The Queries Magazine (September, 1890)
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SSE FOR : ‘o J i (A Z v) ) =68 5 CLMLILO’ CO PHWHALL. A WONDERFUL DISCOVERY IN THE SCIENCE OF SHORTHAND WRITING. Intending students of shorthand writing will have before them a much easier task, and a less risky undertaking in their attempt at the mastery of Phonography, than have those in the past who have spent many long and weary months in trying to accomplish the difficult undertaking of writing shorthand as taught by the old style systems. This new invention is called the New Rapid Phonography, and is the invention of Prof. C. E. McKee, of Buffalo. The writing of this beautiful system is much easier and is many times more legible than the old systems, and is without question more rapid than anything ever before invented. The author has been a student and writer of all the old systems used in this country and in Europe, and has reduced the art of Shorthand writing to a science. A little less than two years since, C. O. Perrin, President of the College of Commerce, 327 Wash- ington St., Buffalo, N. Y., secured from the Publishers of the New Rapid the exclusive right to teach _ his system and use and saleof the Text-book. This was a stroke of good judgment and wisdom as has been clearly demonstrated during the past eighteen months. This department of the school has made a gain of oversix hundred per cent in students, and has made an average saving to students of from four to six months’ time as compared with the time required to master the old style systems. The College of Commerce has taken the lead in commercial training, and to-day has the largest class of students of any school in Buffalo or Western New York. 3 Students can enroll at the college at any time. I have over two hundred students by mail and all are making rapid and satisfactory progress in their work. Every person interested in the subject should call at the College or write for my eighty-page illW@trated Catalogue giving full particulars. C. O. PERRIN, President College of Commerce. ‘QUERIES wrt ANSWERS - The Question Books bearing this title contain each 2,600 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS, One hundred each on 26 different subjects or branches in LITERATURE, EDUCATION, SCIENCE, ART. These books are full of instructive interest for the home circle or the study. They have been compiled by authoritative writers.s Over 6000 Sold. Each Volume in Handsome Cloth Binding, by Mail, Postpaid, - - - $4.00, -THE WENBORNE.SUMNER CO., BUFFALO, N, Y.
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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE, me v0, ALLEN G. BIGELOW. A soul attuned to amaranthine strains Finds purer harmonies than dreamed before; The valiant spirit, freed from binding chains, Is sweetly welcomed to the further shore. And yet we weep; bereft, we seem, to-night, Of consolation as the darkening hour Enfolds in gloom our spirits, and the light Seems hid to loving hearts by fitful Power. Restrain, we may not, the regretful tear, Yet hopes, which fervently his heart allured, Are ours to cherish, while upon his bier We place the tribute of a flower, assuretl That he a sweeter, happier place has found, W here, coming back, his own untrammeled voice, In,the soft echoes that, undying, sound, Records that we in his loved songs rejoice. H,. CHANDLER. AuG. 8, 1891. THE FALL OF THE HOUSE OF USHER. JAMES ANNAN AYRES. Poe’s productions differ essentially from those of other authors in that through all his writings there is a gloom which impresses itself on the reader. His temperament directed his attention to the writing of the weird and the terrible, and great sorrows which early darkened his life, gave to the sensitive pen a touch of the sombre. Poe was emphatically a genius. Had he not ‘‘ wasted richest gifts of God,” he would have held as high a place in liter- ature as a Whittier or a Tennyson. Yet even at early age, he showed wonder- ful brilliancy and capability. One cannot but admire and wonder at his method in writing. He has an end in view, and he bends ‘everything to its attainment, He SEPTEMBER, 1891. NO. 9. arrests the attention not by any force, but by bringing his ideas into one’s mind, his feelings into one’s sympathies. ‘¢ The Fall of the House of Usher ”’ is, perhaps, his best short story. In it we can see not only the characteristics of his writ- ings, but the man himself, desolate and alone, without friends, without hope. He opens with a description of the: scenery as he approaches the house, and the oppressive and gloomy effect on him. As he says: ‘‘ There are combinations of very simple, natural objects, which have the power of thus affecting us.’’ In this man- sion, he intends to spend a few weeks. Its proprietor, Roderick Usher, had requested a visit from him, putting forth, as a reason, an ‘‘acute bodily illness’? which Usher thought would be dispelled by the genial presence of his friend. : On Poe’s atrival he was shown to Usher's room. Here they conversed until. late. Usher spoke of his illness; of his wonderful sensitiveness to certain sounds; and of the sickness of his sister, which he deeply felt. Just before they retired, the figure of Lady Magdeline Usher was seen to pass through the rear of the room. It was his first and last glimpse of her alive. Next morning, she was unable to leave her bed, and in a few days the disease had done its work. Fora brief period before the burial, she was placed in one of the vaults of the house. ie On the seventh or eighth night after placing her within the vault, Poe retired as usual, but for some reason could not sleep. Outside a storm was brewing. The wind howled and shrieked about the cornices, and the rain beat in fitful gusts against the
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276 pane. In the intervals of the storm, he heard a low, distant sound for which he could not account. At this point he was joined by Usher who appeared strangely excited. To calm him, Poe read an old tale by Canning, _ which happened to be the only book in the room. At the description of the knocking on the door of the. Hermits’ house; of the breaking of it in by the knight; and the shriek of the dragon, and the clangor of the shield, counterparts of these sounds seemed to come from some part of the house. In alarm, Poe asked his friend if he heard them. Usher’s eyes had become fixed and stony; his features were working as if in agony. In a low mutter, he exclaimed that it was the Lady Usher breaking forth from the tomb; that he had heard her foot- step on the stair; that she was even now at the door. It was the wind but it seemed as if a spell caused the panels to open; ‘‘but there did stand the Lady Magdeline.”’ Trembling she fell forward on her brother ‘‘and in her THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. now final death-agonies, bore him to the floor a corpse, and a victim to the terrors he had anticipated. : The tale is a wild one, but it is ‘egically wild. He does not, as some writers, state improbabilities, and expect simply those to be called stories, but he enters into detail so fully and reasons so ‘plausibly that,every- thing he says seems possible if not probable. Nor does this detail weaken the thread of argument, or lead to verbosity. In fact, in all his stories, it enhances the weird and augments the terrible. Fancy sees in this story his life. It calls the mansion in all its gloom and dreariness of aspect, his soul; hope, its greatest trea- sure, buried, and resurrected but too late. ‘*Behold! within his narrow grave Is shut the mortal part of him. Behold! he could not wholly dim The gracious genius heaven gave. For niraans of music here and there, Weird murmurings, vague, prophetic tones, Are blown across the silent zones Forever in the midnight air.” . THE LAST OF THE OLD CORIOSITY SHAOF: In Fetter-lane, London, nearly opposite the Record Office, there is an old magazine of knick-knacks which has a rare intrest for the antiquary and the lover of literature. It was a chosen. haunt of Charles Dickens in his younger days, and is evidently the original of the ‘‘Old Curiosity Shop.”’ Outside it is a plain shop. easily over- looked, and probably few of the busy people who traverse the alley on the way between Holborn and Fleet-street ever notice it. . The grimy panes of the window present the usual medley of old china and tarnished silver, of dingy engravings and rusty ironwork, with here an opera glass in its leather case, and there a first edition of ‘‘Master Humphry’s Clock” in the green covers. What is the fascination of such a window, with its biz- arre collection? Mere curiosity; the chance of making a bargain; the hope of finding a treasure which makes the boy delighted to poke among old rubbish in a lumberroom, and something more—a sentiment of the ro- mance which gathers round these odds and ends of by-gone lives. The crockery and silver spoons convey a shadowy hint of mer- ry tables and good cheer in homes that have been broken up long ago; that pistol may have graced a pirate’s belt; that wedding ring may be a yeoman’s gift to his bride; that branch of coral a keepsake from the kit of a drowned sailor; that sinister blade may _ guard the secret of some tragic deed. Entering by the street door, we gain the shop by another on the left, and find our- selves in a kind of prison dock formed by
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the counter, with its piles of tattered prints. The body of the shop is crowded with oil paintings, dim and cracked by age, old vases and soup tureens, old glasses and tankards, old filigrees and carved mantel pieces. and a hundred other vestiges of the past. all hud- dled in picturesque confusion, every niche or nail supports a dish or frame. The wallg are lined with shelves of books, all black and greasy with long use, and an old clock up in the corner seemsto mark the very day when the library went out of fash- ion. Behind the counter sits an antique dame who is quite in keeping with her sin- gular environment. She is dressed in an ‘ old black lace cap, a shepherd tartan shawl crossed on her bosom, and a plain gown of some dark stuff. Eighty years or more have bent her shoulders and crippled her step, but her bright black eye and strong - aquiline features retain the traces of uncom- mon beauty, and her strident voice bespeaks the force of a genuineand vigorous character. She might sit for the picture of some fairy godmother, or Alice Gourlay, or Elspeth of the Craigburnfoot. Wife and widow, she has occupied this house for over sixty years. Her husband was a master printer, who in- vented a process of chromo-lithography and worked three printing presses on the pre- mises, while she read the proofs, attended to her circulating library, and prepared the _ catalogue or invested in old china and the - first editions of Dickens. The library in itg days was popular with the law students of the neighboring inns, ' SWEET SEPTEMBER. One morning—Oh! my love dost thou remem- ber How early fell the rosy flush of dawn Upon the heart of night—in sweet September, When to our lives another day was born? How just at first a paleness crossed the heaven, And stirred the canopy of sleeping Night, Then stronger grew, until the sky was riven With amber fire and streaks of brilliant light. THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. 277 and hither came young Dickens with his friend Whiffen or Wiffen, who was appren- ticed to a gold and silversmith near by. The old lady has many an anecdote of the future novelist, who was then about eight- een or twenty, and looked, as she re- marks, like a farmer’s son or lad from the country. ‘‘He would lean his shoulder on’ the counter there,’’ she cries with evident relish. ‘‘Ah! I can see him now’ with his pleasant face, his quiet rippling laugh, and gentle ways. Aye! whenever he laughed he always threw up his upper lip.” Dickens read voraciously all the spirited fiction of the day, such as the tales of Fenimore Cooper, and the adventures of Dick Turpin or Captain Kidd. He would sometimes criticize the books to her, pointing out the faults or merits of various writers. Very of- ten he and Wiffen would sit with Mr. Haines in the shop talking over some book, or dis- cussing the particulars and motive of some forgery or murder. Whiffen was boisterous in his manner, full of animal spirits, with a hearty exhilarating laugh and a-hot temper. One day he quarreled with Dickens about one of Cooper's tales they had been reading. Whiffen denounced Cooper for abusing the English and praising his own countrymen: but Dickens on the other hand took the side of the American, and maintained that a® novelist who acted otherwise was false to his own country. The dispute waxed warm, and Dickens eventually pitched the unlucky volume at Whiffen’s head; but peace was afterwards restored between them. ~ And we—we held our breath, until the flushing Became a radiant sea of gold and flame, And from behind the hills the sun came rushing, While all the birds his advent did proclaim. And Oh! my love, I know theu dost remember The silent sunrise of uplifted love That flushed our hearts, that morn in sweet September, And made them radiant like the sky above! EDITH VERNON MANN.
