Records of the Past (July, 1904)
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———) ii iN ANAT is IN } RECORDS riePAS] -VoLUME III JULY, 1904 PART VII Vz. 3 PAK) ml Pes RUHL er Nine TBE US HSeS)
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Volume m1 RECORDS: F PAST | Part VII REV. HENRY MASON BAUM, D.C. L. MR. FREDERICK BENNETT WRIGHT Editor Assistant Editor | Jury, 1904 CONTENTS I, Excavations of the German Oriental Society Near Abusir . : ; ‘ ; 195 BY LUDWIG BORCHARD II. Gezer Foundation Deposits and Modern Beliefs é ; 3 ; , ; ; 212 BY DR. GHOSN EL-HOWIE! III. The Bone Cave of San Ciro, Sicily ‘ j ; ; : ‘ ; ; ; 216 BY, PROF. GEORGE FREDERICK WRIGHT, D.D., LL.D. EDITORIAL NOTES IV. The God Her-Shef . : : ; : : pastel : reper 219 V. Three Hundred Statues from eek ‘ : : ; ‘ : : 5 ‘ 219 VI. White Monastery near Sobag, in Upper Egypt ‘ F , ‘ ; i , 219 VII. Translation of New Tell-el-Amarna Tablets . aa eet 0 LES gna tiara VIII. The Archaeology of the Dakotas . ; ‘ ; ; ; ; ; - ; 220 IX. Dr. Baum’s Expedition to the Southwest ; : - , : P A ? 221 X. Pre-historic Development of Italy . . F ; ‘ ; ‘ ; ; ; 222 : - Copyright, 1904, by Records of the Past Exploration Society. | Entered at the Washington Post Office as Second-Class Matter. TERMS: Annual Subscription, $2. Three years, $5; in advance. Single copy, 25 cents. Foreign Sub- 3 scriptions, except Dominion of Canada and Mexico, $2.50, Requests for free specimen copies can not be honored. Sub- scriptions must begin with the January issue of each year. Subscriptions are continued until notice to discontinue is received and amount due paid. RECORDS OF ‘THE PAST EXPLORATION SOCIETY 215, Third Street, S. E., Washington, D. C. THIS PUBLICATION IS FROM THE PRESS OF THE HENRY E. WILKENS PRINTING CO., WASHINGTON, D. C. NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS SUBSCRIBERS SHOULD HAVE THEIR SEPARATE PARTS OF | RECORDS OF THE PAST UNIFORMLY BOUND ~ The separate parts for either 1902 or 1908, if in good condition can be exchanged . for bound volumes for the additional price of the binding and return postage. ® Those wishing their individual copies bound on account of personal notes, or for other reasons, can have it done, but there will necessarily be a delay in securing such bindings. ® These will be uniform with our regular bindings. ® The design for the covers is very beautiful, being stamped in gold. The top and front edges are gilded Red or Dark Green Cloth Bindings for Volumes I and II - : Each $1.0 00 Red or Dark Green Half Turkey Morocco Bindings for Volumes I and Il, Each $1.75 Postage on Bound Volumes 40 cents additional. ® Separate parts can be returned at the rate of 1 centfor every 4 ounces if marked “ Regular Publication.” Cloth covers in red or dark green cloth to be put on by local binders, mailed postage paid for - - - 50 cents Records of the Past Exploration Society 245 Third Street, S. E. Washington, he D. .
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As ae ks
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A FAMILY GROUP FROM ABUSIR
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RECORDS tie PAST VOL. III PART VII JULY, 1904 she EXCAVATIONS OF THE GERMAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY NEAR ABUSIR BY LUDWIG BORCHARD [Zranslated from the German by Prof. Karl Hau] EXCAVATIONS DURING THE WINTER OF IQOI-02 N discussing our excavations in the ruins of Abusir, I shall proceed chronologically and begin with the temple of King Ne-woser-re. This temple, it seems to me, was not quite. completed; the in- scriptions on each column give nothing but the name and title of the King, Ne-woser-re, with the addition, “beloved by the goddess of Lower Egypt,” or “beloved by the goddess of Upper Egypt,” accord- ing as to whether the column stands in the southern or in the northern half of the temple. This Egyptian habit of dividing each temple into a northern and a southern half and choosing the ornaments from the 2 parts of the empire accordingly, greatly facilitates reconstruction, in- asmuch as each fragment found indicates by its inscription to which part it belongs. Around the portico of the temple we have on 3 sides small corri- dors. One of the walls has a very deep niche, the object of which we are still in doubt. Perhaps it was the receptacle for a very interesting monument, the fragments of which were discovered in the western part of the portico; namely, the enormous statue of a walking lion.
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196 RECORDS OF THE PAST Parts of the back atid hindquarters, the forelegs.and the remarkably beautiful head are peeet ved. The sculptor must have been one of the masters of his time. From the southern corner of the niche a very narrow passage leads behind the main gate; if it belongs to the original plan of the temple -and is not a later addition it must have been a secret access to the door- bars, which opened from the interior. An identical passage was dis- covered by Schweinfurth in the temple Qasr-es-Sara in the desert west of the Fayum. The main gate, to which this passage leads probably opened into the “holy of holies,” a comparatively narrow chamber, having a niche in the back wall. The decoration of the interior of this chamber cor- responds to that commonly found in kingly temples of the Old Empire; namely, an imitation of the facade of the King’s palace, as the old Egyptians used to produce them in the tombs of the King and other high dignitaries. In spite of this similarity we have interrogated “holy of holies’ in our ground plan, for it is not unlikely that during further excava- tions we shall discover the real ‘holy of holies’ in the middle of the pyramid on the east side, where it ought to be expected. But this irregularity may have been caused by conditions which we cannot now guess. It certainly seems prudent to be satisfied at present with a non liquet. The temple has several outlets. One, in the western corner leads into a narrow, open passage between temple and pyramid. Two other ones lead to the north into still unexplored territory. The walls of the temple show very artistic ornaments, mostly representing sacrifices for the dead King. The persons represented are not ordinary servants, as in private tombs, but dignitaries of the empire, occupying certain honorary offices in the temple. Their full names and titles are given, some of them already known to us through the tombs excavated by Mariette near Saqquara. Besides these reliefs, others were found showing the King in in- tercourse with gods. In many works on old Egyptian civilization we still read that the Egyptians of the Old Empire did not picture their gods. Here we have a great many representations of nearly all the gods of the Old Empire: Horus with the head of the sparrow-hawk, Sechmet with the lion-head, Anubis with the head of the jackal, and many gods and goddesses in human figure. _ Most beautiful is a relief found in the portico between the lion- niche and the gate of the “holy of holies.” It represents the King with apron and lion-tail, the insignia of his dignity, and with a head-gear of | horns and feathers, sitting on a portable throne. On the socle 2 Nile- gods unite the coats of arms of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt around the hierglyph “Union,” in order to designate that the King united both countries under his sceptre. The jackal-headed god Anubis marches toward the King offering him the sign of life in several copies.
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BE! ABUSIR 1902 Totentempel des Kénigs Ne-woser-re ke KL > SN-Schnitt durch die Nordhalfte des Saulennofes und durch den nordl Umgang < O.12 m iber den Bandern
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198 RECORDS OF THE PAST Behind the King stands the goddess of Lower Egypt, embracing him, the relief having been found in the northern part of the temple. Below | : this 2 smaller columns of servants are represented forming a lane and bearing staffs. Another relief was found near by, commonly appearing only in temples of the New Empire; it represents the King slaying with a club a number of his enemies, whom he has laid hold of by the hair. His head is surrounded by his tutelar deities. Numerous fragments of beautiful alabaster reliefs were lying about in the rubbish, which probably belonged to a magnificent sacrificial altar. The following may be said about the history of the temple: _ It was built, as all Egyptian buildings of that period, with the cus- tomary “‘perrons” of air-dry bricks, which took the place of our wooden scaffold; a small fragment of such a perron was found. The temple does not seem to have been quite completed. The columns, the lion, and several other things were not yet finished when the King died. How long the temple was in use and the King’s worship continued can- not be exactly determined. During the first period of the Middle Empire (about 2100 B. C.) the temple still had priests, whose tombs were © : found intact. But they were comparatively poor, so that Professor Ermana quite happily could compare them with the poor Shejchs, who are in charge of the decayed tombs of the Caliph, near Cairo. Also the temple itself must have been somewhat decayed at that time. At the time of the New Empire (about 1300 B. C.) there was hardly anything left of it. The wall stones were used in other buildings and on the ruins stood a few huts, in the rubbish of one of which we found a letter of that time written on papyrus. In several places we found graves of poor people, whose bodies had been buried in a heterogeneous mass. Of the subsequent Greek and Arabic civilization there is no trace what- ever in the temple area. But the territory surrounding the temple intended as a cemetery © for the high dignitaries of the empire offers traces of all periods of Egyptian civilization. Let us consider first the tombs of the Old Em- pire. Some of them we could only partly excavate this year on account of lack of time. These tombs are gigantic limestone mastabas arranged in rows along the street. In the middle of the street there lay one brick mastaba; this one, belonging, according to a long inscription, to an Onch-Weser-Kef, we have not yet investigated at all, except that we looked after the arrangement of the burial chambers. They were oval and rectangular, going from north to south. In one of the cham- bers the coffin was still intact; it contained nothing but the skeleton of the deceased and some remnants of linen. It cannot even be said with certainty that the deceased was embalmed. One important finding was made near the mastaba; namely, a family group in red granite, repre- senting the owner of the mastaba with his wife. The husband stands looking straight ahead, his wife, a little smaller, embracing him ten- derly. It is not one of the best works of that time. The sculptor was
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MODEL OF A BOAT FROM THE GRAVE OF HERISHEF-HETEP APPURTENANCES IN THE GRAVE OF HERISHEF-HETEP AFTER THE WAS REMOVED COVER
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Pi Sa Ne RECORDS OF Fit PAST - inferior to those who created the reliefs and the lion in the temple; but that is quite natural. The best talent was, of course, engaged by the King. | One mastaba we investigated thoroughly, that of Dyedy-em-onch; it contains in smaller proportions everything that is found in the pyra- mid of the King. To the plan of a pyramid belong: The tomb of the King, 2. e., the pyramid itself, rooms for worship, the temple with the statues of the deceased and supplemental pyramids for the members of the King’s family. The mastaba contains burial chambers for the owner and his family underground—above ground the chambers for worship, and connected with these, the statue rooms. In one mastaba the rooms are rather small—3 for worship and 2 for the statues, rather rudely built of limestone blocks. Judging from the relief fragments the former were the most elaborately ornamented. The western side of these rooms contains sham doors, before which the sacrifices were placed on an offering table. The underground burial rooms are accessible from the worship- chambers through small, covered passages. That of the husband has been completely destroyed by grave robbers hunting for gold‘and valu- ables; only the vessels in which the intestines were kept are preserved in fragments that.are rather valuable as the oldest yet discovered. In the wifé’s room the coffin is better preserved. Now we come to the tombs of the Middle Empire, some of which were excellently preserved and yielded valuable findings. First, we opened the family tomb of Jen-em-Jechwet, the governor of the temple. Through a small opening we saw 4 coffins in exactly the same position as they: were put 4,000 years ago. Upon the coffins, boat models were placed,.so that the deceased might have an easy journey into heaven; below, cups that once had contained water, vessels with sacrifices, small wooden statues of servants, etc. With the greatest expectation we pulled one coffin out and lifted the cover. There lay Jen-em-Jechwet in a more perfect state of preservation than we had even hoped. The mummy was wrapped in a long brown linen with a colored head mask. According to the fashion of the time the mask had small whiskers and a long imperial; the eyes were prolonged with paint. The wig has a blue coloring in imitation of lapislazuli, the Egyptian gods having lapislazuli hair. The mummy lies a little bit on the left side, just as'the Egyptians sleep, with a pillow of the same kind as is to- day used in the Soudan. The eyes are directed to the East, toward the rising sun, and on that side of the coffin 2 big eyes are painted. Near the deceased lay 2 staffs and a little wooden figure representing himself. The 3 other mummies had suffered much from dampness, the con- struction of the coffins being very inferior. Jen-em-Jechwet’s coffin was transported without accident to Berlin. Near this family tomb we found a great many single ones, the best preserved of which belonged to the priest Herischef- ane (“the god is happy on his lake’’).
