The Queries Magazine (February, 1890)

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VOL 6. Ng 2. _PRICE 10: CENTS: MAGAZ ( H i : ’ % Y Th fee te st CH AMLER *'e sr? Hi \ eo 6 tm Lie eee s i, a «8 bP er, ~ 10f GALA A : ef Be YS Mm ff fA = 4 Y : Pit “Z (}f a ) f FEBRUARY, Soe Entered as Mail Matter of the Second Class.

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‘LLIAULS ZNVYA Ad ONILNIVd V YaLAV ‘“aSOdau AO LNAWOW V NI ATINVA ASATAD V “AWOH V YOd G1NOM FHL ey 7 \) ik

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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. VOL. VI. EDUCATION AS SHE IS CAR- RIED ON. M. F, BUTTS. Miss C. A. Le Row’s ‘‘ English as She is Taught” and ‘‘ The Young Idea,” brought out by Cassell & Co., have raised quite a rumpus among the educators who from con- servatism or policy, count themselves among the defenders of the Common School Sys- tem. In other quarters their appearance has evoked warm gratitude, eye-openers and light-bearers as they are. In our day all institutions must hold themselves ready to be turned inside out; for that is their fate, sooner or later. Pleas of venerableness or past usefulness will not stand them in stead. They are all sum- moned to answer this question: Do you supply what the people need to-day? The Common School System is challenged in its turn, and Miss Le Row’s books bring for- ward damning testimony against it. Every organization must, in the ultimate, be _ judged by its results. According to Miss Le Row, who has for years had every opportunity to judge from the inside, the system turns out, in far too many instances, superficial, half-educated, conceited girls and boys. Most observing men and women can find illustrations, in their own experience, to our author’s trenchant text. We have all heard thunderous growlings at various times: ‘‘Humph! A graduate, and can’t ‘ write a decent letter!’’ ‘‘ What’s he wuth, now he’s edicated?’’ This last I heard from a hard-headed, practical man, who knew a few things thoroughly, had the common sense to be honest, and hated superficiality. FEBRUARY, 1890. NO; <2. That he had never heard of Helen of Troy, or supposed her to be a woman suffragist of Troy, N. Y.—that foreign languages were ‘‘all Greek”’ to him—that he had never read a graduation ‘‘essay”’ or received a diploma, troubled not his serene conscious- ness. He had been the ‘‘town surveyor” for ‘‘up’ards o’ forty years”; he could write a fair, plain hand; he could express his. ideas in English, good enough, as he con- sidered, for the dress of working ideas. When he wrote a letter or other paper, his aim was to make himself understood. Toa graduate he was once heard to say: ‘‘ Now, if you’ve got anything out of them books, that I’ve seen you luggin’ up and down the street these four years, that’ll help you live a square, straightforward, useful life, all well an’ good.” Our critic was, undoubtedly, one-sided to a degree; but we can learn something from him. In an able lecture delivered lately before the Brooklyn Woman’s Club, Miss Le Row says: ‘‘It is not strange that thoughtful people should think it worth while to enquire whether this enormous intellectual power, run by such elaborate and expensive ma- chinery, is a paying investment—whether the profits resulting bear an adequate pro- portion to the capital contributed. Not long ago the statement was made by El- bridge T. Gerry, of New York, president of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, that, in his opinion, the enormous number of fallen women in New York was largely due to the defects of our common schools. The chaplain of one.of our state prisons reports that the majority of the

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38 THE QUERIES MAGAZINE... prisoners under his ministrations are less than 28 years of age, and he attributes this fact to the same cause—the defects of our com- mon schools. Granting that these are extreme and unjustifiable opinions, the fig- ures remain and are not matters of opinion, but of fact. Is it not true, however, that society, in every one of its departments, is characterized by a pitiable superficiality, by , a colossal conceit, the direct and inevitable outgrowth of the superficiality a thousand times more hopeless than any ignorance? Of this ‘‘ educated’’ conceit we have all” seen many specimens. The boys and girls with loads of books in their arms, turning up their noses at father and mother, with no time to ‘‘ help,” because they must study to-morrow’s lesson, are found everywhere. The invaluable lessons of gratitude, rever- ence, self-sacrifice, household handiwork, put recklessly aside for a smattering of science and languages! Wherever there is loss of balance there is inevitable trouble of many sorts. In the training carried on by the System, the head is the aim of cultiva- tion at the expense of the heart and the hand. No one doubts the value of knowl- edge to the brain; but develop the heart and hand, and leave the head to itself, rather than stuff the head, thereby making: a useless monstrosity of the child. It is unfortunate for thousands of young persons that they come upon the stage thus unnaturally ‘‘educated,’’ at a time when doing rather than knowing is coming to be the great life-test. The school examination asks, ‘‘ What do you know?”’ The world’s question, sternly put, is, ‘‘What can you do?” Granting that a man or woman can do, all knowledge is as a fertilizer to the brain. ‘‘I have sometimes thought,” says a practical thinker, ‘‘that a thoroughly- taught trade coming in the ‘ Course,’ after reading, writing, and a knowledge of ele- mentary arithmetic, carefully taught, would be the best process.’ There is a fine educating power in actual work. Self-respect and self-mastery come by the using of tools and the making of useful things. Under the feet of the youth. who can go there is a bit of solid ground. A good standing place this for him while he investigates in the realms where ‘‘ edu- cation ” is supposed to be found. A bright boy or girl can learn a great deal in the way of elementaries by his or her. tenth year; can play a great deal, and add to the house- hold comfort in many little ways that teach selflessness and thought and endurance for others. From ten to fourteen there is time for a. trade that all along might seem like play to these bright, light-hearted appren- tices, not yet burdened with responsibility or the cares of earning a livelihood. Is it to be supposed for a moment that our young artisans would come out from their work-shops with the contempt for hand-labor that now poisons so many young hearts? Would they not know how to sym- pathize with that useful and all-important part of our nation who furnish the necessi- ties of life? Our age moves fast. An idea grows in a day from a seed to a spreading tree. The idea of use has got itself planted in our rich new-world soil. Out of the way, superficiality, conceit, fine-gentlemanism. It may be said against the System that natural, healthy young minds do not take to it with the readiness of ducks to water. The kindergarten, as is well known, is a delight to the little neophyte. The co-or- dinate education of hand, heart and brain would be equally delightful. The child with an ‘‘ordinary”’ brain and a gifted hand would find his true place along with the ‘‘smart”’ child, equally appreciated, equally happy in ais teacher's praise and the joy of growing. LAST WORDS OF MONARCHS. Within a comparatively brief space of time a King of Portugal and an ex-Empress of Brazil have gone to swell the mighty host of the dead. As the index at the end tells what has gone before in the book, so some- times may not a man’s last words give a clew to what his life has been? There is a

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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. | : 39 strange interest in that supreme moment of death, which comes to the kings as well as to the beggars of earth. If the deaths of royal personages be studied, their last re- corded utterances show them thinking of themselves, of» their business in this life, or of the eternal life beyond the grave, very much the same as lesser mortals do. ‘“‘An emperor ought to die standing“up- right,’’ said the Roman Emperor Vespasian, just before he expired in the arms of those helping him to rise. And in his last hours the philosophic Marcus Aurelius Antoninus repeated the words: ‘* These are the works of mournful war.” Hearing a church bell, William the con- queror, of England, raised his eyes to _ heaven and thus spoke his last: ‘‘To my lady, Mary, the holy mother of God, I commend myself, that by her holy prayers she may reconcile me to her dear Son, our Lord Jesus Christ.”’ Just before breathing his last Henry V. whispered: ‘‘Comfort my dear wife, the most afflicted creature living.”’ Richard III., fighting the battle of Bosworth, cried: ‘‘I will die King of Eng- land. I will not budge a foot;” and as he fell, overpowered by numbers, he shouted: ‘‘Treason! treason!’’ Edward VI. exclaimed at the last: ‘‘I faint; Lord! have mercy on me—recieve my soul!’’ As she bowed her head upon the block; Mary Queen of Scots ‘murmured: ‘‘Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit.’”’ And Charles I. on the scaffold said to his executioner: ‘‘ When I put out my hands this way, then—’’ and thinking the axe was about to strike, he cried: ‘‘Stay for the sign.”’ During his last night Oliver Cromwell repeated often: ‘*God is good,”’ and when urged to drink and sleep, he answered: ‘‘It is not my de- sign to drink or sleep; but my design is to make what haste I can to be gone.” On his death-bed Charles II. begged the pardon of his attendants, and hoped the trouble he made them would soon be over. William III. asked his physicians: ‘‘Can this last long ?’’ and with his last articulate breath called for an old friend. Queen Anne in her delirium repeated: ‘‘Oh, my brother! my dear brother! what will become of you?” until she was speechless. Dying of apo- plexy in his coach, George I. cried, impa- tiently: ‘‘Osnaburg! Osnaburg!”’ the place of his destination. George IV. called out to his companion: ‘‘ My boy, this is death!”’ and never spoke again. Taking leave of an archbishop, not long before his end, Wil- liam IV. said: ‘‘ Believe me, I am a religi- ous man.’’ Queen Victoria was ever in the thoughts of her beloved Prince Albert, and his last recorded words were the endearing exclamation of ‘‘ Good little wife.”’ Charles IX. of France, whose.reign was made forever infamous by the massacre of St. Bartholomew, bemoaned his fate to his Huguenot nurse, saying: ‘‘Ah! my nurse, my dear, my nurse, how much blood and how many murders! Ah! what wicked counsel I have had! O, my God, pardon me, and have mercy upon me, if it please thee! I know not where I am, so perplexed and agi- tated do they make me. What will become of all this? What will become of me? What shall I do? I am lost. I feel it well.”” Asa fanatic plunged his dagger into Henry III., the king cried: ‘‘Ah! the wicked monk, he has killed me, kill him;” and he died some hours later with the words of the Mtserere on his lips. Struck by an assassin, too, Henry IV. had only time to exclaim, *‘I am wounded,” and ‘‘It is nothing,” before he breathed his last. Louis XIII.’s dying speech was: ‘‘ There come to me thoughts that torment me.’’» Just before loss of speech Louis XIV. repeated several times, ‘(Nunc et in hora mortts” (And now in the hour of death), and his last words were, ‘‘O, my God, come to my aid, hasten to help me!’’ Just before the guillotine did its bloody work, Louis XVI. thus spoke: “I die innocent of all the crimes imputed to me. I forgive the authors of my death, and I pray God that the blood you are going to shed, may never fall upon France.’’ Mount- ing the scaffold, Marie Antoinette stepped on her executioner’s foot, and said, ‘‘ Mon- | sieur, I beg your pardon, I did not do it on

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40 THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. purpose.” The poor boy, Louis XVII, dying in prison, said to his keeper: ‘‘I have something to tell you!”’ and died before he - could tell it. While’a hurricane swept over the Island of St. Helena, Napoleon lay dying; and muttered in his delirious agony, ‘* Head of the army.”’ And Napoleon III. faintly asked his doctor at the last, ‘‘ Were you at Sedan?” | The Caliph Haroun Al Raschid is reported to have quoted this couplet just before his death: | ‘*‘Descended from a race so great, I firmly bear the hardest fate.” The Emperor Charles V., dying in a monastery, said: ‘‘ Now, Lord, I go,” and ‘‘Ah, Jesus!’’ The heretic-hating Philip II. of Spain, murmured before lapsing into un- consciousness: ‘‘I die like a good Catholic, in faith and obedience to the holy Roman Church.” Philip III. in his last illness thus lamented: ‘‘What an account I shall have to give to God. Oh, why did I ever reign? Ah! if it pleased the Lord to prolong my life, how I should like to live otherwise than I have hitherto lived.”’ As an assassin’s bullet struck him down, William the Silent, the founder of the Dutch Republic, cried: ‘‘Oh, my God, have mercy upon my soul! O, my God, have mercy upon this poor people!”’ On his death-bed Nicholas I. of Russia dictated the telegram to different cities: ‘‘The Emperor is dying.” Asked if she were lying uncomfortably, Maria Theresa of Austria answered: ‘‘ Yes, but well enough to die,” and soon expired. Frederick the Great murmured: ‘‘We are over the hill, we shall go better now,”’ just before his end. Queen Louisa of Prussia said in her fatal illness: ‘‘I ama queen, but ‘I have not power to move my arms,” and in the moment preceding her death: ‘‘ Lord Jesus make it short.” The German Em- peror William’s last words: are related as: ‘‘T have no time now to be tired.” recently deceased ex-Empress of Brazil thus spoke before breathing her last; ‘‘I regret that my children and grandchildren are not The so’ around me that I might bless them for the last time. Alas! Brazil, Brazil! That beau- tiful country! I cannot return there.’’ And so one might go on indefinitely adding to these sayings of royalty in the presence of death.—0O. A. Bierstadt, in N. Y. Observer. LEONARDO DA VINCI. Taine says in his ‘‘ Travels in Italy,” ‘‘’ The world perhaps contains no example of a genius so universal, so creatible, so incap- able of self-contentment, so athirst for the infinite, so naturally refined, so far in ad-. vance of his own and of subsequent ages.”’ This great artist was born in a village in the Val d’Arno, near Florence, in 1452, the illegitimate son of a notary. He was a handsome child, enthusiastic, cheerful, and passionately fond of nature and of music. He invented a lyre on which he played, as also upon the lute and guitar. He had that omnivorous appetite for books which Higginson calls the sure indication of genius. At eighteen he entered the studio of Ver- rocchio, and hecame deeply absorbed in clay modelling, giving to his figures the ‘‘Da Vinci smile,” which gift seems to have been born with him and to have died with him. When Verrochio was painting St. John bap- tizing Christ, he asked Leonardo to paint an angel in the left-hand corner. When it was finished, behold ‘‘a space of sunlight in the cold, labored old picture.’’ Verrocchio was so discouraged ‘‘ because a mere child could do more than himself,” that he never touched a brush again. Among Da Vinci’s early works were a famous shield, a combination of serpents and lizards, which frightened all beholders, —he kept bats, lizards, hedgehogs, locusts and dragon-flies in his room, from which to study,—the head of Medusa, now in the Uffizi Gallery, and the Madonna della Caraffa, celebrated for the exquisite beauty of her flowers with dew upon them. Leonardo used to go about the streets of Florence, sketching in a book at his girdle

