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EDITORIAL NOTES 345 low. the inscription, birds pecking fruit and heads of Erinnys form part of the decoration. This is the spot where Caius Gracchus died. At about 300 yards distant an inscription is recorded as found, which is sacred to Jupiter Heliopolitanus and Genio Forianarum. As this region was once occupied by Jews and Asiatics, probably some mer- chant owned the site and set up this and other altars dedicated to Ori- ental divinities. Two Greek pentameters indicate that a certain Gaionas built a fountain to supply water for the sacred rites. WORK AT AKSUM.—More complete reports of the German work at Aksum in Abyssinia have been published in Archdologischer Anzeiger. Aksum was the capital of a Semitic trading colony, so the early monoliths and inscriptions are of Sabsan and A‘thiopian, not Egyptian origin. In the | century A. D. Greek influence came in. Later, in the IV century, the kingdom became Christian to be over- come by Mohammedans in the XVI century. The characteristic pagan remains are monolithic stele and honorary stone thrones with inscribed slabs. Among the monolithic stele and obelisks of many types and sizes, some standing and some lying down, is one taller than the tallest known Egyptian obelisk. This is one of a group carved in relief to represent towers of several stories, with windows and doors in exact imitation of the native architecture combining wood and stone. These structures have wooden beams running through the stone for the sake of stability. The church of the monastery of Debra Damo, built on an isolated rock, accessible only by rope, is constructed on this plan, and contains the oldest timbers known to exist. WORK OF THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT SPARTA.—At Sparta the British School has. identified the site of the temple of Athena Chalkioikos by finding 3 roof tiles stamped with part of the name of that temple, and further by the discovery of bronze nails and fragments of bronze plates. Among the Io bronze statuettes found, the finest is a V century representation of a trumpeter about 5 in. high. ‘There are also bronze bells with votive inscriptions’ to Athena and two archaic inscriptions, one of them ld aucs, 52 lines referring to athletic victories. Work has also been continued on the site of the sanebiary of Ar- temis Orthia, where two buildings have been: excavated, a temple built probably in the V1 century b. C., and lasting until the III cen- tury A. D., and a Roman theater built about the end of the II century A. D. The facade of the temple was included in the theater, occupy- ing the position of the stage building. In the orchestral area were found the remains of the altar built in the same period as the theater. Beneath this altar were blocks belonging to the altar of Hellenistic times, and with them burned refuse from sacrifices. From the ex-

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346 RECORDS OF THE PAST cavations it is clear that the cult of Orthia began in the ‘earliest times with a large altar, which was covered up when the temple was de- stroyed in the VI century B. C., and a new one built at a little dis- tance. In Hellenistic times this temple was rebuilt and lasted on the same site until the end of paganism. ABORIGINAL ROCK-CHIPPINGS IN SOUTH AFRICA.— An interesting series of rock-chippings which have been discovered on the Farm Blauwboschdrift, Herbert, South Africa, is described by Mr. J. P. Johnson, in Man, for October. The discovery was made by Mr. Johnson and Professor Young in 1905. In one case the aboriginal artists had “‘selected a glacially-polished surface on which to chip their pictures of man and beast.” ‘The figures were confined to the upper half of the slab, and numbered close on 200.” Most of the subjects are animals, but there is one remarkable exception—the figure of a plough. There are three horsemen of conventional design, and three “humped oxen,” and a few purely fanciful animals. ‘The | only probably wild animals seem to be the ostrich, hyzena, which is very faithfully depicted, considering the limitations of this kind of work, and a bird of uncertain species.”’ “These chippings have weathered to the same color as the rest of the rock surface. On the same slab there are one or two figures, which are evidently much more recent. In them the chippings are comparatively fresh, and show up well against the dark background. They are larger than the originals, of which they are imitations, and are markedly inferior in execution. None of the chipping, however, can be ancient. Neither the plough nor the horsemen are compatible with any antiquity. “Close by is a rock-shelter where the artists probably lived. It is situated in a low cliff of boulder-shale, and has been excavated in a soft patch, immediately under the hard layer of conglomerate which there forms the top. It is very likely that this was originally a small natural shelter, which was afterwards artificially enlarged. There can, however, be no doubt that the whole of the rock-shelter as it now stands was artificially hollowed out. It was formerly much bigger, a considerable portion of the roof at the front having since fallen down. The entrance is choked with slabs and pieces of the conglomerate. There was, unfortunately, no time to make any excavations in search of the stone implements which are almost certain to be there.’ Ona slope about half a mile away, however, Mr. Johnson picked up two almond-shaped palzoliths.