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278 THE QUERIES MAGAZINE ca CAMOENS AND THE LUSIADS. ILuis de Camoens, commonly called in En- glish Camoens, was the son of a captain in the Portuguese navy, who had more than once experienced the perils of the voyage ‘ to India, and he was born at Lisbon in 1524 or 1525. His family was noble, but by no means among the first rank of the Portuguese nobility in wealth or importance. He was educated at the University of Coimbra, before it had been revivified by the energy and learning of Govea and his friends, and there acquired a_ profound knowledge of the Latin poets, and of the symbolism and legends of the Greek and Latin mythology. He seems to have left the university, which he dearly loved, be- fore the arrival of Diogo de Tieve, and the foundation of ‘what may be called. the national-classicist school of poetry by Fer- riera, and went to Lisbon to obtain employ- ement. His poetical powers soon became manifest, and he had became somewhat of a favorite, when he fell in love with a great lady of the Court, said to be the Donna Catharine de Athaide, lady of hon- or to the queen. The lady’s friends were indignant at the poet’s suit, and at their re- ® quest he was exiled to the little town of Centa, on the coast of Morocco, where he lost his right eye in a skirmish with the Moors. Wearied of this life, he volun- teered for India, the goal of every gallant - Portuguese gentleman, and after serving a term in prison for a street brawl in Lisbon, he set sail for the East in 1553. In Asia, Camoens remained for more than sixteen years, and it was there that he gathered the local knowledge which gives truth and charm to mdny passages of his immortal poem. In 1554 he served in the red sea and at the capture of Muscat under Dom Fernando de Menezes, and soon after his return to Goa he was ordered to take up a lucrative appointment at Macao, in 1556. Here he remained for two years, and the chief glory of the little island off Canton is the cave where he is supposed to have worked on his epic, and which is still known as the ‘‘Grotto of Camoens’”’ From Macao he was recalled in 1558, when in spite of his poverty he was thrown into gaol at Goa for peculation and /he was nat re- leased until the arrival of an old court - acquaintance, Dom Constantino de Braganza, as Viceroy of India. With this prince, he served at the capture of Daman, and he- distinguished himself in various engage- ments under the next governor-general, the Count of Redondo. In 1568 Camoens de- ’ termined to return to Portugal with his great poem for his only fortune, but on his way, disaster again overtook him, and in 1569 he was thrown into an African prison for debt, by Pedro Barreto, Governor of Mozambique. From this cruel confine- ment, he was released by some old friends on their way from India, who paid the debt, and in 1570 he once more found himself in Lisbon. His reception in his native land was not encouraging; he was not received at Court; he had made no money in India, and had only shown a peculiar faculty for getting into debt and making enemies; and he now devoted himself to the final re- cension of his ‘‘Lusiads.”’ The first edition of the great poem was published in 1572, but the fame it at once acquired did little - good to the author, who was only granted a pension of £3 8s, od. a year, equivalent pethaps to £20 in modern money. The later years of Camoens were utterly miser- able; poor.and neglected, the arch-poet of Portugal had to subsist upon what his Javan slave could beg for him in the streets of Lisbon. He lived long enough to hear of the disaster of Alcacer Quibir, and of the death of Dom Sebastian, but he was spared the pain of seeing the Spaniards rul- ing over the fatherland whose glories he had sung, for he died in a common hospital _at Lisbon in June, 1579, or June, 1580. These are the chief incidents in the life
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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. of one of the world’s greatest poets, and they tell their own tragic story without need of acommentary. It serves no good purpose to speculate why Camoens was ever in debt and making enemies, or why he °* was neglected and left to die in poverty; other poets and men of letters have shared the same lot. It remains rather to examine the causes which make his epic take rank among the works which the unanimous opinion of posterity has decreed: to be im- mortal. Of his sonnets, eclogues, and smaller poems, beautiful as many of them are, there is no need to speak, for it is on his ‘‘Lusiads’”’ that the fame of Camoens must ever rest. The subject of the epic is Vasco da Gama’s first voyage to India and return, an achievement of such surpassing difficulty, and of such importance alike to Portugal and to Europe, that Camoens per- ceived its fitness for poetical treatment. But the poem is not confined to the narration of the perils of the voyage only: it abounds in long episodes, in one of which Vasco de Gama relates the history of the Portuguese people to the king of Melinda, while in an- other a nymph gives a prophetic history to the great admiral of the achievements of his countrymen in the land he had just visited. Sir Robert Walpole is said to have derived his knowledge of English history from Shakespeare’s historical plays, and it might be affirmed in the same sense that many, if not most, educated people have learned what they know of Portuguese history from the ‘*Lusiads.’”’ Such a knowledge is not to be despised. For, if the poet makes the mis- takes of his era, and, for instance, ident- ifies the modern Portuguese with the ancient Lusitanians, he manages in a few stanzas apiece to sum up with dramatic genius all the famous tales of Portuguese history, such _as the voluntary surrender of Egas Moniz, the pathetic story of Ines de Castro, and the glories of the victory of Aljubarrota. This power of historical description is of it- self enough to make Camoens the national 279 poet of Portugal; every old Portuguese fam- ily finds its name enshrined in some of its glowing passages, and the whole Portuguese people feel identified with the actors in the great deeds it describes. But Camoens is not only a national poet; he is a hero telling of an heroic deed done by an heroic people, and this secures for him the interest of readers of all nations, who can appreciate true heroism. Vasco de Gama was a Port- uguese sailor, but the results of his enter- prise and success were to the advantage of all Europe, and the poet who sings of him deserved to be heard by Europe. If then the subject was fitted for epic poetry, the style of Camoens was equal to it. He rises far above the purely classicist school in Portuguese literature; he uses the names of the Roman gods, and narrates their councils and their intervention in mundane affairs: with the verisimilitude of Wirgil, yet he never falls into a base or servile imitation of the great Latin poet, but preserves through- out the cast of thought of a Portuguese ‘‘conquistador.”’ To criticize the ‘‘Lusiads”’ further is without the purpose of this book, but in conclusion it must be pointed out that the great poem remains the strongest bond of union between the modern Portu- guese people, whether in Portugal itself, or in Brazil, Goa, Macao, and Mozambique. It is impossible to meet an educated Portu- guese, who does not know his Camoens; he is more tothemthan Dante to the Italians, Goethe to the Germans, or Shakespeare to the English; he sings of their nation’s glory, and in maintaining his fame, each one of them is interested. Never was this more manifest than in the Camoens Celebration of 1880, when Portuguese-speaking people of all climes, and of all varieties of political and religious opinion, gathered together in Lisbon to do honor to the memory of their great poet, whose glory they felt to be a connecting link between them all.—H. MorsE STEPHENS, in Zhe Story of Portu- gal,
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280 THE QUERIES MAGAZINE, WHERE MILTON WROTE ‘“‘PARADISE LOST.” There is in the south of Buckinghamshire a quiet rural district as yet untraversed by ° railways, and still retaining much of the old world charm and quaint simplicity of a by- gone age. On the northeast the railway penetrates to Rickmansworth in Hertford- shire, on the south to Uxbridge in Middle- sex, towards the west is the line which threads its way in a northerly direction through the pleasant vale of Aylesbury. Between them lies an oblong extent of country, as yet but little known to the Lon- doner—a land of green fields and shady woods, of gently rolling hills and smiling valleys, where the violet and the primrose still bloom unharmed by the hand of the spoiler, and the dogrose and the honeysuckle _ scent the air as one wanders through the quiet unfrequented lanes. There is no neigh- borhood in England which, lying close to the smoke and turmoil of a great city, is nev- ertheless so little disturbed by the strenuous struggle for existence that rages in all its complex activity not many miles away. It was in this secluded district that Mil- ton found a refuge among the Quakers in 1665, the year of the great plague of Lon- don; and today we are making a pilgrimage to the scene of his sojourn. We pass down the main street of Uxbridge, the last country town now remaining to Middlesex, and, crossing into Buckinghamshire by a bridge which spans the sluggish Colne, we find our- s#ives in the open country, As we look up- on the quiet fields and breathe the pure, fresh morning air, we remember how the great poet, to whose sequestered retreat we are hastening, has told us that Wisdom’s self Oft seeks to sweet retired solitude, Where, with her best nurse Contemplation, She plumes her feathers and lets grow her wings, That in the various bustle of resort Were all to ruffled and sometimes impaired. We follow the high road which leads to Beaconsfield and Oxford, and after ascend- . the year of the plague. ing a gradual incline, we gain a prospect of . the pleasant Buckinghamshire country through which we are about to pass, and | trace the course of the Misbourne stream, — as it wanders through a picturesque valley amid grassy slopes and richly wooded hills. We turn tothe right into the Misbourne valley, and before it is noon reach the little village of Chalfont St.Peter. The houses cluster rounda ford in the Misbourne, and the two roomy old inns, with their high archways and capacious stables, stand look- ing at each other across the stream, recall- ing pictures of the coaching days of the past. We continue toascend the valley of the Mis- bourne, until, after a walk of more than two miles, we pause by astile where a pathway leads down through the meadows to the margin of the little stream. A row of elms and chestnuts stands by the running water, and a venerable church tower looks down at us from over their topmost branches; while through the spaces between the leaf- less boughs we can see the roofs and gables | of a picturesque hamlet, nestling closely amid orchards and gardens, and sheltered on all sides by gentle wooded hills, A faint wreath of blue smoke floats lazily in the clear atmosphere overhead ; and the soft rays of the winter sun, as they fall upon the quaint old houses, mark their irregular out- lines and add richness to the coloring of | their dark red walls. It is Chalfont St. Giles, the refuge of Milton, and the birth- place of ‘‘Paradise Lost.” The aspect of the village can have changed but little since Milton came herein | It was time to de- part from London. The gloom of death had fallen over the stricken city, and the watchfires were burning in the streets, reveal ing the corpses of the dead and the agonies the dying, and throwing a flickering light upon the house-doors marked with crosses to show that the pestilence had found its victims within. It must have been a relief
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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. to the blind, heart-broken old man to breathe country air again, and to know that he was once more in the Buckinghamshire fields, And yet there was something pecu- liarly sad in this return to a neighborhood © in which he had spent the happiest days of his life. Forscarce a dozen miles away lay Horton, the last resting-place of his mother, and the scene of his tranquil youth, where he had spent five happy years culling the flowers of ancient and modern literature, - and enjoying with all the zest of young re- ceptive genius: those enchanting visions of country life and scenery which throw their spell over his earlier poetry. From this delightful retreat came forth “T’Allegro” and ‘‘I] Penseroso,”’ the twin idyls in which nature is viewed through her reflection upon a twofold mirror of the hu- man mind; ‘‘Lycidas,’’ the noblest dirge and the most exquisite pastoral in the English tongue; ‘‘Comus,”’ the so called masque, with its ‘‘Dorique delicacy” of lyric lay and majestic march of metre. No lesser offspring could have arisen from this union of youthful genius with fairest nature. But what a contrast between the second sojourn in Buckinghamshire and the first! The country scenery that had charmed the poet’s youth—the ‘‘hedgerow elms on _hillocks green,” the ‘‘russet lawns and fallows gray,” the upland hamlets—and Chalfont may have been one of them—with their ‘‘secure de- light’? and jocund festivals upon a ‘‘sun- shine holiday,” the ‘‘cottage chimney” smoking between the oaks, the ‘‘arched walks of twilight groves’’—all had faded away like some radiant dream of the early night in the long dark hours that follow; and though the voices of the fields may have brought back to him some ray of departed brightness, some half-forgotten pictures of the past, the vision could only _ bring with it a reflective melancholy in place of a fresh creative inspiration. For not*%only had his blindness severed Milton from the world of nature, but chilly age and the fail- ure of a noble cause had parted him from sympathy with his fellowmen; the hand of . 281 the musician had lost its cunning, nor could it again touch those rare spontaneous chords which ravish our human sense and speak to our human hearts. | And so it is that ‘‘Paradise Regained,” which was written here, breathes but faintly the aroma of the woods and fields. There are indeed a few delightful homely touches —such as the description of the agéd peas- ant, Following, as seemed, the quest of some stray ewe, Or withered sticks to gather, which might serve Against a winter’s day, when winds blow keen, To warm him wet returned from field at eve; or that of the disconsolate disciples, ‘‘plain fishermen,’’ who ‘‘close in cottage low to- gether got” by a creek in Jordan, ‘‘Where winds with reeds and osiers whispering play,’ bewailed their absent master; or the charming pastoral scene later on, when as the night. wore out, the herald lark Left his groundinest, high towering to descry The morn’s approach, and greet her with his song. where we seem to recognize once more the inspirations of Horton reawakened by the rustic environment at Chalfont St. Giles. But these are only a few stray flashes of the picturesque across a night of Rhetoric; for already ‘an age too late’ and ‘‘a climate cold,’”’ as Milton himself complains, had quenched the fire of his poetic fancy. And what an interval had separated these two periods of retirement in the Bucking- hamshire fields! ‘The long years of the Latin secretaryship lay between—years of strife and fanatical controversy, which hag injured the poet’s health, destroyed his eye- sight, and consumed the best energies of his ripened intellect. And now the cause of freedom was to all appearances lost, and the result to Milton was poverty, solitude, in- firmity, ruin, and to his friends exile, pro- scription, death, The revels of the restor- ation, the orgies of Whitehall, from which he prays deliverance, had now continued for five years: But drive far off the barbarous dissonance Of Bacchus and his revellers, the race
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282 Of that wild route that torethe Thracian bard In Rhodope, when wood and rocks had ears To rapture, till the savage clamor drowned Both harp and voice. ' And the prayer was heard, for during three years of darkness that serene, majes- tic mind had soared into a higher region, from which it had been too long held back by the bonds of religious and political strife. In the defeat of his cause, lay Mailton’s triumph, and the restoration had given us ‘*Paradise Lost.’’ Herein lay the consola- tion of the aged poet, On evil days though fallen and evil tongues, In darkness and with dangers compassed round, for his was now the restful happiness of one whose life work is complete. The great epic fer which he had been «preparing from his early youth, ‘‘long choosing and begin- ning late,’’ and rejecting every call save that of duty to the defence of liberty, was at last -accomplished, and when Milton came here, bearing with him the precious manuscript, nothing was wanting but a few final touches to bring to its realization the cherished dream of his life. . But it is time to visit the poet’s dwelling, so we turn and ascend the hill behind us, at the foot of which the village green nar- rows into an irregular street. We reach the end of the village, where two venerable elms are standing by a barn, and a wicket gate leads into a little garden. We pass through, and find ourselves at the door of Milton’s house. It is a picturesque, mod- est little abode, somewhat superior to the ordinary laborer’s cottage, with a half tim- ber gable of dark oak beams and weather- stained plaster, and windows with diamond- shaped panes looking out on a pleasant veiw of hedgerow and sloping greensward. A bellows-shaped chimney projects into the road; on the house wall, facing the garden, is a small plate bearing the name of Milton, and higher up is a coat-of-arms said to be that of the Fleetwoods. We enter, and pass into a low dark room, in which, we aretold, ‘‘Paradise Regained’”’ favorable, playing the organ. ‘put to me at Chalfont. THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. was dictated. A narrow oak staircase leads to a loftier chamber above, the poet’s bed- room, where he was wont to compose in the morning hours while still resting in bed. For his health was already declining and he no longer rose at four or five in the morn- ing, as had been his wont. After rising he heard a chapter of the Hebrew Bible read, then he breakfasted and had bouks read to him, or he dictated till twelve, then he took a short walk, dined’ at one, spent the after- noon in his garden or strolling about the neighborhood, or, if the weather was un- In the even- ing he would see his friends, such as Penn- ington-or Elwood, from six to eight, and entertain them toa quiet supper. When they had departed he had ‘‘a pipe of tobac- co” anda glass of water, and retired to rest. And so the tranquil, uneventful days passed by. It was within these walls that ‘‘Paradise Lost”’ first left its author’s hands. ‘‘Some little time,’’ says Elwood, ‘‘before I went to Aylesbury prison I was desired by my quondam Master Milton to take a house for him. I took a pretty box for him in Giles’s Chalfont, a mile from me, of which I gave him notice.” After his release from prison Elwood visited the poet here, who delivered to hima manuscript which he bade him take home and read at his leisure. ‘‘l found,” says Elwood, ‘‘it was that excellent poem which he had entitled ‘Paradise Lost.’ After I had read it through I made him another visit and returned him his book. He asked me what I thought of it? which I modestly and freely told him; and after some further discourse I pleasantly said to him, ‘Thou hast said much here of Para- dise Lost, but what hast thou to say to Paradise Found?’ He madeno answer, but sat some time in a muse. ete When afterwards I went to wait on him (in London) he showed me his second poem called ‘Paradise Regained,’ and in a pleasant tone said to me, ‘This is owing to you; for you put it into my head by the question you | *” It is probable.
