The Nation 1913 : Vol 97

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The Nation 42704 A WEEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO POLITICS, LITERATURE, SCIENCE, DRAMA, MUSIC, ART, and FINANCE Burl^S^ne Public I VOLUME XCVII FROM JULY i, 1913, TO DECEMBER 31, 1913 NEW YORK NEW YORK EVENING POST COMPANY 1913

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42704 INDEX TO VOLUME XCVII JULY TO DECEMBER, 1913 (Nos. 2505-2530) This index is divided into two parts: the Books, Rare _ . . . ,. ., Eorrow celebration in Norwich first covering miscellaneous matters, the i;ra,,lc.Vi \V. a. The art of illustration Bridges, R 503 75 second, authors and books. Abbott, T. K. (Jl.it G23 did 254 Adams, C. F 503 Aeronautics 25, 47, 134, 375, Oil Aeroplane, Ten years of the oil Aldrlcb 00 the baukiD" bill 370 Alexander, J. W. American attitude towards art 98 Alger, (J. \V. Law reforms 556 Allen, K. S. Bibliophile (Oxford Diet.) 10 The hunger strike 587 Allen. W. B. The passing of Greek 207 Altaian. B 377 Altrocchl, R. Arturo Graf 11 Scipio Sighole 457 Alvonl. C. W. Bibliophile (Carver) 1S4 field day 100 American Journal of Inter. Law 313 Angcll, J. B. 328 Bronsart, II. Bronsart, I. de. 42 73, 141 Obit 520 Obit 64 Brookfleld, C. H. E. Obit 419 Brown, H. B. Obit 244 Brown, W. (! Obit 389 Browuson, H. F. Obit 623 Bruce, J. D. Cauipailla, Berkeley, and Mil- ton 32 Bryan. W. J 67, 111, 133, 256, 278, 281, 309, 424, 450, 471, 556, 582, 611 Budget, Groping for a 4 Rurditt, C. A. The currency bill 407 Burleson's happy thoughts 609 Butterworth, S. Bibliophile (Lamb) 74 ( Peacock) 586 California: Iletch-Heteby Valley ... .221, 327, "347, 450, 554, 605 Japan 98, 20S Los Angeles schools 507 San Francisco, politics 222 Anglo-Saxondom and world-peace 204 „ ,,,. Animals. Color of 588 Callfornlan English . 507 Annales de Geographic Arcblv fiir Kunatgeschlcbte 128, 571 Ca" ' llc' to0' be revived ? 612 ' .......' 520 Canada : Agriculture 342 Argentina 25 Army bill. The volunteer G10 Arnold, F. R. Short-winded drama 99 Art : American attitude 98 Australian painting 420 Blake at the Tate Gallery 57:! Cubists and the Paris salon 473 I ttioas: Corfu (Prof. DBrpfeld) ... 196 Crete 190 Egypt Exploration Fund 575 344 Grosseto. Talamone 197 1 tsirelon of Abydos 575 Ostia (Prof. Vagllerl) 628 Palatine (Bonl) 575 Rome (Ferri) 575 Seville 370 Vejum 196 Illustration 42 La Touehe. G 152 Lithography 492 Metropolitan Museum 319 Mona Lisa 580 Nat. Academy of Fine Arts 626 National Institute Arts and Letters 524 Powers. T-T 477, 587 St. John's Cathedral 524 Sculptors. American 477 Senefelder Club 492 Snanish masters 394 Statues 449 Walts 173, 194 Winter Academy 626 Athletics : Baseball 101. 20s Football 222, 499 German and American 325 Golf 277. 300. 477 Lawn tennis 24, 90 Austen. Jane 305 Australian painting 420 Austria 157 Autobiographies, Chanters from 454 Axon. W. B, A. Bibliophile (Coleridge)... 161 (Hare) 350 (Tennox) 614 (Rossi . ." 97 (Scott) 140 (Thackeray) 431 Babbitt. I. The bicentenary of Diderot 329 Baker. H. L. An elastic currency 357 Cultural education 55, Balkan States 25. 47, 135, 157, 183, 277, 301, 555 Ball. R. S. Obit 545 Rankers' Convention and the banking bill.. 344 Banking bill, Aldrich on the 370 Amendments 500 At Washington 20 Bankers' conference 180 Convention .....! 344 Country. The , . 628 Currency law ' ' ' ros Present status (October) .'.'.' 370 Progress 202 Revised • ' 73^ Root's attitude fjso To the Senate ...!." 278 Bavaria ' ' 4n- Reard. J. C. Obit 4.88 Beatly, A. Wordsworth and Hartley 51 Rebel. A. F -,-V 17, Benjamin, W. E. Obit Rernhaum, E. Mr. Moody's letters Bibliophile 10 3] r,4 97. 120, 140. 161," 184, 207 2.T> 259' 2^81304fiB-63|?o »"": »«■ 405! CoBperktlon a, home TUiih„o-i 1 Iv • ' ■ ■'■■-■ --■'■ "90- nu Cotton futures p'r'^Jr 851 S"»tMT- w. p. bbK.: ::::::::: ll r;:p.v >V the^ilion 4 LIb.i:,!,,:. r, vn.ry riayc, B!o^'ac-cu^ion°bit ■ : : .' : : : ". : : : : «5 SSSt..*" co^iec^.pV ■"::::::::: ; 291 r>ioori accusation ^-n n.,tt w it * .. t^ .. , ..... * 121 Anglo-Saxon friendship 204 Navy 179 Population 90 Tariff 179, 349,525 Thaw case 179 Carnegie Endowment, International Peace... 67 Catholic press. The 260 Catholicism and the Roman hierarchy .... 121, 103 Catholics and intolerance 75 Catholics and liberty of opinion 163 Census Bureau 399 Channel tunnel, Again the '.'.'. 159 Chew, S. C, jr. Old French words in English 616 Chill 217 China 135, 208, 301, 349. 449, 473, 607 Cbislett, ■ \V.. jr. Vocational schools 506 Choate, J. H 497 Christmas, Scientific management of 559 City maligned 534 City nomenclatures , . , , 400 Civil service 89, 177, 119, 222, 323, 399, 471, 582 Claretie, J 375 Clark, I. The Anagram .........' 481 Clarke, J. E. Obit 517 Cocaine 34- Coddington, W. P. Obit 171 Coes, M. Obit | m College: Athletics and scholarship. .200. 400, 479 Columbia 44s Commerce 449 Cornell ... .348' 475 Deans ' ' " ' ' 457 English (Mr. Eok) ......' 185 Eton ' ' 47 France 230 Freshmen '.'.'.'.304; 329 Graduate 379 Hart, Schaffner & Marx essay prizes '.'.'. '. 540 Harvard .' 227 40,0, Ideal conditions . ' 200 Johns Hopkins ..[ 47- Newspaper ideals 505 Oxford 3, 503 'Pass" and "Class" ' 406 Princeton 300/ 3Jn Religious teaching n "Scholars" 533 State universities : 328 Teachers of English 357' 433 University at Washington •■■■ ■ , ^-_^ University of Geneva 283 University of Illinois 24 University of London go University of Michigan .... 309 University of Nebraska 47- Williams ][ fip Youth and folly ' ' on. Collier, P. Obit Colorado : Denver politics Lindsey, B. B Compton. A. G. Obit. . Coney, J. H. Obit Congress: Congressional Record... Free seeds ' Ilotoh. Hetehy Valley.. 221, 327, 347,' 450 554 House of Representatives 4' (jor, Nat. Ass'n of Manufacturers... ' '.'. ' og Senate ■ 1. 89. 134, 15o'. 202 Summer capital and legislation... 1 Tariff legislation '254 209 Conservation .'.'.68' 198 ... 433 Consuls safeguarded ;-,- Cook. A. S. Thackeray's "Uttle Blllee" ! .' ! 561 trooper, L. Concordance to Horace 3.-7 280 48 441 46, 133 40. 188 596 12.8 .157, 348, 424 An Eskimo artist. . . Davis, J. S. An incorporation act in New Jersey 309 Debtor class redivivus 114 De-naturing mania 116 Department store, Pacts about the 94 Detecting the detectaphone 426 Didier, E. L. Obit 244 Diplomatic, The art 582 Disease, The war against 378- Distressing mix-up 305. Dixon, J. M. English and Amer. snobs 56- The Cafeteria 533 Dorman, J. H., jr. Mr. William J. Price 382: Drama: Barrie's Half an Hour; The Adored One (Leonora) ; The Will 317, 318- Bennett's The Great Adventure 392 Benson, P. R., and New York 419- Birmingham's General John Regan 407 Chambers's Tante 442 Coventry Plays 308- D'Annunzio's La Pisanelle 18 Democratic art (Photo-plays) 193 Fernald's Pursuit of Pamela 419 Filth on the stage 240. 585 Forbes-Robertson 324, 342, 368, 392 403, 519, 599 Galsworthy and Bernard Shaw 380 Germa n 63 Houghton's Younger Generation 317 Housman and Barker's Prunella 418 Hurlbut's Strange Woman 490 Jacobs and Parker's Beauty and the Barge 490 Japan and Western plays 84 Kean, C. J 625 Kistemaeckers' L'Occident 572 London theatres 310.490 Marshall's The Second in Command.... 442 Maude, Cyril 490, 519 New material from abroad 09 One-act plays 99 Play market 172 Shakespeare 200, 442, 612 Shakespeare Festival 294 Hamlet 403 Much Ado 217 Shaw's Androcles and the Lion 316 Caesar and Cleopatra 392 Stage card-catalogued 429 Reforms 499 Uplift 103 Versus the drama 590 Theatre Francois 375 Thomas's Indian Summer 418 Tombo (Prof.) on William Tell 276 Wilde's Dorian Gray 271 Dujardin-I'.caumetz, H.-C.-E. Obit 319 Durrett, R. T. Obit 292 East, A. Obit 319 Eastman, J. R. Obit 316 Eckels, W. A. Of the people 141 Edelman, I. Bibliophile (Shaw) 259 Education: England and the U. S 47 Germany 7 Ohio State dept. questions 112 Parent and teacher 258 School hygiene 178 Schoolboy's vacation 223 Sex-instruction 200 State institutions 55 Teachers, salaries, training 253 Virginia 606 Vocationai 7, 17 Young, Ella Flagg 200. 253, 260 Ellis, R. Obit Embassies. American 134 Ende. A. v. German books... 8, 63, 281, 430, 013 England : Belfast riots 253 Campbell-Bannerman and Africa 475 Crystal Palace 69 Curzon on oratory 502 Diplomacy and Turkey 201 Free trade 323 George's (Lloyd) address on land laws.. 449 Glasgow and Lord Kelvin 401 Government. 157. 277. 304. 349, 374. 401. 1)9 Ireland and lb .me Rule. 47. 91. 253. 277. 303. 349. 375, 401, 449, 501, 527. Isaacs, Sir Rufus 37 1 Japan 201 Labor 349. IT I tesbip 51, 73 Mediterranean, The 801 Mexico (17 Navy 375. 473 Newspapers 226 Piano Industry 223 Prize competitions 113 South Africa and India 47{ Tunnel to Franco. . . Turf (Woo ton case) .... Ulster crisis. The map Universities Worklngmen'o Ins. Act '■"nglish and baseball . . Fttinghanson. M. L. Opera at Munich. Eugenics and common-sense The cost of Fnrone : Politics FxploMing a legend 159 ... 303 . . . 37.-. ... 09 ... 113 ... 101 ... 616 . . . 526 ... 137 .3. 201 27 Cal and special 1.VJ

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Vol. XC\ ii | Ind ex LJuly-Dec, 1913 Express rates i'i» 1. 11. Obit Fair, Improving the country Fallacies about recognition Farmers in the South Fashions in smiles Fathers' day Favre, Mile, oi.it Flchman, 1). Mixed English Finance: American, The new era Autumn markets Banking and currency 20, 89, in, l l l. 186, 180, 202, 251, 278, 844, 357, 370, 878, 876, 899, 407, 424, 444, 480, 493, BOO, 54!). 5S2, 608, Causes of gloom Directors and their trust Dollar standard Fifty years ago Financial strain abroad, The Harvests Inactive market. Meaning of the New Haven Railway's dividend New Impressions Question and answers on currency Railway efficiency Rates ' Stock Exchange, low ebb Storks, The ri.-e in Three factors in the outlook Treasury report Turn for the better. As to a Two ways of doing it Union Pacific and its investments Wall Street and dull times Banking bill Present mood Finn, J. W. Obit Fire inspectors / . Fitch, n. J. Inventor of the steamboat Fitz, R. II. Obit Fixed things In a mixed situation Fletcher, W. I. The lion's share Foerster, N. Clerks of the woods Forbes, H. P. Obit Fortunes without monopolv Fox, H. R. Bibliophile (L'Estrange) 31, France : Deputies and eloquence Government 113, Mile. Moisse and the Conservatoire Population and death rate Universities French university conflict Freshmen and life Friedmann, F. F Frletchie (Barbara) and fame ..........*." Furness, C. B. Wordsworth misquoted Furness, W. H. Letters of H. H. Furness.. Gaillard, D. D Gamble, J. Hetch-Hetchv Garcia, G. M. A. y. Obit " Gates, C. W Gaul, R. A. Obit .....'.'.'.'.'. Gaynor, W. J Geographical Journal 190, 267, Georgia : Legislature 156, Gerard, J. W 2. 134] Germany : Alsace-Lorraine 525, 557] Army and navy 135, 375, 525, 557, Criminal study Embassy at Washington Government 91, 135, "Red Pope" (Bebel) Reichstag Shakespeare Society '. William II and the Crown Prince Zeppelin Gettysburg, President Wilson, and the U. R. 479, Glddings, C. Church advertising Gildea, J. Memorials to King Edward Goddard. H. C. Bernard Sbaw and the law Goldbereer L. M. Obit Goldmann, E. E. Obit Golf courses, Hard and easy Gorgas, W. C Gotcb, F. Obit Government: Appropriations Diplomatic and consular service. . 199, 255 300, 450, 471, Federal and State powers Federal judges Municipal 10, 156, 199, 472, Receipts and disbursements Revenue Steel plant Telegraph and telephone Orange, The Great Lakes and shipping ce, and Greeks 76, 91). 185, Green, J. Obit Gregg, J. Baseball slang Griffiths, J. L Gugler, J. Unity of English and Americans Hnldane, Lord. Address before Amer. Bar Ass'n Hanaburgh, E. F. Bibliophile 333, Hand that pulled the strings, The I is 1 iter's Weekly Harrison, F. B 178, Hart. J. M. Cafetaria nn wall Efayashl, T. Obit Haydn, 11 0. oi.it Haziitt, W. 0. Obit Hi arst, W B 133. 180, ITersman, A. The Income Tax Hill, F S Obli Hitchcock, G. Obit Hogue, A. Charlotte, N. 0., and Oelweln. la. Hohlfeld, A. R. Bibliophile (Llebesklnd) . . Holland, E. M. Obit Holt, I.. II Query Homicides Hor.sler poet, The Houghton, 8, Obit Howe, F 0, Credit given Hubbard, .1. M. 1 628 168 296 1 I I 13 197 153 421 601 B76 493 819 249 65 17,1 549 553 87 131 272 521 444 396 218 606 615 842 180 309 118 341 :;tt 54 555 555 15 7 25 230 230 304 91 529 261 588 554 4 57 365 427 271 257 439 178 256 607 607 52 S 401 557 15S 5,-, 7 200 575 47 588 43:; 163 506 416 1 93 477 878 84 4 5S2 498 155 554 24 555 276 610 158 499 309 571 208 256 122 204 405 93 305 256 457 374 62 128 211 225 334 8 1 5 181 55 156 519 186 4 72 B52 500 ISO 288 Humorists, The pedantry of Hungary: Duelling [deal republic of learning Illinois: Chicago ( Mamie, • Browne's view).. Newspapers Politics BcbOOl board i';i tpayers Voting machine Well named Constitution Grundy County's court house Legislature p. .373, .os India Indian problems (United Stales)..., Indiana: Indianapolis, noise crusade Polities Prison paroles Insomnia, A remedy for 533, Insurance, State life Interstate Commerce Commission Isthmian canal, A rival Italy : Elections Treasury Ives decision. Recall of the .lack, J. II. Obit Japan 98, 201, 208, 223, .Tayne, H. Obit Jenkins, S. Obit Jerusalem and Jews Johnson, II. Obit Johnston, L. S. Race segregation Jordan, J. C. Farewell speech in Hamlet.. Josepbson, A. G. S. Scandinavian study.... Journalism, Changing Joynes, E. S. Those molasses — finis Judicial fitness and the recall Justice, Swifter and surer Kansas : Agriculture Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson) Kern, A. A. Bibliophile (Poe) Klldal, A. Scandinavian books 139, King, G. G. A question of iconography Kingery. II. M. A literary affectation Bibliophile (Napoleon) 559, Kittredge and the teaching of English. .227, Knight, O. W. Obit Knowledge. The tax on Knox, C. 8. Getting the best out of the best Knox, P. C. Speech at Braddock La Touche, G La Vita Italiana all' Estero Labor: Child (Massachusetts) Department stores Erdman act 2 Farm and city I. W. W 68. Insurance 113, Law Legislation New Zealand Political party Railways 448, 472, Servants and thrift Strikes 2, 45. 251, 32G, 349, 472, Sundry Civil bill Syndicalism and cost of living Taylor system (Watertown Arsenal)... Tips (St. Louis) United Mine Workers of America Woman and child workerB 4, 94, 374, Workmen's compensation act Lamar, David Lambert, W. A, Liberty in teaching Land movement and immigrants Language: Creek and Latin 207, Pronunciation Lamed. J N. Obit Laureate, The new Law: Appellate practice, New York Constitution and the judiciary 221, Fowler, on the common law Impeachment Incorporation acts Indeterminate sentences Juries and sentimentality Labor 204. 326. Legal profession (G W. Bristol's views) Legislation and state capitals Motor-'buses Railways Reforms 178. Taxation White slavery, California 179, Lawless, E. Obit Lee, B. 01.1t Legal profession, Changes In the Lemml, C. W. Hiram Powers Library: India Librarians 6, 162, 232, Los Angeles Lincoln at Gettysburg Llnd. J Liquor traffic Literal ore : Affected dialogue Books, fewer and better Rare Borrow, G Rronte, c, and Prof. Heger Burns, Glenriddell MSS Oampailla Carver's "Travels" 1 r C0I1. ridge, S. T Dll t 457, 533, Fiction Hare's Guesses at Truth Humorists John on. Dr Lamb, 0 Lennox, C Llebesklnd, D. M Magazines Napoleon biography Peacock, and the I'oetry of Nonnus Poe 95 179 200 184 156 222 90 222 t 55 mo 1 18 580 24 523 I 10 848 46. 524 606 561 121 111 02 504 142 526 204 349 63 365 325 517 334 5117 33 226 121 72 556 222 101 381 381 616 333 616 259 too 49 406 373 152 216 276 94 , 45 24 327 204 826 203 4 25 408 605 28 581 524 201 3o2 90 524 607 526 27 11 499 no 25X 171 73 L78 526 53,2 199 369 606 too 526 182 112 201 2 ,-.-,7 49 25 1 416 63 182 587 339 285 19 26 112 ■■no 3.33 848 508 75 134 524 32 184 3.1 162 561 284 BB6 96 23 2 74 6 1 I 156 3 559 586 381 Literal lire : Poetic imagery P01 1 and poetry 61, 91, 117, 457, 588, Reading public Loss's Pansebeia Saturday Review Scott, w Shakespeare stiaw and Congreve Sheridan's School tor Scandal Thackeray's Three sailors (Little Blllee) I-'-, 178, Victorian age Wordsworth and Hartley Misquoted Living, Cost of Lobby, Natural history of the Longfellow, W. P. P. Obit 181, Louisiana: Legislature ' Politics Lowes, J. L. Heroes Lucas-Chauipionniere, J. Obit. Ly ttelton, A McAdou, W. G. Bribery MacAlister, J. Obit McBurney, C. Obit McCloskey, J. J. Obit MacCracken, H. N. Mr. Bok on college English Maine : Politics 199, Maiden, I\ S. Platform anarchy Tourist charges Marine conference, International Marion, H. Obit Marshall, T. R Maryland : Politics 1. 156, Massachusetts: Politics 275, 299, 324, 347, 382, 423, Mather, F. J., jr. Watts and his art 173, Mather's fault, All Cotton Matthews, A. "Sir" Francis Nicholson.... Maybrick, M. Obit Mayer, J. Opera in Munich Medical progress Memoirs of a Secretary of State Mercure de France •■■ • Mexican leaders Mexicanizing England Mexico ......70, 75, 92, 112, 133, 157, 201. 224, 253, 301, 349, 402, 447, 497, 527, 554, 581, 607, Michigan: Calumet copper strike Mid- West Quarterly Milne, J. Obit Minnesota: Cost of city gov't Minns, E. H. Greek documents Missouri: Gov. Major and good roads Politics Molasses, Those Mombert, J. I. Obit ■■ Monroe Doctrine 497, Moore, , Virginia 558 561 205 97 96 140 507 19 284 561 152 51 261 472 26 480 251 523 233 417 90 554 595 406 129 185 221 382 99 476 171 251 424 447 194 352 32 194 434 275 474 281 5 S3 615 527 615 251 473 129 554 542 182, 400 76 365 556 480 256 197 270 75 606 302 158 248 294 173 129 64 19 151 419 271 151 64 491 120 369 319 173 107 547 271 295 519 810 193 415 419 294 467 247 86 31 8 151 520 152 19 573 443 4 43 572 419 467 30 1 64 278 156 150 327 5 113 555 3 17 252 199 1 I I 68 579 579 606

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Nos. 2505-2536J Index [Vol. xcvii er, a. rk: Constitution 7,20 Democratic reorganization 461 Election! 461, 628 Legislative powers 526 (."., 7:; New York city, ad Ignboards., 851 ommerce 449 Polities 181, 828 Politics 166, 168, 177. 802, 828, ST4; B77, 428, 461, 498, 628 Sulzer Impeachment 188, 166, 168, 177. 276, 299 823, S77, 108, -127 Tammany Hall :i7». 102, 128, 402, 498 New Zealand 420 Newmark, I.. Blbllopblle (Johnson) 232 -is : English 525 . alism 228 i.i 70, 90. 92, 112 Sicbols, A, ll Scientific bell ringing 432 B80 Nogucbi, Y. Western plays In Japan 84 Norton, C. K 029 O'Brien, E. J. Swinburne bibliography 681 Ogden, R. C 139 Oiler, F.-.I. Ot.it 342 oiiashi. ii. N :,,, Japanese.... 98 Ohio : I 279 Dayton, a model city 408 New charter .' 156 :iis. 172 Okakurn Kakuzo. Obit 248, 286 Oklahoma : Indiana ' 348 Olllvlrr, O.-E Obit 192 Oratory anil the press 502 Oregon: Tensions fur met hers 425 Politics 10 Orr, J. Obit 292 Osier, \V. Charles Franols Adam-, .it uvford 503 Page, \v II. Speech at the Savage Club.... 666 Painter. L Q. Dialed poetry 457 Panama and Socialism 453 Panama Canal 92, 112, 801, 878, I2S 463 Panama Exposition \\2 138 Panklmrst, Mrs. and Miss 373 454 E. The yellow peril , 208 Passano. L. M. Getting the best mil ol '"st 479 ! 1 L.-P. Obit 128 67, 1:;::. is:;. 2114. 887 Penfli n F r j Pennell, J. Tourist charges it ancient ruins 76 Pennsylvania: Commission government 524 Forestry legislation , . 68 Legislature 46 Philadelphia : Pig farms ...!!!!!!!!!!! 253 Politics 279 Politics .....324 524 Pensions for mothers ' 42^ Parkins c w 424 Perott, J. de. Libraries and the scholar .. 1.82 286 Perry centenary and the Great Lakes 252 Petermann's Mlttellungen . 1^ 549 Phelps, E. C. Obit. . * 5I7 Lnl"Pplne8„ 17°- 27T. 313, 325,' 350, 499 Pierre de Coulevaln. Obit.... 944 P'nf,p,". H. M 300, 325.' 450, 471 Plural molasses 16 Poet. Difficulties of the ...'.'. ki Poet's bank q| Poet's bread and butter, The....!! 117 Political discounting ''' " 326 Political principles triumph ...'.'. '.'.'.'.'. 475 Politics: Democratic party ink" 4>»9 Direct primaries ..... "*' Vfi Labor party ' ' " 4qo November elections ' ' 42? Political prophecy ■,,? Presidential nominations '.'.'.523,553 Progressive party. .. .45. 177. 199 2,l' 251, 323, 324, 374, 423, 424', t> „ „„ »„ 447. 523, 553, 605 Recall 46, 72, 134, 199, 221, 299, 526 606 Republican party 177 221, 251, 471, c, ,. , , , 553', 579', 608 Senatorial elections 1 424 Pollak, G. Dialect in literature " ' 561 Polonius and the Zeitgeist ... " 403 Pornography for hire so? Post, G. B. Obit '. '. .". 5J9 Post Office : Chicago postmasters'h'ip !!!!!!!' 68 Franking privilege 494 £"rceI P08* '.'.'.'.'.'.'580, 609 Reforms ' 49J Preece, W. H. Obit ....'.'.'. a$1 President. The first Southern Via President's ideal, The IaS PrPi70r T, n mi. ,ui 153 Bellglon: Protestant churches 433 1 Univi rsity and the State. Tile . Preyer, D. C. Obit Pric? W I"" ChUrCh 8nd ' ** ' P°P« : • "" ■ • ^ 163 Prohibition '.'.'.. '.'.'..'. ~fS' 22? Pronunciation. Changes in'.'. via Prophets of evil i$° Protection spell. Breaking the' '.'.'. 40 Public. Is there a ....... 9** Quariteh, B Railways : French Labor disputes ............'•> N. Y., N. H. & H., 45, 7l! 276 205 207 525 45, 326 296, Northern Pac.fle 32°' 58°' Sg* Parcel post »a„ Public feeling ......'.'.'.'. Jos Rates 24q ' koV k!io Scientific management 810 Southern Pacific's strike .'. 479 Southern Pacific, Union Pacific " * 1 Train accidents Union Pacific ] Wages award nZt Mw ohc Jl,son Almlnlstr'ation... Reeves W. P. Celt and Kelt ^61 Reichstag, army and empire r„ Relnsch. P. S °2,i Religion : Catholic' . . '. '. 75.' lM," i63.' 260,' '433, 607 605 272 448 309 Episcopacy Republicans and the future 608 Resignation and a moral 7t Kevievt In new bands. An old 96 Kevin. Ids, C. L. Obit 172 Richardson, C. F. Obit 3ti.o Riley, .1. W 862,467 Road-building 579 Roads while you wait, Good 18 1 Robins, J. Q. Tin- Italian Treasury 142 Robinson, w. a. Blbllopblle 532 Rockwood, c. G. Obit 41 M. T. 3, 4.-,, 67, 221, 299, 323, 324, 377, 400. 4 17. 4:.4. 471. 407. 528 553, 57ti. 582 Root, E 224, 334, 582 Rule that proves tin exception 380 Russia: Kiev, murder trial 350 Population 401 Sabin, E>. C. Mrs. Young and the Chicago tola 260 Saint Venus and the Canterbury pilgrims.. 354 II. N. The scholar and the libraries 232 Sanit] ami world-betterment 426 Satirist of the Victorians 501 Scheltema, J. F, opium In the East Indies 560 SchlSsser, A. Obit 547 Scholars to undergraduates 533 Science Agriculture 254 Alcoholic products 252 Crile. Dr 91 Criminology 528 1 n ease 200, 379 Eugenics 137, 401, 520 FOOd-prodUClng areas 313 Health boards GOO Hurricanes 02 Insanity and the birth rate 27.2 Mi-dical education 474 National Academy 307. 7.17 Reclamation service 441 Sex hygiene 426 Seaver, H. L. Of the people 103 Sedition at home and abroad 474 Senatorial logic. First class in 202 Shadwell, B. Opium smoking In Java.. 457, 480 Shcchan. P. A. Obit 341 Shipping: American 429, 447 ■Cargo steamers 177 Internationa] conference 470 Seamen's bill 373, 428 Some problems 428 Should the Currency bill be amended 450 Siahele, S 457 Sills, K. C. M. Greek-Americans 309 Simmons, F. Obit .",70 Simon. E.-A.-C. Obit 517 Sitgreaves, M. J. A grievance 407 Soberness and progress 4 Social work. Combining in 628 Socialism 377, 453 South Africa: Hindus (Hardlnge's speech).. 581 Johannesburg 25 South and Central American republics. .90, 113, 133. 423, 449, 550, 592 South Carolina : Negro suffrage and poll- tics 40. 579 Stage, Card-cataloguing the 429 Stage versus the drama 590 Stamp-collecting 429 Statue habit. The 50 Steel 270 Stelnhaenser. A. T. W. A new punctuation mark 99 stokes. A. P. Obit 18 Stork. C. W. Professor Kittredge 259 Sulzer, The end of William 370 Supercollegiate committee on freshmen 329 Swett. J. Obit 192. 209 Swiss notes 2«3 Taft. W. H. The iudlciary 221 Wilson's administration 347, 581 Tammany's overplayed hand 402 Tariff : Art objects 275 Bananas 275 Birds 11, 111 Books 49. 221 Business depression 7,79 Canada 179 Cotton 48, 133 Foss (Cov.) and Canada 46 Legislation 23. 40. 48, 89, 111, 155, 254. 275, 299. 323, 320 Piano Industry in England 223 Politics 221 , 251 , 320 Protection 4s Senatorial logic 203 Shipping 447 Tax, Income . ...1, 199. 224. 299. 323. 334, „ , „ 423. 523! 553 Taylor, E. R. The new laureate (Bridges ) . 111 Teachers of English 357 433 Terrell. G. Mr. Baker and "an elastic cur- rency' ' 407 Texas: Prisons 119 Thaw, H. K .......179, 222 Thirty years of an empire ' 905 Thomson. L. D. The uplift of the stage..'!.' T03 Thrift. A storv of 28 Thurber, E. A. Deans 457 Thwaites, R. 0. 01.lt ..400,418 Tipping 276 Town and country muse ' ' " 550 Toynhee. P. Letters of Horace Walpole!!!' I'M Traveller, In honor of a 99 Traveller, Making It easv for the!!'" "' 118 Trusts : Cost of living ' ' , 47., Harvester ' ' ' ' 404 Telephone ........'.'..'."' 00- Tunstall, R. W. The "Latin Ladder".."."".'.' 288 Tupper. F. Saint Venus and the Canterbury pilgrims ' g|j4 Tupper. J. W. Bibliophile (Sheridan)'.'..'.'.'. 284 U. Unpopular Review 007 tune ti -i ion 284 U. S. Navy Dept. : Battleships. .347, 399. 424, 523 Daniels's attitude 023 .Naval officers 221 Polls, L'apt 23 ;. War Dept. : Army canteen 579 Posts OSO Military reserve (Garrison) 279 Retired list 222 Volunteer army bill 610 Watertown Arsenal, Taylor system 303 West Point 300, 399 Utter, R. P. Bibliophile (Thackeray) 478 Vambery, A. Obit 269 Van Ilamel, J. A. Opium-smoking in Java.. 586 Venezuela 113 Verdi centenary, The 308 Vermont: St. Alban's anniversary 178 Vice investigations 4 Victorians, The last of the 452 Villari, L. Italian literature 456 Volturno disaster 348, 476 Wager, C. H. A. The President's speech.... 32 Wait, L. A. Obit 246 Wallace, A. R. Obit 452, 466 War. A diagnosis of 183 Washington : Seattle riots 68 Webster, A. G. National Academy of Sciences 517 Wells, J. E. A Coleridge concordance 507 West and the new agriculture. The 254 West Virginia : Politics 373 Wharton, Mrs 404 What one mayor has done 279 Wheeler, J. R. A complacent British review 75 Travelling in Greece 185 Wilder, B. G. Dialect verses 538 Hoosier poetry 383 Williams, T. I>gal vision 532 Wilson, W. : Administration. .2, 23, 45, 71, 92, 114, 133, 179. 201. 224. 251, 253, 254, 255. 278, 300, 309. 323, 326, 347, 349, 373, 377, 399, 407, 423, 447, 450, 471, 497, 523, 556, 579, 581, 582, 605, 609 Diez, H 588 Gettysburg address 23, 32 Legislation 136 Messages 471, 553 Mexican programme 402 Negro questions 114, 447, 579 Philippines, The 350 South American republics 556 Suffrage 553 Wilson, W. B 23 Wireless messages (Rio Grande hoax) 580 Wisconsin : Life insurance 424 Wise. J. B. Elections in Oregon 10 Wolf, J. de. Obit 520 Woman suffrage 373, 553, 579, 606 Wood. J. J. Obit 271 World's fairs 606 Young, E. C. Doctors of Divinity 285 Zei'der, O. W. Insomnia 561 Zionist movement 223 Zunser, E. Obit 292 .277. 301 Turkey Twilight of the white irods '.'.'.' .'.'.'.'.'...'.'.".' .' ' 477 Type. An old but disappearing.. " 497 TThler. P. R. Obit Ulster crisis, The 417 AUTHORS AND BOOKS. The entries in the following index are made under the name of author, editor, or translator, as the case may be; sometimes under two of these heads. A number of the more important books are also indexed by title. Aakjaer, J. Addresses 140 Aanrud, H. Works 380 Aasen, T. Life and work 381 Abbot, E. V. Justice and the Modern Law.. :'>34 Abrams, A. English Life in the Later Middle Ages 105 Adams, A. II. I/)ndon Streets 214 Adams, H. S. Flower Gardening 83 Agee, A. Crops . . . for Soil Improvement.. 62 Albanesi, E. M. The Beloved Enemy; The ... i i- 1 1 13 Alger, G. W. The Old Law and the New Order 14 Allen, A. Atlas of Commercial 'ieograpny.. 571 Allen, G. W. Naval History of the Amer. Revolution 336 Allinson, A. C. E. Roads from Rome 484 Alvord, C. W., and Bldgood. L. Explorations of the Trana-AUegbeny 243 American Business Encyclopaedia and Legal Adviser 21 1 Anderson, F. I. Farmer of To-morrow 106 isen, O. Questions of the Hour 380 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Olles) 38 pha and Pseud, of the Old Testament 7,70 Applan's Reman History (White) 414 Apolloniua Rhodlus's Argonautlca (Hooney). 104 Argentine, La Carte de la Rlpubllque 417 Arlstarchns of Sam is 023 Aristotle's Poetlca ,,, 269 Ark Wright, W Knowledge and Life......' Armstrong, W. Lawrence 86 Aulnoy, Mine. d\ Memoirs ., \nstc-n i/irh. w. and R v Jane Austen.. Austin, m The Lovely Lady : Australasian literature 30 Anvergne. E It d'. Oixloy !!!...'!!! 147 Averlll, M 1 er Arrangement...! 547 Vysconvb. J. Oracechurch ggg Bacheller. I. The Turning of Orlggsby. '. '. '. 101 iter, c. The Patomac Route to the West 39 Raerleln. II Mexico 105 Baker. F. K. Stories of Old Greece !.. 543 Baker. J Austria ss and Atne, colonies. ....../ 333 Unions an7'theD Watertown' Arsenal. ! '. ". ". ". .! SSS ' Stfift S" %&ST STbiV^. '. ". I ! ." '. I ! I \ 2H