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INDEX PAGE Pern CS er ee 168 et seq. oe Babylonian Furnace of time 184 ‘Aaa Ivory and Wooden Tablets from 30 Abyssinia, Aksum, Work at............ 345 German Expedition ieee ae gar eS, 217 Achemenian King, Tomb of........... 136 Mivica, Homan ..North 35.6. .0 3. ces. 67-76 Pe ROU OF. Sac eek kok ew a 343 Peebae, WeOek Ate ne ns Bee ct 345 Ala-Tau Mtns., Turkestan, Deserted MEOOUUG: 2688 oe Gein Bas ORES 2 Alexandria, Christian Ruins south of... 271 Algeria, Dougga, Temple at ........... 66 stage of theater at i75...685.% 71 Khremissa, Arch to Forum........ 66 Lambere, Triumphal Arch at....... 75 Tebessa, Arch of Caracalla........ 35 Timgad, Triumphal Arch ......... 73 POPU atx oo AS Sh 71 Piles. GerOOtwe: Fes. On ow ee 13, 57, 80 Align, Maiwe: Isibee ss io oo as 215 Alphabet, Origin of Canaanaic ......... 118 Amber in Asia, Early Rerefences to. 207-209 Am. Assn. for Advancement of Science, Annual Meeting of............ 45-49 Am, School of Classical Studies in Rome, Director. foe oy. ise iss 190 TS URE ae eee £8 Ce PK ee oe 29 Anapo River, Papyrus Plants ......... 285 Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Ipswich, Eng.. 94 PRUTSAN AOI 8s 28) eG ea eds SESS IQI-192 ARRON CEES 6 a OR oR ES 213 Arabs, Aqueduct restored by ........... AI Archeological Congress, International cs GaN Gedile Gerad Ga ha Rar ele bay wakeethnee 118, 158 Field, A Neglected .......... 204-206 Institute of Am., Annual Meeting of Peieae bid Dae eee ak Oeee Pere 57-58 Legislation, To enforce ............ 62 Armstrong, -Henry -H. i... cast 116, 145 Fart OE oes ob acs vi seen cis 64 Ashur, Discovery by Germans at..... 90 Ashurbanipal, Pavement laid by ..... 123 Asia, Central, Archzological Treasures Sane Be a as ew o> QI Huntington’s Explorations in 323-331 Climate and History in Western... 3-8 Glacial, Age. ni Central: 202) nso. 48 Asia Minor, Boghaz Keui, Cuneiform RUG 5G 4G ae ee eee as hiniatit - OD@ ace hewn ¢ hoes kes 99-102 Petra Cotas 190M 4.0854 Sis 4d 98 Expedition from Cornell to ........ 119 Hyun; PHittite: Altar at) csi secs 252 Hittite Sculptures ............ 98 Sphinx-guarded door at ....... 251 Flour Mill, Wooden Horns at Top OR Pe i iw A Sh ees 102 Pétqaition, Work at ois n5 6565 cies 118 Primitive Cattle Shrine in ...... 99-102 Yozghat, Bas-reliefs at ........... QI See also Boghaz-Keuy. Assyria and Babylonia, History of.333-334 Athenais and Probus, Epitaph of...... 142 PEE OS aie vs cA Eo oR RE 148 Augustus, Monument of time of....... 338 Svtt ete FROWN OE eS ie 337 PAGE Austria, Roman Monument in........ 341 Avienus, Rufius Festus, Dedicatory PN SOS, soa Poko habe cas dee 113 PDO TAS Sn hk kee 31-32 Aztecs, How the—fought ........... 30-31 Babel, Light on Old Testament from.. Siesta Sond BORE ih hie Hort koe 121-126 Babylonia and Assyria, History of.. 333-334 Barly: FiMtoryO8.2. G4 Ses 3 os 304 Temple School, Omen Text from.. 309 Babylonian Chronology, New Light on oe gl Viseehieveaeieyeechest ss ae Divination, Liver in ........... 307-316 Furnace of time of Abraham...... 184 Kings, Chronological List of.. 127, 128 Baby Rattles from Nippur ............ 122 Bakhtchi-Sarai, See Russia. Barbour, Erwin PAIOUIET © ocd dsc 3 eee Fences 46 SRMCtle RACE oy oe hae, ska wes 79 Bgeiish “lara ere oe 5 Ses ae ks 27 Behnesa, New Gospel found at......... 93 Belgium, Bronze Head from Namur.... 337 Cemetety at Taniise st. ee 219 Gold Crown found at Arlon...... 160 Marble Head found in............ 63 EM PONOU Ab soos vn 8G hk 222 Roman. Pottery. Kiln im ..3..505 0.0. 160 Benares, The Sacred City of...... 187-189 Bibliography, Pre-Indian Inhabitants 180-181 Blackman, E. a pa RE os \ eel eee a 79, I10 Boghaz- Keuy and its Environs..... 245-263 Pict PENS oa er wea oS ede Shed wee 249 Figures at Head of Procession.... 249 Figures in Smaller Gallery ........ 249 Foundation Stones of Palace...... 247 Inner. WANG: at eck ee, Gah 249 SAD SPORE ia Fd Wad bee CLA epics 253 POO SUE cc oe oR er orata ess 303 BOWIE, Bs 1a oe oo 655 OE wR ee 192 ice Roman Boundary Fortifications iA is OE OE Chis REMY OF Oke Ca 50-57 British "Whuseia AGMtHOns tO: 60). 84: 288 Bronze Age, Mound belonging to...... 330 Brower, Charles De Wolfe ............ 244 PEOWES, TEM Fe VA ed i i Sa ive Gs IIO Durrows, Romald: Bae ein a os kk 36 ute iti Prehistoric—Cornwall, PEA ae 2 aig A) OPAL ae gE 32 Butler, Edward So 5 4 ee ea one Oke 32 Cabot, Northmen, Columbus and..... 27-28 Caerwent, Work at—during oe a ae 217 California, Pomo Council Chamber.... 319 Archeological Work of Univ. of. 206-207 Cape Cod, Glacial History of........... 61 Carthage; Distoveriee at ai... een cca oc 342 UE IE re ten) ot Ni was ene As a 69 Cashel, Interior of Old Cathedral...... 250 CONS ER Oe ee re oe akg 263 Rock of from southeast............ 256 Ree Te OR. aio to's cc ak 250-263 Celt from Bluff of Delaware River.... 169 Ceylon, Buried City of ............ IQI-192 Chile, Taltal, Stone Age in......... 202-204 Chinese -Vase, Ancient ©. i.5...06 65 .0s6 0. OI CBnemiia, Pete S00 04 ban ses ks boas 233-234 Cinerary Urns, Capitoline Museum, Rg oes ene eae ahs La

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348 RECORD OF PAGE CRY: NOTE had ee sk va eae’ 121, 316 Cliff Dwellings, Better Access to...... QI Climate and History in Western Asia.. 3-8 Coins, Gift to British Museum......... 92 Columbus, Northmen and Cabot ...... 27-28 Commercialism vs. Science :........-.. 30 Conesus Lake, N. Y., Indian Arrow UI AR tiny ee hws we kee wens 62 Consonants in Northern Languages.... 270 Copper Gorget or Breastplate ......... 8I UNION Soba oss bea eves Hide Rex 82 - Tomahawk, Menomonee, Ill. ....... 81 Cormac’s Chapel, South Door of........ 257 Cornell Expedition to Asia Minor. . 302-303 SGratiOes TIED Se ia as chk Bee Ce ts 79 Crescent, Origin of—as Muhammadan PR a as civig be Be Ge Re 301 CPURA is Bes ee aie 54a ko VS a Se 174 Crete, Discoveries in ...........--- 330-337 | Greek Temple at Prinias ........... 339 Crimea, Karaite School in............. 20 See Russia, Bakhtchi-Sarai. Cross, Improved Form of............... 212 Simplest POO Ola occ ysccos sb oes 210 Crotona, Plan to —Excayate.............. 270 Carts, Cy POOR, cies Sade nee ssw 76 Cutler Mound, Waukesha, Wis......... 140 Cyrenaica,. WORK Mh. s aks Css eee 218 David, Leestion.of City of... 0occ0.. oe. 216 Delos, Excavations on.............. 223-224 de Perigny,. Maurice ....6. 2.00255. 232, 235 Discobolus found at Castelporziano...... I9I Divination, Liver in Babylonian..... 307-316 Dougga, Algeria, See Algeria. Drybudie s Goths cist ioe ees 3 a re Sage hs 321 East Dubuque, Ill, Mound at.......... 320 Egypt, Jewish Papyri found in.......... 219 Rifeh, Soul-houses from........ 195-201 Soul-house with Chair, Couch and Oe Re 65 wii iis oh noe heehee 194 REISE ie 8 ek ee so 90 See also Soul-houses. Egyptian Art in Metropolitan Museum OE PERE yo iia fons Fas eat es Gees 217 eee 5, wok eet Faw ceo bc Renee es 218 Inscriptions, Destruction of......... 118 Relics at Johns Hopkins Univ...-.. 94-95 Research Accouft........5..... 268-269 Work of the Metropolitan Museum. . 340 Elephant and Mastodon, Man and the 163-167 England, Aberfeldy, Stone Circle at..... 186 “Cohort Castellum” at the Chesters. £0 Cornwall, Prehistoric Burying- Pec 1 |) AR BE ee ee ene we Un 32 Me RMI a Vi 8 Shae tk a A 55 “Murus” in Northern.............-- 51 Northeast of Housesteads....... 56 Roman City of Corstopitum ...... 339 York, Objects of Viking Period.... 338 Epitaphs, Latin, see Latin Literature. Etruscan Divination, Model of Liver: Pies). OL ROR BRS Speer ae aver ee 311 Euhemerus, Ti. Claudius, Epitaph of.... 113 Evans, Oswald H., Quoted............. 202 Eyuk, see Asia Minor. Fewkes, J. W., Work in Southwest...... 272 Flint Implement, Gray......:.....+-..-- 174 Flints and Potsherds from Lost Dog Canyon Fireplaces.....)......-.. Mee THE PAST PAGE Higwver,: frank Attal.. 005... 35554 140, 185 Foxes, See Peosta. PN PUA ii oy Soh hs ne eS 213 Greek, Evolution of............. 210-215 POrteet: POI ‘Ohi 256. hea kek 210 From. Mexican Pottery. ....000...3. 2iI POOR FUCRIO 8 oe wa. ek 2I1 SAL OSE FEE IE oo ug ho oo Bae ek 213 Mair Pi: CefOVe OF 6s kg on ks eee 344 Flirtwangler, Adolf ............... 317-318 ORAS Eh OR Si as ies eR ee 299 Garner, Wis., Implements from Mound _ near Germany, Boundary of Roman Empire Ry eg aan SD peek tiv W has faces pea We 13 Heddernheim, Saalburg, Corner of.. 84 Pe SE fk he REA oe eR ee 5 Portico between two courts..... 89 iat RASC OR Ss hc ke ey 8 - 86, 87 Odenwald, Stone, Tower of Reign of Antonine Fine 3665 65 ence 6x Prehistoric Village in Central ...... 217 Gezer, Bible Side Lights from Mound Obie Ald dag oe a pe ees 60-61 Tas-tandies. Trott. oS. ea 92 Macalsster’s > work: at 6005. cess 332 SGI MEE CaS a ik Uc Oe vores 158 rer Beene Fee atic ides 39 Gilders Mound, Bones from ........... 44 Diagram of the Excavations ...... 42 Plaman 360 Ome oo ase hs 45 Mame: It Sere ee 43 Methods of Investigation ........ 43-46 Girgenti, Giant of Zeus at............ 281 Temple of Castor and Polux at..... 274 Temple of. Hercules at .....:...... 280 Glacial Feoch, (ose +0ts e540 aide ee 180 WVAGCOMNE 88S CS 167 et seq Period, Man in the. if o..6 00% 148-157 Pte? io as, Satay iv sxe I 147-148 Glaciation, Influence of Recurring... 177-180 Greece, Excavations at Thebes....... 218 Greek Draped Figure at Vassar... 227-232 : PLONE VIN SA ee 228 BACK Mae Seeaeeeen Gg se On ereyer kerr meer 126 Hindus; Sacred: Gity: OF src. oes 187-189 Hittite Capital Boghaz-Keuy and its En- WIPES oon 1 as os eo ee 245-253 OL ag sd ORR CO UPB PAR MID pri fe 302 Procession OF 32: Men 2 heise a es 245 Wall, Postern Gate in ............ 246 V OUI) Fhe ho escsid wee co 8 ok 28S 2=0 See Asia Minor also. Hupa Language, Phonology of......... 218 Huntington, Ellsworth °............:.. 48 6 a er eres Me ante ear eee 323 et seq.

