Records of the Past (January, 1907)

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TON TUCTUN WANNA 28 o——s— ne Sint THE PAST JANUARY, 1907 VoLuMmE VI RECORDS | i iit fo} IS MESSE RAY arty NHN 311 hé i iter } UX ? HAR i <ul

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vim RECORDS 2:PAST = PROF, G. FREDERICK WRIGHT, b.D., LL.D., and MR. ae BENNETT WRIGHT, ; Editors ; tf + | CONSULTING EDITORS aS “DR. PAUL V. C. BAUR, Assistant Professor in » PROF. WILLIAM LIBBEY, Fellow of the Royal Classical Archaeology, Yale University. Geographical Society of London, etc., of the REV. CHARLES DE WOLFE BROWER, Winter ‘University of Princeton. Park. Ya, PROF. W. C. MILLS, M. Sc., Curator of the PROF, ALBERT T. CLAY, Ph. D., of the Uni- Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society. versity of Pennsylvania. PROF. F. W. PUTNAM, Curator of Feanody PROF. GEORGE A. DORSEY, Ph. D., Curator of Museum, ete., Cambridge, Mass, - the Department of Anthropology, Field Co- | PROF. MARSHALL 4H. SAVILLE, Curator of lumbian Museum, Chicago, III. Mexican and Central American Archaeology MR. EDGAR L. HEWETT, of Washington, D. C, in American Museum of Natural History, of REV. M. G. KYLE, D. D., Member of the Vor- New York City. derasiatische Gesellschaft, Berlin, Egyptolo- | MR. WARREN UPHAM, Secretary of the Min- gist, of Philadelphia, Pa. nesota Historical Society. JANUARY, 1907 . ee . CONTENTS | L Climate and History in Western Asia. . jot Se iy 3 By Mr. E. CutLer SHEDD IL, The Development of the System of Boundary Fortifications in Britain and Germany Under the Roman Empire—Part | ; By Pror. Grorce H. ALLEN s IIL, The Troglodyte Dwellings of Bakhtchi-Sarai . é ; 13, By Pror. GEORGE FREDERICK WricuHt, D.D., LL.D. , IV. |The McEvers Mounds, Pike :County, Illinois . ‘ ; 21 By CLARA KERN BAYLISS V, Book Reviews ., ; : ; ; ; ; ; 27 VL Editorial Notes s Pi 2 ; ; P ; s s 5 30 Entered at the Washington Post-office as Second-class Matter \o y TERMS: Annual Subscription, $2, in advance. Renewal subscriptions not paid before the March issue appears, $2.50. Single copy, 25 cents. Foreign Subscriptions, except Dominion of Canada and Mexico, $2.50. Requests for free specimen copies cannot be honored. Subscriptions must begin with the January issue of each year. Subscriptions are continued until notice to discontinue is received and amount due paid. -RECORDS OF THE PAST EXPLORATION SOCIETY 330 A Street S. E., Washington, D. C. SR es ge ASP ra Se pe AE ren a ORS OT RE PE a aT DAIS GPRD SE SUBSCRIBERS SHOULD HAVE THEIR SEPARATE PARTS OF RECORDS OF THE PAST UNIFORMLY BOUND The separate parts for either 1902, 1903, 1904, or 1905, if in good condition can be ex- | changed for bound volumes for the additional price of the binding and return postage. WE CAN SUPPLY MISSING Paw: Red or Dark Green Cloth Binding - - ~ - = Each $1.00 Red or Dark Green Half Turkey Morocco Bindings - - - Each $1.75 Postage on Bound Volumes 40 cents additional. Separate parts can be returned at the rate of 1 cent for every 4 ounces if marked “Regular Publication.” Covers in red or dark green cloth to be put on by local binders, mailed postage paid for 60 cents Made all checks payable to and address all communications, dice editorial or business, to RECORDS OF THE PAST EXPLORATION SOCIETY 330 ASTREET S. E., WASHINGTON, D.C. : c GEO. E. HOWARD, PR., WASHINGTON

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DESERTED MOSQUE IN THE DESERT NORTH OF THE ALA-TAU MOUNTAINS, TURKESTAN NOMAD KIRGHIZ WATERING THEIR SHEEP ON. THE STEPPES OF .- SOUTHERN SIBERIA

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RECORDS =i PAST | VOL, VI PART I JANUARY, 1907 fof + - CLIMATE AND HISTORY IN WESTERN ASIA ROM the standpoint of climate western Asia and Europe are very different. Almost the whole of western Asia is semi* arid or desert, while Europe nearly everywhere has rainfall enough to make irrigation needless. In the semi-arid por- tions considerable snow or rain falls in winter. In spring the ground is carpeted with living green, but vegetation rapidly dies in the heat of summer. Irrigation is necssary for all but the earliest crops. With- out it men must depend upon pasturage for flocks. But those in posses- sion of a well-watered plain in a few decades can accumulate stores of food beyond the wildest dreams of the shepherd. : | The nomad shepherd is a law to himself except as regards the most elemental relations, but even thé crudest attempt at irrigation requires cooperation. Here, then, was. a compelling inducement to cooperate that could have acted powerfully upon primitive communi- ties in western Asia. May not this explain their rapid advance in civilization? The cultures of Babylonia and Egypt were 3000 or 4000 years old when the civilization of Europe began to take shape. In primitive communities cooperation on a large scale is possible only when the many blindly obey the few. With them absolutism is the price they must pay for the fruits of a complex social organization. The riches that rewarded each new cooperative effort in the valleys — of the Tigris and Nile made the inhabitants willing to pay the price. Was it not this process that so early transformed the patriarchal chief-

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4 | RECORDS OF THE PAST tain into the irresponsible despot, and checked the development of per- sonal rights? At any rate, it is in the slowly developing culture of Europe that the idea of personal right and consequent political liberty | has come to fruition. In the nearer Orient the areas suitable for cultivation are many, but they are separated by tracts adapted only to nomad life. As a re- sult, each irrigated district developed apart from its neighbors, and in most respects was sufficient unto itself. Its inhabitants spoke their own dialect, worshiped their own gods, and feared strangers, who were usually half barbarous nomads. In this way religion and custom became intertwined and connected in the thoughts of men with the very soil of their native land. These lines of cleavage were broadened by another fettor. Since absolutism had won the day, the gods, like the kings, were thought of as despots whose fiats created laws. Thus emerged the idea of abso- lute, even capricious will, an idea tersely expressed in the Muslim’s contension that whatever Muhammad did was right because he, the Prophet, did it. Theoretically any deed may be right or wrong, ac- cording to the fiat of the divine will. The Pharisees worked out this theory and applied it to all the acts of daily life, which thereby took on, we can not say a moral, but a religious tinge. Islam has done the same. There is a right way to perform even the simplest action, and a wrong way. Unfortunately the laws of the different creeds do not agree. One Muslim sectary begins near the elbow when ‘he washes his hands, another begins at the fingers. The firmer the faith of the community the greater the separation such disagreement produced. Nor is there a way of escape unless the fundamental conceptions just outlined regarding what constitutes the religious life be changed. The history of the great Oriental empires is in the main the his- tory of the city men, who inhabit the irrigated districts. Divided for many centuries into scores of principalities, only under the later As- syrians do we find these districts from the Caspian to the Nile united into a fairly compact empire. The pitiless massacre of local patriots or their enforced exile, and the ruthless destruction of local shrines, destroyed these little kingdoms forever, but the mingling of the nations thus accomplished seems to have made the survivors the more loath to accept strange gods. Religion, custom and nationality still were blended in thought, and the lines of cleavage that formerly divided districts now separated the parts of each composite community. To make this condition permanent it remained for the overlord to base his government upon it. So far as we can now see, this was first done by the Iranians under Cyrus and Darius. To them belongs the glory of first creating a true world empire, in which the peculiar institu- tions of each nationality were respected under the shah who thus ful- filled his grandiloquent title, “King of kings, King of countries, King of all the various tongues.” He held together all the city men of west-

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CLIMATE AND HISTORY IN ASIA 5 TENTS OF THE NOMAD KIRGHIZ TARTARS OF TURKESTAN ern Asia from the Jaxartes and Indus to the Nile and A’gean. The vision of a world empire never since has been wholly absent from the minds of kings. It was the Greeks who introduced it to the west. Under them some centers of European civilization were added to the Asiatic empire. For a brief period the city men from Athens to Samarkand and Kabul acknowledged one overlord, and even after their political separation the bonds of trade and common interest still held them together. It was for the first and last time in history. We see in it the end of a long historic development which had begun many centuries before and on the whole had moved steadily forward to this great culmination. _ So far the student may trace the story of the nearer Orient with something like enthusiasm. For the next 8 centuries he may still find signs of progress along social and commercial lines. Then the hori- zon darkens, and for nearly a thousand years, with failing faith in the optimism that calls all history a:record of “progress,” he traces step by step a steady disintegration of the higher forms of civilization until almost all the glories of the past disappear in the barbarism of the XV century. What is the cause of this strange denouement? This question is answered in part by noting another result due to the climate. In a semi-arid region the snows or rains of winter assure a fine crop of grasses over upland and valley. In the summer and fall this vegetation, now seeded and dry, still affords excellent pasturage, while running water can usually be found within 10 or 15 miles at the most. These are the conditions which have produced the nomad life. A tribe of nomads may plant a little grain and may live in -dugouts during the winter, but their chief dependence for suste- nance is upon flocks. During the summer and fall this compels them to adopt a wandering mode of life (usually within fixed limits), because their large flocks will exhaust the supply of fodder accessible from any given point. Thus the very conditions that produced the crowded

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* 6 RECORDS OF THE PAST populations in the irrigated plains, surrounded these plains with nomadic shepherd tribes. The settled population could never absorb them, for it could not change the character of the dry mountain slopes © that determine their mode of life. Nomad and city man thus from the | first have dwelt side by side; the Arab in his felt tent encamped in the environs of Nippur as his descendant now pitches outside of Bagdad. The nomad is a warrior by nature. His active life in the open air inures him to hardship, and its ample leisure and wild freedom compels him to mastery in the use of weapons. Thus equipped, he has always coveted the wealth of the cities. The city man is too busy to learn well the arts of war. It is easier to fortify the towns and to hire good THE HORSE MARKET AT SAMARKAND warriors. But when for any reason the treasuries were empty, when the central power was weak and each district compelled to shift for it- self, then always followed the sacking of villages and the investment of cities by the hungry shepherd hordes. The irrigation canals, con- structed with great labor, became a prey to the winter freshet; the dams, sometimes made at great expense of trimmed stone, in a few years were useless, and so in countless valleys scenes of verdure changed to barren wastes, except the strips of green that marked the courses of the streams that had served the former cultivators so well. Persia and Turkey at present are full of such ruined or partially ruined districts. , | Nor is that all. The needs of the nomad are confined to absolute necessities and such scant comforts as he can carry with him. He lives in camps all the days of his life. This simplicity is imposed upon him

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CLIMATE AND HISTORY IN ASIA _ 7 by his surroundings; it is an unchanging factor, as true now as it was 5 milleniums ago. The complexities of any advanced civilization are almost incomprehensible to him. His very presence alongside the city men has been a clog upon development, and does much to explain the fixedness of conditions in the Orient. But the nomads have not simply lived alongside the city men. Time and again have they overrun the city districts and infused themselves among the settled population. At each such time progress was stopped until the new elements were brought up to the cultural standard already attained. Yet in spite of these facts the nomads in western Asia, outside of Arabia, have never checked for long the growth of civilization. The STREET IN THE SART SECTION OF SAMARKAND JUST AS THE CALL TO PRAYER HAS BEEN GIVEN AT NOON. ereat catastrophes have always been caused by invasions from without. As population increased slowly among the nomads, the pressure of numbers was not felt in Arabia or Siberia until a comparatively late date. It was the climatic conditions that made the invasions so for- midable when they did occur. The isolated city districts did not pre- sent a united front. The semi-arid expanses enabled the invaders to continue their old mode of life, instead of blending with the settled population. Swarms of native nomads were ready to aid them in their work of destruction. A few thousand foreigners added to the lawless elements already present have sometimes sufficed to turn the scale against the higher social order. This is shown by the rise of the Sel- juk Turks. One of these great catastrophes occurred a little before the Chris- tian era, when the Greco-Bactrian power was overwhelmed and all the

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8 ; RECORDS OF THE PAST city districts from the Sea of Aral to the Indus opened to receive new populations. Six centuries later came the Arab conquests. In their case the records are full enough to show that the injury done by the first inroads was not half so serious as that caused by the long years of disorder that followed, due largely to the restlessness of the new- comers. From the X century on a gradual but constant infiltration of Turkish and Mongol tribes prepared the way for the terrible scenes of the great invasion of the XIII century. These tribes kept their identity because the waste regions rendered it possible for them to live in isolation, and the baneful influence they exerted in spite of their numerical inferiority to the settled inhabitants is due largely to the native Afghan and Kurdish tribes that aided them. A comparison with conditions which have prevailed in Europe will emphasize these facts. About 4 centuries before Christ came the great Celtic migrations. ‘These barbarians wiped out the Etruscan power in the valley of the Po and pressed on into Etruria. Their con- quest transferred the supremacy of the city states in central Italy from the Etruscans to the Romans. It had no other result of great import- ance, for the reason that the climate encouraged only one mode of life, that of the settled agricultural community. In a few generations the invaders had all yielded to this influence. Under these favoring con- ditions the Romans created what might be called an Italian nation, whose common ties not even a Hannibal could undo. What they ac- complished in Italy they later repeated in Spain and Gaul, where honio- geneous populations grew up. Each new horde of barbarians who have entered these lands—Visigoths, Franks, Burgundians, Lombards, Norsemen and Moors—have all in time been absorbed into the older population. Rome’s great rival, Carthage, was situated on the coast of a semi- arid land. Behind her lay the barren mountains of Numidia, whose inhabitants she could never assimilate, because the conditions of cli- mate imposed upon them a different mode of life from hers. They served her as mercenaries when she was prosperous, and became the allies of Syracuse or Rome in her hours of defeat. Under Roman rule they remained quiescent, and cities grew apace, yet their real character remained the same, and after 5 centuries the cultivated districts fell an easy prey through their aid to Vandal and Arab. A thousand years have since passed, yet the French, who are now reclaiming this land, find it less advanced than the Romans left it. Rye, N. Y. EF. CuTLER SHEDD. fh + CUNEIFORM TABLET FOUND AT BOGHAZ KEUI.— Prof. Sayce announced to the Society of Biblical Archeology at a re- cent meeting a great discovery of a cuneiform tablet at Boghaz Keui, which he hopes will help in dissipating the mysteries attaching to the Hittite language.