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Vol. xcviij Ind ex [July-Dec, 1913 Barker( B. G. Passing of the Turkish Em- pire 16 Barr, a. 10. All the Days of Mj Life 111 Barrlngton Bernard Correspondence 304 Barry, J. D. Intimations 148 Barton, J. Denys'of Auxerre 41 Bashford, II. ll. Pity the Poor Blind 188 Bassett, J. P. History of the United Stales 285 Balcheller, T, B. Royal Spain (SID Bates, \v. 0. Jacob Leisler 107 a, W. Mendel's Principles of Here- dity 416 Basin, R. The Marriage of Mile. Gimel.... 330 Beard, 0. A. Economic Inter., Constitution 01 the I . s 104 Bebel, a. My Life 35 Becke, L. Works 80 Beer, G. L. The Old Colonial System 122 Beerholm, .\l. Fifty Caricatures 5B2 Beeble, 11. The Ordinary Man 01 Bell, J. J, Courtin' Christina 288 Bellezza, P. Curioslta Dantesche 105 Bemont, Melanges 595 Benn, A. W. History Of the Sciences 214 Bennett, A. Paris Nights .~i42 Benson, E. F. Winter sports 534 Benson, R. 11. An Average Man 537 Bertram, G. England's Garland 51 Beuchat, II. Manuel d' Areheologie Americaine 337 Bevan, \V. L. The World's Coutiuerors 330 Bibliographical Society publications 120 Bice; II. II. Latiu 23.'i Birmingham, G. A. Adventures of Dr. Whitty 101 Bishop, J. B. Panama's Gateway 208 Bithell, .1. Life and Writings of Maeterlinck 4t!5 BJSrkman, E. Voices of To-morrow 169 Bjomson, B. Plays 466 Black's Guide to Ireland 215 Bodlelanum, Trecentale 17 Bodrero, E. I Giardini di Adone 455 Bogart, E, L. Financial History of Ohio... 385 BbUsche, W. Stirb und Werde 431 Bond, A. R. Willi Men Who Do Things 544 Bonney, T. G. Volcanoes 171 Booth, W. S. Wonderful Escapes by Ameri- cans 515 Borel, II. The New China 125 Bosanquet. B. Value and Destiny of the Individual 70 Boston Public Librarv 568 Boston Symphony Orchestra, Programme Book 309 Bostonian Society Proceedings 191 Bouchfi-Leclercq, A. Histolre des SeTeucides 265 Boulger, D. C. Holland of the Dutch 593 Boutroux, 1: Education and Ethics 414 Boylan, G. D. Pipes of Clovis 54:: Boynton, P. II. London in Eusrlish Litera- ture 238 Brace, H. II. Organized Speculation 3H8 Bradley, R. M. The English Housewife 388 Brawley, B. G. History of the Amer. Negro.. 464 Brewster, W. T. Writing English Prose.... 234 Bridges's Growth of Love 534 Brlndley, J. E. Road Legislation In Iowa... 215 Brisco, N. A. Economics of Business 487 Brltton and Brown's Illustrated Flora 300 Broadley, A. M., and Melville, L. Lady Craven (121 Brooke, S. Ten More Plays of Shakespeare.. 307 Brooks, j. g. American Syndicalism 357 Brown, P. II. Youth of Goethe 485 Browning, II. S. Auction Bridge Book -~ 1 7 Bryant, F. E. English Balladry 430 Bryce, J. Addresses 58 Buchanan, E. 7>. and R. E. Bacteriology.... 315 Buck, s. .j. The Granger Movement 010 Bunker, J. Diamond Cut Diamond 311 Burdett's Hospitals and Charities 16 Burnett, F. II. T. Tembarom B09 Bums, W. J. The Masked War 60 Burns. \V. N. A Year with a Whaler 511! Burroughs. J. The Summit of the Years.... 544 Bury, .1. B. History of Freedom of Thought 4S(; Bussell. F. W. New Gov't for the British Empire 484 Butler, S. Notebooks 11" Buxton, N. Willi the Bulgarian Staff If. Caffin, C. W. Art for Life's Sake 65 f'aine, II. The Woman Thou Gayest Me.... 210 Calderon, F. G. Latin America 304 Calendar of Letter Books, City of London... 127 Calveri Edward Calvert; Ten Spiritual De- signs 576 Cambridge Greek Testament 341

Galsworthy, J. The Dark Flower 608 Gl " ■• '.'i I ' 'I in Living Plant 03 Gardner, E. G. Dante and lie- Mm lies 40." Garvice, 0. a Farm in creamland 83 Gelssler, M. Die Herrgottswlege oil Gemmell. w. 'the Di: ml Sutra (Chln- Kang f'hlngi r, 1 r. Geographical papers 117 German hooks 8, 68, 282, I 10 61 ' li les l89 Gil - i G \ieilie:, i Benefit 815 i : ie ,. w i'' Graded French Method 235 Gill. 0. o, and Plnchot, G, 'lie C( rj Church 102 Gillette, J. M- Sociology 54A Qinzberg, L. 'J'he Legends of the Jews 59.) Henry Ryecroft 592 i. r.iii, a La Renaissance 535 Goethe. Works 01 Goethe-Gesellschaft, Jahrbuch 340 Goethe-.Iahrhuch 340 Golden Deed Book 234 Goltz, C. Jena o, EylaU 515 Gooch, c. P. History ... in the 19th Century 208 Goodrich. J. K. Our Neighbors : the Jap Russia lu Europe aud Asia 291 GoodriCk, A. T. S. The Book of Wisdom 15 Goodyear, W. H. Greek Iieiinemeuts 29j Gookin, F. W. Daniel Gookin 108 Graham, S. Changing Russia 380 Russian Pilgrims to Jerusalem 404 Grandgeut, C. H. Daute 243 Graves, J. A. California and Oregon 212 Gray, L. H. Subandbu's Vasavadatta ., 302 Gray, M. Desire of the Moth 018 Grayson, D. The Friendly Road 584 Great Debates in American History 567 Green, A. S. The Old Irish World 213 Green, S S. The Public Library Movement.. 364 Greene, F N. The Right of the Strongest... 123 Greenwood', A. D. Horace Walpole's World.. 81 Gregory, J. Catalogue of Books on Music 419 Grenfell, W. T. Labrador ........ 243 Gribble, F. The Tragedy of Isabella II 487 Grierson, F. The Valley of the Shadows o90 Griffith, A. The Stars 545 Grimmelshausen's Simplicissimus . . . fob Grinncll, G. B. Beyond the Old Frontier.... oG9 Grubb, W. B. A Cburcb in the Wilds 594 Guerard. A. L. French Prophets ^8» Guerber, H. A. Book of the Epic 621 Gumppenberg. H. Miinchhausen's Autwort.. M Schauen und Sinuen *»•« Hackford, R. Platonic Epistles 400 Haggard. A. C. P. Louis XI • 0*1 Haggard. A. M., and Palmer, W. S. Michael Fairhss 4*» Haig, E. Floral Symbolism of the Great Masters Ilalford.'F. M. Dry-Fly Man's Handbook 106 Hall J. England and the Orleans Monarchy 107 Ilalsey. F. The Slain " Handel-Mazzetti, E. Briiderlein. . bl4 Hanouni, Z. A Turkish Woman s Impressions 103 Ilarben, W. N. The Desired Woman 43b Hardy, B. C. Arbella Stuart *« Hare, C. Maximilian, Emperor oio Hare, F, Alcoholism . . . . *g Harker, L. A. The Ffolliots of Redmarlcy . . 188 Harper, M. W. Animal Husbandry -3b Harris, F. Unpath'd Waters 288 Harris. J. H. Africa •••••••••. }*» Harrison, F. Evolution of Religion 188 Hartley. C. G. Santiago de Compostela 88 The Truth about Woman 11 Hartlicb, W. Aniina Candida -*- Ilartog, M. Problems of Life 418 Hart-Synnot, F. Letters * Ismael Frledmann •' Hauptmann, G. Dra tic Works iJi Hawley, W. Oriental Rugs «»B Ilcadlani, C. France -* Heath, T. Aristarehus of SafflLOS >>-" Heaton, J. L The Story of a Page . . .... . 389 lleckstall Sinilh. P... and Du Boulay, E. II"' Compli te Ifachtsman "• Iledin, S. Trans Himalaya >" Heine, A. Die Erschelnung ° lleklcr A. Greek ami Roman Portraits.... out Hellen, E. v. der. Goethe Register 61 Hermannsson, II. Icelandic Authors |0 Heiins. W. B. Malaria. Cause and Control., 270 Herrlck, it. 1 1 is Great Adventure 885 Hesse, H. Ulliwege J» Heiinian, J. Robespierre \}" Hewlett, M. Benili.sh B0» Hichens, R. The Way of Ambition 263 inn, Octavia. Ufe ■ ■ 28B Hills, 10. C, and Morlcy, S. G. Spanish Lyrics 23r' Hilton, II. H, Modern Golf 108 Hirst F w Six Panics and other Essays.. 487 Hirst, M, E. The Story of Trusts >ss llissev. .1 .1. A Tour In England 6J2 ii, i al Manuscripts Com. Vol. VIII 415 Hitchcock, A. M. Rhetoric and Literature.. 315 Hoi, in. us,', L. t. Development and I Log Holiday hooks 588, 562 Holm, K. Fran Mary's grosses Her/, 88 Ho!/: r, W Ce.li.l.lo 882 Iloinberg. C, and .loilsselln, F. D'F.oii de Beaumont • • ■ *}* Home University Library mi. ,SI' n it. C. E. Reclaiming the old House... 219 Hopkins, a. Modern Farm B lings 106 I n. c, A The Bliss Book 21S 1 1,,,, i, Lady ami the Pirate 888 lb , using Problems In America 243 Howard, L. 0., Dyer, n. G., and Knab, f. Mosquitoes .1? Howe I', c. Buropi an Cities al fl II, ev. II W. D. Familiar Spanish Travels. ,r.07 iinekei.'o. Throu"h England with T lyaon i8 II i I , I i: 11,1 Iso'lle 000 iiiiciTcr, l''. M. nine tot Nancs 509 I I,, [hi 0. Mrs. Ploz/.i's Tin ., ... 109 ii,, fhe 0 i' Early English Water Col ■■ > iinish. m. B Japan and lis \ri '-'i i Hon B. Poem Book of the Gael 181 ,i The Patl I DI tani i ii,,,,' , ' . i. 1 1 ■ i in el sh lug i4l Hunting al High Altitudes Hutchinson, w . I ' mon i il pb e "' • in ." i i lie and Poem i.'.i ,n,h, | " of To da] IngelOW, .1 Perms 169 liigriihiim, E S. Spun, ll 0 • ■ • 885

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lonal studio 620 Iowa State Historical Soclet] publlcatl 210 437 Irian Texts Society publications I4'.i I r » i n . 1'. Auction High Lights ."> 1 7 i GOO B Lotbrlnglsche Novellen B Italian literature 454 i cture .... ID ii. A mii i ii Bo; 79 I. u . The Jin ■r)!t.'! Colour-prints and t h.-ir Designers... 130 Jastrow, .M . jr. Religion Bab ■ i . Assy- Jckvll. (i . hi .... 129 Jenkins, K. II. Tbe 83 Jenklnson. J. W. Vertebrate Embryology .. 417 491 Jequlei ig3 ptlenne 283 Jermlil, I | ■■■■n Victoria 511 Jerrol.i, L. The French and the English 440 J Iwlne, J. \v. British Story 191 Johnson, A. E. The Russian Ballel B6S Johnson, a T. California 212 The Bocky Mts. ; The Lakes 16 Murder In Am Degree 23s i. Keniinerieh. M. Prophezeihnngen 480 Ken. lull, E. A Wavfarer In China 103 B The Way Heme 410 r. Italy 1 day 216 a, S. I) North and South 545 Klrkman, M M. Alexander the Great 589 n's biography of L'Estranee 81, 55 Kiltr.dge Anniversary Tapers "27, 887 I O. A History of Russia 310 \. E., and Sten. E. Botany 245 G O. Iniei KOnlg Max 013 Mrs. u. ic. John Paul Jones 58 Phi losophy ... In Germany 215 Story In Art 548 Lnlng. II. M Oul with the Birds 02 Lamb, C. Works 291 Lambrecht, N, Die tolle Herzogin 014 Ijimszos, w. The Human Slaughter House. 186 Laneaster. II. C. Pierre clu Rycr 41 Lenclani's Storla degll Scavl dl Roma....... 218 Lang, \. in the Border - 508 Lug, J. and .T. 1'oetry of Heroism 404 Lenkester, R. Science from an Easy Chair. . 209 1-arnn. J., anil Dreyfus, P. G. Courbet..., 344 Larden, w. Inscriptions from Swiss Chalets 889 Lawrence, D. n. Sons and Lovers 504 Lawton, L. Empires of the Far East 434 Le Roe's La Revolution franchise 02 Le Coq, A. v. Chotscho 027 I-oe. G. S. Crowds 170 Lelth, C. K. and A. T. Summer and Winter on Hudson Ray 33 Leith, w. C. Slrenica 541 Leopold, I- Prestige r,40 image's Gil Bias 1 20 Levis, II. C. Blbllo. of Rooks . . . Engraving 130 Llghtwood, .1. T. Charles Dickens and Music 442 Llnd-af-Hageby, L. August Strindberg 486 Llppert, F. E., and Holmes, A. When to Send for the Doctor 270 Lippmann, W. 'Preface to Polities 241 Mssauer, E. "1813" (verse) 2S2 Llvermore, W. R. The Civil War 142 Llvy, Rook XXI. (Egbert edition) 234 'Lloyd, N. David Malcolm 287 Lockwood, F. C. Freshman and His College. 389 Lockwood, L. V. Colonial Furniture 468 Lodge, H. C. Early Memories 500 Loeb Classical Library 81, 207, 414, 515 Loftie, W. J. Westminster Abbey .'. ' 464 Lombardini, S. H. Rival French " Courts. .. .' 441 London, ,T. Martin Eden 1!)0 Lowell, J. R. The Round Table (Essays)!. 463 Lowndes. Mrs. R. The End of Her Honey- moon _ _ 4-g Lucas, E. V. Open Road 592 Lnkach, H, C. The Fringe of the East...' 128 Lybyer, A. n. Gov't of the Ottoman Emnire 411 I.ydekker, Ii. The Sheep and lis Cousins,... 172 L'Ystoire do Helayne 175 Matiie. II. W. American Ideals. fi22 McCabe, J History of the Jesuits '.'.'.'. 3S3 MacOunn, J. Pol. Philosophy of. Burke 021 McCutcheon, G. R. A Fool and his Money.. 336 MaeDonald, J. Czar Ferdinand ' 464 Maodonell, Lady. Reminiscences " o14 MacGrath, H. Pjirrot & Co . ioi McKenzie, K. Petrarca, Concordance'!.']'" 239 Mackirdy, O. C. Love's Soldier 14 McLean E. A Gentle Jehu in Japan ....!! 14s MeLoughlin, A. C. History of the American Nation o^ McMaster, J. R. History of" the ' People ' of the H. S 240 Macmilian Libraries 000 Ma:t:rlin.vk M Our Et rnitv M«22n'mA'- '£ ^;'jor °l"''':|li"'i- Of the Navies 487 Mann. T. Der Tod In Venedig s Manning W. H. Thomas Jefferson as an Architect 548 Mansfield, r. e. Progressive Chile ..'"!!! ! 516 Manuscrtts de la Blbllotheque Royale de Bel- Pi>st in the Arctic 33 Miii.\ P. Two Little Parisians 509 Milligan. R. II. Fetish Folk of West Africa 208 Mills, E. A. In Reaver World IS Mills. F. B. Myles Calthorpe 385 Miln 1. Lord. The Xation and the Empire.. 208 Mlms, S. 1. '' rt's Wesl India Policy SO Mitchell. C. F. Building Construction 172 P. C. The Childhood Of Animals.. 192, 588 Mitchell. S. W. Westways 384 Mdi. W. v. im Titanenkampf 014 Montagu, V. M. Tbe Abbe Edgeworth 514 Monvel. It. B. de. English Men and Women in Paris 37 Moody, W. V. Letters 387, 433 ,\l e. e. 11. Med. Church Architecture of gland i°s M inn-. ]•'. F. Discovering Evelina 203 -I in, G. Impressions and Opinions 410 Moore, G. f. Literature of the Old Testa- ment 410 , E. II. Nelson In England 302 1 W. The Carolina Mountains .... 568 Morris, G. If You Touch Them They Vanish 4(10 Mulder. A. The Domini, of Harlem 460 Miiinhy. F. A. Henry VIII 82 Murray, G., and others. English Lit. and the us 30 Myers, P. V. N, Historj as Pasl Ethics... 17 Myers, W. T. Latin and English 191 National Academy Of Sclei S, History .... 300 R, W. A I. an. Ismail's Log 38 Negro Year Rook 113 Newhigin. M. I. Animal Geography 230 Newman's Apologia (W. Ward ed.) 191 Nexii. M. A. Pelie the Conqueror 504 Nicholson, M. Otherwise Phyllis 287 Nissen. P. Fsedrelandet 140 Norton. 0. E. Letters 529, 508 Norton. O. W. Little Hound Top 105 Norton, R. D. Tainting in East and West.. 575 Null's. A. Collected Poems 017 Tales of the Mermaid Tavern 189 Noves. E. Salisbury Plain 214 Nystrom-Hamilton, L. Ellen Key 239 Odd Farmhouse, The 311 O' Grady, II. Matter, Form, and Style 234 Ojetti, II. L'Amore e suo figlio 455 ill. oit. 0. S. Country of Sir Walter Scott.. 404 Olcott, F. J. Arabian Nights 543 iStory Telling Poems 543 Oliver. F. W. Makers of British Botany 596 Ollivier. E. The Franco-Prussian War .... 180 Ortli. S P. Socialism and Democracy .... 388 Orton, C. W. P. Early History, House of Savov 61 Oxford English Dictionary 10, 17, 39, 485, 561, 622 Page, T. N. The Land of the Spirit 188 Palmer, W. S., and Haggard, A. M. Michael Falrless 403 Parker, G. Works 164 Parish. J. C. The Man with the Iron Hand. 593 Parrish. R. The Air Pilot 124 The Maid of the Forest 590 Parsons, E. C. The Old-Fashioned Woman.. 127 Pasl 111.. Mrs. H. de la. Michael 34 Pater's Marios the Epicurean 148 Patience. (Early English Poems series.) ... 439 Patrick, M. L. and G. T. W. Kiilpe's Phil- osophy 215 Patterson. J. E. His Father's Wife 589 Pearson. H. G. James S. Wadsworth 149 Polxotto, E. Pacific .Shores from Panama . . 542 Penning, L. Life and Times of Calvin 191 Peterson-Berger, W. Richard Wagner 381 Petrarca. Concordance 239 Petrie. W. M. F. Formation of the Alphabet 15 Petronius. Trans, by M Heseltine 515 Pettman. C. Africanderisms 440 Petzold, A. Aits dem Leben eines Wordenden 283 Heimat Welt 283 Philip, A. Dynamic Foundation of Knowledge 172 Phillips. U. B. Robert Toombs 415 Pliillpotls, E. The Joy of Youth 435 Phntiades. C. George Meredith 388 Pickett. L. C. Pickett and His Men ....168, 201 The Bugles of Gettysburg 100 The Heart of a Soldier 100 Pier. A. S. The Story of Harvard 513 Plerantonl, R. Novelle Marinare 455 Pignn. A. C. Wealth and Welfare 538 Piozzi, Mrs. Thraliana 1 70 Pisan's Epitre d'Othea Deesse de la Prudence 1 75 Poincare. H. Works 205 Pontoppidan, M. Anno 13 140 I'ooro. II. W. Conception of Art 130 Post. 0. J. Across the Andes 340 Powell, G. H. Agriculture 100 Powers, II. II. Masters of Greek Art 520 Powicke. F. M. The Loss of Normandy ... 401 Pratz. C. de. France from Within . .' 440 Prokosch, E. German 235 Putnam, G. P. The Southland of America .. 190 Pycraft, W. P. Infancy of Animals 84 Qualfe, M. M. Chicago 020 Ransome, A. Oscar Wilde 304 Rappoport, A. S. Home Life In Russia...! 17 Rasmussen, A. On the Confession 381 Rawnsley, ii. D. Chapters at the English Lakes -i, j Pay. p. O. Political Parties " " 17 Ete lamatlon Service. Annual Report .... 441 Reed, 11 Football 430 Rhys. O. The Charming of Estercel BIS Rlekmers, w. r. The Dnan of Turkestan ' 289 Rldee, w. p. Mixed Grill 7s Ridley, A. Margery Fytton ' 811 Rives, <;. l The United States and Mea Robertson, J. G. Lit . many . . . 2(3 Robertson, J. M. Evolution of States 291 Baconian Heresy 247 Roe, G. E. our Judicial Oligarchy 334 Rol 1. S. Dr. Fu-Manchu 384 . T. Autobiography 507 History as Literature, and Other Essays 303 Rope's Story of the Civil War 142 Rousseau, J. -J. Aunales de la Socio to. 191 Rowland, E. Significance of Art 520 Royal Historical Society publications .... 415, 512 Royce, J. The Problem of Christianity 70 Runciman, J. F. Wagner 000 Rung, O. Works 140 Runkle B. The Scarlet Rider 13 Russell, G. W. E. Half-Lengths 413 Rutherford, Mark (W. 11. White). Early Life 290 Nabin, F. E. Relation of Latin to Practical Life 414 Salnt-Qaudens, A. Reminiscences 574 Saintebury, Q. The English .Novel 207 Salisbury, R. D., and otners. Geography.... 129 S.i Mas, E. The Monster 58 Sandars, M. F. Princess and Queen of England 411 Sanders, II. A. Wash. MSS. of tbe Four Gospels 509 Sargent. F. L. Plants and their Uses 417 Saunders, C. F. Under the Sky in California 212 Scandinavian hooks 139, 380 Schaffner, J. Die goldene Fratze 9 Schanlller, R. 11. Romantic America 502 Scheltema, .1. F. Java 130 Schnitzler, A. Frau Reate und ihr Sohn 013 Masked und Wonder S Profess 11 Bernhardy 63 s.i iiioaker, E. D. The Americans 107 Schulthess-Rechberg, G. v. Frau Barbara Schulthess 431 Schurz, C. Speeches, Correspondence, Papers 261, 2 SO Scorer, A. G. Entomologist's Log-Book.... 245 Scott, II. P., and Van Tuyl, C. II. Cesar... 235 Si, 11. A II. Little Mamselle of the Wil- derness 188 Selliie. W. I!. Schleiermacher 211 Sehhii Society publications 214, 022 Sellgman, E. R. A. Essays iii Taxation.... 61 Seltzer. C. A. The Trail to Yesterday 508 Seneca's Apocolocyntosis (Rouse) 515 Shackelford, E. The Jumping-Off Place 187 Shakespeare. Works 217, 407, 490 Shearln, II. G., and Combs, J. H. Kentucky Folk Song 295 Shelley, F. Diary 413 Sherborn, C. D. C. W. Sherborn 309 Sherrlll, C. II. Stained Glass Tour in Italy 493 Shores, R. J. New Brooms 598 Shorter. D. S. New Poems 38 Shubert, E. Stories of tbe Opera 000 Sidgwick, E. Succession 312 Sigma Xi History 244 Sllberrad, U. L. Success 78 Simkhovltch, V. G. Marxism versus Socialism 357 Simons, S. E., and Orr, C. I. Dramatization 107 Simpson. J. Y. Spiritual Interpretation of Nature 76 Sinclair. U. Sylvia 34 Smith B. C. Elements of Latin 234 Smith, C. A. What Can Literature Do for Me? 14S Smith, F. II. In Thackeray's London 534 Smith, G. Correspondence 314 Smith, G. A. Mascarose 018 Smith, J. R. Industrial and Com'l Geography 400 Smith, K. F. Til. alius 2 111 Sneath, E. H. Moral Training 233 Sneddon, D. Educational Readjustment 233 Soane, E. B. Mesopotamia and Kurdistan.. 200 Sommerville, F. The Spirit of Paris 593 Soulie, G. Strange Stories from the I.odge of Leisures 404 Souter, A. Text of the New Testament 509 Sonthall, J. P. C. Geometrical Optics 270 Spearman, F. II. Merrllie Dawes 3011 Stacpoole, H. tie V. Molly Beamish 590 Stamper, A. W. Arithmetic 293 Stamper, C. W. King Edward 484 Standing, I'. C. Guerrilla Leaders 01 Statham, II. H. Architecture 248 Steegmann, M. G. Bianco Cappello 400 Stefan, P. Gustav Mahler 442 Stehr, 11. Geschichten aus dem Mandelbause. . 818 Stephens, J. Here Are Ladies 568 Stevens, E. S. The Lon« Engagement 148 Stevens, W. s. industrial Combinations and Trusts 415 si. 'Vinson, B. E. The Destroyer Stlgand, C. II. Hunting the Elephant In Africa Stobart, J. C. Rome 204 Stock, R. Confessions of a Tenderfoot 191 Stokes, II. Philip of France 514 sn.pes. Mrs. C. C. Burbage and Shake- speare's Stage 571 Stones, M. C. Plays of Old Japan 246 Sirahan. J. The Rook of Job MS Strauss, R. The Rose Bearer 491 Strlndberg, A, Works 59, 100 186 Studies in Musical Education Subandhu's Vasavadatta Sutherland, J. Adventures of an Elephant Hunter ]gi swe.i. in, cities of !!!!!! 3si Sweven, G. Works .,,, Swift, E, J. youth and the Race ,.'.., 233 Swlnnerton, F, Tbe Happy Familv .. 7s Symmonds, R, s Onr Artesian Waters M. Stowe Notes 1 is Tabor, G. Suburban Gardens , . gg Tabor, M. E. The Saints In Art ' 130 Tabulae in Usum Scholarum 40.-, Tagore, R. SdhanS The Crescent Moon The Gardener Talt, T How to Train the Speaking Voice 85 Takla, K. Norwegian People In the 6 £ Die Hlngstberger Temple, It. C. Sketches from the Hon Commons «"

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Vol. xcviij Index | July-Dec, 1913, Tcumint, F. K. The Concept or Sin 76 Textbooks 233 Thoma, L, Das StLugllngshslm 63 Thomas, E. The IcKmeld Way 215 Thomas, W. S. Trulls ijid Trauips In Alaska 127 Thompson, A. II. Military Architecture 370 Thompson, F. Works 214 Thomson, J. Physics ami Engineering 246 Tborold, A. L. Henry Labouchere 564 Thorpe, K. The Seine from Havre to Paris.. 464 Thurston, E. T. The Open Window 311 Thwlng, C. F. The Family 243 Tlbullus. (Edited tiv k. F. Smith) 240 Tluavre, M. Madeleine at Her Mirror .... 336 Tompkins, J. W. Ever After 101 Townsend, C. W. Sand Dunes and Salt Marshes 545 Townshend's Poems and Masks (Chambers).. 16 Trabajos del MuseO de cienclas naturales... 260 Trask, K. In the Vanguard 18 Tree, 11. It. Thoughts ami After-Thoughts.. 545 Trevelyan, G. M. Life of John Bright 99 Trlggs, II. I. Garden Craft in Europe 600 Tunstall, K. W. Latin Ladder 234,236 Tnrquan, J. A Great Coquette (Mine. R£ea- mier) 595 Turquet-Milnes, G. Baudelaire in France and England 12 Tynenkunde, Gesellschaft fUr 416 Dnderwood, J. J Alaska 82 Universiiy of California. Publications 217 Vaerting, M. Max Treumanns erste Liebe-. 9 Valzey, Mrs. G. de II. An Unknown Lover.. 211 Van den Gheyn, J. De Pisan's Epltre d'Othea Deesse de la Prudence; L'Ystoire de Helayne 175 Van Gogh, 10. du Q. Vincent van Gogh.... 601 Van 1 11, II. W. The Dutch Republic 145 Van Vorsti M. His Love Story 14 Vance, L. J. Joan Thursday 335 Verdi's Correspondence 218 Vieblg, C. Das Eisen im Feuer 10 Viereck, G. S. Works 12 Vignaud. H. Amgrlc Vespuce 337 Christophe Colomb 337 Vincent, L. H. Dandies and Men of Letters 463 Voigt-Diederichs, H. Wandertage in England 431 Vore hovdinger 140 Wagner, it. Opera ami Drama 1100 Wallace, 1I. F. Big Game of China 415 Walling, u. E. Socialism 357 Walpole, 11. Fortitude 35 Wallers, 11. B. Church Bells of England... 343, 432 Ward, Mrs. II. The Coryston Family 482 Warne, I1'. J. The Immigrant Invasion .... 339 Warner, II. J. More Letters by an Idle Man 364 Warren. *'•. F, Farm Management 236 Wassermann, J. Der Mann von vlerzlg Jahren 8 Watney, C, and Little, J. A. Industrial War- fare 857 Watts, M. S. George Frederic Watts 174 Van Cleve 482 Wavell, A. J. B. A Modern Pilgrim In Mecca 365 Weaver, E. B, Mind and Health 244 Webb, S. and B. English Local Government 438 Webster, H. Ancient History 236 Weiss, E. Die Galeere 613 Wells, H. G. Little Wars 543 The Passionate Friends 537 West, A. F. The Graduate College of Prince- ton 414 Wetmore, M. N. Index Verborum Catullianus 38 Wharton, E. Custom of the Country 405 Works 405 White, H. Lyman Trumbull 461 White, S. E. Gold 482 Wicksteed, P. H. Dante and Aquinas .... 408 Wiggin, K. D. Story of Waitstill Baxter ... 410 Wigmore, J. H. Principles of Judicial Proof 462 Wilding, A. F. On the (tennis) Court 106 Willcock, J. Sir Henry Vane 242 Williams, H. N. Unruly Daughters 569 Williams, J. S. Thomas Jefferson (lectures) 60 Windham, W. Papers 237 Winter, W. Wallet of Time 417 Winthrop, T. The Canoe and the Saddle . . 594 Wirl, J. Orpheus 191 Wishaw, B. and E. Catalogue of antiquities 370 Withers, H. Money Changing 291 Wolfe, E. de. The House in Good Taste 576 Wolfflin's Art of the Renaissance 370 Wood, R. K. Tourist's Spain and Portugal.. 541 Wood, T. B. Story of a Loaf of Bread 441 Wood, T. M. George Du Maurier 501 Woods, F. A. The Influence of Monarchs 341 Woods, L. A Superman in Being 123 Woodward, W. II. Cesare Borgia 535 Wordsworth's Poems 169 World's Classics 291 Worsley, F. W. Theology of the Church of England 211 Wotzel, A. A. Economics 340' Wren, P. C. Father Gregory 263 Wrench, <;. T. Lord Lister 488 Wright, A., and lteid, T. 11. The Malay Pe- ninsula 292 Wright, H. W. Self-Realization 541 Wrixon, H. Edwin Fairlie Frankfort 31 Wyllarde, D. Youth Will Be Served 538 Yard, R. S. The Publisher 339' locum, A. D. Culture, Discipline and De- mocracy 315 Young, F. Opera Stories 600' Young, J. B. Battle of Gettysburg 171 Younghusband, F. Within 215 Zahn, E. Der Apotheker 614 Zuccoli, L. La Freccia nel Fianco 455 ERRATA. line 08, should read Henry R. 1, line 3, for Miss read Mr. 3, line 36, for Even read Ever. 3, line 34, for founder read pa- Page 130, col. Poore. Page 135, col. Page 173, col. Page 178, col. tron. Page 357, col. 2, line 48, for Zangmeister read Zangemeister. Page 463, col. 3, line 37, for this building read' this little building. Page 486, col. 1, line 14, for bird of evening read bird of the evening. Page 499, col. 2, line 42, for term read team. Page 558, col. 3, lines 20 and 52, for Mackaye read MacKaye. Page 558, col 3, line 24, for flows read flowed. Pags 590, col. 1, line 37, for The Valley of the Shadows read The Valley of Shadows. Page 590, col. 2, lines 17, 19, 23, for Stackpoole read Stacpoole.