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= . Serna ’ ea outecea oe ONE COLUMN OF A PAPYRUS ROLL FROM A MUMMY CASE FOUND AT ABUSIR
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202 RECORDS OF THE PAST A beautiful, large coffin, about 18 cm. thick, filled the whole vault. After we had pulled out and opened it, it appeared that it contained a second and thinner one inside, in which lay the mummy admirably pre- served. The deceased must have been rather wealthy, judging from the appurtenances found in the tomb. Around the collar of his mask a necklace of faience pearls had been placed, while all the other mum- mies were content with a painted ornament. Both coffins, the inner and the outer one, were painted all over and covered with inscriptions in black italic types on a white background. A detailed discussion of all of them would be tantamount to a complete history of the civiliza- tion of the Midde Empire. On the headpiece we see above, under the inscription, ointment vessels in a frame tied up with leather ; below, a bed with lion-heads and lion-feet, upon it a pillow and a fly-trap, under it a handbasin and 2 bags, probably containing paint. Then comes a row of other bags with divers contents, a lamp, staffs and.a hatchet. The footpiece shows, above, hand and foot ribbons, ties and cups; below lie 2 pairs of sandals, then a collection of carpenter tools —saws, drills, hatchets, chisels, adzes, and polishing-stones. After pulling the coffin out we were greatly surprised to find behind it all of the appurtenances that had been put in the grave of the deceased. First, a collection of ship models, as they are even now used on the Nile. Then a kitchen; one butcher is pictured cutting the throat of a calf, while another catches the blood in a vessel; the aprons of both are red. Nearby another one roasts a duck. Below the kitchen is the granary. Besides there are numerous statues of servants and vessels, and, strange enough, the same small models of carpenter tools. Another tomb I will just mention out of the many others belong- ing to the Middle Empire. It is that of Sat-Nofer, who bears the title “Mistress of the King.” But her tomb is extremely poor. There is nothing in it beside the coffin but a pillow, a bronze mirror without a handle, and a little stone, used for the purpose of rubbing the paint. During the New Empire the ruins of Abusir were used as mass- graves for poor people and these yielded no findings worth mention- ing. Very near the surface a well preserved wooden coffin in mummy form was found, which, according to the inscription, belonged to a certain Asiatic, called Abhem, the Son of Quert, who, in Egypt, had taken the name Hophra, from the well-known King of that name (about 580 B. C.). But when we tried to excavate the coffin, we found that under it lay a very poor mummy of a much later period. Probably a poor inhabitant of Busiris, who could not afford to buy a new coffin, had acquired this one second hand. We subsequently encountered the same phenomenon quite frequently. Some, who apparently were too poor to afford even this had themselves buried in clay pipes, and some corpses of children were simply placed in wine jars. One part of the cemetery, however, seems to have been reserved for the well-to-do people of Busiris; namely, the neighborhood of the tomb of Dyedy-em-onch. ‘These well-to-do people were Greeks, and
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Meee eo ee eee ae oe EXCAVATIONS AT ABUSIR : 203 this is quite natural. Already, prior to Alexander’s time, under the Persian rule, several Greek families had probably settled at Busiris, carrying on a small trade in very much the same way as the Greek Bakals (grocers) that to-day are found in almost every large Egyptian village. Like the latter, they soon accumulated comparative wealth and without absolutely forgetting their native customs, adopted many of the Egyptians, among these mummifying of the dead. Aside from the mummy itself, the coffins and the appurtenances are Greek. The latter probably even imported elegant attic vases, Greek leather sandals with ornaments that are absolutely un-Egyptian. The fact that similar coffins were found in Pirzeus perhaps justifies the inference that even the coffins were imported. They are wooden and span- roofed, ornamented with pearl chains or painted in Greek designs. That these coffins were not intended for use in the desert sand may be inferred from the fact that the bottom has ventilation-holes and that the poor legs which supported them are always found sawed off. The mummies were placed on shavings—which is never the case with Egyptian mummies—and the appurtenances are distinctly Greek. In the midst of these Greek coffins lay a gigantic Egyptian mummy coffin, near which the most important find of this year was made. At the head of the coffin we found a small leather purse, some pieces of iron, and a papyrus roll, several cm. thick and 18, 5 cm. high. When opened it was I, I1m. long and showed 5 columns of Greek verse in antiquated characters. [We reproduce one column of this papyrus— that one in which the poet mentions his name—and leave the discus- sion of the papyrus to that eminent authority, Priory Counsellor Dr. V. Wilamowitz-Mollendorff.* | Among the single finds may be mentioned several faience-chains with the names of Thutmosis III and Amenophis III, a colored glass bottle of the New Empire, a seal-cylinder of the Old Empire, fragment of ebony sculpture, the basis of a small statue of white faience with blue characters, etc. We began work on January 3 and on May I we returned to Cairo. In conclusion, I feel bound to express our thanks to the generous bene- factor of the German Oriental Society, who enabled us to carry on these excavations, and utter the hope that the same may be continued next year. : EXCAVATIONS NEAR ABUSIR DURING WINTER OF 1902-03 During the first year of our excavations near Abusir we had in- vestigated the temple of King Ne-woser-re (V Dynasty—about 2500 B. C.) on the eastern side of his pyramid, the tombs of the dignitaries of his Empire, tombs of priests of the Middle Empire (about 2000 B. C.) some later graves, and finally a part of a Greek cemetery of the second half of the IV Century B. C. Since none of these investiga- *The poem was written by Timotheos of Milet at the end of the IV Century B. C. and celebrates a Greek naval victory over the Persians.
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204 RECORDS OF THE PAST tions had been completed during the first year, our work in the second year consisted first in the completion of these investigations and then in the opening of the pyramid itself, in which we could expect to find the tomb of King Ne-woser-re himself. _ The ground plan of the temple has been very exactly determined, ~ and only very few points need now be accompanied by an interrogation. The two principal questions that had to be solved were, first, where the “holy of holies” lay, and second, what was the continuation of the temple to the north. Our expectations that the “holy of holies” must lie at the middle of the pyramid proved well founded. At that point we found the enormous foundation of a magnificent door and fragments of the same, with the name of the King in beautifully ex- ecuted green hieroglyphs. In the space between the pyramid and this door, behind which the deceased was thought to be, the sacrifices were offered. What the purpose of the chamber, which we first desig- nated as “holy of holies,’ has been, we do not know. From this room a passage to the north leads to a room with a column in the center; | opposite to the entrance stood a Statute or an offering altar, of which only the foundation still exists. From this room one comes through a vestibule to the “holy of holies,’ behind which there lies another room with the base of a statue and a larger one looking like a magazine. The temple only touches the pyramid with the “holy of holies;”’ the rest is separated from it by a narrow paved court, in which several small rooms seem to have lain, concerning the purpose of which we are absolutely ignorant. Generally, although we know the ground plan of the temple fairly well, the purpose of the different chamber’ is more or less of a mys- tery to us, for our information concerning this period is extremely vague. The temple was surrounded by a wall, which also included the pyramid and probably several other buildings, which we have not yet discovered. This wall is very well preserved on the eastern side and at the point where the eastern and the northern wall met, stood an imposing building, which, I trust, will be more fully investigated next year. Our most valuable finding at this place was a magnificent gar- goyle—a lion head. The lion seems to become the heraldic figure of the German Oriental Society. The lion of Babylon was followed by the granite-lion of Abusir last year, and now comes this basalt-lion. The execution is very fine in all details. A fragment of the left ear is missing, but, I trust, from the fragments found 3 years ago in Abu- gurab in the Sun-temple of King Ne-woser-re and from the gargoyles of the Ptomemer and imperial times, our piece may be perfectly mended. | oe : On the south side of the upper part of the perron leading to the temple a tremendous terrace was discovered, which, with its white limestone, must have offered an imposing aspect from the Nile. That this terrace was built contemporaneously with the temple is proven by
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CO6I NI wIsSaAgV ee ae LV AUY-AHSOM-AN ONIN JO HIAWAL HHL NI ie ; | SNOILVAVOXH
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200 RECORDS OF THE PAST the red stamps of the stones, which are the same as those of the latter. These stamps are just as important for fixing the date of Egyptian buildings as the stonecutter’s marks on medieval churches. Every King of the pyramid-period has his peculiar stamp; King Ne-woser-re has a circle surrounding a cross; his predecessor, King Nefer-er-ke-re, a quadrangle. In the temple itself several new reliefs were found, the prettiest of which is a representation of the crocodile-hearted god Sobk of Crocodilopolis, Medinet el Fayum, the capital of the most fertile province of Egypt. The pyramid of the King had been opened in 1838 by 2 English- men, Perring and Vyse, but no thorough investigation had been made. After 41 days’ work they had abandoned the attempt to get in through the supposed entrance, but had discovered a hole, which had been made in former times by grave robbers. They advanced to the burial chamber, photographed it, but left without taking anything. We intended to proceed more systematically, although expecting to encounter great difficulties. We began our work in the center of the north side of the pyramid, where commonly the entrance is to be found, and first removed the rubbish, which was over 8 m. high. Then we reached the wall, which surrounded both temple and pyramid, after this the pavement before the pyramid, and finally the entrance—as far as it still existed. It was closed by a gigantic red granite block. The walls of the pyramid being in a very decayed condition, our work now became dangerous, and advanced slowly. Five expert stonecutters worked assiduously, and it is truly remarkable that no accident oc- curred. But the construction of the pyramid became clearer to us every day, and if there is any Egyptologist who still opposes Lepsius’ original idea of the construction of the pyramids, as Perrot-Chipiez and Flinders Petrie have done, he will be converted by our excavations at the pyramid of King Ne-woser-re. Slowly we reached the point, which is marked “forced passage” in Perring’s report, and here the inburst took place on May 2. The whole part north of the “forced passage” came down and almost buried our head stonecutter. The rest of this season was fully occupied by the work of removing the ruins, and at the end of the season we had arrived at the same point as at the beginning of May. “Senne gaje, imschallah!” “Next year, if God wills it!’ remarked Abd’el Muchdi Oazim, our head stonecutter. Quite a number of large tombs of the Old Empire, the so-called mastabas, had not been investigated last year, and 2 of them we ex- cavated completely, one only partly. To the most important one we gave the name “‘Mastaba of the Princesses,” because it was intended for the daughters of the King. The rooms for worship lay in one row behind the east front of the tomb and the west wall of these rooms showed 4 false doors, so that we could expect to find 4 mummies. The first northern door, of which only the lower part was still preserved,