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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. . that the last few hundred lines of ‘Paradise Lost’ were written here, and there is a pic- turesque touch at the close of the poem, describing how the evening mist Risen from a river o’er the marish glides And gathers round fast at the laborer’s heel Homeward returning. which perhaps contains a reminiscence of the valley of the Misbourne. We pass again into the little garden with its chrysanthemums and fragrant lavender, its leafless twigs of woodbine, and faded sunflowers and hollyhocks—how forlorn and dripping in the winter damp, reminding us of the pleasant autumn days that are fled. At the futher end of the narrow path, so often paced by the poet’s feet, a windlass stands over a well; and here we pause to look once more at the humble dwelling which once sheltered the sublimest genius of the seven- teenth century. | 283 As we gaze at its crumbling walls, where the last rays of sunset are fondly lingering still, we seem to look through a vista of the past. We see the blind old man sitting by the door as he was wont, in his coat of coarse gray cloth, with his beautiful auburn locks, now streaked with silver, falling on his shoulders, and his blue eyes, sightless though ‘‘clear to outward view of blemish or of spot,”’ filled with sympathy as he listens | to the Quaker lad beside him, who tells with eager but deferential accents how he has suffered imprisonment for conscience’s sake, and how the blight of persecution has already fallen upon his young life. They rise, and the youth gently and reverently leads his companion to the little wicket- gate and out into the quiet lane. They are gone; and the sunlight has vanished from the moss-grown gable. It is time to go hence.— /. D. B. in Macmillan's Magazine. POETS-LAUREATE. For the origin of the poet’s coronation, © first real and in the process of time only metaphorical, we must go back to the Pythian games of the early Greeks, held on the Kirrhoean Plain, near Delphi, tn honor of Apollo. These games included crowns for music and poetry, as well as gymnastic exercises and chariot racing. At first, sub- stantial prizes were given to the winners, but material gifts became unnecessary so renowned were the games to attract compe- . titors; a laurel wreath that bound the victor’s brow became the most eagerly desired of . earthly rewards. laurel because it was a leaf consecrated to Apollo, the divine patron of these games, By the close of the third century before: Christ, the Grecian games had crossed the Adriatic. In 212 B. Cc. we read of games established in Rome in honor of the Greek Apollo. In thebrief intervals of his cam- paigns’ Ceesar ‘‘ retained time and compo- ~ The crown was made of sure enough attentively to follow the prize © pieces in the theatre and to confer the chap- let on the victor with improvised verses.” Two other men, resembling Ceeser in noth- ing but his love of pleasure, were still more markedly the Laureate’s patrons, The young and handsome Nero, the beginning of whose reign was the dawn of a day of golden promise, acquired under Seneca an early appreciation of literature which ended unhappily in ministering solely to his plea- sure. Domitian, besides building an Od- eum, founded two games—the Agon Cap- itolinus and the (uinquatria for the especial encouragement of poetry. At the first, de- dicated to Jupiter, a crown of.oak leaves was conferred upon the successful poet. In the second game, placed under the patronage of Pallas, its olive crowns were mixed with fillets or labels of gold. Statius was thrice crowned at the Quinquatria, and was, we learn from Dante, the first Christain Laureate. -
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284 Henceforward the conferring of the Laur- eate’s crown was part of the Imperial pre- rogative. Although the material of the crown was changed the name Laureate—laurel-crowned —was retained. With the abolition of the Grecian games in the sixteenth year of Theo- dosius, A. D. 294, lanreation was robbed of ‘its rich settings. But it is not likely that those zealous patrons of learning, the chris- tain emperors would entirely destroy a use- ful and harmless ceremony, the prize of. literary distinction. Hence, in the middle of the fifth century, we find the idea of laureation still alive. It is in the eleventh, twelfth and thir- teenth centuries, however—ages of intense intellectual vitality and splendid ceremonial —that we must hope to see the poet receive full recognition and homage. No one in those days, the priest alone excepted, was more highly honored. The Count Palatine, ‘(Thomas Obrechtus, issued a circular to the nobility and learned men of the Empire, begging their attend- ance on December 23, 1616,\ at Strasburg, for the purpose of doing public honor to the poet John Crusius. ~ _ We might have expected that the greatest of medizval poets would have been decora- ted with this highest mark of regard; but Dante had too much of the stern prophet’s reward. A hundred years after his death his bust was raised in his native Florence and crowned with /’amato alloro denied him in life. In the coronation of Petrarch, prince of sonneteers. laureation may be said to have reached its meridian. In the fol- lowing century, Conrad Cellers the first poet- Laureate of Germany, was crowned by Frederick 111. In the fifteenth century we observe sure token of decay in the ceremony of laureation. Instead of the genuine laurel wreath we come across silver laurel-shaped coronets, as when Piero Medici was crowned at Forence. Clement Vitr. designed for Tasso, in 1594, a triumph in the capitol like that which Petrarch received in 1431. ‘To the THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. convent of Sant’ Onofrio the worn-out poet was carred in the spring of 1595. ‘‘We have destined for you the laurel crown,” was Clement’s greeting, ‘‘that it may re- ceiveas much honor from you as in times past if has conferred on others.” But toil and suffering had broken the poet’s health, and he who, in the beeutiful expression of Byron, was already ‘‘Christ’s Laureate,’”’ lay in the throes of death ere The crown Which Petrarch’s laureate brow supremely wore could be transferred to his. We have said the custom of laureation reached its meridian splendor in Petrarch’s triumph, His name is a fitting junction for running on to the line, so to say, of the English Laureates. In the year of his cor- onation Geoffrey Chaucer was a baby. Some thirty years later Chaucer went on a diplomatic errand to Italy; and there is sup- posed to have met Petrarch and him ‘‘of the Hundred Tales of Love’—the bard of prose. It may be no more than a coincidence that on his return home Chaucer should re- ceive the grant of a daily pitcher of wine associated in our minds with the English Laureates, which has led some writers to put his name at the head of the list. In ~1561, Edmund Spencer had published his ‘‘Shepard’s Calender,’’ and he had been named ‘‘the new poet, ‘‘the richest English poet,’ and the laurel crown had been fig- uratively laid upon his brows. When the first three books of his ‘‘Feary Queen” came outin 1590, Queen Elizabeth was so de- ~ lighted with the poem that she granted its author apension of £50 a year, which may be regarded as his installation as court poet. ° It is not hard to understand how, in course of time, the court poet should be called the Laureate. During the middle ages, char- tered Universities conferred degrees in poetry, by laureation. The laurel was put upon the head of the student who had _ suc- cessfully taken his poetical degree, and in England he was entitled to wear a habit of white and green with the word Calliope em- broidercd upon it in silk and gold. The
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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. last instance of laureation in England was that of Thomas Thomson in 1514. We can now give a clear and definite answer to the question as to who was the first Laureate. The answer must depend upon what is meant by the question. If we “mean who was the first patented Poet- Laureate, the office dees not go back fur- ther than Ben Jonson; practically, however, Spencer was the first of the present line of Laureates, though many would say it begins with Chaucer. But, if by Laureate we simply mean the court poet, then we must seek for the origin of this office in that far off darksome period, when as yet history had not begun to light her torch. From Spencer to Tennyson the roll continues almost unbroken. 285 The Leaureateship is an ornamental ap- pendage to the court, and will probably en- dure till jealous eyes are fixed on the ancient crown itself. But it is something more than an ornamental appendage to the crown. During the long reign of ‘‘King Alfred,” as Longfellow, in his generous recognition of the lLaureate’s supremacy, styled Alfred Tennyson, a change has been passing over the spirit of the office he has borne with such quiet dignity. His patriotic sympa- thies with the weal and woe of his sover- eign’s people have transcended the narrower bounds of his sovereign’s court. The poet of the court has been well-nigh transfigured into the poet of the Nation.— Zhe Reverend P. Haythornthwaite, in Meary England. SPENSER. In a critical examination of the character and writings of Edmund Spenser, nothing impresses us more strikingly at the outset than his dissimilarity to Chaucer, in whose wake he followed. . Greatness is of many sorts, and the genius of Spenser differed as widely from that of Chaucer as the imagip- ative differs from the practical. Just where Chaucer failed, if fail he did, Spenser won his most enduring success. For luxuriance of scene, fertility of incident and originality of device, Spenser shas never been surpassed. Living as he did during the reign of the Virgin Queen and when the period of chivalry was at its very height, there was in hisenvironment everything to give impetus and direction to the current of his mind which tended naturally toward the romantic and exceptional. Beside Spen- ser was peculiarly fortunate in his contem- poraries, both foreign and English. Born about 1553 at East Smithfield, near the Tower in London, his youth was passed probably in North of England. Huis parents, though poor, were connected with noble houses, and the poet had no cause to blush = for his lineage. Nevertheless the circum- stances of his early life were singularly hu- miliating. At the age of seventeen we find him entering Pembroke College Cambridge, as asizar. The function of asizar was that of an ordinary servant. It was his duty to attend on the college pensioners or fellows at their meals, and for this office he was munificently allowed his tuition and the fragments of food that might remain when his lord, the fellow, had-dined. Spenser possessed a proud spirit and the position he was forced to occupy at Pembroke must have galled him to the quick. But despite the difficulties under which his studies were pursued, and the duties devolving on him as a Sizar were a grave distraction and in- terruption, his education was pushed for- — ward with great speed and efficiency. He took two degrees at Cambridge, that of B. A. in 1573, that of M. A. in 1576. He mastered the Italian language that he might read Arisoto and Tasso. ‘The former poet died before Spenser’s birth but the latter was contemporary with him. Everyone knows the tragedy of Tasso’s life and love: %
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286 The name of Leonora is inseparably asso- ciated with his in the mind of every stu- dent. His pathetic prophecy has been won- a derfully fulfilled. Ah, Leonora, it shall be our fate, To be entwined forever, but too late. Tasso was bornin 1554 and died before he had attained his fiftieth year. But his ‘*Jerusalem Delivered” still appeals to all Italy, and fragments of it yet make the song of. the dark eyed gondolier as he glides silently down the streets of Venice whose marble palaces rise out of the water. like a magical city out of the sea. A something strange and weird pulsed through the passionate love and despair of the poet, a kind of frenzy which fascinates us, but on which we can scarcely bear to look. We are glad he did not suffer longer, and very sensible of our gladness. Our _ joy in kis release comes without a thought of irreverence. Itseems only kind. Spenser loved and admired him. He frankly acknowledged his indebtedness to Tasso fora kind of inspiration found no- where else. No foreign writer influenced Spenser so muchif we accept the courtly - Montaigne whose ‘‘essays’”’ were the prose model of his time. But no study of Spenser can be made even in a cursory way without. taking into account the two English friends who from first to last did so much to shape his literary career—we refer to Sir Philip Sidney and Sir Walter Raleigh. Of these it is probable that the former wielded the more potent power. Spenser saw in Sidney the embodi- ment of much that he sought. Young, handsome, nobly allied,a scholar in the most excellent sense of that word, the ‘‘very jew- el” of Elizabeth’s court, he represented to Spenser that illustrious knight of whom he ever sung, and gave form and definite pro- portion to a conception which must other- wise have belonged wholly to the world of the ideal. Sidney’s death in 1586, and the manner of it, made a fitting climax to his brief and brilliant career to the mind of the poet. But it wasa blow to Spenser. Sir THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. Philip Sidney at least found in chivalry no cloak for pride and selfishness. He was a superb example of the generous hearted En- glishman. He flung a halo around the ideal of the gallant courtier as it was then enter- tained which is bright to-day. Every one remembers how at the pitiful skirmish of © Zutphen in October, 1586, he gave the bet- ter part of his arms to an unguarded soldier, thus vindicating the fearless spirit which even the close proximity of death could not daunt. And afterwards when the fatal wound had been received and he lay dying on the dusty field, acup of water proffered him by a compassionate comrade was feebly passed to a fellow sufferer lying near. necessity,’’ the gracious lips faltered, ’’is greater than mine.”” And so perished Philip Sidney, Knight of England—knight, in- deed, in heart as well as inname. He died as he had lived—bravely, nobly. On leaving Cambridge Spenser became a tutor in the north of England, but little is known of nis work. Later on he was appointed secretary to Lord Grey, who was at that time Lord ° deputy of Ireland. This favor he obtained through the offices of Gabriel Harvey, emi- nent as an astrologer and person of great learning, and Spenser’s intimate friend from his Cambridge days. | : Spenser now passed four years in Ireland with Lord Grey, returning with him to England at the expiration of that time. But he had réceived a large grant of land in Ire- land under promise to live on it, and was therefore forced to go back, which he did in 1586. His castle, Kilcolman by name, was most desolate. It was situated in the midst of a wide plain, and the place was boggy and unwholesome. Two miles away were the hills and the Mulla River. Here it was that Spenser brought his wife, the fair Elizabeth, for whom so many of his sweetest songs were sung. And here Sir Walter Raleigh visited the poet and listened to much of the ‘‘Faery ‘Queene,’’ which occupied the intervals of his days. Raleigh approved the poem erny:.