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INDEX PAGE ime pot Explorations in Central PME ea eee 323-331 Ilias, Claudia Epitaph Of oo Pie es 115 Illinois, Menomonee, Copper Tomahawk UN Gs, sd ve ns an ee ee re 81 Pike Co., McEvers Mound ...... 21-27 Indians, Early New England (oa... 65.5, 192 Iron, Beginnings OF esti aha es 286-288 Italian Arche. Inst. at Athens.......... 301 ital, Pormiz, Ruins at cic QI Pestum, Excavations at .,....«...- 216 nee. rromerc “City 08 2. 5 ios wees 159 Japan, Burial Mounds of Emperors. 120-121 Jastrow, Morris, Cited ......... 307 et seq. TUEGI Seo ro kid wk cae Code Os Beep Ee LR 299 Jewish Paypri Found in Egypt ........ 219 SOMPAGN 3. 0s: UOTE. sie vee'e oe 346 Kadashman-Jorgu, Pavement Laid by.. 123 RMPMED | ha fetes ss ¥en SS .. 16, 18 et seq. MANES SCHOOL 2k hs inc cb sss Shee eens 20 - Khadaluck, Wooden Documents from.. 330 Khremissa, Algeria, Arch to Forum.... 66 RS Be OG ish 9 vay ee RE ha ON 304 Kirgras: Lartars, “Tents of) oo. 0.0385 5 Watering Sheep in Siberia ........ 2 Ne EE TR aay One 103 PIN PASS Lin dey b vlig Flo va sas baer 207 Kuruk Dariya, Ancient Grave of Poplar WON ROE oi cee ees 331 Kivie. Mi Go, it) Psgypt: is ot ee a ces 337 Labels, Clay from Nippur.............. 125 Lansing Skull, Front and Back Views.. 152 Side. and 10D Views.) . 623 chic 153 Laufer, Berthold, Quoted ............. 207 Latin Literature and Inscriptions, Auto- biographic Element .. 111-116, 141-145 Lead Furnaces, Prehistoric ........ 184-185 KMNG. THAUNE OE ois hcg ered cesa eotnee bee 271 LMUesers, “TODS OF 65 es eo is OS aS 334 Little Falls, Minn., Quartz Fragments ooh ad Nas cans a SS 171 Liver Divination, Omen Text ...... 300, 313 In Babylonian Divination....... 307-316 Model of—used in Etruscan Divina- WN ite sin wg ps omee Mahe hak & HORS 311 Loert: Plan ‘to: excavate 0 eat ass 270 Leese Arrows f6Ot) oi i oversees 149 ee SOE Oi sou bia eR Ree ete 148 Man, See Nebraska Loess Man. Nevada, Obsidian Arrowpoint from. 150 Missouri, Paleolithic Implement j ROO 5 0'b'S o viele wemby eheks avn bate 289-2902 Macalister’s work at Gezer ............ 332 Madisonville, O., Chipped Pebble ...... 155 “Marchets” in Belgium Pg ie ae eee ee 222 Reeetermeh Ase ld os 84 hk os ove one 173 Mastodon, Man, the Elephant and... 163-167 Maya Ruins in Quintana Roo ...... 232-235 TOOT: TAVIS (OL: BS iS eae ds co de Bs 235 McEvers Mounds, Pike Co., Ill. ...... 21-27 POt le NOSE © os 6a ki We ces ae 21 Trench -through “No. .1.00 360466 «3 25 MieGwith, FVD GAT os hocks ved cas eave 6 93 Meie, Tomb of Queen 2.4.6... es eee eee 119 Memphis, Proposed Excavations at.. 268-269 Mentuhetep, Temple of ................ 342 MR Ae Bae oot nn GS CMe Oi Oana EE eS 154 Mexico, Piedras Negras, Warriors on RE Rae See i Pte, Lae Ss ee GP 30 349 PAGE Mice, SRD OE ee ar yp akes otk Ene ee 270 Mil-i-Kasimabad, Ruins of, near Zahidan 328 aa Whee ea era Vries ks See oe Mirrors, POG GANGS i a ys i 270 Mississippi Valley, Mound-builders of A ere eer 7s free eee 79-82, 318-323 Missouri, Dug Hill, East Wall........ 2890 Implement [eee a SER 201 River, Valley showing Long’s Hill.. 34 Monreale: Cathedral 3. 00s tat as 277 RINE. fe Ce ie ese ees 277 Moscow, School of Archeology at...... 344 Mound Builders of the Mississippi Val- On kay apieR eh out akon 79-82, 318-323 Section of Burial—near Racine, Wis. 138 at Bast Debuawe: I. os. ek es 320 Mounds, Tribal or National .......... 80 Mukden, Ancient Manchurian Tomb at.. 320 Museums, Need for Small ............ 303 Nantucket, Glacial History of .......... 61 Mavand TChomary oo i oes sve pees 340 Nebraska, Ancient Inhabitants of..... 40-46 OO sDRRO i S25 ee 8 a cas 35-39 TR oe fas os ee oo eh 34 Top View of Skull No. 6...... 37 Jaw Of eal INO, Oc ino. bows - 39 Long’s Hill, Cut: in Loess... ....... 36 eT ON sre s HE wie ate 40 Prehistoric. Magi. ns veces cee es 76-79 See also Gilders Mound. Negadah, Ivory and Wooden Tablets POE R ee a er Vitae te welenae- 16 Sues 30 Nehawka Flint Quarries ........... 103-110 ROR sco ee eas ie ec be 104 End of Trench, Flint Ledge |... 0.58%. 106 Oak Tree growing in Quarry Pit... 105 Quarries, Exposed Ledge of Flint... 107 Rocks from Quarry Debris......... 105 Trench through Flint Quarry...... 109 Nelson, Thomas Forsythe .. 29, 128, 137, 337 Neolithic Implements in Hampshire, Eng. 92 New Mexican Historical Documents... 302 New Mexico, Alamogordo, cian Vil- lege Site RR Soho ees Va ess “90 Nice, Manilia, Epitaph of .............. 113 Nile Bont Mate ec 4 esc i 272 Niobid, New Statue of ................ 340 Nippur, Temple Library of......... 126-128 Terra-cotta Baby Rattles from..... 122 Niya River, Ruins of the “Stupa” at.... 327 Wooden documents from ......... 330 NI GROCNAR. dois oaks as «aa bo e Rs 234-235 North America, Pre-Indian Inhabitants Oe ieee A 145-157, 163-181 Northmen, Columbus and Cabot ..... 27-28 Norway, Bronze Statuette from........ 190 Nubia, Temple of Lesesebi in .......... 334 NGDIAN “TESCRPRONE ii iene ses dad's 271 WAAOBOEIONE oo ob it es Sake os 63 Oases and Givilizations, Interdependent BCCI. BE SS Ei Sie i ives 264-265 Official’s Report of Examination of Sheep’s Sn SAAR Senay aks ara ene ng 342-315, * Ohio Arche. Soc’y, Work of...... 181-183 Old Palace, Santa Fe, Preservation of.. 159 Old Testament History, Scientific Con- FematiOns Ol 2 ci Be ae 58-60 Olympia, Finds at