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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. every beautiful face or picturesque scene, or even the expression of a man dying on the gallows. Yet he was so tender-hearted e AI did,” says Vasari, ‘‘bore an impress of har- mony, truthfulness, goodness, sweetness and grace, wherein no other man could ‘1 fF i} LOUIS AGASSIZ, FROM FAMOUS MEN OF SCIENCE. that he would buy caged birds from the venders, and set them at liberty in the open air. Unlike Michael Angelo, who was taci- turn, he went much into society, and was the life of every gathering. ‘*‘Whatever he THOS. Y¥. CROWELL & CO. 4 equal him.’”’ Such a union of gentleness and sincerity with genius, who could with- stand? Not being encouraged in Florence by the Medici, as was Angelo, he went to Milan, and attached himself to the court of

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42 THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. Ludovico Sforza. Here he remained for nineteen years, painting, modelling, build- ing canals and mansions, and becoming the wonder of his time. He spent nearly ten years on the model of his equestrian statue of Francesco Sforza, the father of Ludovico, making countless drawings of horses on the battle-field or in repose, studying every movement of live horses, and every muscle of dead ones. How few artists would be willing to work ten years on a model at the present day! All Italy extolled his work as beyond even the works of Greece and Rome. Wars depleted the treasury of Milan, the French used the model as a target, and it finally disappeared. During these nineteen years Da Vinci founded the Milan Academy. It is prob- - able that most of the manuscript books which he left were written from notes of lectures delivered to students. He irrigated the dry plains of Lombardy, designed a palace for Count Giovanni Melzi, which afterwards be- came his favorite home, and painted the immortal ‘‘Last Supper’ for Beatrice d’Este, the wife of Ludovico. .She was a gentle and lovely woman, broken-hearted over her husband’s profligate life. Desir- ing to please her, while he had no wish to reform his life, he caused her favorite church, Santa Marie delle Grazie, and con- vent, to be reconstructed and embellished. In the. refectory, Beatrice daily knelt for hours in prayer before the tomb of the Duchess Bianca. Here, while she prayed, Leonardo worked daily on his masterpiece, often painting from daylight till sunset, without descending from the scaffold to eat or drink.. He made a cartoon of the whole picture, and separate studies of each figure. Ten of these are now in the Hermitage in St. Petersburg. He was long absorbed in the head of Christ, and used to say that his hard trembled whenever he attempted to paint it. The prior of the convent com- plained to Ludovico that the artist meditated too long over his work. When the duke talked to the artist about it, and hastened him, Da Vinci'replied that he had been troubled in finding a model for the Christ, but for Judas he should be glad to take the impatient prior! The man was thus speedily silenced. Beatrice did not live to see the work com- pleted, but died of sorrow five years after her marriage. Ludovico realized too late the wrong he had done, shut himself for two weeks in his chamber hung with black, caused a hundred masses to be said daily for her soul, and raised a magnificent tomb to her memory. But for the sorrow of Beatrice, it is probable that the world would never have possessed the ‘‘Last Supper” that has given joy to thousands. The picture, painted in oils intead of fres- co, soon began to fade. The refectory lay for some time under water, and thus the paint- ing was damaged. Later a monk made a doorway through it, cutting off the feet of the Christ. In 1796, the troops of Napo- leon used the refectory as a stable. At present, one is able to perceive only the general design of the painting as the work of Da Vinci has been wholly repainted. Ludovico Sforza was taken prisoner by the French and kept confined for ten years, until his death, thus being punished for some of his misdeeds, and Da Vinci went. back to Florence. Here, among other great works, he painted ‘‘ Mona Lisa,” the third wife of Francesco del Giocondo. He work- ed upon this marvel for four years, keep- ing somebody near the lady to sing or play or jest, sothat she might continue cheerful. Herman Grimm well says: ‘*‘He who has seen the Mona Lisa smile is followed forever by this smile, just as he is followed by Lear’s fury, Macbeth’s ambition, Hamlet’s melancholy, and Iphigenia’s touching purity.”’ All who have visited the Louvre will remember the fascinating smile of the ‘*Mona ‘Lisa,’ and the perfect hand. It is believed that Leonardo loved this woman; for he seems to have painted with his heart instead of his brush, and the face, even after four centuries, is aglow with life. He left the painting unfinished, because of his high ideal of what it ought to be. It was

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THE purchased by Francis I. for four thousand gold crowns. While in Florence, at the request of the Gonfalonier. of the city, Leonardo and Michael Angelo each prepared a picture for a QUERIES MAGAZINE. 43 cartoons were exhibited to the public, the excitement was great. After this, Da Vinci returned to Milan for seven years, enlarging and improving the great Martesan Canal, pee i ey < | he. and painting HH i 0 a ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT. FROM FAMOUS MEN OF SCIENCE. the Hall of the Palazzo Vecchio. Angelo chose for his subject a group of soldiers surprised by the enemy while bathing in the Arno; Da Vinci, a troop of horsemen fight- ing round a standard, a scene from the batte of Anghiari, fought by the Florentines against the North Italians. When the rival THOS. Y¥. CROWELL & CO. several famous pictures. When Francis I. gained possession of Lombardy, Da Vinci went to his court in France, and lived in a castle near the king’s palace. Four years after this, May 2, 1519, he died at the age of sixty-seven, in the arms of the king, some authorities say. In 1883, Jean Paul

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44. ee THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. Richter, after years of labor over the strange handwriting of Da Vinci, from right to left, published most of his manuscripts, gathered from Milan, Paris, Turin, Venice, London and elsewhere. One volume on painting, published in 1651, has been reprinted twenty-two times in six different languages. There are volumes on mathematics, astron- omy, music, botany, chemistry, heat, light, mechanics, anatomy, acoustics, magnetism, besides others full of designs and drawings. Among his inventions were ‘‘a_ propor- tional compass, a lathe for turning ovals, a hygrometer, an ingenious surgical probe, a universal joint, dredging machines, wheel- barrows, diving suits, a porphyry color- grinder, boats moved by paddle-wheels, a roasting jack worked by hot air, ribbon looms, coining presses, saws for stone, silk spindles and throwers, wire-drawing and file-cutting and plate-rolling machines.’’ Mrs. Jameson calls Da Vinci ‘‘the miracle of that age of miracles. Ardent and ver- satile as youth; patient and persevering as. age; a most profound and original thinker; the greatest mathematician and most in- genious mechanic of his time; architect, chemist, engineer, musician, poet, painter.”’ He never married, but gathered his pupils about him in his home, and loved them as his children, leaving all his property to them. From his beautiful pupil, Salai, whom he called his son, and with whom he used to walk daily in his garden, Da Vinci painted many of his angels. He took almost infinite pains with his work, and overcame poverty, the jealousy of others, and the efforts of his father’s children to deprive him of his share in the estate. . His books abound in good thoughts. ‘‘It is easier to contend with evil at the first than at the last.” ‘*‘You can have no dominion greater or less than that of your- self.” ‘‘If the thing loved is base, the lover becomes base.”’ ‘‘As a day well spent gives a joyous sleep, so does a life well em- ployed give a joyful death; a life well spent is long.”’” ‘‘ Learning acquired in youth ar- rests the evil of old age; and if you under- stand that old age has wisdom for its food, you will so conduct yourself in youth that your old age will not lack for nourishment.’’ Da Vinci’s pictures have been sold for high prices. St. Sebastian, now in the Her- mitage in St. Petersburg, was purchased by the Czar of Russia, in 1869, for twelve thou- sand dollars. ‘‘La Monaca,”’ in the Pitti palace, the half-length figure of a nun; ‘*Flora,”’ a beautiful woman in blue drap- ery; and ‘‘ Leda,” the bride of Jupiter, with the twins Caster and Pollux playing among the shell-chips of their broken eggs, at the Hague; and ‘‘ The Virgin among the Rocks,”’ at the Louvre, could not be purchased, probably, as each nation feels proud of its possessions. In 1873, nearly four centuries after his death, Italy raised a monument to her great genius, at Milan. He did things worthy of remembrance, and the world honors this brilliant, many-sided man. In an age of corruption, we hear no word breathed against his character. He was a worshipper of the beautiful; a man so gifted in the use of color, and in giving expression to his. canvas, that he was everywhere called the ‘‘divine Leonardo;”’ whose one sonnet left to us urges the world to do right; who, with all his fame and success, seems to have preserved a warm, generous, lovable nature. — — Sarah K. Bolton, in Golden Rule. MAKING A BOOK IN JAPAN. Having resolved to ‘‘ paint’ a book, for, as all the world knows, the Japanese use a brush, and not a pen, the author betakes. him to his workroom. It isa little room, a very little room. ‘‘Six mats” is its Japanese measurement, and a mat is about six feet by | four. It-is full of the soft, dull light which pulses from a square white paper lantern; the low, bright wooden ceiling gives back a pale brown gleam here and there. There is a silvery glint inthe frail paneled walls, and in a warm gray shadowed recess a gold Buddha crosses his feet and streches forth

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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. » 45 his palms, smiling gently upon the lotus which he holds. In another recess: stand the curious vessels of iron and clay and bamboo for the tea ceremony. The author sits on the floor in a flowing garment of brown silk lined with blue, his legs disposed comfortably under him. In front of him stands a lacquered table, about a foot, and upon it his writing materials, which are as idylic as his surroundings—his paper is delicately tinted yellow, with blue lines running up and down. is a carved ebony slab, with one end hol- lowed out to rub his cube of india ink in, and holds the four or five daintily decorated bamboo brushes whichare his pens. . Natur- ally he does not write his novel, he paints it. Beginning at the end of the whole, at the left of every page and at the top of every line, straight down between the two blue parallels his small brown hand goes, with quick, delicate, dark touches. Although this novelist’s ‘‘copy” might seem to a stranger to be daintiness itself, yet he always has it duplicated ‘‘by an artist’? before sending it to the publishers, the success of the book depending so largely upon its artistic forthbringing. The ‘‘artist’’ to whom the ‘copy’ is now intrusted proceeds to repaint the long series of word pictures with a pro- fessional dexterity which is something as- tonishing. The curious letter characters which have been, and not inaptly, compared to ‘‘cross boxes playing cricket,’ are thrown upon the paper with bewildering rapidity. To such an ‘‘artist,’’ the straight up and down, rasp- ing, scratching, spattering movement of the Occidental pen must be something fearful. The next step in the making of this book is to send the artistic reproduction of the author’s ‘‘copy” to the wood engraver—a man of marvelous skill—whose duty it is to prepare the relief blocks, a task which he performs with extraordinary faithfulness to the original. The printing is extremly simple. The ink is distributed with a brush, the paper laid upon the block, a feather, fashioned His inkstand. from a palm leaf, passed over it and the thing is done. Maia The binding is of the simplest kind. The public, unlike the book lovers of the West, care little for that feature. A plain paper cover suffices, with the title in the left upper corner of the verso. | But the arrangements with the publishers. are simply delicious. Said a_ Japanese author in answer to the inquiry of a European friend: ‘‘I pay the publisher my-. self; I do not mind losing by my own work, but I will not permit another person. to make money by it.”” Think of it! Think of it, ye Murrays, Macmillans, Harpers and’ Appletons! Here’s dignity of authorship for you. What a fruitless task a Western bar- barian would have where he to attempt to explain to such child-like simplicity as ° this that the true dignity,of authorship de- mands competition among publishers—im- mediate returns and freedom from the risk. of fickle public taste.—Am. Bookmaker. PEN NAMES. Most people know that ‘‘ Edna Lyall’ stands for Miss Ada Ellen Bayley; ‘‘ John Strange Winter” for Mrs. H. E. V. Stan- nard; ‘‘Artemus Ward” for Charles. Browne; .‘‘George Eliot” for Marian Evans; and ‘‘ Cuthbert Bede”’ for the Rev. Ed. Bradley. Does every one know that. — ‘*Rita”’ is the nom de plume of Mrs. Otto. von Booth; ‘‘QOuida’’ of Madame Louise. de la Ramé; ‘‘ Max Adler” of Charles H, Clark; ‘‘Josh Billings” of H. W. Shaw; ‘¢Sam Slick” of the Hon. T. C. Halibur- ton; ‘‘ Marie Gaston ”’ of Alphonse Daudet; ‘Holme Lee” of Miss Harriet Parr; and ‘*Sarah Tytler” of Miss Henrietta Keddie? Everybody knows that ‘‘A. L. O. E.”’ stand for ‘‘A Lady of England';” but some may not be aware that this lady is a Miss Char- lotte M. Tucker. Here are a few more of the names which occur most frequently in one’s reading: ‘“*Hans Breitmann” stands for Charles Godfrey Leland; ‘‘ Country Parson” and