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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. warmly and persuaded Spenser to come to London and arrange for the publication of the first three books. In truth, the thing was well suited to the times. Elizabeth, for whom it contained much of seductive flattery, was graciously pleased to grant the poet an annuity of fifty pounds on its reception. The ‘‘ Faery Queene’ was enthusiastically received by all classes belonging to the aristocracy. It combined so much of chivalry, and chivalry in Elizabeth's reign was a cardinal virtue, and it was beside in strange harmony with the grave religious predelictions of the Re- formation. ‘Thus Spenser rose to ready fame and favor. has at best but an unstable footing. Spen- ser experienced many adverse fortunes. Though virtually poet laureate, he was yet undoubtedly poor. In September, 1598, the castle of Kilcol- man was attacked by Irish rebels under Ty- rome, and burned. Spenser, being in office and astrenuous advocate of arbitrary power, was a target for the special vengeance of the mob. He and his wife escaped the wreck of their property, but an infant son, new born according to some authorities, was left behind in the confusion and excitement and perished in the flames. Poor, heart- broken and disconsolate, the poet went at once to London. -. Previous to this he had published the fourth, fifth and sixth books of his great poem, but the work was still unfinished, never destined, as it chanced, to be completed. The horrible manner of his child’s death preyed upon his mind, and there were many other things to trouble him. But misfortune did not wait on him alone. Sir Walter Raleigh, who survived the poet by several years, was even at that time making ready for his tragic end. As courtier, diplomatist and _ politician, not less than adventurer, Raleigh was watched. In 1606 he was arrested for con- spiracy in a plot against the crown, tried, and sentenced to death. But the condem- nation was unjust, and though reprieved, But the pensionor of royalty 287 he was confined in the Tower of London for 12 years a close prisoner. For six years of this time his family was allowed to remain with him. The remaining weary cycles were spent alone. But Raleigh did not pine, or rather, he kept busy. He wrote his ‘‘General History of the Word,” a work of great merit and inimitable style. In 1616 he was released, but only to be ultimately apprehended and executed. He had suffered more than the world guessed, and when one considers all he had borne, his last words lose their strangeness. ‘Tak- ing the headman’s axe just before it was lifted for the final blow, he passed his hand slowly along its sharp, bright edge. ‘‘It is a bitter medicine,’ he said, ‘‘ but it will cure all diseases.”’ It was soon red with his noble blood. And the woes of Sir Walter Raleigh ended that day and _for- ever. Spenser died in London only three months after the destruction of his castle of Kilcol- man. It is said he died in a common inn and for lack of food. But it can hardly be that he starved. He sleeps beside Chaucer in Westminster. Spenser’s death occurred in January, 1599. Personally he was a ‘refined, thoughtful, dignified gentleman, a little grave, a trifle sad, and he clung to the good and the true and the beautiful with a devotion and an enthusiasm which suggested a Knight of the Middle Ages. No tinge of humor ever stole into his verse. His imagination was of that lofty and intense character which steeps its crea- tions in a sublime calm. His style is ordi- nate and very elaborate. In the luxury of his thought and imagery he surpasses Shake- speare, but he is not so varied in conceit, nor are his creations so strong. Spenser's chief works are ‘‘ The Shep- . herd’s Calendar,’ ‘‘ The Faery Queene,” ‘¢Sonnets,’’ and ‘‘ A View of the State of Ireland.’’ Any and all will repay careful study. We cannot better conclude than by quot- ing the elegant Taine’s summary of this
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288 | THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. great genius: ‘‘Expectations and rebuffs: small fortune and a premature end: this, many sorrows, and many dreams: some few _ indeed, was a poet's life.’’—Chicago Satur- joys and a sudden and frightful calamity: a day Herald. | THE ANGELIC MESSENGER. ‘The Angel of the Lord came upon him, and a light shined in the prison.” Softly upon Judea’s hills | Between his guards the sleeping saint The evening shadows fall, Lies in a calm repose, | And softly still the dark robed Night That peace serene, that rest of rests, Her curtain draws o’er all. The Lord’s beloved knows. Silence is in Jerusalem, Closed are the city gates, An angel touch, an angel voice, No footfall echoes in the street, : Free now the chain-bound hands: None sa the temple waits. He wakens, lost in sweet surprise, : To hear the Lord’s commands To rise and bind his sandals on, To cast his robe around, To follow his celestial guide, A hallowed place the city now; -Here our Immanuel trod, Here clothed in our humanity Has walked the Son of God. Unto the prison’s bound; Still rests upon His infant church The dew of heavenly grace, To pass in wondering silence by His benediction full of love, The watchful, waiting guard, His last sweet words of peace. Tosee the ponderous iron gate, Ope of its own acord. "ee ful, ssi t Yet there are weeping, troubled hearts, sii Nees casein ba Semel eran : It seems a vision bright, 3 Among His chosen now, | : Too near like heaven to be of earth, Hearts that before the Father’s throne, ; ’ , Like a sweet dream of night. In prayer unceasing bow. No siumber soft their spirits fold, . No sleep brings rest from care, But watching through the long sad nighi, Their souls go out in prayer. The mission done the angel gone, Light breaks upon his view. He knows it is the loving Lord Hath led him safely through, So gratefully he seeks the home, - For one of the beloved Twelve, Where the disciples are, Lies close in prison bound, Who scarce believe for very joy, To be, when comes the morrow’s Gawn, The Lord has heard their prayer. In death a martyr crowned. Yet while they pray, the incense sweet Rises before the Lord, Anu straight a shining one is sent, To do the Master’s word. Thus God’s sweet angels guard His own, ‘Through life’s oft darkened way, Encamp around the trusting souls, Who make His love their stay, This angel hand shall loose earth’s chains, To Peter’s prison house be comes, And set our spirits free, This beauteous presence bright, Thus open Death’s dark doors to light, — And lo! the midnight walls are made, And immortality. With heavenly radiance bright. | PHEBE A. HOLDER.
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’ 290 THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. EVOLUTION OF FHE LORDS PRAVER IN ENGLISH. In order to trace the successive steps by which the Lord's Prayer attained to its pre- sent form in English, it is necessary to begin with the oldest versions. . Besides one semi- _poetical and three poetical paraphrases, there are at least five Old English render- ings of the prayer as given in Matthew, and three of it as given in Luke. ‘Two of the renderings of the form in Matthew are by Aélfric; one is represented by a manuscript. of Corpus Christi College Cambridge, as printed in Skeat’s edition of the Gospel ac- cording to Saint Matthew; one is the North- umbrain gloss, and the other the (probably) Mercain gloss, both printed in Skeat’s edition. The versions of the Lucan form correspond to the last three mentioned. It is to be observed that -the first three are West Saxon. All are comparatively late in their present forms, not earlier than 950 to 1,000 A. D., as nearly as can be ascertain- ed. oe The typical, or standard Old English .form, obtained from a comparison of all the prose versions, may be literally translated thus, adhering to the order of the words: Our Father, thou that art in heaven, be thy name hallowed. Come (to come) thy kingdom. Become thy will in earth as (so as) in heavens’ . Give us (to us) to-day our daily (day- Whomly, the second syllable being distributive) bread (loaf). And forgive us (to us) our guilts, as (so as) we forgive our (to our) offenders (guilting ones). And not lead thou us into temptation. But re- lease us from evil. Be it so. The next English translation was by Wycliffe—1380, or thereabouts. His text of the Lord’s Prayer reads: Oure fadir that art in hevenes, halewid be. thi name. Thi kyngdoom cometo. Be thi wille don in erthe asin hevene. Gyve to us this dai oure breed over othir substaunce. And forgyve to us oure dettis as we forgyven to ouredettouris. And lede us not in to temptacioun. But delyvere us fro yvel. Amen. : The Wycliffite version, like Old English, ¢ was made from the Vulgate. This will ac- count for the phrase ‘‘over othir sub- staunce,’’ which is an attempt at rendering - the unmeaning Latin supersubstantialem.. The other translators have invariably re- curred to the guotidainum of Luxe (or of the old Latin), The plural Zeavens is retained by Wycliffe at its first occurrence, but be- comes the singular at its second. The new words introduced are all derived from Old English, with the exception of debts, debtors, temptation, deliver and Amen. Of these, the first three are the Latin words of the Paternoster merely anglicized; the fourth, the Latin word (4dera) with the prefix de, and the fifth the original Latin (Hebrew) unchanged. The version by Tyndale (1534) goes a little further. It substitutes wich for that, heaven for heavens, as it ts for as, this day for to-day, daily for over other substance (thus go- ing back to the Old English), omits the dative sign and adds the doxology. On the other hand it retrogrades in some respects, reading, Let Thy kingdom come, fulfilled for done, as well on earth trespasses and trespas- sers. With the latter.we have no particular concern. The Cranmer Matthew (1539) goes back to debt and debtors, but is other- wise unchanged from Tyndale, except that O our becomes our. The Geneva Bible (1557) is the first that reads, Zhy will be done. On the other hand it inserts eve after done and debts. Other- wise it is like the Cranmer. The Rheims version (1582) recurs to the Latin, and is less modern than the last two. Finally the Ac- cepted Version makes the last change neces- sary, abandoning the Let Thy kingdom come of ‘Tyndale and his successors, and returning to the Zhy kingdom come of Wycliffe, only dropping his appended /o. The Revised Version makes several inno- vations: ‘‘As in heaven, so on earth;”’ ‘‘also have forgiven;” ‘‘bring’”’ for ‘‘lead’’ (like the Gothic); ‘‘the evil one for ‘‘evil;” be-
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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. sides omitting the doxology, with the Old English and+ Wycliffite versions (and the Rhiems). To return to the original Old English ver- sion assumed as a standard, all but five of the thirty-five different words it contains exist as independent words to-day. Of 291 these five, one, vzce, is the last syllable of . btshopric;and another, al/ys, has exchangud its old prefixforanew. Of the thirty-eight different words in the Accepted Version, exclusive of the doxology, only five are other than Old English. —Albert S. Cook, in ‘““American Journal of Philology.” MULTUM IN PARVO. Concerning Mr. Lowell's absent-minded- ness the Boston Advertiser says that when he was editor of Zhe Atlantic he not infre- quently would put MSS. into his pocket with the intention of reading them at his leisure, carry them home—and forget all about them. Authors were constantly inquiring about articles which they had requested to be returned if unaccepted, and of which they could get no tidings after repeatedly addressing the editor on the. sub- ject. Often the articles would be discovered in an overcoat that had been worn the pre- vious winter, and quite as often they would not be discovered at all. A literary curiosity is a volume which is now being issued by a bookseller named Rouz at Lyons, says the ‘‘Pall Mall Ga- zette.”’ ‘*The volume, which is to be com- plete in twenty-five parts, of which fifteen have already appeared, at the price of ro fr. a number, is entirely of silk, into which the text is woven. As each number consists of only two leaves, the whole volume contain- ing the Roman Catholic Mass and a number of prayers will have only fifty leaves, round the Gothic text of which every leaf has a specially designed medizval border. Both text and border are woven in black silk on a white surface, and the effect is said to be ‘‘very artistic; single numbers of the silken volume are not to be obtained, so that would- be purchasers have either to pay 200 fr..for the complete work or renounce the desire for possession altoyether.’’ | Within the past two or three years, it seems as if everybody possessed of a little leisure, a pen and a few quires of paper, , has written a historical novel. Most of these productions, as was to be expected, are worthless, and speedily find their way to the rag-shop. There is one marked peculiarity in this class of fiction, from which hardly a half dozen specimens are free, namely, the labored, archaic style, declamatory conver- sation and pervading turgidity of thought. The language in every case is simply that of the King James’ version of the Bible, or at least a more or less successful attempt at an imitation of it. Whether the scene be laid in Persia, under Darius, or in Rome under Augustus, the tone is the same, and person- ages separated by thousands of miles of territory, or living a thousand years apart in time, always speak in the same style, a sort of dislocated blauk-verse, as it were, Shakespeare and water—mostly water. Why should a citizen of Memphis in the reign of Rameses II., and a centurion of Julian the Apostate speak in the English of Sir John Mandeville? Ultra-realism is no doubt objectionable in fiction, but it is certainly perferable to a mode which has no likeness whatsoever to nature. Why go”back only to the 16th century? Why not imitate Chaucer? Historical fiction will never pos- sess any real value in imaginative literature until authors will consent to cut loose from the error which has rendered most novels, whose scenes are laid inthe past, little more than pretentious bores. There is no reason
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292 why such fiction should not possess the Lighest interest and beauty, but it never can: ‘so long as it follows a false model. ‘To be natural is not necessarily to be commonplace, and, if a writer cannot be one without being the other, he has missed his vocation and should resign his place.—American Bookseller. The average novel-reader is after all a ter- rible tyrant. To succeed for him, in a novel, means to bite into his attention, and that psychic part of him is apt to be a very hard and repelling element. He cares noth- ing for the story-teller himself. Last year Jones may have woven a magic spell over him’ but this year Jones’ triumph is remem- bered only in a spirit of despotic com- parison. You may in the past, for all he cares, have written masterpieces untold; what he wants you for now is what you can do for him now in the way of interest and diversion. ‘There is your book, and there is he, ensconced beside his grate, with his slippers on, and his mind at once receptive and capriciously critical, Freshness of sub- ject would appear at all times to be his auto- cratic demand; and ‘yet somebody will ven- ture to present him with a tale of his own time, his own town, even of his own most hackneyed personal experiences, and he will eagerly devour it, laud it among his neigh- bors and friends, and effect for it a com- mercial vogue. Heis so illogical in his be- havior asa reader of you that you frequently feel justified in ignoring him altogether and spinning your yarns for somebody else. But that ‘‘somebody else” isa most shad - owy personage If a novelist does not sell with the average reader he must content himself with a limited circulation indeed. Of course there is always the large though hidden throng of intellectual appreciators, who glance at none except the “‘ best” novels. But you and I who recount the loves of Edmund and Angelica may long have lain in our graves before anything we have wrought has been pronounced a true ‘‘classic.’”’ And considering the enormous amount of fiction that has been written, is devoted to literary work. THE QUERIES MAGAZINE probably it is not far from the truth to state that the deliberate aim to achieve a classic is vainglorious presumption. The most fa- mous novelists have really achieved few.— From an article by Edgar Fawcett, in Sept- ember LAIPPINCOTT’S. The following interesting account of Mr. Gladstone’s library is given by Mr. G. W. E. Russell in his ‘Life’ of the ex-Premier, recently published in the ‘Queen's Prime Ministers’ Series:—‘For some months past Mr. Gladstone has been busily engaged with the preliminary steps of a scheme he has long had in his mind. ‘The number of his books began to be too great for the available space in Hawarden Castle. They overflowed in every room. The Glynne library occupied two large rooms. From the first, Mr, Gladstone had minutely to study the best system of storing books, and his views on the subject have recently been given in the Vineteenth Ceutury.. By sys- tematic and ingenious economy of space, the bulk of 20,000 volumes was housed in. two rooms. But still the number grew, and large packages unopened began to encum- ber the rooms. Several thousands of these have now been removed to a commodious iron building fitted as a library. ‘Mr. Gladstone is known to have a large ulterior scheme for founding a library, and the present erection is a half-way house. Both in the new and old library the position of every. book was determined by Mr. Glad- stone himself, and he rarely has any diffic- ulty in laying his hand upon the book that may be required. ‘The collection is strong in contemporary and general literature, strongest, perhaps, in theology and the classics, while the works on Homer, Dante, and Shakespeare abound. There are three tables in the room. At one Mrs. Gladstone sits. Of the other two, one is used by Mr. Gladstone for his correspondence, the other Stored in the deep. recesses of the bookshelves are stacks of walking-sticks, axes, and many other miscellaneous presents which have. been re-