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350 RECORD OF PAGE Omen Text from Temple School ...... 309 Outlines of the History of Painting 335-336 (Sein Dae A os Ges SS 154, 292 Painting, Outlines of the History of.335-336 Paleolithic Implement from Loess .. 289-292 Palatine, Excavations on ............ 270 Church of V Century on........... 216 Pr mpeemo Catena oo ee Oe. es 277 Cane ae ee. eo : 274 Palestine Exploration Fund...... 89-90, I17, 157-158, 186, 215-216, 266-267, 298-300, 332 VOssCR PU en cds ser iv eccaes 216 Papyri froma Coptic Cloister .......... ee arg Ae ERNE TLE Bae ee LEO ERIE iE QI Panyee FEARS nog oo ae aa 285 Revival of Paper made from...... 119 Roll, Method of Holding ......... 207 Peabody Museum of Harvard, Report 96 a Sy ae ee prem ee aeneee 95- inten. Chief of Foxes, Grave of...... 321 Persepolis, Bas-reliefs from Hall of a Fiundreds: COMMING 2.55 i 03s 135 bag WE Geer ge Ge ee 133 Pottal- OFA NaHS: eos x. 130 Site “of AMC so i be OS’ 131-137 Persia, See Persepolis. Ot IG NY Dee oO yeu A Sia ne oe 201 Ese IAORTOMOIM OE Co ac obo fhe ck ca 118 Phillips Academy, Archeology in ...... 220 BPOC LPCUUTeS BE ne i Ci ce 302 PROREAS 1 RN ig A ei ok aA 190 Town on San Pantaleo .......... 119 Pleistocene Pane: ink ess is 145-147 Promo. Counce Chamber, Cal, if o.6 cc. . 310 POM AV OPR BE 05 68 6 eee ay cs 201 POG CRs We Pokey Oke eka wk bees Bad 163 Pottery, Furnaces, Ancient ........ 183-184 Roman Kiln in Belgium .......... 160 Trays of Offerings, from Egypt.... 196 Prehistoric Man in Nebraska ........ 70-79 Village in Central Germany ...... 217 Pre-Indian Inhabitants of North Amer- ARR PN SP SL AT Re 145-157, 163-181 Probus and Athenais, Epitaph of...... 142 Ptolemies, Crown lands given bY... 5: 342 Pueblo Villages near Santa Fe, N. M... 158 Pueblos, Art of Glazing Among Pte 47 Pulse of AMOR oes San en ie ee oe, 323 et seq. Pumpelly, Raphel, Quoted ........... 264 SINS NG ee ras eas fp a Fh es bie 168 Quintana Roo, Maya Ruins in...... 232-235 SRUCPWNAY, “+ TOICREOE Soy oe Fil oy ces cd 286 Rifeh, Egypt, Modern Cemetery at..... 198 See also Egypt, Rifeh. Ho -Meake, iis’ Of ie ee ees 234 Rogers, Robert W., Quoted eee ek co 254 BURT GR ne ee aes 338 City of Corstopitum, England...... 330 Coins from South Wilts, Eng...... 300 Empire, Boundary Fortifications in Britain and Germany under...... teas we ret ie ne ok ess 9-13, 50-57, 83-890 Forum, Proto- Corinthian Vase from 267 Peomtier Botts 0 oe ec. 83- Lamps, Perforated Knobs on... 159-160 Dest tel PSNR ss os eis i PES 7-76 Portrait Head in Vassar....... 292-298 PA es os ee. 293 WIOWS Ce ea 292, 294, 206 Pottery in the Thames THE PAST PAGE Roman Remains in Spain .........0s.2- 339. tate at V aaa ae 295 Romano-British Village ............... 220 MORE PR OE ee oe is ee a eee 340 Latin Guide through. .........3..+% 270 (SUE CRE Be i oc a ee eh eee ee 340 Russia, Bakhtchi-Sarai, Boulder Utilized for Cane 3 eerie. cons ee eee 15 Chapet in the Cliffs <.5.60 58, 15 Entrance to Chapels... os... 56s 15 Remnant of Erosion ........... 19 NONE 2 oe i nsees sds COR sees 14 TU SAME. oo ink Oke oF oskvne tak 19 Lepe-Kermen os. cic eget se 19 Boe.” RR eae Minera pn Ree anebtn Garg 15, 19 Troglodyte Dwellings of ..... 13-20 Promontory of Tchoufout-Kale. 17 Saalburg, See Germany. Sty Patritic Pimuvre OF i See ee ek 263 SS: Sergius and Bacchus, Dome of..... 64 Samarkand, See Turkestan. Santa Fe Trail, Marking the ......... 272 Santo Domingo, ANTIQUITIES 40s.) i038 3390 Sardinian Archeology ............. 218-219 Scalping, Indian War Custom of....... 190 Scarab added to Boston Museum....... IOI Scotland, Antonine Vallum in.......... 53 “Scribbler on the Walls,” An Ancient.. 301. PMRW OT se SEs va nee cx SP 208 Seueeta: Theater at. hi bs es ees aa 277 SIR Oo en gS 3 at ES 279 Selinus,” Temple Ch at ska ssas, cas 274, 280 etre” 45 Oe vc rc eae hee 274 Casital ‘of: Colmmn 50s 280 FT Ore ets BE oss ea BE 280 Serapeum, Sphinxes near ............. 158 Seyistan, Ruins of Mil-i-Kasimabad at.. 328 ‘“Seymos,” Secret Society .............. 92 EVA FOE oo ones s bakery 263 Se te AMINE os a eee ee eke 8 Siberia, Kirghiz Watering Sheep ...... 2 Seria Deane Gee 165 Sicily, Archeological Tour Through 275-286 OMe TR ei oy te ote ae 274 See also Palermo, Girgenti, Segesta, Selinus, Syracuse. Sinai. Location of: Mts.) ou... sian 266-267 wath: Parian 1}. Quoted: is. os ises ee ks 205 Sosus, .7, Pompeius, Epitaphs of....... 113 Soul- House, Couch and Stool in Back Mabie Sie Pe oe 199 Portico, Canopy over Tank ........ 197 Upper Story with Storeroom below. 199 Soul-Houses in Egypt ............ 195-201 Window, Doorways, etc. .......... 200 See also Egypt. South Africa, Aboriginal Rock Chippings 346 Spain, Pre-Roman Discoveries in....... 342 Roman Remains at Numantia...... 339 Spanish Explorers in Southern U. S. 189-190 Soarta, British School at. isc 6. a 4k kes 345 Spear-shaped Implement from Trenton.. 169 Spy, Work in Grotto of............ 222-223 Stone Age in Taltal, Chile ........ 202-204 Tah: A ia eee, 344 Axe from near Atchison, Mane 55.5, 154 Circle, Aberfeldy, England........ 186 Stupa, Ruins of—at Niya River........ 327 nt. «a ee wee ie re ee ey rue 210 et seq Se CMR i aos G5 gk Fa a aoe: 207