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+ ; - 'TEH QUERIES MAGAZINE. “A KH, B:,”’ Rév. Dri Boyd; St.. And- rews; ‘‘Christopher Crayon,” J. Ewing Ritchie; ‘‘ Bab,” W. S. Gilbert; ‘‘ Edward Garrett,” Isabella Fyvie Mayo; ‘‘ Girl of ‘the Period,’ Mrs. Lynn Linton; ‘‘ Marian Harland,’”’ Mrs. Terhune; ‘“H. H.,” the late Helen Hunt Jackson, whose romance ‘‘Ramona”’ has done for the American Indians what Mrs. Stowe has done for the slaves; ‘‘ Professor Hoffmann,’’ Anglo J. Lewis; ‘‘Ascott R. Hope,” Robert Hope Moncrieff; ‘‘ Henry Irving,” J. H. Brod- ribb; ‘‘Johnny Ludlow,” the late Mrs. Henry Wood; ‘‘Helen Mathers,” Mrs. Reeve; ‘‘L. T. Meade,” Mrs. Toulmin | Smith; ‘‘Owen Meredith,” Lord E. R. Bulwer-Lytton; ‘‘Joaquin Miller,’’ C. H. Miller; ‘‘New Writer,” Lewis Morris; ‘¢ Cornelius O’Dowd,”’ Charles Lever; ‘‘O. K.,” Olga Kireet, now Madame Novikoff; ‘¢ Pen Oliver,’ Sir Henry Thomson; ‘‘Oliver Optic,” W. T. Adams; ‘‘Max O’Rell,” Paul Blouet; ‘‘H. A. Page,’ Alexander H. Japp; ‘‘ Pansy,” Mrs. S. M. Alden; ‘‘Phiz,”’ Hablot K. Browne; ‘‘ Rob Roy,’ John Maceregor; ‘‘S. G. O.,” the late Rev. Lord Sydney Godolphin Osborne; ‘‘ Hesba Stretton,”’ Sarah Smith; ‘‘Annie Thomas,” Mrs. Cudlip; ‘‘Toby M. P.,” Henry Lucy; ‘¢Mark Twain,’ Samuel ‘L. Clemens; ‘‘Uncle Remus,” Joel Chandler Harris; ‘¢‘Verax,’”’ Henry Dunckley; Wetherell,’? Susan Warner. - When that excellent story ‘‘ Vice Versa” appeared, it was suspected in literary cor- ners that the name F. Anstey was a ficti- tious one. A similar conjecture was made respecting the names Hugh Conway and H. Rider Haggard. However, the latter is quite correct, whilst F. Anstey is part of the name of F. Anstey Guthrie; but ‘‘Hugh Conway” proved to be a name assumed by the late F. J. Fargus. Most of our poets, both great and small, - have at some time appeared under the dis- guise of a nom de plume; but the list of those who make a regular practice of doing this is a short one; Lady Wilde, a society poetess, is known to be the authoress of ** Klizabeth poems signed ‘‘Speranza.” ‘‘ Mary Ber- wick ”’ stands. for Adelaide Anne Procter, and ‘‘Barry Cornwall’? for Bryan Waller Procter. | One would hardly have credited Longfellow with having signed himself ‘¢ Joshua. Coffin.” There are many cases on record of women adopting a man’s name, for the sake, no doubt, of giving their works extra weight. George Eliot, Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell (the Bronté sisters), and Georges Sand are fitting illustrations. THE AUTHOR OF ‘‘\THE MONKS | OF KILCREA.” It has been a year of many deaths. A lovely autumn, with purple mists curling and steaming in all the wooded hollows, with the long-spared leaves scarlet on the boughs as any Virginia creeper, with the songs of the birds who could not believe in the gentle weather that November had come. Yet an unhealthy autumn, with typhoid rampant in European capitals, and here, at our own doors, and the old and wise people shaking their heads over the warm sun that hung over every little village pool a veil of miasma. It has been a strangely fatal time to Irish poets; each week almost has chronicled a thinning of the ranks. Ellen O’Leary, William Allington, Arthur Geoghegan, these were noble heads to lie low with the falling of the leaf. Arthur Geoghegan, indeed, of the three, was ripe to go. He had passed his eightieth milestone; not like those others | from whom one yet hoped to see exquisite work. Arthur Geoghegan so long shrouded himself in. anonymity that his name has scarcely yet become recognizable in the history of Irish poets. As the author of ‘¢' The Monks of Kilcrea,”’ that noble attempt to story Ireland as Scott storied Scotland, he chose to be known. ‘The book is out of print now, and ‘difficult to be got at; the poet himself has lived well nigh out of print for many a long year, and certainly out of » sight. He was never in the thick of things much. I suppose Father Meehan could tell

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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. more about him than any one else, and no doubt many a record of him lies within those great and precious volumes of letters and pictures and newspaper cuttings, which the scholar-priest of SS. Michael and John’s has in the presbytery house on Liffey-side. Arthur Geoghegan’s poems, as they appear- ed, were signed by three asterisks only—not even a nom de plume. In The Nation, the Dublin University Magazine (in its great days), the Dublin Penny Journal, his poems appeared for the most part. In the latter his ‘‘ Monks of Kilcrea’”’ appeared, between the years 1840 and 1853—years which covered heavy days in Ireland. Inthelatter year it was published in book form by George Bell, of London (Messrs. Bell and Daldy at that time). He is reminded easily of Scott by this poem, alike by its fluency and its better quality——-of loving description of Irish natural beauty. He knew it all ‘‘from Lough Ine to Lough Erne,” the most out-of- the-way places; his avocation as an excise officer brought him into many a wild ‘hill- country and many a hidden valley, and so proved kinder to him than a similar calling did to Robert Burns. But the plan of the poem is more an Irish ‘‘Canterbury Pilgrim- age,’’ in which to the Abbey of Kilcrea, where Three monks sat by a logwood fire, the belated travelers come for hospitality, one after an other, and beguile the hours of darkness by each telling a story. ‘‘ The Irish Hill-Fern,’’ one of his best-known poems, and ‘‘ The High Race of O’Neill” appeared in Zhe Nation. To the Dublin University Magazine he contributed many of his fine historical ballads, written in flowing ballad measure and very vigorous and simple, as ballads should be. After Young Ireland days he dropped a good deal out of notice, having taken up his residence in London. He was one of those whom the famous ’48 - . movement attracted very much by virtue of . its literary aspect. tion in it one does ‘not hear, though his poetry must have stirred many hearts. After all, your singing man fills a place of his own in Of his active participa- 47 a revolution, and his poetry is apt to suffer if he becomes a man at arms. Of late years, Arthur Geoghegan has appeared again in print, contributing to Fr. Russell’s /rzsh Monthly some story-poems from the German and this tiny Irish poem, more young and fresh and exquisite in feeling than any one could have hoped from a poet approaching his fourscore of years. AFTER AUGHRIM. Do you remember long ago, Kathaleen, When your lover whispered low, ‘Shall I stay, or shall I go, Kathaleen ?” And you answered, proudly: ‘‘ Go And join King James and strike a blow For the Green.” - Mavrone! your hair is white as snow, Kathaleen! Your heart is sad and full of woe. Do you repent you bade him go, Kathaleen? But through your tears you answer: ‘‘ No! Better die with Sarsfield so Than live a slave without a blow For the Green.”’ A new edition of ‘‘ The Monks of Kilcrea,”’ with other poems added, will, we have it on the authority of Mr. Halliday Sparling, shortly be published.—Xatharine Tynan, tn Pilot. 2 —- GEHEORGIA’S LAMENTED SON. In the death of Mr. Henry W. Grady, the brilliant Georgian, the South has lost an able editor, a fluent and graceful orator, -and a man more devoted to the welfare of his section, perhaps, than any other man of his day. To his earnest labors in behalf of the New South may be ascribed the devel- opment of its industries through the agency of northern capital and northern enterprise. Not only to the material upbuilding of the South was he devoted, for the great social problem—that of the restoration of confi- dence between the two sections—was a great part of his life work. He was looked upon as the mediator between the South and the North—the prophet to restore the reign of

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48 | justice. His last speech, made at Boston in December, was an impassioned and eloquent plea for a peaceful solution of the Race problem—a problem that the South alone can solve. It was to the effect that the South was not to oppress the colored man, but to elevate him, to enable both races to live in peace, and to work out the mission in the thorough regeneration of the South. In his position as editor of one of the most influential papers of his section, Mr. Grady wielded a great power for good. He was mostly in earnest, and generally on the right side of momentous public questions; yet, he was not infallible. THE TOUCH OF GENIUS. I have just been reading a little story - purporting to be drawn from life in the old part of Algiers. Jt was printed in a Parisian newspaper whose head had been torn off, and it came into my hands as a wrapper, or rather’ as packing, for some old French books that I bought of a New Orleans second-hand dealer last spring. The story is not especially remarkable in matter or manner, saving that one character, a Jew by the name of Ephraim, is drawn with singu- lar, almost startling power. Iam not sure that the best part of the sketch is the result of art; it has all the badges of mere acci- dent, as when a painter, playing with his brush, strikes an undreamed of scheme of color. | Ephraim is represented as a very old man, a dreamer in the sun, a teller of strange stories of travel in India and of adventures in the deserts. He has been an itinerant peddler for more than seventy years of his long life, and isstill heavy-limbed, keen- eyed and full of vital, magnetic force. His voice, a heavy bass, is rich and vibrated, and he smokes a huge pipe whose bowl is silver set round with diamonds, rubies, emeralds and opals, all of rare beauty and of uncommon size. Hedoes nothing; none of his stories are given; the author simply sketches him as a sort of decoration, and, THE 6s ce MAGAZINE. as I have said,with purely accidental effect. He sits before his door, dressed in purple and gold, his superb white hair and beard ~ covering his neck and shoulders, his strong eagle nose protruding vigorously, and his deep-set gray-brown eyes flinging out gleams of extraordinary, almost atrocious influence. From his velvet cap to his silk stockings and silver-mounted shoes, he is arrayed like Solomon, and yet the unbearable degrada- tion of the inner man comes Roath like an exhalation. | It is said that Giotto coi Bach a petterk circle of color upon his canvas by a single swift brush-stroke; that was force of habit, — coupled with superlative accuracy of feeling; but in this sketch the French writer had done as much by sheer good luck. The Jew was not in his mind as a chief, or even a necessary figure in his story, and yet the old wretch was projected with such power that he fixed himself in one 's memory forthwith and forever. ; Such an instance, suggests the difference between conscious * and unconscious art. What has been aptly named absolute artistic = vision may be often of the nature of acci- _ dental vision. The poet or the fiction=— maker, the painter or the sculptor, may not be at all aware of how faultless his concep- tion is in those rare moments of fortune, and he may fail to discover his triumph after the perfect stroke is given. Nothing, in- deed, certain class of authors are quite apt to con- - sider their poorest things their best, and the — converse. A great orator once said to me that it had frequently happened that juries and audiences were most successfully swayed by his speech at times when he was filled with a sense of failure. Not long ago a poet of considerable reputation sent me a volume of his verse. He had marked the passages that pleased him best, and in nearly every instance the points thus empha- sized were surcharged with the writer's most pronounced faults of both imagination and style. We all know that it is almost im- possible for one author to imitate another’s ee is better known to editors than that a

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: THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. 49 work without catching up and distorting the very qualities which most mar the original, and it can be demonstrated that in a ma- jority of cases, an arstist will stand over against the whole world of critics in the matter of deciding which is his best picture. Ten to one the Shakspeare societies would be stricken dumb if it could be certainly and suddenly known which one of his plays the greatest of dramatists held nearest his heart. I regard it as quite probable that the highest order of genius does more of this seeming hap-hazard work than. is done by alert talent whose finished products rarely appeal to the soul. Correctness is not an attribute of genius. The larger truth of art is not intimately connected with scientific exactness of analysis or synthesis. Effect, not detail, satisfies the loftiest imagination. With his vision focused on a result the simple genius performs the genuinely creat- ive act involuntarily or.through force of natural habit, as a man acting under stress of tremendous excitement lifts a load or breaks a barrier which in a moment of cool determination he could not shake. There is gain as well as loss, to be sure, in the self-consciousness of to-day. Guy de Maupassant went to school in the literary laboratory of Flaubert, and doubtless he gained in force of style and density of con- struction; but one feels (or is it only imagined?) that the scholar has parted with just the very bloom-dust of his genius in becoming what he is, an incomparable illu- minator of his master’s theory of fiction. The loss, if imponderable, is neverthless most appreciable, as it deprives art of that element which, like the carbonic acid in spring-water, is the indescribable last refine- ment of taste, the quality that satisfies natural thirst. It is admirable art, brilliant art, exquisite art that this carefully tutored young Frenchman gives us; but it is art that does not hide itself in spontaneity and ‘cheat us into regarding it as a natural result of absolute involuntary combustion of the imagination. It is not the gamboling of a wild kid, but it is the amazing performance of the perfectly trained kid in the show. Refinement of ‘style goes hand in hand with a certain deterioration of imaginative energy, and it is observable that the labored analysis which enters so largely into the light literature of our day is attended by atrophy of the dramatic body. In a word, the application of scientific methods to art has proved incompatible with originality and virile power. On the other hand, however, the gain has been great in the direction of mere literary quality. The verse of to-day is certainly excellent in“ its mechanism, and even the most commonplace of our analytical novels often show the touch of a master of literary tactics; but we miss the lift of old- time tragedy, the fascination of the true melodrama and the irresistible magnetism of perfect comedy. Humor we have and to spare, humor of a delicious sort, but it is the author’s humor, not the humor of his creations. What we laugh at in the fiction. of the present is something sandwiched be- tween the acts and sayings of the dramatis persone, a sort of jolly commentary by the story-teller himself. The more we study this problem of the effect of scientific methods upon creative art in literature, the more clearly it will appear | that very step toward realism, as the analysts define it, is a step away from imaginative vigor and originality. Poetry and fiction are not substances to be had by mere delving as ina mine for gold. Inacertain degree they come (at their best) as a result of bold adventure into regions unknown, where nor compass, nor chart, nor any other imple- met of science can avail the explorer. If treasure be found it will be by the instinct of genius, not by following the blaze-ways of older prospectors. If I were a prophet I should lift up my voice and predict the early decadence of so- called realism and the reappearance, in a nobler form, of the true romance of fiction and poetry.’ This will be realism; but it will be the realism of the imagination as Browning and George Eliot have sketched it.—Maurice Thompson, tn America. 3

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5° SANS SOUCI. _ A SHEAF OF ORIGINAL POEMS. MY CAROL. What vision fair of loveliness is this? Her smile, her glance are full of bliss; Her radiant eyes shine full on mine With light illumined by love divine. Ah! radiant, charming, lovely face, What is thy name? I beg thy grace To listen to my beating heart— | Nay ! dear one, stay, we must not part. I claim thee, evermore to bless, To make for me life’s happiness. Carol! sweet, what joy-bells ring When thus within my heart I sing. May its music now an echo send To thee, ah! dearest, sweetest friend. | Ah! Carol! now within thine eyes I trace love’s joy, his glad surprise, And yet, within thy glance I see A brooding sense of mystery; For thee I cherish loyal hope That Fate for thee may kindly ope Her fairy gates to that domain Where pleasure comes, but never pain. BUFFALO, N. Y. COMFORT WHITE. QUESTIONINGS. Mystery waits upon life when it comes New from the hand of its God; Mystery veileth the humble head-stone Where late the mourner hath trod; Mystery ! Mystery ! auguished we cry, A mystery we live, a mystery die. Thoughtful or careless, as time passes on, Questions profound will intrude; Why is the soul uncongenial to mine Forced in my shelter to hood ? Why must I take in my bosom to warm The serpent whose rousing will do me most harm? Why, when my volume of years that are past, Sighing but thankful I shelf, * ' Malice must come, and, detaching the leaves, Sell out my secrets for pelf? Why shoulda stone-cast, from alien hand sped, Circle my life with an ominous dread? THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. = Why do my plans parasite and entwine’ Close where my enemies stop, So when the fruit of my labor matures, Cunning hands loosen the prop, Trailing my honor, my pride, in the dust, Leaving me pennance and suffering unjust? Soul! wouldst thou know where the answers are writ? . Not in the world’s puzzling lore; But sealed for thee in the great book of life, Awaiting thy coming ashore, Where eons on eons will scarce satisfy. Thy questions to meet with God’s own reply. x FLORENCE V. BRITTINGHAM. QUEEN OF THE SOUTHERN WATERS. I’ve caught the gleam of blossoms g Soft as an angel’s eyes; | I’ve gazed at God’s own colors, Blushing on sapphire skies; I’ve knelt in thy olden temples, Where the sacred vessels shine; I’ve lost my heart to the music That throbs from the sad-voiced pine; And memories gathered around me, Fast as thy rivers flow, Then sped, like Modoc horsemen, Back to the long ago. For joy comes after sorrow, And every woe shall cease; Thy feet shall stand to-morrow In the golden glow of peace. I leave among thy roses, That blossom for happy men, Just these lines from a poet’s heart, Traced with a poet’s pen. Ere I sail to the Northern shoreMnds Over the ocean blue, Queen of the Southern waters, Adieu! Adieu! Adieu! PENDLETON, S. C. Kizt COURTLAND.