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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. ceived at various times. About the room are busts and engravings of old friends and colleagues, Sidney Herbert, New Castle, Canning, and Tennyson among others. ‘The ‘‘Temple of Peace.” as the study is called, is always available for those staying in the house who wish for quiet reading.’ In the death of James Russell Lowell the people of the United States lose one who has long stood in the very front rank, if he was~ not, as many will not hesitate to regard him, facile princeps among the literary men of the great Republic. Poet, orator, humorist, satirist, sturdy reformer and emancipator, elegant essayist and polished man of letters, Mr, Lowell possessed a breadth and ver- satility of mind rarely met with in the same individual, and existing in a combination still more rare with sterling manliness and force of character. The very originality, both of conception and of style, which marks some of his poems—the ‘‘Biglow Papers,’’ for example—renders comparison difficult and perhaps unprofitable. The nobility of sentiment which stamps both the earlier and - the later series of those papers throughout would have secured them a lasting place in popular literature, even had not the keen- ness of their satire and the depth of their penetrative philosophy given them an en- during claim to preservation. Uncouth as the form in which are theyembodied may now appear to the fastidious, one would not risk much in prophesying that the day will come when posterity will acknowledge a debt of gratitade to their author for having embalm- ed in classical English literature the rich Yankee dialect of his day. In prose, and in his nonsatiric poetry, Lowell was a mas- ter of expression as well as a clear, earnest, and generally unprejudiced thinker. In his official capacity as United States Minister to England, he rendered valuable service to both the great branches of the Anglo-Saxon family. By his culture, urbanity and in- tellectual strength on the one hand, and his personal straight forwardness on the other, he the Duke of / 293 earned for the young nation which he was proud to représent, a meed of respect from the Mother Country, the effects of which have been visible in all the subsequent dip- -lomatic intercourse of the two nations. The origin of a literature is always a very curious study. Australian literature has had the unusual fortune of stammering its first lines in the abounding nineteenth cen- tury, and of thus reminding us, by their similarity, of the beginnings of Indo-Euro- pean literature Curing the historic and barbarous periods. It is very curious to see Australian literature making its first ap- pearance with the same stories of legendary brigands which one sees in the beginnings of previous ones. When we reflect that the surface of Australia is almost -equal to that of all Europe, we see the importance of all that concerns it. ‘To judge from the writings of Marcus Clark, of Mrs. Camp- bell Praed, of Tasma, the Australians affect the short narratives and_ simple stor- ies devoid of incident, which char- acterize their novels. Mariot Watson, Hume Nisbet, Mr. and Mrs. Mannington Caffyn have published delightful stories of that kind, under the title ‘‘Under the Gum Tree.”’ An equally peculiar character of that literature is that the drama lies rather in the mind of the artist than in the action; as in the ancient world, the catastrophe often takes place before the end of the drama. The romancers, everywhere in that new country, possess, even more than the poets, a freshness of the imagination which is found no where else in the same degree. Among them the grand art of simplicity is no secret. To this they add strength, as a result of the education which the free and easy life of the woods and fields gives them. If one wished it would be easy to divide Australian writers into two groups, which could be readily recognized at sight. Onthe one side, those who live in the towns; on the other, those to whom the pastoral life offers its inducements. With the first would be connected Henry
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294 Clarence Kendall, the exquisite but melan- choly poet, who is sick unto death with weariness and mournfulness; with the. sec- ond, Lindsay Gordon,-the equestrian bard, the singing centaur of Australia. At the rate which the world, and Australia in par- ticular, is to-day travelling, a century is a period of infinite length; and one is glad to — think that new nations should, in their early days, possess a literature, a faithful mirror of themselves, which will not allow a thank- less posterity to forget or despise its an- cestors. Andrew Lang in Good Words draws this picture of the poet’s sphere in the time of Homer: ‘‘I conceive that the poet, or poets if there were one for each epic, lived in the tenth century before Christ. He was acquainted with all the traditions, all the ‘popular poetry of Greece, and with the lays of professional bards in royal and noble fam- ilies. His position was thus like that of Sir Walter Scott. His materials were rich, varied, and long familiar in tradition. He worked up what he knew into original epic poems. out, perhaps on thin sheets of lead, per- haps on prepared skins, and, as he was in touch with Egypt, I know not that even papyrus was out of his reach. But he did not write to be read. Like the French epic poets of the Middle Ages, he had his _ ma- terials for composition, his, book for refresh- ing hiss memory, but his public did not read him; asa rule, they listened while he recited. We have an example of this state of literary affairs in the will of an early French poet. He bequeaths the book of his poem tohisson. Hetells his son that he has made a good living out of reciting it, . that he has let no one take a copy, and that he hopes the young man will be equally successful. Now the Greeks have a tradi- tion, which need not be true, but which could only have arisen in a similar state of society. They say that Homer, when his daughter married, gave her one of his poems for her dowry. Now it is only in such a My belief is that he wrote these .- THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. | state of matters as the old Frenchman de- scribes that a poem would be of any value as-a dowry. ‘It is not as if Lord Tennyson had given anyone the copyright of the ‘Idylls of the King.’ In modern society that would be a valuable property; but there were no pub- lishers, there was no sale of editions, about goo B. Cc. The poem could only be profit- able to the girl’s husband as the French MS. was valuable to the French poet’s son. He could recite it, and receive golden cups, swords, slaves, cattle, and other rewards of minstrelsy from the chiefs. The Greek legend, however, though it illustrates liter- ary conditions, can hardly be true, for in Homer men give no dowry to their daugh- ters; it is the wooer who buys’ the bride from her father with gifts of cattle or receives her as the reward of heroic deeds. ‘‘This may seem fancfful, but at least the anecdote and the Greek legend prove that there may be writing in an age when the public is not literary, when it listens instead of reading.” The British Bookmaker \ately*had a very interesting article on Chinese Printing. We extract as follows :— ‘‘The particulars regarding the use of moveable type by the Chinese (apart from those now made from foreign moulds) are taken from a letter sent to the Vorth China Daily News, -by Rev. A. Elwin, of the Church Missionary Society in which he gives an account of a visit paid to an old Chinese printing establishment, in a place called Wang-do-fang, in the Chu-ki district, about sixty miles directly south of Hangchow. The printing was being temporarily carried on in the large ancestral temple connected with the village. In the large central hall of the temple were placed about twenty or- dinary square tables. On the tables the cases of type were spread out very much after home methods, but of course taking ur a great dealmore room. When Mr. Elwin entered the hall one man was engaged in setting up type, another was printing. The
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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. man setting up the type stood before a table, upon which was placed what may be called a Chinese ‘Chase.’ It was a solid block of hard wood about twenty-two inches long by fifteen broad, and perhaps three deep. The inside of this block was hollowed out to a depth of, say a quarter of an inch, and this depression was still further hollowed out in- to grooves about three quarters of an inch. The block Mr. Elwin saw had twenty-nine of these grooves, each groove being filled to the depth of a quarter of an inch with or- dinary thick clay. With his ‘copy’ before aim, armed with a small pair of iron pincers’ the man began his work, character after character being transferred from the case and firmly pressed into the clay. When the ‘form’ was complete’ a flat board was placed on the top and the characters pressed _per- fectly even and level with the surface of the wooden block, the edge of which was cut to form the border, which is generally found round every Chinese page. This edge was of course immoveable aud would be the same on every sheet printed from that‘ form.’ All was now ready for the printer. He hav- ing received the ‘form,’ carefully brushed the ink over the type. Hethen took a sheet of paper, laid it on the ‘job,’ and pressed it down all over so that it might be brought into contact with every character. Hethen removed the sheet and examined each char-. acter: some were not quite straight, these were carefully adjusted with the pincers. As far as Mr. Elwin could see, the type was nev- er touched with the fingers. ‘‘After sufficient copies had been struck off, the type was ‘distributed,’ each character being returned to its particular ‘box., The type in the ‘form’ was of three sizes; but instead of being adjusted by spaces, each character was kept in position entirely by the clay. upon which it stood. ‘The characters were square, and made of some hard wood.”’ Just now there is quite a craze among book-lovers for the collection of those little labels which are placed in books as marks of possession, and are usually known as 295 book-plates. New ones are every day being designed, and much artistic excellence is exhibited in the designs. Book-plates ap- pear to have taken their rise in Germany, or at all events the earliest examples known to us are connected with that country, and with the great master, Albert Durer. Wili- bald Pirkheimer was a great friend of Luther and Melanchthon, and he possessed a goodly library filled with the works of the early reformers. In these books, many of them large folios, he placed his famous book-plates; one of these was a woodcut de- signed by Durer which contained Pirkheim- er’s arms and those of his wife with emblem- atical surroundings—the other was a copperplate portrait of Pirkheimer, also by Durer, which must have been a speaking likeness of the burly jurist of Nuremberg. The books which are adorned with these valuable book-plates were bought by the Earl of Arundel, the famous connoisseur and collecter, from whom they descended to Henry Howard; afterwards Duke of Nor- folk, who presented them to the newly formed Royal Society on the suggestion of John Evelyn the Diarist. Durer made sev- eral book-plates for his friends which are described in Thausing’s valuable life of the artist. One for Lazarus Spengler was. de- signed in 1515, and in the British Museum there is a drawing of the same date which bears the inscription, ‘Albert Durer did this for Melchior Pfinzing’s book.’ ‘The plate for Hieronymus Ebner, of Nuremburg, also designed by Durer, is dated 1516. Before taking leave of German book-plates we must mention a very curious one of John Faber, Bishop of Vienna, who was called by his admirers the ‘hammer of heretics’ on ac- | count of the curious statement which it contains. The Bishop in 1540, the year before he died, bequeathed his books to the College of St. Nicholas in Vienna, and he had a book-plate designed for the purpose, with this inscription (in latin) upon it:— ‘This book was bought by us, Dr. John Faber, Bishop of Vienna—and since, indeed, that money (which purchased this volume)
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296 did not arise from the revenues and _ proper- ties, of our diocese, but from our own most honest labours in other directions and therefore it is free to us to give or bequeath the book to whomsoever we please, we ac- cordingly present it to our College of St. Nicholas; and we ordain this volume shall remain for ever for the use of the students.’ The collecting of book-plates so far is an evil that their labels are often taken out of books where they are of more interest than when collected with others in a scrap book. But it is useless complaining, for the mania has laid hold of a large number of collectors, and a strong illustration of the way in which the taste has spread is to be found in the fact that during the last few weeks a special society of book-plate collectors has been formed, | In a conversation with a representative of the Pall Mall Gazette, Mr. Houghton, the senior partner in the famous American pub- lishing house of Houghton, Mifflin & Co., has supplied some interesting information concerning the life and character of the late Mr. Lowell. Mr. Houghton was on intimate terms with the poet since 1849. Referring to a report that Mr. Lowell was really a cold and distant man, Mr. Houghton said that such decidedly was not his experience. ‘The truth is, he was not understood by everybody. He was too broad and many- sided for some of the people with whom he came in contact. Hereis anexample. An author and man of letters who came here last evening told me that he did not like Lowell—that he thought him cold and haughty. Nothing could be further from the truth. I knew him for forty years; I met him under all sorts of conditions; and I can truthfully say that he was never con- sciously cold or haughty toanyman. Ihave seen him rude to people; but his rudeness was always unconscious—the result, that is, of mere abstraction, or of thoughtlessness. Personally, I found him one of the most charming and lovable men that I have ever met. THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. ‘The last time that I ever saw him,’ went on Mr. Houghton, with a touch of sadness in his voice, ‘was when I visited him with Mr. Marston. We went to the front door of his house at Elmwood, and were told by the maid that he was around at the side of the house. We walked along the piazza, therefore, until we found him. He greeted us most cordially, saying, ‘‘I see you have your brother with you. I know he is your brother by his resemblance to you.” We talked about the robins that were hopping about his lawn; and though he seemed sub- dued and quiet, he chatted pleasantly in the old familiar way. Dr. Holmes, who had called, said he was a great deal better, and I had heard similar good news from Miss Sarah Orne Jewett. Otherwise I should not have ventured to intrude upon him in com- pany with my friend Mr. Marston. It was not until Mr. Lowell attempted to rise from his chair that I realized how ill he really was. I had to put out my hand to prevent him from falling’over. ‘‘Oh, I’m all right,” he exclaimed cheerily, ‘‘when I am once upon my pins.”’ But I felt very strongly that he was vot all right, and left him with the im- pression that I should never see him again. [The impression on Mr. Marston’s mind, he tells us, was precisely similar.| The change which had taken place in his appear- ance in the course of a few weeks—my daughter and I saw him less than a month previous to the visit of which I speak—was remarkable. He seemed all at once to have become an old man.’ ‘‘To sum up,’ said Mr. Houghton, in conclusion, ‘I think | may safely say that Russell Lowell was by long odds the greatest literary man we haveever had. Of course he had the weak- nesses of a great man as well as his strong points, but he was unquestionably a man who will grow in the estimation of the public as time goes on. To me his name will always suggest true friendship, delightful inter- course, and perfect literary worth. And my opinion is that of a man who has known him intimately for more than forty years.’