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VOL. XCVII— NO. 2505 THURSDAY, JULY 3, 1913 CENTS Important New Macmillan Books AN ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION By CHARLES A. BEARD, author of "American Government and Politics," "The Supreme Court and the Con- stitution," etc. A work indispensable to a complete understanding of the Constitution. It furnishes a careful study of records, sources and other facts which influenced the shaping of that important document. $2.25 net. UNIVERSITY AND HISTORICAL ADDRESSES By the Right Honorable JAMES BRYCE, Retired British Ambassador. An important selection of the addresses of historical and permanent interest commemorating some person or event, delivered by Ambassador Bryce throughout the United States during the past six years. $2.25 net. ECONOMICS OF BUSINESS By MORRIS A. BRISCO, Ph.D., F. R. H. S., author of "The Economic Policy of Robert Walpole," etc. A clear and simple analysis of the fundamental principles underlying business, and how these principles be specifically applied. A careful study of the methods and results of successful business enterprises. $1.50 net. A WORLD MOVEMENT AND ITS AMERICAN SIGNIFICANCE IMMIGRATION. By HENRY PRATT FAIRCHILD. A work of concise and yet comprehensive scope setting forth the immigration question as part of an inclusive conservative program for all humanity, and not simply as an "American Public Problem." $1.75 net. THE INFLUENCE OF MONARCHS STEPS IN A NEW SCIENCE OF HISTORY By FREDERICK ADAMS WOODS, M. D., author of "Mental and Moral Heredity in Royalty," etc. An interesting volume which in systematic analysis of historical causation gives the first application of the methods of historiometry or historical measurement to the larger questions of national growth and decline. $2.00 net. THE PROBLEM OF CHRISTIANITY By JOSIAH ROYCE, D.Sc. (University of Oxford), Professor of the History of Philosophy in Harvard Univer- sity. Two vols. Vol. I., The Christian Doctrine of Life. Vol. II., The Real World and the Christian Ideas. "Important contributions to religious thought charged with the best kind of social stimulus. Presents 'a religion free from superstition,' and furnishes 'a foundation for a defensible form of metaphysical idealism.' " Two volumes. $3.50 net. THE CHURCH AND THE LABOR CONFLICT By PARLEY PAUL WOMER, author of "A Valid Religion for the Times," etc. A far-reaching survey of the relation of the church to the social and economic problems of our time. $1.50 net. THE COUNTRY CHURCH By CHARLES OTIS GILL and GIFFORD PIXCHOT. A practical study of the decline in influence of the country church and the remedy. $1.25 net. Published by 64-66 Fifth Ave., N. Y. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY On Sale at All Bookstores

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11 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2505 The Nation A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the Ncm York City Post Office as tecond-clats mail matter.] The Nation Is published and owned hv the New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Villard, President; William J. Pattison, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor; Harolil deWolf Fuller, As- sistant Editor. Three dollars per year in advance postpaid, In any part 0/ the United States or Mexico; to Canada $3 50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union. $4. On. Address THE NATION. Box 794 New York. Publication Office, 20 Yesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 1 Editorial Articles : Groping for a Budget 4 Soberness and Progress 4 Some National Shortcomings 5 The Heyday of Librarians 6 Vocational Education 7 Special Articles: Recent German Novels and "Novellen" 8 News for Bibliophiles 10 Correspondence : Elections in Oregon 10 Liberty in Teaching 11 Birds and the Tariff 11 Arturo Graf 11 Literature : The Influence of Baudelaire in France and England.— The Works of George Sylvester Viereck 12 The Scarlet Rider 13 The Stain 13 His Love Story 14 Love's Soldier 14 The Old Law and the New Order 14 The Formation of the Alphabet 15 Notes 15 Science: In Beaver World 18 Drama and Music 18 Art: Byzantine and Romanesque Architec- ture 19 Finance : The Banking Bill at Washington 20 Books of the Week WOOL-GROWING AND THE TARIFF By CHESTER W. WRIGHT, Ph.D. AnUtant Professor of Political Economy In the University 0/ Chicago. With charts, 8vo, 354 pp., $2.00 net. The history of wool-growing in the United States from colonial times to 1907. The volume is a contribution of the first importance to the economic history of the United States, and to the under- standing of the tariff situation. HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE, JIASSACHUSETTS. Educational The MASSAWIPPI SUMMER SCHOOL, nt North Hatley, Que., now In its sixth year, of- fers a delightful opportunity to study German, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Greek, latin. Mathematics, Elementary Law, Magazine Writing, Public Speaking, and Piano Playing, under compe- tent Instructors, by a beautiful lake, just north of Vermont. The PREPARATORY DBP'T has been most successful in preparing boys and girls for school and college entrance examinations. For il- lustrated booklet, address DR. C. U. CLARK, Yale Station, New Haven, Conn. Morris town School Morristown, n. j. coi- iflUIIISIVWll 31IIUUI lege preparatory Board- ing School for Boys. Small classes. Supervised sports; new gymnasium. Lower School for boys 10 to 14. Advisory Board — President Hi'bbon, Princeton; Dean Hurlbut, Harvard: Rev. An-on Phelps Stokes, Jr., Secretary of Yale; Dean Kep- pol, Columbia; President Priteuett, Carnegie Foundation. The Misses Kirk's Coll ;ge Preparatory School PENNSYLVANIA, BRYN MAWR. Prepares for Bryn Mawr and other colleges. Cer- tificate privileges. Number of pnpils limited. Special schedule arranged for each. Percentage of pupils who have entered Bryn Mawr College unusually large. Gymnastics, outdoor sports. 15th year opens Oct. 2. 1913. UTILE DULCI -A few young ladies (8 at most) of good fam- ily can acquire French pleasantly at I'Institut Familial on the outskirts of Paris. Opens Sept. 15. Write for illustrated prospectus anil refer ences to M. Cbevaldin (Prof. Agre. de l'Unive. ), 23, Rue Bouquet, Rouen, France. The WOLCOTT SCHOOL, DENVER, COL. Superior climate. Accredited with Eastern Colleges for girls. Fine music advantages. Gymnasium. y^HB FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. J. Evbrbtt O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 2a Park St., Boston 1845 U St., Washington 1 56Fif th Av. , NewYork 610S wetlandBd. , Portland 814, Steger Bd., Chicago 343DouglasBd.,LosAngele« 920Sav. Bk. Bd. , Denver 345WrlgihtBlk., Berkeley Send to any address above for Agency Manual. Harlan P. French, Prop. Vincent B. Fish, Mgr. THE ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY knows how. Twenty-one years of successful ex- perience in bringing together good teachers and good schools. 81 Chapel St., Albany, N. Y. Aik for bulletin 20 and see for yourself. A FIRST BOOK OF COMPOSITION By THOMAS H. BRIGGS, Instructor in English, Teachers College, Columbia Uni- versity, and ISABEL McKTNNEY, Teach- er of (English, Eastern Illinois State Normal School. This book presents an entirely new Idea in composition leaching. Emphasis is placed not upon the forms but upon the qualities of good composition — Sincerity, Good Form, Deflnlteness, Interest, Unity, Variety, and c iberence. It is Intended for practical composition work in the first two years of the high school. illustrative material lias been chosen from books well within the pupil's range of reading, and is accompanied by pointed questions and specific directions for study. Jiinio, cloth, 300 paged, i>0 <-<-■■ is. GINN AND COMPANY Boston New York Chicago London Atlanta ■ . oIiiiiiIiiis Dallas San Francisco Juzt Issued The PHILIPPINE PROBLEM By Frederick Chnmlicrlln The most up-to-date and impartial account of the American occupation and development of the Philippines yet issued. With 16 pages of Illustrations, 251 pains. \1mo, cloth, $1.50 net; by mail 11.62, LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, Boston A Veritable Human Document THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A WORKING WOMAN By ADELHEID POPP WITH INTRODUCTION TO AMERICAN EDITION BY JENKIN LLOYD JONES, LINCOLN CENTER, CHICAGO An impressive account of the struggles of a woman who undertakes to earn her own livelihood. Will he read with interest by all who are concerned with the great problem of the woman toiler. Dr. Jones says in his Introduction : Here is the story of a "working wo- man" who has felt the bitterness of hard, unrelenting toil, and out of the agony of such a life has been brought into sympathy with the Gospel side of co-operation. By bitter tears the eyes were cleared to read the illuminating message of the great democratic move- ment that assumes the name "social- ism" in many quarters. That working men and women will read this book with bated breath and tearful sympathy goes without the say- ing. But it is a book for the employer more than for the employee, for the more favored rather than the less favored. It is a book that ought to find a place among the religious books on the centre-table of the rich. "With portraits, 12mo, $1.25 net Of All Booksellers, or F. G. BROWNE & CO.,Publishers,CHICAGO Just Published Watkins's Public Speaking for High Schools By Dwight Everett Wntkins, A.M., Professor of Public Speaking, Instructor in English Literature, Knox College. 75 cents Provides an all-round systematic training in expression ; discusses simply and clearly the fundamental principles of a good deliv- ery ; gives examples illustrating these prin- ciples; provides numerous exercises for practice; and contains reproductions from photographs, illustrating proper positions and gestures. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO DANTE'S DIVINA C0MMEDIA First American edition Edited, with introduction, arguments to each canto, and footnotes by Professor C. H. Grandgent, of Harvard University. Cloth. 886 pages. Price, $2.25 D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO BROWNING'S COMPLETE WORKS Thin paper, large-type Pocket Edition. Edited by Charlotte Porter and Helen A. Clarke. 12 volt. Cloth, $1.00 p«r vol.; leather, $1.50 per toI. "By far the most desirable edition yet published."— [The Dial. THOMAS Y. CROWELL CO., New York Now Ready JULIUS CAESAR Being the Seventeenth Vol a In a New vnr- loium Edition of Shakespeare, Edited by Horace Howard Furness. Jr. Cloth, if I. on. Half mo- rocco. |B.00. Postage extra. J. B. MPPINCOTT COMPANY, I'iiIiIInIm-i-n, I 'hi I ii ili- 1 phi it. 10 WEEKS IN EUROPE FOR $30* BOOK ABOUT IT, $1.10 POSTPAID. DODI), MEAD * COMPANY, FOURTH AVE. AND SOTH STREET. NEW TORE

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The Nation M II YORK, THURSDAY, JULY 3, 1913. The Week Mr. Bryce was once heard to say that Washington is, from June to September, the worst capital in the world for resi- and public business. He could scarcely have forgotten Madrid, with its proverbial "tres meses de inflerno"; but there at least an occasional breeze comes from the Guadarramas, whereas Washington is without either near-by hills or bodies of cooling water. One might offer Calcutta as a rival, but the capital of India has now been trans- ferred to Delhi. A despairing Congress- man proposes that a "summer capital" be built. Apparently resigning himself to the necessity of summer sessions in- definitely, he suggests that Congress and the Executive be provided with tempo- rary quarters somewhere in the Blue Ridge, three or four hours away. He would have the needful buildings erect- ed, and the seat of government trans- ferred to them at least during July and August. But one almost suspects that such a counsel could come only from a man whose head had been affected by the heat. There is no likelihood of any such plan being adopted. Relief, if any is to be had, must be found in other ways. From October till the middle of May the Washington climate is as fine as could be wished. If it is true that Congress is to be condemned to nine months of forced labor at Washington every year, it is obvious that the nine months ought to be the ones in which the labor can best be done. But the case is, no doubt, overdrawn. The House possesses leg- islative machinery which can grind with celerity. In the Senate the wheels often turn aimlessly for weary weeks. It has absolutely no rule for putting an end to interminable and perhaps purely dilatory debate. It is desirable to re- tain the deliberative quality of the Sen- ate and even, on just occasion, the power of obstruction. But there is no sound reason why this should be pushed to such absurd and intolerable lengths as are now permitted. The suggestion has been made of a rule that a two- thirds vote of the Senate may end dis- cussion and bring the matter to a vote. This seems reasonable. Possibly, if the Senate is held at Washington long enough, and the weather is hot enough, it may be induced to consider a cure for its time-wasting habits. We cannot tell the motive of the Dem- ocratic members of the Senate commit- tee in making the particular modifica- tion on which they have agreed as to the income-tax exemption. But, like the gal- lant Irishman who told the lady that he didn't know her age, but whatever it was she didn't look it, we feel tempted to say that, whatever object these gen- tlemen had in view, they have not at- tained it. Certainly, if they imagined that they were removing from the bill, in any degree, the reproach of its mak- ing the exemption too high, they are en- tirely mistaken. The exemption is low- ered to $3,000 only in the case of a man having neither wife nor children to sup- port; it will still come to $4,000 for any married man unlea^his wi|e|has an in- come of her own ^Jtg^^F'f^ f^':5ft^' able; and a man with a. wife anti" two children enjoys an exemption of $5,000. Now the total number of single men above the age of thirty is about one-sev- enth of the whole number of men of those ages. Hence it is probable that the number of persons cut out from the tax by the exemptions for children will exceed the number brought under it by the reduction of the basis for men with- out wives or children; and it is quite certain that, if this is not the case, at all events the net increase in the number of taxable persons will not be large enough to be significant. $1,000 for the wife and $500 for each child would be somewhat considerable. To a man with $2,000 income, the $10 a year might mean a good deal; by a man with $3,000 and a wife and two children, the lifting of a $20 tax would be felt as something of a help. But what this pro- posal does, as compared with the orig- inal bill, is to relieve a man with $5,000 income, and a wife and two children, of the trifling tax of $10. In the case of a larger family, it is true, the effect is greater; and very possibly this may be a good thing. But if it is, manifestly the thing to do is to begin lower down with your primary exemption, and make the difference greater. If this sort of thing is worth doing at all, it is worth doing in such a way as to bring about a re- sult not altogether insignificant. Gov. Goldsborough, of Maryland, has named the first coming regular election day as the time for the election of a United States Senator to fill the chair made vacant by the death of Senator Rayner and now temporarily filled by Senator Jackson, a Republican appoint- jtfjkbA thjyqvf^p^ \ jKris means, vir- The case for the proposed change is no better if it be regarded from the standpoint of social rather than politi- cal purpose. The effect of this trifling change in the tax as an encouragement to the rearing of families can but be in- significant. This might be different it the exemption were a low one; If per- 1 tua^liy wrVnotrf* ftlfunf, Mie increase of the Democratic majority in the Senate by two, for the election is almost sure to result in the substitution of a Democrat for a Republican; and this in time for the whole of the regular session of Con- gress. But the election is of special in- terest as the first to be ordered under the Seventeenth Amendment, and it will take place in a State in which the evils of the indirect method of election of Sen- ators had long been illustrated in al- most their worse form and in a mo3t conspicuous way. It is true that the Senatorial preference primaries of re- cent years had gone far towards chang- ing all this; but the days of the full- fledged old-time system are not far back in the past. Throughout the long Gor- man domination, the alliance between rotten politics in the nation and flagrant misrule in the State of Maryland and the city of Baltimore was complete and seemed unshakable; and no State fur- nished a stronger argument for the free- ing of both national and State affairs sons whose income was $1,000 were sub- ject to the tax, for example, then the from the. vicious influences of the indi- relief given by a further exemption of I rect method of election. BurV>n»K e

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2 r I "i T h. e JST a t i o o [Vol. 97, Xo. 2505 President Wilson's selection f Judge 1 for the German Embassy will rouse no such enthusiasm as would the choice of a man intellectually eminent, or of high public distinction, but will i\ i).' regarded as Tin- post at Berlin is of great impor- tance, and will become more so. The need of an Ambassador to replace Leish- man was urgent even before Mr. Wil- son became President, and it is to be presumed that diligent search was made for a fit man. Judge Gerard has admit- tedly some of the qualities required. He is cultivated, has social tact, and pos- sesses ample means. This last fact will please the Kaiser, who has never ceased to regret the loss to Berlin of Mrs. Tow- er, whom he called "the Moltke of so- ciety." Such a glittering social cam- paign as she carried on will scarcely be imitated by the Gerards, but there is every reason to expect that the new Ambassador will be welcome in Berlin and will adequately represent his coun- try. ly that to abolish the useless customs houses that sprinkled the Main would break down the government — meaning, of course, the party machine. Secretary McAdoo's reorganization ot the customs by abolishing 113 collector- ships will be approved by friends ot efficient and economical administration. The simplification of the service involv- ed may be seen in the fact that only for- ty-nine collectors or surveyors remain. The offices of others are now under the jurisdiction of larger ports. The chiet reformation is, of course, in the "in- terior ports of entry," such, for example, as Albany, whose tiny trickle of half a million in revenues now goes to swell New York city's annual total of nearly 200 millions. The district of New York includes five ports besides the headquar- ters here; that of St. Lawrence four- teen, besides Ogdensburg. In salaries the new step will save half a million yearly. In administrative complexities it will save far more. But its chiei merit is that it is a slashing at 1 a number of fat political plums, and is itself not dictated by political motives. In the districts remaining the present collectors will uniformly be retained, in the appointment of the new deputy col- lectors the Secretary has designated of- ficers old in the service. All this indi- cates governmental ideals that tl Tom Reed would find it. difficult to un- derstand. When the Main peaker he once protested violent- The story put out by the lobbyist Mul- hall is of a familiar type. Just how significant are its revelations can be de- termined only after they have been sub- jected to adequate scrutiny. Some of them appear to be absurd or incredible on their face; others have a prima-facie probability, and some are supported by documentary evidence. The one thing that is most salient in the ease at first sight is the folly of the head men of the National Association of Manufactur- ers in carrying on such operations as, even upon the most favorable view of the case, Mulhall was entrusted with, through the agency of such a man and by means of such written correspon- dence as has now come to light. But, so far at least as Mr. Kirby is concern- ed, there ought to be nothing very sur- prising in this. The indiscretions now revealed can hardly give evidence of greater lack of judgment than some of the public utterances by the late presi- dent of the National Association of Man- ufacturers. If his secret plottings were not better managed than his open ap- peals to public opinion, they certainly constituted no serious danger to the re- public. have 1 support both of the nes and of the employees. It is not too favorable a view to re- gard this as an illustration of the broad- er and better spirit that has been mani- festing itself in so many ways in recent years between capital and labor. The Senate last week passed the New- lands bill amending the Erdman act so as to enlarge the board of arbitration for railway labor disputes from three to six, and also to provide for the ap- pointment by the President of an offi- cial mediator, a permanent salaried of- ficer independent of all Government bu- reaus. Even as it is, the Erdman act has been of vital help in avertin ger of strikes of the most serious char- acter upon at least two occasions. But upon both those occasions, the composi- tion of the board provided for in the act — causing, as it did, the outcome of the whole dispute to seem to turn upon the vote of one man — was so strongly ■ ! to as to render very doubtful the refen nci of the dispute to any arbi- at all. In the 0 - came Ei om the railwa 1 s, in the om i he 'i" m ! 1 1 ; a pai I [1 ulai ly teal ure of 1 he pi esenl moi e ii it appi The agreement between the Attorney- General and the Union Pacific manage- ment over the disposal of the Southern Pacific stock held by the railway com- pany, and the acceptance of their plan ty the Court, bring the solution of an unusually perplexing problem. The Union Pacific had bought about $126, 000.- 000 of that stock — about 47 per cent, ot the total amount outstanding, and there- lore sufficient to control the Southern Pacific absolutely. Under the Roosevelt Administration, this virtual merger of two parallel transcontinental lines was attacked as restraint of trade. The Fed- eral Circuit Court decided that it was not such restraint, because Harriman's primary purpose, in the operation, was to get control of the Central Pacific property. That railway did not parallel Union Pacific; it was a natural connect- ing line from Union Pacific's main West- ern terminus to the Pacific Coast; but it was owned by the Southern Pacific. The Supreme Court overruled the Cir- cuit Court's opinion; and, though de- claring the acquisition of the Central Pacific property per se to be entirely legal, nevertheless pronounced the pur- chase of the main Southern Pacific line to be contrary to the law, and ordered Union Pacific to submit to the Circuit Court, before May 10, a satisfactory plan lor disposing of its $126,000,000 South- ern Pacific holdings. The date was af- terward extended to July 1. The plan accepted provides for ex- changing $38,000,000 of the company's Southern Pacific holdings for a nearly equal amount of Baltimore & Ohio owned by the Pennsylvania, and tor the lodging of the real with a trust 1 ompany, which shall have no power to vote the stock, but may sell it al in- tervals, between una and L916, to buy- ers not Identified with 1 nion Pacific This is a term long enough to the sellers In b wail Ing r ei j ot In \ esl mi ni iii;m ki ts Ci om their pi Ion, Wheth 1 he project ol 1 icchanging pan of the

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July 3, 19 13] The ISTation 3 shares for another company's holdings of another railway's stock— in which each party to the exchange gave up own- ership in a parallel line for owner- ship in a line not subject to that objec- tion—will be carried further, remains for events to settle. The main consid- eration is that a dangerous possibility in a troubled financial market has been avert 1 d. In the course of the warmed-over sermons which Col. Roosevelt prints in last week's Outlook as the latest instal- of his biography, he falls foul of a wicked editors whom ho does not tame. Their chief offending was that they did not agree with his view of the exalted virtues of Boss Quay. Some curi- osity has been expressed as to who these mysterious editors could have been. We think we can tell. The Colonel does not name names, but he gives certain "marks," as the logicians say, by which they can be identified. For example, "they delivered malignant judgment on a dead man," meaning Quay. Now, the Outlook of June 11, 1904, said of Quay that he thought of politics only as a "game," and that to it be "brought the audacity of a soldier of fortune and the conscience of a gambler." It continued that Quay "was as ready to sacrifice a principle as a chessplayer is to sacrifice a pawn"; that he "believed that every man had his price," and that "the only dishonesty in politics his conscience rec- ognized was refusal to pay the price that had been promised." This, we are con- fident, must have been the "malignant judgment on a dead man" which made Mr. Roosevelt so indignant. is irresistible that these are the "bodily ease" editors whom Mr. Roosevelt had in mind. Too high praise cannot be given him for the Roman firmness witn which he exposes his own associates and employers, when truth and justice de- mand it. This inference is borne out by the description of the offending editors which Mr. Roosevelt gives. He declares that he knew them, and knew that they "had led lives of bodily ease and the avoidance of bodily risk." Does not this fit the editors of the Outlook to a T? There is no record that Dr. Lyman Ab- bott ever challenged Henry Ward Beech- er to put on the gloves for six rounds, or to jump off the Brooklyn Bridge, or to swim the East River with his boots on. Who ever heard of Lawrence Abbott drinking up Esel or eating crocodiles? And Mr. Mabie, instead of rushing to Africa to shoot lions, goes off tamely to Japan to give lectures. The conclusion An instructive, though temporary, phase of magazine development of re- cent years is called to mind by the court proceedings in the case of one defunct monthly muckraking publication which carried the art of plain thinking and high living to something like perfec- tion; with the result that millions of dollars of stock of a value approximat- ing the price of ice at the North Pgle is now held by sorrowing investors to whom the opportunity to make this a much better place to live in, and inci- dentally to earn 12 per cent., proved ir- resistible. It was as if Peter the Hermit had supplemented his enunciation of God's will with the offer of gilt-edged first mortgage securities on choice busi- ness lots in Jerusalem when that city should be taken from the Paynim. Those were mad, glad days only a few years ago when the iniquities of Wall Street were scourged in the front pages and more than imitated in the editor's con- fidential chats with his readers. It was one kind of manifestation of the power of the press of which all decent mem- bers of the profession felt ashamed, and whose passing seems now like the going of a nightmare. The Latin or Crewe oration at Oxford, delivered alternately by the public ora- tor and the professor of poetry, is usual- ly thought of as a dry and formal piece of pedantry. In reality, although its chief purpose is the commemoration of the founders of the University, it often touches on the events of the academic year, and so is made impressive and timely. Witticisms and even puns have been known to creep into it. This year, as pronounced by the president of Mag- dalen, its references to the achievements of Oxford graduates during the twelve- month just past made it a noteworthy academic document. President Warren began by mentioning the war in the Balkans, and said that peace had again and again wavered in the balance but for one man, an Oxford and a Balliol man, the glory of the house of Grey. "Ecce iterum Edvardus alter apud Pa- cificos audit, et bcatam regis memoriam minister sccutus est." Other statesmen were mentioned, with distinguished scientists and investigators; and the speaker closed with a peroration upon l<olar exploration, and the work of an- other Oxford man, whose work was end- ed— Captain Scott. "Percurrisse polum membris niorituris eheu quid prodest? A.ve atque vale, flos exploratorum, heros intrepide!" Such names as these would illuminate any oration, in English or Latin. An unpleasant sort of international tu qwoque, on the subject of political corruption, is making itself heard in various quarters. If an Englishman mentions the word Krupp, he instantly has Marconi hurled back at him. Hun- gary can throw no stone at Italy with- out smashing her own glass house. And all the European criminators and re- criminators are taking great comfort in President Wilson's denunciation of the tariff lobby! This is not exactly done hy the Italian ex-Minister, Luigi Luzzat- ti, writing in the Corriere delta Hera, but he does take a little patriotic pride in affirming that a radical change in the tax laws, affecting many in Italy, was made by the Chamber, in the face of many protests from private interests, without any suspicion of corrupt meth- ods having been even attempted. That there were gross official frauds in con- nection with the building of the Palace of Justice, Luzzatti does not in the least deny; but he asserts that it is hypo- critical for foreign nations to point a finger of scorn at Italy on this account, or to intimate that the incident is typi- cal of the state of her political moral- ity. This, he declares, is not so black as it is painted by even some Italians. On one point he speaks with special knowledge. The Italian Treasurj which he himself has presided, has been, he asserts, ever since the unifica- tion of the kingdom, absol from so much as the suspicion 0 ruption. Finance Mini come and gone, superintending great fiscal operations, including several 1 sions of national bonds, yet no one has ever asserted that uck to the fingers of one of them. Most of them retired from of J than they took it.

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The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2505 GROPING FOR A BUDGET. No little confusion of thought is shown in some of the comments on the defeat, in the House Democratic cau- cus, of a plan for making an annual bud- get. This was only one plan, and it was open to several forcible objections. The proposal was that a sort of general bud- get committee should be formed, and that it should, at the beginning of the session, determine what the amount 01 the annual appropriations should be. To this sum the various spending commit- tees would then be rigidly held. The idea was, obviously, to make some ap- proach to the practice of other coun- tries. But this was more in form than substance. The root of the matter in England, for example, is Ministerial re- sponsibility. The budget is framed by the Cabinet, but if it is beaten or sub- stantially amended by the Commons, the Cabinet resigns. Nothing of the kind could be thought of in connection with a budget committee of the House of Rep- resentatives. It would have the name but neither the power nor the perils of financial control. Moreover, as Congress- man Fitzgerald argued, the practical ef- fect of such a committee, particularly at the short session of Congress, would be so to delay the preparation of appropria- tion bills that some of them would be in danger of failing, or of being passed virtually without scrutiny or debate. These and other considerations influ- enced the majority in the caucus to op- pose the plan. It would be at best but an experiment and a makeshift. It would deal only with the debit side of the ledger; and any scheme that limits itself to outlay, with no control of tax- levying and income, it would be absurd to call a complete form of budget-fram- ing. That we have nowhere in our sys- tem any one authority, or set of authori- ties, to decide both what money shall be taken from the taxpayers and what shall be appropriated for carrying on the gov- ernment, has often been pointed out as a standing weakness in our public- finance. Radically to cure the trouble seems impossible, with our irresponsible Ministry, but there are many ways of ameliorating it. Of these, the plan just 1 ejected was only one; from others help may be got. The point that President Taft drove at most strongly, in his praiseworthy efforts to introduce something like or- der into our chaotic budget-making, was the need of preparing full and accurate estimates for Congress. This is natural- ly the work of the various Cabinet offi- cers. It has, in fact, been much more carefully done in recent years. If the House would make it a rule never to ex- ceed these estimates, it would approxi- mate the oldest standing order of the House of Commons, that it "will receive no petition for any sum relating to pub- lic service nor proceed upon any motion for a grant or charge upon the public revenue . . . unless recommended by the Crown" — that is, nowadays, by the Ministry. But it is one thing to lead the House of Representatives to the water, and another to make it drink. There must be within that body itself some hand or hands with the power to refuse to loosen the purse-strings, or else the most earnest efforts of the Ex- ecutive to make the government eco- nomical will be in vain. The United States once had such a power of control in the House, but we have allowed it to be dissipated. We refer to the Committee on Appropria- tions. Both students of public finance and men versed in the actual spending of money by Congress have agreed that the break-up of the powers of that com- mittee, which occurred in 1885, when the right to report appropriation bills was given to eight other committees of the House, was a direct incentive to ex- travagance, if not an efficient cause of it. Speaker Cannon was for many years Chairman of the Appropriations Com- mittee. As such he once uttered the profound truth: "You think my business is to make appropriations, but it is not. It is to prevent their being made." It was a similar conception of duty which Samuel J. Randall cherished; and it was by the exercise of his great power as Chairman of the Appropriations Com- mittee that he enabled his party to make a record for economy in public expendi- tures never since equalled. There was ample warning against depriving the committee of its sole control. Mr. Ran- dall protested that if the appropriations were divided up among several commit- tees, "you will enter upon a path of ex- travagance you cannot foresee the length of." Mr. Cannon declared that it would by itself mean the addition of $50,000,- 000 a year to Government expenditures; and in his farewell speech to the House last March, he referred to what he re- garded as the almost fatal change, and said that in his deliberate judgment, "based upon intimate knowledge and ob- servation, it has cost the country many, many millions of dollars in needless ap- propriations and expenditures." It would be easy to multiply testimony of this sort from men of long experience in both House and Senate. Now, there are pending in the House amendments to the rules which would ■ estore to the Committee on Appropria- tions its old exclusive control over the great money bills. Their acceptance will, of course, be difficult. The other committees have tasted blood and will not meekly surrender the power they have had. The cry will be raised that such great power as it is proposed to restore to the Committee on Appropria- tions would be dangerous. This could partly be met by the proposal to make the Committee larger, with the chairmen of other committees serving on it, and so dovetailing the business of the House. But real authority to control expendi- tures must be vested somewhere. The happy-go-lucky method stands condemn- ed. Expenditures have been running wild with the reins on their neck. To some man or committee must be given the right to apply the curb-bit; and if the House does not approve the plan of a general budget committee, it might well consider going back to the old form of control through a single Appropriations Committee. SOBERNESS AND PROGRESS. A statement was issued the other day by a notable committee of social work- ers in relation to the agitation which flared up so violently two or three months ago over the relation between low wages and vice. They do not un- dertake to dispose of the question; in- deed, the statement is rather in the na- ture of an expression of general atti- tude. But that attitude is highly sig- nificant; and, moreover, it is the atti- tude which has been taken by sober and wise persons generally. The commit tee are of the opinion that the actual form taken by the agitation has been BUCh that "grave evils arc likely to re- sult" from it and that these have "in many cases already resulted." They do not deny — as indeed no sensible per- son can deny thai 1 i' causes ar«

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July 3, 1913 The ]ST at ion in many instances an important factor in causing girls to yield to temptation, but they regard as vastly more impor- tant causes those moral, educational, and social influences, and those defects of character, which have always been held chiefly accountable for the evil. So far as formal investigations of a sta- tistic al character throw light on the sub- ject, they support the view thus express- ed broadly by the members of this com- mittee, whose judgment was formed either on wide experience in investiga- tion or on long-standing personal con- tact with the problem. Now it may always be urged in be- half of the violent, or extravagant, or hysterical methods of reform agitation that after all it makes no practical dif- ference whether the statements it goes upon are anywhere near the truth or not, provided only that the object aimed at is a good one. If, in order to rouse the public, it is necessary to go about ehouting wildly and making extrava- gant assertions, why should any one seriously object? The noise of the cam. paign will soon be forgotten, while its substantial result will abide; to be squeamish about the means is to sacri- fice the end. Now there may be some plausibility in this view. But one has not to go far in order to find fatal ob- jections to it. In this particular in- stance, an objection of the most vital nature is indicated in the remarks ot the committee. They speak of serious evils that have resulted from the agi- tation; what they had in mind is not difficult to conjecture. The agitators were so possessed with the idea that low wages are the one great cause of vice, that not a few of them deliberately en- couraged and propagated the notion that comfortable wages were the only possi- ble safeguard of a working girl's virtue; some men went so far as to declare that the want of them was in itself as great an evil as a life of shame. This mon- strous view, as absurd as it is perni- cious, would never have been entertain- ed, even by the light-minded persons who took it, but for the previous un- dermining of their judgment through gross exaggeration and distortion of the tacts. But it is not only, and not chiefly, on account of evils which may incidentally attend it that the hysterical method of attacking public questions is to be con- demned. There are few public policies so supremely essential that questions of degree are of no consequence in connec- tion with them; few measures whose benefit is so clear and so overwhelming that all considerations of countervailing evil become insignificant or impertinent. At the present time there are many great questions of politics in which the judgment of any reasonable man must turn upon a balancing of the evils for which a remedy is proposed against the evils to which the remedy itself may ex- pose us. In every such case, the differ- ence between looking soberly at the facts and running wild among them is just the difference between political sanity and political insanity. If, for instance, corruption on the bench were a prevail- ing and incurable condition, the recall of judges might be a proposal that we ought all to go in for unreservedly; if, on the other hand, it is a rare thing, and has been becoming rarer through the growing tendency to divorce judi- cial elections from party politics, then the fact that the recall would tend to diminish judicial independence and to make the bench less attractive to a high type of lawyer becomes the predomi- nant consideration. Or, again, in re- gard to the banking and currency bill now about to become the chief subject of Congressional discussion. It may be that we must resort to extreme mea- sures of Government control, must confer upon a board of Presidential appointees powers such as are not exercised by any similar body in any country in the world; but if we are to arrive at a reasonable judgment in this matter, we have to begin by thinking soberly and exactly of the facts in our own and oth- er countries, and not be carried away by vague generalities that will not bear examination. A phrase that used to figure promi- nently in American political discussion was "the sober second thought." It be- came tiresome, and has now been long out of fashion. The need itself, how- ever, has not, we are convinced, been outgrown. We are much quicker than in the past to adopt measures plainly dictated by considerations of the gen- eral welfare; and this, so far, is good. But there are things which in their na- ture demand grave and cautious consid- eration, and here the sober second thought must still be counted on to as- sert itself. As for its justification in the past, a single instance may suffice to show it in a most striking way. At the time of the great silver agitation, everything turned on the ability of great multitudes of Americans to keep their heads. If they had been carried away by the appearances of the moment; if they had thought that the experience of a few years was everything, and that the principles of sound monetary policy, taught by ages of experience, were noth- ing, they would have made the mad dash which wras urged upon them so plaus- ibly and which for a time the nation seemed bent upon. The firmness of a tew strong men, above all of President Cleveland, stemmed the rush, and thus the indispensable thing was gained — time for the nation to find itself. In matters even more vital than that, the same need will continue to exist in all those times that try the stuff of which a republic is made. SOME NATIONAL SHORTCOMINGS. There are several standing confessions of weakness or guilt that we Americans make as a nation. Every great con- flagration gives rise to a full crop of edi- torial lamentations over the enormous waste caused by fires in this country; and when there is no great conflagra- tion, the annual figures of the fire loss suffice to remind us that we so far out- top the leading nations of Europe in this respect as to be in a class by our- selves. Our annual number of homi- cides is equally distinguished above that of any other country standing beside us in general civilization and humanity. There are certain classes of accidents concerning which something of the same sort is true; notably as to the number of persons killed while trespassing on rail- way tracks. The death of 5,449 persons in this way in the United States last year must seem astonishing to any in- habitant of Germany or England. In recent years attention has been earnestly directed to quite another kind of shortcoming. Throughout the move- ment for the systematic provision of in- demnity to workingmen for industrial accidents, special point has been given to the agitation by reference to the fact that we are only now beginning to do what Germany has long done in scien- tific ways and on a comprehensive scale. Western and Southern farmers have

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6 The Nation | Vol. 97, No. 2505 been bewailing for half a century the lack of credit facilities which would greatly promote the possibilities of ag- ricultural enterprise; yet little has thus tar conic of the agitation, and it is only within the last year or two that the movement has acquired real body and momentum. And this has come about through insistence on the great benefits end the vast extent of agricultural cred- it institutions in several European coun- tries; as a result of the impetus given by President Taft, and by various State associations and State govern- a large and representative com- mission is now on a tour of examination into the question in Europe, and will doubtless, upon its return, put the move- ment into shape for real achievement. To mention only one more instance, but one in some respects more remarkable than any of the others, the scheme of co- operative retail stores, which has had so enormous a development in England, and the idea of which has been familiar here almost as long as there, has never been able to get beyond the most rudi- mentary stage in this country. "The 'effete' monarchies across the water," says Mr. H. W. Lanier, in an article in the World's Work for July, "are a generation ahead of us in true demo- cratic cooperation"; and this is undeni- ably a fact, at least so far as cooperative buying and selling is concerned. As to some of these things it has been largely the fashion, in these latter years, to lay the blame on the suprem- acy of money, or of factors in the popu- lation that are dominated by money. If we do not guard against fires in which working people's lives are endangered as well as other nations do; if we have more mine explosions; if we are twenty years behind the times in compulsory workingmen's insurance provisions — all this is because our government has been under the thumb of capital in a greater degree than elsewhere. There may be an element of truth in this charge; but it is not the only factor in the case, and indeed we are inclined to think that it is among the least essential of the factors. Nor does that other ex- planation, that with us government ef- n ess in these matters has been Impossible by our system of divi- sion of powers between the Stati to our mind go much 1 . 1 , 1 e ha making rapid headway in all these things — child labor, workmen's compen- satlon, sanitary regulation, industrial ion— and neither the opposition of capitalistic interests nor the division of political jurisdiction has offered any formidable obstacle to the process. Giv- en the one thing needful, the awakening of genuine and general interest in the questions, the rest has been easy. The main cause, we are convinced, is a certain characteristic of the Ameri- can temperament — what the French would call a defect of its quality. It is difficult to get Americans to take very seriously a great many things that peo- ple in other countries take very serious- ly indeed. Diverse as are the various matters we have instanced^and many more might be cited — there is one thing they have in common. Americans are no more indifferent about their own lives than other people, but they will walk along a railway track if it hap- pens to be handy; they will crowd on the running-board of a trolley car rath- er than wait a quarter of an hour, and the only way to keep them from leap- ing from the dock onto a departing ferry-boat is to shut them off with gates. They are willing to take chances where other people are not, and they are not so willing to take a lot of trouble to gain comparatively small or remote ben- efits or to prevent comparatively rare or improbable evils, as other people are. It takes a deal of keen interest, and de- votion to troublesome details, to build up a great cooperative retail-store sys- tem, and the 5 or 10 per cent, saving does not appeal strongly to the Ameri- can nature. We should have had work- men's compensation laws long ago if the workmen themselves had felt very keen- ly about it. The very energy of the American nature, the masterful spirit of its achievement, result in a slighting of what does not present itself to the general mind as part of the main stream of activity. That proverbial good nature which causes us to suffer without a murmur a thousand little nin which in other countries ai and repressed is in part a sign of our strength and our prosperity, in part a 11 of our unwilllngni to take trouble about anything outside our daily business. To good-nature, to in tain Blothfulm ss ii" mat ters \\ hlch is pi ■ 1 ■ itive of our tremendous energy in what we regard as our main business, may safely be ascribed a great part of whatever shortcomings we have exhibit- ed as a people. THE HEYDAY OF LIBRARIANS. Any one who has followed the meet- ings of the American Library Associa- tion, which ended last Saturday, after a week's session at Kaaterskill, N. Y., must have been set reflecting seriously in several directions. The public li- brary, with a lifetime in this country of scarcely more than sixty years, has al- ready reached that highly specialized development which characterizes the public school The old-fashioned brows- ing which used to unearth many a de- lightful book that one wasn't looking for is largely a thing of the past. Books must be classified in reference rooms according to the divisions of knowledge which now form the plan of public in- struction. This serves a purpose which should not be hastily minimized. The library is attempting to-day as never before to meet the needs of a most heterogeneous public. Particular atten- tion is given to those who cannot read- ily help themselves. Experts are em- ployed to pick out books best suited to immigrants, to ambitious farm-hands itnd factory workers, to children, legis- lators, and business men. Volumes are also lent by one community to another. No better illustration of the contrast of former conditions with modern could be found than that furnished by one who took part in the Conference. She visit- ed a library in England where the tradi- tion was still maintained of chaining the books to the shelves; yet the same day she saw books in trucks on the way to the provinces. So greatly has the spirit changed that the up-to-date librarian, she said, had to restrain him- self from running out into the highway and chaining books to the passer-by! With the minute organization which Is aoTi the rule in public libraries goes a sense of power and responsibility which lias given even those possessed of it some pause. Mingled with much talk about highly specialized efflciencj waa 1 requenl ly beard a note of warning leal the lib] a 1 have a disintegral Ing . iirri. Ae President 1 isgler put It, tht public la tending towai da a "1 ag 1 line" habit of mind ( hit h the Librarj 1 an