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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. ‘ 51 QUAINT AND CURIOUS. PORTION OF A LETTER FROM ZOE TO HER. SECOND COUSIN, SARAH. . [Containing one hundred and twenty-three book titles. The reader may be amused in picking them out and finding the authors named.—ED. | Who has not heard of the Cruise of the Dasha- way, and a Summer in the Azores? It is a strange story of an American girl abroad; she was a doc- tor’s daughter, and her name was Daisy Traverse; she was fair to see, and was sometimes called ‘‘that queer girl.” Her father proposed to her cousin Henry that he should be her knight-errant on thissea voyage. The doctor was one of the money makers, and would supply all the money desired, it being the one thing needful, and a good investment for her sake. Uncle Ben, as one of the family, was to be of the party. Daisy extended invitations to Miss Thistledown, the two Miss Flemings, little Miss Primrose, the Sherlocks, Azalea and Jean, little Kate Kirby, and Aunt Serena. The gentlemen elect were Ned Allen, Dennis Donne, Walter Goring, Alec Forbes, Robin Gray, Hugh Melton, and a poor gentleman, Reuben Davidger by name. Captain Brand, of the Dashaway, was a gentle- man of the old school, and among our sailors.was called the ‘‘Pilot of the Sea.’’ We were. tosail at sun- rise. At dawn we were aboard in high spirits; the Dashaway spread her white wings to the breeze, and soon on the wing we ran away to sea; two frigates were in sight; soon they were lost to view through the mists which were over the ocean. It was a calm and silent night, a midsummer eve; we passed the evening on deck, Uncle Ben reading from a bundle of letters; Aunt Serena told about the mystery of rachel’s secret; Walter Goring talked of a dark marriage morn in the house on the beach; Alec Forbes gave extracts from Othello the second; cousin Henry tried to explain Mr. Grantley’s idea, but failed; Miss Thistledown told the story of her school days at Kingscourt; and Reuben Davidger told of his life as a romance of a poor young man, while little Kate Kirby related the story of Tom Tit’s wedding and asked us why we laugh; the adventures of Mr. Ledbury were told by Hugh Melton; Robin Gray and the two Misses Fleming sang the angel’s song; Captain Brand closed the exercises by de- scribing the chase of the leviathan. Sooner or later, our voyage must come to an end; land at last, exclaimed Jack Manly, the green hand; one by one we met on deck to see the isles of the sea as they appeared in sight; soon the vil- lage on the cliff was seen, and we anchored under a shadow of the cliff and went ashore. We walked up 99 Dark street to the haunted hotel, to pass the night and prepare fora day’s ride through the glen of silver birches. Driver Dallas was our guide. After passing through the glen, we crossed Nor- man’s bridge, leaving Durnton Abbey and Mor- daunt Hall on the right; the wayside cross, near Orley Farm, attracted our attention; we rode beside the river, where we saw the miller’s daughter, who was gathering asphodel and queen of the meadow. We passed the seven hills, with the house on the marsh a little way off; they said it was tenanted by the Blackhall ghosts. Among the ruins that we visited were Castle Avon, Old Kensington and Ovingden grange. It being late, we repaired to the sign of the silver flagon for dinner. While at table, the bar maid of Battleton brought Daisy a letter, only a word or two—‘‘come back to the old home;” her father was ill, a vital question as to his recovery. In duty bound we should return. Captain Brand was soon ready to sail, homeward bound on the wings of the wind. A storm arose the second night out, which promised a dark night’s work. I think the captain was out of his reckoning, but he knew he was right; we heard the whistling buoy, and thus avoided the sunken rock. A ship loomed up in the distance; ‘‘Ship, ahoy!”’ cried the captain; he received no reply, as she vanished into the night. From gloom to sunlight it was clear shining after rain, and we thought of the house at High bridge, after a return from the other side. We had only to,wait and hope; soon we were in snug harbor, and under one roof. The doctor was improved in health, much to Daisy’s delight. After parting with my friends, I returned to my duty in good humor, and to think of the doctor’s little daughter, the bosom friend of my mother and I. With the best intentions I have told a simple story of our voyage. A LETTER FROM CHARLES DICKENS TO HIS CHIMNEY SWEEP. DEAR SIR,—Since you last swept my study chimney it has developed some peculiar eccentric- ities. Smoke has indeed proceeded from the can that surmounts it, but it has seemingly been undergoing internal agonies of a most distressing nature, and pours forth disastrous volumes of swarthy vapor into the apartment wherein I habit- ually labor. Although a comfortable relief proba- bly to the chimney, this is not altogether con- venient to me. If you can send a confidential sub- sweep, with whom the chimney can engage in social intercourse, it might be induced to dis- close the cause of this departure from its normal functions. Faithfully yours, CHARLES DICKENS. Gadshill Place, Higham by Rochester, Kent, Mar. 15, 1864.

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52 THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. ~MULTUM IN PARVO. Time marks the title-page of our lives, - death the finis, and the grave becomes the binding. | Big words are great favorites with small ideas and weak conceptions. They are sometimes employed by men of mind, when they wish to use language that may the best ‘conceal their thoughts. With few excep- tions, however, illiterate and half-educated persons use more ‘‘ big words”’ than people of thorough education. It is a very com- mon but egregious mistake to suppose that the long words are more genteel than the short ones—just as the same sort of people imagine that high colors and flashy figures improve the style of dress. The grave of Browning in Westminster Abbey is just below Chaucer’s tomb, and within a few feet of Spenser’s bones. The great poet lies side by side with Abraham Cowley, who died in 1667. The graves in the Abbey are about four feet deep; the soil is a dry'red sand. When the coffins are placed in the earth a quantity of char- coal‘is added as a sanitary precaution. One of the traditions of the Abbey is that noth- ing but a handful of bones remains after 70 or 100 years. ‘The actual decomposition is accomplished within half a century. Sir Percy Shelley, whose death was re- cently announced, was so little like the ideal son of a poet that one was tempted to be- lieve Queen Mab had slipped a changeling into the Shelley cradle. The vigorous gentleman pounding along the Bournemouth - roads on his bicycle or enthusiastically deep in theatrital matters, or yachting among the islands on the Scotch coast, had many sides to his character, but none that reminds one in the least of the stock from which he sprang. Trelawny used to say that the poet at twenty-nine years of age would say, ‘‘I feel ninety.”’ The poet’s son inherited his _ chess. father’s. lost youth and preserved it till the day of death. Full of tact and cordiality, there were few things he and his charming - wife liked better than the delightful gather- ings at Boscombe Manor, where all who had the smallest right to be considered interest- ing were at some time or other to be found. The old friends of the poet were never for- gotten. Hogg, married to Jane Williams. (that Sensitive Plant), would come to play. An admirable sketch of him by Mr. Easton is produced in the rccent life of Mrs. Shelley; and there were many of less name -~who had to do with the years when Sir Percy was growing up, and his mother, the Madre, to whom he was so devoted, worked hard at those volumes which not even the most curious reader can find of interest now. The custom of celebrating the advent of a new year is of very high antiquity. Inthe history of New Year observances it is found’. that the first trace of the festival was in the timeof Moses. A holiday called the ‘‘ Feast. of Trumpets” was held on October 1st, which was the ancient New Year’s day. ‘The Romans had a similar celebration at the be- ginning of their year, and the custom was. from them transferred to the Christian dis- pensation, and has been kept up with unvary- ing fidelity until the present time. In Eng- land the day and preceding evening have been observed with certain ceremonies. from a very remote day, so remote that it cannot betraced. In some places the cele- bration was kept up fortwelve days. Prob- ably nowhere was New Year’s more thor- oughly enjoyed that in North Britain, the Scotch celebrating it in no half-way style, but as they did and do everything else, with a complete whole-heartedness never to be misunderstood. In Scotland the last day of the year is called Hogmanay. In time it came about that the dying of the old and the birth of the new year were generally ob- served in a less demonstrative manner. There are less and less of the frolicking acts. and actors and more and more of-the quieter

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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. 53 celebrations around the friendly hearth. Then the custom grew among pious people to hold religious or ‘‘ watch”’ services at mid- night in the churches. Now and then some communities and some persons in certain localities continue to ring bells or fire cannon or have some similar demonstration. _ The prices paid for literary work are not very well known, and the following may be of interest. Reference is made only to New York publications, and the prices named are for writers without fame. | Famous names, naturally, draw prices according to their value: All of Harper’s publications pay 1 cent a word, Frank Leslie’s half a cent a word, the Cosmopolitan 1 cent a word, the Epoch $5 a column, De Grimm’s syndicate $10 a column, the American Press Svndi- cate $10 acolumn, and Batchellor’s one-half cent a word. The North American Review, Outing, Drake’s Magazine, Balfour’s Maga- _ zine and the Home Maker pay each three- quarters of a cent. The weekly story papers do not pay well to outsiders. The Ledger is the best; it pays $10 a.column.. Munsey’s Weekly pays $5, Once a Week pays $6, the New York Weekly $3, and the Family story Paper $3. The Metropolis pays $4, the Mercury $8, and the two society papers, Town Topics and Truth, $5 a column each. Seeing Bret Harte’s name on the title page of his latest book the other day recalled to me how general had become the habit with authors of dropping one of their sur- names. Howodd Francis Bret Harte sounds, for example, yet such is the author’s bap- tismal name. Bayard Taylor’s first name was James; only a few others than Wilkie Collins’ intimate friends, I imagine, knew that his name was really William Wilkie Collins, and so is the case with many others. Austin Dobson was Henry Austin Dobson before he took up literature, and Edmund William Goose is to-day known to the world only by his first and last names. ‘‘ Henry R. Haggard” sounds strange to thousands of ears who know ‘‘Rider Haggard.” Brander Matthews was christened James Brander Matthews, and Duffield Osborne is in reality Samuel Duffield Osborne. Lawrence Hutton is a contraction of James Lawrence Hutton, and Howard Seeley is Edward Howard Seeley, Jr. Frank Stock- ton is really Francis Richard Stockton, while Joaquin Miller is a corruption of Cin- cinnatus Hiner Miller. The prineipal rea- son for this contraction of names, I imagine, is that one surname is undoubtedly more striking and more easily remembered by the public than two. A copy of ‘*‘ Queen Mab,” which Shelley presented to Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, was sold in London for $240. It is the first edition, 1813, 240 pages, without title page and imprint. It contains the words ‘‘ Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, P. B. S.,” in Shel- ley’s handwriting in pencil. Below are the lines referring to Count Stobendorf, also in the poet’s handwriting. Inside the covers, hastily-written in pencil are the words ‘‘ You see, Mary, I have not forgotten you.”’ On the fly leaves at the end Mary Wollstonecraft ° Godwin has written: ‘‘July, 1814. This book is sacred to me, and as no other. crea- ture shall ever look into it I may write what I please—yet what shall I write?—that I love the author beyond all powers of expres- sion, and that I am parted from him—dear- est and only love; by that love we have promised to each other, although I may not be yours I can never be another’s. ‘* But I am thine, exclusively thine, “By the kiss of love, by the glance none saw beside. The smile none else might understand, The whispered thoughts of hearts allied, The pressure of the thrilling hand. ‘‘T have pledged myself to thee, and sacred is the gift. I remember your words —‘ You are now, Mary, going to mix with many, and fora moment I shall depart, but in the solitude of your chamber I shall be with you.’ Yes, you are ever with me, sacred vision—, ‘* But, ah, I feel in this was given A blessing never meant for me, Thou art too like a dream from Heaven For earthly love to merit thee.”

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54 THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. Pliny relates the following characteristic anecdote of two famous painters of antiquity: Apelles having proceeded to Rhodes to visit Protogenes, who lived there, went immedi- ately to his house; but not finding him at home, in order to let him understand who had called, he took a brush and drew an ex- ceedingly fine line on a piece of canvas. An old woman, the housekeeper of Proto- genes, did not fail to inform him on his return that there had come a man asking for him, who, instead of telling his name, made astroke on canvas. Protogenes, casting his eye upon this line, knew at once that it could be the production of no other but Apelles. But tracing another with still greater nicety, and of a different color, above the first, he _ went abroad again, ordering his housekeeper to show it to the stranger, ff he shonld return. Apelles came back immediately after, and drew a third line, above the two former, in such a style that it was impossible to make one more delicate. Protogenes, on his re- turn, acknowledged that he was beaten,and that it was not in his power to draw a finer ‘line than this last. He hastened to the harbor to find out his guest, and received him joyfully. The piece of canvas was . carefully preserved, and became the admira- tion of posterity, particularly of the masters of the art. It was still to be seen at Rome in the time of Augustus, and people went to behold with astonishment a large piece of _ canvas where there was nothing but three lines, so delicately touched as to be scarcely perceptible; but it was burnt in a fire which broke out in the palace.” The oratory of Wendell Phillips illustrat- ed the truth that, after all, character is the secret of the highest speech. As the sage of Concord puts it: ‘‘ There is no eloquence without a man behind it.’’ Academic rhet- oric may charm; the arts of the trained ad- vocate,the hired argument of an Ogden Hoff- man or a Rufus Choate, may astonish; the selfish appeals of the political orator may win noisy applause from those who hope to devour the loaves and fishes of party; but the oratory that holds the present and molds the future must have for a basis the moral elements. Eloquent utterance f/us charac- ter, what can equal that?) Here Mr. Phil- lips was supreme. Everybody knew, he made those who heard him feel that he was not posing for popular effect. He stood the embodiment of a cause. Every sentence was surcharged with moral conviction It was perceived that he suppressed rather than expressed all he felt. From opening to close, his words, distinct and softly round- ed as though stamped on satin, were warm with the composed passion of an honest nature face to face with heaven-defying wick- edness. Such speech has the force of dyna- mite. It convicts while it convinces; it compels respect by deserving it. The great- est of complimentsisimitation. The whole school of anti-slavery speakers echoed the manner, and especially the intonations, of Wendell Phillips. More important than this, his style set a fashion. It taught the bar, the pulpit, the platform the value of high- bred conversationalism as the most effective © vehicle of thought and emotion. With his advent, roar and rant went out of date; the era of trained naturalism opened. Thus he made every speaker and every audience his debtor. The Seattle (Washington) Press is . authority for this rather astonishing state- ment: Washington has her great unknown land like the interior of Africa. The country shut in by the Olympic mountains, which includes an area of about 2,500 miles square, has never, to the knowledge of old — residents of the territory, been trodden by the foot of man, white or Indian. These mountains rise from the level country with- in ten to fifteen miles of the straits of San Juan de Fuca in the north, the Pacific ocean in the west, Hood’s canal in the east, and the basin of Quinault lake in the south, and rising to the height of 6,000 to 8,000 feet, shut in a vast unexplored area. The In- dians have never penetrated it, for their traditions say that it is inhabited by a very