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SYSTEM OF BOUNDARY FORTI- FICATIONS IN BRITAIN AND GERMANY, UNDER THE ROMAN EMPIRE’ PagT | BOUNDARY OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN GERMANY HE erection of permanent fortresses, other than the walls of cities, and the employment of soldiers in uninterrupted garrison service, found no place in the military experience | of the Romans during the greater part of the republican period. Provision was usually made for the protection of outlying dis- tricts by establishing Roman or Latin colonies at important strategic points. The citizens of these towns were bound to hold themselves in readiness to defend their walls upon the approach of an enemy. They were not, under ordinary circumstances, withdrawn from the usual occupations of civil life. When it became necessary to secure the possession of extensive provinces lying outside of Italy permanent garrisons had to be sta- tioned along the frontiers and suitable works had to be erected for their shelter and defense. Later, the necessity of providing adequate protection against the incursions of barbarians into provincial terri- tory led to the construction of continuous lines of fortification along the land boundaries of the Roman Empire. Recent excavations and discoveries have made it possible to trace, with a fair degree of accu- racy, this system of defensive works, which forms a characteristic and not uninteresting chapter in Roman military history. But the discussion in the present paper will be limited to the boundary defenses reconstructed by the known remains in Britain and Germany, the countries where most progress has been made in examining the camps and fortified barriers.” _ | 1Presented with stereopticon illustrations at the Classical Conference at’ Ann Arbor, Mich., March 29, 1906. 2While it does not fall within the scope of the present paper to give an exhaustive bibliography of the extensive literature which deals with the Roman lines in Germany and the corresponding fortified line in Britain, the attention of those who desire to make a thorough investigation of the subject may be directed to a few of the more important works. The most convenient book which presents anything like an exhaustive treatment of the remains along the frontier in Northern England is the work of Bruce, The Hand- book to the Roman Wall (4th edition, London, 1895). The observations and conclusions of Bruce should be compared with and, to some extent, corrected by those of Krtiger, which appeared in an article in the Jahrbticher des vereins von Altertumsfreunden in Rheinlande (Bonner Jahrbb, Heft 110, 1905) entitled Die Limesanlazen in nordlichem England. The re-« sults of the work of excavation which has been carried on in Germany since 1891 at the expense of the imperial government have been published under the title Der obergermanisch- vaetische Limes, by O. von Sarwey and Dr. E. Fabricius (Heidelberg). Summary discus- sions of the results of these important excavations and _ investigations will

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io < RECORDS OF THE PAST Ceesar crossed the Rhine on two occasions by. means of wooden bridges, which had been hastily erected,* in 55 and 53 B. C. The first bridge was removed directly after the return of the expedition for — which it had been constructed; the second, however, which was erected a little above the first, was not entirely destroyed, although the portion which adjoined the German bank was pulled down. The remainder was allowed to stand in readiness for future operations. The approach to both bridges had been fortified. The fortified camp which pro- tected Czesar’s second bridge received a permanent garrison of 12 cohorts. Its location, opposite Urmitz, a little above Andernach, has probably been determined, and its ground plan ascertained. The identi- fication of the remains there discovered seems certain.* It extended for a distance of 4-5 of a mile (1275 meters) along the left bank of the river. The fortifications on the land side had the form of an irregular semicircle and were 1% miles (2.5 kilometers) in length. These de- fenses consisted of an earth rampart strengthened on the outside by two ditches. In the bed of the Rhine, the course of which is almost east and west at this point, were found piles which at one time must have formed part of a bridge. Their position in line with the axis (decumanus) of the camp, which in this instance would be a line ex- tending from the south gate in a direction at right angles to the course of the river, points to their identification as remains of the second bridge of Cesar. The works at this point were the first Roman forti- fication on the Rhine. Cesar made the river the boundary of Roman dominion from Lake Constance to the sea. This boundary was provided with a comprehensive system of defenses by Drusus, the step-son of Augustus, probably in 12 B. C. According to Florus (II, 30) he erected 50 forts (castella) at inter- vals along the Roman or Gallic bank of the Rhine. These were in- tended, no doubt, to serve as protection for detachments of auxiliary troops, the cohorts and ale which were organized and recruited from among the subject peoples of the Empire. Mainz (Mogontiacum) and Castra Vetera (near Xanten) had already been selected as headquar- ters for the legions, the divisions formed of Roman citizens. Thus, near the beginning of the first decade B. C., we find an arrangement which was characteristic of the distribution of the forces during the whole period of the occupation of the military boundary,— be found in the following articles and monographs: Herzog, Kritische Bemer- kungen zur Chronologie des Limes (Jahrbb. d. Ver. v. Altertumsfr. im Rhein- lande). Heft 105 (1900), page 50-75; Ernst Schulze, Die romischen Grenzanlagen in Deutschland u. das Limeskastel Saalburg, (Gitersloh, 1903) ; E. Fabricius, Die Entstehung der romischen Limesanlagen in Deutschland (Trier, 1902) ; Koepp, Die Romer in Deutsch- - land (Monographien zur Weltgeschichte, Leipzig, 1905). With regard to the Saalburg the reader may consult the description by von Cohausen and L. Jacobi, Das Romerkastell Saalburg (Homburg, 1902), or a short guide by H. Jacobi, Fuhrer durch das Romerkastell — Saalburg (Homburg, 1905). 8Cesar, Bell. Gall. IV, 16-19 and VI, 9-10 and 29. 4Nissen and Koenen, Caesars Rheinfest, Jahrbb, des Vereins von Altertumsfreunde im Rhewmlande (Bonner Jahrbb.-, Heft 107 (1899), pages 1-29).

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ROMAN EMPIRE IN GERMANY II the combination of large fortified camps for the legions with a series of smaller forts for the ale and cohorts. ‘he forts erected under the orders of Drusus consisted of small rectangular areas enclosed by ramparts of earth. The traces of one of them were discovered near the site of Czsar’s second bridge, partly enclosed by the larger forti- fications thrown up by him as described above. We shall pass over the period of Roman dominion between the Rhine and the Elbe; it was apparently too ephemeral to permit of the development of a regular system of forts. After the recall of Ger- manicus in 16 A. D. the Rhine marked again the veritable or approxi- mate limit of Roman authority throughout the greater part of its course, although the territory about Weisbaden, defended, perhaps, by a fort which Drusus.had erected on Mount Taunus,’ was retained as a part of Upper Germany and farther down on the right bank of the Rhine an unoccupied military zone added to the security of Lower Germany. 3 The decisive step which led to the establishment of a permanent land boundary east of the Rhine was taken by Domitian as a result of the war against the Chatti in 83 A. D. The ability of Domitian has been misjudged because of the ridicule heaped upon his military en- terprises by contemporary but prejudiced writers.” But recent excavations in the lower Main valley have shown that his campaign in that quarter had results of lasting importance for the extension of Roman sovereignty. Five legions with their complement of auxiliary troops, cohorts and ale, starting from Mainz ( Mogontia- cum) as base, drove the Chatti from the lower Main valley and then dislodged them from their fastnesses on the summit of Taunus. Several forts were at once constructed in the plain to be garri- - soned by bodies of the auxiliary troops. The description of the forts has been reserved for a latter part of this paper; but we may remark here in anticipation that the fortified camps intended for the cohorts and ale as well as the larger ones of the legions and the small stations for detachments, of which we shall have occasion to speak presently, were nearly always rectangular 1 in plan. It is convenient to designate as “cohort castella’’ or cohort forts, the fortified camps whose size was calculated for single cohorts or ale, bodies of 500 or 1000 men. These must be distinguished from the large legionary camps on the one hand and on the other from the small forts for single detachments. Remains of buildings have been found in the cohort castella in the plain between the lower Main and Mount Taunus showing brick- stamps with the names of the legions which were assembled in this region only at the time of Domitian’s campaign against the Chatti. This proves that measures were taken by this emperor which secured the permanent occupation of the erery by the Romans.’ 5Tac. Aun. I, 56. 6Tacitus, Germ. 37, Agricola 39, 2; Plin. pan. 16° Dio Cassius LX VII, 4, 1. TCE. Fabricius, Op. cit. p. 5.

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12 RECORDS OF THE PAST When the auxiliary troops had been provided with fortified camps the Romans proceeded to lay out the fortified boundary or limes. The word limes related etymologically with limus, meaning “cross-wise” or transverse, and limen, “threshold,” signified originally a neutral zone separating the lands of different rural proprietors;* it is described as a boundary having width, and served regularly as a highway. So the limes Imperu Romani was a road which marked the limit of Roman territory. The word, even when used in the latter connection, did not imply, at first at least, the existence of defensive works. Later, when circumstances led to the erection of forts along the boundary with uninterrupted defensive barriers to exclude the barbarians, the word may have come to suggest to the Roman mind, as it does to ours, a system of military works. Frontinus’ speaks of a recent extension of a limes 120 miles in length. This would correspond with the boundary traced by Domitian from the Rhine near Neuwied to the Main at Hanau, embracing the territory which he had acquired. This line, represented by a cutting through the forest, followed in general the summit of the Taunus range in an irregular course to conform to pre-existing canton boundaries and the requirements of signal service. For at points of vantage wooden towers were erected in which soldiers were posted to watch the movements of the barbarians and signal to the cohort castella in the plain the warning of danger. The signals were thus transmitted by means of fire. At convenient intervals along the limes small forts or earthworks were provided for the detachments detailed from the castella for senti- nel duty on the boundary. One of these, which may be selected as a typical exaniple, was discovered on the site of the Saalburg. It had an area of 100 yds. by 107 yds. (92 by 98 meters). At first the chief purpose of the limes was to control communication to and fro. The barbarians were permitted to cross the limes only when disarmed and under surveillance and upon payment of custom dues. The exchange of wares was limited to a few fixed points along the line.” An excep- tion to these regulations was allowed in favor of the Hermundur1, who dwelt to the north of the boundary of Rheetia.“ In accordance with the purpose of the boundary occupation naturally fortresses were erected at points where highways traversed the boundary line. Early in the reign of Trajan the boundary was extended along the course of the Main from the point of termination of the boundary line of Domitian to Worth. From there a land boundary was carried across the Odenwald to a point on the Neckar near the mouth of the Jagst. The river Neckar formed the continuation of the new line to a point near Cannstadt where the land boundary commenced again 8Mommsen, Romische Geschichte, vol. 5, pages III, 112 (note). ®*Frontinus, Strat. I, 3, 10. 10Tac. Hist. IV, 64, Germ. At. 11Tac. Germ. 4I. e

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TROGLODYTE DWELLINGS I3 and was extended across the country as far as the northwest corner of the province of Rhetia. This extension effected the inclusion of the so-called tithe lands (agri decumates) within the territory of the Roman Empire. This region was already partially occupied by ad- -venturers from Gaul, such as might be termed “squatters.” Tacitus describes it as a tract of insecure possession.” _ The arrangements on the new line were similar to those north of the Main except that the cohort castella were erected on the boundary itself and not in the interior. Under Trajan the limes boundary was probably continued along the northern frontier of Rhztia with the necessary forts as far as the Danube at Eining. GerorGE H. ALLEN. University of Cincinnati. THE TROGLODYTE DWELLINGS OF BAKHTCHI-SARAI AKHTCHI-SARAI, thirty-eight miles northeast from Sévastopol, is one of the most interesting centers from which to visit a characteristic class of archzological remains in the Crimea. This is a city, of about 15,000 inhabitants, which was given up for the exclusive use of the Tartars by Catherine IL., who visited it in 1787. Here the traveler will become familiar with the minarets of Moslem mosques, from whose top the muezzin’s call to prayer is given at the appropriate times throughout the day. As in all Moslem towns, booths line the narrow streets, each man plying | his trade, so that all may see his work. The customer has only to halt, not turning in from the pavement, to lean upon the counter or shelf, which is flush with the street. Early in the day the city is a busy scene of traffic, but at sunset wooden shutters are let down, and one sees only deserted streets, with blank walls on either side. Everything is in striking contrast to the centers of archeological interest in the near vicinity. It should be premised, however, that the archzological remains in the interior of the Crimea are in marked contrast to those which abound along the shore. The latter are almost all distinctly of Greek origin; the former are more varied in their character, and bear marks of different nationalities and of a longer period of history. Extensive Greek remains are found at Chersonese, on the peninsula a little far- ther out than Sévastopol, and, upon the eastern side of the Criméa, at Theodosia. More extensive, still, are the remains at Kertch, on the Cimmerian Bosphorus. These have been extensively excavated by the Russians, and from them a remarkable collection of objects of art has been made in the Museum of the Hermitage in St. Petersburg. A partial account of the Greek remains at Kertch was given in the 12Germ. 20.