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Jul} 3, i Tli e Natio n 7 help to correct only by installing a di- rector and assistants with proper per- Bonalitli b. How< ver detailed its system, an institution should strive to allure lei s to iis best possessions in gen- eral fields of knowledge. Mr. Legler would probably not go so far as one of :1 outsiders whose criticism was Invited by tbe Conference. According to alous gentleman, the head Of a public library should be the mayor of thoughts in bis community, and above all should be personally acquainted with the interests of the young people. Find irn with the right book, that, is the first duty. But in the ease at least of children the library has virtually been doiug this. rJ h t given to juveniles in institu- tions of Xew York, Boston, and Chi- cago makes the task of parents easy and delightful. And librarians are now to render other departments equally inviting. The necessity is clear, iroblem is how to meet it. Much could be accomplished, it is felt, if heads and attendants had leisure for daily leading. Then we might hope for more of such outstanding figures as Winsor, and especially certain Englishmen who, while carrying on their duties in the British Museum or the Bodleian, have iiiown by their publications how wide- ranging were their minds. Closely connected with this, though it received but brief discussion by the Association, is the amount of attention which any large public library should devote to scholars. What with all the thought bestowed upon those who have to be driven to the shelves, it is a ques- tion whether the natural bookman is not somewhat neglected. To compare the New York Public Library with the Brit- ish Museum is not altogether fair, yet the mere physical conveniences in Lon- don might be reproduced. The scholar is not so easily distracted as the poet, but to sit at a great flat table with no division into desks, and to be obliged to walk into a distant room to consult the card catalogue, is distracting to even prosaic moods. If more warmth of per- sonality is really desired for the pub- lic library, and if it is to be an intel- lectual centre, there is no better way to begin than to heed the comfort of those who by their equipment are intellectual leaders. One other important problem which confronted the Association was that of selecting new books. The general pub- lie hardly appreciates how much is in- volved. Here the power exercised at- fects not only readers, but the very life of a large class of publications. For to the discerning it is well known that un- less publishers could count on the pub- lic library patronage, they would not dare to issue certain volumes at all. Works selling at three or five dollars may be highly important, even though ( t large private sales. But other works got out at these prices in attractive bindings are utterly worth- less, and here librarians might do much more than they have done to keep them off the market. The case of fiction is very different. The demand for stories being what it is, librarians have no such power of veto; but they have begun to &ee that every best seller need not be d. Y'et if fiction is in their prov- here shall they draw the line? Mr. Robert Herrick, to whom the ques- tion was put, complicated the matter still further by insisting that "The Kreutzer Sonata" was much less harm- ful to young readers than, say, "The Rosary." And other writers urged great caution in instituting censorship; they would set up truth to life as the proper standard of selection. Unanimity is not to be expected from the Council, with whom the subject was left. But it would appear that some thoroughgoing policy ought to be adopted. The function of a good library should be not only to acquire but quite as much to reject; and just now fiction is sorely in need of weeding. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. A strong current in present-day Amer- ican life, felt in the industrial world, and even in the most sheltered bays of education, is the growing belief in the relation between industrial efficiency and education. Vocational training is becoming a great popular demand. A complex population, called upon to de- fend its economic position against the world's competition, is requiring public provision for teaching its masses of ar- tisans and technicians. The complaint is that the common schools have insist- ed upon preparation for life without in- sisting as well upon preparation for live- lihood. The progress of the mo\ in recent years, with many in the col- leges ciying it down, and more in the high schools urging it on, is impressive. The first State subsidy for agricultural or trade training is younger than the century. Yet now twenty-nine States have passed laws concerning industrial education. The national Government has established vocational training in the island possessions, and the recent Page bill would have extended some fea- tures of the system over the country. Ohio and Wisconsin have virtually com- pelled working children to attend pub- lic trade schools, which industrial com- munities must support. Many large cit- ies have carried manual-training and business schools farther than the State. And this is in the face of assertions that vocational education will not mere- ly ruin the liberal school system, but will institute a modified class-division along European lines. A study of the recent pamphlet of the United States Bureau of Education on "German Industrial Education" leaves no doubt of the value of the system in building up the commercial and mechan- ical fabric in Europe. Even in Eng- land, where education broadens very slowly from precedent to precedent, the polytechnic movement has spread, and the higher technical schools have be- come central schools, with a definite aim in preparing boys for office and shop. But it is in Germany that an alliance of trade guilds and educators shows the Empire's alertness to a mon- umental scheme of practical education. Institutions like the Charlottenburg Royal Technical High School, and the Leipzig High School of Commerce, with thousands of students from all over the world, take university rank, and combine valuable researches with the highest industrial training. The "im- provement schools" of Munich, which Dr. Kerchensteiner originated for youths who entered trades at thi est legal age, have been imitated, until there are now several thousand, attend- ance upon which is compulsory for hun- dreds of thousands of apprentices. The trade guilds have partial direction of these schools, and contracting employ- ers must see that their boys and girls attend classes. Guild schools, state trado schools, and state commercial schools abound everywhere. Every boy must choose, according to his i and aptitudes, among the preparations

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8 Tlie ZNTation [Vol. 97, No. 2505 offered by classical, semi-classical, lib- eral, technical, commercial, or trade schools, or must enter a shop witn the privilege of going to improvement schools. His life thus gets its permanent direction. The plan crowns with glory the brave efforts of Fichte to start the nation in the paths of scientific experi- mentation and labor. It has given its point to the Kaiser's watchword that "the future of Germany is on the seas." But it emphasizes the Stand, the idea of position and plane of endeavor. And it makes a failure of the boy who chooses wrong at the outset. Most of the demand for vocational education here is from wage-earning cit- izens, with children in school. Some of it is from men who, like one of the heads of the Curtis Publishing Company in Philadelphia a few days ago, com- plain that to find one well-trained man they must examine fifty applicants. Minimum wage laws have given it an impetus, for the State cannot force em- ployers to pay men high wages without first guaranteeing, by its system of edu- cation, that they are worth it. Final- ly, the high-school teachers who trans- late the artisan's desire to have his chil- dren made as practically useful as pos- sible, see in their educational reforms an economical millennium. It is in the haste and narrowness of this last atti- tude that there lurks danger. Dr. Kerchensteiner's object in the improvement schools of Germany was to train citizens by connecting "a built-up readiness for service, action, and ethical devotion with an insight into the purposes of the state." That, as he remarked in a recent lecture in America, the German trade training makes for "conscientiousness, diligence, self-restraint, and devotion to a stren- uous life," the character of the expand- ing German people testifies. The Wis- consin law of 1911, compelling the week- ly instruction of apprentices in English and citizenship, is a reflection of this spirit, and there should be more of it in vocational circles. But the most dismaying aspect of the movement is that some of its shorter- sighted promoters express a jealousy of liberal education, which they believe no working community should be forced to maintain. It has always been hard to alive in the business and laboring classes full faith in the finer fruits of education. The great State universities are already protesting that the genius of vocational instruction is inimical to intellectual ideals. So long as those who advocate public trade schools and technical schools urge a drastic "scrap- ping" in industrial communities of the older system, with its Latin and Greek, its literatures and pure mathematics, there must remain this bitterness; the result in the end would be an unnatural cleavage between endowed schools and State schools, and the closing of the higher privileges of education to all but the well-to-do. To avoid this harsh dis- crimination, we should not require a general hardening of occupational lines, leaving the topmost stratum of society alone to cultivate the liberal studies. It must be realized that education every- where is primarily for life and not live- lihood, and that new forms and new in- stitutions must have plenty of time to grow, even in this impatient age. RECENT GERMAN NOVELS AND "NOVELLEN." The influence of psychological research upon modern German fiction and drama is assuming amazing proportions. The frequent occurrence in recent books of a profound and unexpected change in the character of men of mature years seems curiously to agree with the theory of a climacteric which was discussed in the reviews a few months ago. The new story of Jacob Wassermann, ' Der Mann von vierzig Jahren" (Ber- lin: S. Fischer), is an absorbing nar- lative which deals with a country gen- tleman of irreproachable character, a happy husband and father, who sudden- ly conceives an irresistible desire for freedom from matrimonial ties, and with the valet of his youth starts upon a quest of adventure. After two years' ab- sence upon an Odyssey of emotional ex- periences, he returns, infatuated with a singer and determined upon divorce. But his child is ill, his estate misman- aged, and the country on the eve of the war with France. He joins his battal- ion, is wounded, and, during the long weeks at the hospital, finds himself. Nursed back to health by his ti I resumes his previous life, accepting the fact that it is beautiful to be, more beau- tiful to work — all of which Is recounted with an admirable objectivity and in a style o) ' tann. "Die 1 [irtenfl6t< 1 Arthur Schnitz- ler's r< - 1 olume, " Mai I ad [t] 1 1 ■ 1 leal ti bolarly tastes who BUdden- young wife witli whom he has so far been happy is more of a stranger to him than the stars he studies in his observatory. He sends her out into the world to be free to fol- low the lure of life and "realize" her- self, and on her return, to-morrow or in ten years, her home and her husband shall be ready to welcome her. After futile protests the woman leaves upon her pilgrimage, drifts along the line of least resistance, has love affairs, idyllic, romantic, and tragic, and returns to the husband who rejoices that now she may know herself and he be sure of her. But she tells him that, while in her previous ignorance and dependence she had never been able to find herself, thrust into in- dependence and temptation, she had completely lost herself — and she turns from him and disappears forever. Thomas Mann, whose "Buddenbrooks" placed him in the foremost rank of Ger- man novelists, also handles in his latest work a fatal crisis in a man's life. But his masterly Novelle, "Der Tod in Vene- dig" (S. Fischer), appeals to a much smaller circle of readers than the fa- mous novel which is now in its sixtieth edition, because its strength lies in the subtleties of its psychology and the dis- tinction of its style. The story begins with an intimate record of the morbid moods and the paralyzed energies of a famous writer and widower of fifty, who suffers from overwork. By the sight of an uncanny stranger, whose appearance suggests a wanderer in many lands, he is suddenly roused from his indecision and goes to Venice for a rest. But Venice is hot and stuffy, there is an air of mys- tery about it, and his sole enjoyment is to watch the singularly beautiful boy of a Polish family stopping at the same hotel on the Lido. The reappearance of the uncanny stranger is fraught with symbolical meaning. An odor of disin- fectants mingles with the ordinary at- mosphere of the city: inquiries whether there is an epidemic meet with emphatic denial, but the foreign papers disappear from the reading-room. When the hero at last learns the truth, watching the fascinating child has become an obses- sion, and he has not the energy to leave. There is an extraordinary working up of the narrative to the day when the Polish family prepares to depart and the hero, who has watched the boy wade far out into the surf, fancies that he sees him beckon, tries to rise from bis chair, and falls unconscious. Another noteworthy story also owes its Inception to the plague. The hero of Anselm Heine's "Die Erscheinung" < Berlin: Egon Pleisi be! 1 La a Qi ■ bo on hie bomevi ard voyage vorl "ii the Marshall Ui iimbs to a wave of B8n1 1 ment, and, h r oman. I Opening bis 1 1 1 h< I ■ Bteamer, and mi lea^ In ■ oven

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July 3, 1913] T li e !N" a t i o n 9 her among the passengers. They become acquainted and engaged, and go to Paris, where he has business at the Exposition. The lady is ill the morning after their arrival; be leaves her in the care of a chambermaid and goes about his busi- bess, When he returns at night, he goes to her room to inquire, and finds it open and empty. For fear of compromising her, he awaits the morning, asks for his companion, and is told that no lady of that name had been at the hotel. Rant- ing and raving, appealing to the police and the consulate, are of no avail; he is treated like a lunatic, and finally is 1 to leave town. Years of research fail to find a trace of her who had come and gone like a vision, but the secret aria police contain the clue to the mystery. The devious paths by which people arrive at the goal of their desire or the tulfilment of their fate is the theme of "Umwege," a volume of stories by Her- mann Hesse, the author of "Peter Cam- enzind," which is now in its sixtieth edition. They deal with no unusual types of humanity, and are told simply and convincingly. The revolt of a priest against monastic seclusion, a well-worn topic usually invested with a sickly sen- timentalism, receives a distinctly new note in the story of Pater Mathias. The priest's trespass against the vows of his calling occurs also in one of the strange- ly fascinating stories by Carl Haupt- mann, "Nachte" (Leipzig: Kurt Wolff). But the ripest work that has come so far from the pen of that interesting writer is his new novel, "Ismael Fried- mann" (Kurt Wolff), in which he has reached a formal mastery barely sug- gested in his earlier works. The struc- ture of this story is solid, the portrayal of the characters direct and logical. Even the style is more forcible and lucid. The hero is the son of a Jewish prince of industry and a Protestant pas- tor's daughter, and combines the keen analytical spirit of the father's race with the imaginative dreamy soul of the mother. He looks like the Nazarene, but he is a Nietzschean individualist. He has a disregard for the material sources of his father's wealth; he would intellectualize and spiritualize life, but be could not do without the luxury and the comfort into which he has been born and the sensuous sestheticism which has enslaved him. He has flashes of genius, and is expected some day to startle the world with a great work, but, undisciplined by necessity, he does not know what real work is. He is morbidly self-conscious, and will not yield to the desire of woman at an age when he might love spontaneously. When he re-* turns to the sweetheart of his early youth, the only daughter of an aristo- cratic neighbor, she, too, has changed, become too introspective and self-cen- tred in her isolation, and is unable to share her inner life with another. A striking contrast is furnished by the other couple in the story, Ismael's sis- ter Isot, and his friend Johannes, who cheerfully accept the fundamental facts of life, have numerous offspring, and live as happily as any fairy-tale lovers. Al- though of such frequent occurrence as to be a commonplace, such inter-mar- riage is much discussed in Germany, since race physiologists are concerned ibout the purity of the Teutonic race; and the dignified handling of the pro- blem in "Ismael Friedmann" has receiv- ed very favorable comment. The book is ranked as the most remarkable novel- ty of the season. That form of fiction which offers a forecast of the future without being exactly Utopian, bus of late been pro- foundly affected by industrial progress. The perspectives opened by American achievements have proved so rich in sug- gestion to the Germans that they have begun to feel the poetry of matter and of sheer material power. Such a "Zu- kunftsroman" is Bernhard Kellermann s "Der Tunnel" (S. Fischer), which deals with .the stupendous problem of a sub- marine tunnel connecting America and Europe. Mac Allan, the discoverer of Allanite, the diamond steel which revo- lutionizes the work of excavation; bis wife, Maud; his friend, the architect aesthete, Hobby; Lloyd, the prince of finance, and his daughter Ethel, are liv- ing and just impersonations. There is even a suggestion of insight into their inner life, as in the chapter succeeding the death of Maud and the child, when the mask is lifted from the undemon- strative Allan, and the man who seems all brains and grit is revealed as a man of tender and profound sentiment. But the interest of the foreign readers will undoubtedly centre in the pictures of the feverish activity of New York and Tunnel City, which vibrate with the rhythmical motion of monster machines and the dramatic intensity of a life which runs along at an even more rapid pace than that of to-day. The story is altogether extraordinary. Jacob Schaffner, the young Swiss writ- er whose "Konrad Pilater" and "Irr- fahrten" proclaimed him a worthy suc- cessor of Gottfried Keller, has also a story of modern industrial life in his collection, "Die goldene Fratze" (S. Fischer). Its title, "Der eiserne Gotze," suggests the symbolical power of the great dynamo that governs the activi- ties of the town. The atmosphere is alive with the thump of levers and the whirr of wheels, the glint of steel, the fumes of engine fires, and the exhala- tions of a mass of men toiling in the sweat of their brows. The dramatis p< r- soiki- stand out effectively against this background: a middle-aged foreman who, engrossed in his work and his la- bor union, neglects his young wife, a sister of Shaw's Candida in the rough, who in her innocent way flirts with a young mechanic of impetuous tempera- ment and dashing manners, admitted into the house as boarder. The youth with the Garibaldi tie becomes enam- ored of her, and when he realizes that she has no thought of surrendering to him, sulks and harbors hatred against the husband. Strikes and sabotage en- ter into the action of the story, and a fist-to-fist fight between the two men on the gallery surrounding the mechanical colossus. But no touch of sensational- ism spoils the well-tempered colors of this picture of modern labor. A book of Lothringian stories inevita- bly suggests comparison with the work of French writers, like Maurice Banes. But Bernd Isemann's "Lothringische Novellen" (S. Fischer) do not touch the rankling problem of the lost prov- ince. They deal with the past of a fam- ily of Lothringian farmers of peasant stock, but enjoying the economic ease which insures comfort and culture. With the true story-teller's gift, Isemann pic- tures their life, sowing, planting, and reaping, with a genuine joy of activity, and drinking, laughing, and loving with a robust appetite and an untroubled con- science. Marie Yaerting is another new writ- er whose work merits attention. In her first book, "Haskamps Anna" (Munich: Albert Langen), she portrayed a young girl incapable of correlating the tradi- tional sentiments of girlhood with the new idea of intellectual development. The heroine of her second book, "Max Treumanns erste Liebe" (Albert Lan- gen), is a fair representative of the new woman in whom vague aspirations have matured into practical realities, who has grown into a personality, has found her vocation, and is esteemed for her work by her professional colleagues. The attitude of, the ordinary woman of the old type towards the new variety is suggested by that of her boarding-house neighbor towards Toni, and is not with- out humor. The latest .work of Emmy von Egidy, "Mathias Werner" (S. Fischer), is a fair specimen of that author's dignity and distinction. In other hands the plot of the story might have become a sen- sational serial: she has handled it with refinement and depth. The hero who gives his name to the story is the ille- gitimate son of an aristocratic Father and a peasant mother, neither of whom can he remember. He grows up in the care of a village schoolmaster, who would adopt him, but the stern guar- dian withholds his consent. The mys- tery of his birth hangs heavy over the youth with the sensitive Hamlet soul, who longs for a home and a purpi life, but whose initiative is at every step restricted. During a sojourn in Rome with some college friends — chapters

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LO r I i P h. e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 250s which give most fascinating glimpses of a group of ardent young souls — Mathias lure of the Roman Catholic ('lunch; but when be decides to embrace its faith, be is disov hiowi er, that sepal is not from L. separata 8} but was eoined by Necker, in 1790, Greek word OKc-rrr], covering; for lie himself slates 1h> the origin ol '•'■• term, as is men- tioned in the New Inie.i lionary, publish tore tho Oxford work-. lackson, ill 'i erm»," pub- ek word as the source of Necker's term. This glos- Down to the Oxford they qu their definition of the word sclereid. This is not a unique instance of what appear to be mistakes arising from failure to Veril i I "i laet where verilica- clearly necessary, and couhl read- If we go back to the first published, we find Lindley, the botanist, cited as authority for the nt that an anonad is a plant "al- ii'1! to the pineapple," though the anonads, are dicotyledonous trees of the cus- tard-apple family, and the pineapple is a monocotyledonous herb; the two plants are not even remotely related. Besides this, Lindley, in his latest edition, at least, says nothing that would justify such a state- ment. Whether he does in the earliest one is a matter of indifference, so far as the definition of the word is concerned. Under anonaceous it is stated that the word is from the "New Latin anona, a pineapple," and this meaning for the New Latin word seems as unsupportable as the definition of anonad. So under the word molasses, the comment is mado that: "In the Western U. S. (ac- cording to Bartlett Diet. A met icanisms, 275) it is treated as a plural." The note to this effect first appears in Bartlett in the edi- tion of 1850, and is retained in the Edition of 1877, with the addition that: "When England condescends to use this word in- stead of treacle, she generally makes it plu- ral." This incorrect statement, together with the fact that none of the standard ries of English mention such a peculiarity of Western U. S. usage, and the fact that the later dictionary of Americanisms by Sylvia Clapin (which has been quoted by the Oxford work) makes no mention of it, was enough to have made it clear tt ■ • i Id not be placed upon Bartlctt's unsupported statement. ver be the explanation of these shortcomings, they illustrate a defect, per- haps the most serious one, of the Oxford work — the failure to make an adequate use of standard works of reference; for in each of these cases a casual reference to the looks would have given us history ins1, noneous statements, n 1 to see in its beautiful pages, beautiful in typograpo 11 as in learning, the re- peated di lea which arise from this lack of suffhb at - rifii ation, in vocabulary, definitions, and citations. For instance, medical and mineralogical terms are often Included though of the most trivial Importance, apparently merely be- i mi be a note or memo randum of th ■• ith the definitions, n in such and such dictionaries or textbooks. Hut often in these cases, a cur- sory reference to the works referred to, or to oth is boi an

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July 3, 1913] The Nation 11 tal. The defeated and undesirable candi- dates had made a strong campaign, the ml ones a wholesome presentation 1 mis, as well as their ■ I m to state that when the on takes offiee Portland will have as its ■ "its a group ilny. I emoi less of e than many of our commenta- tors would allow, a municipality of two hundred and odd thousand is basking in the belief that the people have a fair abil- ity to es. Jonah b. Wise. Portland, Ore, June IT. LIBERTY IN TEACHING. To Til IF THB Nai 1 Sm: In hi:, hook. "Slttllchkeit urn! Re- ligion," Dlrektor Dr. M. Jahn writes: "We I,- PS will mutilate . tar ;>s it baa ■> place in the School, for the sal Confessions, separating the school from the spirit of the time and from actual life, thi very thing for which the school is to ad in another place: "The Cath- nes from the very begin- ning that a large portion of the people cannot grasp a right understanding of the dogma. For the laity there is tie fides Im- pUcita, i e. faith in the authority of the Church. . . . This view the Protestant ed." But thnd in his dual capacity of olar brought out works of remark- able exi the Middle Ages ignores the In Of his "Roma nella memori lmma«inazloni del Clnquecento" ml, perhaps best known of all. his "M ' 2 vols. I least two of his w ■ ial lr,- of English literature:

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LQ The Nation I Vol. 97, No. 2505 "Prometeo aella poesia" (1879), and "An- glomania e l' Influsso Inglese In Italia nel Secolo XVIII" (1911). Ultra-punctilious scholars have found in sonic ol these books certain inaccuracies in the order or presentation of the mate- rial. 11 ut in all fairness, realizing the hugeness of this man's field of study, the [ad that he was a poet more than a scien- tist, and remembering the constant charm and inspiration Which come from his pages, we cannot help forgetting his small faults in our gratitude. Through an extremely re- fined and thoughtful personality the thou- sand whims and beliefs of the Dark Cen- turies are revealed to us with a eharm and a breadth of learning that make us regret that there are not more such poet-profes- sors able with their poetry to interpret the present and with their teaching the hidden significance of the past. Rudolph Altrocchi. Harvard University, June -4. Literature BAUDELAIRIS.M. The Influence of Baudelaire in France and England. By G. Turquet-Milnes. .New York: E. P. Button & Co. $2.o0 net. The Works of George Sylvester Viereck. New York: Moffat, Yard & Co. 5 vols. In the Bark Ages, when men were still interested in the Good and the Beautiful, such French critics as held themselves in some fashion responsible for the tone of French life and literature — men like Scherer, Brunetiere, and Lanson — were less concerned about Bau- delaire than about Baudelairism. The master of the school, like many of his disciples, was gifted with that malefi- cent flow of words, that ingenuity in combining them, that sheer expressive- ness, which we call literary talent. To such persons as were unable to distin- guish between Weltschmerz and Katzen- jammer he even seemed to possess some spiritual significance. But no critic who lespected the traditional uses of noun and adjective would call Baudelaire or any of the unstrung neurotics of his tribe a "great poet." Baudelaire, as all men of sense agreed, was on the whole a nauseating spot in modern poetry, which one liked to hurry past with averted nostrils — a man significant by the extremity of his disgraceful defeat in the conflict with his times and by the ordurous nature of his revenge upon society. The only serious thing about him, as Scherer remarked, was that a self-respecting critic should have to pay any attention to him. Baudelaire became considerable, however, as the source of Baudelairism, an epidemic disease, which in France has been virulent and uncontrollable, which has to some ex- tent altered the complexion of English poetry, and has been observed, it is said, in two or three isolated cases in Amer- ica. Like other forms of pestilence, it tas tit tacked with peculiar severity per- sons of depleted vitality living in un- hygienic conditions — the ill-fed, the vi- cious, the feeble-minded, consumptives, drug-users, dipsomaniacs, and physical degenerates. It is a subject rather for sociological than for literary inquiry. All this is the irrelevant patter of an obsolescent form of criticism. Happily, Mr. Turquet-Milnes approaches Baude- laire and the "line of his great followers" on the ground of the new, higher, "non- moral" criticism. It does not make a particle of difference to him whether the influence of Baudelaire was seraphic or crocodilian. The one point of im- portance for him is that the world, be- cause of this poet and his followers, is other than it was. He assures us that he has performed the critic's part when he has listened to the "echoes of a soul (the soul of a thinker or artist) as they sound through the world." It must be said that he knows his Baudelaire, that he has pretty clearly defined the Baude- lairian spirit, has traced it through a wide range of French and English writ- ers, and has exhibited a good deal of tact in the comparison of ideas and the choice of illustrations. Though far from profound, he is tolerably precise, and he shows a French neatness and brevity in making his points. The general reader will find in this book about all that he needs to know of the singers of the gloomy violets of despair. He will de- rive, furthermore, from careful atten- tion to his guide, a fresh understanding of the constituent elements of greatness in literature. How much we owe to Baudelaire and his school becomes apparent when we ■ ccognize, as Mr. Turquet-Milnes does, that they have expressed the distinctive temper of the nineteenth century. The ./hief elements of this temper present in French literature before Baudelaire, and combined by him, are three: First, "The faculty of self-analysis and self-torment in love," as seen in the "Adolphe" of Benjamin Constant. Second, "Pursuit of iust, mingling with it a kind of sacri- legious pleasure (Sainte-Beuve's 'Vo- lupte'j. Pursuit of temptation at any cost, with its inevitable consequences: perversity and madness on the one hand, mysticism on the other; creation of a i.ew language." Third, "Moral anarchy, overwhelming pessimism, and terrible solitude of the soul (A. de Vigny)." To these grandiose elements should be add- . splendor of the Baudelairian blague, illustrated by the master's public reference to the time when he assas- sinated his father, and by his equally fa- mous comparison of the taste of in- fants' brains to that of green walnuts. "I had done a deed, they said, which the Ibis and the crocodile trembled at": so wrote poor De Quincey, reporting his delirium. It was a triumph of the Bau- delairian movement to adopt the hints of delirium into the conduct of life and to celebrate as a pattern of sincerity the obscene prattle of the idiot in his glory. At last we are able to say: "He had a natural instinct for the gutter, but he was devoted to the Beautiful. He v as an idiot, but he was a great poet.' Edmond Scherer, to whom we have al- ready referred, made an earnest effort to attain this high, disinterested, non- moral vision of the critical progressives, but his attempts at readjustment were not entirely successful. There is, for example, just a suspicion of the old nar- row, puritanical vision in this charac- terization of Baudelaire: When once in the arts you begin to pursue sensation, you want sensation at any price. After beauty, ugliness; after the shapely. the misshapen. . . . The terrible once exhausted, you arrive at the disgusting. You paint unclean objects. You linger over them; you wallow in them. But this rotten- ness itself grows rotten. This decomposi- tion engenders a fouler decomposition, until finally there remains an indescribable some- thing that no longer has a name in any language — and that is Baudelaire. Now, it is the highest aspiration of Mr. Viereck to be recognized as the American Baudelaire, and at first blush we were not a little puzzled to under- stand why Mr. Turquet-Milnes had not hearkened to his "echo" and placed him among the immortals. In turning over the five volumes of Viereck's collected works, we seemed to detect many of the salient markings of the Baudelairian species: a failure of the ordinary inhibi- tory impulses, a blatant egotism, the paint-and-plaster exoticism of a Broad- way cafe, persistent absorption in the more squalid forms of harlotry, and a screaming vanity. Here, too, were our old friends, Lilith, Nero, Sappho, a vam- pire or so, and a whole batch of sphinxes. They were a trifle weathered and down at the heels, like a theatrical troupe returning from a tour in the West— but what of that? Remembering that the true Baudelairian is always an originator, we sought amid the resound- ing "echoes" for that personal and indi- vidual note which distinguishes a gen- uine poet from all his predecessors; and we discovered everywhere a certain brassy vulgarity in the feeling and tin- tone and the strut, such as one expect in an Immigrant boy withoul traditions or breeding who found him- self In this country for the first time treated as an equal, and such as we could not recall in the works of any pre- vious poet. Let us do justice to Mr. Viereck. It would not be entirely accurate to a that we bad read everj 1 if bis poemi in 1 tie works of Swinburne or Wilde or Symons or Baudelaire or Verlaine, Mr, \ ■,, , et I. has enjoyed some •■cultural" ad ■ iiiiI.i:-. r, imknow 11 to his foreriimier:

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July 3, 1913J The Nation 13 ^e has not spent some twenty years in \merica in vain. There is one composi- ^on here which we undertake is unique in its kind. It is called "A New Eng- land Ballad." This, as he tells us, is his reply to Puritanism, and it is a crushing one. It is a contribution. The time indicated in the ballad is a "mirth- less Sabbath day." The scene is a "drao and dreary town" in Mr. Viereck's New England, where "the sleek, the oily Pharisees" dwell "in long frock coats and tall silk hats." We say Mr. Vie- reck's New England. The house of ill- fame on one side of the street is con- fronted by the Roman Catholic Church attended by the Puritans on the other. Within the church, with "windows bare like sightless eyes," stands beside a "tabernacle" a Puritan parson — "a weaz- ened parson cursing Joy." In the midst of a Calvinistic sermon, a Roman Cath- olic image "upon a cross of ebony" bawls out: Impious parson, on thy knee! lion- dare ye judge your Maker? He Ant 1. . . . In successive stanzas the figure on the ebony cross talks Viereck to the weaz- ened parson till the latter is turned into a "gibbering madman." We do not see the possibility of denying that this is an original conception. And yet, after all — shall we confess it? — we have been somewhat disappoint- ed by Mr. Viereck's works. We are real- ly a little concerned about where to place him. Obviously he does not be- long in any sense of the word in Amer- ican literature, and we begin to under- stand why Mr. Turquet-Milnes has not seen fit to mention him with the follow- ers of Baudelaire. Let us get at the matter in the impressionistic fashion. To tell the truth, receptive as we were, the Neros and the vampires and the sphinxes left us cold and unmoved. We must regretfully admit that in all the five volumes there is hardly a shudder. This signal failure to produce sensation is probably due in part to the unfortu- nate fact that Mr. Viereck's themes were hawked about the world for so many years before they came into his hands; in part, also, to the passionless charac- ter of the poet and his puppets, who, to say nothing of love, are as devoid even of the fishiest erotic interest as the min- nows in an aquarium. As a Baudelai- 1 ian, Mr. Viereck is a failure. In other words, at his intensest he is only mildly disgusting. For the rest, he is only mildly soporific. In the last analysis it is doubtless a question of style, which we are to be- lieve is the man himself. Such of the Baudelairians as Lave lost the final shred cf poetical substance, hope to be saved at the last day by virtue of their style. What hope is there for Mr. Vie- reck? Opening his "Confessions of a Barbarian" at random, we have ex- tracted this specimen of his manner in prose : I was often stunned and surprised abroad. I met so many people out of my own books'. I had never known that they really existed. I had never met them at Martin's. They bad hidden their faces from me in America. Yet, here they were. I recognized the type. They made me feel creepy. Some one has said that there is an "anti- septic" quality in style, and we will ad- mit that this passage has style — the style of the First Reading Book. To il- lustrate Mr. Viereck's poetic manner we should not take him in an "echo," but in a passage where he has had some lib- erty to display the native and charac- teristic movement of his mind. The poem to "The Unknown Goddess" will answer our purpose. This piece turns on the fact that an unknown lady yearns for Mr. Viereck's signature and commis- sions a clerk in a book-store to ask him tor it. This is the way in which the poet unfolds the beauty of the situation: The clerk, I say, drew me aside, and thus He spake to me: "A lady beauteoifc Your book, O Poet, deems most exquisite. And asks you please to write your name in it." "Who can it be?" "That may I not reveal. She lives in splendor; dizzy motors reel At her command, beside an equipage, And oh! her town-house is a queen's me- nage !" We may be mistaken about the qual- ity of this passage. There are two lines at least, the first and the fourth, with a somewhat unusual tonal effect. And yet we feel bound to say that the passage as a whole impresses us as poetically unsatisfactory. In the case of the "New England Ballad" one forgot the insipid sauciness of the words ascribed to the divine image in a whimsical sense of wonder whether the divine mercy itself could pardon the melodramatic balder- dash of the style. In the bit of prose quoted above, one forgets to attend to Mr. Viereck's surprise abroad in amused contemplation of the infantile staccato of his sentences. In the case of "The Unknown Goddess" one forgets the lady with the equipage and the menage in the perplexing question whether that note of somewhat brassy vulgarity which is Mr. Viereck's special contribu- tion to poetry is not, as a matter of fact, entirely destructive of poetry. Taking it all in all, we are inclined to encour- age Mr. Viereck in his feeling that he had better abandon poetry for business. CURRENT FICTION. r. By Bertha Runkle. New York: The Century Co. The scene is the Isle of Wight, in the time of the American Revolution. The hero is Dirck Scott, an American priva- teersman, who, captured by a British officer, has bashed that officer's head, jumped overboard, and landed on the Isle. He finds shelter in the dwelling of L,ord Yarracombe, is discovered in hid- ing by the fair Miss Lettice Yarra- combe, and she agrees, on general prin- ciples (what heroine could do less?), to help him escape to France. A highway- man, known as the Scarlet Rider, is har- rying the near counties of England. He is a perfect gentleman of the road, who- operates by the Robin Hood code, rob- bing only the rich and the stingy, so that Miss Lettice does not shrink from the fancy that her protege is he. Pend- ing his escape, he becomes a footman at Yarracombe. Then arrives the ele- gant cousin whom Lettice is to marry. When we say that he is none other than the officer of the bashed head, and that the Scarlet Rider is really Miss Lettice's (why not Lady Lettice's?) father, Lord Yarracombe, we have given the pro- spective reader quite all the hints that he will desire as to the nature of the yarn. Dirck Scott is as improbably reckless and as impossibly chivalrous as the most exacting schoolboy could wish, him to be. The dialogue is cast in the accepted jargon of historical romance. There is ample store of verbal misun- derstandings and unexpected encoun- ters, love-making and sword-play. Lord Yarracombe is debonair even in mur- der; and the wonderful mare which as- sists his exploits as the Scarlet Rider is not inferior to her kind. He con- veniently gets his deserts in the last chapter, and Miss Lettice is free to be carried off under the nose of the Brit- ish officer who has almost won her, by our esteemed compatriot, ex-privateer and ex-footman. In short, the tale is- precisely adapted for those readers of all ages who like elaborate nonsense of the "costume" variety. The Stain. By Forrest Halsey. Chi- cago: F. G. Browne & Co. The villain is a corrupt judge; the hero a district attorney; the heroine a maiden of matchless beauty and blame- less intent, but an intermittent klepto- maniac. The criminal impulse, which always possesses her in moments of physical or nervous exhaustion, she be- lieves is inherited: she is sure that her father must have been a thief, though she does not know who he was. She leaves her adopted parents because she fears to disgrace them, and is pr« a stenographer in the attorney's office. He falls in love with her, and, for his sake, she feels that she must again "move on." But on the eve of her flight, which is also the eve of a great contest 1 the attorney and the corrupt judge, her mania seizes her, and she is arrested for shoplifting. Attorney promptly marries maiden, and defends ore corrupt judge, who turns out to be her father. The discarded mother