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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. | 55 fierce tribe, which none of the coast tribes dared molest. Though it is improbable that such a tribe could have existed in the mountain country without their presence be- coming known to the white men, no man has ever ascertained that it did not exist. White men, too, have only vague accounts of any white man having ever passed through this country, for investigation of all claims of travellers has invariably proved that they have only traversed its outer edges. The most generally accepted theory in regard to this country is that it consisted of great valleys stretching from the inward slopes of the mountains to a great central basin. This theory is supported by the fact that although the country around has abun- dant rain, and clouds constantly hang over the mountain tops, all.the streams flowing toward the four points of the compass are insignificant, and rise only on the outward slope of the range, none appearing to drain the great area shut in by the mountains. This fact appears to support the theory that the streams flowing from the inner slopes of the mountains feed a great interior lake. But what drains this lake? It must have an outlet somewhere, and as all of the streams pouring from the mountains rise on their outward slope, it must have a subterranean outlet into the ocean, the straights, or the sound. In his report to the State Department at Washington, Consul General. Mueller says this of German education and imigration: Education remains, as it always has been, an important factor in this country’s policies. An idea of the thoroughness of a German education may be gained from a few facts which I read afew daysago. A candidate for engineer honors must first take a full scientific course up to and through a gym- nasium,a kind of high school. At eighteen or twenty he begins his special technical studies. If he expects to be an architect or civil engineer, he goes two years to a technical high school at Berlin, Hanover, or Aix-la- Chapelle, after which he goes under an ex- _ by far the larger part nearer twenty. amination in science, mathematics, and building construction. Then follow two years more and another examination. If successful, the candidate becomes a govern- ment assistant engineer or assistant architect, and spends, without salary, a year in or on some government work. Then he is again examined. He must work out an original de- sign at home, and one under the eye of the examiner, consulting no books of reference. If successful, he goes up and gets the title of government engineer. Mechanical engi- neers go into an engineer’s works for a year after leaving the high school, then they go two years to the technical high school, go through the preliminary examination, have _two more years of hard study and practice and examination, two more years’ practice, a year in which to prepare for final examina- tion—eight years in all. At the end of this probation the candidate is employed and gets about $2 or $3 aday. After five years’ labor he may get a permanent position. If skillful, however, and talented, he goes up and up, not by favor, but merit, and all in old age retire onapension. Of the persons emigrating from Germany to the United States, nine hundred out of every thousand are fitted to enter the various walks of active American life. Few emigrants—less than 15 per cent.—are under ten years, 65 per cent. are between twenty and fifty, but The emigrants are; as a rule, strong, healthy, well trained, and intelligent. The thing they lack most is a knowledge of the English language. They have a good education, and one which has specially fitted them for that branch of business or labor in which they usually continue when they go to the United States. Of those emigrating, factory operatives constitute 25 per cent., day laborers 12: per cent. small farmers 25 per cent. commercial men to per cent, skilled laborers, including professional men, 12 per cent, minors 6 per cent., and 1o per cent. with no definite trade or occupation make up every hundred that leave German ports for the United States.

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56 ‘+ THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. There is an old saying, found in ancient _ writings of the Jews, tit runs in this way: “The Written Law is only as salt, but the Mishna and Talmud as pepper and sweet spices, ”’ the law of God as written in the first five books of the Bible; the A/zshna, which is considered so much better by the Jews, than the Bible, is a collection of ancient traditions that had been handed down for thousands of years, from generation to gen- eration, and were at length gathered into a volume called the AZ7shna. The Jews con- sider the Mzshna as sacred as the Bible. They call it the Oral Law, and say that it was given by God to Moses at the same time that the Written Law was delivered. The Jews have such a veneration for the Mishna that it has become part of their creed, and is valued by them far above the Written Law. They believe that when Moses went up into Mount Sinai, God gave him the Written Law, which was to be recorded in the Holy Scriptures, and at the same time He gave him the Oral Law, which was to be delivered down from one genera- tion to the other, by the tradition of the elders. The Oral Law was intended to explain and interpret the Written Law, which was scanty and obscure in many places. When Moses came down from the Mount, after his forty days’ converse with God, he repeated the Oral Law to Aaron, his sons, the seventy elders who formed the sanhedrim or great senate, and, finally, to the people. They heard it repeated until it was firmly fixed in their memories. When the forty years of their wanderings drew to a close, Moses called the people together and told them that he must soon die, and if they had forgotten anything of the Oral Law, they should come to him and he would instruct them. He also delivered to them thirteen copies of the Written Law, copied out in his own hand-writing—one for each of the twelve tribes, and the thirteenth to be laid up in the Tabernacle before the Lord. One of these is supposed to have been the copy found hidden in the temple, The ‘‘Written Law’”’ here means so long afterward. Moses’ delivered up these books on the sixth day of the month; on the seventh he went up into ‘‘ Nebo’s lonely mountain,’ and there died and was buried by the Lord. The Oral Law was handed down through generations, until at last it reached Rabbah Judah Hakkadosh, who wrote it all out and called the book the Mishna. ‘This is the Jewish history of the Mishna,; they believe this account of the origin of the book as truly as they believe the Bible. But although the story is merely a tradition, it is given because it forms a part of their religion. There is nothing, either in Scripture or authentic history, to prove this story of the divine origin of the Mishna. * HISTORICAL. The art of starching linen was introduced into England by a Mrs. Dinghein, a Flemish woman, in 1553. L. Papirius Cursor, a Roman general, first erected a sun dial in the temple of Quirinus, Rome, in 293 B. C., from which time the days began to be divided into hours. . Emblematical significance has been associated with the ring from a very early period, but the Greeks were probably the first who attached tothe wedding-ring the importance it now holds. They also consecrated to it the fourth finger of the left hand, in the belief that from this finger a nerve went direct to the heart. The oldest bank-notes are the ‘‘flying money,” or ‘‘convenient money,” first issued in China, 1697 B. Cc. Originally these notes were issued by the treasury, but experience dictated a change to the banks under Government inspection and control. The early Chinese ‘‘greenbacks” were in all essen- tials similar to the modern bank notes, bearing the name of the bank, date of issue, the number of the note, the signature of the official issuing it, indications of its value in figures, in words, and in the pictorial representation in coins or heaps of coins,equal in amount to its face value,and a notice of the penalties and pains following counterfeit- ing. Over and above all was a laconic exhortation to industry and thrift: ‘‘Produce all you can spend with economy.” The notes were printed in

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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. blue ink, on paper made from the fiber of the mulberry tree. One issue, in 1399 B. C., is care- fully preserved in the Asiatic Museum at St. Petersburg, says a contemporary. An interesting discovery regarding the presence . of the Phoenicians in the southwest countries has, says the Manchester Guardian, just been made by Mr. W. G. Thrope, F. S. A. In the village of Ipplepen, three miles from Newton Abbot, Devon, there has for many centuries resided a family named Ballhatchet, the surviving male represent- ative of which is Mr. Thomas Ballhatchet. This man is now seventy-four years of age, and the facial type is quite distinct from that of the natives of Cornwall and Devon, and distinctly of a Levan- tine character. The farm, which has been from time immemorial in the possession of the family, is called Ballford, or Baal’s Ford, and behind the group of buildings is a large tank of ancient arti- ficial construction. The farm evidently stands upon the side of an old Baal temple, of which the Ballhatchets—whose ancient name was evidently Baal-Akhed, corrupted into Baal-Ached, etc.—held the office of Baal-Kamer, or Baal’s priest. Imme- diately above the farm risesa hill, which is known as Baal-Tor—the rock or hillof Baal. The discov- ery of this curious survival is very interesting, as it is in harmony with the survival of those ancient names in the yeoman classes of the south-western countries. One of these families was the Purkises, the charcoal-burners who carried the red King’s body in their cart from the Rufus Stone to Winton ° Cathedral, the last of whom died only thirty years ago, and who had held their land from father to ‘son from the days of King Alfred. Many other traces of these Phoenician colonists may, no doubt, be found if searched for in Cornwall and Devon., Professor Sayce, lecturing at Manchester recent- ly, said a marvelous discovery had lately been made in Egypt. They had been suddenly brought face to face with the civilized world as it existed in the days when the Israelites were groaning under the burdens of their Egyptian taskmasters. They could handle the very letters that were written by the princes and governors of Canaan when as yet Joshua was unborn, and they could trace the course of events that led to the mission of Moses and the exodus of Israel out of Egypt. On the eastern banks of the Nile was a big line of mounds, known to the natives under the name of Tel-el-Amarna. About two years ago some na- tives, while going on withtheir work of disinter- ment, discovered among the foundations a num- ber of clay tablets covered with characters the like of which had not previously been seen in the land 57 of Egypt. He was able to see some that were half obliterated, and found that they consisted of letters and dispatches written in Babylonian characters and in the language of Babylon. Some of the letters showed that they must have been written about 1430 B.C., or about a hundred years earlier than the date assigned by Egyptologists tothe Exo- dus. It was sufficiently startling to learn that at this early period of history the chief sovereigns of the civilized world, separated though they were from one another by vast tracts of country, were never- theless carrying onan active correspondence. But agreatersurprise was yet to come. Notonly did the kings of Assyria and Babylonia correspond . with the Egyptian monarch in the language and writing of their own country, but continuous literary intercourse in the same language and writing was being carried on throughout the whole length and breadth of Western Asia; im short, the whole civilized world of the past was so closely knit together in literary intercouse as they were in these modern days of the penny post. Nothing could happen in the distant world or far Orient ‘without its being immediately communicated to the Egyptian court. Florence was the Athens of a medizval Greece, with Lorenzo de Medici for her Pericles, says the Edinburgh Review. Nowhere was the classic re- vival more enthusiastic or more general. Noble ladies kissed the hem of the robe of Filelfo; pil- grims from Spain approached Bruni on their knees ; illustrious citizens like Nicolo Nicoll spent their fortunes in the collection of manuscripts. Florence had utilized her unique opportunities of classic culture. Here Manuel Chrysoloras had lectured in 1396; here learned Greeks had found an honorable asylum; here the Emperor John Paleologus, scholarly prelates like Bessarion of Niczea, and philosphers like Gennadius or Gemis- tos Pletho had attended the council which Eugen- ius IV. convened in 1438; here the enlightened liberality of the Florentine government procured instruction for the youths of the republic from the most eminent scholars of the day; here Argiropolo lectured on Thucydides, and Ficino on Plato; here flourished the Platonic academy and the Studio Florentino. Admiration of the ‘‘Attic Moses” be- came a religious worship. In the study of Ficino a lamp was kept burning before the bust of Plato, as though it were the shrine of a Madonna, and the day of his birth and death was commemorated by banquets, as it was celebrated at Alexandria in the days of Plotinus and of Purphyry. With such advantages and with such enthusiasms it is not. surprising that classic culture was generally dif-

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58 ‘THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. fused. Both men and women knew Greek and Latin, and the people applauded the arrival at Leghorn of a cargo of manuscript or statuary with the same delight with which they welcomed a Florentine victory.. It was a period of intellectual activity. Macchiavelli has pointed out how the mental energy which was fostered by the collisions of factions, called into exercise abilities which in intervals of peace were directed to worthier objects, and raised Florence to the first place in European civilization. The republic rose to the zenith of her glory under an Athenian tyranny, which had genius for excuse and the citizens for accomplices. Civil discords were extinguished, and with peace . the study of the fine arts and of letters was awakened to surprising activity. But there were other sides tothe picture. The intellectual advance was accompanied by moral corruption. The old love of civic freedom was extinct. Unbelief, cynicism, sensuality, and indifference poisoned the springs of social life, and infected the sources of artistic genius. Thecultured crowd was devoid of principle, indifferent tomorallaw. Selfish, dis- solute, despising Christianity as a sign of intellect- ual weakness, man aped the graces and imitated the vices of the heathen world. They were at once profoundly superstitious and deeply skeptical. Dreams, visions, and portents ruled every detail of domestic life; learned historians like Guicciardini declared themselves to have had ‘‘ experience of aerial spirits;”’ philosophers, like Ficino, lectured from the professional chair on the occult virtues of jewels and amulets. Lorenzo de Medici was the leader and the representative of this brilliant but hollow society. His Circean rule appealed to the taste of the uncultured, while it gratified the senses of the vulgar. . POPULAR SCIENCE. Tommy—Pa, may I ask you a question ? Pa-—Certainly, my child. Tommy—Well, where is the wind when it doesn’t blow? A wonderful machine is one that cuts ten mill- ion match-sticks a day. They are arranged over a vat and have the heads put on at the rate of eight thousand per day by one man. A German expedition, under Dr. Henson, will explore the sub-marine fauna and flora of the ocean. The first cruising-ground will be the eastern coast of Greenland. The Emperor of Germany has given 30,000 marks toward the expense. over a fire so as to fill the room with fumes. A drought which has prevailed in South Africa is said to be due to the same cause that ruined Egypt, Mesopotamia and India, once the most fertile countries in the world. It is the destruc- tion of the forests. At the 1878 Paris Exhibition, it cost 50,000 francs to bring sea water from Dieppe to supply the oyster parks; at the recent Exhibition, the expense was but 5,000 francs, because the parks were sup- plied with chemically prepared sea-water. This discovery now enables the depots of oysters in Paris to keep the fish fresh as if in their natural beds, as long as desired. Scientists are at present occupied with experiments in France, to ascertain why some waters develop the oyster more rapidly, and some fatten more speedily than others. Considerable speculation has heretofore attended the precise location of the soul, but, according to the Electrical World, the mystery is now solved. Dr. A. H. Stevens, of Philadelphia, has located it in the corpus callosum, a little spongy body situ- ated at the base of the brain, which has defied the efforts of physcians in their endeavors to ascertain its uses in the human anatomy. ‘‘The corpus callosum,” says the doctor, ‘‘ is the seat of the im- perishable mind, and is the great reservoir and storehouse of electricity, which is abstracted from the blood in the arteries, and conveyed through the nerves up the spinal cord to the corpus cal- losum.,”’ | In the French Comptes Rendus (Nov. 25) M. Berth- olet publishes an article on the animal heat of the human body. Lavoisier, who first recognized the fact that animal heat is produced by combustion, raised the question as to whether this combustion takes place in the lungs at the point the oxygen is absorbed, or in the entire system. M. Bertholet finds that one-seventh is produced in the lungs. while six-sevenths are produced in the system by reactions of oxidationand hydration. Theabsorp- tion of oxygen raises the temperature of blood in the lungs while the return of the carbonic acid toa gaseous state and the evaporation of moisture tends. to lower it. Cin The following remedy for diphtheria is said to be the best known, at least it is worth trying, for physicians seem powerless to cope with the disease successfully. At the first indication of diphtheria in the throat of a child make the room close; then take a tin cup and pour into it a quantity of tar and turpentine, equal parts. Then hold the cup The little patient, on inhaling the fumes, will cough up and spit out all the membraneous matter, and the