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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. From some particulars given in the Lzbrary concerning the collection of books, etc., at Windsor Castle, it appears that the total is now about 100,000 volumes. As the royal library which George III. got together at great cost and labor was taken to the Brit- ish Museum, his successor really founded the present library, which has several speci- ally interesting characteristics. There is a magnificent collection of books on the fine arts, while English history and topography are well represented. It appears, however, that additions cannot be made so liberally in the future as in the past through want of room. The most precious treasure of the library—the great collection of original drawings and engravings collected by George III., is still intact. It is said that ‘‘of late years a considerable number of books in fine old bindings, chiefly royal, have been add- ed,’’ one being the ‘‘Faerie Queen,”’ which may have been the copy read by Queen Elizabeth in the very gallery where it is now again preserved.”’ According to the figures given in the Paris Revue Scientifique from a work of George von Mayer presented to the Anthropologi- cal Society of Munich, longevity is not yet the marked attributes of Americans. The scale of ages varies greatly in different countries. In order to establish that scale three classes are taken; those from one to fifteen years of age; those from sixteen to sixty-nine, and those of seventy and over, and find among 1,ooo inhabitants: From one From sixteen From seventy to fifteen toSixty-nine years and up. years. years. In Germany (1885) 355 618 27 France (1886) 270 682 48 Great Britain and is Ireland (1881) 363 608 29 Italy (1881) 322 647 31 Austria (1880) 340 637 23 Hungary (1880) 353 629 18 Spain (1877) 325 651 24 Sweden (1880) 326 641 3g Norway (1875) 347 613 4o Switzerland (1880) 321 649 30 UnitedStates(1880) 381 599 20 Australia (1881) 396 592 12 297 Mr. Lowell’s interest in public affairs was that of a clear-sighted man who knew history and other nations, and had the strong- est faith in a government based upon popu- lar intelligence. Spain and England saw in him not only aman who by his literary genius had conferred honor upon his country, but who showed that the finest quality of man hood,a wholesome:common sense, thoroughly trained and amply equipped, was distinct- ively American. His patriotism was not the brag of conceit nor the blindness of ig- norance, and the America of the hope and faith of its noblest children was never de- picted with more searching insight than in his plea for democracy spoken at a mechan- ic’s institute while he was Minister in Eng- land; nor were the manly independence and courtesy of the American character ever more finely illustrated than in his essay upon ‘‘A Certain Condescension in Foreigners.’ It was a patriotism which did not admit that arrogance and conceit and blatant self-asser- - tion are peculiarly American, nor insist that everything American was, for that reason, better than everything which was not Amér= ican It was never unmindful that the root of our political system and of our national character was not aboriginally American, nor did it deny to the traditions of an older civilization and to the life of older nations a charm distinctively their own. Our litera- ture has no work more essentially American than ‘‘The Biglow Papers,”’ not only in the dialect form, butin its dramatic portraiture of the popular conscience of New England, of Lincoln’s ‘‘plain people’ who have given the distinctive impulse to American civiliza- tion, and from whose virtues has largely sprung the American character. It is worth while to lay stress upon this quality of Mr. Lowell, because it is the one to which much of his peculiar in- fluence is due, yet which is often overlooked or denied. That influence sprang from the humanity of his genius, his generous sym- pathy with noble aspiration and endeavor, his political independence and _ his stead- fast fidelity to the high ideals of his youth. —Geo. Wm Curtis in Harper's Weekly.
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298 Westminster Abbey is the Temple of the Anglo Saxon race, the building in which is enshrined the greatest tradition of our his- tory, and which is sacred as the actual burial-place of many of our most illustrious dead. It is no derogation to the religious character of the Abbey to dwell upon this national aspect of aunique building. With- ‘in these grey walls have been witnessed a hundred historic pageants, from the burial of Edward the Confessor to the Jubilee celebration of Queen Victoria. For six hundred years the English kings have re- ceived the crown and taken the oath of fealty before the altar. The English House of Commons first met within the Abbey pre-- cincts, so that here may besaid to have been the birth-place of Constitutional Govern- ment. When the fight between the people and the monarch had waxed fiercest, and when Cromwell had broken down the super- stition of the Divine Right of Kings, the Abbey still held its own, and the Protector looked upon burial within its walls as the high- est reward of a life of devotion to the State. All around it the world has been sweeping from change to change. ‘The reedy and se- cluded islet of Thorney has become part of the greatest of modern cities; kings and statesmen, warriors and priests have passed in procession through the Abbey portals in such quick succession that one can hardly distinguish between them; great wars have begun, and pursued their bloody course and come to an end, and peace has reigned again; science and art and literature have taken possession of the national mind, and the simple, unlettered race of the days of Edward the Confessor have gained their place in the foremost ranks of the cultured and elect; the fiercest crises of our national fate havecome and gone; our national liber- ties have been staked and lost and won again within a stone’s-throw of these walls; we have founded new empires in every quarter of the world, have lost some of them, have held others after fierce clash of fire and sword, and our country stands to-day ‘‘the mighty mother of free nations” throughout THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. the earth. And through it all Westminster | Abbey has been the one supreme shrine of our race; its towers have looked down upon it all unchanged and unchanging; Plantagenet, Tudor, Stuart, Cromwellian, Hanoverian, Victorian, all have come in turn to kneel at this altar and to bind anew the solemn ties which unite princes and people in a common lot. It is the story of England carven in stone which stands before us in the building hard by which the prosaic underground rail- way now carries unthinking thousands to their daily struggle for bread. The poetry, the majesty, the romance, and the glory of the place are plain to see—and yet how few among us pause for a moment in our busy lives to regard them.— Zhe Speaker. POPULAR SCIENCE. Of the entire human race, 500,000,000 are well clothed, that is, they wear garments of some kind; 250,000,000 habitually go naked, and 700,000,000 only cover parts of the body; 500,000,000 live in houses, 700,000,000 in huts and caves, and 250, 000,000 virtually have no shelter. There are 413 species of trees found within the limits of the United States and territories, sixteen of which, when perfectly seasoned, will sink in water. The heaviest is the black ironwood (Con- dalia ferrea), found only in Southern Florida, which is more than 30 per cent. heavier than water. Of the other fifteen, the best known are the lignum vite (Guaiacum sanctum) and the man- grove (Rhizophora mangle), Texasand New Mexico, lands full of queer, creeping, crawling, walking, and inanimate things, are the homes of a species of oak(Quercus grisea), which is about one and one- fourth times heavier than water, and which, when green, will sink almost as quickly as a bar of iron.. It grows only in mountain regions, and has been found westward as far as the Colorado desert, where it grows at an elevation of 10,000 feet. The White Star steamer Majestic arrived at Sandy Hook lightship, at the entrance of New York harbor on August 5th breaking all previous records and achieving the quickest voyage ever made across the Atlantic. She had left Queens- town in the afternoon of July 30th, and completed the trip in5 days 18 hoursand 8 minutes. The
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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. best undisputed and previously made was that of the City of Paris, which sailed from Roche’s Point, Queenstown harbor, to the Sandy Hook lightship in 5 days 19 hours and 18 minutes, ending Aug. 28th 1%89. The friends of the Teutonic claim for her a record of 5 days Ig hcurs and 5 minutes for her passage west in August, 1890, but this record is disputed, it being claimed on the Maritime Ex- change that the time of the Teutonic was 5 days and zo hours. The course of the Majestic was eleven miles shorter, or more direct, than that of the City of Paris in her record-breaking trip, and the latter vessel also has a higher record for the number of miles traveled in single days. It is said that the record of the Majestic would have been a few minutes better had it not been for the snapping of a bolt in the starboard engine Tues- day morning, so that for one hour only the port engine was running. The two engines developed Ig,500 horse power, and the screws made an aver- age of seventy-eight revolutions per minute, while the consumption of coal is stated to have been only 220 tons a day. | Our readers (says Revue Scientifique) know that quite recently M. Lippmann succeeded in photo- graphing the colors of the solar spectrum. For that he lets them fall on a well polished mirror, formed by the surface of a coating of liquid mer- cury, which reflects them. These reflected colors are then retained by a series of thin sheets, which, under the influence of the pose, are formed little by little in the interior of a sensitive film, thin and transparent, placed before the mirror. M. A. de Rochas relates in the Jnutermediaire des Chercheurs et des Curieux thatin 1760 a dreamer, Tip haigne de la Roche, published under the title of Giphantic, anagram of his name, a curious little work, where the process is almost exactly described, as one will be able to judge. Tiphaigne supposes himsel.: transported into the palace of the Genii of the Elements, the chief of whom says to him, ‘‘Thou knowest that the rays of light reflected from different bodies form a picture, and paints these bodies on all polished surfaces—the retina of the eye, for example, water and ice. Theelemental spirits have endeavored to fix these fleeting images, they have composed a very subtle and very viscous substance which dries very quickly and hardens, by means of which a picture is formed in the twinkling of an eye. With this substance they smear a piece of cloth, and place it before the objects they wish to paint. -The first effect of the cloth is that of the mirror; therein is seen all the bodies near and far the image of which the light can convey. : 299 ‘‘But, what a glass could not do, the cloth re- tains, by means of its viscous coating, the images. The mirror portrays faithfully the objects, but does not retain their images; our cloths render them equally faithfully and retain the image. This impression of the images takes place during the first instant of their reception on the cloth. It is at once taken away and placed in a dark place; an hour later you have a picture, the more valu- able as noart can imitate its truthfulness, nor can time in any way injure it. We take in their purest source, the substance of the light, the colors which painters draw from various mater- ials which time indubitably changes. ‘“‘The accuracy of the design, variety of expres- sion, the more or less heavy strokes, the grada- tion of shades, the rules of perspective, all these we leave to Nature, who, with that certain step that never fails, traces in our cloth images which delude the eye, and make reason doubt whether what is called reality is not another kind of phan- tom which deceives the eyes, ears, touch, and all the senses at the same time.” The elemental spirit next entered into some details regarding physics: firstly concerning the glutinons substance which intercepts and retains the rays; secondly, the difficulties of its prepara- tion and employment; thirdly. the action of light and this dried substance; three problems which M. de Rochas proposes to the physicists of our day and submits to their discernment. The mysterious workings of the so-called ‘‘di- vining rod” are quite generallv relegated, by unknowing people, to the realm of prestidigitation and deception, though among the moral people there are many who have become convinced of its magic powers, without, perhaps, ever seeking for an explanation of the phenomenon. A corre- spondent of the Mining Standard; Mr. William Spiers, M. A., F.C. S. contributs from Alaska to our ‘‘divining rod” literature as follows: ‘‘Probably most of your readers have heard of the ‘“‘divining rod,” and have concluded that it was either a myth or that its effects were. the re- sults ofevilagency. The reports that by its means subterranean watercourses or buried minerals have been discovered are generally rejected as mere rumors.or as instances of self-deception or even fraud. I must confess I have myself been quite a skeptic in regard to the matter, but I have now what I consider good reasons for recanting Being recently in the company of a few geologists on the Yorkshire Wolds it was stated that one of our company was able to discover hidden water
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300 or metals by means of a magic rod. Our friend cut out of the hedgerow a fork of hawthorn shaped like along V. Holding a prong in each hand, with the apex downward, we soon had an op- portunity of seeing that ‘‘there was something in it,” Here and thereas he slowly walked along, the apex of the branch curled upward as if alive. I knew the gentleman too well to suspect that he was cheating us, but, in order to see that he was not self-deceived, I placed my hand around the muscles which must have moved had the contor- tions of the rod been due to unconscious muscular contractions. I quite satisfied myself upon that point. I then requested him to close his eyes, and led him over a small rivulet that was running down the hill on which we were walking, and the moment he reached it the rod commenced its re- matkable movements. As soonas I touched it with my fingers it resumed its natural position. For water it moved away from him, but for met- als it swung round in the opposite direction. To test this a botanical case made of galvanized iron was brought near the necromancer, and the rod at once flew up. Our friend related many discov- eries that he has made during the last 20 years. Generally he used hazel. Copper wire shows the same peculiarities, and this we were able to see at the time. When standing on a non-conductor, such as broken china, the effects were not pro- duced. Our comrade is a student of science, and has not sought to make money by his gift, and this, of course, makes it impossible to doubt his integrity. He has plans of wells that have been sunk in various places as the result of his indica- tions, and in one instance he was instrumental in discovering a disused and forgotten gas main. As he found out quite accidentally that he possess- ed this faculty, it may be that some of your readers may make a similar discovery in regard to themselves, and, as Abraham Cowley puts it, may amusethemselves by searching “with fond divining rods among the dead for treasures buried,’”’ NEWS AND NOTES. There are 12,131,199 children in: the United States between the ages of six and fourteen years. D. C. Heath & Co., Boston, will issue this month Andersen’s Bilderbuch ohne Bilder, an illus- trated edition, with notes and vocabulary, by Dr. Wilhelm Bernhardt. Readers of this charming work will welcome an edition by this well-known teacher and editor. THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. A prize offered by the Ztmes of Manchester, England, for the best composition on ‘‘The best Book and Why I Like it.” has been won by an American girl, Jessie Sudlow of South Carolina. She is only seventeen years old. She chose Scott’s Ivanhoe for her subject. -D. C. Heath & Co., Boston, will issue this ‘month Folkand Fairy Tales in French for Young or Old Children. Selected and edited, with notes and _ vocabulary, by Prof. E. S. Joynes, of the Univers- — ity of South Carolina. The edition will contain a number of favorite fairy tales by Perrault, Mme. d’Auluoy, etc,, offering easy and entertaining reading, with helpful notes and vocabulary. Love is the name of a Bengalee publication which seems to have a large sale in Calcutta. The author divides the feeling into several dozen parts, the most singular of which may be mentioned: (1) Love in the market place; (2) Love in the field; (3) Love in the house: (4) Love out of the house; (5) Love of a Hindoo; (6) Love of an un-Hindoo; (7) Theatrical love; (8) Dramatic love; (9g) Fictional love. ‘No, g has rather a melanchply sound, but possibly there is such a thing.—Jiperialist, in Col- ontes and India. In view of the present timeliness of the subject, The Century has arranged to print during the com- ing year an important series of articles on the general subject of agriculture and the Govern- ment’s relation to the farmer. Among the topics to be treated are ‘‘Agricultural Possibilities of the United States,” ‘‘What the Government is doing for the farmer,” ‘‘Cooperation,” etc. Mr. J. R. Dodge; Statiscician of the Agricultural Depart- ment, Mr: A. W. Harris, of the same department, Professor Brewer of Yale, and others, are among the writers. Jerome relates that Pamphilus, presbyter of Czsareia, martyred A. D. 309, collected 30,000 religious books for the purpose of lending them; and this is the first notice of a circulating library, A library was built at what is now called Trinity College, Oxford, by Richard of Bury, in the reign of Henry IV., for which he drew up a provident arrangement ‘‘by which books might be lent to strangers” (2. e., students of other colleges) © by depositing a security in excess of the value of the book taken out. In 1342, the stationers of Paris were compelled to keep books to be lent on hire, and there were during the middle ages cir- culating libraries at Toulouse and Vienna also. Circulating libraries were established at Dum- fermlinein 1711; Edinburgh, in 1725, and Lon- don, in 1740.. \
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a . conte Sees Answers to Questions in this number will appear next month. ALEXANDER THE GREAT. W. H. FELTON. 26. Who was associated on the throne with his son, Alexander IV? 27. What general defeated the schemes of Eurydice, his niece? 28. What three Persian cities surrendered to him? . . 29. What miracle is said to have happened in his tent while encamped near the Oxus? 30. What is said to have excited him to deadly anger? | 31. What three authors attribute his death to poison ? 32. What magnificent work was built at Alex- andria ? 33. Who did he put to death on an unproved charge of plotting against his life ? 34. What architect was employed by him to build the library at Alexandria ? 35. By what did he connect the Island of Pha- ros and the city of Alexandria? 36. What phenomenon did the Greeks believe to have occurred at his death? 37. In what year did he conquer Scythia? 38. Into what four kingdoms was his empire divided at his death? 39. When was Alexandria founded ? 4o. What Macedonian custom did he follow? 41. Who ascended the throne at his death ? 42. When, just before his death, he was asked to whom he left his vast empire, what did he reply? 43. What id Darius say on hearing of the mag- nificent burial of his wife by Alexander ? 44. Where did he have a severe illness in 333? 45. How did he punish Batis, governor of Gaza? 46. Who were the four leading officers in his Eastern campaign ? 47. What office did he hold over the Greek and Macedonian armies ? 48. What does Alexander signify? © 49. What was the name of his horse? 50. What does the horse’s name signify ? NICKNAMES AND SOBRIQUETS. [Second Series.] C. H. CHASE, 26. The Miller King. 27. The Great Secretary of Nature and Learn- ing. 28. The Red King. 29. The Melanchthon of Switzerland, 30. The Gothic Alexander. 31. The Mahdi of Midlothian. 32. The Hoosier Poet. 33. The Hero of New Orleans. 34. The Father of the Swedish Nation. 35. The Saint of Anjou. 36. The Roman Hippocrates. 37. The Apostle of Unitarianism. 38. The Dutch Vaubian. 39. The Poet Priest. 40. L’ Impromptu du Versailles. 41. The Peaceful. 42. The Restorer of Protestantism in France. 43. The Tenth Muse. : 44. The Oracle of Denmark. 45. The Father of Hydrography. 46. The Defender of the Religion of God. 47. The Apostle of the Prussians. 48. The Hunchback of Arras. 49. The Prose Shakespeare of Puritan Theo- logians. 50. The Mother of Kingdoms. ANCIENT LITERA TURE—ORIENTAL AND GREEK. MADELINE LEROY SATTERLEER. 26. How many letters did the oldest Hebrew alphabet contain ? 27. What was a distinctive feature of Hebrew poetry ? 28. Which is the most artistic specimen of Hebrew genius ? 29. Who was the great prophetic poet of. the Golden Age?