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EXCAVATIONS AT ABUSIR 207 RICH GILDED MASK; SOLES, AMULETS, ETC., FROM A MUMMY OF LATER DATE; AND A WOODEN STATUE FROM A TOMB OF THE MIDDLE KINGDOM belonged to the princess of the blood, Nebti-cha-merer. It shows 4 pictures of the princess with all her titles. She was “Priestess of Hathor in all her temples, etc.”” The limestone coffin looked as white and new as if it had just come out of the workshop, the’ contents, “mafisch’—nothing. She had never been buried here. The explana- tion came a few days afterward. Dr. Moeller noticed that in the tomb of Shepses-ptah, which we used as dark-room, name and title of the owner coincided with that of our princess. Mrs. Shepses-ptah, nee Princess Bebti-cha-merer, had been buried in her husband’s tomb, and had never occupied the burial chamber intended for Miss Nebti- cha-merer. The same was the case with 2 of the other chambers in the mastaba of the Princesses. The second door bears the name and picture of >
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208 RECORDS OF THE PAST Princess Merit-jots, “her father’s favorite daughter,” but there is noth- — ing behind it. The third one, also'empty, does not even have a name ; on the door. On the fourth door, strange enough, we read, “The only. friesiel | Kehotep. ” The name “only friend” is a court title and corresponds to our “gentleman of the bed-chamber.” No one knows how this “gen- tleman of the bed-chamber” came into the Mastaba of the Princesses; he must have been very close to the royal family. It is also very strange that in his burial chamber several stones bear the name of Shepses- ptah, the son-in-law of the King. We have to wait for later finds to get an explanation of this puzzle. ) The chamber had been ransacked by grave robbers, who had ~ taken out the mummy and deprived it of the jewelry, but what they had — left was quite sufficient for us. There were several small wooden offering tables with all the necessary vessels and cups of alabaster in all possible forms, small salve boxes for the 7 holy salves with the name of each, the 4 pitchers for the intestines, remnants of the vic- tims, magic tools for all kinds of ceremonies and finally, just as in the tombs of the Middle Empire, the models of numerous carpenter tools— saws, drills, chisels, adzes, etc. It may be that Kehotep, having had the same bad experiences with Egyptian carpenters, had, like ourselves, taken his own tools with him. | In this place we made a rare and inexplicable find in the rubbish; namely, the head of a limestone statue smoothly worked off and not broken off. An analogous piece was found by de Morgan in 1894, in ‘one of the tombs near Dashur, about an hour and a half south of Abusir. Perhaps there is some connection between this and the belief of the old Egyptians, so frequently encountered in their burial-chants, that the head of the deceased is cut off in Hades. | ae ; So much on the Mastaba of the Princesses. The other tomb of ‘the Old Empire, which we investigated, is situated in the corner of the temple; we have unfortunately not yet succedded in discovering the name of the occupant, because the sham door, where we naturally looked for it, was too badly preserved. The mastaba contained a sim- ple room for worship, the emptied statue-room, and a large burial chamber, with 2 columns. Until now we have found the following types of mastabas: (1) The Mastaba of Dyedy-em-onch, with burial-chambers ac- cessible from the rooms for worship through oblique passages. (2) The Mastaba, “without name,” with oblique entrance from outside, and The Mastaba of the Princesses, with vertical passages from the roof of the tomb. The mastaba “without name” has also a second burial-chamber— that of the wife—accessible through a vertical passage from the roof. There is, therefore, no difference in point of time between these types. The contents of the mastaba “without name” were almost the
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PART OF A TEMPLE RELIEF FROM ABUSIR, SHOWING THE STONE DOOR OF PRINCESS NEBTI-CHA-MERER CROCODILE- HEADED GOD, SOBK “Eieds 7 Pete eee? ie Si =. SS er ‘ , %, yee Sree + See
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210 RECORDS OF THE PAST same as those of the Mastaba of Kehotep. I might mention a white face-mask of linen, probably the oldest of its kind. The third mastaba lies north of that “without name,” but since the investigation of that one is not yet completed I defer the discussion until next year. | The excavation of the tombs of the Middle Empire was continued this year, and yielded similar results as last year. In one of them we found a fragment of the reliefs of the mastaba, which Dyedy-em-onch used, which gives us some clue as to the age of the former. The Mastaba of Dyedy-em-onch, which belongs to the V Dynasty (about 2500 B. C.), must have been already in decay when these tombs were built. Everything found in the tombs of the Middle Empire is more or less badly preserved.. A well-preserved piece was found in one of the coffins, viz., a small wooden statue of a walking man similar to the one found last year in the tomb of Jen-em-Jechwet. Face and breast of the figure are well executed; in the same coffin we found very in- teresting large faience pearls and a scarab, typical of the Middle Empire. Of the other tombs of this time we completely excavated one that was favorably situated in order to determine exactly the construction of that type. It has some resemblance to a modern Arabian grave, a similarity that explains itself by the same formation of the soil. It consists of an entrance-shaft with an adjoining chamber covered with a cylindrical vault of bricks. Those parts of the tomb that were sit- uated above the ground corresponding to the rooms for worship of the Old Empire were also constructed of brick, and, of course, disappeared long ago. These tombs of the Middle Empire also yielded some findings of interest for the medical profession. We found the skeleton of a dwarf, or at least what we thought was the skeleton of a dwarf, several more or less healed broken bones, etc. On the last day of our excavations last year we discovered under the decayed northern wall of the “janitor’s room” of the temple, a spacious room, covered with planks, which seemed to contain old corn. This year we investigated this “granary,” emptied it and poured the contents into bags. At the bottom we found the decayed wooden coffin of “the Keeper of the King’s seal,” “only friend,” and “head of a college of priests,’ by the name of Merri, and another similarly poor coffin. We had not found granaries, as we expected, but tombs of the Middle Empire, where the appurtenances consisted in great quantities of grain. In Merri’s tomb a wooden grubbing axe had also been placed. The whole contents were transmitted to Prof. Schweinfurth, who will solve the question as to what sort of grain the old Egyptians used. - During the New Empire (about 120 B. C.), as I have stated in my report of last year, the inhabitants of Abusir, who were buried in the ruins, were very poor. This year again we found a great number
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EXCAVATIONS AT ABUSIR ArT of graves where the bodies were thrown in together, near the entrance of the pyramid and several scattered coffins of a later period (about 600 B. C.). One wooden coffin of a certain Chet-hapi had been placed in a hole of the west wall of the Mastaba of the Princesses. The broad face was covered with thin leaf-gold, the hair painted blue, and over the breast a hieroglyphic inscription of 3 lines. The mummy itself showed the following colors: Dark blue and gold mixed with red; the head and face were covered with a finely modeled mask, which, un- fortunately, was slightly damaged when the coffin was opened. The amulets were arranged on the corpse as they appear in the accompany- ing figure. All are executed in compressed linen stucco. Under the mask on the breast lies the necklace, below. it the breast-plate—the goddess Nut, extending her wing's to protect the deceased. Below Nut was a long inscription on gold. On the right and left sides the smaller amulets, the 4 sons of Osiris with their characteristic monkey, jackal, sparrow-hawk and human heads; below, the lamenting sisters of Osiris —Isis and Nephthys. But to my taste the best pieces are the sandals that lay under the feet: of the mummy, with a simple blue surface and a golden seam. Our final task was to continue our excavations of the Greek ceme- tery, which had yielded the interesting colored wooden coffins and the Timotheos papyrus. This cemetery is by no means exhausted yet; we found on the western side 2 rows of coffins near the mastabas, one of which was untouched, while all coffins of the other one were half de- - stroyed. The appurtenances were alabaster vessels and black day. cups for the paint and sponges for the exterior care of the body. Food was also abundantly provided—incredible quantities of almonds, nuts, raisins, dates, apples, bread, eggs, and pieces of meat in bowls. These. things lay partly in the coffins and partly outside. For the long jour- ney a staff and strong shoes are added and to pay the passage in Charon’s boat in Hades an obolos is placed in the mouth of the de- ceased. In one case, we found an Athenian triobolon, a small silver coin worth a few cents. This find gives an excellent illustration of the economical difference between the Greek and Egyptian civilization. If the Egyptian wanted to make a boat trip in Hades he had to take the boat and the rowers with him in efhgy; the Greek took his obolos with him, with which he paid for the services of Charon. In our report of last year we gave a description of these Greek coffins; we add a photograph of an opened coffin. The mummy lies on the back upon shavings, the head on a pillow, covered with a long linen, which is doubled over the face. A garland is placed on the hair. Near the feet are placed a pair of leather shoes, a leather purse, a loaf of bread, and 2 scrapers. Red ribbons are arranged irregularly over the body. About 10 years ago a valuable find of old papyrus had been ase at a place near Abusir in a brick temple, near the Pypamd of Ne-
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212 RECORDS OF THE PAST woser-re. We searched there and found several other documents re- lating to the management of the temple. In conclusion, I want to state that we began work on January 12 and began with the opening of the pyramid on the 18 and with the mastabas on the 31; on February 15 we began excavations of the Greek cemetery. We finished work on April Io. On March 10 we received the visit of his imperial highness, the German Crown Prince, who manifested great interest in the excava- tions, and took many photos of the work. A LION HEAD, GARGOYLE GEZER FOUNDATION DEPOSITS AND MODERN BELIEFS BY DR. GHOSN EL-HOWIE T IS a little over an hour’s ride south of the road which leads from Joppa to Jerusalem that the saddle-shaped mound known to the natives as Tell-el-Jezari is found. It lies east and west, and its western end is surmounted by a shrine of a modern cemetery and a mulberry garden. Over 30 years ago Tell-el-Jezari was identified beyond doubt with the city of Gezer, which a King of Egypt sacked and burned with fire, but which a son-in-law of his, King Solomon, rebuilt. [1 Kings IX; see also Joshua X V1, 10, X XI, 21; Judges 1, 29; 1 Chr. VI, 67.] For sometime past the Palestine Exploration Fund, determined to question this mound and bring to light as many of its secrets as possi- ble. Accordingly, preliminaries having been settled and license secured . yn — . > a mA ‘ ~ Se ere ee ee al —— is ice ae Adee aks Ae net ——_— =| - =