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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. 9 diphtheria will pass off. The fumes of the tar and turpentine loosen the matter in the throat, and thus afford the relief that has baffled the skill of physicians. A treatise on the ‘‘Physics of the Earth’s Crust,”’ by Mr. Fisher, an English scientist, has passed a second edition. The book contains some interest- ing speculation concerning the supposed liquid interior of the earth. The author holds that the existence of such a liquid substratum, consisting of fused rock and dissolved gases,is in accord with. known physical laws. This liquid body or ‘‘magma” is not inert or motionless, but there are currents in it which lead to continuous. displace- ments of mass. In this way the author sees his way to explain the formation of mountain ranges; the phenomena of compression, evidences of which are everywhere found; the slow subsidence of great areas, such as that of the Pacific coral belt; the oc- currence of volcanoes, etc. A curious statue giving a double image was shown in the Italian exhibition in the Champ de Mars. It represented Marguerite standing before and with her back to a mirror. The latter gave by reflection the image of Faust. The artifice was well concealed by the sculptor. In reality, it was not a double statue, but the figure of Faust was skillfully obtained by means of the folds of Mar- guerite’s robe. Marguerite holds her arms in -front of her, and these same arms form those of Faust, who holds them crossed behind his back. Faust’s face is carved in Marguerite’s back hair, and the man’s figure is obtained, as before stated, by means of the folds of the woman’s robe. We do not know the name of the author of the statue, but we can say that it-was exhibited by Mr. Fran- cesco Toso, a Venetian manufacturer of mirrors. The statue was of wood, and of nearly life size. The process of combustion in the ordinary lighting of a coal fire is as follows: ‘‘ The phos- phorus on the end of the match inflames at the low temperature of 150 degrees Fahrenheit, and mere friction ignites it. In burning, it combines with the oxygen of the air, and gives out heat enough to raise the sulphur on the match to the ignition point of 500degrees. This combines with more oxygen and gives out sufficient heat to raise the temperature of the wood to 800 degrees, at which point it combines with enough oxygen to give out a temperature of 1,000 degrees, which raises the coal to a temperature required for igni- tion, and the latter takes on more oxygen, rising to the temperature of 3,000 degrees or more, according to circumstances. The ignition of the coal is the last in a series of progressive steps, each increasing in temperature, but the oxygen supplied at each stage of the process is of the same initial temperature, and no boiler furnace has ever been built in which hot air was proved to increase the intensity of the combustion. Fred W. Clough, a well-known engineer, has been spending some weeks in the wilds of the Sier- ras, about the head-waters of the Kaweah River, Tulare County, Cal., accompanied by Westley War- ren, an old Comstocker, who now resides in Tulare - valley. About the headwaters of the Kaweah they got into an unexplored and almost impenetrable region. Mr. Ciough says that on the trip they discovered a tree of sequoia species, which he be- lieves to be much the largest on the continent of America. The men had with them no rule, tape- line, or measure of any kind, but Mr. Warren mea- sured the tree with his rifle, which was four feet in length. He found it to be forty-four lengths of his gun in circumference at a point as high above the ground as he could reach. Thetop of thetree has been broken off, but it is still of. immense height. This monster tree stands in a small basin near the Kaweah, and is surrounded on all sides by a wall of rocks. There is so much brush in the vincinity that the little valley in which the big tree stands is almost inaccessible. Near-sightedness is developing to such an alarming extend among the school children in France that the Academy of Medicine has taken up the subject and discussed it at one of its recent sittings. It appears that near-sightedness is generally noticed among the young men who are preparing to enter one of the large special schools, such as the Polytechnic School, the Normal School, the Mining School, etc. Nearly all the students admitted to these institutions have a beginning of near-sightedness, which afterwards increases and becomes hereditary. In the army there are said to be many young officers who, without eye-glasses or spectacles, are unable to distinguish objects ata distance ofa hundred yards. The general average of near-sighted students in the rhetoric and philosophy classes in: the colleges is 35 per cent. In Germany the average is 57 per cent., and in Switzerland 30 percent. To remedy this state of things the Academy suggests several changes in the arrangement of the school buidings, so as to give better light, the appointment of an oculist for each state institution of learning, and a regular and careful inspection of the scholars. The origin of the diamond has been a fruitful topic for speculation among scientists; hence many contradictory theories have been advanced and

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60 THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. argued with some show of reason; but, after all that has been said and written upon the subject, we are still left pretty much inthe dark. Some of the theories are very ingenious and interesting, though the amount of truth they embody remains to be proved. It has been suggested that the va- pors of carbon during the coal period may have been condensed and crystallized into the diamond; - and, again, the itacolumite, generally regarded as the matrix, was saturated with petroleum, which, collecting in nodules, formed the gem by gradual crystallization. Newton believed it to have been a coagulated unctuous substance of vegetable ori- gin, and was sustained in the theory by many emi- nent philosophers, including Sir D. Brewster, who believed the diamond was once a mass of gum, derived from certain species of wood, and that it subsequently assumed a crystalline form. Dana and others advance the opinion that it may have -been produced by the slow decomposition of vege- table material, and even from animal matter. Burton says it is younger than gold, and suggests the possibility that it may still be in process of formation, with capacity of growth. Specimens of the diamond have been found to enclose par- ticles of gold, an evidence, he thinks, that its forma- tion was more recent than that of the precious metal. The theory that the diamond was formed im- mediatly from carbon by the action of heat is op- posed by another, maintaining that it could not have been produced in this way, otherwise it would have beenconsumed. But the advocates of this view were not quite on their guard against a surprise, for some quick-witted opponent has found by experiments that the diamond will sus- tain great heat without combustion. REVIEWS OF NEW BOOKS. ‘*Beneath Two Flags,’’ by Maud B. Booth. This is partly an explanation, and partly a vindication of the ‘‘ Salvation Army.” The author is the wife of Marshal Booth, who is the son of General William Booth, founder and leader of the whole movement. As the Marshal and his wife have charge of the American work, and as she has been identified with the Army for eight years, she is presumably qualified to write intelligently on the subject. Who- ever will take pains to read the book will find this presumption well founded. It bristles with interest, and is evidently cal- culated to dissipate the prevailing prejudice against a religious movement which has undeniably reached important dimensions. One thing is plain—+¢hzs Army actually extsts. ‘The author claims that the movement is so obviously of God that mere toleration on the part of the religious world is not enough. She says: ‘‘Is it not time that the Salvation Army should receive from all Christians—ay, from all lovers of humanity —more than sufferance—more than mere absence of persecution? If this book results in breaking down the walls of prejudice and indifference with which so many have forti- fied themselves against the Salvation Army in their own cities, its aim will have been > attained. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, $1.00. | ‘‘The Patience of Hope, and other Ser- mons,” by the late Rev. Joseph H. Wright, with a brief sketch of his life. Edited by Oliver J. Thatcher. The author of these sermons was a graduate of Union College, Schenectady, and of the U. P. Theological Seminary, Newburgh, N. Y. He had only three pastorates—Davenport, N. Y., Phila- delphia, Pa., and Xenia, O. We learn from the sketch that he was considered far beyond the average, both in pastoral efficiency and pulpit ability. In the vigor of manhood and in the midst of a growing usefulness he was cut down by the relentless enemy on the 2oth day of March, 1889. His large circle of friends will be glad to learn that, as a substantial memento, 15 sermons, which many of them heard fall from his eloquent lips, are added to the Sketch and put into a book. The sermons selected are on the following topics: The Patience of Hope; the» Gospel Call; Finished; Prisoners of Hope; John the Great; the Smitten Shep- herd; the Only Salvation; God’s Word like Rain; God’s Building; Our God; Our Sun and Shield; Danger, Duty, Comfort; Call to the Ministry; Truth; Convincing the World of Righteousness. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, $1.25.

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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. 6r ‘‘Famous Men of Science,” by Mrs. Sarah K. Bolton, author of ‘‘ Poor Boys who have Become Famous,” is another in- teresting and ennobling work for the young. This volume, giving a life sketch of fifteen eminent scientists, can not fail to delight, interest and instruct every boy or girl who may have the good fortune to read it. It is a book that will awaken noble aspirations in the young, and set them to thinking for themselves. It shows how young men have attained success by energy and perseverance, often in the face of difficulties; and, as the author quotes in the preface, ‘‘ No page in human history is so instructive and significant as the record of those early influences which develop the character and direct the lives of eminent men.” In this. volume are biog- raphies of Galileo, Sir Isaac Newton, Cuvier, Linnzus, Sir William Herschel, Alexander von Humboldt, Sir Humphry Davy, Audubon, Samuel Morse, Lyell, Joseph Henry, Agassiz, Darwin.and Buckland, together with portraits of each. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., $1.50. ‘‘ How to Study a Picture,” by John C. Van Dyke, is a little volume embraced in the prescribed course of studies for the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Course. It is a valuable work for the untutored lover of art, and should find a -general reading outside the class it is designed to instruct. Mr. Van Dyke has written before on matters of art, and that he is competent to teach can not be denied. Heexplains very clearly the difference between pictures good and pictures bad, and how, and in what spirit, all pictures should be looked at. It is the author’s main endeavor to point out some general rules of art which may be practically applied in the gallery. He has suc- ceeded admirably. The volume treats of color and harmony, tone and grada- tion, light and shade, prospective, val- ues, textures, composition, etc. To the work is appended a _ short biographical index of artists. New York: Chautau- qua Press, 60 cents. ‘‘The Heritage of Dedlow Marsh,” by Bret Harte, contains, in addition to the charming story which gives it its title, ‘‘A Secret of Telegraph Hill,” ‘tA Knight Errant of the Foot-Hills,” and ‘‘ Captain Jim’s Friend.” In each of these tales,— some of which have appeared as newspaper serials,—are drawn exquisite pictures of early California life and character, and drawn only as Mr. Harte can draw them. The book has already reached a sale of 122,000 copies. Boston: Houghton, Miff- linc& Co! S125. NEWS AND NOTES. A unique and precious memorial of Browning is a phonogram of his voice. Mr. Browning once spoke into a phonograph for Colonel Gouraud of London, who has carefully treasured the speech. The Detroit Journal desires to receive, by postal card, the address of all living male and female decendants of revolutionary officers and soldiers. of 1776, and, when possible, the name and state of the ancestor. Funk & Wagnalls, of New York, will soon pub-. lish ‘‘The Seven Churches of Asia,” by Dr. Howard Crosby, whose scholarly abilities are a sufficient guarantee that this book will be worthy of careful perusal. ‘‘ Thesaurus of Writings, Ancient and Modern,” is a Chinese Encyclopedia, one hundred years old; required forty years in compiling, and con- tains 5,020 volumes. It is about to be re-written and brought down to date. The Popular Science News is authority for the. statement that the Russians have provided fora schoolmaster on wheels. A school car is furnished. with a room for the teacher, a classroom, a library, all well furnished. Itis now on the Trans-Caspian Railway all the year round, remaining for a time in every neglected district. Next. Mr. Albert E. Winship, known to all school peo-. ple as the editorof the Journal of Education and to the public as a progressive and practical Amer-. ican reformer, has just issued through the press of D. Lothrop Company a little volume addressed to all workers with hand and brain—‘‘ The Shop,” devoted to the possibilities and probabilities of social, home, church and political reform.