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er ea a INDEX 351 PAGE Surgical Instruments of Greek and Ro- et SS ba ea ere eek 343 Swastika, in Canyon del Muerto ...... 236 Origin es Oak Pees 239 et seq. esc NeWEe OE REC Ra 236-244 Switzerland, Basel, Excavations near... 338 Set Bina: Gia pare One are pane ener es 283 et seq. Additions to Museum at ........... 338 Fount of Arethusa at ............. 281 Careek Theater at. ok san wc iaie. 283 Interior of Fort Euryalus ......... 281 Roman Amphitheater at ........... 283 enna Carries «abo igeas eka 283 Temple of Apollo at ............. 283 Tablet, Clay with its Envelope ....... 125 Tees Acey tres Binour oo oy. ook es 125 Taltal, See Chile. T’ao Hung-ching, Quoted .............. 207 ae LOW: OF oie. saa cess 281 Tel-Hun, Synagogue Ruins at ......... 118 Tell-el-Gehudich, Egypt. ..............6. 90 Temple School, Omen Text from...... 309 Thebes, Ancient Temple at........... 93-94 Tomb of Queen Meie .. «ooo. cece IIQ ‘FRreee. MeOOGGs fo. 26-5 65 oak bee os 6% 159 Timekeepers in Ancient Britain ...... 120 Timgad, Algeria, Forum at ............ 71 PE PEN So oss aid bok 341 Pais rete 4D is Rae ee 301 Set ATOM ik Pies ow he es 73 Tinos, Temple of Poseidon on........ 119 Lee ee CNY OF eg ee b o ks oe ie 270 Tombstones, Capitoline Museum, Rome. 143 Toronto, Ethnographical Museum at. . 30 Trajan, Boni’s Investigation of Column Ei a ca ok bes aici saa e tee 303-304 Tray of Offerings with Shelter....... 196 Trenton, N. J., Gravel Deposit at...... 162 Section of Delaware Gravels at..:.. 170 Troglodyte Dwellings at Bakhtchi-Sarai CBE atid Vag VER os eA Cees 13-20 WR Oss 705s dus Pees eres 67 et seq. Turkestan, Ala-Tau Mtns., Deserted MeOeNUG MEGE C2 ors eee ees 2 PAGE Turkestan, Anau Age of../............ 265 SRNR ME os hae See oa 9x 5 VS 271 Samarkand, Street in Sart section of 7 Horse Market 80) ac. oivseec bents of Rirgias Tartars. 3.3.6. c0cc. 8. § LDR: WAI coca eke be ee he aoe 60 Urninib, Pavement Laid by ............ 123 Vaserta: DAMsCURE 6 oo i oe ec ie Ss 217 Vassar, Greek Draped Figure at ... 227-232 Vemee < crmane oto asi eat he 63 Verona, Roman Theater at............ 102 Via Triumphalis, North of Vatican..... 338 Viking Period, Objects of ...........: 338 VOlk, Exweete ised es otlaes ees 168 von Mach, Edmund ........... 232, 298, 318 CRON. ce 5 2 eek eta a ee 335 et seq. War Custom-of Scalning 2.260.035.4554 190 WERE oie ee ei oo eee ewan 214 White, George. Ee. iio. isc oe ek 102, 253 Winchell, Newton Horace ......... 157, 181 Winckler, Hugo, Cited ......... 333 et seq. | Wisconsin Archeologist ............... 221 Archeological Society, Report of.. 62 Cassville, Battle Mounds near..... 80 Garner, Implements from ......... 81 Giecial Enoch «34 .%.,%0. ‘vee 167 et seq, Mounds, Preserving the ....... 137-140 Wooden documents from Niya River and Pee oa Ge Saal Hare tae eek oh 330 Wright, Frederick Pentiete: 5 506 83 Rt law Paeiacen 28, 126, 189, 331, 334, 336 George Fredesick EN Pe pas es 20, OI, 175 Ria? FN 8 GSS Bs oe tv ek 271 TOES Pies Wr ha aches dhe SS pa ea 90, 117, 158, 186, 216, 267, 300, 332 Wyoming. Work itt: 2565 seas is ia oe ks 343 Xerxes, Probable Tomb of............. 136 VYathechne (355 A Selita 234-235 Yasilli-Kaya, Carvings in Gallery at. ae Yozghat, Asia Minor, Bas- reliefs at. QI Yucatan, Pet Whe ces ass as 211 Zahidan, Ruins of Mil-i-Kasimabad near. 328 Zealand, Bones of Urus and Flints from 344 Stone: Age i oie pad iets te 344 fof +