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11 "T li e JST ation [Vol. 97, No. 2505 figures burnt well as of 1 he .jiiii i 1 perous years, ilso Inherits the stain. Hul the big scale, h glove wiiii the boss who rules I b and the State He looks forward to the Governorship as the supreme prize ol his crafty career. Therefore be must things with a strong hand: only death, sudden death, while in the act 01 icing his verdict, keeps him from sending his daughter to prison. There is material in the story for an emotion- al play, with many tense moments. As a story it is well told, though too obvi- ously constructed. His Lure Story. By .Marie Van Vorst. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co. When a handsome young French count, who is also a captain in the cav- alry, meets an American Miss Julia, his love story naturally begins: hers also. If he is poor, however, his sense of hon- or prohibits attentions beyond a certain point. When he is ordered to the front there is nothing for him to do but to de- part speechless, leaving his dog in Miss Julia's hands. Such a count's dog nat- urally cannot live without him, and fol- lows him to Algiers by the next boat. Such a dog, when his master is wounded and dying in the desert, infallibly trails him and brings help. Such a Miss Julia, when news comes of the captain's death, refuses to believe the worst, and sets out for Algiers. Such a generous and devoted trio as the count, the Miss Julia, and the dog are bound to be re- united, to part no more. But in setting down these rather obvious incidents, the present chronicler has employed more skill and delicacy than would be expect- ed from the material, has produced a pretty and graceful story — a trifle excel- lently done. must have been meant as a fairy-tale for the very young off) e-boj iken kindness, from which a taste formed upon detective literature is sure him. Love's Soldier. By Olive Christian Mackirdy. New York: Cassell & Co. This conquering hero was a London bank clerk, who loved an American banker's daughter. His career makes strange reading. It is the kind of story in which the Scotch author of an in- ternational best-seller is regarded as the best possible expert to direct the tottering fortunes of a New York bank; in which, just when the London branch of the business needs reinforcement, the beautiful waif adopted by the literary bank clerk regains an Irish father roll- ing in South American wealth; in which, towards the end, the now high and mighty bank clerk refuses a seat in Parliament, but after urging will ac- reupon the King confidential] ■ the conferring of the title as a 'nice little veddl prise for the American bi ld I . i « 8 thl m months later by Official and economic view s wen In a those prevalent in the state. Another 8 ample Is afforded bj "Staj laws" of i>nt urU.v, w liieh pi e\ Id i (I t bat unless a ludgmenl i i editor should endoi Be on bl cul Ion bit willingness to take the paper monej ol state banks al Its face ralue, iu dis-

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July 3, 1913] The £\" a t i o n 15 charge of his claim, the debtor should have two years in which to pay it with- out Interest. A decision of the Ken- tucky Court of Appeals declaring the legislation void because violating the "obligation of contracts" clause of the :i I .institution precipitated a long and bitter conflict between the adher- ents of the old law and the champions n< . order. During its progress an attempt was made to legislate the old court out of existence; and for a time Kentucky had two Courts of Ap- peal. But the old law and the old court triumphed in the State elections of 1826, while the new order was ignominiously defeated in its attempt to recall judges and judicial decisions. Both in Kentucky and Rhode Island the statutes, annulled by the courts, were enacted in the belief that they were promotive of social justice. In each ease thej expressed the will of a clear majority of the people. In each case the will of the people was defeated 'by judges who interpreted Constitution- al prohibitions according to the canons of the old law. In the Bull Moose ter- minology of to-day, they were reaction- aries. And yet, no one can doubt that 1 1 ease it was the judge, deciding in accordance with the old law and not in accordance with the social, economic, and industrial philosophy of the mo- ment, who deserved well of the repub- lic. He was charged, as courts are charg- ed to-day, with a disposition to defeat the will of the people as expressed by their chosen representatives in the Leg- islature. Undoubtedly, he had that dis- position; but it was because he believed that his oath of office required him to defeat the popular will of the moment when it ran counter to a clearly express- ed rule of either the Federal or State Constitution. Such rules were formulat- ed for the very purpose of preventing the people from violating certain car- dinal principles of justice, during pe- riods of excitement, and of giving time for a sober second thought. The Formation of the Alphabet. By W. M. Flinders Petrie. Studies Series III of the British School of Archaeology in Egypt. London: Macmillan (and Quaritch), 1912. 5s. Dr. Petrie here gathers together from many sources in the Mediterranean re- gion some sixty alphabetic signs that recent discoveries have made known to us, and essays to show the process by which our present alphabet, or, rather, its Greek progenitor, took selective shape and order. The author, for conclusive reasons, re- jects the old theory of a Phoenician (and ultimate Egyptian) origin of the alpha- bet. We are not to think of it as a sys- tem invented by a single individual or a single tribe in a somewhat advanced stage of civilization, and then borrowed by other tribes from it: On the contrary, it appears that a wide body of signs had been gradually brought Into use iii primitive times for various purposes. '! interchanged by trade, and spread from land to land, until the less known and less useful signs were ousted by the general acceptance. Lastly, a couple of dozen signs triumphed; these became common property to a group of trading communities, while the local sur- vivals of other forms were gradually ex- tinguished in isolated seclusion. Of the Runic alphabet, which has re- cently been brought under fresh notice, Dr. Flinders Petrie says that it must be viewed as "a branch of the Mediterra- nean alphabets much older than the formation of the Greek and Latin forms, v. hich at a later date barred it off from further communication southward. Whatever it has in common with Greek and Latin letters, it has merely in com- mon with other alphabets as well." The order of the letters in the alpha- bet is that as read from a primitive hornbook, of which a reproduction is given. The derivative Greek form, though it lacked certain letters, and had interpolated certain others, will be more intelligible to the general reader, as nearer to the Latin, and therefore to our own form. In this Greek hornbook the letters were arranged on the main tablet in four vertical columns perpen- dicular to the handle. The columns were originally of six characters each, but the Greek hornbook had discarded as needless the primitive characters at the bottom of all but the first column, as well as the third character in col- umns two and four. The first column showed t'.e vowels A, E, I, 0, T, i 2 ; tie second, the labials B, F (third wanting), II, * (sixtli wanting); the third, the gut- turals T, H, K, Q, X (sixtli wautiug); the fourth, the dentils A, 6 (t ird wanting), T, ^ (sixtli wanting). Then three later "liquids." A, M, X, were added in a single horizontal line on the flat handle of the hornbook, thus being opposite the middle of the columns on the tab- let, and perpendicular to their direc- tion. And, finally, the Greek, for its own needs, interpolated a few other signs, Z between the second and third col- umns opposite F and H, respectively; P and S together between the third and f uith columns opposite Q and T. re- spectively, and 3 at the very extremity of the handle, next beyond N. Thus the hornbook was complete. But in ing the letters one naturally read them. not in the vertical columns, but in hori- zontal ranks, from left to right (A M X g falling into line in the middle, after K), and thus the alphabetical order was established, which, with the few changes that belong to the history of the Latin tongue, and with the later differentiations of I and J, and of U and V, and the addition in its logical place of W, we still follow. Some prob- lems, however, it is plain to see, are here unanswered, and the author ac- knowledges the patent fact. The original home of the primitive hornbook, which was the immediate an- cestor of that which we have described, Dr. Flinders Petrie is inclined to find in northern Syria, chiefly on account of the disregard of sibilants in the primi- tive system, and the use of aphabetic signs as numeral symbols, both of which characteristics are peculiar to that re- gion. Notes Among the announcements of Henry Holt & Co. are "The Mastery of Grief," by Bol- ton Hall, and Miss Marjorie Patterson's "Dust of the Road," a novel of English theatrical life. An authorized edition of the complete works of Arthur Schnitzler is in prepara- tion by Richard Badger. Three volumes are already in the press for immediate pub- lication, and the others will follow in rapid succession. "The Inhumanity of Socialism" is the title finally chosen by Edward E. Adams for a book which Paul Elder & Co. will shortly publish. In "The Story of California," announced by McClurg, Henry K. Norton begins with the summer of 1542 when Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo first set foot on the shore of San Diego Bay. "The Poems of Sir Thomas Wiat," ed- ited by A. K. Forwell from the'MSS, with variants, commentary, and facsimile repro- ductions, will be issued in the autumn by 1 he Cniversity of London Press. Sir Sidney Lee has been called by Lon- don University to fill the chair in English. The Oxford Church Bible Commentary, it is announced, is to give a completely new translation of the Old Testament, the New Testament, and the more important books of the Apocrypha. "The Book of Wisdom" (Macmillan), by the Rev. A. T. S. Goodrick. gives in considerable detail the apparatus for the criticism of this interesting Apo- cryphal work. The opinions of former commentators are examined, questions of date, design, and unity are discussed at length, and the views of the editor a 1 bodied in footnotes, additional nor appendices. There are great dill among critics concerning the exegesis of the work, and Mr. Goodrlck's conclusions will not all be generally accepted, but the volume supplies much information, it is written in a good spirit, and it will prove Useful 1 Oth I" pi ■ laliflts and to the ; reader. in Petermann's Mttteilungm for May is the conclusion of the ethnographic descrip- tion of the Balkan Professor Belgrade, in which b peclally upon their wanderings and a lation and on the influence of Islamlsm. Dr. 1 M rzog -i- e an account, with Illus- trations, of the Bolivian Cordillera, and in th' niilitat nt Prof. A. Mar-

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16 The 1ST a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2505 ctisc, of Merlin, discusses the difficult pro- blem of die navigation of an airship in a dense mist. 1 nteresting, as showing the wide range of educational facilities in Germany, is (he list of subjects to be studied by the pupils of seventeen high schools in the summer semester of this year, ranging from African religions and the history of the United States to the fundamental principles of business. "Burdett's Hospitals and Charities" for 1913 comes to us from the London pub- lisher, the Scientific Press Limited. The usual voluminous information is given, for this country as well as for Great Britain and her colonies. The work well deserves its sub-title, "The Year Book of Philanthropy and the Hospital Annual." The author, Sir Henry Burdett, repeats his plea that the fiscal year for all hospitals should end December 31, so that com- parison of resources might be made easier. Francis McCullagh's lurid account of "Italy's War for a Desert," published in London last year and reviewed by us July 4, 1912, has now been brought out in this country by F. G. Browne & Company, of Chicago. Noel Buxton's "With the Bulgarian Staff" (Macmillan) is a record of hospital work with the armies of Thrace. As a represen- tative of the English Red Cross contingent and as an old friend of Macedonian free- dom for which he has done valuable service through the Balkan Committee, Mr. Buxton enjoyed the privilege of riding with the Bulgarian General Staff in the wake of the victorious armies from Kirk-Kilisseh to Tchatalja. He is sufficiently explicit in depicting the heavy cost of war in loss of life and human suffering, but his hospital sketches, while inevitably painful, make no attempt at horror for its own sake. His tone shows the moderation that comes from true sympathy and knowledge; he is savage only when he speaks of Turkish rule. There# he can see nothing but a record of massa- cre, plunder, and general bestiality. Con- ceding that the Balkan war was necessary, he is still an opponent of war. The war was necessary because one swift operation to rid the Balkans of a regime which by the slower processes of massacre was ex- acting a higher death toll than war ex- acts, had .become inevitable. And yet the war could have been avoided if the Pow- ers had done their duty, even as late as five years ago, by establishing self-govern- ment in Macedonia. With the familiar ar- gument that war is a training school of national character and the field for the display of the manly virtues, he has no sympathy. How was it, he asks, that the Bulgarian people during centuries of sub- jection retained the manhood which spoke out so emphatically when the need arose? Of the actual course of the war it is Mr. Buxton's opinion that the Turkish downfall came not at Lule Burgas nor even at Kirk- Kilisseh, but In the very first days' fight- ing. Even before Kirk-Kilisseh then battle fought near the Bulgarian frontier of which the world knows almost nothing, The more one reads of Bulgarian opera- tions in Thrace the more it is apparent that only a very partial knowledge of what real- ly happened has reached us through the paper correspondents. In two ways, at least, the title of B. Granville Barker's "The Passing of the Turkish Empire in Europe" (Lippincott) is misleading. The book does not deal with the late war in the Balkans, to which there is only the very slightest reference. Neither is it a methodical history of the Ottoman Empire up to recent events. What. Mr, Barker has written is a lengthy travel book in which personal experiences and de- scription are supplemented in the approved style by historical reminiscence. Of the latter there is altogether too much, es- pecially as the historical narrative follows no systematic course, but leaps backward and forward through the ages in a highly disconcerting manner. When one has over- come the prejudice created by a mischosen title and a pretentious manner, the reader will find much entertaining matter in Mr. Barker's account of Turkish scenes and character. His pictures, for the most part pen-and-ink sketches of his own, are ex- ceptionally good. The club topsail, or, as the English say, jackyard topsail-jackyarder, is a kite in no wise entitled to the pride of good ances- try, according to R. Heckstall Smith and Capt. Du Boulay, authors of "The Com- plete Yachtsman" (Outing Publishing Com- pany). It was born, not of the needs of the sailorman, but was "devised, or rather popularized, by racing men in America when the sail plan was measured in such a man ner that one could get an additional bit of untaxed sail if the topsail extended be yond the gaff. ... It was originally, thus, something of a rule-cheater." Wheth- er the authors speak advisedly as to Ameri- can responsibility or not is quite beyond our province to decide; at all events, it is a very useful stretch of canvas, and is used by the English and Germans, as by us. The assertion that cruising men, however, should fight shy of it is very well taken; they should. As for the rest, the book is complete, and justifies its title; it is the most comprehensive, most accurate yacht- ing symposium yet placed between covers. Nothing is neglected, nothing overlooked. There are chapters on rudimentary work in sailing which convey valuable informa- tion to all beginners, together with chap- ters on more advanced points which will interest a yachtsman, however well versed in the sport he may be. The manner of building a boat is set forth in ample de- tail, as well as the handling of it when built. Motor-boating, its rules, and its gen- eral aspects receive adequate attention. In short, this is a volume to which the young- ster setting forth in his first catboat, as well as the tried yachtsman, may give his days and nights with great benefit. A number of excellent qualities and one serious defect are made manifest in the first two volumes of "The Everyman Ency- clopaedia" (Button), an undertaking which is to be completed in twelve volumes. Sell- ing at the regular Everyman price of thir- ty-live cents per volume, it is altogether one of the most accessible works of ref- erence on the market. There are probably half a million words to the volume. The contents have obviously been planned with to the needs of the ordinary reader. Titles like Abbreviations, Academies and other Hste to which one frequently turna i or b ml Ing 1 or word a re e ■ cepi Ion ally full. The useful arts are well repre- Si a ted, as for example, Bookbinding with 0 pages. Science and technology show well condensed articles on Astronomy, 10 pages; Biology, 12 pages; Aeronautics, 6 pages; Accumulator, 1,500 words, etc. Particular attention is given to Law. But here is where serious objection may be raised. The law is all British law and the encyclopae- dia as a whole a British work with insuf- ficient concession to an American public. In a long article on Army there are two pages devoted to the history of the British army, but the United States is nowhere mentioned. American biography suffers very badly. To John Adams are devoted just 110 words,' of which 40 are biblio- graphy. This is considerably less than the space given to Abbas Pasha, of Egypt, or the late Chief Rabbi Adler. If the Ency- clopaedia is to have a sale in this coun- try commensurate with its general merits a fair amount of revision is necessary. In "Highways and Byways of the Rocky Mountains" and "Highways and Byways of the Great Lakes" (Macmillan), Clifton Johnson makes two valuable additions to a series of sectional guide-books which now covers all but the New England and Middle Atlantic States. The chief purpose of the series being to treat of country life, especially of the picturesque and the typi- cally rustic, it will be seen that the pres- ent volumes exploit fields peculiarly rich in incident and color. Page after page is filled with pleasantly garrulous conversa- tion with farmers, rivermen, miners, and woodsmen from Pennsylvania to New Mex- ico, and with descriptions of peregrinations through wonderful stretches of scenery. There are interludes in both volumes, too, of more formal exposition, as in the chap- ters devoted to the copper country, the Straits of Mackinac, an Illinois valley, the Texas oil fields, Pueblo life in New Mexico, and life in a Mormon village. The numer- ous illustrations, like much of the text, are mere snapshots of wayside experiences. The notes appended to each chapter give information concerning automobile routes and many facts and suggestions to tourists in general. "Oblivion has scattered her poppy effec- tively enough over the name of Aurelian Townshend, who is now but a shadow; figure dimly discerned in the background of that bustling London of the early Stuarts and the Civil Wars. Yet in his day he walked with wits and poets, and, for certain touches of rareness here and there in his song, it becomes an act of piety to piece together what is known of him into a more complete account than has before been attempted, and to let it stand as a preface to this belated gath- ering of his scanty harvest." So Mr. E. K. Chambers opens the introduction to his edition of "Aurelian Townshend's Poem and Masks," in the Tudor and Stuart Li- brary printed at the Clarendon Press from type made in the old matrices. The "acl of piety" Mr. Chambers lias made also a work of fine scholarship. Townshend, indeed, alter all the editor's research, re- mains but a dim figure, iiui his family con- nections have been untangled ami a surer individuality lias been given him. fl\l toi 1 be hand! hi ..1 poems, i certain ami doubt - fui authorship, their Ingathering has .1 1 onsldera ble turning over of old books ami manuscript anthologies rhej add a little to that body of Stunt poetr!

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July 3, 1913. The Nation 17 constantly growing by the accretion of re- prints, which as a whole is curiously ama- teurish in style, but is set off by occasional flashes of poignant beauty. About the best thing of Townshend's is his "Pure Simple but this Is too long to quote. As a fair specimen of his craft we choose the little "Youth and Beauty," taken from the and Dialogues" (1653) of H. Lawes, and already reprinted by W. Beloe in his "Anecdotes of Literature" (1812) : Thou art so fair, and yong wlthall, ■ 0 klndl'sl yong desires in me, ig life in leaves that fall. And sight to Eyes that hardly see Halfe those fresh Beauties bl< 1 In thee. Those all Bearbs and Flowr's gave When she recal'd Times dying howrs, And aged Xson from his grave, : 1 :l and save. Youth it enflames, but age it cheers, I would go hack, lint not return To twenty, hut to twice those yeers : Not blaze, but over constant burn, For fear my Cradle prove my Urn. A book from the Clarendon Press, simi- lar in general appearance to the Tudor and Stuart Library, but printed in mod- ern types, is the "Trecentale Bodleianum," which, as the sub-title explains, is "a memorial volume for the three hundredth anniversary of the public funeral of Sir Thomas Bodley, March 29, 1613." It con- tains Bodley's autobiography, the first draft of his statutes for the Library, extracts from his will relating to the Library, two funeral orations in Latin, besides other pertinent matter. Am- book on government which express- ed appreciation for courtesies extended by "Mr. Charles F. Murphy, head of the Tam- many organization in New York city," and by other authorities only less notable, ought to be a sure guide to the subject; and, in- deed, the material in Prof. P. Orman Ray's "Introduction to Political Parties and Prac- tical Polities" (Scribner) is well selected. It is also written in a clear, brisk, text- book style. Exception will be taken by many students in this field to the author's rosy view of direct legislation as a remedy for the evils of our legislative system. In this part of his book he almost becomes an advocate, backing up his opinions with quotations from other writers who think as he does, instead of presenting the con- siderations on both sides, giving the re- sults of the experiment as far as it has had certain results, and leaving the mat ter there. A more sweeping criticism is that of his arrangement. Superficially, a four-fold division into "Present-Day Na tional Parties,'' "Nominating Methods," "Campaigns and Elections," and "The Par- ty in Power" may seem logical, as follow- ing the chronological order of political events in the life of a party. But the consequences of this distribution of ma- terial are not entirely happy. The stu- dent is nearly three-fourths of the way through the book before he comes upon Machines and Bosses, this chapter having been placed in Part IV. Yet how much of an understanding of the subject of Part II, "Nominating Methods," or of Part III, "Campaigns and Elections," will he have without it? Especially commendable is its attention to the forms of the ballot and to the comparatively neglected topic of the politics of legislative bodies. The composite character of English speech is strikingly illustrated by the dou- ble section of the "Oxford English Dic- tionary" Sniggle-Sorrow, prepared by W. A. Craigie (Frowde). Among the 3084 words listed there are numerous snippy English monosyllables in Sn— such as snore, snort, snuff: Dutch snow, a small sailing vessel ; Scandinavian snipe and snub: Gaelic sonsy, happy epithet for a lass; French sojourn and soiree, of which the first rec- ord is from Lady Granville's Letters. 1820; Italian solo and soprano; Latin social- ism, soliloquy, and solitary; Greek solecism and sophist: Oriental sofa and sophy. The ancient anarchy in spelling into which some of us are again so merrily plunging is recalled by the word soldier, which has appeared in at least seventy different forms. Dilet- tante Walpole gets the credit for introduc- ing in 1760 the rich romantic adjective sombre, indispensable in characterizing the reflections of the Byronic and pre-Byronic heroes. To the Romanticists and to Scott in particular is due the revival of sooth, which seems almost abruptly to have lapsed from use in the middle of the seventeenth century. The sense development of the verb soothe offers a peculiar surprise to any one who has associated soothing too closely with a certain sovereign syrup for ululant infants. Soothe is good old Anglo- Saxon for verify, and, indeed, is used in that sense as late as the sixteenth century, c. g., "being inquisitive of these matters. I could find no one of them soothed by such per- sons upon whose relation I am disposed to venture." Soothe, however, moves towards its modern meaning when Warner writes in 1596, "Amen, I sooth'd no lye," and Lane in 1616. "to heere what lies they soothe." The next step is indicated in Massinger, 1623, "Sooth me in all I say. There's a main end in it." And so by little and little soothe suffers its declension from verify- ing to corroborating, to backing up. to encouraging, to praising, to pacifying, and to drugging. Another interesting sense-history is that of the word snob, a term of obscure origin, in its earliest use, in 17S1, meaning a shoemaker or cobbler. In its second stage it is Cambridge slang for "any one not a gownsman, a townsman" — the equiva- lent of "mucker" in Cambridge, Mass. Next in 1831 it is generalized to include any persons "belonging to the ordinary or low- er classes of society." The classical Eng- lish sense is fixed by Thackeray's "Book of Snobs," 1848, where it means "one who meanly or vulgarly admires and seeks to imitate, or associate with, those of superior rank or wealth; one who wishes to be re- garded as a person of social importance." Now, there is a distinction between the English and the American use of snob, which is neither defined nor illustrated in the Oxford nor in our own Webster's Dic- tionary— a distinction due to the influence of aristocratic as compared with demo- cratic traditions. In an American Univer- sity town, for example, snob is not applied by gownsmen to townsmen, but by towns- men to gownsmen. In American social cir- cles it may occasionally be applied to vul- gar "climbers," but it is much more likely to be applied by "climbers" to inaccessible members of the "inner circle"; a snob is not one who seeks to associate with those of superior rank or wealth or intelligence, but one who keeps aloof from those of in- ferior rank or wealth. In other words, an English snob is a man who falls short of the perfect aristocrat through a taint of democratic vulgarity, whereas an Ameri- can snob is a man who falls short of the perfect democrat through a taint of aris- tocratic exclusiveness. The purpose of "Home Life in Russia" (Macmillan), by A. S. Rappoport, is, ap- parently, to give a casual reader an im- pression of the manners, customs, and ways of thought that distinguish the Russian people from their western neighbors. In this the book resembles the "Russian Life in Town and Country" of F. H. E. Palmer, to which, however, it is by no means equal in merit. Though Dr. Rappoport gives ex- cellent and entertaining information, he sometimes presents it in a form unintelli- gible to persons not previously acquainted with Russian affairs; thus he continually uses the terms Great Russian and Little Russian, but never explains their meaning. His incoherent style, and in particular his continual neglect of paragraph structure, make reading wearisome. Important mis- takes occur; for example, the Carnival dis- cussed on pages 37-39 is the same festival as the Butter Week of pages 52-56. This Butter Week does not precede Easter, as is stated on pages 52, 53, but Lent; this odd slip leads the author to repeat a de- scription of a popular custom of which he has already written (p. 38). The statistics of attendance at the Russian universities are given for the year 1901 (p. 204), though later figures are readily ascertainable. The system of transliterating Russian words is more German than English, and is made worse by frequent misprints; "les monshires e'est tout" (p. 7) is evidently meant for "les moushiks [muzhiks] e'est tout." The best feature of the volume is its admirable illustrations, prepared from photographs either of actual scenes or of paintings by Russian artists. "History as Past Ethics" (Ginn), by P. V. N. Myers, is intended to complete "the series of historical text books which I began more than twenty years ago." The sub-title is "An Introduction to the His- tory of Morals" ; and the book conveys briefly what the author conceives to be the chief characteristics of the ethical and moral ideals of various Oriental peo- ples, of the Greeks and Romans, and of Christian Europe in the different stages of its history. Mr. Myers has read many books, and presents in clear and simple language much information which, as in- formation, jt would not be amiss for high- school pupils to acquire in connection with their courses in history. But besides pre- senting this information, he has made an attempt to illustrate by means of it a the- ory of moral progress which in turn be- comes the basis for a philosophy of his- tory. The theoretical part cannot be ac- counted original, nor very convincing; it is, not quite consistent, a circumstance which seems to arise from the fact that Mr. Myers has taken, for his purpose, ideas from many sources which do not always fit neatly together. He maintains, for ex- ample, that neither intellectual advance, as Buckle thought, nor economic conditions, as Marx would have us believe, nor religion.

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IS T li e Nation | Vol. 97, No. 2505 is chu K n InBisI . la the di nl." Bui then it turns 1 moral progi Itself dependenl hi Intellectual ad comic conditions, religion, and so on. This is much like tory is deter- mined by moral progress, ami moral progress by history. Well, it is mil given io all lo bend the bo^ of Ulysses! In spite of his theorizing, -Mr. Myers's hook will doubtless have its u V, b.0 Id: hall a century had been prominent in the 1 1- and financial life of New York :-ity, died on Saturday, aged seventy-five. Hi' was the author of "Joint-Metallism," which went through live editions, and of two books of travel, "Cruising in the West fndii ami "Cruising in the Caribbean With a Camera." Science In Beaver World. By Enos A. Mills. With illustrations from photographs by the Author. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. $1-75. Except a few good notes in magazine articles, chiefly valuable for their pho- tographic illustrations, nothing of much account has been published about the beaver since the classic book by Lewis H. Morgan, issued in 1865. Mr. Mills has made his home since boyhood in the Rocky Mountains, winter and summer, yet has found time to ramble all over the continent, everywhere giving "studi- ous attention" to the beaver. "At any time during the past twenty-five years," he explains, "I could go from my cabin on the slope of Long's Peak, Colorado, to a number of colonies within fifteen minutes. . . . One autumn my entire time was spent in making observations and watching the activities of beaver in fourteen colonies. Sixty-four days in succession I visited these colonies, three of them twice daily. These daily Inves- tigations enabled me to see the prepar- ations for winter from beginning to end. They also enabled me to under- stand details which with infrequent vis- its I could not even have discov - Knowing these prefatory statements to be true, the reader will expect much novelty and minuteness of information, and he will not be disappointed. More- over, he will be pleased to find the story told in terse, straightforward English, brightened by sympathetic senl yet free from rhapsody or flighty hypo- thesis. There is some repetition, be- cause several of the chapters have been previously used as separate articli an excellent index corrects this fault of orderly book-making. The text of the book, so to speak, is the history of a colon;. tioned, Their work and play, ho obtained food, we and Bolved 1 in' in 1. idem of winter; how I hey repair- and Invented a 1 hings to meet emergencies; and how, Incidentally, thej served the world .' floods and storing water, are related with interesting details and exhibited in photographs. Interwoven with this are notes of comparative ob- servations made elsewhere, sometimes corroborative, often at variance, mani- lesting the individuality of colonies as well as of single workers in adaptation to varying circumstances. The form and material of the beaver's house are familiar, but several widely accepted statements in regard to its structure seem less certain in the light of Mr. Mills's experience. The construc- tion of a typical "lodge" in the Rocky Mountains is thus outlined: Most beaver houses stand in a pond, though a number are built on the shore and partly in the water, and still others on the bank a few feet away from the wa- ter. . . . Houses that are built in a pond usually stand in three or four feet of wa- ter. The foundation is laid on the bottom of the pond, of the size intended for the house, and built up a solid mass to a few inches above water-level, . . . forming the floor of the low-vaulted room which is en- closed by the thick house-walls. In build- ing the house the beaver provides a tempo- rary support for the combined roof and walls by piling in the centre of the floor a two-foot mound of mud. Over this is placed a somewhat flattened teepee- or j cone-shaped frame of sticks and small I poles. These stand on the outer part of the foundation and lean inward with upper ends meeting against and above the tempo- rary support. The beaver then cover this framework with two or three feet of mud, brush, and turf, and thus make thi and the roof of the house. When the outer part of the house is completed, they dig an Inclined passageway from the bottom of the pond up through the foundation, into the Irregular space left between the sup- porting pile of mini ami the walls. Ami of this spai e 1 ii iii ■ olumi v in t he Oxford 1 la 1 - ■ ■ ' di a r 1 1 . 1 > 1 1 1 la readable a mi 1 lllusti ated, mm' the a < Iheep I ■ rittei B by the I. lie ,|,,l;:. . PUbll '" i ' I " Drama and Music "In the Vanguard" (Macmillan), a three- act play by Mrs. Katrina Trask, is animat- ed by such high purpose and contains so much sound philosophy that it is a pity its enthusiasm was not tempered by discretion — by a little clearer recognition of the fact that this perverse and headstrong world is not yet ripe for government by Utopian principles. With a little larger admixture of worldly wisdom it might have been made much more effective. The theme of it is the folly, wickednesss, and wastefulness of war, and it is fortified by all the usual arguments, most of which, in theory at least, are entirely impregnable. To discuss them would be to provoke a futile contro- versy. Mrs. Trask's hero resigns a lucra- tive legal position and turns soldier for the sake of the heroine, Elsa, who vows that she will only wed a hero. In war he dis- tinguishes himself greatly, winning glory and rapid promotion, but after a bloody battle he comes across a dying enemy, smitten with remorseful despair,, who suc- ceeds In convincing him that each indi- vidual combatant must share the collective responsibility for all the lives destroyed in conflict, and that he himself is there- fore many thousands of times a murd So he throws up his commission, and hopes in love, preferring to endure tamely rather than engage further in im- pious bloodshed. But, fortunately for him, a rich humanitarian, a believer in the philosophy and morals of Christ, although a bitter opponent of much clerical teach- ing and dogma, has, in I he meanwhile, shown I'lsa l lie superiority of spiritual to in. 1 «! 1 physical coui age, and 1 be is ready to 1 eli ome the retur 1 soldier. Thus v irine 1 riumphe after all, ami Is ma premelj 1 omfoi table bj 1 he w< altfc factor, win. limis the young man a profit i rable mi'. II la a pretty, sen- timental story, written in nine with no 1 I ' 1 ti in ' . but ii la aol well suited, eli her I, . pression or form, tor tage representa! ion. . "La Plsahelle, ou 1 lie .a :i fortnight ago at the Chatelet Thi ■ 1 - 1 lie ai '■" ' ' ad In a notlci in 1 in London Timt oun ■■ .11 .m 1 in ed I land I II ■■ ecy, ii would be aellvi red