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62 THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. Cloth binding was introduced in 1825. At first cloth covers had printed labels, but it was soon discovered that cloth could be stamped with gold very bea@utifully. Lord Byron’s works (the edition in seventeen volumes) were the first cloth-bound ‘books to which gold lettering was applied. Lord Spencer is to sell his famous library at Althrop, perhaps the best private collection of rare and curious books in England. Why the Earl should want to dispose of this matchless col- lection is a mystery, since he has always been ‘very proud of it, and as he is enormously wealthy. Some idea of the literary activity in Japan, and the demand for English and American books and periodicals, may be gaiaed from these items in the official return of exports and imports for ‘October, 1889. Of books and literary matter, such ‘as periodicals and newspapers, there were exports to the amount of 16,258 ye, and of imports, books and stationery, 70,964 vex, the silver yen being worth seventy-five cents in American gold. Many libraries in Europe are securing sets of Japanese books. Ocean an Illustrated Journal of Travel, will hereafter be published weekly, commencing early in February, 1890. It will contain 16 pages ‘printed in colors. Among the contents of each number will be the Monthly Hydrographic Chart of the North Atlantic, furnished by the Hydro- graphic Office—United States Navy Department— printed in colors; showing the track of steam- ‘ships, currents, direction of the wind, storms, ice- _ bergs, fog banks, equatorial rains, and the latest reported position of wrecks, all of which is not only interesting to seamen, but also to ocean ‘travelers. The sale of Edward Bellamy’s ‘‘ Looking Back-. ward,” has climbed into the hundred thousands. ‘So modest is he that when the sale had become phenomenally large, his publishers had never met him. He is thirty-nine yearsold, and is a native and resident of Chicopee Falls near Springfield, Mass. He is attractive personally, is cordial in his manners, and talks easily and well. He stud- ied first at Union College, then for a year in Ger- many. On his return home he studied law, but ‘forsook that profession for journalism. He fol- ' lowed this till 1876, when he devoted himself dis- tinctively to literary work. He has written several novels. ‘*The Newspaper and the Individual: a Plea for Press Censorship,” an article contributed to the February number of Lippincott’s Magazine, by A. E. Watrous, city editor of the Philadelphia Press, advocates abolishment of the libel law as regards newspapers, and replacing it by a press censorship. The same number contains a clever article by John Habberton, entitled ‘‘ Married Geniuses,” in which the author holds that, not- withstanding popular notions, geniuses make very good husbands. Charles Morris writes upon ‘‘The Forestry Problem;” Charles McIlvaine gives some good advice to readers in his article, ‘‘ The Dissipation of Reading,” and an entertaining article follows, entitled ‘‘ Traduttore Traditore,”’ which shows what a number of laughable mis- takes the ‘‘ traitor translator” has made. There never was a shrewder or more successful bookmaker than Henry M. Stanley. Every book which he publishes brings him a small fortune,and his forthcoming work on his African experiences. will prove no exception tothe rule. It may not be generally known that those who accompany Stanley on his explorations are always placed un- der contract by him to publish nothing of their experience until the explorer’s own account is issued. Thus, young Herbert Ward, who is writ- ing African articles, is debarred from touching upon his actual Congo experiences. He can lead up to them; however, and this he is doing in his forthcoming articles, making public interest the keener thereby for Stanley’s work. All this is ex- cellent capital for Stanley, and in this piece of literary work, asin all his previous ones, he has played his cards most shrewdly. Messrs. Funk & Wagnalls, New York, an- nounce for publication about May 1st ‘‘A Cyclo- pedia of Temperance and Prohibition.” This is to be a large and valuable work, treating every relevant topic, from the most elementary to the most advanced phase of the liquor question. It will give many brief sketches of eminent tem- perance workers; the latest action of the various religious denominations; the liquor status of all countries of the world; the different temperance organizations; the political parties; facts and figures relating to all kinds of intoxicants, all branches of the liquor traffic, and all kinds of at- tempted remedies. The book will discuss over _ 500 topics. It will be the aim of the publishers to. make it a thesaurus of information on a subject of vast and growing importance. To go through it will be like graduating from a college whose special departments are Temperance and Prohibi- tion. It is designed for special workers, for general readers, and for family use. It will be an octavo volume of about 600 double-column pages. The price is not yet fixed. ,

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Answers to Questions in this number will appear in the April issue. BIBLIOGKAPHICAL INTERROGATORIES. C. H. CHASE. 1. Who wrote the first work on algebra? 2. What work is mentioned by Scott in his ‘*Pirate” as the Udaller’s delight? 3. What edition of the bible was burnt by order of the House of Commons? 4. In what year was the first edition of Paradise Lost printed in which the poem was divided into twelve books? 5. Give the title of a book said to be the auto- biography of Frederick, Prince of Wales, 6. What Italian author was burnt alive for - atheism ?. | 7. What is the rarest of his works? 8, What whimsical work is mentioned by Sterne as in the Shandy library? 9. Give the title of a book the printer of which is said to have been hung, drawn and quartered? 10. From what work did Le Sage take the idea of Gil Blas? II. What was the first attempt to reduce the French tongue to grammatical rules? 12. Why was one edition of Burns’ poems called the ‘‘ Stinking edition”? 13. What was the first work printed at Con- stantinople? 14. Give title and author of a curious book to form a language readable by every nation? 15. Who wrote the first book on British dogs? 16. What was Hume’s first publication? 17. Under what pseudo did Milton write ‘‘ The Origin and End of Civil Power” ? 18. Give the name of a curious poem in which every word commences with the letter P? - 19. What was the first edition of the Senevan version of the Bible called? 20. What English author was called ‘‘that old Jew of Eton,” and why? 21. In what work is Byron Leander? 22. Who wrote ‘‘ The Boss Devil of America,”’ and under what pseudo? 23. Who composed the well-known tune_ of Mount Vernon? introduced as 24. What is the earliest American epic? 25. Who did Leigh Hunt call ‘‘ the sister of Tennyson”? ASTRONOMICAL POINTS. 1. What comet is known by the name of its. lady discoverer? 2. When was the above discovered? 3. Who was the first American astronomer to detect an asteroid previously unknown? 4. What is its name, and when found? 5. When isthe first recorded eclipse of the sun? 6. Who established the first school of astron- 7. Who first taught that the stars were suns? 8. What is the first constellation in the Zodiac? g. What Danish astronomer by examining Jupiter’s moons, was led to discover the progressive motion of light? 10. What planet did the Jews give the appella- tion of ‘‘ blazing’’? 11. What are the minor planets called? 12. Who gave them the name? 13. What is known in England as ‘‘the old moon in the new moon’s arms’? 14. What is the largest of Saturn’s satellites? 15, What emperor had a sword forged from a mass of meteoric iron, and where did it fall? 16. Who invented the theory of the crystalline spheres? 17. What was the text-book of astronomers for fourteen centuries? . 18. When did Galileo first examine Jupiter? 19. What did the Greeks call Mercury? 20. Who discovered the planet Ceres, and when? 21. What is the symbol of the above planet? 22. What is the earliest account of star showers? 23. To what did the Romans compare the comet which appeared just after the assassination of Julius Cesar? 24. What is the nearest star to the earth? 25. Who has. been called the ‘‘ Newton of astronomy”?

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64 THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. FICTIONAL CHARACTERIZATIONS. 1. Angelica. 2. Donatello. 3. The Miss Meadows: 4. Giaffir. 5. Bonny Lesley. 6. Captain Fitzchrome. 7. Miss Wozenham. 8. Magnus Troil. g- Marcia. 10. Sittah. 11. John Pitcher. 12. Zelica. 13. Marion Seaford. 14. Parson Thwackum. 15. Lady Marion. 16. Rev. Philemon Hall. 17. Sister Simplice. 18. Charles Cheek. 19. Mirabel. 20. Lionel Averanche. 21. Lady Calantha. 22. Megaletor. 23. Laura Chanson. 24. Hon. Tom Dashall. 25. Grace Cassidy. ICELANDIC HISTORY. C. H. CHASE. 26. Who discovered Iceland ? 27. What name did he give it? 28. What is the native name for the ice mount- 29. What lake signifies ‘‘ Gnat Lake” ? 30. What is the name of the Icelandic prince of darkness? © . 31. What name is given to his abode? 32. What is the most celebrated cascade in Iceland ? : 33. What is the most prized vegetable in Ice- land? 34. How many square miles in Iceland? 35. When was Christianity made a national religion? 36. Where was the first permanent settlement made? 37. When? 38. Whocompiled a large Icelandic-Latin lexi- con? | 39. What great lake in Iceland? 40. What name is given to the native literary almanac? 41. What are the earliest records of Icelandic history? | 42. What does it give an account of? 43. What are the names of the two ravens in Icelandic mythology? | 44. What is the signification? 45. What is the most useful bird? 46. What is the most interesting section for the geologist ? 47. What is the name of the largest ice-field ? 48. Who wrote a mythological work, the ‘* Voluspa” ? 3 49. In what year were reindeer brought to Iceland ? 50. Where from? BRITISH INDIA. M. SEARS BROOKS. 26. What are the principal mountain ranges of British India? . 27. What are its longest rivers? 28. Into how many seasons is India divided? 29. From what direction do the monsoons blow? | 30. How many distinct country? 31. Which of these is the most vigorous phys- ically and intellectually? 32. What forms of religious worship prevail? 33. How many deities are said to be com- prised in the Hindoo Pantheon? 34. What is the characteristic feature of Hin- doo society? 35. What are the four great classes? 36. In what is the greatest Hindoo skill and labor displayed ? 37. What two important products are of native growth? : | 38. The invention of what celebrated manufac- ture belongs to the Hindoos? | 39. Whatis knownas Hinduism? _ 40. Of what date is the Code of Menu? 41. How many persons are there in the Hindoo | divinity? 42. Through how many incarnations is the ‘*Preserver” said to pass? 43. What are these incarnations called ? 44. In what form was the last, and what was its number? 45. The junction of what rivers is a place of. peculiar sanctity? 46. What three styles of architecture prevail in India? 47. To what country does its architecture bear a resemblance, and in what respect? 48. Which is the most magnificent of its rock temples? | tribes inhabit the

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Fy THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. 65 49. For what is the temple Elephanta, at Bombay, remarkable? 50. What is the distinctive feature of Indian architecture? | THE ROVALTY OF JEWISH HISTORY. CLARA F. HARRIS. 51. Who was the king of Assyria at the. time the children of Israel were carried away cap- tive? 52. What king was told by a dying prophet to take a bow and arrow and shoot out the window and smite the ground? 53. What price did Amaziah, King of Judah, pay.for one hundred thousand of Israelites? 54. What king, in besieging a city, set an ex- ample to his people and said: What ye have seen me do, make haste and do as I have done? 55. What king founded Samaria? 56. What two kings disguised themselves be- fore going into battle, and were both slain by archers? 57. The body of what king was fastened to the wall of Bethshan? 58. What relation was Queen Esther to Morde- cai? 59. What king of Israel loved farming? 60. What king’s name meant peaceable? 61. What king said ‘‘ There is but one step . between me and death” ? 62. What king had eighty-eight children? 63. What king was slain by conspirators and was brought on horses to his grave? 64. What king took the crown off of an- other king’s head and it was placed on his own head? 65. What king owned the crown? 66. To what king was it revealed, several hun- dred years beforehand, that the Redeemer should be born of a virgin? 67. What king made himself a chariot of the -wood of Lebanon? 68. What king in the Old Testament and an- other in the New made the same offer? 69. What three kings were denounced in ex- actly the same words? 70. What king was buried in his own gar- den? 71. What king was slain by a prophet? 72. What queen sent a message under a false signature? 73. What king feigned insanity in an enemy’s country? 74. What king, during a sleepless night, re- called an unremembered act of faithful service? 75. What accident was the occasion of —s Ahaziah’s death! BOTANICAL QUERIES. Cc. H. CHASE, 51. What South American tree bears fruit as large as a cannon-ball ? 52. What plant is sometimes called the buck- bean? sae 53. What other name is given to the mar tagon? 54. What flower signifies ‘‘litttle darling” ? '55. What flower receives its name from the corolla resembling a mask? 56. What fabulous-plant having a white flower and a black root is mentioned by Homer as pos- sessing a secret power? 57. What familiar name is given to the wild or squirting cucumber? 58. What plant produces a pod ee a caterpillar? 59. What large variety of the orange is a native of China and Japan? 60. What species of onion derives its name : from a town in Palestine? | 61. What is said to have been the sacred sym- bol of the Persians? 62. The branches of what tree were used as spells against witches and warlocks? 63. What plant is said to have received its name from a duke of Normandy? 64. What plant is called ‘‘ herb of grace” ? 65. Why is the rush so called? 66. What plant derives its name from the Latin sano, I heal? 67. What plant is said to mean ‘‘the roadside sick-making plant’ ? 68. What genus of tropical shrubs derive their name from a Malabar deity? . 69. What plant received its name from the suc- cessive pairs of leaflets? 70. What plant is called ‘‘ mountain éébacco” ? 71. From what did the different varieties of pansies originate? 72. ‘What fragrant plant is called ‘‘the Scotch myrtle” ? 73. What species of grass was introduced into Britain from the Falkland Islands? 74. What is called the ‘‘ date of India’? 75. What precious wood is mentioned in the book of revelation?

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66 THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. ANSWERS: Answers to Questions that appeared in December number, THE ROVALTY OF JEWISH HISTORY. oOo bo WwW YO WY NY SH + BA S&S HS HH BS Se eS RP NOP Se OR ARO OO co Se OF Ge RR be oa Fad ee ee ae ee CLARA F. HARRIS, Maachah. Abimelech. Jehoshabeath. Joush. Ahab. Nebuchadnezzar. Zedekiah. Hoshea., Josiah. Ahaz. Saul. Athaliah. Hezekiah. ‘ Abimelech. Yezebel. Adoni-bezek. Jehoshaphat. Bera. Benhadad, King of Assyria. Ahasverus. Saul, by falling on his sword. Vashti. David; Saul. Hadadezer; David. David. Solomon. BOTANICAL QUERIES. C. H. CHASE, Ginseng. | The Daisy and the Lily. His wife and country. Cockleburr. Eupatorium Perfoliatum. The Pride of China. In Roman Catholic countries the nuts are used for making rosaries. The Greek word Chelidon, a swallow. Asia Minor. : 1576. Jesuit’s Bark. Kalumb. — Butter-cup. The figwort. Matico. The Norway pine. Joe-pie. Bamboo-brier. Rhatany. 20. From Rha, the old name of the river Volga’ 21, Gill-creep-by-the-wall. - 22, Gladiolus. 23. Gelderland, Holland. 24. The Elecampane. . 2S. Virgin’s bower. ENGLISH HISTORY, — 26. Sir William de Tracy, Sir Hugh de Mor- ville, Sir Richard Brito and Sir Reginald Fitz-Urse. 27. The quarrels and petty thefts of its numer- ous kings. 28. Richard I. 29. The English and French. 30. Richard I, : 31. Richard I. 32. A celebrated outlaw who lived in the days of Richard I. and King John. 33. They were descended from Sir Geoffrey Plantagenet. The word means a sprig of broom. The Plantagenet kings of England were remark- able for high courage, great personal strength and ferocity. 34. The eldest sister of Prince Arthur. She was confined for life in Bristol Castle by the cowardly and ferocious King John (about 1203). 35. John. 36. Henry III. 37. Twenty-eight pounds. John Sullivan could not do much with it. 38. About 1275, by King Edward I. 39. Celebrated descriptions of English life written in the fifteenth century. 40. Inthe thirteenth century. Ale wives sold refreshments to thirsty Britons of that date. 41. Oxford College. For scientific research. 42. A Scotch nobleman who was made King of Scotland by Edward I. of England. f 43. A celebrated Scotch minstrel of the thir- teenth century. He told of the deeds of Wallace and other Scottish heroes. | 44. Sir William Wallace. 45. The Scots, under Sir William Wallace, against the English under Edward I. The Scots were defeated. - 46. Berkeley Castle, when Edward II. was murdered there. 47. A law prohibiting female succession to the crown. It was a German law. 3 48. The French fleet was defeated by the fleet of Edward III. in this battle A. D. 1340. 49. Twice with very small armies, viz., at Cressy and Agivcourt. Barante, a Frenchman, admits that they were conquered each time by a ‘* handful of yeoman.”