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3 + er Py

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BOOKS THE PULSE OF ASIA By ELLSWORTH HUNTINGTON A Journey in Central Asia, Illustrating the Geographic Basis of History CLOTH. 8VvoO. : 87 ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS. 415 PAGES PRICE, $3.50 A thoroughly readable record of a year spent in daring scientific exploration of the deserts of Chinese Turkestan, the unknown heart of Asia and the home of the Chantos, probably the nearest of all races to the primitive Aryan stock. Mr: Huntington has made a careful study of the country and the people, and his per- sonal adventures fill a volume of unusually interesting travel. It is also a decided contribution to science. Mr. Huntington’s theory is that geographical environment and climate have a profound influence upon the occupations and customs of these ancient people, and upon this fact he bases his claim that the history of man- kind during all time has largely been governed by climatical conditions. For Combination Offer, See Last Cover Page The History of Babylonia and Gssyria By HUGO WINCKLER, Ph.D.; Professor in the University of Berlin Translated aa Edited by JAMES ALEXANDER CRAIG, Ph.D., University of Michigan S CLOTH. 8VvO. 352 PAGES. MAP : PRICE, $1.50 A Condensed History of a Most Important Period, Under Three General Heads BABYLONIA - Region of Western-Asiatic Civilization III Dynasty of Babylon—Kassites _ The Sumerians | The Dynasty of Pashe _ Earliest Immigrations of Semites Elamites as rulers of Babylon _ Babylonian Kingdom—Earliest Times The Chaldeans _ King and Patesis of Lagash Babylonia under New Assyrian Empire _ The Kings of Ur, Isn, Larsa Historical Retrospect and Outlook, Sources, Land in I Dynasty of Babylon—“Canaanite” its Original State, Irrigation, Arts, Religion and _ II Dynasty of Babylon—The Sea-Land Science, Commerce, Industry. : ASSYRIA -_ Mesopotamian Period New Assyrian Kingdom—Assyria the Paramount _ Kings of Mitani Power in Western Asia _ Rise of the Land of Ashur The Decline _ Old: Assyrian Empire—Its Rise, Second Advance of | The Fall Assyria, Aramean Immigration The Civilization of Assyria ‘Middle Assyrian Kingdom , THE NEW BABYLONIAN-CHALDEAN KINGDOM : Nebuchadnezzar | Fall of New Babylonia Through the Persians E Relation of New Babylonian Kingdom to Media | Very full Index For Combination Offer, See Last Cover Page ' Records of the Past Exploration Society S330 A St. S. E. : Washington, D. C.

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A HISTORY OF EGYPT 3 IN SIX VOLUMES | Edited by W. M. F. PETRIE, D.C.L., F.R.S. _ Finely Illustrated Vol. I. From the Earliest Times to the X VIth Vol. IV. The Ptolemaic Dynasty. By J. P. Ma- Dynasty. By W. M. F. Petrie. t12mo, net....$1.75 AU te SRNNOE RE ec ee oR GA ERO as ee Se $1.75 Vol. II. From the XVIIth and XVIIIth Dynas- Vol. V. Egypt under Roman Rule. By J. G. ties. By W. M. F. Petrie. t2mo, net......... 1.75 ie Se ee ee en eek I Vol. III. From the XIXth to the XXXth Dynasty. Vol. VI. Egypt in the Middle Ages. By Stanley By W. M.-F. Petrie. --tamo, netic). 36... 1.75 BR Ole, ok IE iso c5 so Kn eN oo 1.75 COMBINATION OFFER BeG@eerae Sr tres ee tr CO ee ona vege oe as ee SSES IE OPE Aaa $3.00 wa. History of Egypt (6 Volumes) postage paid .... 6. oc... cae c ccc ce ceces 11.20 All for $13.00 $14.20 THE DISCOVERIES IN CRETE and their bearing on the History of Ancient Civilisation By PROF. RONALD M. BURROWS, University College, Cardiff PE SE SIT SE TE SE aE I Ee SS AEE SOS SI i A Ti Pee BRS SSE A GTN TE Og aa TR TA PY ee Ge AEN Se ES POS oe Se EPIRA ge tS SPE 229 PAGES ILLUSTRATED PRICE, $2.00 Net CONTENTS ; Palace of Knossos and the Sea Power of Minos Labyrinth and the Minotaur Palaces of Phzstos and Hagia Triada Crete and the East Beginnings of Minoan Civilisation Crete and the North Building of Palaces and Great Middle Minoan Periods | Neolithic Pottery of South Russia and Central Europe Egyptian Chronology and date of Middle Minoan | Crete and the Homeric Poems Periods | Appendix: Palace Style and Sack of Knossos The Egyptian Year The End of the Bronze Age | Bibliography For Combination Offer, See Last Cover Page Records of the Past Exploration Society 330 A St. S. EH. | Washington, D. C. BIBLIOTHECA SACRA The Oldest Theological Quarterly in United States Annual Subscription, $3.00 Bibliotheca Sacra is now in its 78th year, and is the oldest quarterly published in the United States. The contributors embrace many of the most prominent men of the religious bodies of America and Europe. ’ Under the able editorship of the Rev. George Frederick Wright, D.D., LL.D., of Oberlin College, it has reached the highest standard of scholarship, and the widest treatment of the great social and religious questions of the day. Address, Bibliotheca Sacra Co., Oberlin, Ohio

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BOOKS ON ART Greek Sculpture Its Spirit and Principles By EDMUND VON MACH 357 PAGES | 32 PLATES 166 ILLUSTRATIONS GILT TOP PRICE, $4.50 “Compared with this new book, former histories read like mere collections of notes.”—Harvard Monthly. “The tone is noble, the information accurate, and the judgment sane.”—President Benjamin I. Wheeler, University of California. “A handsome and interesting volume * * * and a most efficient one for re-awakening individual judgment.’—Life. “A careful, comprehensive study of various forms of Greek—in fact all—- sculpture. ’—The Philadelphia Public Ledger. Outlines of the History of Painting From 1200-1900 By EDMUND VON MACH QUARTO CLOTH : 186 PAGES MAP TABLES PRICE, $1.80 ‘Extremely well done.”— The Nation, New York. “A book that every one interested in the History of Puiation will want to have within easy reach.” American Art News, New York. “Every word is pregnant with thought of high intelligence, and it is as delightful a: it is belpful.”’— Springfield Republican. | “It covers a field to this time untreated, and will be of the greatest value and help to |: 1 student and tourist.”—Prof. L. F. Pitcher, Vassar College. For Combination Offer, See Last Cover Page ‘(Rational Almanac’’ By MOSES B. COTSWORTH 240 PAGES 180 ILLUSTRATIONS IMPORTED BY RECORDS OF THE PAST EXPLORATION SOCIETY PRICE, POSTAGE PAID, $1.75 Detailing Almanac History and Development The Origin of the Almanac proves the Great Purpose of the Pyramids, Sphinx, Obelisks, Vertical Stones, Stone Circles, Mounds, etc., which were erected to trace the length of the year. The Evolution of Early Man’s Ideas of time discloses their laborious, simple, yet effective Methods of Observation by carefully studying Sun-shadows cast from Gnomons, Dials, etc. These Researches show that Shorter Units of Time were used by Bible Patriarchs, as also by the Romans, Arabs, etc. The Fabulous Ages of Early Man herein proved by the Evolution of the Calendar to be only equal to the Present Length of Life. The History of the Almanac Epitomizes the Rise and Progress of the Greatest Human Records. For Combination Offer, See Last Cover Page Records of the Past Exploration Society 330 ASt.S.B. © Washington, D, C.

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on | : | MOAT nou Temes: BABEL CLOTH 12MO. 437 PAGES 123 ILLUSTRATIONS $2.20, POSTAGE PAID By CONTENTS s ALBERT T. CLAY, Pua.D. I Assistant Professor of Semitic Phi- INTRODUCTORY REMARKS lology and Archaeology, and As- II sistant Curator of the Baby- * THE Great ANTIQUITY OF MAN lonian Section, Department “Tl of Archaeology, Univer- THE BABYLONIAN CREATION STORY aS a Te | . and Consulting Editor of IV | The Records of the Past THE BABYLONIAN DELUGE STORY V THE Tower cr BABEL AND THE BABYLONIAN TEMPLE VI THE FourTEENTH CHAPTER OF GENESIS VII BABYLONIAN LIFE IN THE Days oF ABRAHAM VIII : ; : ; Cone or Hammurant In this work the cuneiform inscrip- IX tions, dug up from the ruin-hills of Moses AND HAMMURABI | Babylonia, Assyria, Palestine, and x Egypt, which bear upon the Old Tes- THE NAME JAHWEH IN CUNEIFORM LITERATURE tament records, are fully discussed. XI By the help of these the ancient his- ~ Ter Assen, Levees — torical background for the Bible iS XII reconstructed, and the narratives are illustrated, elucidated, substantiated BABYLONIAN TEMPLE RECORDS OF THE SECOND MILLENNIUM ; : . : BEFORE CHRIST and corroborated. | XIII THE ASSYRIAN HISTORICAL INSCRIPTIONS , XIV THe Neo-BaBYLONIAN HistTorIcAL INSCRIPTIONS XV BABYLONIAN LIFE IN THE Days oF Ezri AND NEHEMIAH For SALE BY THE BOOK ORDER DEPARTMENT RECORDS OF THE PAST 330 A Street S. E. Washington, D. C.