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302 30. What peopleinvented the cruciform letters ? 31. In what tongue were the oldest known Arabic writings ? : 32. Whoistheonly important Phoenician writer known to us? 33. What theory did he teach? 34. What isan interesting relic of Carthaginian literature ? 35. In whose reign, and how many centuries ago did the Egyptians practice writing ? 36. What was written on the Kosetta stone ? 37. What was the golden age of Egyptian literature called ? 38. Who was the poet of this time? 39. What was inscribed on the great library at Thebes? 40. How many chapters did the ‘‘ Book of the Dead”’ contain? 41. Who was the supreme God of Thebes? 42. What epic poet was a writer of the Golden Age? 43. Whose prowess is celebrated by the ‘‘ Iliad of Egypt?” | 44. What great sage prepared a hand-book of wise maxims before 2,000 B. C. ? 45. What novel by the poet Ema is called ‘‘The oldest fairy story in the world?” 46. What other works of fiction are illustrative of Egyptian social life ? 47. What were used as currency in ancient Egypt? | 48. What sold the media of exchange through- out the Mediterranean countries ? 49. What are the only books on, Egyptian sci- ence which have been discovered ? 50. What two kinds of writing followed the Hieroglyphics in Egypt? AMERICAN GLEANINGS. C. H. CHASE. 26. What is known as the ‘‘ Specie Circular” ? 27. What treaty was concluded in 1842? 28. What was the first dispatch sent by mag- netic telegraph in America ? 29. What nicknames were given to the two wings of the Republican party ? 30, What was the first National Convention held in 1884? 31. Where is the river Grand Costilla ? 32. What religious demonstration sprang up in Kentucky in 1810? 33. When was the first ‘‘American Nautical Almanac” published, and under whose direction ? 34. When did ten inches of snow fall in Cen- tral Alabama ? THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. 35. What is the motto of the U.S. naval seal of 1779? 36. Who founded Albany, N. Y., and by what name? 37. Where was the first church founded in Massachusetts ? 38. What was the name of the first vessel built in Massachusetts ? | 39. What rebellion commenced in Canada in 1837? 40. Who founded the first American asylum for the deaf and dumb in the United States ? 41. Who originated the American Journal of In- sanity, and when was the first number issued ? 42. When did the following states abolish slavery: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey? | 43. What authoress patented a set of alphabet blocks ? 44. Whowas the first woman to receive a pat- ent? 45. Who was the originator of the first stage line in America? When, and where? 46. What was San Francisco called previous to 1847? 47. What has been termed the pivotal event of the Revolution ? 48. What president’s administration became known as the ‘‘ era of good feeling ? 49. Who said he was “ too old a soldier to leave his garrison in the hands of enemies” ? 50. Who laid the corner stone of the Washing- ton monument? When? FICTIONAL CHARACTERIZA TIONS. (Feminine.) CORA E. MINARD. 51. Illyne. 52. Lady Betty. 53. Annie Forrest. 54. Virginia Brande, 55. Miss Jessie Martin. 56. Margaret Harold. 57. Winifred Weston. 58. Lilla Lyndon. 59. Mrs. General Likens. 60. Ethelwyn Walton. 61. Marietta. 62. Lizzie Eustache. 63. Jenny Merton. 64. Mary Chetwynd. 65. Mrs. General Hibbard. 66. Mrs. Poyser. 67. Mrs. Little. 68. Lady Dolly Vanderdecken.
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THE 69. Mrs. Leyburn: 70. Mrs. Garth. 71. Tempy. 72. Gertrude de Mauprie. 73. Miss Peggy Rosslyn. 74. Eveline Mason. 75. Miss Evelyn L. Dwyer. MUSICAL NOTES. LOUIS SPIELBERG. 76. What is the meaning of Tempo Comodo? 77. When and where was the clarionet in- vented ? 78. Who-wrote a requiem ‘to the memory of Dr. Kane? 79. Who was the author of ‘‘ Ring on, Sweet Angelus” ? 80. Whocomposed ‘‘ Die Tanti Palpiti,” (Hail to the Happy Day) ? 81. Who wrote ‘‘ When the Swallows Home- ward Fly ?”’ 82. In what Opera is the song, ‘‘ Torpedo and the Whale” ? 83. What hymn begins ‘‘Lord, dismiss us with thy blessing” ? 84. Who wrote the music to ‘‘ A Serenade” by Barry Cornwall? 85. What instrument was used by the ancient Greeks and Egyptians? 86. What Italian composer is noted for his purity of,style? 87. Who was the inventor of the accordion ? 88. What is the most popular patriotic song of Germany? | 89. Who wrote the above? go. Who founded the German opera in New York in 1862? g1. What is the essential portion of a compo- sition ? : g2. Who composed ‘‘La Sonambula’”’ ? 93. Who wrote the song ‘‘ Kathleen Mavour- neen.”’ 94. Whom did Liszt call ‘‘the greatest musical thinker since Beethoven” ? 95: Who has been called the ‘‘ Nestor of Rus- sian composers ”’ ? 96. What were the last words of John Field, the Irish pianist ? 97. Who does Von Bulow call his ‘‘ Musical Trinity”? 98. Who said, ‘‘ Music, unheard, is valueless” ? 99. Who was called ‘‘The Monarch of the Mu- sical World’”? : 100. Who used the pseudonym of ‘‘ An Opera Manager”? : QUERIES MAGAZINE. 303 QUAINT AND CURIOUS. C. H. CHASE. 76. Who were the ‘‘Nine worthies of England” ? 77- What is an apple-pie bed ? 78. What two words contain the vowels in their order? 79. By what name wasthe Via Lactea, or Milky Way denominated, by the Italians? 80. . Which was the first regularly organized base- ball club in America? When organized, and where? 81. In the Scandinavian mythology there is a huge serpent hidden in the bottom of the sea, which embraces the earth in his folds. Whatis he called? 82. What did Edgar Allen Poe say of the game of whist? 83. What is the old Irish name for whiskey? 84. What tree in England is called ‘‘The weed of Worcestershire” ? 85. What king was warned of the coming flood, built a ship and was saved from the deluge ? 86. What is a ‘‘ hock-day,” and why so called ? 87. What symbol and motto was used by the Carbonari of Italy ? 88. Where is there a cathedral said to contain the bones of the apostle James? 89. Which was the first American war vessel launched on Lake Ontario? When and where? go. What is a‘‘ship’s husband’? gt. By what name are Gypsies known in France, Holland, Germany, Spain, Italy and Rus- sia ? | 92. Where is the ‘‘ Mountain of the Hand”? Why so called ? 93. What emperor was poisoned by his step- mother ? 94. What lady patented a machine for making paper bags ! 95. What insect is known as St. Barnaby’s bees ? 96. What fruit is called a ‘‘ spiritualized straw- berry’? 97. Who said he was branded as the ‘‘ Apostle of Disunion,” and the ‘‘ Orator of Free Dirt”? 98. What isa kalpa? 99. What isa teriakana? too. Where is there a paper published called the Thomas County Cat ? ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. RUTH RAYMOND. 76. Who invented the voltameter ? 77. What is its use ?
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eee 78. What was Volta’s greatest discovery. 79. How was he led to this ? 80. When was the modern revival of electric 81. Whose system was used ? | 82. Who introduced the term electrode? 83. Who invented the galvanometér ? 84. Who invented the sine galvanometer ? 85. What is the most sensitive galvanometer ? 86. By whom was the first successful electro- typing done ?. 87. What are the most common applications of it? 88. In what-crystal is pyro-electricity seen ? 89. Between what temperatures is its develop- ment confined ? go. Under what conditions does Iceland epee produce an electric charge ? gt. Who discovered that the earth would act as a return current? g2. What telegraph instruments are largely used on French railways ? 93. When and where was the first submarine cable laid ?. 94. Who constructed the first electro-magnetic engine ? 95. What is the chief objection to it? 96. What successful application of it by Edi- son? 97. By whom was the articulating telephone Invented ? 98. The phonograph ? 99. What is Clark Maxwell’s theory of light, electricity, and magnetism ? too. Who constructed the first practical arc light? ANSWERS. Answers to questions that appeared in the August number. ALEXANDER THE GREAT. W. H. FELTON, 1.°° Pea: 2.) BCG; 3. The Temple of Diana at Ephesus.’ 4. This day has brought forth the scourge and destroyer of Asia. 5. Chzeronea, Thebes. 6. 35,000. to FR SSA, 8. Inthe spring of 333. 9g. Philip II. against the Sacred Band of THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. 10. The battle of Arbela, 11, Onthe Plain of Gaugamela. 12. The Macedonian Phalanx. 13. On the Plain of Issus. 14. Memnon. 15. Darius Codomanus. 16. Seven months, 17. At Bactria. 18. Clitus. Ig. Roxana, the Pearl of the East. 20; Bs G. 327 . .Porus, 21. Bucephala and Niccea. 22. Barsini, daughter of Darius III, 23. Alexandria. 24. Pope, in his *‘ Essay on Man.” 25. Pindar, the poet, NICKNAMES AND SOBRIQUETS. [Second Sertes.] C. H. CHASE, Sir Humphrey Davy, Giuseppe Garibaldi. (1807—1882.) Frederick William I. (1688-1740.) 4. Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Gotha and Altenberg. (1601-1675.) 5. Domitian. (51-96.) 6. Lucius Aurelius Commodus. 7. Otho of Bamberg. ( 1139.) 8. Anacreon. Sixth century B. C. g. Penelope, wife of Ulysses. 10. Euripides. (B.C. 480-406.) 11. Hannibal. (B. C. 247 ——.) 12. Noevius, Latin Poet. Third Century. 13. Ennius. (B.C. 240-190.) I4. Seneca. 15. Gen. Horato Gates. (1728-1806.) 16. J. G. Whittier. (1808—.) 17., Wendell Philips. (1811-1884.) 18. Publius Terentius Afer, (B. C. 195-158.) Ig. Sir Anthony Fitzherbert. (—— 1538.) 20. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. (1729-1781.) 21. Pope Leo X. (1475 ad ° 22.) JAN.) Pache. 23. Lucius Domitius Aurelianus. (212-276.) 24. William Ewart Gladstone. (1809—. 25. John Murray. (1741-1815.) (1778-1829.) 00 (601-192.) ‘ ANCIENT LITERATURE—ORIENTAL AND GREEK. MADELINE LEROY SATTERLEE,. 1. Ideographic and Phonetic. 2. The Ideographic system represents material objects and abstract notions directly by pictures and symbols. The Phonetic system uses certain
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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. 305 characters to express the articulate sounds by which such objects or notions are denoted, and thus ¢xdirectly through sounds and characters, in- dicates the objects or notions themselves. 3. Inthe third century B. c., by Aristophanes, a grammarian of Alexandria. 4. The Calamus, or Reed. 5. Eumenes, King of Pergamos. 6. Asearly as 2,000 years B. c., in Isan, Egypt, China, and Mesopotamia. 7. The Veda. 8. The Code of Mann. 19. 20, 21. eB 23. 24. July 27, 1660, Cornelius May. The winter of 1609. Charles Raymbault, in 1641. Timothy Ruggles of Massachusetts. Robert Morris. FICTIONAL CHARACTERIZA TIONS. (Feminine.) CORA E. MINARD. + Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountain. What Dreams May Come. For Faith and Freedom. Barbara's Vagaries. King Arthur, Not a Love Story. Rolf House. Two Arrows. A Victorious Defeat. Love and Luck. Earthlings. Jettatura. Three Vassar Girls in France. In Far Lochaber. | Tantaine-La-Croix. Through One Adminis.ration. The Led-Horse Claim. Courting and Farming. An Iceland Fisherman. A March in the Ranks. . Prince Fortunatus. A Debutante in New York Society. Found, Yet Lost. The Residuary Legatee. Doctor Rameau. . A Stiff-Necked Generation, © MUSICAL NOTES. LOUIS SPIELBERG, Poca a poca, The harpsichord. La Muetta de Portici. Thomas Augustus Arne. (1710-1778.) The Santa Maria di Loreto in Naples, 1537. April 27, 1883, at Mercantile Library Hall. Ludwig Von Beethoven. (1770-1827.) Keats’ ‘‘ Eve of St. Agnes,” stanza three. Gaetano Majorano Caffarelli. (1703-1783.) Robert Cambert. (1628—1677.) Henry Carey. (—— 1743.) 9. The Ramayana, and the Mahabharata. 26. 10. Kalidasa. 27. Il. Jayadeva. 28. 12. The Sakoontala, by Kalidasa. 29. 13. The Tripitaka, (three baskets.) 30. 14. Zend. a8; 15. The Avesta. 32. 16. Those of Zoroaster. 33. 17. Golden Splendour. He is thought to have 34. flourished about 1,500 years B. C., but nothing is 35. known of his life and history. 36. _18.. Parsees, or Fire-Worshipers. 5: 19. Caliph Omar. 38. 20. The palace of Persepolis, and the famous 39. rock of Behistun—the latter 1,700 feet high. 40, 31. Chinese. 4I. 22 Ching Wang, 220-205 B. Cc. 42. 23. Confucius. 43. 24. The Four Shoo. 44. 25. Conservatism. 45. 46. AMERICAN GLEANINGS. 47. C. H. CHASE, 48. 49. I. The King of Rivers. 50. 2. The Embargo Act of. Dec, 22, 1807. 3. Near Meriden, Conn. Cat Hollow. 4. The dense forest along the Lehigh river. 5. The Wyandotte Cave, Indiana. 6, 1853; 7. 1852, on Gold Creek. 51. 8. Lake Mono. 52. g. Santa Fe, founded by Espejo in 1582. 53. Io. Virginia Dare, 1587. : 54. I1. Opechancanough’s war, March 22, 1622 55. 12. The first political union of free and equal Giovanni di Tappia. men formed by the Pilgrims in 1620. 56. 13. Nov. 1, 1776, to be drawn Nov. 18. 57. 14. The Connecticut. 58. 15. Hartford, Wethersfield, Windsor. 59. 16, The Hebrew Psalms in English verse. 60. 17. Ann Austin, Mary Fisher, in 1656. 61. 18. Port Royal. 62. Emil Naumann, (1828 —.)