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GEZER FOUNDATION DEPOSITS 213 from the Ottoman Government, excavations began in 1902. Over 70 native laborers at the cost of $500 a month were put to work and have been working practically ever since. It is now known that Gezer, in the days of Solomon, had already been familiar with sacking and burning. Four times before King Solomon’s time Gezer had been destroyed and as many times rebuilt and reinhabited (intervals of desolation of greater or lesser length being presupposed ). The earliest race which inhabited the spot was pre-Semitic, lived in caves (natural or artificial) and cremated or burned the dead, about 2,500 years B. C. These Troglodites were destroyed and succeeded by another race, and this succession is called the second occupation or the second city. _This second succumbed to a third and the third to a fourth, and the top- most occupation is the seventh. | In an intermediate layer or stratum, which the archzologist of our Society teaches us to call the fifth, a strange if not unique rite, con- nected with building foundations came to light and increased at once our knowledge and our ignorance. We know now that the people of those days deposited in the foundations of their dwellings jars, containing bodies of infants, lamps and bowls. ‘These vessels moreover contain sand or fine earth, evi- dently brought from a particular spot at some distance from Gezer ; this fact is now referred to in the Quarterly Statement, as the “lamp and bowl deposit.”’ The arrangement of these vessels varies in different foundations, and the Quarterly Statement has published various cuts to convey a more definite idea of them than could be done with words, but as to the meaning of this lamp and bowl deposit rite, ignorance still prevails. May it not be that present day practice in Hauran, East of Jordan, can throw a gleam of light upon this as yet dark problem. A Hauranee employed a neighbor of mine to build a house for him. The building was soon erected and soon after collapsed to the great loss of the proprietor. It was thought that the loser would fasten the blame on the builder and ascribe the fall of his house to bad workmanship and bad material. This he did not do, but ascribed the disaster to “Ain,” the “Eye.” This is one of a thousand instances arising from the belief, which existed in this country before Deuteronomy was written—namely, that some persons, men or women, are possessed of the power to injure and destroy by the mere looking with their eyes (even from a distance) at persons, animals, trees, houses and other objects. I have been assured by those who believe in the “eye” that the exercise of this hurtful power is not of necessity voluntary on the part of those who exercise it. Some of them cannot help it. If they look they hurt, whether they will or no, especially if they do not say audibly “s’mallah” (in the name of God). About 2 years ago, a child of ours became suddenly ill. A servant
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214 | RECORDS OF TH: PAST and a neighbor in the kindness of their hearts ran to a professional q descendant of the charmer [ Deut. X VIII, 11], who lives in the neigh- — borhood, and utterly unknown to us obtained a charmed bowl of water — and sprinkled the child with it and I believe made her drink some of it, and it was some days later that Mrs. Howie suspected a strange odor in the house and then it came out that our kind but ignorant ser- vant had burned some substance in connection with the “rackwat,” in accordance with the direction of the charmer. | A mule loaded with two heavy bags of wheat was being led by the owner up a road when suddenly the rope binding the bags to the mule broke, mule and load fell to the ground. The owner turned round and after a minute’s consideration learned that no harm had been done beyond the breaking of the rope, then with great emotion he kissed the ground and thanked God. Turning to me he said: “Do you see the ‘Ain’ (eye)? Had that villain hit the mule with his eye he would have killed it as surely and as quickly as he cut the rope.” Talking the matter over afterward, I found that the muleteer be- lieved that the man whom he called the “villain” looked upon the load without saying “s’mallar,”’ but fortunately instead of hitting the mule and killing it, the rope was hit and cut. The rope, therefore, went, as it were, instead of the mule, or a ransom for it. The malignant power of the “Ain,” or eye, is more feared now than an army, for an army of invasion can be seen and known, while the eye may hit you unex- pectedly and without the possibility of your knowing the source of | your injury. Hence, it is that cows, trees and children are provided with “kittab” (writings) fastened upon them to ward off, if possible, the invisible hit of the “eye.” The ancient inhabitants of Gezer, the Canaanites generally, the Egyptians and Babylonians, were tormented not less, but more than we are to-day by the suspicion of the presence of in jurious eyes and malig- nant spirits, etc. The Babylonian must have passed his life in perpetual terror of evil spirits and demons, and so we find addresses to every kind and sort of spirit to avert evil from the reciter. In the Kouyunjik Gallery of the British Museum there is a tablet which contains formulated prayers, invoking and against different evils, prominent among which is the evil of the “eye.” Ancient and modern Egyptians had and have the same views as the Babylonians and the Canaanites and hence the exhortation in Jeremiah: “Learn not the way of the heathen and be not dismayed at them, for the ie tomis of the people are vain. Be not afraid of them, for they cannot cdo evil, neither also is it in them to do good.” In the Soudan to-day, houses may be poinetd out in which no one would live because it is believed malignant spirits inhabit them and would most likely do harm to human beings, who may occupy them. Against such “spiritual” danger as well as against instability of struc- ture, the ancient Canaanites doubtless provided by human and other
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GEZER FOUNDATION DEPOSITS 215 sacrifices, as is learned from the deposits now being found in house foundations in ancient Gezer. The modern inhabitants of Hauran sacrifice sheep or camels and sprinkle the blood upon the masonry which forms the entrance into the building, but it is more efficacious to carry the animal up to the roof of the newly finished house and sacrifice it there, so that the blood may run down the walls, the front wall especially, and this i 1S done on every possible occasion to-day. The lamp and bowl deposits described in the Quarterly Statements of 1903, show plainly that the ancient Canaanites applied blood to the foundations of buildings, and it is not impossible, but they may have had a service resembling what is still practiced, viz: pouring the blood upon the building from the top for the purpose of protecting the struc- ture from the destructive power of the “Ain” (eye), and for dislodg- ing and banished the evil spirits, which peradvanture haunt the build- ing. | | Twice a year, on January 6 and on the 15 day after Easter, the houses of many Orientals are ceremoniously cleansed and conse- crated. In some parts of the country this service is repeated every month, in addition, and consists in the main of the priests sprinkling with virtuous or holy water every building which is owned and used by his co-religionists and parishioners. Is it reasonable to infer that the ancient customs of blood-sprinkling have been altered or toned down to sprinkling with water? Some such change for the better appears - to be indicated by the lamp and bowl deposits or foundation rites 1 ancient Gezer, for in some cases these consisted of infants sacrificed and deposited in jars. (Ina single case one jar contained two infants. ) These bowls may have contained blood and in some cases grape juice. It is a probable supposition, therefore, that the rite in its later stages dispensed with the human and substituted animal blood and still later wine became sufficient. Foundation deposits apear to have been a characteristic of some ancient buildings in Egypt as well. In Daphnze (Kasr Bint-el-yetruds, the palace of the Jew’s daughter ) foundation deposits, bearing striking resemblances to those of Gezer, have been found. This place appears io have been an old fort on the Syrian frontier, guarding the road out of Egypt and here Psamtik settled part of his brazen men from the sea and built a great fortress and camp, the twin establishment to that of the rest of the Kreek mercenaries at Naukratis on the Lybian side. Beneath each corner of the fort was placed a set of plaques of various material, both metals and stones, with the name of Psamtik and at tlie southwest corner were also the bones of a sacrifice and other cere- monial deposits. At Tell Nebesheh, near the entrance to the edifice, lay the throne of a statue of Usertesen III, probably one of a pair by the door, and | showing that a temple had existed as far back as the XII Dynasty. The foundation deposits in the corners they had to get out from be-
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wt RECORDS OF THE PAST neath the water. They were plaques of metals and stones with the name of Aahmes Si-nit and pottery, showing that the temple had been built in the XX VI Dynasty. [Ten Years Digging mm Egypt, p..52 and 65, R. S. S., London. | Nevertheless, it is too much to hope for a uniform and harmonious explanation of such rites, for even if the generations which practiced them were appealed to to-day, it would still be impossible, I presume, to get from them entirely satisfactory reasons for all their practices in those days. It is a case in point that my wife and I have for Io years past been deeply interested observers and students of present day customs and rites, which are being observed by individuals, families and religious bodies with whom we are on intimate terms, and to whom we have free access, and yet many customs remain unexplained to us. The facts are before us, plain and intelligible, but as to their origir: or raison de’etre we either could hear nothing or anything consistent, but still we pursue our inquiry, and it may be that success in this line is nearer than we think. | fof THE BONE CAVE OF SAN CIRO, SICILY BY PROF. GEORGE FREDERICK WRIGHT, D. D., LL. D. HE records of comparatively recent geological changes in the vicinity of Palermo, Sicily, are of a most interesting nature, especially as they are doubtless contemporaneous with similar changes of level in other places in the world where man is known to have been in existence. Palermo is situated in a plain rising gradually from the sea to a height of 200 ft., where it is met by an abrupt pre- cipitous bluff of limestone, which rises from 2,000 to 3,000 ft., forming a most picturesque and interesting amphitheater, opening to the north upon the bay. At the base of this encircling precipice are found numer- ous caves, in which large masses of bones of recently extinct animals are found, with an occasional occurrence of human bones in some of the caverns. But the mouths of these caves are largely obstructed by coarse debris, which has fallen from the mountains and buried earlier bone-bearing deposits, which had accumulated outside. The most celebrated of these caverns is that of San Ciro, situated 2 miles to the southeast of Palermo at the foot of Monte Grifone. Ac- cording to Prestwich: “This cave is 130 ft. long, Io ft. wide at the entrance, 30 ft. wide in the center, and 21 ft. high, measured from the surface of the cave deposits. It is situated near the base of the escarpment, with grounds sloping from its entrance down to the church of San Ciro, a distance of 256 ft.” The cave was opened in 1830, and its contents were examined and described by Abbate D. Scina, Dr. Turnbull Christie, and Dr. Falconer,
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THE BONE CAVE OF SAN CIRO 217 BROAD PLAIN IN WHICH PALERMO IS SITUATED. VIEW FROM THE BONE CAVE, SICILY and many of the specimens preserved in the museum at Palermo. Ac- cording to Scina, the lower part of the cavern “was crammed with bones so fresh that they were cut into ornaments and polished, and that when burnt they gave out ammoniacal vapors. The quantity, how- ever, was so great that, when afterwards exploited for commercial purposes, 20 tons were shipped to Marseilles and England in the first six months, where it is said they were used for the manufacture of ani- mal charcoal for the sugar factories. * * * The bones were mostly those of hippopotami with a few only of deer, ox, and elephant.” A significant fact is that these bones belong to animals of all ages down to the foetus, and none of them bore marks of having been gnawed, showing that they were not carried in by hyenas and slowly accumu- lated. As is well known, the hippopotamus has not been known in this region within historic times, being now limited to Central and South Africa. But the accumulation of bones in this cavern clearly shows that at a comparatively recent period, geologically speaking, great herds of hippopotami and elephants covered the plain on which Palermo stands, and everything indicates that they were driven into this cavern as a place of refuge. According to Prestwich, the progress of events was about as fol- lows: First, the land stood at a somewhat higher level than now, so