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Scientific Confirmations of 2 If. XII, Cloth, 12mo, 450 Pages, 40 Maps and Illustrations, q its twelve chapters are en- titled : : The Witness of the New Testament. Middle and Later Jewish History. . Israel in Egypt. The Exodus. Physical Preparation for Israel in Palestine, . Traditions of the Deluge. . Scientific Credibility of the Deluge. . The Glacial Epoch as a Vera Causa. . Evidences of a Deluge in Europe. The Evidence of a Del- uge in Asia. . The Deluge in North Amexica, The First Chapter of Genesis, and Modern Science, Old Testament History $2.00 net By G. Frederick Wright D.D., LL.D., F.G.S.A. Professor of the Harmony of Science and Revelation in Oberlin College; author of the ‘Logic of Christian Evidences,” “Scientific Aspects of Christian Evidences,” ‘“The Ice Age in North Asnerica,” ‘“‘Man and the Glacial Period,” etc. (J This puts before the reader in attractive, intelligible form the main results of his twenty-five years’ study both of the Bible and of post- Tertiary geology in the nu- merous places where they come in contact. -BIBLIOTHECA SACRA COMPANY OBERLIN, O.

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Palestine Exploration Fund. Patron. THE KING. President, THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY. Chairman of Executive Committee. 7 Col. Str CuHartes M. Watson, C. B., K. C. M. G., F. R. S., LL. D., D. C. L. bonorary Treasurer. Honorary Secretary. Walter Morrison, Eso., M. P. 3 J. D. Grace, Esg. Acting Secretary. GEORGE ARMSTRONG. Offices. 38 ConDUIT STREET, W. LONDON. American Members of General Committee. . PRESIDENT DANIEL C. GitMaNn, LL. D., WASHINGTON. Proressor H. V. Hivprecut, LL. D., PHILADELPHIA. CLARENCE M. Hype, Eso., NEw York. ConsuL SELAH MERRILL, D. D., JERUSALEM. Rev. JoHn P. Peters, D. D., NEw York. Rr. Rev. JoHn H. Vincent, D. D., CHAUTAUQUA. PROFESSOR THEODORE F. WricHT, PH. D., CAMBRIDGE. A Society for the accurate and systematic investigation of the Archeology, the Topography, the Geology and Physical Geography, the Manners and Customs of the Holy Land, for Biblical Illustration. This Society was founded June 22d, 1865, on strictly scientific principles. With limited funds at its disposal, it has done an immense work, and published the results in books, papers, maps, plans and photographs, for the benefit of all students of the Sacred Scriptures. Publications. I. The Survey of Western Palestine. II. Excavations at Jerusalem. By Dr. F. J. Bliss and A. C. Dickie. III. Tent Work in Palestine. By Lieut.-Col. Conder. IV. Heth and Moab. By Lieut.-Col. Conder. V. Across the Jordan. By Gottlieb Schumacher. VI. The Survey of the Jaulan. By G. Schumacher. VII. Mount Seir. By Prof. E. Hull. VITI. Syrian Stone Lore. By Lieut.-Col. Conder. IX. Thirty Years’ Work. By Sir Walter Besant. X. Altaic Hieroglyphs and Hittite Inscriptions. By Lieut.-Col. Conder. XI. The Geology of Palestine and Arabia Petraea. By Prof. KE. Hull. XII. Names and Places, with Identifications. By Geo. Armstrong. XIII. History of Jerusalem. By Sir W. Besant and Prof. E. H. Palmer. XIV. The Bible and Modern Discoveries. By Henry A. Harper. XV. Palestine under the Moslems. By Guy le Strange. XVI. Lachish. By Professor Flinders Petrie. XVII. Introduction to the Survey. By Trelawney Saunders. XVIII. The City and the Land. Seven Lectures. XIX. The Tell Armarna Tablets, including the one found at Fachinh XX. Abila, Pelia, and Northern ’Ajlun, By G. Schumacher. XXI. A Mound of Many Cities (Tell-el-Hesy excavated). By Dr. F. J. Bliss. ' XXII. Judas Maccabaeus. By Lieut.-Col. Conder. XXIII. The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. By Lieut.-Col. Conder. XXIV. Index to the Quarterly Statements, 1869-1892 inclusive.

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XXV. The Survey of Eastern Palestine. By Lieut.-Col. Conder. XXVI. The Fauna and Flora of Sinai and Petra. By H. C. Hart. XXVII. Archeological Researches. By C. Clermont-Ganneau. XXVIII. The Life of Saladin. Edited by Col. Conder and Gen. Wilson. XXIX. The Ancient Cubit. By Sir Charles Warren. XXX. Painted Tombs of Marissa. By Dr. J. P. Peters. XXXI. Excavations in Palestine, 1898-1900. By F. J. Bliss. Maps. I. Old and New Testament Maps of Palestine in 20 sheets or mounted. II. Modern Map of Palestine in 20 sheets. With modern names only. III. Old and New Testament Map of Palestine in 12 sheets or mounted. IV. Modern Map of Palestine in 12 sheets. Modern names. V. The Great Map of Western Palestine. Scale one inch to the mile. VI. The Reduced Map of Western Palestine. Showing Water Basins. VII. Plan of Jerusalem, showing the latest discoveries. VIII. Plan of Jerusalem, according to Josephus. IX. The Sections of the Country, North and South, East and West. X. The Raised Map of Palestine. 7 1-2 feet by 4. XI. The Smaller Raised Map is half the size of the larger. XII. The Photo-Relief Map from the Large Raised Map. Pbotograpbs. Photos of Inscription from Herod’s Temple and Moabite Stone, with trans- lations; also of Jar found at corner of Temple Area, 80 feet below the surface, and of the Siloam Inscription with translation. Lantern Slides, a list of 200 special slides showing excavations, &c. | Casts. Seal of ‘‘Haggai, the Son of Shebaniah.’’ Inscribed Table, found at Lachish. Ancient Hebrew Weight, from Samaria. Inscribed Weight or Bead, from Palestine. Seal found on Ophel. The Siloam Inscription. Mount Sinai (Large and small.) Tablets from Gezer. tonorary Local Secretaries. California, Rev. J. C. Nevin, Ph.D.; Connecticut, Prof. John Binney, D.D.; Prof. Chas. F. Kent, Ph.D.; District of Columbia, Prof. J. L. Ewell, D.D.; Illinois, Prof. C. W. Votaw, Ph.D.; Prof. W. N. Stearns, Ph.D.; Indiana, Hon. W. Niles; Maine, Prof. G. S. Little; Maryland, Rev. J. J. Tierney, D.D.; Massa- chusetts, Prof. I. F. Wood; Michigan, Hon. H. Gillman; Missouri, Rabbi, H. H. Meyer; New Jersey, Rev. J. H. Dulles; New York, Rev. A. F: Schauffler, D.D., Rev. J. Zimmermann, D.D., D. U. Ayres, Esq.; Ohio, Rev. E. Nerbruck, Ph.D.; Oregon, G. F. Billings, Esq.; Pennsylvania, Rev. James Morrow, D.D., Prof. T. C. Billheimer, D.D., Prof. R. t. Stewart, D.D.; Rhode Island, W. Gammell, eee, : Tennessee, Prof. C. Denny, D.D.; - Virginia, Mrs. Arthur Lee. Subscriptions. I. SUBSCRIBERS Of five dollars a year receive the “Quarterly Statement,” which contains reports of work done and a record of all discoveries; the maps, books, casts, etc., published by the Society at a reduced price; on first subscrip- tion, a copy of “Thirty Years’ Work.” 2. Subscribers of $2.50 annually receive the “Quarterly Statement’’ free. Subscriptions may be sent to the undersigned, from whom sy books, casts, slides, price lists, &c., can be obtained. Circulars sent on ‘application to THEODORE F. WRIGHT, Pu. D., Honorary Secretary for the United States, 42 Quincy Street, Canbridge, Mass. |