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14 RECORDS OF THE PAST RECORDS OF THE Past for November, 1905. Near the mouth of the Don, as it enters the Sea of Azov, the extensive ruins of Tanis,-founded by a colony from Miletus in 650 B. C., yet await exploration. The southern shore of the Crimea is bordered by a picturesque mountain range, chiefly composed of Jurassic rocks, which rise to a height of about 5,000 ft. As is well known, this mountain chain is such a perfect protection from the cold winds of the north that the southern exposure, overlooking the Black Sea, has a climate of rare mildness and salubrity, making Yalta one of the most charming places of the world, and the favorite residence of the Czar and as many of the nobility of Russia as can find room for their palaces. Upon surmount- ing this range, one looks out upon the extensive plains which stretch northward without interruption to the Baltic Sea. The slopes of Cretaceous and Tertiary rock which lead down to this plain are deeply STREET OF BAKHTCHI-SARAI—IN THE MORNING channeled by a number of small streams, of which the Belbek, the Katcha and the Alma are prominent. While the climate of this north- ern slope is so dry and severe.that the soil furnishes only a scanty amount of pasturage for flocks, the river valleys, protected by the pre- cipitous faces of their eroded channels and supplied with abundant water from their mountain sources, are extremely productive, and have for ages offered peculiar attractions to the races which have roamed over the territory beyond the reach of the adventurous traders who from the earliest times have established their trading-posts and developed their peculiar civilization in every accessible harbor along the coast. There is nothing new in the bigs that a peculiar people are in possession of the interior of the Crimea. The “Crim Tartars” are the natural successors of the Scythian tribes that for ages occupied what

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TROGLODYTE DWELLINGS Is VIEWS AT BAKHTCHI-SARAI I. BOULDER UTILIZED FOR A CHAPEL. 2. ENTRANCE TO THE CHAPEL IN THE BOULDER. + 3. A CHAPEL IN THE CLIFF, . 4. NEAR VIEW OF THE CRYPTS was to the classic nations the unknown regions of the north. _ Yet these same valleys and the bordering mountain fastnesses have all along presented especial attractions and offered asylum to various classes of religious enthusiasts, who have found in them the seclusion and protection which were forbidden elsewhere. Among the most interesting ruins are those-of Mangoup-Kale, upon the south side of the Belbek Valley, and about half-way between Bakhtchi-Sarai and Sévastopol. These are situated upon an eroded mountain summit, 1,000 ft. above the valley, which commands an ex- tensive view of the Chersonese peninsula upon the one side, and of Eupatoria, the ancient Coronitis, to the north. The precipitous faces of the calcareous sandstone cliffs, which abound here, are honey-

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16 RECORDS OF THE PAST combed with crypts excavated in the rocks, which have been used from the earliest times. Many of these are connected with each other by narrow and perilous paths, cut in the face of the rock. These are said to be “provided with reclining niches, watertanks, pits for holding sup- plies, and in some instances with fireplaces.” The acropolis, or citadel, is surrounded by a formidable wall, 12 ft. in thickness. This is bordered by a terrace upon the precipitous side, which contains a palatial facade, of fine architectural proportions, ornamented by designs in a style peculiar to the Armenians. What is left of this edifice is 41 ft. long by 19 ft. in depth. Adjoining the acropolis there is, according to Telfer, “a crypt from which two flights of steps lead to a larger crypt chamber, meas- uring 21 ft. by 17 ft., and 8 ft. 4 in. from floor to ceiling, the roof being supported by a pillar of one piece with the rock. Seven doorways lead out of this lower chamber to 6 separate closets, each from 7 ft. to 8 ft. square, and it also communicates by another opening with a shelf in the rock outside, which overlooks the valley of Kodja-Sala at a depth of about 1,000 ft. We here have a remarkable and unique suite of rock-cut dwellings, which, considering its disposition and acces- sories, may have been, as Dubois suggests, the residence of a king of the Tauri.” This conspicuous point is supposed by Dubois to be “the site of Chabum, one of the fortresses constructed by Scylurus, the Tauro- Scythian king.” Towards the close of the IV century, A. D., after the departure of the Huns, the Goths occupied the stronghold, and left upon the remains the marks of the Christian ideas which had been introduced among them by captives made in their wars with the Romans. Over these Christians the Emperor Justinian extended his protection until the region was conquered by the Khozars, in the VIII century. Meanwhile the Khozars were converted to Judaism. Fol- lowing the ‘Khozars, the Comans occupied the region in 1050, these in turn being displaced by the Mongols in 1237. Then came the Geno- ese, and later the Turks. Nevertheless, the Goths were never wholly displaced, and it is related that 40 castles remained between Mangoup and the Chersonesus, “in each of which a separate idiom was spoken, many of the men in them being Goths, whose tongue was a dialect of the Teuton.” Now these strongholds are entirely abandoned, but as late as 1800 a few of the members of the Karaite sect of the Jews re- mained in the stronghold. Within a day’s ride of Bakhtchi-Sarai there are 3 centers of ex- treme interest, an account of which can best be given in the shape of a journal, made during a visit early in October, 1905. . Obtaining a driver and a dragoman, we left the crowded streets of the city early in the day, and drove for about two hours southward across the ele- vated country partially dissected by the upper branches of the Katcha. The bare rocks offered but a scanty herbage to the few flocks of sheep which we met, watched over by lonely shepherds. But there was a

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TROGLODYTE DWELLINGS [7 SOUTH SIDE OF THE PROMONTORY OF TCHOUFOUT-KALE, WITH THE KARAITE SCHOOL IN FOREGROUND constant stream of carts, loaded with luscious fruit, on its way to the railroad station to be taken to the northcrn capital of the empire. Upon approaching the valley of the stream, everything was changed. Such loads of apples as were being boxed ready for market, and such jolly, happy bands of peasant girls as were going from one orchard to another to help in the picking, made it difficult to believe that want had ever touched the country. A striking feature of the scenery between the cliffs, which are about a mile apart. is two gigantic columns of calcareous rock, mysteriously left in the progress of the general erosion of the valley. Our photograph, while showing well one of the columns, fails to show the precipitousness of the retreating face of the cliff behind it, since the camera had to be elevated in order to get the view at all. | | ‘Two or three miles farther up the valley we reach the crypts of Katchikalén, which are excavated in the cliff of calcareous sandstone rising about 2,000 ft. above the bed of the stream upon the north side. At the base of the cliff is the modern church of St. Athanasius, around which are gathered a number of Greek monks. sunportine themselves by cultivation of the fields. but whose spare time is occupied by keen- ing up the services of the church, and retiring to these crypts for medi- tation. With an abundance of straw to protect them from the hard- ness of the rocky floor, and with the magnificent outlook of natural scenery which opens before them through the doors of the crvpts. re- ligious meditation would seem here to be far from irksome, and to have everything to aid the worshiper in looking from Nature up to Nature’s God. But, as a matter of fact, the monks look dull and uninterestinc. as though little affected by the impressiveness of the scenery surround- ing them.

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18 RECORDS OF THE PAST Upon ascending the winding pathway, not to the summit, for that is impossible to reach from this side, but to the middle of the preci- pice, where the crypts are thickest, both the bewilderment and the interest became extreme. The path leads by many immense boulders that have fallen down from the face of the cliff in times long gone by, some of which are now utilized for chapels. One is surmounted by a _ cross, while the interior has been excavated into a commodious room, and furnished with all the paraphernalia of a church service. How many such there were we could not learn. Two of the most striking ones appear in our illustrations. In saying that the face of the cliff is honeycombed, we are not speaking figuratively, but literally, as our views will show. In many places they rise story above story, while it was difficult to.see how access to them could have been obtained. Many of the crypts are com- pound, several of them being connected by secret passages ; some, also, were provided with niches and bins, and with winepresses and reser- voirs. The whole place was rendered impregnable by nature, except upon the northwest side, where a strong artificial wall had been built. Leaving the valley of the Katcha at Shoury, and going north- ward up the rocky valley of the Syrbey, and passing two or three highly cultivated estates, one comes in the course of an hour to Tepe- Kermen (“castle on the hill”), which contains upon its summit the most perfect and varied of all the crypts in the peninsula. Here, on the south and west side of the precipitous summit (1,000 ft. above the _ valley), crypts appear in successive tiers, with steps along the exterior ‘surface of the rock communicating from one to the other. “All have recesses, niches, reclining places, and bins, jeconomy of space having evidently been studied in their distribution.” Among the excavations is a chapel containing a number of illegible inscriptions in early Greek characters. In front of the chapel are pits in the rock filled with hu- man bones. None of these crypts are now utilized, while in number they are to be counted by the hundred. About an hour farther over the highlands to the north, one reaches what is in many respects one of the most interesting places of all—the “Valley of Jehoshaphat”—into which projects a promontory, with pre- cipitous faces on either side, several hundred feet inheight. The surface is covered by massive ancient ruins, while many passages lead down to extensive excavations, with the windows opening out upon the face of the precipice below. The neck of the promontory is crossed by a solid wall of defense, which is penetrated by a single gateway. This place is now known as Tchoufout-Kalé, or “Jewish Fortress,” and is occupied by the sect of the Jews known as the Karaites, who are said to have been here since the year 460 B. C. The Karaites maintain that many Israelites went with the armies of Cyrus, Cambyses, and Darius in their expeditions into Scythia, and that to these were given the Tauric peninsula. The Karaites differ from the Talmudists in reject- ing tradition and adhering strictly to the letter of the Bible. They

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TROGLODYTE DWELLINGS | I9 VIEWS AROUND BAKHTCHI-SARAT T. A REMNANT OF EROSION. 2. TEPE-KERMEN. 3. GENERAL VIEW OF THE CLIFF. 4. NEAR VIEW OF THE CRYPTS nuniber about 6,000 in the Crimea, and maintain a printing establish- ment at Eupatoria. They have a synagogue in Jerusalem, one of whose members visits the Crimea annually to collect contributions. The reputation of the Karaites for morality is unexceptionable, and their honesty and probity are proverbial. They have been much favored by the Russian government, and point with great pride to the splendid portraits of Catherine and of the Czar and Czarina, which have been presented to their chapel at Tchoufout-Kalé. | In the early part of the last century more than 1,000 of the Ka- raites were living on this rocky promontory, ‘but now only three fami- lies are left, one of which is that of the very highly-educated, courteous, and fine-appearing rabbi, who is at the head of a theological school maintained in the place. The impressive building that appears in our

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20 RECORDS OF THE PAST illustration is occupied by this school, which numbers 20 pupils. In the room adjoining, occupied by the family, there is a most exquisite ceiling of carved wood, several hundred years old. From our illus- trations a faint idea can be obtained of the situation of the promontory in the midst of whose ruins this singular temple of learning now stands. The outlook takes in the whole coast from Eupatoria to Sévastopol, with the sea in the background. Everything around them reminds them of the past and of the tenacity of their religious ideas. Ruins of unknown age cover the surface of the peninsula. Crypts whose history stretches back to unknown periods of time are reached by winding staircases cut in the rock beneath their feet, where meditation can be aided by every material adjunct of which it is possible to conceive. Recently a collection of manuscripts, many of them dating from before the [X century, which had been kept at this school, were purchased by the Russian government for the sum of $50,000. Near by is a ceme- tery with inscriptions dating from the I century of our era. One of them reads, “The Rabbi Moses Levi, died in the year 726 after our exile,” which would correspond to 30 A. D. Another reads, “Zadok the Levite, son of Moses, died 4000 years after the creation, 785 after our exile,” which corresponds to 89 A. D. After bidding farewell to the courteous rabbi and his interesting wife, and taking a last look through the gorge towards Bakhtchi-Sarai, which about half-way down is occupied by the picturesque convent of Ouspensky, we drove rapidly over the rough road to reach the city just too late to hear the muezzin’s cry for the closing prayer of the day, and to wend our way through Moslem streets that were well nigh as deserted as were the ruins of Tchoufout-Kale. 3 | GEORGE FREDERICK WRIGHT. ~ Oberlin, Ohio. | FRONT VIEW OF THE KARAITE SCHOOL LOOKING ACROSS THE GORGE _ oo ‘ $Ateieperee ob

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PILOT BLUFF NEAR M EVERS MOUNDS THE McEVERS MOUNDS, PIKE CO.,, ILLINOISI N THE west bank of the Illinois River, in Pike County, Illinois, stands the little hamlet of Montezuma, reached by boat down the river, or by way of the Alton R. R. to Pearl, and thence 8 miles by the daily stage. Along the river is a strip of rich bottom land about 600 ft. wide, and on this the village is located. Running east and west at right angles to this alluvial bottom are ridges from 30 to 50 ft. high, which break down abruptly at the eastern end in laminated limestone cliffs that face the river. Between the ridges flow small rivulets which seep out from rocks along the numerous gullies. _ On these ridges, close to the town, on land belonging to N. D. McEvers, are 15 mounds, 8 of which have, this last winter, been more or less thoroughly examined. We give their size and the results of the exploration in the order in which the excavations took place: No. 1—24 ft. high; 130 ft. in diameter. No. 2— 9 _ ft. high; 100 ft. in diameter.

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22 RECORDS OF THE PAST No. 3— 6 ft. high; 105 ft. in diameter. No. 4— 8% ft. high; 100 ft. in diameter. No. 5—I12 ft. high; 125 ft. in diameter. No. 6— 3. ft. high; 20 ft. in diameter. ~ No. 7— 5 ft. high; 25 ft. in diameter. No. 8— 4 __ ft. high; indefinite. No. I is the largest and most conspicuously located of all the mounds, and is situated at the extreme eastern end of a ridge just where it drops down into a perpendicular, shaly cliff. It was covered with a thick sod, and apple trees were growing upon it. Mr. McEvers had long intended to examine it, although an uncle assured him that he had opened it 50 years ago and there was nothing in it. A slight break in the symmetry of the northeastern side near the top, marked the place of this excavation. Nevertheless, in the winter of 1905, Mr. McEvers began to tunnel it from the west. As he proceeded, he found mussel shells, ashes, charcoal, and bones. ‘The earth was soft and there was danger of its caving in; and when, at a distance of 33 ft. inward, a still softer soil was encountered, the tunnel was abandoned and a trench, intended to meet the tunnel, - was begun from the eastern side. By the time this had been extended 50 ft. inward, Drs. Bushnell, Wulfing, and Fowke, of the Missour1 Historical Society, had heard of it and were on the spot. With the consent of the owner, they hired 4 men with scrapers and started a large trench through the mound from east to west, several feet south of the former trench. f As the work progressed, ashes, charcoal, animal bones, and flint chippings were unearthed, beside a great number of mussel shells, some of them perforated so that by the attachment of handles they might be used as hoes or scrapers. Lower down were found a flint spear point, flakes of mica, three flakes resembling moss agate, but with no moss enclosed, and many small fragments of pottery, mostly of coarse material and crude “finger-nail’ decorations, or none, but some with fine polish and beautifully curved rims neatly decorated with crisscross lines. Ata depth of 22 ft. a layer of decayed wood and bark several inches in thickness was encountered; and beneath this was a vault 15 ft. from north to south, by 7 east and west, and 20 in. in height, built of logs and chinked with a green clay which, when moist, works up in the hand like putty. This log pen had been built on the original surface or sod line, and had been floored with bark. Over the south half of this floor 1,259 leaf-shaped blades of chert had been laid so as to overlap like shingles. The blades are 3% to 7 in. long, and from 3 to 4% in. in breadth, care- fully wrought, and mostly of dull white, although some are red, some black and red, and others a beautiful mixture of pink and white. On this flooring of leaf-blades, at the southern end of the vault, a body nearly 6 ft. long had been laid, face down, head southwest. A foot north of the head a large lower jaw rested on four pink blades.