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July 3, 1913] The Nation 19 by fho advent of a saint who would come in rags ami in bonds on the poop of a cor- sair's (elucca. Presently there runs into the bootj o) and when the cur- ' tain go. rovers are shown lustily disputing the ownership r La Pisanelle, a courtesan of Pisa, whose strange beauty inflames the hearts of all. Ion, and the King's rlnce of Tyre, claims her as his property, while he is extolling her ess, Huguet de Lusignan, the mel- mad young King, rides through | the market -pi him 1. a Pisanelle, hound as had been foretold on the poop of the corsair's craft, appears as the rag- ged saint at Whose hands the stricken isl- and awaits deliverance. To the Prince of Tyre, however, she appears in a more secu- lar light, and the King, in order to pre- er falling into his hands, slays him and flees from his Court. The King's mother, anxious to free her son from the spells and magic of La Pisanelle, who, it is whispered, may be Venus herself, in- vites her to a great entertainment at the Court. There, while she dances, slaves sur- round her with heavy-scented blossoms, and she meets her perfumed death. The play, which is based mainly upon old Greek legends, is written in French blank verse modelled upon that of Honore d'Urfci, with alternate lines of ten and six feet. There are some passages of subtle and rhythmic grace, and the subject of the [day has enabled d'Annunzio to weave an intricate poetic pattern in which are min- gled the romantic mysticism and the ro- bust humor of the age. The play, how- ever, suffers from the very wealth of the legend and the times which inspired it. The opportunity for scenic display is great, and there is some romantic music by Hilde- brande da Palma. "Scandinavian Violin Masters" is the title of a collection of pieces for violin and piano, published by Nikolay Hansen. It in- cludes Grieg's "Ave Maris Stella," a Ber- ceuse by Gode, Sinding's "Bird in the Grove," with pieces by Mailing, Halvorsen, and others. Mascagni was the conductor of the Verdi Centenary Festival given in Florence a few weeks ago. Under his direction the local orchestra and choral association united with soloists in the performance of selec- tions from Verdi^ early operas— "I Lom- bardi," "Ernani," "Nabucco," and "Travi- ata." Mascagni was received with en- thusiasm when he appeared at the desk. That he is not a great conductor any more than he is a great composer did not seem to make much difference on this occasion. He is famous— that was enough. He also made what is said to have been his first public speech. If Oscar Hammerstein has really engaged the famous Italian tenor, Anselmi, besides Melba, Maurice Renaud, and Leopoldo Mugnone, whom some regard as an even greater conductor than Toscanini, he will have the nucleus for a fine opera company at his new theatre that is now building. It has been said that Toscanini is like Bonci, whose finished art appeals primar- ily to the musically initiated, win is "the Caruso of operatic le: whose conducting appeals to the masses. The latest product of Max Reger's busy pen is a "Roman Song of Triumph," for horus and orchestra. It is his opus 126. It was performed in Berlin a few weeks ago at the Tonkunstlerfest. The text, as the critic of the Borsen-Courier re- marks, offers opportunity for little besides tive music, and this tempted Reger to indulge in excessive sonority: An uninterrupted fortissimo lasting some no longer has the effect of a kind of musical expression, but simply degene- 11 to noise, all the more because, in this casi is no characteristic mu- sical invention. An execution may be found in the middle part, where the prisoners of war arc referred to; it contains the only bars of music in the whole piece, and here Roger has succeeded in conveying the ex- pression of grief through the use of dis- cords. When Paderewski's "Manru" was pro- duced in New York, he specially brought over for the title role the Polish tenor, Al- exander Bandrowski, who died a few weeks ago at Cracow, aged fifty-three. In Po- land he was famed as a Wagner singer. For a single sheet of paper, on which Richard Wagner had written a few words, together with six bars from "Siegfried," the sum of 450 marks was paid at an auction in Berlin the other day. The original manu- script of the eighth scene of the first act of "Tannhauser" brought 530 marks. At the same auction seven minuets written by Mozart when he was thirteen years old were sold for 2,?,75 marks, while Weber's first grand sonata for piano was knocked down for 3,100 marks. About $200 (825 marks) was paid for a letter by Gluck in which he wrote to a friend that he had no use for praise by the French, "for they are as changeable as the weathercock." A novel feature is to be introduced in the public library of Los Angeles — a music room equipped with pianos on which pa- trons of the general library can try over any of the music on hand to ascertain if they can play it or care to buy it. Later, according to the Tribune of that city, pho- nograph and graphophone records will be provided for making selections before pur- chasing a set of new records. The room is to be made sound-proof, so that readers in other parts of the library may not be dis- turbed. Chopin's complete letters have at last been made accessible in a German transla- tion, by Bernhard Scharlitt, published by Breitkopf & Hartel. The editor calls at- tention to the fact that some of Chopin's letters were incorrectly reproduced in the German version of Karasowski's biography, and that these errors were copied by Niecks. The present volume inclu number of letters not. previously i book form; new light is thrown on the re- lations with George Sand ami the causes of their separation, n spondence be- gins with the composer's boyhood and con- to shortly before hi death, with a break of live years at the time when he Brst went to Paris. The keynote of the let- ters is a Strong pr r Poland, al- liman. When the veteran Saint- Saens visited America, a few years ago. it was noted with surprise with what vigor and fresh- ness the septuagenarian played hi piano pieces and others. The same com- ment was made recently, in London, at the celebration of the seventy-fifth anni- versary of the day when, as a boy of three, he took his first music lesson. At Covent Garden, in the evening, there was a per- formance of his opera, "Samson et Dalila." and this was preceded by an afternoon con- cert at Which he played and Beecham con- ducted his C minor symphony. A feature of this concert was an overture to a comic opera composed when Saint-Saens was nine- teen, and heard on this occasion for the first time. Art Byzantine and Romanesque Architec- ture. By Thomas Graham Jackson. R.A. Cambridge University Press. Chi- cago: The University of Chicago Press. Two volumes. With 165 plates and 146 illustrations in the text. $12.50 net. It is a pleasure to review a work to which such sincere and almost unquali- fied approval can be given as is due to these two handsome volumes. The au- thor, already widely known in the Unit- ed States by an admirable work on Dalmatia, the Quarnero, and Istria, is not only an accomplished scholar and writer, but also a practicing arch- itect of high reputation. He is the de- signer of a considerable volume of not- able work, which comprises many ec- clesiastical and university buildings, be- sides the recent remarkable achievement of the underpinning and consolidation of the fabric of Winchester Cathedral, which was threatened with ruin by the settling of the old foundations. He is probably the most distinguished repre-. sentative of that group of English archi- tects who successfully combine practical experience in the profession with the highest culture of the universities and the sound scholarship which these in- culcate: a class which has but few rep- resentatives in the ranks of the Ameri- can profession, in which the pressure of our driving and hurried practice leaves so little leisure for study and productive scholarship, Mr. Jackson treats each of tht otis phases of early mediaeval ai ttirc with equal sympathy and ap tion, and supplements the observation of the student of historical documents with the observation of the train and designer of buildings. sive travels have enabled him, In his analysis and discussion of the monu- ments, to speak in all from personal inspection of and ac- quaintance with the building. His breadth of view is I] v the generous and intelllgi which, unlike many oi sevalists in England and Amerii bestows upon Roman ; acknowledge - I of its mastcri

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^o The Nation | Vol. 97, No. 250s real parent of all the medieval and mod- ern styles, and defends it boldly and convincingly against the aspersions of narrow-minded critics (Vol. I, pp. 7-12). The survey undertaken in these vol- umes covers the Roman sources of Chris- tian architect lire and the history of the mediaeval styles in Europe from the de- cline of Rome to the beginnings of Gothic architecture. It includes, there- fore, an account of the beginnings of Christian architecture, of the early ba- silican churches, the Syrian and pro- vincial transitions to the domed Byzan- tine style; an admirable discussion of Byzantine architecture in Constanti- nople, Venice, Ravenna, and Salonica; chapters on the Lombard and Tuscan Romanesque churches of Italy and the German Romanesque architecture; and a series of chapters, occupying the great- er part of the second volume, on Ro- manesque architecture in France and England; closing with an excellent ana- lytical resume of Byzantine and Ro- manesque architecture in general. The historical movements, the causes, ante- cedents, and accompaniments of each characteristic development are adequate- ly traced. The analytical description of particular buildings includes most of the more notable examples of eacn style, and of many which, though less familiar than these to the ordinary stu- dent, are important or interesting as links in the chain of historic and ar- tistic development. The brevity of the notice accorded to some even of the more important monuments — such, for example, as the cathedral and baptis- tery at Pisa — and the almost total ab- sence of reference to a number of the important churches of Italy — San Zenone at Verona, for example — though they suggest haste or impatience, are more probably due to deliberate inten- tion; and are in any case compensated for by the fulness and the high quality of the accounts of Hagia Sophia, St. Mark's, the Abbey of Vezelay, and oth- er monuments of really first-rate impor- tance in the historical developments which the author is seeking to trace. The accounts of the Byzantine monu- ments of Salonica and of a number of the minor churches of Constantinople which the Turks have preserved as mosques, are particularly valuable. Very interesting also is Mr. Jackson's report to the Commissioners of the Evkaf (re- ligious properties) of the Ottoman Em- pire on the present condition of Hagia Sophia. The Greek and Russian Byzan- tine churches are not discussed, presum- ably as lying outside the main current of architectural development selected. In his treatment of French and Eng- lish Romanesque architecture, to which 209 pages of the second volume are de- voted, Mr. Jackson establishes a most impartial division of the space, assign- ing 125 pages to the French section, against 84 to the English. Such gener- ous recognition of the real relative im- portance of the two architectures from the historical and technical point of view, is not common with English writ- ers. In spite of this reserve in the treat- ment of the English developments, Mr. Jackson's account of both the Saxon and Anglo-Norman styles and monuments leaves little to be desired. One might well have pardoned, not to say desired, a rather more extended notice of the cathedrals of Ely, Peterboro, and Nor- wich, of Waltham, St. Alban's, and Southwell abbeys (the last now South- well Cathedral), and of old "St. Bart's" in London; but here, as in other cases already referred to, the author was probably following a set design. It is noticeable that Mr. Jackson omits all reference to the important in- vestigations and discoveries of Profes- sor Goodyear relative to designed irreg- ularities and optical refinements in mediaeval buildings. Even in the case of Pisa Cathedral, he contents himself with remarking very briefly the vitaliz- ing effect of those minor irregularities signalized by Ruskin in his "Seven Lamps of Architecture." There are a few photographic views, but most of the illustrations are from drawings, chiefly by the author. These, as well as those by his son and by other artists, are without exception well chos- en and truly illustrative. There are four reproductions of water-colors by the author, of Byzantine interiors at Sa- lonica, Ravenna, and Parenzo, and of the cloister of Le Puy, which are worthy of especial praise; they are exquisite in color and sufficiently detailed to be in- structive without sacrifice of artistic expressiveness. The books are handsomely made, and the proofs have evidently been read with exceptional care. A somewhat de- tailed scrutiny has brought to light only two trifling errors of typography, be- sides the two mentioned in the errata. An elaborate chronological table adds materially to the value of the work for reference, and there is a fully detailed index. The two volumes must surely take their place among the standard classics of every architectural library. The "Reminiscences of Augustus Saint Gaudens" have been edited and amplified by his son. Homer Saint. Gaudens; and (lie work will be issued in the autumn by the Century Co. in two large volumes, with many illustrations showing Saint Gaudens's work, and persons ami places associated willi his life and 1 a Messrs. Dickinson, of London, will pub- lish in the autumn "Saminl Cooper and Mi- Miniature Painters of tin- Seventeenth Ci hi ni-y," by J. J. Fostei in-. Ernst st in' observed that, it the central board Is meanl in good faith, as its authors profess it to be meant, for a. Bupen Isory Federal 1 ommission, and if its functions are restricted to

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July 3, 1913I The Nation 21 those appropriate to that office, the pre- dominance of commissioners other than trained bankers need not be disturbing. The president of the Bank of France came from the customs service; the gov- ernors of the Bank of England are most- ly wholesale merchants. If, indeed, the board were to be filled by fanatical Western legislators or by Eastern po- litical hacks, mischief of the most seri- ous sort might be ahead. But that is at least no visible probability; in fact, the terms of the bill do not actually ex- clude the appointment even of four bankers to the board. All that it says is that there must at least be one. The really vital question at issue is, not how the Federal board shall be made up, but whether improper powers, and the op- portunity for mischievous intermed- dling, are conferred upon it. A few words may be timely as to the original proposals, the changes made last week, why they were made, and why other changes ought to be insisted on. There is a more or less prevalent impression that the purpose at Wash- ington is to insist that the bill be enact- ed as it stands, and without material amendment. But no one will find, either in President Wilson's address to Con- gress or in the several explanatory state- ments given out in connection with the bill, any evidence of such purpose. Even Mr. Bryan, in his published comment of last week, admits that "whatever de- fects it may have will be brought out by discussion and cured by amend- ment." The "regional reserve bank" plan has met with general commendation, and, in the main, correctly so. It has been de- scribed as the application of home rule in banking to the great geographical di- visions of the country. That this au- thority would have to be hedged about with proper restriction and supervision under national auspices, no one has ever doubted. But to such supervision there are reasonable limits, and one of them is such interference as would deprive the regional reserve bank of its natural pow- ers and functions, and therefore of its usefulness, as the central institution of its district. The duty of discounting or redis- ■counting paper infers the function of fixing the rate at which the capital shall be loaned. If the bill had contemplat- ed a national reserve institution, to re- discount paper for the whole United States — as the Aldrich plan proposed — it would have been the business of that institution to establish the rediscount rate for all parts of the country. That plan the present bill repudiates, and with good enough reason. But, after eonferring on the regional central banks the duties and responsibilities of redis- tounting commercial paper for the in- stitutions in their several constituen- cies, it forthwith deprived them of all power of deciding what their discount rate shall be. The Federal board, under the original provisions of the bill, was "to establish each week" a rate "whicn shall be mandatory upon each Federal reserve bank and for each class of paper." It was difficult to see, in that separa- tion of powers, anything short of ab- surdity. When to such a stipulation there was added the provision that the national board is to "have the right to determine or define the character of the paper thus eligible for rediscount," the principle of regional independence is re- duced to the merest shadow. It was as if another Home Rule bill were to con- fer on an Irish Parliament the power of local legislation, and were then to provide that all the bills proposed and passed in that Parliament should orig- inate at Westminster, and should not be changed. The conferrees at Washington were not so blind as to fail to see that by such a provision, the measure would defeat its own purposes. One can imagine a system under which, should the general interests of all the districts so require, the nation- al board might recommend to a region- al bank a change in its official rate. It if< conceivable that, under certain cir- cumstances and with due formalities and reservations, such a change might be required — though the wisdom even of that would be debatable. But to have one body of directors lend the money, and another, a thousand miles away, fix the lending rate, is a strange proposal. Such a plan would in effect mean either a central bank masquerading as a super- visory commission for regional reserve banks, or else would mean a system ot regional reserve banks with their nat- ural powers usurped at Washington. The proper and just distribution of powers, as between the "regional reserve banks" and the national supervisory board, is yet to be effected. It is not completed, even when the drafters of the bill have now placed the fixing of the bank rate with the district institutions, subject to review by the central board. It is abso- lutely essential to determine what the scope of that "review" shall be. When the other provision of the orig- inal bill is considered — in connection with the $500,000,000 authorized Trea- sury notes, secured by banking assets and superimposed, so far as they are actually taken out, on all the other cur- rency now in circulation — that the na- tional board is to fix in its discretion the tax upon such notes, any one in the least conversant with the history of finance must know that an enormous rnd excessively hazardous authority would be conferred. The proposed new note-issue offered no solution of the problem of an clastic currency. It would merely have ex- panded the total circulating medium be- yond the highest total ever reached be- fore, with the prospect of return to the present volume if the Federal board saw fit to impose a sufficiently high tax. In no- case was actual automatic con- traction of the currency provided for. If the board were not to have recourse to such powers, or if it were not to use them prudently, it would at least have to be admitted that the machinery of currency inflation was in working order. The plan as revised last week extends the scope of the note-issue machinery, fo that 5 per cent, of the existing bank- note circulation shall be extinguished every year, and shall be replaced by the new "Treasury notes." But the mis- chievous power of a discretionary tax by the Federal board remains, and the whole note-issue plan is surrounded by &uch obscurity and uncertainty that the root-and-branch revision of the clauses referring to it is imperative. BOOKS OP THE WEEK. Archiv fiir Kunstgeschichte. Herausge- geben von Detlev Freiherrn von Hadeln, Hermann Voss, und Morton Bernath. Leipzig: Verlag E. A. Seemann. Baerlein, Henry. Mexico the Land of Un- rest. Phila. : Lippincott. Barker, Ernest. The Dominican Order and Convocation. Oxford Press. Blackwood, A. A Prisoner in Fairyland. Macmillan. $1.35 net. Boyle, James. The Minimum Wage and Syndicalism. Cincinnati : Stewart & Kidd. $1 net. Britton, N. L., and Brown, A. Illustrated Flora of the Northern States and Canada. Second edition, revised. 3 vols. Serib- ner. Brown, P. Hume. The Youth of Goethe. Dutton. $2.50 net. Bullen, F. T. From Wheel and Lookout. Phila.: Lippincott. $1.25 net. Burt, A. L. Imperial Architects. Oxford. B. H. Blackwell. Canadian Financial Review, Annual. May, 1913. Montreal: Richardson & Co. Cather, W. S. O Pioneers! Boston: Hough- ton Mifflin. $1.25 net. Constant, D. de. Les 6tats-Unis d'Ame- rique. Paris: Colin. Corneille, Theatre de. Paris: Bibliotheque Hachette. Cornford, L. C. William Ernest Henley. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 75 cents. Dale, William. Tschudi, the Harpischord Maker. Dutton. $2.50 net. Durran, William. The Lawyer, Our Old Man of the Sea. Dutton. $2.75 net. Evarts, R. C. Alice's Adventure in fain- bridge. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard Lam- poon. Everyday Phrases Explained, Phila.: Lip- pincott. 50 cents net. Fitch, G. H. The Critic in the Orient. San Francisco: Elder & Co. $2. Gallup's Latin Reader. American Book Co. 50 cents. Gladden, Washington. Present-Day The- ology. Columbus, 0. : McClelland & Co. Harvard College Observatory Annals. Wis. 72 6, 7; 74; 75—1, 2. Hauptmann, Gerhart. Dramatic Works, Vol. II, Social Dramas. Edited by L. Lewiaohn. Huebscta. $1.50 net. Hilton, H. H. Modern Golf. Outing Pub. Co. 7<i cents, 00k, Isabel. A Scout of To-day. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $1 net. International Studies. Special So. — Old in Holland. Lane. | Ji bb, Richard. The Britannic Question. Longmans. 35 cents net. Kelly, E. M. Toya the Unlike. Boston: Small. Maynard. $1 net Knox, M. V. B. The Religious Life of the Anglo-Saxon Race. Boston: Sherman, French. $2 net.

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i >i ) T h. e Nation | Vol. 97, No. 2505 Mill. 1 p Jennj s'en va-t-en guerre. Paris: i ; 1 ,1 tj, Salomon. Repertoire de I'art Quarternal roux. Report Di the Bureau of American Eth- nology ov. Ptg. Office. oi the 1 lom'r 0! . 1PPLETON .V COMI'ANV The second volumi i l Hauptmann's Dramas is now ready. Contents: Drayman Henschel; Rose Berndj '1 "he Rats At ii mail, $1.65 B.W.Huebflch,Publisher, 225 Fifth avenue,NewYork ill lets on i. W ii. 1. 1 ', ',!.'. ' t., N. V. The Primitive Family as an Educational Agency By ARTHUR JAMES TODD, Ph.D. of the Department of Sociology, University of Illinois. Science Series. Siv. $1.75 net; by mail, $1.90 From widely scattered sources — travels, ethnography, folk-lore, stu- dies in the evolution of the law, mor- als, etc., and personal observation — the author has collected evidence on such problems as the economic basis of family life, the position of the wife, promiscuity, group-marriage, divorce, sex taboos, procreation myths, the couvade; primitive, moral, and vo- cational instruction; initiations, pu- berty ceremonies, etc. The fact that much of primitive education was genuine social education is strongly emphasized. NewYork G. P. Putnam's Sons Londen "At McCLURG'S" It is of interest and importance to Librarians to know that the books reviewed and advertised in this magazine can be pur- chased from us at advantage- ous prices by Public Libraries, Schools, Colleges and Universities In addition to these books we have an exceptionally large stock of the books of all pub- lishers— a more complete as- sortment than can be found on the shelves of any other book- store in the entire country. We solicit correspondence from, li- brarians unacquainted with our facilities. LIBRARY DEPARTMENT A. C. McClurg & Co. CHICAGO LIBRARY RESEARCH R

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The Natioii VOL. XCVII— NO. 2506 THURSDAY, JULY 10, 1913 Reg. U. S. Pat. Office PRICE TEN CENTS Elementary Psychology Suggestions for the Interpretation of Human Life By n. E. PHILLIPS, Head r (be De- partment of Psychology and Education in the I nlversltj ol i >enver. An Interesting treatment of psychology connected as :i science with life and c luct. Among the chapters that toncb on problems oi mm. mporary Interest are Snggi Uental Healing, Magic and Spiritualism, H i,, i ion oi P | cbologj to Evolution, Prob- Heredity and Environment, Social Psychology, and Psychology In Uteratori and Ait. Feeling, Instinct, Imitation, habit, etc., simply and treated as the springs of human conduct and the basis for explaining the i 'e formal and tech- nical part oi psychology. \\ 1 1 i i. ■ the book is admirably adapted tor :. n Ini rodui torj .■ours.- in high scl Is, normal schools, and colleges, it also pro- rides Interesting material tor teachers and reading circles or for the general reader. 852 pases. Illustrated. $1.20. GINN AND COMPANY, Publishers Boston Now York Chicago London Atlanta Columbus Dallas San Francisco tJunt Published Conley's Nutrition and Diet By EMMA CON LEY, Director of Do- mestic Science, State Normal School, Osh- kosh, Wis. 00 cents A volume tor secondary schools, in which the composition and functions of the human body are first taken up, followed by a clas- siii.ni i. in of foods according to their ele- ments; digestion; the nutritive and fuel value of foods — digestibility; the practical value of balanced meals; suggestions for the planning of meals; and many specimen menus, with tables showing the quantity of food required for each person, and the amount of each element contained in each food. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO E. P. BUTTON & COMPANY All the new books and standard books ; country-house boxes of se- lected books for summer reading 681 Fifth Ave., nr. 54th St. J| SHAKESPEARE'S WORKS . First Folio Edition. Edited by Char- lotte Porter. 40 vols. Cloth, 75c. per vol.; leather, $1.00 per vol. "By all odds the best edition now- accessible." — [The Living Age. THOMAS Y. CROWELL CO.. New York 10 WEEKS IN EUROPE FOR $300 BOOK ABOT'T IT. $1.10 POSTPAID, mini). HEAD & company, FOURTH AVK. AND 30TH .STKI.I'/i, NKW YORK Educational Educational ECOLE LIBRE DES SCIENCES POLITIQUES 27, Rue Saint-Quillaume, a PARIS (quarante-troisieme annee, 1913-1914). Fondateur: Emile BOUTMY. DIRECTEDR: M. Engine d'EICHTHAL, membre de 1'Instittit. CORPS ENSEIGNANT; MM. I.YON-CAEN, RENAULT, ESMEIN, Ch. BENOIST, P. BEAUREGARD, COLSON, Renfl STOURM, VID.VI.dc la BI.A'.'IIE, J. FLACH, A. I.IES.SE, A. AKNAHNE.del'Institut de France; E. BOURGEOIS, LEVY-BRUHL, professeursa la Facultedis Lettres; I,. COCKTIN, president, de Chambre a la Courdes Comptes; BOBflEU, conseiller d'Etat; TARDIEU, TEISSIER, maitres des requetes honoraires au Consel] d'Etat : K -<;. LEVY; G. PAl'LET, directeur au Ministcre du Travail; Pierre LNKOY-BEAC- UEU, depute; Chr. 8CHEFER, I) /OLLA. Ch. DUPUIS, M. CAUDEL, Bene HENRY, P. de ROC- SIEKS: R. PINON; D. BELLET, secretaire perpetuel de la Societe d'Economie politique; Th. PLAE- r'AI.N, L. QUESNOT, Jules i'ORREAKD, inspecteurs des Finances: E. HALEVY, G. BLONDEI,, A. SIKCKIME1), docteurs cs Lottres, etc. TABLEAU SO BUM AIRE DES COURS: Koonomie politique. — Eeonomle sociale. I- in.iii.es puiillqnes. — Affaires de bauque. — Finances etrangeres. Monnale, credit et change. — Circulation Inter- nationale. Geographic commerciale et statlstique. Commerce exterleur et legislation douanlere. — Legislation commerciale comparfie. — Colonisa- tion compare*. Politique economique des principales puissances. Les grandes , industries modernes. — Legislation ouvriere. Technique industrlelle. — Methodes et precedes en statistique. Questions agricoles au point de vue economique. Etude critique des comptes et bilans. — Les assu- rances. Vie politique et organisation administrative en France et it i'Etranger. Histoire diplomatique. — Geographie generate. Droit international conventionnel. — Droit des gens. L'Europe contemporaine et les interets europeeus hors d' Europe. Histoire de la politique intfirieure des principaux Ktals. Histoire parlementaire et legislative de la France. Hist. .ire eonstitutionnelle europeenne et americalne. Histolres des idces politiques et de 1'esprit public au XIXe siecle. Ethnographic de l'Europe centrale et orientale. Organisation militaire comparee. — Marine militaire. L'Amerique contemporaine et les nouvelles societes anglo-saxonnes. — Questions politiques et econo- miques dans l'Asie Orientale. Questions algCriennes.— Questions tunisiennes. RENSEIGNEMENTS QENERAUX L'enseignement de 1'Ecole des Sciences politiques est le couronnenient naturel de toute education iib.'rair. Ohacune tie ses grandes divisions eonstitue en outre preparation complete aux carrleres d'Etat (diplomatic administration, finances), a la vie publique et aux grandes entreprises financiSres tant en France qu'a i'Etranger. Les eieves sont admis sans examens, avec l'agrCment du directeur et du Conseil de 1'Ecole; lis n'ont a justifier d'aucun grade universitaire. Vne conference spe'eiale est rcservde aux Olives strangers dans le but de faciliter leurs itudes. La duree ordinaire des etudes est de trois ans, toutefois, on pent la rMuire a. deux annCes. Un diplome est deiivre, en fin d'etudes aux eieves qui ont subl avec Bucc6s les examens, ANNEE SCOLAIRE 1913-1914. — L'annee seolaire commencera le 10 novembre 1913 et flnlra le 6 juin 1914. On s'inscrira au Secretariat A. partir du 3 novembre 1913. Inscription il'cn- semlilr donnant entree a tous les cours et conferences regulicrs et compiementaires et il la biblio- theque (environ 25,000 volumes et 160 revues et journaux frangais et etrangers) . . . Par ANNUS : $70.00 Vne Brocliure sped ale donne desrenseignements dctailWs sur V organisation de 1'Ecole et sur Ui carrieres auxqruelles elle prepare. S'adresser au Secretaire General de 1'Ecole, 27, Rne Snlnt-Gnillanme, PARIS UTILE DULCI —A few young ladies (8 at most) of good fam- ily can acquire French pleasantly, at I'lnstitut Familial on the outskirts of Paris. Opens Sept. 13. Write for illustrated prospectus and rein enees to M. Chevaldin (Prof. Agre. de l'Unive.), £•}, Rue Bouquet, Rouen, France. DETHLEHEM PREPARATORY SCHOOL, D Bethlehem, Pa. Prepares for leading colleges. Catalogue. H. A. FOERING. B. S.. Principal. Morristown School J&Tpr^ra^BoSS: ing School for Boys. Small classes. Supervised sports; new gymnasium. Lower School for boys 10 to 14. Advisory Hoard — President Hihben. Princeton; Dean Hurllmt. Harvard: It^v. An-on Phelps Stokes, Jr., Secretary of Yale: I) pel, Columbia ; President Pritehett, Carnegie Foundation. H^HE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES. 1 Everett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 2a Park St., Boston 1846 IT St., Washington 15fiFifthAv.,NewYork 610SwetlandBd.,Poi . land 81 IStegerBd., Chicago 348DouglasBd.,LosAngeles 920Sav.Bk.Bd., Denver 345WriglhtBlk., Berkeley Send to any address above for Agency Manual. The W0LC0TT SCHOOL, DENVER, COL Superior climate. Accredited with Eastern ' for girls, tine music b "TO LIBRARIANS" It I* of interest and importance to know that the booics reviewed and advertised in this mag- azine can be purchased from us at advanta- geous prices by PUBLIC LIBRARIES, SCHOOLS COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES A. C. BIoCLUKG A. CO., CHICAGO A CATALOGUE of books and pamphlets on economic, social and political science now ready. H. WILLIAMS, 105 E. 22d St., N. Y. Harlan P. French, Prop. Vincent P.. Fish. 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11 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2506 The Nation A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post Office at tecond-clats mail matter.] The Nation Is published and owned by the New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison ViUard, President; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor; Harold deWolf Fuller, As- sistant Editor. Three dollars per year In advance postpaid, In any part 0/ the United States or Mexico; to Canada $3 50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union. $4.00. Address THE NATION, Box 794 New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 23 Editorial Articles : Natural History of the Lobby 26 Lincoln at Gettysburg 26 Exploding a Legend 27 A Story of Thrift 28 In Honor of a Traveller 29 Special Articles : Australasian Literature 30 News for Bibliophiles 31 Correspondence : The President's Speech 32 "Sir" Francis Nicholson 32 Campailla, Berkeley, and Milton 32 Scandinavian Study 33 Literature : Lost in the Arctic — A Summer and Winter on Hudson Bay 33 Sylvia 34 Michael 34 Fortitude 35 My Life 35 English Literature and the Classics.. 36 Eminent English Men and Women in Paris, 1800-1850 37 Notes 38 Science : The Mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies 40 Drama and Music 41 Art: The Art of Illustration 42 Finance : Fifty Years Ago 43 Books op the Week 44 • • * Copies of The Nation may be procured In Paris at lirentano's, 37 Avenue de l'Opera ; in Ix.mlon of li. I<\ Stevens Si Drown, i Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross. THE JULV ISSUE OF Till Harvard Theological Review includes the following articles: — A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE FIELD OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION, George Howard Parker FIXALISM AND FREEDOM, Howard N. Brown THE QUEST FOR ABSOLUTE CERTAINTY L. P. Jacks TWO FORGOTTEN CREEDS, Benjamin Wisner Bacon THE MYSTICISM OF A MODERNIST, C. Delisle Burns THE FUTURE OF RELIGION, Stewart Means CHRISTIANITY AND MINISTERIAL ORDINATION. .Ambrose White Vernon RECENT BOOKS ON PREACHING AND I'REACHERS Edward Hale ISSUED QUARTERLY $2.00 a year. 50 cents a copy. HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS. Just Issued The PHILIPPINE PROBLEM By Frederick Chamberlln The most up-to-date and impartial account of the American occupation and development of the Philippines yet issued. With 16 pages of illustrations, 254 pages, 12mo, cloth, $1.50 net; by mail $1.62. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, Boston JUBT PUBLISHED PAUL ELMER MORE'S THE DRIFT OF ROMANTICISM An admirable group of papers on such authors as William Beckford, Cardinal New- man,Walter Pater, Fiona Macleod, Nietzsche, and other leaders of the romantic movement. $1.25 net. Postpaid, $1.37. Bo.l.n HOUGHTON MIFI'M N CO. N«W Y*rk THE GREAT ART GIFT-BOOK OF THE YEAR ART By Auguste Rodin (Translated from the French of Paul Gsell by Mrs. Romilly Fedden.) With over 100 Illustrations in photogravure and half-tone. Buckram, $7.50 net; three-quarter levant, $15.00 net; carriage additional. A book which takes its place at once as the most important art book In years. It covers practically the whole range of art, and abounds In memorable analyses of the works of the masters of paintingi and sculpture, ancient and mooern. Send for descriptive circular. Small, Maynard & Co., Publishers, Boston Now Ready JULIUS CAESAR Being the Seventeenth Volume In a New Var- iorum Edition of Shakespeare. Edited by Horace ll..u:.nl Ii'urncss, Jr. Cloth. $4.00. Half mo- rocco. $5.00. Postage extra. J B. LIPPINCOTT & COMPANY, Pabliskers, Philadelphia, The second volume of Hauptmann's Dramas is now ready. Contents: Drayman Henschel; Rose Bernd; The Rats At all bookstores, $1.50 net; by mail, $1.65 B.W.Huebsch.Publisber, 225 Fifth avenue, New York fading Case for the Nation, To receive the current numbers in a con- venient (temporary) form. Substantially made, bound in cloth, with The Ntilimi stamped on the side in gold. Holds about one volume. Papers easily and neatly ad- Justed. Sent, postpaid, on receipt of 75c. THE NATION. 20 Vesey Street, New York. LETTERS AND MEMORIALS OP Wendell Phillips Garrison Editor of The Nation, 1865-1906 In one volume, crown 8vo, 300 pages, with photogravure portrait. During the forty-one years in which he edited the Nation, with a thoroughness, ability, and conscientious devotion unsurpassed in the records of American journalism, Mr. Garrison was an indefatiga- ble correspondent, never em- ploying an amanuensis, but writing tens of thousands of letters with his own hand to his contributors, who em- braced practically all the leading American scholars and critics of the period. From a dozen groups of these, which have been kindly loaned by the recipients, a sufficient number of selections has been made to illustrate the relations between Mr. Garrison and his great corps of contributors, the frankness and tact which he exercised towards them, and the wide range of his interests, tastes, and sympathies. The volume also contains a brief sketch of his life, a dozen of his best poems, and several of his characteristic editorials, re- views, and essays, besides a fine photogravure portrait. Price, $1.50 net postpaid. HOUGHTON MIFFLIN GO. BOSTON NEW YORK

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The Nation .W.H \oi:K, TIKItSDAY, JVLY 10, 1913. The Week President Wilson's address at Gettys- burg sustained the reputation which he has now securely won for being a mas- ter of phrase and of apt eloquence. But the finished and appealing form of his speech should not make its readers for- get the felicity and moving quality of its substance. With perfect tact and ease he avoided any comparison with Lincoln's winged words; and he also kept clear of labored discourse upon the tpecific issues of present-day politics. He sought, rather, with sound judgment and deep feeling, to bring out the high summons to patriotic endeavor which the thronging memories of the occa- sion are so fitted to inspire. And he left it beyond all question that it was not the devices and resources of the skilled orator, but the sincere purpose and hopeful determination of the chief of state, that were finding utterance. This is the true reason for the praise which his address is receiving from all tides. He had to face an ordeal from which any President and any speaker might well shrink, but he met it with a success that must make the country proud. Democratic Senators without amendment. Provided, however, that the conference or the Finance Committee may, after refer- ence or otherwise, propose amendments to the bill. It is evident, both from the language of this resolution and from its antecedent history, that what is here intended is to give just the amount of latitude nec- essary to satisfy the demands of Sena- tors unwilling to shut the door to rea- sonable criticism and amendment, while making the united action of all mem- bers in every essential point a matter of party honor. The action of the Senate Democratic caucus Monday afternoon, in the matter of obtaining party unity on the tariff bill, was eminently wise. Individual dec- laration of intention to vote for the bill as finally approved by the caucus was obtained from all the members present, except the two Senators from Louisi- ana; and it is perfectly understood that the two Democratic Senators who were absent, Hitchcock of Nebraska and Cul- berson of Texas, will stand with the par- ty on the question. In addition to pro- curing these personal declarations, which give adequate assurance of the loyalty of a number of Senators suffi- cient to prevent any alteration that could be regarded as affecting any vital feature of the bill, the caucus passed the following resolution: Resolved, That the tariff bill agreed to by this conference in its amended form is declared to be a party measure, and we urge its undivided support as a duty by In choosing Mr. Frederic C. Penfield as Ambassador to Vienna, President Wil- son has selected a man of excellent dip- lomatic experience. He was an admira- ble consul-general and diplomatic agent at Cairo under Mr. Cleveland, and has to bis credit a valuable book on Egypt. Through marriage, he is possessed of large means, and his being a Catholic makes him the more welcome at the most Catholic court in Europe. And yet for all this, and with due regard to his pleasing personality, there is one great drawback to this appointment — Mr. Pen- field's large contribution to the funds used by Mr. McCombs in bis pre-conven- tion campaign, and to the regular party funds after Wilson's nomination. The time must come when such contribu- tions will disqualify anybody from re- ceiving high office at the hands of the one who profited, even if indirectly, thereby. The case is, of course, differ- ent from that of J. J. Van Alen, who con- tributed $55,000 to the Cleveland cam- paign fund, on the direct promise of the Italian Ambassadorship; and yet, at bot- tom, the same principle underlies both his account is concerned, there is noth- ing in the story that need give him a moment's uneasiness. It may serve to remind people that his career bas been that of an aggressive labor leader, but apart from this circumstance — which, may, indeed, be held by many to be an. objection — there is nothing in the case- to injure him in the opinion of any- man of sense. And to balance this there is also the reminder, which the news- paper accounts arising out of this epi- sode naturally add, of the story of his; early life — such achievement in the face of difficulties as meets with a sympa- thetic response from all sorts and condi- tions of men. If anybody expects to make capital ot the story about the Secretary of Labor having been confined in jail for a day, nineteen years ago, upon a charge of conspiracy in connection with mining- labor troubles, he is pretty sure to be disappointed. Secretary Wilson has done well, however, in promptly making a cir- cumstantial statement of the case, which bears every mark of completeness and On its face, a grave injustice seems to have been done in the case of Capt. Templin F. Potts, of the navy, who was compulsorily retired from active service on July 1. He was the senior captain of the navy and was eligible to promo- tion to rear-admiral on March 26 last. But Secretary Daniels arbitrarily denied him his promotion on the ground that in his five years of service as captain he had had but ten months of duty at sea. Never before was an officer denied promotion on this ground, and, of course, Capt. Potts had had no warning that he would be punished if he did not go to sea. More than that, Capt. Potts's failure to go to sea was due to the Navy Department itself, for it decides which officers shall have sea commands. Secretary Meyer was responsible, for he had made Capt. Potts his "aide for per- sonnel," perhaps the most important and honorable shore position in the ser- vice; there is none which brings an offi- cer in closer touch with the Secretary himself. Now, as soon as Mr. Daniels made his extraordinary ruling, Capt. Potts immediately applied for sea ser- vice, in order to earn his rear-admi- ralcy, and received the command of the Louisiana. On the first of July he was compulsorily retired by the board of rear-admirals, which annually creates a certain number of vacancies. Had Secretary Daniels not withheld his pro- motion, this board would have had no authority over Capt Potts, since it can- accuracy. Unless some wholly different clement can be shown to have entered I rot retire rear-admirals. It may be that into the matter from any with which I there is something in Capt Potts's reo