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218 RECORDS OF THE PAST that the plain about Palermo extended out into the bay, thus enlarging the area over which these unwieldy animals could roam and procure the necessaries of life. Secondly, there followed a rather rapid subsidence of the land, so that the water encroached upon the feeding-ground of these animals until they were gradually driven into the plain within the encircling walls of the amphitheater, and finally to the very base of these precipitous walls, where their only place of refuge was the cave of San Ciro—nature thus having, so to speak, “corraled’” them as savage hunters corral animals of similar size in many parts of the MOUNT GRIFONE, SHOWING THE BONE CAVE OF SAN CIRO, SICILY earth. But the smaller animals, and very likely man, if he were there, had opportunity and ability to escape to the higher lands, so that their remains are not found in this particular locality. Finally, soon after the subsidence which drove the animals into this pocket occurred, there are many indications of a rather sudden rise of the land and restoration to its present level, accompanied with vio- lent earthquake shocks. Thus Professor Prestwich would account for the great amount of coarse debris which accumulated rapidly at the base of the precipice and closed up the mouth of the cave, hiding it until it was discovered 75 years ago. Altogether the record of recent geological changes in that region
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EDITORIAL NOTES = 36 furnished by this cavern is one. of the most interesting that has ever been studied, and is worthy of much more attention than has been given to it. Tourists in Southern Italy miss one of the most delightful ex- cursions if they fail to visit Palermo, and archzologists one of the most instructive object-lessons if they fail to make a pilgrimage to the cavern of San Ciro and to study the remains from it preserved in the museum of the university. | fof hb EDITORIAL NOTES THE GOD HER-SHEF:—The chief treasure-trove that Prof. Petrie has brought back from Ahnas is a pretty gold statuette of the god Her-shef. THREE HUNDRED STATUES FROM KARNAK:—At Karnak, M. Legrain discovered a cache containing nearly 300 statues of all periods from the time of the XII Dynasty to thé Roman Era. Among them is-a portrait of Amenemhat III with Hyksos features. WHITE MONASTERY NEAR SOBAG IN UPPER EGYPT: —This monastery was founded by St. Shanuda in the V Century, and its church was considered one of the largest in the world, and used as a substitute for Jerusalem by those who could not make the long pil- grimage to that city. Although its ruins are now neglected and dese- crated it shows that it was once the finest Christian building in Egypt. It was built early enough in the Christian Era so that ancient Egyptian forms appear in the architecture. At the height of its importance the monastery contained 4,000 monks and nuns, besides novices. What remains of the church to-day is a massive rectangular block of masonry 120 by 240 ft. with walls 45 ft. high. The ruins are built over with crude brick houses constructed by the Coptic community, who make them their home. Part of the pavement is made of old Egyptian slabs of marble and granite bearing Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions.— From paper read before the Archaeological Institute of London by Mr. Cri. eers. TRANSLATION OF NEW TELL-EL-AMARNA TABLETS: —Two new tablets of the Tell-el-Amarna series have been discovered in Egypt and translated by Father Scheil. The translation is as follows: “To the King of the land of Egypt, says Assur-uballat, King of Assyria, to thee, to thy house, to thy wife, to thy chariots and sol- _diers, salutation. I have sent a messenger (envoy) to visit you and
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220 RECORDS OF THE PAST your country. Things which aforetime my fathers never forwarded to you, see here. I send you a splendid chariot and pair of horses, and further an uhina (some kind of carving, a small pillaf or votive object) in pure lapis, as presents for you I forward. As to my messenger, re- ceive him well, let him come and return to me.” “To the King, my lord, says Yabi-Sarru, thy slave, seven and seven times at your feet | bow. What the King has ordered me, I have performed. Full of fear is all the land before the King’s soldiers. I have levied my troops; ships are at the disposition of the King’s sol- diers, and whosoever is a rebel, no house or hope” (of life) “‘is left in him. See I have safeguarded the position that the King my lord” (has confided to me). “The face of the King, my lord, be toward his servant, who is devoted to him.”’ The suggestion has been made that Yabi-Sarru signifies ‘““Yahive is King.” [See Revue Biblique, 1904, p. 141. See, also, Palestine Exploration Fund, April, 1904, p. 180.] - THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE DAKOTAS: Mr. A. C. Farrell, of North Dakota, recently presented to the Department of Archeology of the American Museum of Natural History a number of shell-rings, which were discovered by him in the Turtle Mountains, about 6 miles west of Dunseith, Polette County, North Dakota. These shell-rings when discovered were found in a row arotnd the neck of a skeleton, which was the western one of a group of three. The right arm of each skeleton Mr. Farrell found missing. The skele- tons were lying with the faces to the west and with their knees drawn up to the chests. These graves were found under a mound made of stone slabs, placed overlapping each other like shingles on a roof. The mound was located on the top of a prominent mountain or butte. This mountain had terraced sides. The skeletons were found below some 7 ft. of earth, on the natural soil, which had not been disturbed below them. This gift was particularly welcome since the museum’s collection from the Dakotas is small, occupying not over 10 square ft. of space. It includes only specimens numbered 20-6641, 20-6872, 20.0-144, and T-22846 to T-22961, inclusive. Among the specimens from the Dakotas now in the museum are 2 human jaw bones, chipped stone points, such as were used for spears, arrows, knives, and small scrapers, a grooved stone club-head, ham- mer pebbles, a grooved arrow-shaft straightener or smoother, bones | and teeth of the buffalo, a bone chisel, sharp bone implements, some of which may be sun-dance skewers, a bone bead, a bone whistle or drink- ing tube, tips from antlers, a skin-scraper, or hoe made of antler, frag- ments of pottery, some of which are decorated with incised lines, and charred corncobs. This is very little from the Dakotas in proportion to the large collections which the museum possesses from some other regions.
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EDITORIAL NOTES | aa In the Dakotas, there are hundreds of mounds, some effigy mounds and embankments, an effigy of a man, one of a serpent and one of a turtle, all outlined with boulders, some other figures similarly outlined, trails of boulders, lines of bones, tepee circles of stone, and pictured rocks, all of which should be studied, and many of them saved by en- closing them in public parks. Among the best known of these are the mounds and fortifications of the Mandans, north of Bismarck. . The literature of Dakota archzology is not voluminous. Prof. Cyrus Thomas has published a report on the mounds of the region in the 12 Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology at Washington, and has given a catalogue of the pre-historic works of the 2 States in a Bulletin of the same Bureau. In these 2 publications we are referred to practically all that has been written regarding the archeology of the Dakotas. The thing to do now is to summarize and index all that has been published and then to explore carefully the remaining works, at least as fast as road building, cultivation or other dangers threaten them. Of course, records, maps and photographs should be made of everything, where this has not already been done. It is hoped that Mr. Farrell can actively take up the preservation and study of the archzological remains of the Dakotas. Har An I. SMITH. DR. BAUM’S EXPEDITION TO THE SOUTHWEST :—On June 30, 1904, the Editor, Dr. Henry Mason Baum, left on an expedi- tion to the Southwest, where he will visit the ruins of Southern Colo- rado, Arizona, and New Mexico. The main object is to locate those ruins on Indian Reservations, which are specially in need of immediate protection from despoliation. The Commissioner of Indian Affairs has agreed to take immediate measures for the protection of such ruins on Indian Reservations as Dr. Baum shall recommend. “Also the Com- missioner of Public Lands has agreed to reserve from entry such lands, on which important ruins are located, as he shall recommend, thus pro- tecting them until the necessary legislation is secured. Although there has been a generous response from men of means to further this work, yet the amount already subscribed is not sufficient to cover the cost of the expedition. Contributions’ if sent to the Treasurer of Records of the Past Exploration Society will be acknowledged and forwarded to Dr. Baum. In the autumn a printed list and other memoranda of the photo- graphs made will be sent to each contributor, from which he can select two photographs, 634x8% inches, printed on 8x1o Cyko paper, for every dollar subscribed. There will also be a large number of pano- ramic views, 5XI2 inches, printed on 7x14 paper, made by the Al-Vista camera, from which contributors will be allowed to make selections at the same rate. We think this is a fair proposition and trust it will meet with a prompt and liberal response.
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222 RECORDS OF THE PAST CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EXPENSES OF THE EXPEDITION TO THE SOUTHWEST Archmoiopical lustitute of Ameficay... 0.6.00... $250.00 @ MOE r SOW RON ONION: 5s on Ee oe ee oe 50.00. a William Auchincloss, as Wark Close is eee 50.00 E. Francis Riggs, W ashington D. Be A eo tees 25.00 CIR et Oe ete i ss 8 Pe 10.00 James E. Mooney, UN BR Bar eg a ek etl er res os Pas Beye 10.00 Pept ee ee. ee ee EE, 10.00 ee eC, SOVEIRNG ee Si kee ede 10.00 HE. Pierrepont, PE On So rk 10.00 Tee to yaa tN se 8 ee ee ae oa gh BOO i Sree OG ae Trston Pao i ek ees 25.00 gk Ceres 7 pees: Denver. ie A ee le ees 10.00 CyOOh ee en pe ee, DE ye ee 5.00 SE BS Ss cae ae a ae ee 5-00 OME Ee rnver ee © PURCCINA oe. oo ea 25.00 Wee, SICURSOM. POUAGE DIAS St... cs oes wy awe gb yew 20.00 Cold MN, Benson Philadelphia: .. .. 6. 2.55. Vee ees 20.00 ee ete fren co es cs Das 20.00 Boetare Chase, Haverhill, Mass... 0. ele ot ide piel tote 3.00 Or an eo fe ES es bie vc a os wae ks 20.00 CHOVICN Cie Tie 1 OR COA kk ine ek wel ceeds 5.00 Si Wy SeeeSOy NOW A OF MOI Ta oe a RON AES 5.00 Ray oe OR, Ce I Os ok ks Se es Pn ee * 10.00 Ee Sutep eet: Me URINE EMO SSeS a es i a ees 10.00. PS re ess tg Sa ek COE SR ah be RPS $628.00 PRE-HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT OF ITALY :—tThe first traces of man in the peninsula date from the quaternary period. The islands and the western slopes of the Apennines were still untrodden, but in Umbria and Basilicata nomads armed with palzolithic weapons of “Chellean” type hunted the elephant and the hippopotamus. Before the elephant had become extinct a second group of families had ap- peared, using a different type of stone implement (‘the Mousterian”), and living in caves—unlike their predecessors, who had no shelter from the sky. Their arrival coincides with the earliest settlement of western Italy and of Sicily. With such savages, whose level of culture may be aptly compared to that of the recently extinct Tasmanians, begins the history of Italy, and it is curious to note that down to the last days of the Roman republic palzolithic man maintained his ancient habits of living in the remote Veronese mountains. To immigration is ascribed the first great change implied in the sudden appearance of a neolithic civilization vastly superior to anything earlier. The new epoch is revealed by those remains of villages of circular huts, which dot the plains of Lombardy; the dwelling of a pastoral people, who also established themselves in the hills, where they lived in caves that some-