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HANDBOOK 4 LANTERN SLIDES ‘ Pholographic Reproductions, Prints and Enlargements MADE BY THE PHOTOGRAPHIC DEPARTMENT OF Records of the Past Exploration Society fof of WASHINGTON, D. C. 330 A St SE, Partial List of Subjects Alaska Greece Mound Builders Biblical Archeology Greek & Roman Sculpture Palestine & Syria Caucasus Mtns., Russia Greenland Persia Northern China Hawaii Portraits Civil War Italy & Sicily © Russia Egypt Pompeii Siberia Ethnology Rome Sinai Geological Series Roman Forum Turkestan Erosion & Deposition - Japan — United States Glaciers Se Libraries and | Man and the Glacial Period Manchuria List of Illustrated Lectures Volcanoes & Earthquakes Mexico This HANDBOOK of 32 pages, the size of this Magazine, which has been compiled at considerable expense, is now ready for distribution, and will be sent on request to any one using lantern slides or photographic prints. Correspondence and codperation is solicited with all interested in this branch of our work. Address communications to Photographic Department Records of the Past Exploration Society, 4 ‘ 330 A Street S. E, Washington, D. C. 4

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BACK VOLUMES OF RECORDS OF THE PAST If your file is not complete you should secure the missing parts of volumes before the supply is exhausted. ‘This is especially important if ‘Vol. I or II is needed as these are rapidly becoming scarce. The paper used in this Magazine is aspecially made. 90 per cent. rag paper, which will not deteriorate, so that the volumes will make a perma- nent addition to your library. . TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR THE SIX VOLUMES PUBLISHED WILL BE SENT ON REQUEST Vols. I and Il, Unbound, 12 Parts each (postage paid).:..,... $3.00 each NV ors. Land ‘LL Bound Cloth 2 kis. Lew eee tus Soe are AC 4.00 each Vols. I and IJ, Bound in Half Morocco. gay Wee arate Means aieetd 4-75 each All Other Volumes, Unbound, $2.50; Bound in Cloth, $3.50; and in | Half Morocco, $4.25 Postave on Bound Volumes 40 cents additional per Volume Special Offer for Complete Sets Vols. I, Il, IU, IV, V and VI, unbound (postage paid)......... $13.00 Vole: 1; ft, Tir 1V4.V and: VE bound in’ cloth, 2 ah ee. bed Vols. Ll: TH TV, V-and Vi; bound in Half Moreéco, 2.65. 23.00 _ Make all checks payable to and address all communications to RECORDS OF THE PAST EXPLORATION SOCIETY 330 A 5ST. S. E., WASHINGTON, D. e:

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RECORDS OF THE PAST SPECIAL COMBINATION OFFERS FOR 1908 BOOKS—Postage Paid in all cases | Records of the Past, 1908 ae ort . $3.00 The Pulse of Asia, by Huntington... 3.76 Both for $6.25. $6.76 Records of the Past; 1000.» nisi. + $3.00 Discoveries in Crete, by Burrows.... Both for $4.75. Records of the Past, 1908........... $3.00 History of Babylonia and Assyria, sae bia piers eT ge Gee Shas sic hea 3 Both for $4.40. $4.68 ‘Records of the Past, 1908........... $3.00 Scientific Confirmations of Old Testa- ment History, by Wright....... wa QTD Both for $4.75. $5.17 Records of the Past; 1008. 60 Fi oie $3.00 | Light on the Old Testament from Mound of Babel, by Clay......... 2.20 Both for $4.70. $5.20 Records of the Past, 1908........... $3.00 Greek Sculpture, by von Mach...... 4.78 Both for $6.75. $7.78 Records of the Past, JOOS ooo ete aes $3.00 Outlines of the History of Paiyiing,, by von Mach ........-....-008- Both for $4.65. Records of the Past, 1908........... $3.00 Rational Almanac, by Cotsworth.... Both for $4.25. “$4.75 For fuller descriptions of these books see advertising pages of November- December issue. Tae ah wae eee Reeords of the Fast, 1006 <2. 5 casas owe te wee PGS ak Gap eata tb atic tie ant Be Red $3.00 A History of Egypt, in six volumes, Edited by Petrie ............... eee eees 11.20 All for $13.00: ne $14.20 Records of the Past, 1908........... $3.00 | Records of the Past, 1908........... $3.00 © Ice Age in North America, by Wright 5.30| History of Egypt, by Breasted...... 5-35 Both for $7.00. $8.30 Both for $7.60. $8.35 Records of the Past, 1908........... $3.00| Records of the Past, 1908 CM one emi «$3.00 Man and the Glacial Period y by Wright 1.88| Bible Side-Lights from the Mound of | Macalister a?) sas. Ry ap rks # Both for $4.40. $4.88 Gezer, by Macalister 1.39 | Records of the Past, 1908...........$3.00| / Both for $4. 20. $4.39 Asiatic Russia (2 vols.) by Wright. . 7-95 Both for $9.95. $10.95 Records of the Past, 1908... 2.006... $3.00 Scientific Aspects of Christian Evi- . Syneey DY TIBI ok Sa 3 Se wp 2 GS Both for $4.20. $4.65 - Records of the Past, 1908...........$3.00 Nippur (2 vols.) by POETS cee 5-45 Both for $7. 45, $8.45 ‘Records of the Past, 1908........... *.$3.00 Explorations in Bible Lands, by ‘Hil- VPRO go kes: Sole eas EX koe _ 3-40 Both for $5.90. $6.40 Records of the Past, 1908........ : «$3.00 Edwin McMasters Stanton. by Flower _ 3-30 Both for $5.50. $6.30 Records of the Past, 1908........... $3.00 2 ——| Jordan Valley and < (2 vols.) by Libbey 2.0 tee wencera ay 6.45 Both for $8.25. — $9.45 Records of the Past, 1908........... $3.00 The Cherokees in Pre-Columbian Times, by Cyrus Thomas ........ 1.05 [Published in 1890, now out of ‘print. Only a few copies left. ] Both for $3.65. $4.05 Special Combination Prices for REcorps OF THE Past and any number of the ,. _ above-mentioned books furnished on request. RECORDS OF THE PAST EXPLORATION: SOCIETY 330 A STREET S.E., WASHINGTON, D.C. ‘ ~ er