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24 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2506 ord which entitles him to this shabby and seemingly unfair treatment. We only know that he has served forty-one years honorably; that four months ago he was thought worthy to preside over the entire commissioned force of the navy; and we cannot forget that he was one of the gallant officers of the Massa- chusetts in the blockade of Santiago and the fight with Cervera. Some of the figures presented by the statement sent out from Washington, concerning Government receipts and dis- bursements for the fiscal year just clos- ed, are interesting. The total of "ordi- nary" receipts — which, of course, leaves out the Post Office — was $724,000,000, a record-breaker; the highest previous to- tal was $701,000,000, in 1911. But so is the total of ordinary expenditures a record-breaker, this amount being $684,- 000,000, as against a previous high rec- ord of $662,000,000, which was reached in 1909. The expenditures in 1912 were $654,000,000; the excess, of 29 or 30 mil- Mons, for 1913 is in the main accounted for by the increase in pensions. The pension outlay for 1913 was $175,000,000, as against $153,000,000 in 1912, the dif- ference being due to the new pension law, which President Taft thought he was going to veto, but didn't. Customs revenue and internal revenue (exclusive of the corporation tax) are nip and tuck; the former amounted to $318,000,- 000 and the latter to $309,000,000. The customs receipts were not quite up to the highest record, but the internal rev- enue receipts seem to have been a little above the largest figure previously reached. Nearly all of this $309,000,000 is from taxes on tobacco and liquor; from which it would appear that the high cost of living has not had a pow- erful effect in cutting down the vogue of these indulgences. One need not go so far as Kansas in order to be treated like a voter in a close election. Ohio, too, needs harvest hands, and farmers are offering the bait of $2.50 a day, with board, and free au- tomobile transportation from home to work and back. The more astute among them are also pointing out that the question of social standing does not en- ter into this kind of labor. One may leave his toil in a city trench and help the Ohio farmers get in their super- abundant crops, without suffering social ostracism. And yet, with all this, there is no rush towards the fields. Pecuniary inducements, pure air, food "the best in the land," appeals on the score of patri- otic duty, all fail to tear the city la- borer from his job. A few college men are all that can be caught. "It is hard to understand the city laborer's atti- tude," moralizes the Ohio State Journal, "except on the theory that he likes city life and is willing to pay for it." But there is the further consideration that harvest work lasts but a short time. The biennial appropriation bill which Gov. Dunne has just signed for the Uni- versity of Illinois will make the heads of endowed institutions envious. Some of its provisions should be noted by those who fear that narrow-minded leg- islators will cramp higher State educa- tion financially and administratively. Two years ago a Republican Legisla- ture levied a permanent mill tax for the University, expected to yield about $5,000,000 biennially. The measure was bitterly opposed. This year it devolved upon a Democratic Legislature, pledged to economy, not merely to appropriate from the fund thus created, but to vote whether trustees or States should direct the manner of itemized expenditures. The final measure gave the University $4,500,000, and virtually liberty to use it according to its own judgment. Even an amendment forbidding support of a medical college, a branch of the Uni- versity generally unpopular, was de- feated as subversive of the trustees' proper authority. Thus this growing in- stitution is henceforth assured by prece- dent and the sentiment of all parties of a fixed and competent income, complete- ly at its disposal. And this is in a State which, unlike Wisconsin and Min- nesota, has not hitherto exhibited marked popular pride in the State Uni- versity. A Chicago newspaper is cruel enough to apply a scientific-management test to the Illinois Legislature. It finds that the twenty-three weeks of the session were divided in this way: Three weeks — electing a Speaker; one week — idleness; five weeks — electing two United States Senators; two weeks — attending the Wilson Inauguration; two weeks — or- ganizing and "getting down to busi- ness"; four weeks — committee hearings and reading of bills; four weeks — pass- ing 25 per cent, of its bills; two weeks — passing 75 per cent, of its bills. As every day of the session cost $1,500 in expenses, in addition to $2,500 in salar- ies, the wasted weeks constituted an ex- travagance in money as well as in time. Other States could furnish equally hor- rible examples. No one expects a large group of men to transact affairs with the expedition of a small group. We are more than willing to pay the hign cost of representative government. But is the American voter to be blamed if now and then he becomes a little dis- gusted at the sharpness of the contrast in this respect exhibited by his repre- sentatives in counting-rooms and his representatives in capitols? McLoughlin's defeat by Wilding was not generally expected, plainly not in England, but is one proof more that ex- perience and seasoned skill may be too much for eager youth even in lawn tennis. Larned was at the top of his game when he was forty, and Wilding is a veteran in struggle if not in years. It is true that he had also the advan- tage of not being compelled to play all through the tournament. He offered to do so, but the committee decided that the old rule should be adhered to, un- der which the champion has only to wait for the challenger, meanwhile keep- ing himself in practice and keenly studying the play of his opponent, as Wilding daily did McLoughlin's. But there was no doubt that he showed him- self superior, when the final test came, and there is no room for excuses. Re- ferring to the steady shining of the old lawn-tennis stars, the Westminster Ga- zette said, on the eve of the tournament, that the dashing youngsters who "sprang upon the twentieth century with the demand that the heroes and heroines of the past should surrender their laurels and retire to the fireside" are now "paying for seats on the grand- stand to see those same champions de- fend the national cause." There was an unconscious prophecy in this! At the same time, no one questions McLough- lin's prowess, and Wilding himself de- clares that, with a year or two more of experience, the young American will be the greatest tennis player that ever swung a racquet.

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July 10, 1913] The Nation 25 The wonderful feature of M. Brinde- jonc's successful flight from Paris to St. Petersburg and back is not the dis- tance, the 3,100 miles covered falling a thousand miles short of the distance traversed by Rodgers in this country in 1911, when he flew from Sheepshead Bay to Pasadena. But while the Ameri- can accomplished his undertaking by a long series of short flights, the French- man has attained his goal by a short series of long and very speedy flights. Rodgers's longest flight in one day was 231 miles. The Frenchman's shortest flight in one day was 219 miles. The American was in the air on thirty days, tcattered over seven weeks. Brindejonc flew on just nine days, scattered over one calendar month plus two days. And the Frenchman's speed! On the first day of his trip, he flew from Paris to Warsaw, 875 miles, in eight hours, aver- aging well above a hundred miles an hour. At another time, he travelled a considerable distance at the rate of 140 miles an hour. Of course, it is possible for our pride to reflect that the French- man succeeded only by flying a return journey, and that he was compelled to travel over the territories of several na- tions, while in our broad domain Rod- gers went in only one general direction, and was never out of the jurisdiction of the Stars and Stripes. But for a deca- dent people, the French must be admit- ted to act rather strangely now and then. Attempts by the French to put the best • face on their perennially disap- pointing figures of population are of in- terest to others than sociologists. The latest results lend themselves to an in- terpretation almost encouraging. In a emulation of 39,600,000, the excess of births over deaths in 1912 was nearly 60,000. It is clear that a part of this gain was made possible only by a re- duction in the death-rate; and this the French are asserting will be permanent, though some ascribe it to the marked coolness of last summer. Sterility in certain sections is traced to their pros- perity rather than to race degeneracy. Brittany, Normandy, La Vendee, and the easternmost provinces show gains; the Cate d'Or and Loire and Garonne Valleys have lost. The new governmen- tal plan of assisting poor families with more than three young children will not help matters in departments decaying because of comparative wealth. A lightening of financial burdens will not necessarily encourage large families, al- though it may relieve those already large — and poor. Argentine cattle-breeders have a defi- nite idea of the limits of the power of a Trust. At a meeting in Buenos Ayres it was explained to them that, in the first place, no Trust could create a "cor- ner" in a primary necessary article of consumption. To be sure, a Trust could hurt the consumer, but cattle-breeders were beyond its reach, since the higher the price charged by the Trust for meat, the higher the price which breeders could expect for their cattle. This sounds like pretty roundabout reasoning to any one who has lived in the land of the Beef Trust, and heard the complaints against it from cattlemen no less than from consumers. An auctioneer, ad- dressing the same meeting, illustrated the working of the law of supply and demand in a way that would add to the force of most expositions in the books on economics. He had sold steers that very day, he said, for $117 each that, in his opinion, were worth no more than $90. Circumstances independent of the quality of the meat governed the price. But did his conscience trouble him on account of that unearned increment of $27 a steer? Not at all. Cattle as good might at any time bring only $80, and thus the average was not far from what it ought to be. The meeting was so thoroughly convinced of the immunity of Argentine cattle-breeders that the question of what defence to make against the Trust did not even come to a vote. It does not seem at all likely that the trouble at Johannesburg is over, though the latest accounts indicate that out- ward order has been restored for the time being. What has been going on there is what has occurred, at one time or another, in almost every region in which there has been a rapid develop- ment of mining on a great scale. It is probable that the grievances of the men are great and remediable, and it is cer- tain that they have been wrought up over them to the point of anarchy. When that spirit gets thorough possession of a community in which the mine workers are in an overwhelming majority, such scenes as those at Johannesburg are al- ways in danger of being enacted, and can be averted only by great wisdom and sagacity on the part of Government authorities or mine owners or both. To draw from such occurrences, taking place under the sway of mob passion at its highest point, any broad conclusion about the tendency of democratic insti- tutions is little short of farcical. Yet this is what the London Daily Mail ap- pears to have done when, according to a cable dispatch, it says, apropos of the failure of the Rand newspapers to ap- pear on Saturday, that democracy, which began by demanding the right of free speech and liberty of the press, reaches its final stage by completely suppressing that and liberty. What hap- pened at Johannesburg, in the climax of ? mob uprising, is no more the "final stage" of democracy than what might happen at a European capital after the assassination of a king would be the final stage of constitutional monarchy. It may not be true that "there never was a good war," but about the detest- able nature of the present war between Bulgaria and Servia, with Greece drawn in and Rumania in danger of being, there cannot be two opinions among disinterested and civilized men. If there is any cause for it except land- hunger, insensate national jealousies and animosities, and a brutal readiness to seek by the sword what could not be got by fair negotiation, the world has not been informed. To invoke the considerate judgment of mankind upon such a mad rush into battle would be farcical. Not the least part of the as- tonishment with which the bloody news from Macedonia is read arises from wonder how allies who are now flying at each other's throats could ever have worked together against Turkey. They are now freely charging each other with massacres as inhuman as any that were ever laid at the door of the unspeak- able Turk. The reports leaking out suggest sickening details not yet reveal- ed. In all this there should be food for thought for our transcendental militar- ists. Their vision of "the just man armed," establishing righteousness, ap- pears just now in the Balkans as a hor- rible sarcasm.

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^>(i The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2506 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE LOBBY. Vice-President Marshall made some, for him, sensible remarks at Philadel- phia on Saturday about business men lobbying at Washington. He did not deny that there were, or might be, great evils in the practice, but he sought to explain its origin. It grew out of the feeling that laws mean everything; that business is absolutely dependent upon the Government. The source of this is not hidden. Not in vain have the protectionists for two generations preached the doctrine that it is the duty of Congress to legislate prosperity. Lat- terly, they even had the effrontery to maintain for a time that Congress must, in effect, guarantee a "reasonable profit" to American manufacturers and mer- chants. With this idea, amounting in some cases to a conviction, implanted in the public mind, it was, as the Vice- President says, the most natural thing in the world that business men should think it necessary to have agents and spend money in Washington. So doing, they have often been deceived and prey- ed upon. But it is an entirely human phenomenon which they have present- ed, and one that admits of rational ex- planation. The scattering details, of which we have been having so many in the press, can be understood only as they are taken in connection with the entire plan of operations. Take the case of the National Asso- ciation of Manufacturers. It was a body made up, in the usual way, of the wise and the foolish, fussily active members and the quiescent, contributing kind. Some meritorious objects it placed be- fore itself, and it was wholly within its rights in opposing what it conceived to be injurious labor-laws. From this it was easy to pass to a demand for leg- islative favors, or, as the Association would have said, the maintenance of just privileges; and with the tariff un- der revision, it was inevitable that a partisan position should be taken. Hav- ing a good deal of money to spend, the National Manufacturers found no lack of men willing to spend it for them. They went into various Congressional fights. They gave to campaign funds here and there. Their representatives assumed the air of political magnates, hobnobbed with Congressmen and mem- bers of the Cabinet, and got the ear of Presidents when they could, and the As- sociation grew increasingly important —in its own eyes. This went on for several years. The tacts were generally known. The Asso- ciation did not hide its light under a bushel. It believed in advertising; and many of its claims to tremendous influ- ence and achievements bore traces of the advertiser's art. But now what has hap- pened to cause all the excitement? Noth- ing except that a former employee has sold to a newspaper a lot of the Asso- ciation's correspondence. These letters and telegrams and reports really add very little to our knowledge of the meth- ods of corruption, though they do add a good deal to our knowledge of human rature — especially of political human nature. It is a revelation of folly rath- er than of crime. Without undertaking to pronounce on the entire body of evi- dence— not all of which has yet been made public — we think it clear that the whole story is one of much lobbying and little corruption. The thing of main interest is the disclosure of the way in which such organizations as the Na- tional Manufacturers grow and operate, finding opportunities here and pitfalls there, playing the game of politics and frequently being beaten by the veterans at it. In a word, the Mulhall revela- tions are chiefly of value in giving us a glimpse of what may be called the nat- ural history of the lobby. It is perfectly plain how the thing worked. The Association could not tackle the job first-hand. It had to have secretaries and agents. That was where its efficiency seemed to begin, but it was also where its peril began. The search was naturally for an experienced and "practical" lobbyist who could produce "results." That was where Col. Mulhall came in. He knew everybody, or assum- ed that he did, was able, on his own showing, to get near the business and bosoms of the most prominent men in Washington, and was a master-hand at writing the most glowing reports. It is delightful to see him hanging upon the proceedings of Congress and assuring his employers that he was doing it all. Some bill is reported out or passed or killed, as the case may be, and the jubi- lant Mulhall hastens to assert: "We have won a great victory." He may real- ly have had no more to do with it than one of the House doorkeepers. And Mul- hall was always carrying elections, se- lecting Presidential candidates, and choosing the Cabinet. We do not blame him. He was hired to "do things" and he religiously lived up to his contract. If the Association was fooled by him to the top of its bent, that was not his fault. When you employ a lobbyist, you put yourself in his hands. It is for him, according to his kind, to take your money, then trick you, then sell you out. Let it not be thought that we would make light of the lobby. All the dis- closures that have been or may be made are to be welcomed. They are un- doubtedly helping to make an end of old abuses. But they are doing it not so much by showing that lobbying has been astute and wicked, as by letting the country see that it has been so often both stupid and futile. When manufac- turers and others fully realize, as by now they must be near doing, that to employ a lobbyist is a waste of good money, the occupation of that Othello will be gone. LINCOLN AT GETTYSBURG. Lincoln's Gettysburg address holds an undisputed place among the treasures of the English tongue, and among the oratorical masterpieces of all time. Few oral utterances in any language can bear comparison with it for perfection of form or for moving quality. Read again and again, year after year, it awakens afresh the emotion with which it is charged, the feeling which inspired it when first uttered. In one respect at least, it is safe to say that it has no parallel in history, certainly not in the history of modern nations. Were it not a simple fact, it would seem an impossi- ble fancy that a few brief sentences, spoken at the dedication of the site of the decisive battle of a gigantic war, should so loom up in the memory of a nation and of the world as to have an historic eminence coordinate with that of the battle itself. That such an utterance should stand for all time, as a source of patriotic in- spiration to generation after generation of Americans, is matter for profound gratification. It expresses with a noble simplicity the ideal of the nation; it is filled with a solemn sense of what the preservation of that nation and its ideals means not only to ourselves and to the present time, but to all tho world and to future ages. From tho first ,

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July 10, 1913J The Nation 27 word to the last this thought, this feel- ing, animates Lincoln's utterance. To have conveyed so lofty a conception of our country's destiny, of its part in the shaping of the destinies of the world, without the faintest trace of national vaingloriousness, is perhaps the most remarkable of all the remarkable quali- ties of the Gettysburg address. When, at the outset, Lincoln, speak- ing of our nation as conceived in lib- erty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal, declared that we were "engaged in a great civil war testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure," he was not speaking in the air. He was building no theory, launching no speculation; he was but giving perfect utterance to that which was more or less distinctly in all men's hearts and minds, on both sides of the Atlantic. The great Republic in Amer- ica was still thought of as an experi- ment; and the democratization of Eu- ropean institutions was but in its in- cipient stage. The. preservation of the Union meant the vindication of demo- cratic government; the disruption of it meant shipwreck of the Amercan ad- venture. And it was out of the fulness of his heart, the completeness of his feeling of what was at stake in our country's success or failure, that the noble words of the conclusion of Lin- coln's address were spoken. The war was not over. Many, many months of doubt and darkness were still before us. There were not wanting those, long af- ter Gettysburg, who, though preferring the Union, were for letting the erring sisters depart in peace. No such near- sighted view of what was at stake was ever for a moment entertained by Lin- coln. His soul was nerved by the con- viction that shines through the closing words of the address. "That government of the people, by the people, for the peo- ple, shall not perish from the earth" — it was for no less than this that the sac- rifices were to be made which he called on the nation steadfastly to endure. It is not surprising that Lincoln's words at Gettysburg have often been eagerly seized upon by advocates of this or that proposal of political or social amelioration as warrant for its merit. To say that Lincoln would be on their side if he were living is a favorite de- vice. How effective it is in actually in- fluencing thought or sentiment, there is no means of telling; that it has little or no legitimate value must be evident to any one who stops to think. If you have demonstrated that your proposal is a good one, you may conclude that Lincoln, being a good man and a saga- cious man, would have been with you; but to assert that he would have been with you does not help in the least to effect that demonstration. Nobody knows, and there is nothing in Lin- coln's acts or words to tell, whether or not he would have been for the in- itiative and referendum, or for endow- ment of motherhood, or for single tax; yet enthusiastic advocates of almost any "advanced" proposal of our day find lit- tle difficulty in persuading themselves that it is a corollary of the Gettysburg address. They read into "government of the people, by the people, for the people" as much of remote and unsuspected meaning as certain pietists of the past were able to discover in a simple Bible phrase, or as some commentators un- earth in a line of Shakespeare. What "government of the people, by the people, for the people" should be, in detail, each generation must consider afresh. The representative institutions, partly adopted, partly created, by the fathers of the Republic, may prove, in this respect or that, to fail of their rightful purpose. When that has been adequately demonstrated, a remedy must be sought and must be courageously ap- plied. And, broadly speaking, it is right that the spirit of Lincoln's address should be invoked in support of any sincere and patriotic effort to bring the government of the country at any time into conformity with the needs of that time. But to invoke his language, in any more specific sense, for such a purpose, is clearly to pervert it. It was in no double sense, and with no mystic mean- ing, that he spoke those stirring words. They were born of the travail of that great war; of anxieties about foreign complications as well as the trials of the struggle at home; of the tremen- dous realities which for three long years had filled Lincoln's mind, by day and by night, and not of any dreams of future perfection. For these, the field of Get- tysburg, four months after the battle, was no place and no time. Had Lin- coln lived, surely no purpose to which the best thought of the nation might have turned would have been alien to him; but the cause of the Union — that cause for which those who had died at Gettysburg had given "the last full mea- sure of devotion" — was the sole and suf- ficient inspiration of every word of the immortal address. EXPLODING A LEGEND. "Amazing" is the word most frequent- ly used in describing the testimony giv- en last week at Washington by the man who calls himself David Lamar. Hard- ened Senators were astonished. Cynical and blase newspaper correspondents were left gasping. Never had there been such impudence, such cool effrontery, such unblushing acknowledgment of acts of turpitude. How could the fellow have mustered up such audacity? What a very thick skin must he possess, cov- ering conscience as well as flesh and bones, to enable him jauntily to admit that he had made his living in Wall Street as a beast of prey! This was the note, these the prevailing comments, at the hearing and in the Washington dis- patches. All records for impudent swindling had been surpassed. Caglios- tro, in deep mortification, yielded the pas to David Lamar. The question may well be asked, how- ever, if all this astonishment is not a trifle misplaced. Is Lamar the man to be wondered at, or the men who have been his victims? To one who closely considers the whole story, and what lies back of it, the truly "amazing" thing is not so much the revelation as the belief in Lamar's extraordinary power, which had gone before it. For he has for years been the subject of legend in Wall Street. It was not, of course, a savory legend. It had to do with a supposed mysterious adroitness and success in wrecking and blackmailing. The idea was abroad that Lamar was almost a man of black arts. He was a figure of mystery, lurking, impending, terrible. The most exggerated notions were afloat of his facilities for information, of his infallible instinct for the right man or corporation to "strike," of his superhu- man insight, and of his unparalleled tal- ent for tearing the heart out of a mass of financial detail. His friend, Mr. Lau- terbach, in the most innocent way in the world, quietly put his certification on the legend the other day, when he said that Lamar had a more acute men-

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28 The Nation | Vol. 97, No. 2506 tality than any man he had ever known. Well, this eighth wonder of the finan- cial world, this supreme embodiment of diabolical cleverness, this midnight fig- ure of dread, came out into the light of day, and what did we see? Little more than the appearance of a cheap trick- ster. His glib shamelessness did not hide his mental shallowness. At the first touch of cross-examination, he be- gan to flounder in confusion. His subtle Machiavellian intellect was found un- able to perceive the plainest snares laid for his feet. And the methods of opera- tion to which he confessed were on a par with those of the ordinary deadbeat and routine vulgar impostor. His "im- personations" were so clumsily done that he was speedily detected. Mr. Led- yard, for example, at once suspected a blackmailer, and soon identified Lamar. And when this master of all the riddles of Wall Street, this gigantic financial talent, was asked where he got the fig ures about his alleged corporation "forgery," to the tune of $80,000,000, he disclosed his informant as a man who sells Wall Street "letters"! Was there ever such a pricking of a portentous legend? The question presses how such a leg- end could have grown up. Lamar is plainly no Superman. Yet for years he has been referred to in timid whispers as a man who could make or mar in Wall Street. He was supposed to be al- ways hovering about every large pro- posed financial undertaking, much as the wrecker waits on a lee shore when a ship is in the offing. That he had the power which consists in seeming to have it, appears to be beyond question. Whence did it come? Alas, not from his own extraordinary ability, but from the extraordinary cowardice, the gulli- bility, the doubts and fears of those upon whom he preyed. Capital is said to be the most timid thing in the world. It runs away at the slightest alarm. But is there any reason why capitalists should act like rabbits, just because a wolf heaves in sight around some Wall Street corner? The meat upon which Lamar has fed that he should grow so great has been furnished him by men who did not know how to face a black- mailer boldly, and who preferred to pay hush-money to a scoundrel rather than spend a little, and possibly face person- al embarrassment and attack, in bring- ing him to justice. This, it seems to us, is the great mor- al that stands out in the exploding of the Lamar legend. Get all the amuse- ment you can out of his audacious con- fessions of villany. Be surprised, in- credulous, indignant, what you will. Re- mark that Lamar proves the romance of cheating to be deathless. But do not overlook the conclusion that such a ca- reer as his is made possible only by the moral recreancy of his victims. If a determined front to rascals had been the rule in Wall Street, and the motto had been there: "Millions for exposure and prosecution, but not a cent for black- mail," we should not have had to wait till now to learn on how slender a foun- dation the great Lamar legend had been erected. A STORY OF THRIFT. A pleasing, and evidently authentic, story comes from Baltimore about a family servant. She came from Germany twenty-seven years ago, has lived with one Baltimore family ever since, and now returns to Germany with the tidy sum of nearly $10,000, accumulated by steady saving. Particulars as to wages are wanting, but it is evident that she has been having all these years a com- fortable home and has been thoroughly appreciated in the household in which she lived. It is not improbable that her wages have been somewhat more liberal than usual, and that she has received presents that have helped her to econ- omize in the matter of dress. But it is to be noted at once that there is noth- ing in the least marvellous about the tale. There are thousands of servants who, without sacrificing the require- ments of comfort or self-respect, and without failing to live up to a very good standard of appearance as to clothing, could put by a hundred dollars a year out of their wages. There are many whose pay would permit the saving of two hundred dollars a year, with the same conditions satisfied. And two hun- dred dollars a year, regularly invested at 4 per cent., amounts in twenty-seven years to just about $10,000. Further- more, $10,000 at the age of fifty means, for a single person, independence for the rest of her years — a comfortable and suro income for life without further la- bor; for it means an annuity of about $650 a year in a perfectly safe Insur- ance company. The story carries more than one mor- al. For one thing, it may serve to draw attention to a phase of the servant ques- tion which is far too much neglected. It is idle to deny that the position of a domestic servant carries with it disad- vantages which weigh tremendously, and justly, against its advantages in the minds of young women in our time. The pay, in the case of girls who do not live at home, is far better than can be com- manded by most of them in factory work, and the labor is also in a large proportion of cases much less trying; but against this stands less personal in- dependence and a less desirable social status. But if the thing we have in mind were duly insisted on, were prop- erly pressed on the attention of those concerned, the bigger pay could be made to have a powerful bearing on both the other elements. If it were to become a general thing for the better type of ser- vants to take advantage of their oppor- tunities for the accumulation of a fund calculated ultimately to insure indepen- dence and leisure, the effect upon their immediate feelings in regard to indepen- dence, and inevitably before long upon their social status, would be very great. A girl of twenty, getting, as so many do here in New York, a wage of six dollars a week, can lay by $200 a year without difficulty. If she marries, well and good; if she does not, then at the age of about forty-five she has some- thing like $9,000 in bank, and can pur- chase for it a life income of about $45 a month. With this outcome of her labor in prospect, the status of a servant, first in her own mind and thence inevitably in the minds of others, would be very different from what it now usually is. But there are others, far more fortu- nately placed in the economic scale, who might do worse than ponder the lesson of this German servant's achieve- ment. No universal rule can be laid down to govern one's habits of expen- diture. To be miserly throughout one's younger years, in order to bo idle or luxurious as an old man, would be a poor management of the opportunities of life. Good sense and right feeling must be the final judge, and no arbi- trary maxim ran serve as their guide. But certain it is that, particularly In this country, there arc myriads of per-

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July 10, 1913] The Nation 29 sons who waste in ways that are unpro- ductive of any real enjoyment resources which, if reasonably husbanded, would result in the most solid satisfactions of later life, physical and spiritual. And in part this is due to mere want of realization of the simple arithmetical elements of the case. Upon some it is difficult to impress the importance even of Mr. Micawber's sage deliverance as to the sixpence deficit or the sixpence surplus making the difference between misery and happiness; the great major- ity are above this line, indeed, but do rot get so far as to realize, in youtb, how great a blessing they could lay up for their later life by the exercise of even a very small amount of thrift, pro- vided it was systematic and persistent. Conspicuous and general posting of a table showing what a dollar a week, or five dollars a week, at 4 per cent, or 5 per cent, compound interest, amounts to in twenty, thirty, and forty years would do more for the promotion of happiness, contentment, and even morality, than a great deal of sermonizing. Among the many things of the Vic- torian age upon which we, "the latest seed of time," are in the habit of look- ing back with contempt, or at best with condescending patronage, is clearly to be included that kind of teaching which found its most popular expression in the works of Samuel Smiles. His very name is almost unknown to the younger generation; but men by no means old remember the time when his "Self Help" and "Thrift" had a currency as great as that which nowadays belongs to works on social reform and world- betterment generally. It is a more gen- erous impulse that is now dominant; and it is one that will, we are sure, re- thought we cease to heed Poor Richard. Moreover, besides being a very wise and a very great man, Franklin was most distinctly a "forward looking' man; it would not be difficult to make out a case for him as the pioneer of social betterment activity in this coun- try. But both his life and his writings were pervaded by the idea that, like charity, social betterment should begin tt home, in the shape of paying your own debts and providing for your own iuture. And the world has not become so wholly changed but that there is abundant use still for the old-time vir- tues of providence and thrift. IN HONOR OF A TRAVELLER. This is the age of travel — at least, of travel in the Apocalyptic sense of "a great rushing to and fro." Yet there is frequent lament that the leisurely in- timacy of journeys in the time of dili- gence and inn has departed. Still, the distance into which our long trains sweep is yet a golden distance. To go to mountain or seaside is' enchantment to millions who, like Arnold Bennett's couple in the Five Towns, save pence all the year for the watering-place week where they may eat, stroll, and tip with the best. Three months of it is what our teaching class lives for. A book compiled at Harvard in 1911 mustered nearly half that year's graduates as those who had been abroad. And if this is the century of travel, Americans are the nation of travellers. No other peo- ple has their fluent money, their eager, pushing curiosity, their leisure when they step aside to find it. They might well think it worth while, therefore, to notice that on July 5 Norwich, England, set aside as a museum, at the one hun- sult in great good. But here are two | dred and tenth anniversary of his birth, the house of the raciest of travellers- George Borrow. kinds of good to be effected; and while we should do the one, we should not leave the other undone. If concentra- tion of interest upon what society should do for the individual leads— as in fact we believe it has led— to a belittling ot the part that may be played by what the individual may do for himself, the balance of gain in the shape either of increase of human happiness or of de- velopment of human character may not be so clear as some imagine. Samuel Smiles we may afford to patronize as a narrow Victorian; but it is difficult to Many a thoughtless traveller, of course, is ignorant of Borrow, unless haply his Sunday-school library had a copy of "The Bible in Spain," or some teacher of description crammed "Laven- gro" down his throat. But real lovers of the broad highway, and its literary records, have long known him. To them it is perfectly clear that there are two general modes of travel; the first the mode of Stevenson and Defoe, the sec- ond the mode of Borrow and Sterne. patronize Benjamin Franklin, even ' Any schoolboy who can discriminate be- tween imagination and fancy can de- fine these. Every business man off for a fortnight's fishing must take his choice and abide by it. The first trav- eller makes of every road what Steven- son made of the Great North Road, and of every seaport inn what Stevenson made of the inn at Barnby. He sees in every forsaken valley the robbery that is the central scene of a novel, and in every foamy shingle the beach where the pirate captain signals with his handkerchief to the oarsmen in the off- ing. This is the man of a fecund imag- ination, which plays lambently over scattered scenes and incidents, until they are welded into some romance. He will make the chapter-heading of a novel out of each new railway station. The other is the traveller of a more impov- erished invention. Yet for that all the more charming a thumb-nail painter. He is unable to invoke heroes of fiction out of fence-corners, and wanting in the sense of a locality's spirit which sug- gests an enwrapping narrative for it; but nevertheless a man of feeling and observation, who can render back every striking scene, steeped in his own per- sonality. Of course, he is the better traveller. He is the more faithful, the less inclined to forget the actual that is before him for the romantic that is no- where. Yet he need not have the rever- ence for exact verity that rubs the bloom from the freshest images. As travellers and nothing more, descrip- tive in content and not narrative, Bor- row and Sterne are far more convinc- ing than Stevenson and Defoe. And for obvious reasons, of the two the Ameri- can will prefer Borrow. For Borrow was American in many ways. There was a robustious humor and pugnacity about him, journeying through Spain with the Bible in one hand and a cudgel in the other, very Western in flavor. His writing a novel in three nights to get the money to leave London is a bit of American jour- nalism. He orders dinner at Salisbury, forcing the maid to pump water upon his head, with the jocose assurance of u commercial traveller. He has a gar- rulous observation, a prejudice In poli- tics and religion, a dry-savored humor, that is all but Yankee. He stoutly loves a fight, the bruisers of England, and a ready, outdoor life. He lives near the gypsies in the dingle with the same