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EDITORIAL NOTES 223 times served also for the burial of their dead. Whenever it was possi- ble, however, the people of the neolithic period, rather than content themselves, as they were sometimes obliged, with surface graves in the plain or cave-burial in the mountains, hewed elaborate tombs out of the solid rocks. In form these, which are the earliest sepulchres of Italy, resemble a narrow oven (1. e., their ground plan is identical with that of the contemporary house), and the entrance is furnished either by a sloping passage or by a round pit. The invariable rite is inhumation, the dead being laid in the “contracted” or “embryonic” posture. The construction of such graves shows how much can be achieved wit! quite primitive implements, for metal-working was still unknown, though tools and weapons were skillfully fashioned from stones, which seem in some cases to be foreign to the country. The superiority of the newcomers to the aboriginal inhabitants is shown, not only by their dexterous manufacture of polished stone implements, but also by their skill in pottery making. They did not, however, extirpate or entirely absorb their ruder neighbors, but continued here and there to main- tain an independent living. The 3 stage in the cultural evolution of Tals is signalized by the introduction of metal-working. This, like the last great change, must be attributed to an unchronicled immigration, which no doubt came from the East, and perhaps reached Italy across the sea. The introduction of the use of copper marks the close of the Neolithic Age, and the employment of stone implements does not cease abruptly; it is an eneolithic period which begins. The habits and customs of the preceding time were not immediately revolutionized, but a great im- petus was given to the arts and industries, in particular to the manu- facture of pottery and of weapons. At the same time commercial re- lations were opened with the other Mediterranean countries, and for- eign imports increased the luxury of life. The most important char- acteristic of the period is the development of funerary grottoes hewn out of the rock, and the construction (confined, however, to the Terra d’Otranto and to Corsica) of megalithic monuments, similar to those which are found all over western Europe. The significance of this development will be variously estimated according as the archzologist accepts or does not accept unreservedly the author’s opinion that “an artificial eneolithic grotto in Italy speaks the same language “as a dolman in Andalusia, Great Britain, or Drenthe.” (For the argu- ments in support of this view see Bullettino di paletnologia Italianna, anno VIII, p. 21.) If megalithic monuments and artificial grottoes are to be regarded as constituting a single species, the remainder of the theory follows quite logically. For such constructions are entirely absent from central Europe, while it is precisely in that part of the continent, viz., from Wurtemberg and Savoy to Bavaria and Austria, that lake-dwellings occur. The two phenomena then would be mutually exclusive, one civilization being characterized by the presence of Mega- lithic monuments, and another of quite different origin by that of
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224 RECORDS OF THE PAST lake-dwellings. The latter would be the work of a fresh race, which came along the valley of the Danube tempted by the chain of lakes.. They pushed like a wedge into the heart of Europe, but all around their predecessors remained undisturbed, so that at the present day we may observe the Megalithic monuments encircle the settlements of the in- - vaders with a ring which winds from the Caucasus to the Atlantic. The Alps were no barrier to the lake-dwellers, who crossed into Lom- bardy and freely planted their cities there, especially about the Lake of Varese. Like the people amongst whom they settled their culture was eneolithic, but they showed their superiority in all arts and in- dustries with the exception of pottery making. Living in communities of a considerable size they kept large herds of cattle and cultivated flax and corn on an extensive scale. The earliest lake-dwellers did not penetrate as far south as the valley of the Po, and their progress eastward was abruptly checked by _ the arrival of a race which was to fashion the future destinies of Italy, the ancestors, in short, of the Romans. Ethnically these fresh in- vaders were of the same stock as other lake-dwellers, for their habits of life and their industries were substantially the same. Like them they lived in pile dwellings, but these they constructed not only in the lakes, but also on dry land, a circumstance to which we owe the preser- vation of their tombs, which reveal a new burial rite—namely, that of cremation. Their remains can be traced to the valley of the Danube; they imported the amber of the Baltic, and brought with them the secret of bronze working, though they had not wholly abandoned the use of stone implements. Though their immigration took place at the moment when the civilization of the East was at its zenith, it is not clear as yet whether they had any sort of relations with it; and not only is there no trace of any intercourse with further Asia, but there is little satisfactory evidence of connections with Asia Minor or the Avgean. Arriving in Crotara, Moravia, and Lower Austria, their hordes spread out like a fan, one branch passing down to Bosnia, and another into Venetia, whence it spread into the territory of Mantua, Brescia, and Cremona. ‘They next crossed the Po, invaded Emilia, and penetrated to the hills of Porretta. It was toward the close of the II Millenium B. C. that they left the valley of the Po, and, following the eastern slope of the Apennines, made their way through the Marches and the Ambruzzi as far south as Tarentum. This brought them into peaceful contact with the flour- ishing communities of Sicily, which they made no effort to conquer ; and admitted them to participation in the benefits of trade with the AYgean. But space forbids a detailed account of the development of this splendid Bronze Age civilization, on which the greatness of Italy was reared. The student must turn to Signor Pigorini’s pages to read how the civilization of the terremare became the parent of mighty Rome, and how the construction of the pile dwellings determined the very walls and streets of the Eternal City. [See Man, London, March, 1904. |
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;. Pseudo-Criticism ; or, The Higher Criticism and its Counterfeit. By Sir Robert Anderson, K. C. B., LL. D. 12mo, cloth, 75 cents, net. From the viewpoint of the legally trained layman, the - author shows the radical weaknesses of the arguments of ' the enemies of the Bible. He assails the critics themselves, and proves that they are arguing from a prior conviction, and _ presents many arguments and ideas that ministers and schol- ats will be glad to hear. "The Bible and Modern Criticism. By Sir Robert : Anderson, K.C. B., LL. D. 8vo, $1.50, net. With keen vision and cool logic he dissects the results of _ criticalinquiry. The style is singularly lucid and the argu- _ ment relieved by telling anecdotes, often as effective as the close reasoning. . Daniel in the Critics’ Den. A Reply to Prof. Drivers’ Destructive Criticism, by Sir Robert Anderson, K.C.B., LL. D. I2mo, cloth, $1.25, net. _ An unanswerable refutation of the British rationalist’s _ attack upon the historic character of the book of Daniel. The Integrity of the Scriptures. Plain Reasons for Rejecting the Critical Hypothesis, by Rev. John _ Smith, Edinburgh. $1.25, net. Third edition of a most effective and popular series of lectures. The Divine Unity of the Scriptures. By Rev Adolph Saphir, D. D. 12mo, cloth, $1.50. A searching study by one of the most devout and able schol- _ ats of the English Church. . Modern Ideas of Evolution as Related to Revelation and Science. By Sir W. J. Dawson, F. R. S., LL. D. 12mo, cloth, $1.50. This able work may be safely commended to all who would _ study with a masterly teacher the important subject dealt with in this volume. The Divine Origin of the Bible. Its Authority and Power Demonstrated and Difficulties Solved. By R. A. Torrey, D. D. 12mo, cloth, 50 cents. _ The author has delivered the substance of these chapters - with remarkable power and effect in an around the world tour. _ Many Infallible Proofs, or the Evidences of Chris- tianity. By Arthur T. Pierson, D. D. tI2mo, cloth, $1. “Covers the whole battlefield of unbelief, meeting the doubter at every point with a candor that captivates and a logic that captures.”’ 4 None Like It. A Plea for the Old Book. By Joseph Parker, D. D., 12mo, cloth, $1.25. E “No more powerful plea has been presented for many a day than this work by the late great preacher of City Temple, Lon- _don,”’ | : In Defense of Scripture Are the Critics Right? By W. Moller. Translated from the German by C. H. Irwin, M. A., and with an interesting Introdnction by Prof. Von Orelli, of Basel, the eminent Old Testament scholar. 12mo, $1.00, net. It is sometimes thought that German theologians have uni- versally accepted the conclusions of the critics. This work affords ample evidence to the contrary. Monument Facts and Higher Critical Fancies. By A. H. Sayce, D. D., LL. D., Professor of Assyri- ology in University of Oxford. i2mo, cloth, 75 cents, net. ; 7 Dr, Sayce argues that the Monument fact is a better guide than Higher Speculation, and makes a trenchant assault upon some of the extreme critical positions, Especially valuable to be read in connection with ‘“‘ Are the Critics Right ?”’ Bible Criticism and the Average Man. By Howard Agnew Johnston, D. D. 12mo, cloth, $1.00, net. ‘Discusses the nature, history, services, and errors of Bible Criticism and its practical bearing on each book or group of books in the Bible.’’— Herald and Presbyter. Eden Lost and Won. Studies of the Early History and Final Destiny of Man, as taught by Nature and Revelation. By Sir J. William Dawson, F. R. S., LL. D. i12mo, cloth, $1.25. The Argument for Christianity. Being vol. xi, ‘“‘ Liv- ing Papers.’’ By Principal Cairns, Prof. Blaikie, and others. 12mo, cloth, $1.00. The Truth of the Bible. Being vol. xii, ‘‘ Living Papers.’’ By Rev. M. Kaufman, R. A. Redford and S. W. Green, Sir J. Wm. Dawson, and others 12mo, cloth, $1.00. Christ, the Central Evidence of Christianity, and Other Papers. By Principal Cairns. 12mo, cloth, $1.00. The Higher Criticism. By Dean Howson, Principal Wace, Prof. Godet, and others. i12mo, cloth, $1.00. is My Bible True? Where Did We Get It? By Charles Leach, D. D. ‘With facsimile reproduction of ancient MSS. 12mo, cloth, 30 cents, net. As It Was in the Beginning. The Historic Principle Applied to the Mosaic Scriptures. By Bishop Edward Cridge, D. D. 12mo, cloth, 75 cents. The Veracity of the Hexateuch. By S.C. Bartlett, D. D., LL. D. I2mo, cloth, $1.50, net. A defense of the historic character of the first six books of the Bible by a former President of Dartmouth College. FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY, NEW YORK: 158 Fifth Avenue. CHICAGO: 63 Washington Street. TORONTO——LONDON——EDINBURGH.
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EXPLORATIONS IN BIBLE LANDS DURING THE NINETEENTH CENTURY THE FIRST COMPLETE ACCOUNT OF THE RECENT EXCAVATIONS AT NIPPUR By PROF. H. V. HILPRECHT, Ph.D., D.D., LL.D. Scientific Director of the Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania EXCAVATIONS IN THE TEMPLE COURT AT NIPPUR HE author, in the preparation of this volume, has had the co-operation of well- known, leading scholars of German Uni- versities with a view of presenting the vast material authoritatively, and yet in a popular form, to meet the great demand fora reliable work on the subject on the part of Bible scholars as well as students of ancient history. CONTENTS ‘¢ THE RESURRECTION OF ASSYRIA AND BABYLONIA’’ .. . By Prof. H. V. Hilprecht University of Pennsylvania By Lic. Dr. Benzinger Formerly of the University of Berlin By Prof. Dr. Steindorff University of Leipzig By Prof. Dr. Hommel University of Munich By Prof. Dr. Jensen University of Marburg ‘¢ PALESTINE ”’ ‘*EGYPT”’ ‘* ARABIA ”’ ‘*HITTITES”’ The volume contains four specially prepared maps and nearly 200 carefully selected tllustrations, exhibiting the work and method of the different expeditions in the trenches, the ruined and restored temples and palaces, and the rich archeological material brought to light in the ancient Biblical world during the past Century, special attention being given to such antiquities as have a bearing upon the O/d Testament. ‘Explorations in Bible Lands’’ in one large volume (octavo) consists of nearly 900 pages, 300 of which are devoted to the first accurate account of the history and epoch-making results of The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania By its Scientific Director, PROF. HILPRECHT ERE for the first time is presented a thorough treatment of all the many important discov- eries made at NIPPUR in connection with the excavations of the great Temple of Bel, and its storied-tower ; the Temple Library, with its educa- tional and literary quarters; the walls and gates of the city, palaces, business houses, etc., etc. Published in one large volume at $3.00 net IF TRANSPORTATION IS TO BE PREPAID, ADD 40 CENTS MAKE CHECKS, DRAFTS AND MONEY ORDERS PAYABLE TO RECORDS OF THE PAST EXPLORATION SOCIETY! 215 Third Street, S, E. Washington, D. C.