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McEVERS MOUNDS 23 Human bones indicating promiscuous skeleton burials covered almost the entire bottom of the cist, and scattered about among them were 4 perfect, 19 broken, and several fragmentary needles or perforators made of elk bone. Just north of the center was a disjointed and bundled skeleton, the large leg bones being placed on the bottom and the skull, which was painted or stained red, being placed in vertical position above the west end of the heap. Near the northern end of the cist was an extended skeleton, head west; 2 ft. north was another extended skeleton with head at the east, and between the head of the latter and the feet of the former was a large shell a foot long, which had perhaps been used as a drinking cup, for the columella and inner whorls had been removed. Near the first bunched skeleton were 42 pearl beads, one weighing 52 grains, but the others small, though of brilliant luster. And with them were 72 cylindrical and barrel-shaped beads % to 1% in. long, made from salt-water shells, all well polished and drilled lengthwise. Among them was an occasional long, pointed tooth of an animal drilled through the root end. One or two other traces of bunched bones were found. Some flat, disk-shaped shell beads, perforated at the center, fragments of two “pulley rings’ grooved around the outer circum- ference like the wheel of a well-sweep, and a finely wrought shell spoon, completed the contents of the vault. The trench was enlarged at the middle so as to extend beyond the pen, and the logs were found to be crossed at the corners and to extend several feet beyond the cist. The reddish-brown, decayed wood crumbled at every touch. Several feet above and to the southwest of the vault, just where the enlargement of the trench begins, are traces of a log that seems to have sagged from an inclined position, like a weakened roof timber; and diagonally opposite on the northeast pro- jection of the trench the red dust of decayed wood is also to be seen. If these are remains of roofing logs, the roof must have projected far beyond the vault, and have been put in the mound after a covering of earth had been heaped above the flat, wood or bark cover which rested immediately upon the pen. The whole enormous mound seems to have been constructed of baskets full of sand, clay, ashes, and charcoal; and the separate loads can be distinctly traced. On the north wall of the trench, a thin vein of green clay like that with which the pen was chinked, indicates that a layer of this was put over the mound at one stage of the building. Small quantities of a soft, bright-red material resembling paint are found in the earth, and a crumbling ball of the same was picked up at the spring on the south side of the ridge. From the wall of the trench — 5 ft. above the bottom, the writer took a very small pink leat-blade. On the upper surface of it, close to the edge, was what appeared to be a short, branched root, but the supposed root proves to be as hard as iron, and though apparently extraneous, can be neither broken off nor washed away.

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24 RECORDS OF THE PAST In mounds where there are important central burials, as in this, there are usually other inhumations around the circumference or in upper strata, and it is possible that much of interest still remains hid- den in this tumulus; but to remove the entire mound would be a stu- pendous labor, and tunneling near the original surface is unsafe, for the moist loam readily falls—in slices—when cut with a knife. No. 2, across the gully to the north was excavated with scrapers, the trench being cut from north to south. On the sod line at the center were found the decayed bones of 3 or 4 persons. No implements or pottery had been buried with them. Two other mounds in this row were left untouched, for the clay of which these are composed is very hard to work, being sticky when wet and exceedingly tough when dry. Nos. 3 and 4.—Some distance west on this second ridge are 4 large mounds contiguous to each other and in a line north and south. Nos. 3 and 4, as well as No. 2, each had a slight depression near the top, and it is possible that the same uncle who thought he had explored No. I may have dug into these. They were of the same tough clay which at the surface almost resisted the blows of the picks. But de- spite the extreme difficulty of the task, a large trench was made through each. Nothing of consequence was found in No. 3. In No. 4, the patella and tooth of a horse were uncovered; the latter at a depth of 7 ft., and evidently contemporaneous with the mound, proving that this earthwork is not more than 400 years old. At the bottom of the mound an interesting feature was discovered: the original surface had been leveled up by dumping earth in the de- pressions, and then a wall or ridge of red clay had been built, enclos- ing an area 12 ft. east and west by 16 north and south. Within this enclosure were 3 bunched skeleton burials. No. 5.—The most southern one of the 4 was constructed of dumped earth, ashes, rock, and wood. A trench was run from east to west. Nine feet under the apex, the scrapers struck the northeast corner of ° a log cist 14 ft. east and west; 12, north and south; and 2% high, built directly on the sod line. Near the south side of this vault was the top of a skull, crown upward, and stained red. Four feet to the eastward were portions of the skeleton. One whole, and several broken bone needles were found in the cist. Outside the vault, 30 ft. west of the center and above the natural surface, was an extended skeleton, head south. Nothing else was found in the west half of the trench; but in the east half were two adult skeletons, extended, heads east; 5 frag- mentary skeletons; one adult and one child’s skull. It will be noticed that this mound, like the first in which a vault was enclosed, is of dumped earth, and that here within the narrow space of the seven-foot trench had occurred 10 depositions of human remains outside the cist. | Probably 3 times that number would be found if the whole mound were explored; for the tumulus is 125 ft. in diameter. No. 6.—Leaving the larger mounds and returning, with shovels, to the first ridge on which No. 1 stands, the explorers investigated a

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McEVERS MOUNDS 25 very small mound, the middle one of 3 standing in a line east and west. This, like all the preceding, is in an orchard, and plowing had reduced it to a height of 3 ft. ‘There was scarcely rise enough to indicate that it was an artificial elevation. Nothing was found at the center, but at the northeast were crumbling bones of two adults and of a child which, at death, was cutting its second teeth. No. 7.—A new feature was discovered in the western one of these 3 small mounds. In all the others, the depositions had been on or above the surface. In this, a grave had been dug at the center, 16 in. into the soil, and in it had been placed a body, extended, head west. At the outer edge on the south, another grave had been sunk a foot TRENCH THROUGH NO. I—M’EVERS MOUNDS . into the earth, to contain a body extended, head east. This grave was covered with limestone slabs and on the slabs were several mussel shells. West of this grave, on the natural surface, was a skeleton, ex- tended, head northeast or toward the center. A foot above this were the bones of a skeleton piled in a small heap. At the sod line, just above the central grave, was an extended skeleton, head east. When the tumulus was 2 feet high, two bodies were placed on it east of the center, heads west, as would be necessary in keeping the head uppermost on this side of the mound. One of these skulls had teeth much worn, indicating age; the other had only the first set of teeth. The heads were in contact, and this was probably a burial of

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26 RECORDS OF THE PAST parent and child. Three other bodies were placed on the east. On the west side of the mound was an extended skeleton, head southwest, with the small bones of the feet and hands well preserved, but with the face and jaw bones crumbled to dust. Parallel with this were the soft fragments of another skeleton. Farther east was a broken skull; and under this the nearly perfect skeleton of an infant or a very young child. Part of the skull of another infant, which had been just cutting its teeth, lay near this. East of the center, close to the surface, was an unusually thick skull, and north of the center a very large femur and tibia lying at right angles and a foot apart. Beneath these were the | fragments of a-child’s skull and 3 ft. away some teeth of a child. The slight elevation of this mound, the successive burials, and the position of scattered bones evidently belonging together, as in the two instances last mentioned, render it probable that the sundering of these skeletons - was due to the plowshare or to the depredations of animals. In this one mound, 5 ft. high and scarcely 25 in diameter, the re- mains of 18 or Ig persons had been inhumed, in pits, on the surface, inclined on the partly constructed pile; heads east, west, northeast, and southwest, showing that no uniform custom prevailed. No implements or pottery had been buried with these bodies. Only the southern por- tion of the mound, from a line drawn 3 ft. north of the center, had been excavated. An exploring trench was dug around the northern circumference, but as no implements were unearthed and as bones were now at a discount, being corded up under a tree near by, the inner northern part of the mound was left intact and the explorers betook themselves to a pasture lot close to the southwest corner of Monte- zuma, and began work on No. 8. : No. 8.—This was another mound whose boundaries had been ob- literated and whose height had been so reduced by cultivation and by the trampling hoofs of cattle that Mr. McEvers had not recognized it as an Indian burial place. The first stroke of the spade revealed an earthen pot fairly projecting above the sod. And on the southern ~ slope the faces of 6 skeletons almost protruded from the earth. The pot was the only entire one found in any of the mounds, but it was so badly decayed that it fell to pieces on removal from the ground. Di- rectly below the pot was a round fire pit 16 in. in diameter, and 18 in. deep, filled with ashes, charcoal, and earth. North of the pot, close to the surface was the top of a skull. Three feet east of the center was another, the face bones wanting. On the natural surface, lying in a curved line as if to mark the southern circumference of the mound, were two adult skeletons, and near them that of a child, covered with limestone slabs. Here also an exploring ditch was run around the northern circumference, and the remainder of the mound left undisturbed. . Many of the skeletons were too much decayed to be preserved; but all the skulls were collected, and these, together with most of the blades, beads, and needles were given to the Missouri Historical Soci-

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BOOK REVIEWS | 27 ety. There are still 4 large and 3 small mounds unexplored, and on the east bank of the Illinois are several more. Log cists like those in Nos. I and 5 are not common in Illinois, though they are found in other sections of the United States. In Joe Daviess Co. a vault was made of stone on three sides and of logs on the fourth side; in Whiteside Co. east of Sterling the writer knows -of a mound in which a large stone slab was laid on four stone corner- posts, and under this canopy several bodies were placed in sitting posture; but the usual cist all along the Illinois side of the Mississippi River is of stone slabs set on edge, with a floor and covering of slabs. The Hurons east of the Great Lakes, used to bury their dead sepa- rately, and every 12 years they exhumed the bones and the partially decomposed bodies, made a “Feast of the Dead;” and reburied them all in one pit. The Dakotas exposed their dead on aerial platforms until | the flesh was removed, when they buried the bones. Some such custom probably accounts for the bundled and disconnected remains found in the McEvers mounds. CLARA KERN BAYLISS. Springfield, Ill. fo BOOK REVIEWS THE NORTHMEN,..COLUMBUS AND CABOT? The American Historical Association in 1902 adopted a plan to present a series of volumes of original narratives of early American history to cover the period from the earliest discoveries to 1700. The general editor chosen was Dr. J. Franklin Jameson of the Department of Historical Research in the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The object of the series is thus set forth in the general preface to the first volume to appear: The series is to consist of such volumes as will illustrate the early history of all the chief parts of the country, with an additional volume of general index. The plan contemplates, not a body of extracts, but in general the publication or republication of whole works or distinct parts of works. In the case of narratives originally issued in some other language than English, the best available transla- tions will be used, or fresh versions made. In a few instances, important narra- tives hitherto unprinted will be inserted. The English texts will be taken from the earliest editions, or those having the highest historical value, and will be re- produced with literal exactness. The maps will be such as will give.real help toward understanding the events narrated in the volume. ‘The special editors 1To which the writer is indebted for many of these specifications. 2Original Narratives of Early American History—The Northmen Columbus and Cabot, 985-1503.—The Voyage of the Northmen, Edited by Julius E, Olson—The Voyage of Columbus and of John Cabot.—Edited by Edward Gaylord Bourne, Ph.D.—With maps ° and a facsimile reproduction.—Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York—1906

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28 RECORDS OF THE PAST of the individual works will supply introductions, setting forth briefly the author’s career and opportunities, when known, the status of the work in the literature of American history, and its value as a source, and indicating previous editions; and they will furnish such annotations, scholarly but simple, as will enable the intelli- gent reader to understand and to estimate rightly the statements of the text. The effort has been made to secure for each text the most competent editor. The great value of such a series is apparent to all, for no abstracts — of narratives or modern histories can have the atmosphere or personal character of the originals. Of the early discoverers whose narratives and journals are gathered together in the first volume under the title of The North- men, Columbus and Cabot, the Northmen are the most interesting and attractive because of the mystery which surrounds the actual places they visited, the character of the men and the fact that the original naratives of their expeditions have not been as widely published as those of the later voyagers. These narratives include the Saga of Eric the Red, The Vinland History of the Flat Island Book, and ex- cerpts from Adam of Bremen’s Descriptio Insularum Aquiloms, The Icelandic Annals and Papal Letters concerning the Bishopric of ‘Gar- dar in Greenland during the XV century. The romances in these stories surpass those of any novel in interest, and what could be more fascinating than the fairy tales, such as that of the discovery of a Uniped, which were inserted by one narrator, who felt that he must have something supernatural to report in order to prove that he had visited a new, strange, foreign country. | A comparison of the different narratives makes it possible for the reader to separate in part the true from the imaginative, and to draw his own conclusions as to the location of the Vinland described by the Northmen, a problem which will doubtless never be solved unless some authentic traces of their short visit to our coast lies hidden awaiting future discovery. | The introduction and numerous footnotes by Prof. Julius E. Olson add greatly to this most valuable collection of narratives. We can speak but briefly of the voyage of Columbus and John Cabot, which are edited by Dr. Edward G. Bourne. This part of the volume is composed of a complete Journal of the First Voyage, letters from Columbus to Luis de Santangel, and to Ferdinand and Isabella, a letter of Dr. Chansa, on the second voyage of Columbus, a narrative of the third voyage of Columbus, a letter of Columbus to the Nurse of Prince John, and a letter of Columbus on the fourth voyage, and a few letters of the voyage of John Cabot. Weare fortunate in having such full accounts of the discoveries made by Columbus, and equally unfor- tunate in having so little concerning the region visited by John Cabot. Several maps and facsimile reproductions add to the value of the work, which is a boon to the general reading public, as well as to stu- dents and teachers of history. FREDERICK BENNETT WRIGHT.