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306 63. Antonio Stradivarius. 64. La Pucelle. 65. Fratelli d’ Italia, by Goffredo Mameli. (1826-1849.) 66. Giuditta Pasta. (1644-1 737.) (1798-1865.) 67. From Greenland’s Icy Mountains. 1819. 68. Reginald Heber. (1783-1826.) 69. Sir William Sterndale Bennett. (1816- 1875.) 70. Hector Louis Berlioz. 71. Francois Joseph Fetis. 72. Ptolemy XI. (Auletes.) 73. Dusseldorf, in 1836. 74. Andre Ernest ModesteGretry. (1741-1813.) 75. Louis Moreau Gottschalk. (1829—-1869.) (1803-1869. ) (1784-1871.) QUAINT AND CURIOUS. C. H. CHASE, 51. Succath, brave in battle. 52. Platinum, lead, nails, soap, salt, tobacco. 533.. Rangoon, Shoay-Dagon. 54. In the laws of Ina, king of Wessex, A. D. 695. 55. Threo-Meolle, ‘‘three milk month” —the cows being milked three times a day. 56. From its being originally settled by Penn- sylvanians and Yaxkees. 57. Henry VIII. 1491-1546. 58. The five regular geometrical. solids, viz: Tetrahedron, hexahedron, otohedron, clodecahe- dron, icosahedron, first described by Plato. _ §9. The Pineal gland, a heart-shaped protube- rance in the brain. 60. Atua, meaning ‘‘ He who is the very core and life of man.” 61. Curia Avizare vult, ‘the Court will con- sider.” 62. From Barages, a French watering place in the Pyrenees. 63. The Tardigrade, the Rotifera, and the An- guillula. 64. The Ya-te-veo, or man-eating-tree. 65. A desert spot on the banks of the Cata- tumba river, which is illuminated by the escape of inflamable gas from the ground. 66. The Chestnut of a Hundered Horses, on Mount Atna. 67. In Normandy; the Chapel Oak of Allion- ville. . 68. Innevis, or Uenephes. . 69. Jonah’s whale, Ishmael’s ram, the Queen of Sheba’s ass, Moses’ ox, Abraham’s calf, Saleck’s camel, Belkis’ cuckoo, Mohamet’s ass, Solomon’s THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. ant, and Al Rakin the dog which Mohamet gave the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus. 70. Inez de Castro, by Pedro the Just. 1367. 71. Kissing the Pope’s foot. 72. Linna, a monk of Oxford, 73. A conjunction of all the planets at sunrise, Sept. 16. 74. A cavern in the southern part of the county of Donegal, Ireland, for many years has been the object of pilgrimages and various supersti- tions. 75. A compound muriate of mercury and am- monia—the term is now obsolete. 1329- ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. RUTH RAYMOND. 51. White. 52. Purple. 53. Orange. 54. Bright crimson. 55. Green. 56. White and phosphorescent, _ 57. Magnes, a Greek shepherd, observed the attractive power of the loadstone on his metallic crook, and the Greeks obtained it from magnesia. 58. B. C. 2637, in Chinese history. 59. Steel, cast iron, nickel, and cobalt. 60. The last. 6t., Repulsion. 62. Weakens it. 63. Humboldt. 64. It weighs 110 pounds. 65. Ten times its own weight. » 66. In 181g. 67. (érsted, a Danish philosopher. 68. Arago. 69. He wound a conducting wire about an iron core. 70. Henry. 71. Faraday, in 1831. 72. Prof. Nollet of Brussels. 73. Haecker. 74. Volta. 75. Davy. Having in our official capacity as members of the Plymouth Hospital Committee been asked to test and prove the effect- iveness of many different articles to be used as disinfectants in sickrooms and as preventives of infectious fevers, report that Darbys aie 3 areas Fluid has been thoroughly tested during the recent Typhoid epidemic in this place. It proved most efficacious in staying the spread of the fever. F. H. ARMSTRONG, S. M. Davenport, J. A. Opp, O. M. Lance, Tuos. KERR, James LEE, Jr.
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Root IR RES ai: THE GrertenaDR Na) Package-makes 5 DRINK. M\) Delicious, sparkling, and appetizing. Sold by. all dealers. FREEa beautiful Picture Book and cards | sent to any one addressing C, E. HIRES & CO., Philadelphia, HOTO of your future Husband or Wife FR PE Send Stamp for Postage. CLIMAX CO. CHICARO EL: BOO KS. Illustrated list of 2,400 best books sent smc Evans Book Co., St. Louis. 999 SONGS: Ss: FREEM Stamp to x Gs: her, 513 C Ave., CHICAGO, ILL. ARE RAARED ted your g glove meagure and and 2 IF ¥ OU ret es aL oe Galuaee Should know how child bearing can | be effected without Pain or Danger and cure their ills. Send for sealed information. A wonderful discove DR. J. H. DYE, Buffalo, N. ¥. N. “MANUSCRIPTS” $500 in Gold Prizes; contestopen to all, on any subject never printed, for new Ladies’ Story Pa- RIE Bbe ee WANTED Sa barcusss for these imitations and substi- tutes, they are poor stuff at the best and increase your misery. Take Simmons Liver Regulator only. You will know it by the large red Z on the face of every package and by the relief it gives when taken for Dyspepsia, Indi- gestion, Constipation, Biliousness and Sick Headache. | TAKE anae%2o= ONLY STEINWAY PIANOS. ===GRAND. UPRIGHT The recognized Standard Pianos of the world, en the best instruments at present made, exported to and sold is all centres of the globe, preferred for t of Otho eaoae gh p private and public use, by the greatest living artists, and endorsed, among hundredn A pamphlet of information and ab- stract of the laws, showing How to Obtain ~ Oneees Caveats, Trade New York. RICHARD WAGNER, FRANZ LIZST, M RT NIEMANN aren ea HECTOR BERLIOZ, e OS CH ETICOLA RUBINSTEIN, . : AMBROISE etek S. CHARLES GOUNOD, CAMILLE SAINT-SAENS, ANTON SEIDL, A. DREYSCHOCK. ar EODORE THOMAS, W.TAUBERT, RUDOLPH WILLMERS, ADOLPH EPHEN HELLER, CARL BAERMANN, CARL WOLFSOHN, a E HENSELT, ALFRED JAELL AND BY MESDAMES. 1Gnia eran) RAFAEL JOSEFFY, ADELINA PATTI, ETELKA GERSTER THBORORE ua CONRAD ANSORGE, TERESA TITIENS, ANNETTE ESSIPOFF, FRANZ RUMMEL, aA MARMONTRE. ADELE AUS DER OHE, REPA ROSA’ WILLIAM MASON, S. B. MILLS, MINNIE HAUK, EMMA JUCH, &c., &c. Illustrated Catalogues Mailed Free on Application. STEINWAY & SONS, Warerooms:—Steinway Hall, 107-111 E.14th Street, NEW YORK. EUROPEAN DEPOTS: STEINWAY HALL, STEINWAY PIANOFABRIK, 15 Lower Seymour St., Portman Sq. W. LONDON, ENG. St. Pauli, Newe Roseu-Strasse. HAMBURG, GERMANY
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‘ —— — — eee ——— ——=—— ——.— "MISCELLANEOUS. | Now that “school” is about to begin, form a Queries Club ? Can you think of any plan by which you can more pleasantly, and sociably, blend entertainment with instruction, one evening-a os week, during the now opening school year? Make up your club membership, write us and we will make you a special membership subscription price for THE QuERIES MAGAZINE. THE WENBORNE-SUMNER CO. — BUFFALO, N. Y. | 3 PUBLISHERS. Feqis. GOOD | aetieniae YOI}IESHBS RIAD Work Appliances for all Deformities. MATERIALS i . : Trusses, Shoulder Braces, Abdominal Supporters, Tape-fastened Buttons. Cord-edge Button Holes. Elastic Stockings, etc. Mechanical Treatment of all Ring Buckle at hip. gt lie Skirts and Stockings, Deformities and Ruptures a Specialty. > anufacturers and Patentees, Ferris Bros. 341 Broadway, New York. 9 West Huron St., BUFFALO, N. Y. _ Marshall Field & Co.,Chicago,| _ For sale by all Catalogue and required information sent free on applica- Wholesale Western Agents. Leading Retailers, tion. Manufacturer for the U. S. government.
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es 2 ns is ino ina ™ an - EERE THE HEAD SURGEON OF THe -LUBON MEDICAL COMPANY Seep ae Se Dae amend a SNR | (Ci, Sige een Sa |... TORONTO, CANADA; pe Red and may be consulted either in person or by letter on all SR ae chronic diseases peculiar to man. Men, young, old, or middle-. ee a aged, who find themselves nervous, weak and exhausted, who Ce raeee are broken down from excess or overwork, resulting in many of the following symptoms: Mental depression, premature ees 7 old age, loss of vitality, loss of memory, bad dreams, dimness ee of sight, palpitation of the heart, emissions, lack of energy, OES re pain in the kidneys, headache, pimples on the face or body, itching or peculiar sensation about the scrotum, wasting of the pee er organs, dizziness, specks before the eyes, twitching of the eee gs See muscles, eyelids and elsewhere, bashfulness, deposits in the rahe urine, loss of will power, tenderness of. the scalp and spine, a epee aS weak and flabby muscles, Desire to sleep, Failure te be rested by sleep, ee ee | constipation, dullness of hearing, loss of voice, desire for solitude, Some excitability of temper, sunken eyes surrounded with LEADEN i CIRCLE, Oily looking skin, etc., are all symptoms of nervous debility that lead to insanity and death unless cured. The spring or vital force having lost its tension every function wanes in consequence. Those who through abuse committed in ignorance may be permanently cured. Send your address for book on all diseases peculiar to man. Address a MV. LUBON, 50 Front St. East, Toronto, Ont. Books sent free, sealed. Heart disease, the symptoms of -which are faint spells, purple lips, numbness, palpitation, skip beats, hot flashes, rush of blood to the head, dull pain in Sores _ the heart with beats strong, rapid and irregular, the second ee eS. heart beat quicker than the first, pain about the breast bone, e o _ etc., can positively be cured. No cure, no pay. Send for book. Address LUBON, 50 Front St. East, Toronto, Ont. CONSULTATIONS FREE.
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The Conception of Brown- Sonuird’s “Elixir of Lit” WAS BORROWED FROM CROSBYS’ VITALIZED | eee PHOSPHITES. he For more than 20 years aealiaed Phosphites. fei ie | has been made from the BRAIN of the ox, and if — | physicians have accepted the fact that this brain | : | Elixir is the best restorer of vigor to the human - t | brain. The French Elixir was intended only to — increase bodily virility, whereas Vitalized Phos- | phites, the grand restorative of Vitality, renovates _ all the weakened functions of both brain and body, — | in old or young. | _ «It has revitalized many thousands of the world’s . best thinkers and workers, and has renovated | their tired brains and apathetic bodies. It is the 5. true Elixir of Youth. ; Druggists, or sent by mail, $1.00. 56 W. 25th ST., NEW YORK. 15 Pens, sent postpaid on receipt of 10 cents. PERRY &00,“3S0%ome™ “SCHOOL, ACADEMY, SEMINARY, COLLEGE | PRINTING. F this class of work we make a specialty, and our facilities are of an exceptionally perfect and complete character. Extreme typographical clearness and accuracy are péculiar characterestics | Dr. Warner’s — of our work. ; ? : : ; = ‘Coraline Corsets are : * * * * a | made in black, white, E execute the plainest as well as the most. _—SX¢tab_ and ecru, and in 24 styles to fit every form elaborate work promptly and at most reason- and taste. ‘I'hey cost no more than those boned sonable prices, and will cheerfully make estimates. with whalebone or horn, and are much superior, of cost, etc., etc., upon request. . Leading dressmakers also use Dr. Warner’s Coraline Dress Stays in place of whalebone, as _ they are more reliable and do not, like whale- 3 ee WENBORNE- SUM NER CO. _ bone, become bent and distorted with use. me oe Sold by leading merchants throughout the world, jae FINE ART AND BOOK PRINTERS, = Sa Cm raEs a oS 186- 137 Main ae BUFFALO, N.Y. New York, Chicago, London, Be i Sis — R * * e % ‘A FRIEND IN NEED IS A FRIEND INDEED. IF YOU WANT A REGULATOR. THAT. Falls, , ADDRESS THE WOMAN’S MEDICAL HOME, BUFFALO, N.Y.