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BOOK DEPARTMENT Combination Offers RECORDS OF THE PAST AND Man and the Glacial Period With an appendix on ‘“ Tertiary Man,” by Professor Henry W. Haynes. International Scientific Series. Fully illustrated. 12mo, 385 pages, and index. Tenth thousand. It may be described, in a word, as the best summary of scientific conclusions concerning the question of man’s antiquity as affected by his known relations to geologicaltime. —Philadelphia Press. As aglacialist,the author of this volume stands among the first, and his long study of that remarkable period in the geologic history of our planet invests all he says about it with uncommon authority. —Science. Man and the Glacial Period, postage paid......... $1 88 Records of the Past for 1904 ..+..seesee eee (ieeents «9 20 OCR Voss Fees cweveds sus dees sen OV 04i EC 088 GS 3 88 Both for $3 40. Greenland Ice Fields and Life in the North Atlantic By George Frederick Wright, D. D., LL. D., F.G.S,A., with a discussion of the causes of the Ice Age, con- jointly with Warren Upham, A. M., F.G.S.A., with numerous maps and illustrations. 12mo, 407 pages, and index. The authors have prepared.a most excellent work, which deserves the widest circulation and most gen- erous reception by the reading public. It is an honor to American scholarship.—The Critic, Greenland Icefields, postage paid...... euv Go vere Ws 3 $2 15 Records of the Past for 1904 ...seeeeeeceecceecereces . 2 00 ROM: CES aks ks RES syivaciestusee ives’ 4 15 Both for $3.50. THE CAMEL TRAIN, TURKESTAN Asiatic Russia By G. Frederick Wright. With ten mapsand eighty- three illustrations. In two volumes, 8vo, Pp. xxii, 290 and xii, 340. Net, $7.50; postpaid, $7.95. SUBJECTS TREATED I. Physical Geography IV. Social, Econcmic, and II. Russian Occupation Political Conditions III. Political Divisions V. Natural History By far the best work upon that subject. —Chicago Tribune. Professor Wright’s book is more comprehensive in its scope than any that have heretofore appeared, and has a field of its own. —Springfield Republican. Records of the Past, 1904 ........ ws... Aes ccescccseee $2 OO Assiatic Russia (2 volumes), postage paid.......... 795 Total: is Pe CC CCC eC CC ORD Oo EC EOE ORO ECE CS ereeecese 9 O95 Both for $8 oo, MUIR GLACIER, ALASKA The Ice Age in North America and its Bear- ing on the Antiquity of [an Fourth and Enlarged Edition, with 150 Maps and II- lustrations. 8 vo. 645 pages and index. This is without doubt one of the most important contributions made of late years to the literature of post tertiary geology.--7The Atheneum (London). Though his subject is a very deep one, his style is so very unaffected and perspicuous that even the unscien- tific reader can pursue it with intelligence and profit. In reading such a book we are led almost to wonder that so much that is scientific can be put in language so comparatively simple. —New York Observer. Ice Age in North America, postage paid........+++6.$5 3¢ Records of the Past for 1904... .sesesesccoveeeseeessee 2 OO Total eeeeveeeeeeceeeeeteeeeeeeeeee seccccccccccccce 7 30 Both for $6.00. The Scientific Aspect of Christian Evi- dences By G, Frederick Wright, D. D., LL. D., F. G. S, A., Pro- fessor of the Harmony of Science and Revelation, Oberlin College. There has never been a time when the Clergy, as well as the Laity, were so much puzzled over the relation of Science to Religion as the present, Thereis and can be no real conflict bet ween Science and Christianity. The Scientific Investigator, who has arrayed Science against Religion, has done so because he did not understand the true Aspect of Christianty to Science. The same is true regarding some Clergymen. A great: deal has been written on both sides of the subject, much of which has only served to array Science and Christianity against each other, Dr. Wright, who is not only a profound Theologian but one of the most distinguished Scientific men of the age, has shown the true relations existing between Science and Christianity in one of the most scholarly treatises that has ever been written. It is the testimony of those who have read his masterly work that he has fairly and judicially covered the ground and proved that there is noconflict between the two great world forces—Science and Christianity. No greater favor can be done the Scientific or Religious doubter than to put this remarkable bock into his hands, with the request that he give itan unbiased reading.—EHditor of Rxc- ORDS OF THE PAST. Scientific Aspect of Christian Evidences, postage PONE Sa 9:68 000s Gre bers seve ics eeeesetiinchsetes sac $1 65 Records of the Past fOr: 1604 « «0.6.6 sick cc oven ycsc'ossceen 2 00 Total... eeeereeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeese @eeeeeeeeeer eres eoe 3 65 Both for $3.0.
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THE STONE AGE.... An Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Implements, Ornaments, etc., of the Prehistoric Tribes of the United States. More than a thousand figures illustrating some five thousand variations of types. Warren K. Moorehead, A. M. Curator, of the Depaptment of American Archaeology, Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. ‘Two volumes. Octavo. The Robert Clarke Company~ announces that Prof. Warren K. Moorehead has in preparation 2 volumes which are to cover the arts of the. American aborigines in Pre-Columbian times. The work will be published in the winter of 1905. It isto be the most exhaustive work ever issued by Mr. Moorehead and will require a great deal of research, and correspondence with archaeologists -in all parts of the United States. We can promise subscribers an archaeological encyclopedia or review of all the known forms in stone and other substances. The two volumes will present a systematic -bibliography covering all books, pamphlets, articles, etc., relating to the various arti-facts described in the book. Par example, the copper objects found in the St. Lawrence region and also in the United States are of singular interest, and up to the present, little has been published concerning them. The author intends to devote some Z0 or 80 pages to illustrations, descriptions, etc., of these important forms. The author intends to depart from the former schemes of classification. The geographical distribution will be embodied in a description of artforms. A certain form of prehistoric objects is confined toa specified area. It belongs to a division widely distributed throughout the United States, yet because of its peculiar form, its precise locality is recognizable. By such an arrangement the author will satisfy the student whether interested in geographical distributions, or in the study of types, or those who wish to distinguish differences between surface, mound or grave finds. The work involved in the preparation of these two volumes will require more than two years. The author is in correspondence with advanced collectors all over the United States and will use the material of several hundred public and private exhibits in order that no form or type may escape his notice. We shall make plates of the work, so that in subsequent editions additions can be made. We issue the Stone Age in two editions. First, an Hart.on ve luxe, in two volumes, $10.00, limited to three. hundred and fifty copies; the text handsomely printci on superfine paper, with wide margins ; bound in full cloth, with white paper titles; edges untrimmed; each set numbered and signed by the author, and each volume containing about 500 pages and more than 500 illustrations. The collectors’ edition, on good paper and in neat cloth binding, $4.50; type, illustrations, number of pages and volumes thesame. Such a work is invaluable to collectors, libraries, and advanced students. The price for the collectors’ edition is entirely too low and it is only because Prof. Moorehead recognizes that many persons will be compelled to deny themselves this encyclopedia were we to put the price of the collectors’ edition a $6.00 (which it should be), that we make it $4. 50. Subscribers to Needs of the Past wishing to secure either edition of this work should send their orders for the same [payable on delivery] to Records of the Past Exploration Society 215 Third Street, Southeast Washington, D. CG. LANTERN SLIDES OF THE RUSSIAN-JAPANESE WAR DISTRICT Manchuria and Eastern Siberia. 100 Views Complete Series 100 Views WRITE FOR PARTICULARS. RECORDS oF THE PAST EXPLORATION SOCIETY 215 Third Street, S. E., Washington, D. C.