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BOOK REVIEWS 29 THE BOOK AM-TUAT* The inhabitants of Egypt during the Dynastic Period of: their history possessed, in common with other peoples of similar antiquity, very definite ideas about the abode of departed spirits, and few, if any ancient nations have caused their beliefs about the situation, the form, the divisions and the inhabitants of their Heaven and Hell to be de- scribed so fully in writing. Doctor E. A. Wallis Budge, Keeper of the Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities in the British Museum, contributes a series of three vol- umes which treat of the Egyptian Heaven and Hell. The first of these contains the complete hieroglyphic text of the Book Am-Tuat, with translations and reproductions of all the illustrations; also chapters dealing with the origin and contents of Books of the Other World. The second volume contains the complete hieroglyphic text of the Summary, or short form of the Book Am-Tuat, and the complete hieroglyphic text of the Book or Gates, in like manner as to transla- tions and reproductions of the illustrations; while the third volume is a resume and discussion of the contents of the others. Chapters are devoted to “The earliest Egyptian conception of the Other World,” and to “The reunion of the Beatified and their recognition of each other in the Other World, and the eathering together of a man’s an- cestors to him in the Neter-Kher.” For a period of 2,000 years in the history of Egypt, the Books of the Other World consisted of text only, but about B. C. 2500 some pictorial representations appeared, and before the close of the XIX Dynasty, all the principal books relating to the Tuat were profusely illustrated. In the copies of them which were painted on the walls of the royal tomb, each division of the Twat was clearly drawn and de- scribed, and each gate, with all its guardians, were carefully depicted. Both the living and the dead could learn from them, not only the names, but also the forms of every god, spirit, soul, shade, demon and monster with which he was likely to meet on the way. The Egyptians had no belief in purgatory. In all the Books of the Other World we find pits of fire. abysses of darkness, murderous knives, streams of boiling water, foul stenches, fiery serpents, hideous animal-headed monsters and creatures, and cruel, death-dealing be- ings of various shapes, similar to those with which we are familiar _ in early Christian and medieval literature, and it is tolerably certain that modern nations are indebted to Egypt for many of their concep- tions of hell. The oldest copies of the Book Am-Tuat are found in the tombs of Thothemes III, Amen-hetep IT and Amen-hetep III, at Thebes. The most complete and best illustrated copy is that which is found on the walls of the tomb of Seti I at Thebes. Tuomas ForsyTHE NELson. *The Egyptian Heaven and Hell, by E. A. Wallis Budge, 3 vols, Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Co. :

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WARRIORS ON LINTEL 2, PIEDRAS NEGRAS, MEXICO EDITORIAL NOTES. COMMERCIALISM VS. SCIENCE: A spirit of commerciai- ism pervades the atmosphere surrounding some of the recently reported discoveries in the Mississippi Valley, which, although the discoveries may be genuine, can not fail to recall the Cardiff Giant and other commercial archzological successes. AGE OF THE IVORY AND WOODEN TABLETS DISCOV- ERED AT NEGADAH AND ABYDOS.—In speaking before the Society of Biblical Archeology, Mr. F. Legge claimed that the small ivory and. wooden tablets recently discovered at Negadah and Abydos were the earliest written records in existence. He believes they record different ceremonies in the funerary chapels in which they were found. ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT OF ETHNOGRAPHICAL MUSEUM AT TORONTO.—Mr. David Boyle’s Archeological re- port to the Minister of Education of Ontario for 1905 records the ad- dition of 132 objects to the Ethnographical Museum at Toronto, which now has 27,155 specimens. These additions include “several fine flint implements; some highly-decorated and well-formed clay pipes; stone pipes; a well-shaped clay pot; a large curved copper tool; a bone im- plement in which a hole has been drilled, called by some an arrow straightener; a naturally weathered stone, 9 in. by 4% in., which has for many years been looked upon,as an Indian tool; and two buffalo- hide pictographs.” To his report is appended a collection of papers on native tribes of Canada, drawn up for the International Congress of Americanists held at Quebec in September. HOW THE AZTECS FOUGHT.—An interesting article under this title by Manual Gamie of the Mexican National Museum appeared in the November issue of Modern Mexico. The warlike spirit of the Aztecs was one great cause of their prominence in Mexico, and this spirit in turn was fostered by the worship of the war-god Huitxilo- poxtli. A boy's military education might be said to begin at the age

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EDITORIAL NOTES 31 of 4 days, when a bow, arrows, and buckler of appropriate size were placed in his hands, as symbols of his future career asa soldier. At 18 years he was sent to school, the “calmecac’’ if of the upper class, the “telpuchcali’” if not. His Head was shaved except a single lock of hair ° in the back. This lock was cut only when he captured his first pris- oner in war. The training included service in the temple and tilling the fields of the school as well as the use of arms. The pupil of the “calmecac” after capturing 4 or 5 prisoners, became a Knight of the Eagle or a Knight of the Tiger. A Knight of the Eagle wore a helmet representing the head of an eagle whose open jaws framed the face of the warrior. A Knight of the Tiger wore the skin and head of a tiger. The principal motive for war was to supply victims for Huitxilo- poxtli. On one occasion a “sacred war” is recorded between perfectly friendly tribes because there had been peace so aii that there were no victims for the god. When war was declared, messengers were sent to demand tribute from the tribe selected to furnish prisoners. If tribute was denied. the messengers retired to return a few days later. If the king still refused to comply with their demands, they stained his face with resin and placed on his shoulder a symbolic adornment of feathers. Later still 3 ambassadors visited the court for the last time. On their final return to Mexico, the call to arms was made. The weapons used in- cluded bows and arrows, slings, darts, “atlatl’’ (a species of cross- bow), heavy macanas, wooden clubs with two rows of flint teeth and maces. [Each of 20 chiefs carried also a lance with copper points, a breastplate, the standard of his division, and a tail plume of feathers. The soldiers stained their bodies to match the plumes of their respective chiefs, and their faces red to frighten the enemy. The rear guard was the “quachic,” each one of which was said to be able to kill 100. They used no weapons, but trusted to their powerful fists and titanic embraces.. AZTEC LEGENDS.—tThe Aztecs employed a system of hiero- glyphs, painted always in bright colors on strips of cotton cloth, pre- pared skins or on maguey paper. These were rolled or folded fanlike into books called “‘amatl,” often with thin wooden covers. The Teca- moxtli might be called their Bible. The scraps of it left after the Spanish conquest give the story of the creation. Among the interest- ing legends is that of the birth of the sun arid moon. Man had already been created, and was living with light from Venus only. The inhabi- tants of the earth were dumb and prayed silently for the sun. The gods met at Teotihuacan, where to-day are monumental pyramids of pre-Toltic origin, to consider the petition. The goddess of water begged the god of air to create light. He acquiesced and disappeared. The temple top blazed with fire. The god of air, Quetzalcoath, decreed that any priest who should leap into the flames would become the sun.

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32 RECORDS OF THE PAST Two offered, one of royal lineage and one of humble. The royal priest delayed too long—the other was before him. As soon as the ashes of the priest were buried, the first dawn appeared. The Aztecs wor- ‘ shiped and all rejoiced—all but one. The royal priest was envious. ‘At last he summoned courage to cast himself into the fire. As this new luminary appeared in the sky, Quetzalcoath, understanding the priest’s motive, sent a rabbit to trample out its light. Slowly its light paled, and it became fixed in a distant part of the heavens, shedding no heat and only reflected light. | “The 4 immense monoliths that adorned the 4 angles of the upper platform of the great teocalli, 150 ft. in air, and which served as enomonic dial hands, signified for the people the 4 places of the dead, and the priesthood held them as the pathway of Tonatiuh, the Sun, and his bride, Ocxomoco, the earth. * * * ‘Though the Aztecs had no telescopes or instruments for observation, they fixed the rela- tive position of the sun and stars. They recognized the constellations. For instance, the Little Bear they pictured in the shape of the letter S. The Great Bear, which was known as the tiger, Texcatlipoca, was dis- tinguished from the Scorpion. * * * The movements of Venus were well understood. They styled her Citlapul (morning star) or Hueitlalin (evening star) according to her moods and movements.”’ [Condensed from Edward C. Butler in Modern Me-ico.| PREHISTORIC BURYING-GROUND, HARLYN BAY, CORNWALL, ENGLAND.—In 1900, during excavations for a dwelling house, the workmen came upon a slate cist about 15 ft. below the surface. The owner immediately communicated with scientific men, who subsequently examined the site, which proved to be a very ancient burying ground. The Royal Society of Cornwall took up the matter, and as many as 100 graves were opened, constituting the rich- est find in number of stone cists, skeletons, and their accompaniments that has ever been made in one place in the British Isles. Last spring many more implements were found, and within a few weeks another cist has been discovered. Most of the relics found under the direction of the Royal Society of Cornwall were removed to the Truro Museum, but others uncovered since are preserved in a museum on the ground. Some of the slate graves have been covered with glass cases, so that visitors may see the graves and the contents just as they were found. In the museum are 20 cases of relics such as spindles, whorls, rings, bracelets, beads, brooches, and implements of various materials. No coins were found, a fact which helps anthropologists in estimating the age. They consider that the site belongs to the neolithic or bronze age, and that the skeletons are as much as 2500 years old. The skeletons are in the sitting posture, with the knees almost up to the head and the hands crossed. The graves extend in straight lines north and south, one head to another. The rows of cists are about 3 ft. apart, and sometimes rows are on top of one another. Often more than one body was interred ina grave. [Condensed from Scientific American. |

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BOOK NOTES The Golden Days of the Renaissance in Rome, by Rodolfo Lanciani. 340 pp. Boston: Houghton Mifflin & Co. 1906. $5.00-+ 34c postage. bi It has been the aiin of the author in this work to keep in view and illustrate the few monu- ments of the Medizval period in. Rome, that have been concealed under modern superstruc- tures. The illustrations -are mostly unique, given for the first time, and bring out clearly the influence of Michelangelo and Vittoria Colonna at the very summit of the Renaissance. x x os The Glacial History of Nantucket and Cape Cod [also] An Argument for a Fourth Center of Glacial Dispersion in North America, by J. Howard Wilson. I1-- 90 pp. Five folding maps, 33 illustra- tions. New York: The Macmillan Co. 1906. $2.50-+14c. postage. This work is summarized by Prof. James Fur- man Kemp, of Columbia College, in a_prefatory note stating that the author “has‘reached the conclusion that, in addition to the three great centers of glacial dispersion hitherto recognized, there was a fourth in Newfoundland” by which “many old difficulties in the interpretation of the glacial phenomena of the New England coast and the Maratime provinces are thereby cleared away.” + = * Dromana: ‘The Memoirs of an Irish Family, by Thérése Muir Mackenzie. 213 pp. Dublin: Sealy, Byers & Walker. 1906. A most interesting chapter is that containing an account of that remarkable old lady, Kath- erine FitzGerald, Countess of Desmond, who died in 1604 at the alleged age of 140. Lord Leicester, writing 40 years after her death, re- marked that she “might have lived much longer had she not mett with a kinde of violent death, for she would needes climbe a nut tree to gather nuts, so falling down she hurt her thigh which brought on a fever, and that fever brought her death.” Other chapters are full of interest and associate the fortunes of this fine old house and demesne Dromana in one unbroken succession for 500 years, and includes many stirring epi- sodes in Irish history as well as vivid pictures of social life of that period. x x x Our Constitution, why and how it was made— who made it and what it is, by Edward Waterman Townsend. 222 pp. New York: Moffat, Yard & Co. 1906. $1.50 +17c postage. : This work narrates something of the condi- tions in England which influenced the political sentiments of the American Colonists; the growth of the Union idea and the causes which strengthened and spread it; the period of our Government under.the Articles of Confedera- tion and the final goal of Constitutional Gov- . ernment. xk x * Benares, the Sacred City: Sketches of Hindu life and religion, by E. B. Havell. 226 pp. New York. 1906. $3.00 net. This city was the birthplace of Buddhism and the book attempts to give an outline of Hindu ideas and religious practise from its imaginative and artistic point of view. The illustrations are selected to portray the remark- able discoveries recently made at Sarnath. x ** 2x Western Tibet and the British Borderland, the sacred Country of the Hindus and Budd- hists, with an account of the govern- ment, religion, and customs of its peoples, by C. A. Sherring. 367 pp. New York. 1906. $6.00 net. The author writes from knowledge gained during a long residence in this borderland of “the Forbidden Land of Western Tibet,” a re- gion of which comparatively little is known and in which curious myths and manners abound. There are 275 fine illustrations from photo- graphs which afford an unusual glimpse into the sacred precincts of the Hindus and Budd- hists. 2 * x Homer and His Age, by Andrew Lang. 366 pp. New York. 1906. $3.50 net. Mr. Lang’s argument in this book is that the Homeric epics present a historical unity, a com- plete and harmonious picture of the entire life and civilization of one single age, and are not “a mosaic of the work of several changeful cen- turies.” To prove this he examines the politi- cal, legal, religious, and social aspects portrayed in the epics which present no anachorisms. Evidence is also drawn from a comparative study of other national heroic poems and of comparative archeology and Mycenzan and Greek art. x xx x The book order department of RECORDS OF THE Past will supply any books that may be mentioned in our pages, at regular publishers’ net prices with postage added. *« % * The photographic department of RECORDS OF THE Past will supply photographic reproduc- tions of Paintings, Sculptures, Statuary, Classi- cal Studies, Prints, Photographs (views or portraits) that may be obtainable. Our own collection (including negatives exclusively our own property) comprises now more than seven thousand subjects, the majority of which can not be obtained elsewhere. Enlargements up to 22x28 can also be furnished.