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THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. 67 50. The ‘‘ black book” states that this order arose from a black thong worn around the leg by the English Knights of King Richard I. While another legend attributes it to the days of Edward III., and founditona slight incident that happened at a ball at which the beautiful Countess of Salis- bury and, King Edward were present. ANCIENT EGYPT. URETTA MC ALLISTER. 51. In Egypt, as music was there taught at a ~ remote age. 52. True. 83. Each one was obliged to follow the trade of his father. 54. Truth. 55. As disgraceful, and punished by law. 56. They suffered the loss of both hands, 57. The false accuser was doomed to the same sentence that would have been given tothe accused had the offence been proved against him. f 58. The king. | 59. The union of intellect and physical force. 60. No signs of a theatre have ever been found. 61. Dog, cat, ibis, hawk. . 62. Asa great calamity. Each member of the household shaved his eyebrows, 63. With religious veneration, and were sym- ‘bols of truth. | | 64. Cotton and linen goods of exquisite texture | colored glass, gold ornaments, cabinet-work, arms, implements, etc. 65. Mixed metal, chiefly copper, carefully ‘wrought and highly polished. : 66. Long previous to 3000 B., C. 67. Remarkably advanced. 68. The great temple of Karnak, at Thebes. 69. Very remote; there are specimens extant -dated 1500 B. C. 70. From the invasion of Cambyses. 71. Coffins, bottles, vases, cups, enamel, etc. 72. Voluminous and remarkable for its variety. 73- The ‘‘Funeral Ritual” or ‘‘The Book reveal- ing light to the soul.”’ 74. 3000 B. C., in the tomb of a queen. 75. Itclaims to be a revelation. Thoth, inter_ preter of the gods was believed to have written it. ENGLISH LITERATURE. — AMANDA COLE, 51, Racine. 52. No; imitated from Latin. 53- 54. Hamlet. : Fletcher's ‘‘ Faithful Shepardess,” and Ben Johnson’s ‘‘ Sad Shepard.” 55. 56. 57: 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. ing. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73- 74- 75. Ioo. Scheadle. Milton’s Comus. _ (a) Dryden; (b) Sterne. Lycidas. _Antithesis. Paradise Lost. Seventh. Ce By Lactarchius in Latin. Layamon’s ‘‘ Brut.” . Scott and Byron. . Robert of Gloucester, and Robert Man- Homer’s Odyssey. Dante’s Divina Commedia. Layamon’s Brut. Marie Antoinette. Milton. Middle Ages. Hebrew. Whittier, conceded by literati. Sidney and Daniels. Voltaire. MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE. G, A. MENDUM. Wordsworth. Romola. Thackeray. Ebers. Dickens. Shorthouse. Kehama. Judah. Edith Bellenden. Life of Dr. Thomas Arnold. Tourgueneff, — Byron. De omnibus dubitandum est. Sir Philip:Sidney. Que sais-je? . Charles V. The Lusiad. Moliére.- Boileau. Sterne. | Montesquien. Richter. French Revolution. Prescott; Macaulay. Shakespeare.

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68 THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. MASKED PLAVERS. WM. EMMETTE COLEMAN. 76. Bowers. 77. Couldock. 78. Florence. 79. Mark Smith. 80. Rankin; Stoddart. 81. Jewett. 82. Talma. 83. Fay Templeton. 84. Leman. 85. Granger. 86. Emmett. 87. Alma Stuart Stanley. 88. Tyrone Power. 89. Montague. g0. Warren. g1. Crampton. 92. Little Nell. 93. Mordaunt. 94. Billie Barlow. 95. Julia Dean Hayne. 96. Rachel. 97. Wheatleigh. 98. Lily Post. g9. Sheridan Knowles. 100. Irving, Cooper, Prescott, Hawthorn, Curtis, Cooke, Holland, James, Aldrich, Bancroft, Clarke, Morris, Conway, Carleton, Mather, Phelps, Marsh- all, Fawcett, Carey, Mathews, Melville, Bur- roughs, Kellogg, Bryant, Webster, Paulding, Emerson, Taylor, Fiske, Warner, Parker, Calvert, Ward, Greene, Downing, Lewis, Edwards, Murray Drake, March, Hosmer, Barnes, Reed. OPEN CONGRESS. 292.—Can you inform us wherefrom the word ‘* La Grippe” was derived ? Dr. L. H., Red Wing, Minn. The name was given, in France, in 1762, toa peculiar and formerly unknown insect, which produced a sound similar to ‘‘Grippe.’’ These insects appeared again in 1782, and their advent was followed, as it had been twenty years before, by an epidemic of influenza. It was commonly supposed to be the cause of,the disease, which was therefore given the same name. 293.—At what period did the French poet, Rabelais, live? Mrs. C. J. C., New Haven. Born in 1483, died in 1553, 294.— Which of the two nations, Portuguese or British, discovered South Africa? $34; Fi. Toronto. The Portuguese, the Cape of Good Hope being first discovered in 1486 by the Portuguese navi- gator, Bartholomex Diaz, who was notable to double it,and returned. John II.,King of Portugal,there- upon named it ‘‘ The Cape of Good Hope,” and in 1497 Vasca de Gama, another Portuguese, suc- ceeded in doubling it, reaching the Indian Ocean by this route, which no other European had done before him. 295.—Please give me a definition of the iter of Junius. M., Atlanta, Ga. ‘* Junius” was the name or signature of a writer who published, at intervals between 1769 and 1772, a series of political papers on the leading questions and menofthatday. They appeared in the news- paper called the Public Advertiser, and attracted immense attention, partly from the high position of the characters assailed, (among whom was George III. himself,) and still more for their bril- liancy of style, their boldness of tone, and the tremendous severity of the invectives employed inthem. Theletters are still models of that species of writing—though it has since risen to sucha point of excellence generally as would greatly weaken the force of any similar phenomena if appearing in our day. However, from the monarch to the meanest of his subjects, all men were impressed deeply at the time by the letters of Junius, the mystery attending their authorship adding largely totheirinfluence. It was amystery at the moment, and remainsa puzzle still. Not even the publisher, Woodfall, knew who his correspondent was, or, at least, not certainly. Yet all the world felt the letters to be the work of nocommon man. Their most remarkable feature, indeed, was the intimate familiarity with high people and official life which they so clearly evinced. ‘‘A traitor in the camp!” was the cry of the leading statesmen of the period. Hence it occurred that almost every person of talent and eminence then living fell, or has since fallen, more or less under the suspicion of being Junius. But his own words to Woodfall have as yet proved true:—‘‘ It is not in the nature of things that you or anybody else should know me, unless I make myself known.” He adds that he never will do so. ‘*I am the sole depository of my secret, and it shall die with me.” If it has not died with him, he at least has gone to the grave without its divulgement by himself. As a matter of course, efforts to establish the identity of Junius have been instituted, whenever the least bit of circumstantial evidence presented itsélf. Eminent investigators, among them Macaulay, agreed upon _ Sir Philip Francis as the author of the famous letters, and so strong appeared their arguments, that they could almost be taken to solve the riddle, were it not, that other investigators proved as con- clusively that Lord Chatham was the real a: Thus the matter has remained undecided.

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GC (SAG { > bY S ee RICS 5 Fer Z =) A Montuiy Review oF LITERARY, ART, SCIENTIFIC AND GENERAL EDUCATIONAL QUESTIONS OF THE Day. SUBSCRIPTION:—In the United States and Canada, One Dollar ayear. Foreign, Six Shillings. Single copies, ten cents, To ContrisuTors :—Contributions are solicited for Tue Queries MAGAZINE on all subjects of general interest. The friends of ‘higher education who are willing to promote the interests of this mode of instruction are invited to furnish a series of one hundred questions and answers for early publica- tion. Contributors will please use due caution in compilation, as it isa part of the plan of publication that all questions should be known only to the contributor and the Editor before appear- ing in the magazine. To Susscripers :—Persons ordering a change in the direc- tions of the magazine must give both the old and the new ad- dress in full. All subscribers who do not receive their magazine promptly will please notify usatonce. The receipt of the magazine will be a sufficient acknowledgement for a single subscription. When no time is specified, it will be un- derstood that the subscriber wishes to commence with the current number. Remit by Postal Note, Money Order or Draft on New York. All communications should be ad- _ dressed to THE WENBORNE-SUMNER CO., BUFFALO, N. Y. BOUND VOLUMES OF “QUERIES.” No. 1.—Out of print. No. 2.—A few copies left, half morocco, $2.50. No. 3.—Half morocco, - - - 2.25. No. 4.— ‘ es - - - 2.25. 2.36. No. 5.— ‘ ey : z : EDITOR’S TABLE. For the information of many new readers of THE QUERIES MAGAZINE, we repeat that the pre- ceding volumes were published under the name of Queries. This title appeared to be toosimilar to that of one ortwo other publications, without having a distinguishing sound. Thus, communications intended for this magazine and sent to this city, occasionally had the address of Motes and Queries or American Notes and Queries, both of which are esteemed contemporaries, or of Queries with Answers, which is the title of a widely known series of question books issued from this office. We trust that the amended title will be more satis- factory in all these respects. Attention is called to the New Premium Offers, printed on the second and third pages of the cover. Many readers of the magazine have, in the pasts, ent us new names, together with their re- newals. We wish to offer to those, who will take the trouble to explain the special features of this magazine to their friends, and to procure their subscriptions, a fair compensation in the shape of these premiums, all of which are strictly as rep- resented in the advertisement. During 1890 THE QUERIES MAGAZINE will offer a series of liberal cash prizes to be competed for by subscribers only. The plan for the first compe- tition will be announced in the March issue; poetical quotations will form the subject for the same; and this feature will be distinct and separate from the regular question department, in which it is not intended to offer any prizes. CONSUMPTION SURELY CURED. - To THE EDITOR: Please inform your readers that I have a positive remedy for above named disease. By its timely use thousands of hopeless cases have been perma- nently cured. I shall be glad to send two bottles of my remedy FREE to any of your readers who have consumption, if they will send me their Ex- press and P. O. address. Respectfully, T. A. SLOCUM, M.C., 181 Pearl St., New York. CATARRH, Catarrhal Deafness—Hay Fever. A New Home Treatment. Sufferers are not generally aware that these diseases are contagi6us, or that they are due to the presence of living parasites in the lining membrane of the nose and eustachian tubes. Microscopic research, however, has proved this to bea fact, and the result of this discovery is that a simple remedy has been formulated whereby catarrh, catarrhal deafness and hay fever are permanently cured in from one to three simple applications made at home by the patient oncein twoweeks. N.B.— This treatment is not a snuff or an ointment; both have been discarded by reputable physicians as injurious. A pamphlet explaining this new treat- ment is sent on receipt of ten cents by A. H. Dixon & SON, 337 and 339 West King Street, Tofonto, Canada.— Toronto Globe. Sufferers from Catarrhal troubles should care- fully read the above. The WENBORNE-SUMNER Co’s. ‘‘Art Printery,’”” 258 Pearl Street, Buffalo, N. Y., is prepared to fur- nish printed matter of every kind, books, cata- logues, stationery, etc., promptly and at low prices for work unexcelled in point of workman- ship. Unique designs are made a specialty. En- gravings for illustrations are produced by any of the known processes. Correspondence solicited.

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<— Offered by THE QUERIES MAGAZINE. (Continued from Second Page Cover.) WASHINGTON IRVING'S COMPLETE WORKS. New Premiums . IGHT volumes, in fine cloth, gilt tops. Regular publishers’ price, $12.00. We will furnish by express, prepaid, this set in combination with THE QUERIES MAGAZINE as follows: Complete set and two subscriptions for $ 8.50. | Complete set and fifteen subscriptions for $16.00. paces POUT . ‘* 10.00. nes. tWenty THE CELEBRATED LEATHER STOCKING TALES Of JAMES FENIMORE COOPER. FIVE VOLUMES: THE PRAIRIE. ~~ am, | SEEze THE DEERSLAYER. WS Set Patt Si KING TALES SS SS Ee ee THE PATHFINDER. ~ THE PIONEER. | THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS. It is a matter of national pride that ‘SS SS = — SE== J _Cooper’s Novels are so widely read. & SS : == They are wonderfully interesting and 5! : ——SESESESEEEEEE———————— true to life, and a perusal of them will == IE = Cer ——————————————————— enable the reader to form a better idea * E of the manners and customs, as well as the struggles and trials of our country = ————— in its early history, than can be had SS from any other source. ‘* 20.00. The books are well printed, in large type, on good paper, firmly but cheaply bound. We will furnish the five volumes complete, postage prepaid, And one subscription for $1.50. And two subscriptions for $2.15. And three subscriptions for $3.00. POPULAR (2M0. EDITION o STANDARD AUTHORS. Good print and paper, cloth binding, gilt and stamped covers. Regular price, 50 cents per volume. We will furnish any book, postpaid, And one subscription for $1.30. And two subscriptions for $2.00. Select from the following list: : Yourself in His Place, Woman Hater, Michael Strogoff, Five Weeks in Balloon, Lady Audley's Secret, Robert Elsmere. SOLID 14 KARAT GOLD LADY’S WATCH. Stem Wind and Set. ELGIN Movement. to run, under a strict warrranty to the publishers of this magazine. furnish the solid gold 14 K lady’s watch, with Elgin movement, And twenty subscriptions for $36.00. . And thirty subscriptions for $40.00. And fifty subscriptions for $50.00. Vanity Fair, Last Days of Pompeu, Tom Brown's School Days, Willy Reilly and his Dear Colleen Bawn, Vicar of Wakefield, Grimm's Fairy Tales, tsop’s Fables, The Scottish Chiefs, Thaddeus of Warsaw, Don Quixote de la Mancha, Guliver’s Travels, The Pilgrim’s Progress, Jane Eyre, Adam Bede, Romola, Irving's Sketch Book, By Woman's Wit, King Solomon's Mines, Allan Quartermain, Called Back, Lays of Anctent Rome, Foul Play, Put a These watches usually retail for from $40 to $45. They are guar- anteed in all respects as represented; and are furnished to us by one of the best known Jewely houses in the country, complete and ready We offer this grand premium upon terms which do not begin to reimburse us for our actual outlay—expecting that such extended efforts as are required to obtain this premium, must result in permanent benefit to the Queries Magazine. We offer to © Address all orders to THE WENBORNE-SUMNER CO., Buffalo, N. Y.

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