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TH E ONLY KEY TO DANIEL’S PROPHECIES By W. S. AUCHINCLOSS WITH INTRODUCTION BY Pror. A. H. Sayce, LL.D., Queen’s College, Oxford, England 207 pages. New and enlarged pocket edition, printed in two colors, cloth. Map, chart and : ten electros. Price, 75 cents, Post Paid. “We feel sure that none of our ministerial readers “The discovery of this Key I look upon as im- will desire to write another sermon upon one of portant as any of the discoveries in the archeology of Daniel’s prophecies without trying this Key upon Babylon, Nineveh and Egypt, for it places the proph- ecy of Daniel in a position little understood hereto- fore by limiting it to the first coming of Christ as our Redeemer.” * Joun R. WHITNEY. them. We heartily commend the little volume.” OBSERVER. “It is a work of singular interest, well worth the careful study of those who desire to know the mean- 66 His work impresses the critical reader i iri l f the d hi ‘ : : ; ; eee eee ee Sevenred OF ie Suey ee like that of a great mechanical mechanism, in which of God. Its chief merit is that it gives to Daniel’s ss Gcticas dakuiennih ond aduacses oX pacrcan?.- every part fits its counterpart with precision and all move in perfect harmony. He has proved that the great events in history-took place at the time fore- told by the prophet, and effectually disposes of the claim made by some critics that the book was written after the events referred to took place, for, as he states, it was written at least 100 years B.C., and the same accuracy is reached in dealing with the events lem, is very strong and worthy the attention of Bibli- that took place from the birth of Christ to the fall of cal students.” INTELLIGENCER. Jerusalem as those preceding the Christian era. Any jury of intelligent historical critics will award him judgment on the following counts: First, Daniel is a historical personage; second, he wrote the book bearing his name at the time ascribed to it by the Jewish and Christian churches; third, the prophecies of Daniel are proved to have been literally fulfilled. . . We are in duty bound to state that we be- CHURCH STANDARD. lieve the work is the most important contribution that has ever been made to the literature of the Book of Daniel, and that it will put an end to doubt in the EXAMINER. “The author of this work is a civil engineer, and writes with the precision called for by his profession. The argument for the exact fulfillment of the prophe- cies, made 600 years before the destruction of Jerusa- “Mr. Auchincloss takes the years at their true astronomical value of 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes and 9.6 seconds. By this computation, which is the only reasonable computation, the prophecies of Daniel come to an end with the Jewish dispensation.” “Your little book will mark for many an absolutely minds of all unbiased critics. It should be read and new understanding of the Master of the Magicians, reread again and again by every student of the Bible, and will clear the homiletic atmosphere of many a for it is a classic in historical criticism.” haze.” Rev. G. T. Lemmon. : RECORDS OF THE Past. Mailed free on receipt of 75 cents by RECORDS OF THE PAST EXPLORATION SOCIETY 215, Third Street, S. E., Washington, D.C. —
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Special Combination Offer RECORDS OF THE PAST and BIBLIOTHECA SACRA RECORDS OF THE PAST is a strictly scientific publication, but we realize that a large number of the Laity, as well as the Clergy are interested in the great religious and social questions that are not, and cannot be, discussed within the limits of the popular magazines published in this country. Bibliotheca Sacra is now in its 74thyear, and is the oldest quarterly published in the United — States. The contributors embrace many of the most prominent men of the religious bodies of America and Europe. Under the able editorship of the Rev. Prof. George Frederick Wright, D.D., LL.D., of Oberlin College, it has reached the highest standard of scholarship, and the widest treat- ment of the great social and religious questions of the day. We are able to make a clubbing rate with Bibliotheca Sacra exceedingly favorable to the Clergy and Laity, Public Libraries and Reading Rooms, and will send to new subscribers the two periodicals for 1904 for $3, thereby saving to the subscriber $2 on the two publications. The annual aL sien of RECORDS OF THE PAST being $2, and the Bibliotheca Sacra $3. Present subscribers to RECORDS OF THE PAST can have Bibliotheca Sacra for 1904, by remitting to Records of the Past Exploration Society $2.50. The renewal clubbing rate to the two periodicals for 1904, will be $4. Bibliotheca Sacra is published quarterly at Oberlin, Ohio, on the first of January, April, July and October. Each issue contains 200 octavo pages. From Mr. James Bowron to the Editor of Bibliotheca Sacra: ‘‘I came to this country in 1877, and have been privileged to take an active}part in religious life—a mem- ber of the International Committee of Y. M. C. A.; ex-chairman of Tennessee and Alabama, numbering scores of pastors, evangelists, etc., as my personal friends ; ; an active Bible student and teacher myself. I have never, in 25 years, heard any human being pronouce the name of Bibliotheca Sacra. I first heard of its existence through the Records of the Past, and when. in Egypt and Palestine last year I asked my friend, F. O. Winslow, of Boston, if you represented the constructive or destructive critics. On returning home I ‘ordered the numbers for Igo2 and 1903. I have just finished reading the January, 1902, number and am fascinated. The magazine should be read by every Pastor and Bible-teacher. Its calm, judicial analysis; its courteous, pa- tient tolerance ; its scholarly comment and interpretation, and its warm and devoted loyalty to Jesus.Christ and to God’s word, combine to make it the most valuable reading that I know of.”’ PARTIAL CONTENTS OF THE Bibliotheca Sacra, Vol. LX, 1903 The Lansing Skull and the Early History of Mankind, by Prof, G. Frederick Wright, D. D., LL. D.; The Fall as a Composite Narrative, by Prof. William Wallace Martin ; The Latest Translation of the Bible, by Henry M. Whitney ; The True Missions of Labor Unions, by President Charles William Eliot, LL. D. ; What is the Forgiveness of Sin? by Rev. Wm. H. Walker, Ph. D.; Is the World Spiritual ? by ex-President John Bascom, D. D., LL. D.; Origin of New Species and of Man, by Prof. Geo. Macloskie, LL. D., D. S. C.: Italian Poetry of Our Time, by Rev. James Lindsay, D. D.; The Formative Principle of Sociology, by the Rev. Burnett T. Stafford ; Legal Aspects of the Trial of Christ, by Hon. Henry M. Cheever; Primacy of the Person in Education, by President Henry Churchill King, D. D.; The Treatment of the Jews in the Middle Ages, by Prof. David Schaff, D. D.; The Samaritan Pentateuch, by Rev. Wm. E. Barton, D. D.; The Study of English Literature as an Instrument of Christian Culture, by Rev. Henry M. Whitney. . PI I Ae eS oe gn re Se Ee ee On ees $2 00 Bibliotheca Sacra........ PLES ik Vw ad Ao Oe ie oe ee ee ee 3 00 Se en bb a keke cs 00 0044 pe ees FOE RE ee $5 00 Pe rs sn oo 9 ve ee ee YE eee ERS 3 00 Ta a A ee Fe in sg Sn ce wk ob a ae on Kwa ee RRS 4 00 Back Numbers of BIBLIOTHECA SACRA and RECORDS OF THE PAST can be furnished. Address all communications to RECORDS OF THE PAST EXPLORATION SOCIETY, 215 Third Street, S. E., Washington, D. CG.
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Direct From the Ruins Every known class of Pre-Columbian Relics from the Arizona and New Mexico Cliff Dwellings and Pueblo Ruins. Collectors supplied. Descriptive matter sent on application. REAMER LING REFERENCES ST. JOHNS, ARIZONA DENVER LAND CO. Broomfield, Colorado : (Field Collector, Pre-Columbian Relics) APACHE COUNTY BANK Concho, Arizona, Etc., Etc. POTTERY, BLACK-RED THOMAS FORSYTHE NELSON | Genealogical Scientist HE professional services of Mr. Nelson may be obtained in tracing any line of family descent, however intri- cate or indefinite the known facts may be; especially where exhaustive search must be made through local, town, county or state records, either in the United States or in Europe. A special effort is made in every case to gather all possible data that would be of value, from a scientific standpoint, in determining the development and transmission of family traits or characteristics, either mental or physical ; to cite the historical and sociological environment of each individual head of family and thus enable x descendants to study and know something more of their ancestry than is found in a mere catalogue of ancestral lines. = Consultation and preliminary investigation will be made free of charge, and correspondence is desired with any . ‘person interested in, or wishing to pursue any line of genealogical research. Personal interview may be arranged for by correspondence. Address Pe aera reeves vile tan P. O. Box 473, Washington, D. C.
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Ca SL ti De ag BM i gD gg 2 Nat BO lt BOM CM Vag PEM ad Je Sg J (Mi vas et Mage’ eC") a vag ee Vig eM ag pe i I ig JS a tM JO a SI le By it DiS SIRT AAS IATA AIS INARA IROOM RORE Nas it A ed EE jm 2 The Cie and Pueblo Ruins : ¥¢ Colorado, New Mexico {|x ae Are Most Conveniently Arizona and Utah o Reached by Way of a: t ue a 5 = a es + A) HE Sar c ° Nid) ¥ bd . ° eye a : 1 dig, iat sees: €3 ECOGNIZING the great interest which has lately been aroused in these wonderful ruins, we have made such reduced railroad rates as will enable visitors to reach these marvelous structures with the least possible expenditure of time and money. The railroad rate is $28.00 for the round trip from Denver, Colorado Springs and Pueblo, which applies to most of the points from which the various cliff dwellings can be reached: This route also covers the famous ‘‘Around the Circle’’ tour, which comprises more noted scenery than any similar trip in the world. Tickets are on sale from May to October of each year and are good sixty days from date of sale, permitting stop-overs at all points. Transcontinental tourists may secure a reduced rate for side-trip tickets on presentation of their through-tickets to the agents at Denver, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Salida or Montrose, thus affording all who desire to do so an opportunity to visit the won- derful ruins. For free illustrated booklets, address S. K. HOOPER General Passenger and Ticket Agent DENVER, COL. Gude + i) 2 C33 - a
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Made With the AL-VISTA Panorama Camera. THE “AL-VISTA” IS THE ID ‘CAMERA FOR THE TRAVE CONSULATE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. BauiA, Brazit, February ‘4, 1903. Multiscope Film Go., Burlington, Wis., U. S. A. GENTLEMEN: I would thank you to send me a copy of your latest catalog of the ‘‘Al-Vista” pano- -ramic camera, and also send one to Lt. Althouse, U.S. F. S. ‘‘Newark,’’ Montevideo, Uruguay, care Postmaster, New York City. : I have some elegant views which were taken with your camera, and I would not be without it for treble its price. I have shown it and its work to numerous friends who have bought one, and Lt. Althouse likes it so much that he’desires to have a catalog in order to choose. Please send the catalog promptly. Yours respectfully, H. W. FURNISS, United States Consul. Los ANGELES, CAL., August 28, 1903. Multiscope Film Co., Burlington, Wis. GENTLEMEN: I enclose herewith $4.25 to balance account on 5-B “Al Vista.’ This camera was bought of you while I wasa resident of Whittier, Cal., and I have now removed to this city. The camera has always given first-class satisfaction. I have always been very well pleased with it. When I get settled here shall send you some of my prints. I expect soon to take a trip to the Yose- mite Valley, and the “ Al-Vista”’ will go with me. Some months ago I went to Mexico and had the camera with me, and the pictures I got there were in great demand among my friends. I wish you would quote me prices on one of your combination cameras, that is, one using both plates and films. Thanking you in advance for your kindness, I remain, Yours very truly, WALTER L. SALING, Care The Ammiden, 20th and Grand Ave., Los Angeles, Cal. TRINITY CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, Cedar Avenue, Opposite Bertram Street, Rev. ROBERT A. GEORGE, Pastor. - CLEVELAND, OuI0, September 16, 1903. Mult. scope Film Go. Dear Sirs:—I! have used one of your “Al-Vista’’ cameras this summer in the Georgian Bay country with such good results that I wish to congratulate you on bringing out such an excellent instrument. We have a camera club in our.church, and I have a great many friends who are interested, and think that you will receive quite a number of orders from here. Wishing you success, I beg to remain, Yours sincerely, REV. ROBT. A. GEORGE, 1280 Cedar Ave., Cleveland, Ohio. The “Al-Vista -camera is used by Records of the Past Exploration Society for making all of its panoramic views. It is the only perfect panorama camera made. ’ HENRY MASON BAUM, President Records of the Past Exploration Society. OUR CO-OPERATIVE PLAN We are sending out now a large number of cameras on this Co-operative Plan. A small first payment being made, we ship you the camera, and you can use it while you pay the remainder in monthly installments. This plan appeals to a great many people and certainly shows our confidence in the quality of our goods. WRITE US FOR FULL INFORMATION ABOUT IT. ee MULTISCOPE AND FILM COMPANY - 430 JEFFERSON STREET, BURLINGTON, WIS.
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A PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD Is Absolutely Essential to The Explorer and Archaeologist The Ansco daylight Loading Film will be found peculiarly valuable to the explorer, not only on account ; of its portability but daylight loading features ONE i | uh ty In dimly lighted places and under try- | FILM ing climatic conditions, the Ansco Film | ga, | will produce the highest percentage of oon ki good negatives, because repeated tests si | have proven its latitude in exposure mat and development to be greater than any other film and its keeping qual- ities unexcelled ig a “ew” “ay. \ 24 FieTH ne t 12¢FietH NE New yor* New yor No Other Photographic Paper Possesses the Advantages of.... aS \) You can print it in a few seconds by any light e No dark room . required « Cyko is made in seven different grades, thus adapted for every class of negative e Cyko paper will keep almost indefinitely in any climate and the prints are absolutely permanent The Ansco Films and Cyko paper are used exclusively in the Photo- graphic Department of Records of the Past Exploration Society for the reason that we have found them to be superior to any other manu- facture. Effects can be secured on the Cyko paper that we have found it impossible to get on any of the other papers. Henry Mason Bava, Prest. ..Ansco Booklet and Gyko Manual sent on Request... The Anthony G Scovill Company 122-124 Fifth Avenue New York