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ReEcorDS OF THE Past is a strictly scientific magazine, which has a ,well-founded reason for its existence in the universal interest taken by a very large class of people who wish popu- lar, but concise statements, based upon careful investigation of facts concerning explorations and discoveries that shed some historical light upon races and peoples and their civilization in ancient or pre-historic times. This same class of persons are also very much interested in the great religious and social questions, the discus- sion of which fall outside the limits of our field, as well as the field of the many popular maga- zines of the day. These social and religious questions are being discussed in their widest sense and under the highest standard of schol- arship in Bibliotheca Sacra, now in its 77th year (the oldest quarterly published in the United States) and under the editorship of Rev. Prof. G. Frederick Wright, D.D., L.L.D., of Oberlin College. To subscribers of RECORDs OF THE PAST who. may wish also to become subscribers [new] to Bibliotheca Sacra we are able to offer a clubbing rate exceedingly favorable, and will enter a subscription for both magazines upon [aenwas receipt of $3.75 for the year 1907. ROMAN FORUM. % DIOSCURL & JVUTURNA. io. Photographic Enlargement of this View 11 x 14 Inches, Old subscribers to both magazines sending Unmounted, 80 Cents, Postage Paid their renewals through us for the year 1907 can gpecial Rates to Schools and Colleges for Enlargements have both for $4.25. from Classical Subjects Address: PHOTOGRAPHIC DEPARTMENT Address, Records of The Past, Records of the Past Exploration Society 330 A St. S. E., Washington, D.C. 330 A Street S. E. Washington, D.C Edwin MoMasters Stanton LINCOLN’S GREAT WAR SECRETARY A BIOGRAPHY By FRANK ABIAL FLOWER No definitive bioyraphy of the master spirit of the Civil War period has before been presented. Edwin M. Stanton, by the power of his mighty will, held-in check and finally killed the gigantic effort to dismember the Union. A BOOK OF SPECIAL INTEREST TO Students of American History: A vivid portrayal of the most crucial period in the life of the Republic, crowded with new, Vital, iconoclastic facts, The Legal Fraternity ;: Edwin M. Stanton left a practice worth $50,000 a year to become a cabinet minister. Soldiers of the Civil War; All who took part with Stanton in putting down the Rebellion will feel a personal interest in : his vindication, and in learning what hitherto they never have been able to find out: the motives and infiuenees that controlled the various moves and policies of the War. General Readers: This book will not fail to excite wide comment and discussion, probably bitter controversy. Two hundred interesting and valuable War Portraits and Hlustrations collected from far and wide. Many of them hitherto unknown and found in no other book. With elaborate analytical index. : STYLES AND PRICES Large Octavo, more than 500 pages, English Silk Cloth, gold stamped............... oo eu aoe Ce tas $3.00 Large Octavo, Half Morocco, gold stamped................. 222.202-.ccceccee veeeeee cee Wh indi ss ee Bae Bk ee eae 4.00 Large Octavo, Full Morrocco, gold stamped. ................. 222....2.-.-222..00----- Co Panta he Sater SABO SLES OR SEIS OPO Me) bey ce Wea TH A 5.00 (Subscription unly) Order from Records of the Past, 330 A St. S. E., Washinst:-n. 3: &::

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Setentific Confirmations of. Old Testament History Cloth, 12mo, q Its twelve chapters are en- titled : View The Witness of the New Testament. Middle and Later Jewish History. . Israel in Egypt. _ The Exodus. . Physical Preparation for Israel in Palestine, Traditions of the Deluge. . Scientific Credibility of the Deluge. The Glacial Epoch asa Vera Causa. . Evidences of a D-luge in Europe. . The Evidence of a Del- uge in Asia, . The Deluge in North Ame.ica, , The First Chapter. of Genesis, and Modern Science. 40 Maps and IHiustrations, $2.0O net By G. Frederick Wright D.D., LL.D., F.G.S.A. Professor of the Harmony of Science and Revelation in Oberlin College; author of the ‘Logic of Christian Evidences,” ‘Scientific Aspects of Christian Evidences,” “The Ice Age in North America,” ‘‘Man and the Glacial Period,” etc. Qj This puts before the reader in attractive, intelligible form the main results of his twenty-five years’ study both of the Bible and of post- Tertiary geology in the nu-- merous places where they come in contact. BIBLIOTHECA SACRA COMPANY - OBERLIN, O.

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9? “Rational Hilmanac BY MOSES B. COTSWORTH 240 Pages. 180 Illustrations. Imported by Records of the Past Exploration Society. Detailing Almanac History and Development Explaining how our present Almanac was evolved. The Origin of the Almanac proves the Great Purpose of the Pyramids, Sphinx, Obelisks, Vertical Stones, Stone Circles, Mounds, etc., which were erected to trace the length of the year. Photographic Proofs herein demonstrate conclusively Why and How the Pyramids were Built. Remarkable Evidence of the Earth’s Greatest Cycle Established, as still very slowly Chang- ing Latitudes and Climates, at about one-tenth of the speed hitherto attributed to the 25,000 years, Cycle known as the Precession of the Equinoxes. It displays the Majestic Working of those Mighty Forces of Nature by which the Strata of the Earth were and still are being Laid, by those Natural Agencies which have always been working beneficently to Change, Rest and Renew the World’s Surface since Geological Times began. The Evolution of Early Men’s Ideas of Time discloses their laborious, simple yet effective Methods of Observation by carefully Studying Sun-Shadows cast from Gnomons, Dials, etc. These Researches show that Shorter Unitsof Time were used by the Bible Patriarchs as also by the Romans, Arabs, etc. The Fabulous Ages of Early Men herein proved by the Evolution of the Calendar to be only equal to the Present Length of Life. The History of the Almanac Epitomizes the Rise and Progress of the Greatest Human Records, Eimerican [Price $1.60. Postage 15 Cents. Records of the Past Exploration Society 330 A Street Southeast | Washington, D. C.

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: oi OLD BOOK HUNTER Hath for Sale Many rare and interesting books that are coveted by y® Booklover at y® prices that are sett down. Many old* and quaint writings and superscriptions are to be found at divers times, w“ doth tend to bring forth a wail of anguish, when greate haste faileth to secure these cov- eted treasures. Some books of very recent issue doth also come with y® old® books at prices w% tempt y® lover of good books greatly, and this is also y® intent of y® list w°" is sett down below. Special and greate advantages may also be had by writing to y® OLD® BOOK HUNTER, mak- ing bolde to ask for y® many books, writings and superscriptions that are uncommon and seldom offered for sale, for he rejoiceth exceed- ingly to aid his fellow booklover to search out that w™ seemeth to be forgotten. Address, Ye OLD* BOOK HUNTER, at: PQ. Box 473 in jy City of Washington, D. C. [Drafts and money enters ee to B. G. NELSON] 1001—Harley (Rey Piney Mae. Lore. The. first part is Mythological and mirth- some—the Man in the Moon in its legendary and ludicrous aspects; the second part deals with Moon-worship; the third part with Lunar superstitions; the fourth part a literary essay on Lunar inhabitation. 296pp.;. cloth. Lon- don: 1885. $2.00 1002—Guinness (H. Grattan )—History Unveil- ing Prophecy, or Time as an Interpreter. Accompanied with three diagrams locating the fulfillment of the prophetic periods of 1260 and 2300 years. The author considers the prophe- cies of Revelation nearly, if not already entirely fulfilled. 494pp.; cloth. New York and Lon- don: 1905. [Pub. $2.00.]| New, $1.15+16 postage $1.31 1003—Mitchell (Hubbard Winslow )—The Evo- lution of Life, or causes of change in ani- mal forms. A study in biology. Illustrated; 46opp.; cloth. New York; 1801. goc 1004—Jenks (Tudor)—Captain Myles Stand- ish. [A historical romance based upon Longfellow’s Courtship of Myles Standish. ] Twenty-one illustrations; 250pp.; cloth. New York: 1905. [Pub. $1.20.] New, 65c-+10c postage. 75¢ 1005—Hammond (S. H.)—Hunting Adven- tures in the Northern Wilds; or a tramp in the Chateaugay woods, over hills, lakes and forest streams. 340pp.; cloth. New York: 1858. 75C 270pp.; cloth. New York: 1905. ete 1006—Auchincloss (W. S.)—The only Key to Daniel’s Prophecies, with introduction by A. H. Sayce. 2nd edition; 207pp.; cloth. New York: (904. .2aDe 75: ] New, 40c-+-6c postage. 46c 1007—Dunning (H. W.)—To-day on the Nile. [Interesting to the traveler in Egypt, as it gives the important places to be visited in natural sequence as they should be seen, with its antiquities and latest discoveries included. ] Illustrated . with 17 photogravures ; map ; [Pub. $2.50. ] New, $1.50-++-16c postage. $1.66 1008—Motherwell (William)—Minstrelsy, An- cient and Modern, with a historical intro- . duction and notes. [Consisting of short met- rical tales, chiefly of a tragic character, which, though possessing all the features of real inci- dent, and probably originating in fact, can not now, after the lapse of many ages, be with cer- tainty traced to any historical source. Many of them are, however, traced to national or per- sonal conflicts, family feuds and adventure coeval with the events which they commemo- rate. In an appendix is the music for 33 of these ballads.]| 105-+-390+33pp.; cloth. Pais- ley: 1873. $3.00 1o0o9—Benson (A. C.)—Essays [relating to lit- erary characters]|—Elizabeth — Barrett Browning, Christian Rosetti, Thomas Gray, Poetry of Edmund Gosse, Poetry of Keble, Henry More the Platonist, Henry Bradshaw, Andrew Marvell, Vincent Bourne, and others. New, 312pp.; cloth. New York: 18096. &5c too6—Sumner (Charles)—Prophetic Voices Concerning America. [I see one vast con- federation stretching from the frozen North in unbroken line to the glowing South, and from the wild billows of the Atlantic westward to the calm waters of the Pacific main—and I see One people, and one law, and one language, and one faith.| Steel Portrait of Sumner. 176pp.; cloth. Boston: 1874. $1.10 1o0o7—Farman (Elbert E.)—Along the Nile with General Grant. [That General Grant might have the full pleasure and the greatest benefit of the voyage, the Khedive sent one of the conservators of the museum at Cairo to accompany him, to translate the hieroglyphs, Sixty-four illustrations; 339pp.; cloth. New York: 1904. [Pub. $2. <0. } New, $1.70-4 17c postage. $1.87 1oo8—Hay (John)—Pike County Ballads and other Pieces [Little Breeches, Jim Bludso, Banty Tim, Mystery of Gilgal and some forty others]. 167pp. : cloth. [First edition, rare.] $3.50

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@ | | Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom Set to Four-part Choral Music for Mixed Voices. Composed by P. TCHAIKOVSKY. Words Translated and Adjusted to Music by G. FREDERICK WRIGHT, Op. 41. Moscow and Leipsic: P. Jurgenson. With Selections from the Liturgy appropriate for a Continuous Service, This contains the Fifteen Magnificent Choruses of Tchaikovsky, which are now published for the first time with English -words. These can be used separately, or, in connection with the selections from the Liturgy, continuously for a single service. ‘¢Tehaikovsky’s setting of the Liturgy is not a mere harmonizing of the ancient chant, it is of his own free inspiration; but its style, so different from that of any of the secular works of this composer, plainly indicates that he had drunk deep from the pure springs of the ancient liturgical songs. The many long chant- like reciting notes, the frequent repetitions of short phrases, the abundant use of simple diatonic har- monies, are not derived from any secular standard, but bring to us in the garb of a recent time an austere type of utterance, which carries the inevitable suggestion of an unmeasured antiquity. The sweetness, the strength, the serenity, the uplifting devotional quality of this music of the great Russian master are beyond all eulogy.’’—Prof,. Edward Dickinson. ‘‘The most perfect sacred music that has ever been written.’’ Sent postpaid for $1.60 each. But for choirs, two copies with pianoforte accompaniment for the chorister -and organist, with one set of the four parts separate for a quartette, or any multiple, is all that is neces- sary. Single parts, 40 cents each. ie Bibliotheca Sacra Company OBERLIN, OHIO | Explorations in Bible Lands DURING THE NINETEENTH CENTURY By PROF. H. V. HILPRECHT, Ph. D., D.D., LL.D. Scientific Director of the Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania. HE author, in the preparation of this volume, has had the co-operation of well- known, lea ‘ing scholars of German Uni- versities wit, a view of presenting the vast material authoritative.y, and yet in a popular form, to meet the great demand for a reliable work on the subject on the part of Bible scholars as well as students of ancient history. | CONTENTS ‘‘ THE RESURRECTION OF ASSYRIA AND BABYLONIA”’ .. . By Prof. H. V. Hilprecht University of Pennsylvania OP ALIO SIN 6 6 cis Vee By Lic. Dr. Benzinger Formerly of the University of Berlin OVE Bs cold eae oe By Prof. Dr. Steindorff University of Leipzig OO RM Ow ce ote ae ek By Prof. Dr. Hommel University of Munich TORS CEU 86k ee pe By Prof. Dr. Jensen University of Marburg The volume contains four specially prepared maps and nearly 200 carefully selected illustrations, exhibiting the work and method of the different expeditions in the trenches, the ruined and restored temples and palaces, and the rich archzvlogical material brought to light in the ancient Biblical world during the past Century, special attention being given to such antiquities as have a bearing upon the Old Testament. ‘* Explorations in Bible Lands ’”’ in one large volume (oc¢avo) consists of nearly 900 pages, 300 of © which are devoted to the first accurate account of _ the history and epoch-making results of The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania By its Scientific Director, PROF. HILPRECHT ERE for the first time is presented a thorough treatment of all the many important discov- eries made at NIPPUR in connection with the excavations of the great Temple of Bel, and its storied-tower ; the Temple Library, with its educa- tional and literary quarters; the walls and gates of the city, palaces, business houses, etc., etc. Published in one large volume at $3.00 - net IF TRANSPORTATION IS TO BR PREPAID ADD 40 CENTS MAKE CHECKS, DRAFTS AND MONEY ORDERS PAYABLE TO RECORDS OF THE PAST EXPLORATION SOCIETY 330 A Street S. E. Washington, D.C.

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By WILLIAM LIBBEY, Sc. D. Professor of Physical Geography, Princeton University AND FRANKLIN E. HOSKINS, D. D. Syria Mission, Beirut, Syria THE JORDAN VALLEY AND PETRA Two volumes, 8°, With 140 illustrations and maps. Price, $6.00 net. Postage 45c. These handsomely illustrated volumes present the record of a journey through the Jordan Valley, and thence southward to the almost unknown region of Petra. Professor Libbey holds the Chair of Physical Geography at Princeton University, and is Director of its Museum of Ge- ology and Archeology. His fellow-author, Dr. Hoskins, has been a missionary in Syria for a ‘number of years, and is familiar with the language of the people. This combination of author- ship has produced a work both interesting and valuable. It deals with a fascinating subject. The work is not addressed mainly to archeologists, but will be read also by those interested in travel in regions not reached by the well-trodden paths. Dippur: or, Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates By DR. JOHN P. PETERS | 2 Volumes. Itflustrated. 8°. Volume I, The First Campaign. a Vol Il, The Second Campaign Price $5.00. Postage 45c. Combination Offers of Records of the Past and These Books Records for the Past for 1906 (in advance) : ae $2.00 The Jordan Valley and Petra (2 Vols. Postage paid) : . O4S $8.45. ALL FOR $7.25 Records of the past for 1906 (in advance) ; i ; $2.00 Nippur (2 Vols. Postage paid) ; ‘ ; 5-45 | $7.45 ALL FOR $6.45 ) ORDER THROUGH | RECORDS OF THE PAST EXPLORATION SOCIETY 330 A STREET S. E, WASHINGTON, D. C EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNT Prof.W.M.F. Petrie, Ph.D.,D.C.L, Field Director A Committee of over 40 eminent scholars and public men. Objects are, original discovery and the train- ing of students in Egypt for the work. Prof. Petrie devotes his entire service to this Society, and his skill and economy are proverbial. | The circular remarks: “The continuance of his researches will now depend entirely upon the contributions to the Research Account. His excavations have led to the discoveries of the Prehistoric Age of Egypt, and the systematic knowledge of its development,—the history and civilization of the early dynasties,—the scien- tific accuracy of the great pyramids,—the Semitic worship in Sinai,—the earliest monumental record of the Israelites, and their later connection with Tahpanhes;besides opening up the main sources of papyri in the Faytum and Oxyrhynkos,and the series of Greco-Roman portraits. The rise of civilization in the Mediterranean has also been revealed each age in advance of the results of explorations in Greek lands, with which they have afterwards been linked. Naukratis and Daphnae, the Mykenaean art at Tell el Amarna, the Kamares pottery of the XII dynasty, the earliest painted Greek pottery of the I dynasty, and the western pottery of the prehistoric period, are the framework which has made possible a scheme of European history before the class- ical times. To carry on this course of discoveries, which has become the basis of our present view of eariy historv, and to continue to, train Students in such historical research is the purpose of the present movement.” The brilliant discoveries of 1906 in the Delta relating to Onias and the Hyksos period are fresh in the public mind. rn The annual quarto volume fully illustrated is sent to each subscriber of not less than $5.00; also the annual statement with list of subscribers, etc. It is hoped that some will subscribe larger amounts for the sake of the cause. There are no expenses incurred, and all goes direct to Prof. Petrie. All American subscriptions may be sent to REV. WILL'AM COPLEY, WIN LOW, D.C. 1., LL. D., 525 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass.

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\ The NEW BDITION OF Ice Age in North “America By PROFESSOR GEORGE FREDERICK WRIGHT D.D., LL. D,, F, G. S. A., Professor of the Harmony of Science and Revelation in Oberlin College. HE ICE AGE IN NORTH AMERICA, and its Bearings Upon the Antiquity of Man. With an Appendix on “The Probable Cause of Glaciation.” By Warren Upham, F. G. S. A.; Assistant on the Geological Sur- veys of New Hampshire, Minnesota and the United States. Fourth and Enlarged Edition. With 150 Maps and Illustrations. 8vo, 645 pages and Index. Cloth, $5. This is without doubt one of the most important contributions made of late years to the literature of post-tertiary geology.— The Atheneum [London]. The most exhaustive study yet made of the glacial period in North America.—Chicago Times. s The volume is one of remarkable interest, and it may be said to be the first in which the subject has been exhaustively treated.— Boston T. anscript. Dr. Wright’s book is the most valuable contribution that has been made in America to the study of gla- ciation.—Sunday News [Charl s‘on, 8S. C.]. The array of facts as detailed in Professor Wright's work, seem to the uninitiated like the discoveries of the diviner’s rod.—Army and Navy Journal. The arrangement and method of the work are ad- mirable. The style is clear and interesting, the text is beautifully illustrated by many cuts and maps, all well selected, and a large number of them new and made expressly for this work.—Cuhristiun Union Professor Wright has very ciearly and strongly grasped his subject and worked out its details with an infinite amount of patience and painstaking. His book is the most important contribution to American geology which has “een made by any American since the death of Agassiz.— Boston Herald. Though his subject is a very deep one, his style is go very unaffected and perspicuous that even the un- scientific reader can pursue it with intelligence and profit. In reading such a book we are led almost to wonder that so much that is scientific can be put in language so comparatively simple.—New York Observer. It is the result of years of indoor study and of out- door personal investigation, and aithough it is inde- \pendent in reasoning and frank in expressions of “opinion, it is notably modest, cautious lest unwar- rantable conclusions be suggested, and eandid in the statement of the views of others. It illustrates con- spicuously the spirit and method of the true scien- tist.— The Congregationalist. 3 , ‘Professor Wright’s work is great. enough to be called monumental. There is not a page that is not instructive and suggestive. It is sure to make a rep- utation abroad as well as at home for its distin- guished author, as one of the most active and intelli- gent of the living students of natural science and the special department of glacial action.—Evening Bulletin [Philadelphia]. Not a novel has in it any pages of more thrilling interest than can be found in this book by Professor Wright. There is nothing pedantic in the narrative, and the most serious themes and startling discoveries are treated with such charming naturalness and sim- plicity that boys and girls, as well as their seniors, will be attracted to the story and. find it difficult to lay it aside.—Journal of Commrce [New York]. This comprehensive volume will undoubtedly take its place as the standard work for a long time on this important subject. The author writes with more skill . than most geologists, while he wastes no space on fine paragraphs. So much has been discovered of late that a full treatise needed to be produced, and it is matter for congratulation that the work has been done so fairly, so skillfully and so attractively.—Literary World. Dr. Wright is a professor of theology at Oberlin, as well as a geologist, and it is significant of his wide de. votion to either profession that in a volume whose ul- timate result is to establish an antiquity for man far beyond that usually supposed to be given in the Scrip- tures, he hasrefrained from making any illusions what- ever to its theological bearings, beyond the brief pref- atory remark that he sees ‘‘No reason why it should se- riously disturb the religious faith of any believer in the inspiration o2 the Bible.’”’ He shows a prictica! ap- plication of his belief ‘‘that it is incumbent upon us to welcome the truth from whatever source it may come,’’ in the thoroughness wi:h which he gives all the observed facts that bear upon a given phenome- non before his conclusions, as well as in his scrupu- lousness in acknowledging the aid he has received from fellow-workers, whether derived from their writings or from personal communications. In both these respects he presents an example worthy of {m- itation by fellow scientists.—The Nution. The author has seen with his own eyes the most important phenomena of the ice age on this continent -from Maine to Alaska. In the work its: lf, e ementary description is combined with a broad, scientific and philosophic method without abandoning, for a mo- . ment, the purely scientific character. Pro‘essor Wright has contrived to give the whole a philosophi- eal direction, which lends interest and inspiration to it, and which in the chapters on Man and the Glacial Period rises to something like dramatic intensity.— The Independent. A work worthy of the importance and interest of his subject. It is not always, nor indeed often, that a work of pure science can be made both instructive and attractive to readers not familiar with the prin- ciples of the science involved. In this instance, how- ever, the subject naturally lends itsel?’ to what mav be styled popular treatment; and the author kas cided his explanations by a profusion of maps and pic- tures, the latter mostly photographic, which render his descriptions and consequent inferences plain te any reader of ordinary intelligence.— The Oritic. se The Ice Age in North Ameirca... Re a a $5.30 Records of the Past, 1906..... .... ee el ee he x ee Pea ae eae ee 2 00 $7.30—Both for $6.00

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Scientific Works by Prof. George Frederick Wright, LL. D., F.G.S. A. AN AND THE GLACIAL PERIOD. With an Appendix on “Tertiary Man,” by Professor Henry W. Haynes. Interna- tional Scientific Series. Fully Illustrated. 142mo, 385 pages, and Index. Cloth, $1.75. Tenth Thousand. The earlier chapter describing glacial action and the traces of it in North America—especially the defining of its limits, such as the terminal moraine of the great movement itself—are of great interest and value. The maps and diagrams are of much assistance In enabling the reader to grasp the vast extent of the movement.— London Spectator. ; It may be described, in a word, as the best sum- mary of scientific conclusions concerning the question of man’s antiquity as affected by his known relations to geological time.— Philadelphia Press. As a glacialist, the author of this volume stands among the first, and his long study of that remark- able period in the geologic history of our planet in- vests all he says about it with uncommon authority. _ Science. This important treatise gives the clearest of views concerning the present state of progress in the de- partment of inquiries concerning man’s antiquity. It {fs a forcible presentation of the cycle of data on cli- mate, time, geology, phy SOS EEAT -< and archeology.— Philadelphia Ledger. Professor Wright’s study of the past and present action of glaciers is thorough. It was not sufficient for him to take his information from books. He has visited many parts of the world, seeing with his own eyes glacial action. Besides a‘l th's, he has the great advantage of having formed a pait of the Un te. States Geological Survey. He brings, then, to th’s work a vast fund of practical and scientific know!l- edge.—New York Times. REENLAND ICE FIELDS AND LIFE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC. With a New Discussion of the Causes of the ice Age. Conjointly with Warren Upham, A. M., F.G.S. A. With Numerous Maps and Illustrations. 412mo, 407 pages, and In- dex: Cloth, $2. The immediate impulse to the preparation of this volume arose in connection with a trip to Greenland by Prof. Wright in the summer of 1894, on the steamer Miranda. The work aims to give within - moderate limits a comprehensive view of the scenery, tue gxiacial phenomena, the natural history, the peo ple aud the explorations of Greenland. The photo- graphs aie all original, and the maps have been pre- pared to show the latest siate of knowledge coucern- ing the region. One of the most readable volumes of arctic travel yet issued, one whici enables the reader to ob ain a very satisfactory general view of one of the most mysterious lands on the globe.— Detruit Free Press. No student of physical geography can afford to let this book pass unread, and its graphic descriptions and numerous illustrations make it attractive to the general reader.—Literary Worid. The authors have prepared a most excellent work, which deserves the widest circulation and most gen- _ erous reception by the reading public. It is an honor to American scholarship.— The Critic. HE SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OF CHRISTIAN EVIDEINCES, by G. Frederick Wright, D. D., LL. D., F.G.S. A., Professor of the Harmony of Science and Revelation, Oberlin College. Illustrated. 12mo.* Cloth, $1.50. It is refreshing, tranquilizing and invigorating to consider border questions of science and religion under the guidance of so competent an authority in both de- partments as Prof. George Frederick Wright, of Ober- lin, in a work so scholarly, judicial and in every way satisfaciozy as his Scientific Aspects of Christian EyI- dences, a volume which is an elaboration of his Lowell Institute Lectures of 1896. Here is a Chris- tian scholar, who is expert in both fields, the material and the spiritual, who does not rush off into sopho- moric declamation on the one hand or into timid com- promise on the other, but who in a manty and digni- fied way grasps the facts, scparates them from con- jecture, puts harmonies in their relations, states ar- guments in a form satisfacto y to opponents, and re- veals underlying grounds of agrcement and unity. We advise some empiric Coctors of both science and dl- vinity to read and ponder such discourse as the book contains as to Darwinism, evolution, the contradic- tions and paradoxes of science, the deniable and the undeniable of miracles, the real substance at the bot- tom of the ‘‘New Criticism,’’ and that whole field in which the charlatans an1 the quacks are dispor'ting themselves so freely these days, to the terror of the weak-minded and the amusement of those who know: something. No truly equipped scientist will take se- rious issue with Dr. Wright upon any important point; no genuine theologian will complain of him for injustice to the truth. It is such granite blocks as this, of intuition, argument and phenomena fairly in- terpreted, that hold the ground against the current of conjecture, fancy and rhetoric that plays so wildly around the eternal veritics.—Literary World, COMBINATION OFFERS Man and the Glacial Period, postage paid... .$1.88 gecords of the Past for. 1006.00. ci 2.00 BOTH FOR $3.40. Treenland Icefields, postage pnid............ $2.15 Records of the Past for 1906................ 2.00 TOGO org ENG Sx so hae aRe eS ho oe ee $4.15 BOTH FOR $3.50. Scientific Aspects of Christian Fvidences, ‘post- ROAR Es Ties ee ans Fo oe alg Wk ane Say EOD necoras..of the Pag: foe tog oo ee eek 2.00 PORNT tes soa wee a bo ae 2 ees wee ta $3.65 BOTH FOR $3.20. Subscribers to Records of the Past, who have paid for 1906, desiring to avail themselves of any of these combination rates, may deduct the annua: : subscription price. — RECORDS OF THE PAST EXPLORATION SOCIETY, 330 A Street S. E., Washington, D. C.

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LANTERN SLIDES BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY FOR RENT AND FOR SALE — We have a fine list of lantern slides illustrating Biblical. Archacology which will interest every Clergyman who uses the Stereopticon in his Church work. The Series includes discoveries in the Tigro-Euphrates Valley, Persia, Asia Minor, Palestine, Syria, Egypt and Rome, bearing on Biblical Archzology If you are interested, write us for lists and prices. Records of the Past Exploration Society 330 A Street S. E. - Washington, D. C THREE SERIES OF LANTERN SLIDES GLACIAL SERIES 75 VIEWS—$30.00 Including existing Glaciers from all parts of the world. Glacial Deposits, Maps and Diagrams MAN AND THE GLACIAL PERIOD COMPLETE SERIES—100 VIEWS—$40.00 Including existing Glaciers, Glacial Deposits, Human Remains found beneath Glacial Deposits, Maps and Diagrams. MAN AND THE GLACIAL PERIOD ABRIDGED SERIES—60 Views—$24.00 These Series have been selected and arranged by Prof. George Frederick Wright, D. D., LL. D., F. G.S. A., Authcr of The Ice Age in North America, Man and the Glacial Per- iod, Asiatic Rusia, Etc. ‘This Series is accompanied by an introduc- tion, and a complete description cf the views, maps and. diagrams written by Prof. Wright, A lst of these slides will be furnished on application. “SINGLE SLIDES FROM THESE SERIES, 50 CENTS Records of the Past Exploration Society 330 A Street Southeast Washington, D. C.

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IF YOU USE A STEREOPTICON Write for our List of Lantern Slides WE HAVE HISTORICAL, ARCHAEOLOGICAL, ANTHROPOLOGICAL ETHNOLOGICAL ° GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SLIDES FROM Asia Minor, China and Mongolia, Egypt, Greece, Greenland, Japan, Manchuria, Russia, Siberia, Syria, Tigro-Euphrates Valley, Turkestan and the United States. Specially Selected Series Biblical Archaology cid tin gp Fn A ep Oe ee ee .100 views WEE RIA ORTIGAS os 5 ee oak 80 views PRIS os a eb bE Raed Be SENS IOO views Es Sb has a ak ON BE PR 100 views Roman Forum [including most recent discoveries].. 50 views Mas and the Glacial Period. o.46 Fé Gana ci ets «+100 views SAORI SEY eae GGA Ad EPS as eee 100 views Northern China and Maneniria. oc. shiva s Coenen 100 views SiePIn Dich. PPMESIAIN eis ve ws eee ee 100 views Russia and thie Ganceaus... 5 635 ao peas 100 views When writing for lists pee note the Subjects or Countries in which you are specially interested. To the Sunday School Suverintendent we offer photographic prints or lantern slides to ILLUSTRATE THE SUNDAY SCIIOOL LESSONS for the QUARTER. WE ARE PREPARED TO Develop Photographic Plates FOR SCIENTISTS Special care will be taken with all plates sent us, and the plate so developed as to bring out the particular point desired. When sending plates for development full instruc- tions should accompany each plate, giving information as to what the plate is specially intended to illustrate, also the probability as to whether it is over or under exposed. \With these notes in hand we will use the utmost care and secure the best possible results. l’rints from such negatives will be made on any paper desired. Write for prices for development and printing LANTERN SLIDES MADE FROM PRINTS OR NEGATIVES We have facilities for making lantern slides from personal negatives, prints or drawings, and give such work special care. ADDRESS ALL COMMUNICATIONS TO PHOTOGRAPHIC DEPARTMENT RECORDS OF THE PAST EXPLORATION SOCIETY 330 A STREET S E. WASHINGTON. D. C.

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BASE OF EQUESTRIAN STATUE ERECTED TO @. MARCUS TREMULUS 306 B. C. LANTERN SLIDES _ OF THE ROMAN FORUM FOR SALE FOR RENT FIFTY VIEWS Map of the Forum. Genera! Views of the [*orum. Detailed Views of Statues, Pavements, Inscriptions, etc. Most recent discoveries. Write for List and Fuller Information Records « Past Exploration Society 330 A Street Southeast Washington, D. C.

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THE TREASURY AT PETRA, FROM THE NORTH LANTERN SLIDES OF PALESTINE AND SYRIA NEW VIEWS OF The Land otf Moab Petra, Mt. Hor, South End of the Dead Sea, and the Mosaic Map of Palestine and Northern Egypt at Madeba, from the original negatives made by Dr. William Libbey of Princeton University. We also have a full list of viewsfrom Damascus to Hebron. Records of the Past Exploration Society 330 A Street S. E. Washington, D. C.

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[Palestine Exploration Fund. Patron. THE KING. Rrestodent, THE ARCHBISIIOP OF CANTERBURY. Chairman of Exccutive Committee. Col, Sin tH anies M: Watgon, CoB BK: C. M..G., Po RS. LED D.C. L. fonorary Treasurer. - honorary Secretary. Walter Morrison, Eso., M. P. © sas J. D. Grace, Esq. Acting Secretary. GEORGE ARMSTRONG. Offices. 38 Conpbuit STREET, W. LONDON. American Adembers of General Committee. PRESIDENT DANIEL C. GILMAN, LL. D., WASHINGTON. Proressor H. V. Hitprecut, LL. D., PHILADELPHIA. CLARENCE M. Hype, Eso., NEw York. CoNnsuL SELAH MERRILL, D. D., JERUSALEM. Rev. JoHN P. Peters, D. D., NEw York. Rr. Rev. Joun H. Vincent, D. D., CHAUTAUQUA. PRroFEssoR THEODORE F. WricutT, PH. D., CAMBRIDGE. A Society for the accurate and systematic investigation of the Archzology, the Topography, the Geology and Physical Geography, the Manners and Customs of the Holy Land, for Biblical [llustration. This Society was founded June 22d, 1865, on strictly scientific principles. With limited funds at its disposal, it has done an immense work, and published the results in books, papers, maps, plans and photographs, for the benefit of all students of the Sacred Scriptures. Publications. I. The Survey of Western Palestine. II. Excavations at Jerusalem. By Dr. F. J. Bliss and A. C. Dickie. III. Tent Work in Palestine. By Lieut.-Col. Conder. IV. Heth and Moab. By Lieut.-Col. Conder. V. Across the Jordan. By Gottlieb Schumacher. VI. The Survey of the Jaulan. By G. Schumacher. VII. Mount Seir. By Prof. E. Hull. VIII, Syrian Stone Lore. By Lieut.-Col. Conder. IX. Thirty Years’ Work. By Sir Walter Besant. ae X. Altaic Hieroglyphs and Hittite Inscriptions. By Lieut.-Col. Conder. XI. The Geology of Palestine and Arabia Petraea. By Prof. E. Hull. XII. Names and Places, with Identifications. By Geo. Armstrong. XIII. History of Jerusalem. By Sir W. Besant and Prof. E. H. Palmer. XIV. The Bible and Modern Discoveries. By Henry A. Harper. XV. Palestine under the Moslems. By Guy le Strange. XVI. lLachish. By Professor Flinders Petrie. XVII. Introduction to the Survey. By Trelawney Saunders. XVIII. The City and the Land. Seven Lectures. - XIX. The Tell Armarna Tablets, including the one found at Lachish. XX. Abila, Pelia, and Northern / Ajlun, By G. Schumacher. XXI. A Mound of Many Cities (Téll-el-Hesy excavated). By Dr. F. J. Bliss. XXII. Judas Maccabaeus. By Lieut.-Col. Conder. XXIII. The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. By Lieut.-Col. Conder. XXIV. Index to the Quarterly Statements, 1869-1892 inclusive.

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XXV. The Survey of Eastern Palestine. By Lieut.-Col. Conder. XXVI. The Fauna and Flora of Sinai and Petra. By H. C. Hart. XXVIII. Archeological Researches. By C. Clermont-Ganneau. XXVIII. The Life of Saladin. Edited by Col..Conder and Gen. Wilson. XXIX. The Ancient Cubit. By Sir Charles Warren. XXX. Painted Tombs of Marissa. By Dr. J. P. Peters. XXXI. Excavations in Palestine, 1898-1900. By F. J. Bliss. Maps. I. Old and New Testament Maps of Palestine in 20 sheets or mounted. II. Modern Map of Palestine in 20 sheets. With modern names only. III.. Old and New Testament Map of Palestine in 12 sheets or mounted. IV. Modern Map of Palestine in 12 sheets. Modern names. | V. The Great Map of Western Palestine. Scale one inch to the mile. VI. The Reduced Map of Western Palestine. Showing Water Basins. VII. Plan of Jerusalem, showing the latest discoveries. VIII. Plan of Jerusalem, according to Josephus. IX. The Sections of the Country, North and South, East and West. X. The Raised Map of Palestine. 7 1-2 feet by 4. XI. The Smaller Raised Map is half the size of the larger. XII. The desiheunraes ok Map from the Large Raised Map. Pbotograpbs. Photos of Inscription from Herod’s Temple and Moabite Stone, with trans- lations; also of Jar found at corner of Temple Area, 80 feet below the surface, and of the Siloam Inscription with translation. Lantern Slides, a list of 200 _ special slides showing excavations, &c. 3 Casts. Seal of ‘‘Haggai, the Son of Shebaniah.’’ Inscribed Table, found at Lachish. Ancient Hebrew Weight, from Samaria. Inscribed Weight or Bead, from Palestine. Seal found on Ophel. ~ The Siloam Inscription. Mount Sinai (Large and small.) Tablets from Gezer. honorary Local Secretaries. California, Rev. J. C. Nevin, Ph.D.; Connecticut, Prof. John inna: D.D.; Prof. Chas. F. Kent, Ph.D.; District of Columbia, Prof. J. L. Ewell, D.D.; Illinois, Prof. C. W. Votaw, Ph.D. : Prof. W. N. Stearns, PRD. : : Indiana, Hon. W. Niles; Maine, Prof. G. S. Little : Maryland, Rev. J. J. Tierney, D.D.; Massa- chusetts, Prof. T. F. Wood; Michigan, Hon. H. Gillman; Missouri, Rabbi, H... Hi; Meyer; New Jersey, Rev. J. H. Dulles; New York, Rev. A. F. Schauffler, D.D., Rev. J. Zimmermann, D.D., D. U. Ayres, Esq.; Ohio, Rev. E: Nerbruck, Ph.D. ; Oregon, G. F. Billings, Esq.; Pennsylvania, Rev. James Morrow, D.D., Prof. T. CC. Bilhemmer,.D.D., Prof kK; 1 Stewart, D.D.; Rhode Island, W. Gammell, Esq. ; Tennessee, Prof. C. Denny, D.D.; Virginia, Mrs. Arthur Lee. Subscriptions. 1. SupscriBers of five dollars a year receive the “Quarterly Statement,” which contains reports of work done and a record of all discoveries; the maps, books, casts, etc., published by the Society at a reduced price; on first subscrip- tion, a copy of “Thirty Years’ Work.” 2. Subscribers of $2.50 annually receive the “Quarterly Statement” free. Subscriptions may be sent to the undersigned, from whom maps, books, casts, slides, price lists, &c., can be obtained. Circulars sent.on application to’ THEODORE IF. WRIGHT, Ph. D., Honorary Secretary for the United States. 42 Quincy Street, Cambridge, Mass.

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LANTERN SLIDES New Geological Series Volcanoes This series includes active and extinct Volcanoes from different parts of the world and a selection of views of volcanic action in the Hawaiian Islands from Dr. William Libbey’s Negatives Erosion and Deposition This Series includes typesof River erosion, Glacial erosion, Wave erosion, Rain erosion, Wind erosion; also types of River Deposits, Glacial Deposits, Wind Deposits and _ Loess. For Further Particulars, Address Records of the Past Exploration Society 330 A Street Southeast, Washington, D. C.

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BACK VOLUMES . OF 3 RECORDS OF THE PAST If your file is not complete you should secure the missing parts of volumes before the supply is exhausted. This is especially important if Vol. I or II is needed as these are rapidly as scarce. The paper used in this Magazine i is a specially de 90 per cent. rag paper, which will not deteriorate, so that the volumes wall make a perma- nent addition to your library. EO | TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR THE FIVE VOLUMES PUBLISHED WILL BE SENT ON REQUEST. Separate parts [Except. Vol. I part 1}: ee es Bas Bs cee es D325 Wor separt 1; [fan 1002 | ee ie a a es 1.00 Vol. e papound. £2. P atts. oases Boy ee Oe ee ee ee ek 3.00 eV oer, pound m Clothes ee ie es SOR eee eee 4.00 Vol. 1, Bound in Half Morocco. . ister en ee ak Ps Sst ep os ass 4.75 Vol. 11, Unbound: DOUNGC SY Plait NeOTraceg. 5s. eon oes ce leas es ea erent a 4.25 All Other Volumes, Unbound, $2.00; Bound in Cloth, $3.00; and in Half Morocco, $3.75. Postage on Bound Volumes 40 cents additional per Volume ‘Special Offer for Complete Sets Vols. I, II, III, IV and V unbound (postage paid). a etre as Sates $10.50 Vols. 3 TE: Tih PVeand Ys bound in cloth22- oe Gi ei eh a 15.50 — Vols. I, II, IIT, IV and V bound in Half Morocco.............. fe oe 19.25 | Make all checks payable to and address all communications to RECORDS OF THE PAST EXPLORATION SOCIETY 330 A 5T. S. E., WASHINGTON, D. C. ™~

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RECORDS -2%-PAST SPECIAL COMBINATION OFFERS BOO? KS POSTAGE PAID IN ALL CASES RRO OUG We Baie ak a eens 6 Se Se Ee OCA Oh aie oles OS 3 bs CAS pee heer es $2.00 Scientific Confirmations of Old Peniacieat History, by George Frederick Wright..... $2.15 Both for $3.75. $4.15 Records of the Past, 1907...... StELY Hekd tie Nils «ase Ves ah eee cise he wD s eases eaetiode $2.00 Edwin McMasters Stanton, a Biography, by Frank Abial Flower.................... $3.30 Both for $4.50. $5.30 Te et Oe Sele ees erg ee rer oe ee ede Seay Perr ane eer fe $2.00 ‘Rational Almanac, by Moses B. Cotsworth............. ae eo URE eo SILLS OO oe OTIS Both for $3.25. $3.75 Tecords OF Cer OStatic se i girs oo cd Oo Eo bao te ek see Lend baba sss $2.00 A History of Egypt [634 pp. 200 Ills. and Maps], by Prof. aa H. Breasted, Ph. D..... $5.35 Both for $6.60 $7.35 Per el i | es pee Uae Ae Ee irs FV ee Bee ter wl eee ie ey oy Eee ae ve eee $2.00 A History of Egypt [3 Vols. Poste I to XXX, Illustrated] By. W. M. Flinders Petrie... 2.5, o%.n. ss sce $7.20 All for $7.50. $9.20 Records of the Past, 1907 (in advance)... $2.00, Records of the Past, 1907 (in advance) .... $2.00 Nippur (2 Vols.), By Soy an, ee re ose 5.45 The Jordan Valley and Petra (2 Vols.), BY emey ei oct peas 6.45 Both for £6.45 45 = ee Both for $7.25 $8.45 Records of the Past, 1907 (in advance) . $2.00 Explorations in Bible Lands, By Hilprecht . 3.40 Records of the Past, 1997 Cin advance) .... $2.00 cientific Aspects o ristian Evidences, Both for $4.90 $5.40 BB VIM « cattas 0s 6 aR ea 1.65 Records of the Past, 1907 (in advance)... $2.00 Ice Age in North America, By Wright.... 5.30 Both for $3.20 $3.65 Both for $6.00 $7.30 Records of the Past, LOOT Bes. eh aks pas $2.00 The Cherokees in Pre-Columbian Times, Records of the Past, 1907 (in advance) .... $2.00 By Cyrus Thomas Asiatic Russia (2 Vols. ), By Wright....... 7.95 [Published in 1890 and now out of print] $1.05 Both for $8.00 $9.95 Both for $2.65 $3.05 Records of the Past, 1907 (in advance) .... $2.00 Records of the Past, 1907 ..........2.-sees $2.00 Man and the Glacial Period, By Wright. FS ee 1.88 Both for $3.40 $3.88 Records of the Past, 1907 (in advance) .... $2.00 Along the Nile with ‘Gen, Grant, by Farman.. 2.70 Both as $4.15 $4.70 Records of “the Past, 1907 (in advance).. . $2.00 Arizona Sketches, By MKT oc: cass eee 2.20 Both for $3.75 $4.20 Records of Ancient Races, by Wm. McAdams _ [Published in 1887 and now out of print] Selling for about.............. $1.75 Both for $3.00 $3.75 Records of the Past, 1907 ..............%: $2.00 Excavations at Nippur, By Clarence S. Fisher, B. S. Part I, Topography. The City Walls.... $2.15 Both for $3.85 $4.15 For fuller descriptions of these books see inside advertising pages, Special Combination Prices for RECORDS OF THE PAST and any number of the above- mentioned books furnished on request. RECORDS OF THE PAST EXPLORATION SOCIETY 330 A Street S. E., Washington, D. C. |