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30 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2506 philosophical phlegm with which Tho- reau dwelt at Walden. Fortunately, there was a good deal of the dreamy about Borrow, for dreaminess is a qual- ity the traveller must cultivate. But there are Americans every day who set off on journeys with something of Bor- row's equipment. They have a racial complexity as great as his mixture of Cornish and Huguenot blood, as much hardy downrightness, and as much of the spirit of adventure. They could do worse things than to assume Borrow's mantle in their peregrinations, and to create for themselves, at every turn, his shock of wonder when he "found himself off the coast of Galicia, whose lofty mountains, gilded by the rising sun, presented a magnificent appear- ance." Such castles in Spain will make out of the merest summer resort the great, challenging, romantic land that England, Russia, Spain, and Wales suc- cessively were to him. That is why, if the English are ready to honor Borrow as a writer, we should be more ready to honor him as a lover of the open road. What our summer travellers should chiefly find in him is personality. Borrow was partly success- ful in keeping his long trips a glorious vacation, because he wanted bracing scenes, and the more out of the way, with the more odd foreign people, the better. In a larger way, it was because he saw life through the spectacles of prejudice — prejudice against the Cath- olics, the Lake Poets, the Whig Legiti- mists, prejudice against all peoples but his own English. If Jones or Smith can entertain a few pet black beasts — if he hates Presbyterians, tariff-reform- ers, woman's suffrage, and the local-col- or school of Indiana fiction — his inter- est in travel is assured. In some such way he must make himself distinctive. Behind these hatreds, of course, must lie self-sufficiency, self-assertion, and strong powers of self-defence. If he have these, his travels will have all his own vitality and independence. AUSTRALASIAN LITERATURE. Sydney, June 20. The first literature of the South Seas was that of discoverers, and in it there was many a root of romance. Curiosity, wonder, and sometimes fascination marked the narratives of the early navi- gators. It was followed by the litera- ture of missions, which supplied ample, if often uncritical, materials for the so- cial writer. Almost before the explorers had gone, and while the pioneer mis- sionaries were still planting stations, a third group — the waifs and strays, the beach-combers, the traders, and the "black-birders" — wandered through the islands or settled down in them. These, too, have given birth to a literature of their own, getting as near to the inner lives of the islanders as the explorers got to their environment, and revealing hidden depths of character from which the missionaries averted their eyes. Louis Becke, who lately died in Syd- ney, is acknowledged to be the foremost contemporary writer of this last class. His own life was the romance he has written in a hundred tales. It has been briefly told by the Earl of Pembroke, who has swiftly followed to the grave the trader (as Becke then was) whom he first met in the scenes he was after- wards to describe. Of English origin and good ancestry, but Australian birth, Becke was born with the passion for rov- ing in his blood. As supercargo, ship- master, part-owner, trader, and labor-re- cruiter, he made the acquaintance of every island-group in the Pacific. Ac- cording to Lord Pembroke, he knew the great ocean as few others, living or dead, have ever known it. And he ranks with Herman Melville as one of its two chief romancers. Apparently, he lacked constructive skill. His earliest stories are very short. They gradually lengthened as he grew conscious of his powers, and some of his later books are full-length narratives. But for these he needed an historical foundation. For "A First Fleet Fam- ily" (the adventures of a family that had come out to Australia with the first convict ships) he had a veridical nar- rative to fall back upon, and the "Muti- neers of the Bounty" are historical char- acters. His first collection of sketches and tales — "By Reef and Palm" — is ac- counted his best. It was fresh from the mint. In his later volumes there was more alloy, and more artifice was used in their composition. But they are all of the same texture. A trait of character suddenly shown, a flash of light, a deed of blood — and all is over. There is no dallying, no brooding over injuries received, no slow preparation of revenge, but the knife, the revolver, or the rifle gives instant effect to the thought or purpose. The elemental pas- sions are alone at work. What we read of in the historians of primitive peoples thirteen centuries ago was seen in the South Sea Islands the other day. A half-caste wife stabs her rival in the presence of her paramour. A white trad- er pitilessly lacerates the naked back of his jealous young wife with a giant stingray, and then cuts off her hand. A man who is capable of doing such deeds rises in the estimation of his fel- low-islanders. They recognize his per- fect right to do what he has done. We begin to understand exogamy and its savage sanctions. A medical practi- tioner marries his cousin and brings her to the island where he had before resid- ed. Both are instantly boycotted by the natives, who all go away in shame when they discover how near is the re- lationship between 'the husband and the wife. To them it was the relationship between sister and brother. When two children born to them died, ii. was be- cause the curse of wickedness was on them. So potent was the social sanc- tion that they left the island, and when the doctor returned to it, he was alone. His wife was dead. A life of strange vicissitude had an almost ideal ending. Louis Becke was found dead one morning, seated in front of his writing-table in a Sydney hotel, the MS. of an unfinished tale lying be- fore him. Mr. Bertram Stevens, his lit- erary executor, will doubtless tell the story of his life, which will be found to be as enthralling as any of the tales he has told. He will relate how Becke learned to write. No born genius, he, or even self-taught craftsman, his first short stories were licked into shape by Mr. J. F. Archibald, founder and long editor of the Sydney Bulletin, who con- tinued to foster the reluctant writer till he needed no further aid. In England he speedily conquered the literary world and the world of taste, and his private papers, it is said, contain tributes from the most accomplished representatives of English culture, with Lord Rosebery at their head. The late Sir Henry Wrixon, who had long been prominently connected with the public life of Victoria and was for many years president of its Legislative Council, was one of a number of culti- vated writers who have resorted to the weapon of satire, when argument seemed to fail in effectiveness against the over- whelming forces of Socialism. Perhaps the most accomplished of these is the Australasian professor who masquerades under the pseudonym of "Godfrey Sweven" (G. Dream). His first Utopian romance, "Riallaro" (Putnams, 1901), has scientific pretensions. He imagines an archipelago in the South Seas where the central and dominant island regular- ly deports its vicious citizens to the sur- rounding islands, each according to his particular mania. On each island, in- habited solely by people with a special tare, this failing or propensity is devel- oped to its logical extreme; and this gives our modern Swift an opportunity of painting new Lilliputs, which bear a perilous resemblance to certain British colonies at the Antipodes, and where monstrous psychical developments are depicted with every variety of humor, from subtlest irony to screaming farce. But the central island, Limunora, has in

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July 10, 1913] The Nation 31 consequence been purified, and, thus starting with a clean sheet, it rears a perfect community by means of a meth- od of selection unknown to Darwin — self-selection. "We have no space to tell how eloquently, and yet how plausibly, the idea is elaborated ("Limanora," Put- nams, 1903), but it may be doubted if any of the hundred Utopias of our time is more original or more attractive. A dozen years ago Sir Henry Wrixon composed in two large octavo volumes, consisting of 900 pages, a picture of Australian public life that lacked neith- er verisimilitude nor pungency. The iove-story in it was naught, save in so far as it showed (what is not usual in Australia) how the tenderest of private relationships may be caught up and shattered by the machinery of public life; but the career of the labor agita- tor, Jacob Shumite, who gave his name to the book, was depicted, and the work was packed with instructive disquisi- tions and clever conversations on the questions of the time. So swiftly does every political treatise or discussion grow antiquated in the rapidly develop- ing communities under the Southern Cross that the book soon got to be in part out of date. The last months of the author's useful life were accordingly spent in recasting it and reducing it to a quarter of its original bulk. The change involved the leaving of the labor agita- tor in the background, and the advance- ment of another character to the title role ("Edwin Fairlie Frankfort"; Mac- millan). It is a scathing satire on the public men and the political life of Australia. A young Englishman of culture and tal- ent, a recent immigrant to Victoria, is ambitious of entering the political arena. He has high ideals and aims at the loft- iest ends. He soon discovers that both ideals and ends are so many stumbling- blocks, unless he keeps them exclusively for his own consumption. What his proposed constituency wants is a reser- voir. But it never thinks of embarking on such an undertaking for itself. "What is the Government for if not precisely to supply it? Reservoir or no reservoir is, then, the deciding question. By a piece of jobbery the reservoir is left out of the Government loan-bill for the year, and, as all public works, productive or non-productive, are executed at the cost of the London Stock Exchange or its clients, the reservoir cannot yet be con- structed. So the hero of the book, not being called upon to declare his belief about the reservoir — that it ought to be made elsewhere or not at all — wins his seat in the Legislature. That he is a member only in name and for a time he soon discovers. The reservoir turns up again, and, as he can no longer con- ceal his opinion, on that vital issue he is flung out. His brief parliamentary career is at an end. There is not a trace of exaggeration in any part of the book; it is absolutely and typically true, as a mere narrative could not be, and it is not more true of the author's state, Victoria, than of New South Wales, Queensland, or New Zea- land. Its lessons lie on the surface, and perhaps there are few progressive coun- tries that might not read there their own horoscope. J. C. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. It is somewhat singular that two bibliog- raphies of an author so little read as Sir Roger L'Estrange should have appeared within six months. The first is that con- tributed to the ninth volume of "The Cam- bridge History of English Literature" (pp. 415-418) by Professor Trent; the second is that to be found in Mr. George Kitchin's biography of L'Estrange, which was re- viewed in the Nation for May 8, 1913. It was to be expected that with his large knowledge of L'Estrange's life and writ- ings and of the literature of the times, Mr. Kitchin should have been able to cor- rect and supplement the bibliography in the "Cambridge History." But, as a matter of fact, the later bibliography augments and amends but slightly the former, and it is not, on the whole, in my judgment, so con- venient and trustworthy. Mr. Kitchin does, it is true, make one or two contributions of his own, and he discusses in an interesting way several tracts of doubtful authorship, as well as two translations which have been assigned to L'Estrange, but are perhaps by Aphra Behn. He makes, however, an awk- ward division of his bibliography, giving a list of the translations in his last chapter and a list of the political writings in an appendix; he omits two significant tracts, "L'Estrange No Papist in Answer to a Libel," etc., and "An Answer to a Letter to a Dissenter"; he gives his titles usually in an incomplete and often in an inaccu- rate form; he is erratic in furnishing and withholding information about later edi- tions or impressions; and finally he fails even so much as to mention several works that at one time or another have been at- tributed to L'Estrange. This is all the more regrettable because Mr. Kitchin's book is so valuable not merely as a biog- raphy of an interesting man, but as a con- tribution to the political history of the seventeenth century in England and to the early history of the English newspaper. It seems worth while, therefore, to en- deavor in the following notes to supplement and somewhat to amend the bibliography of L'Estrange as Mr. Kitchin has given it on pp. 376 seq. and pp. 411 seq. (1.) It is not quite clear why Mr. Kitchin has failed to list L'Estrange's "printed ap- peals for liberation in 1644-6 and his Kent- ish and Interregnum manifestoes." "To a Gentleman, a Member of the Honorable House of Commons," Is an appeal dated July 8, 1646. (2.) For complete and accurate titles of the tracts listed as Nos. 1, 5, 12, 13, 14, 16, 23, 25, 26, 36, 39, 40, 44, 46, 48, 54, see the British Museum Catalogue and the bib- liography in the ninth volume of the "Cam- bridge History." (3.) "An Appeal in the Case of the Late King's Party" is dated on the title page. 1660. Mr. Kitchin is probably right in thinking it earlier than most of the broad- sides later reprinted, but where is the external evidence for 1659? (4.) A full list of L'Estrange's broad- sides reprinted in his "Apology" may be found in the bibliography in the "Cam- bridge History." (5.) "Treason Arraigned" (April 3, 1660), which is a tract reprinted in the "Apology" and called there simply "an answer to Plain English," should have separate notice. It was published under the former title in 1660. (6.) "Physician Cure Thyself" is undoubt- edly L'Estrange's, and should appear after "No Blinde Guides." (See the discussion in the Nation for May 8, 1913, p. 475.) (7.) There were at least four impressions of "A Caveat to the Cavaliers," the third dated August 21, 1661, and the fourth September 18, 1661. (8.) A third impression of "A Modest Plea," etc., is dated 1662. (9.) A second impression of "The Relapsed Apostate" is dated November 14, 1661. The date of the third is 1681. (10.) The preface to "State Divinity" is dated December 4, 1661. Mr. Kitchin dates the tract "November, 1661." (11.) Mr. Kitchin's remark about "Inter- est Mistaken" would lead one to think that the statement quoted from the edition of 1682 is our only evidence for believing that the pamphlet was first published in 1661. The facts are that we find an edition dated 1661, a second impression dated 1661, a third and fourth both dated 1662, and the edition of 1682. (12.) The title quoted by Mr. Kitchin as No. 13 ("A Whipp, A Whipp," etc.) is almost correct. But No. 14 (which should not be a separate item, as it is simply a later, enlarged edition) should read "A Whipp for the schismaticall animadverter upon the Bishop of Worcester's Letter with an an- swer," etc., and the tract should be dated February 12, 1662. (13.) "A Memento," etc., appears in Watt's "Bibliotheca Britannica" under the title "His Memento; or the laying open the work- ings and series of the late Rebellion to disappoint the purposes of another. Direct- ed to all those that reverence the memory of King Charles the Martyr, and wish the honour and safety of Charles II." There seems to be no corroboration of this title, but it is too circumstantial to be a mis- quotation. (13.) A copy of "Toleration Discussed" bears an "Imprimatur" of February 16, 1662. It should precede "Considerations and Proposals" in Mr. Kitchin's list. (14.) The Intelligencer and the Newea were published on Mondays and Thursdays respectively from August 31, 1663, to Janu- ary 29, 1666. (15.) The "Discourse of the Fishery" was republished in 1695 and later printed in a collection of tracts on the fishery dated 1751. (Mr. Kitchin mentions the collection on p. 410.) Why does he add "by Roger L'Estrange" when he has not noted that L'Estrange's name appeared on the title- pages of many other tracts? (16.) The second edition of "The Parallel" with the title "An Account of the Growth of Knavery with a Parallel," etc., is dated on the title-page 1678. ilT.) The title of item No. 23 should read "Tyranny and Popery lording it over the

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32 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2506 Consciences, Liberties, and instates both of King and People; being a further account of the growth of Knavery and Popery under the mask of Presbytery." it sometimes ap- peared with the title, "The Growth of Knavery and Popery under the Mask of Presbytery." (18.) The second edition corrected of "The Reformed Catholique" bears the date 1G79 on the title-page. (19.) A third edition of "The Freeborn Subject" is dated In 1681. (20.) The second edition, enlarged, of "The Case Put" is dated 1679, and the third 1680. (21.) A second edition of "The Answer to the Appeal" is dated 1681, and a third 1684. (22.) A fourth edition of "A Further Dis- covery" is dated 1681. (23.) A third edition of "A Seasonable Memorial" is dated 1681. (2-4.) Two editions of "Discovery on Dis- covery" appeared with the date 1680. (25.) A second edition of "A Short An- swer to a Whole Litter of Libellers," some- times found with the title "A Short Answer to a Whole Litter of Libels," is dated 1681. (26.) A second edition of "The Casuist Uncas'd" is dated 1680, and a third 1681. (27.) "L'Estrange No Papist nor Jesuite" is a doubtful ascription. Mr. Kitchin omits "L'Estrange No Papist in Answer to a Libel entituled L'Estrange a Papist, in a Letter to a Friend" (1681), which bears his name. In the case of this tract his habit of abbreviating is unfortunate, for when he refers briefly (page 419) to "L'Estrange No Papist" we are not sure which of the above tracts he is discussing. (28.) Three editions of "The Dissenters' Sayings" are dated 1681. A fourth edition of Part I, accompanying a second edition of Part II (see below) is dated 1683. (29.) Two editions of "A Second Part of The Dissenters' Sayings" are dated 1681. (30.) "An Apology for the French Prot- estants" is a misquoted title which is es- pecially unfortunate, as another tract with a similar title has been incorrectly as signed to L'Estrange (see below), and it is important to differentiate the two. L'Es- trange translated the tract "An Apology for the Protestants, being a -full Justi- fication of their Departure from the Church of Rome . . . done out of the French." On page 415 Mr. Kitchin says the tract was advertised in the Obscrvator for August 2, 1681. No Observator came out on that date, and it appears that Mr. Kitchin meant to say August 13, for he gives this date on page 377. (31.) "Considerations on a Printed Sheet entituled The Speech of the Late Lord Rus- sell to the Sheriffs" should scarcely be dated June, 1683, since Lord Russell was executed July 21, 1683, and the date of his execution is mentioned on the title- page. (32.) Mr. Kitchin, as we have seen, omits "An Answer to a Letter to a Dissenter upon Occasion of His Majesty's Late Gra- cious Declaration of Indulgence," 1687, al- though he mentions it on page 325. The tract bears L'Estrange's name, and is one of the easiest of his writings to procure. H. R. Fox. Correspondence THE PRESIDENT'S SPEECH. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: As they said at Chicago, as they said at Washington, so they said at Gettysburg, "A good speech, but good for another place and occasion." And meanwhile our sorest national need is of just this "quiet coun- sel" that hardly any one in high place has the inclination or the wisdom to give us. On these occasions that celebrate a great deed well done, and hopes high or petty, the President speaks the quiet, deliberate word that calls us to match the deed, to fulfil the hopes if they are high, to en- large them if they are petty, but, above all and first of all, to think what we do. And almost no one else in effective high place tells us this. Like his great master, Burke, he "saturates politics with thought." And still the silly patter sounds in our ears about "other places and occasions." But it is small wonder when he talks to us about "constituted leadership" and "the vision to guide and direct" the people. A different gospel this from the common one, which assumes that political implies men- tal equality! The President talks as if he actually believed in a democracy guided by something besides the newspapers. It was a great speech, eminently suited to the place and occasion; and we ought all to be of one mind in saying so. It sounds a bit literary and polished, of course, be- side the matchless monosyllables of that other Gettysburg address, with which, pay- ing it the highest compliment we know how to pay, we make haste to compare it; but no one except a Philistine will like it less on that account. Good writing, with all that it implies, is almost as rare among us as "quiet gospel." It has a place in the scheme of things, and in the democratic scheme of things its place is not a low one. Charles H. A. Wager. Oberlln, O., July 5. "SIR" FRANCIS NICHOLSON. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Of the many Englishmen who came to this country late in the seventeenth and early in the eighteenth centuries, no one, with the possible exception of Sir Edmund Andros, held so many important positions as Francis Nicholson. Arriving late in 1686, he was, between 1688 and his death on March 5, 1728, either Lieutenant-Governor or Governor of no fewer than five govern- ments— namely, the Territory and Dominion of New England, Virginia, Maryland, Nova Scotia, and South Carolina. In contem- porary documents Nicholson is invariably referred to as "Captain" or "Colonel" or "General" or "Esquire," and nowhere is there the least hint, so far as the present writer is aware, that he was knighted. Yet in book after book published in this country since 1880, he is called "Sir" Fran- cis Nicholson, and even the year of the al- leged knighthood is often given. This er- roneous statement originated in this coun- try, and, with one important exception, appears to be confined to American books — the exception being the Dictionary of National Biography. The skotch of Nich- olson in that work was written by the late J. A. Doyle, who unquestionably repeated the statement from American sources, since, in the various books he himself wrote on the American colonies, Nicholson ap- parently has no title. The error has been traced to Charles Campbell, in whose "His- tory of the Colony and Ancient Dominion of Virginia," published in 1860, we read: "In 1713 Colonel Nicholson was Governor of Nova Scotia. Having received the honor of knighthood in 1720, Sir Francis Nichol- son was appointed Governor of South Caro- lina" (p. 369). In 1872 the error found its way into F. S. Drake's Dictionary of American Biography, and so into recent books. The fact that Nicholson's name does not occur in Shaw's "Knights of England" is strong evidence, though perhaps not ab- solute proof, that he was not knighted. The Calendars of State Papers, America and West Indies, have not as yet been printed beyond 1702. What is conclusive is that in the "Acts of the Privy Council, Colonial," in other contemporary docu- ments, and in obituary notices that ap- peared in the Political State of Great Britain, in the Historical Register, and in the New England Weekly Journal he has no title, as he surely would have had if en- titled to it. Finally, in his will (Preroga- tive Court of Canterbury, Brook 91), dated March 4, 1728 (the day before his death), he speaks of himself as "I Francis Nich- olson Esqr Governour of South Carolina in America, now resideing in the parish of St. George's Hanover Square in the Coun- ty of Middlesex." Attention was called to the error a dec- ade ago in England by Charles Dalton in his "English Army Lists and Commission Registers," VI, 399, and in Notes and Queries, Ninth Series, XII, 201; but this correction has apparently escaped the at- tention of American historians. Albert Matthews. Boston, July 2, 1913. CAMPAILLA, BERKELEY, AND MILTON. To the Editor of The Nation : Sir: The introduction to the second edi- tion (1728) of "L'Adamo ovvero II Mondo Creato," by Tommaso Campailla, the Si- cilian philosopher and poet (1668-1740), con- tains two Latin letters addressed to him by Bishop Berkeley which have escaped the attention of the biographers of the latter, but which are of interest as relating to an obscure episode in the career of the great Irish metaphysician, viz., his travels in Sicily. That Berkeley visited Sicily at all has only been known through a passing allusion in one of his letters (1745) and through a statement of Thomas Blackwcll in his "Memoirs of the Court of Augustus," II, 277. In his article on Berkeley in the Dic- tionary of National Biography, the late Sir I,,,,,!,, Stephen conjectured that the journey to Sicily took place in 1719. Professor A. C. Frascr, in his life of Berkeley, however, assigns it correctly to 171S. The first of M,,. almvc mentioned Idlers, which is dated from Messina February 2.r,, L718, prove:, thai ,i 1. 11 in the beginning oi thai rear, tor this letter commences: "Clarissime Vlr: Ex Hinere per unlversam iniulam Institute lam tandem, tavente Numlne, reversui, anlmum 1 tsli 1 memoria Bfpulorum nospl-

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July 10, 1913] The Nation 33 tun, atque amlcorum, praesertim quos in- genio, atque eruditlone praestantes Invis- erim, subinde, reficio. Porro inter illos quanti te taciam, vir doctisslme, facilius tnente concipi quam verbis exprlmi potest," etc. I may remark, in passing, that Berke- s the neW style throughout in his journals, etc., so that this letter was really written In 1718 of the modern reckoning. From the remainder of the letter it ap- pears that the writer had visited Campailla at his home in Modica (in the diocese of Syracuse), and that the latter had given him copies of his works to be submitted to the Royal Society in London. Moreover, Berkeley promises to send to Campailla a copy of Newton's "Principia" on his return to England. In the second of the letters, which is dated from London, "Kalendis Julij, 1723," y informs Campailla that he has given I he books "Viro erudito e Societate Regia," "qui cum solertiam, & ingenium tunm pro meritis extimet, turn id plurimum miratur, tantum scientiae lumen in extremo Siciliae angulo tarn diu delituisse." He adds a few lines on the impracticability of metal mirrors for telescopes — evidently in answer to an inquiry of his correspon- dent—then tells him that he is sending out the promised copy of Newton's work, and concludes with some words of compliment. From the beginning of the second letter one is led to suspect that the date "1723" is a mistake of printer or transcriber for "1720." It runs as follows: "Clarissime Vir: Post longam quinque ferme annorum pere- grinationem, variosque casus, & discrimina, nunc demum in Angliam redux, nihil an- tiquius habeo, quam fidem meam tibi quon- dam obligatam," etc. Now, this would ap- ply very well to 1720, for Berkeley went abroad in the latter part of 1715, whereas in 1723 he had certainly been at home for upwards of two years. In the biographical sketch of Berkeley prefixed to the new edi- tion of his Works (1901), Professor Fraser, however, says : "In the summer of 1720 we find the travellers at Florence." There is no authority for this statement in the pub- lished writings of the Bishop, but as his biographer had access to the unpublished correspondence of Berkeley and Sir John Perceval, I hesitate to press the suggested emendation of date. The author of the introduction to Cam- pailla's poem, D. Jacopo de Mazara ed Echebelz, tells us that the works which the Sicilian philosopher submitted to the Royal Society through his visitor were "L'Adamo" and a "Discorso del Moto degli Animali." The first of these is a kind of "De Rerum Natura" in ottava rima. The first edition (1709) contained only six of the twenty cantos that were ultimately published, and it was, of course, this earlier edition of which Berkeley took copies to England. The poem is worthy of some attention on the part of students of English literature, owing to one feature which it has in com- mon with "Paradise Lost" : Here, too, the angel Raphael appears as an expounder of the order of Nature to Adam. Indeed, Cam- pailla's whole poem takes the form of a dialogue between the angel and Adam in which the former develops a complete sys- tem of philosophy (essentially Cartesian), while explaining to his listener the laws of the physical world, of the human mind, etc. He finds Adam puzzling over the mys- teries of the existence into which he has been just introduced, and begins his in- struction with the declaration: MaiiiUmii rincreata Sapienza A prenderml oi ti» perpetua eura. He takes Adam to the Terrestrial Para- dise, where there is a palace containing, among other things, all the instruments for mathematical and physical research that the future is to develop. Indeed, later on in the poem we have the comical situa- tion of the angel and our First Parent peer- ing through a microscope together. Eve is not created until the beginning of the thir- teenth canto, but her creation merely fur- nishes the occasion for a formal disquisi- tion on human physiology. Apart from the feature just mentioned, I have observed no resemblance between "L'Adamo" and "Paradise Lost." Did Cam- pailla know Milton's poem? This seems very improbable. If the Sicilian had known English, Berkeley would hardly have ad- dressed him in Latin. To be sure, William Hog had already in 1690 turned "Paradise Lost" into Latin verse, but it is not likely that a copy of this rather obscure trans- lation should have reached a small town in Sicily within little more than ten years of its publication. Probably the role of "the sociable spirit" (to use Milton's phrase) which Raphael plays in the apocryphal Book of Tobit was enough to suggest to the Sicilian and English poets independent- ly the idea of making him God's chosen instructor and monitor of Adam. J. Douglas Bruce. Knoxvllle, Tenn., July 1. Literature SCANDINAVIAN STUDY. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: The Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study, at its second annual meeting at Rock Island last May, defined the functions of its committee on transla- tions as the authorized literary committee of the Society, its members to study old and new translations of Scandinavian writers into English and publish the results of such studies. The committee was also au- thorized to offer the services 01 its mem- bers as special readers of manuscripts of translations to such publishing houses as are issuing translations of Scandinavian writings; for the Society recognized the inadequacy of English translations hith- erto published and desired to cooperate with publishers in raising the standard. Publishers wishing to avail themselves of this service should correspond with the un- dersigned; final arrangements should, how- ever, always be made with the individual member of the committee whose services are desired. The committee was also asked to make some effort to have new Scandinavian pub- lications adequately reviewed in American journals. The personnel of the committee is made up as follows: Dr. A. LeRoy An- drews, Cornell University; Mr. W. N. C. Carlton, the Newberry Library; Dr. Ches- ter N. Gould, the University of < : Mr. Aksel G. S. Josephson, the John Crerar Library; Dr. L. M. Larson, the University of Illinois; Dr. Henry G. Leach, the Amer- ican-Scandinavian Foundation. Aksel G. S. Josephson, Chairman of the Committee. No. L'i;.",9 Qreenleaf Avenue, Chicago, July 4 NORTHERN WANDERINGS. Lost in the Arctic: The Story of the Alabama Expedition, 1909-1912. By Ejnar Mikkelsen, author of Conquer- ing the Arctic Ice. New York: George H. Doran Co. $5 net. A Summer and Winter on Hudson Bay. By C. K. Leith and A. T. Leith. Madi- son, Wisconsin: The Cantwell Print- ing Co. $2.50 net. One of the most plausible arguments alleged by the partisans of Dr. Cook in his claim to have reached the Pole was the similarity of his narrative to that of Commander Peary. What the argument really proved was the inherent monot- ony of the Arctic ice, and as new vol- umes of Arctic exploration follow one another in quick succession this monot- ony is forced upon the reader more and more. In the volumes of Peary and Amundsen interest is kept alive by the positive attainment of something which appeals powerfully to the imagination. But there are no more polar centres to discover, and sore-footed wandering over unlimited ice, with the regulation Arctic diet varied occasionally by a few slices from the liver or ham of one of your favorite dogs, killed when it was just on the point of dying from exhaustion, soon ceases to be an exhilarating literary di- version. Mylius Erichsen sailed from Denmark in the summer of 1906 to explore the rortheast coast of Greenland from Cape Bismarck to Cape Bridgemann. He ac- tually accomplished his undertaking, only to become separated from the main body of his expedition and perish in the end, together with Lieut. Hagen and one Eskimo companion. The body of this Eskimo was discovered in the spring of 1908, before the return of the expedition, with a note to the effect that Erichsen and Hagen had perished in the middle of Danmarks Fjord. It was to recover their bodies and diaries that Ejnar Mikkelsen sailed in 1909, in the Alabama, under the joint auspices of the Danmarks (Erichsen) Expedition Com- mittee and the Danish Government. In this they were not successful, though messages left by Erichsen were found at two different places. One of these, dated ten weeks after his separation from the main body of his expedition, contains the following sentence: "We drove westward with twenty-three dogs until the first of June, reaching Peary's Cape Glacier, and discovered that the Peary Channel does not exist, Xavy Cliff being connected by land with Hcilprin Land." Mikkelsen's comment on this is: We think in a circle, the centre of which Is the fact that Peary has stood on Navy Cliff and declared that the .straits were* j^^^Tf Public 1 r tf:

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34: The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2506- open! How is it possible? The only ex- planation we can find is that he must have been so high up that the low land which connects Navy Cliff with Heilprln Land appeared to him as the surface of an ice- covered sound, and that the islands he has charted as lying across the straits are the bare tops of some small hills. Evidently here is a task for still an- other northern voyage, to clear up this geographical contradiction. We shall not attempt to outline Mikkelsen's pain- ful wanderings, after he had left his vessel, with one companion, his assistant engineer, Iversen, to search by sledging for the remains of Erichsen. It was a lucky accident that attached Iversen to the party, for it was only through his unquenchable spirit and extraordinary power of resistance that Mikkelsen ever got back to tell the story. The book is well written, translated into satisfactory English, and superbly illustrated; but as we have already indicated, the liter- ary stomach grows squeamish when the Arctic diet is long continued. "A Summer and Winter on Hudson Bay" does not take the reader far enough into the Boreal monotony to con- tract scorbutic affection of the mental mechanism, and one finds it a decided relief as a gradual return towards litera- ture of a more human temperature. The book is a by-product of a geological ex- pedition under direction of Prof. Charles K. Leith, the author of many papers 01 high scientific value in the Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, and in various geological periodicals, and especially prominent as an author- ity on iron ores of the Lake Superior region and elsewhere. The geological results of this trip appeared in Econom- ic Geology for April, 1910. The present volume is given to more general observa- tions on the region visited, which cover- ed the entire southern and eastern shores of James Bay, and the eastern shore of Hudson Bay to a point fifty miles north of Richmond Gulf. Some interesting comments are made as to the effect of the Hudson Bay Company on the region under its influence. Devoting itself ex- clusively to the fur trade, it has sys- tematically discouraged any effort to develop other resources. It has frowned even upon the introduction of more mod- ern means of travel and communication in the conduct of its own business, as likely to draw attention away from its primary object of procuring furs. Even the geographical knowledge which its agents accumulate is turned over to the public very tardily, if at all, as is wit- nessed by the large blank areas on ex- isting maps of the region about Hudson Bay. "Probably nowhere else in the world could there be cited a similar case of arrested development of a great region under control of white people." Of course, the reason for this is at hand. Whenever the region is opened up to anything which will bring in a popula- tion not devoting itself to trapping, the knell of the fur business there will have been sounded. Mr. Leith notes in this region the same painful lack of medical service which Mr. Elihu Stewart, ex-Superin- tendent of Forestry for Canada, lament- ed in the Mackenzie-Yukon region, in a volume recently reviewed in these col- umns. By plain implication Mr. Leith censures the Hudson Bay Company for this deficiency; and the reader is dis- posed to grant the justice of the cen- sure, as he peruses in the latter part of the volume verbatim extracts from the company's own record book at Great Whale Post, for October, 1902, when a violent epidemic of measles took over one hundred lives within a few weeks. Occasionally, a white man whose con- dition will permit is sent out to civiliza- tion for treatment, but such relief is so difficult and expensive as to be ex- tremely rare, and for the Indian it is virtually impossible. "The one cheer- ful element in the situation is the fact that the country and habits of life tend strongly toward developing and preserv- ing good health when reasonable care is taken." Evidently, here is a chance for some philanthropist. The mere pro- viding of a salary for a few experienced general practitioners judiciously dis- tributed, with a fair allowance for med- ical and surgical supplies, would do an enormous amount of good, and it should be no objection that the alms would not be seen of men. CURRENT FICTION. Sylvia. By Upton Sinclair. Philadel- phia: John C. Winston Co. The author of "The Jungle" always uses the form of fiction as a stalking- horse. This time the doctrine of eu- genics, or, more properly, of the phys- ical protection of marriage, is launch- ed from the cover of romance. For some time we seem to be reading a story. The beautiful Southern heroine appears to be in for no more serious troubles than should in the best interests of story-telling attend the path of true love. She is daughter to a fire-eating and firewater-drinking Major, who on a decaying Southern estate struggles with the problem of keeping up the family dignity by means of a tottering family credit. In her earlier phase Sylvia is of the type of Mr. Tarking- ton's Flirt. The heart of man is a play- thing with which she irresponsibly di- verts herself, until the Only Man ap- pears. He, unluckily, though of the right blood, is son of a father who, through a technical crime, has served a term in jail. The Major and his clan, however, consent to an engage- ment; whereupon the youth determines to go to Harvard in order to make him- self worthy. The upshot is a visit of Sylvia to Cambridge, involving a good deal of academic and sooial intrigue, and resulting, not, as might have been ex- pected of a mere novelist, in the tri- umph of the humble but constant lover, but in Sylvia's marriage to the great catch of the "Gold Coast" at Harvard. This young gentleman bears the sug- gestive name of Van Tuiver, and has been from birth a multi-millionaire. New York, and of course Cambridge and Boston, grovel before him. Sylvia is the first girl who has ever remained upright in his presence; consequently, he falls in love with her. The ma- chinery by which their marriage is brought about is somewhat rusty. Af- ter her return South, Sylvia is informed by letter that her betrothed has been grossly unfaithful to her. She accepts the report without question, sends back his letters unopened, and presently mar- ries the millionaire. Not long before the date set for the wedding she discov- ers that a friend has been physically ruined by marriage with a man of good social standing who has led a foul life. Fearing for herself, she causes the mil- lionaire to be questioned as to whether her union with him will entail any risk of the sort. He gives his word it will not, but he lies. Her child is born blind, and she herself dies young. The story is unpleasant rather than tragic, since we cannot help feeling that the hapless Sylvia in part deserves her fate. Michael. By Mrs. Henry de la Pasture (Lady Clifford). New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. In "The Inside of the Cup" Mr. Wins- ton Churchill has just shown how a man may put himself in the way of fulfilling bis spiritual nature by escape from sub- servience to religious authority. Lady Clifford shows the same end being reach- ed by the opposite process. It all de- pends on the nature. John Hodder is (or is supposed to be) a man of strong mind and character, born to construct and to lead. The way of blind faith in the dogma of the past could not be the way for him. Michael Ferrys, on the other hand, with all his lovableness, is inher- ently weak and chameleon-like. Taking thought in matters of religion merely confuses him. Not until he feels the strong arm of churchly authority about him does he find himself believing, and at peace. The means by which he is brought to this sense is strange, and, from the merely human point of view, accidental. Bred to no religious belief, he falls in love with the daughter of an old English Catholic family, a maiden firm in her faith, but otherwise the bill* eyed, golden-haired miss who is Lady Clifford's favorite heroine. His great

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July 10, 1913] The Nation 35 wealth and personal charm make him in general acceptable to the family; nevertheless, the condition of his be- trothal is that he shall embrace the Roman faith. He is quite willing, and ruts himself under the instruction of the Church; but neither the efforts lav- ished upon him nor his own good will bring conviction. Dogma does not of- fend him, the rites of the ancient faith have their glamour for him. But his heart remains untouched, and he is at least too honest to pretend. He sets out to confess his failure to his beloved, and to appeal to her feeling for him — and finds her dead. The shock of this discovery, supplemented by an apparent miracle, and a physical accident result- ing in concussion of the brain, has its outcome in his sudden demand to be received into the Church. Apparently in his right mind, he is really uncon- scious of all that happens between the moment of his accident and the awak- ening, weeks later, from the long fever that follows. But the discovery that he has been received into the Roman Catholic fold is the important thing to him — not the manner of his reception. The matter has simply been taken out of his hands: he is safe; at one stroke all his doubts and hesitations have van- ished. The idea is a striking one. The romantic conclusion of the story as a story is in Lady Clifford's familiar vein. Fortitude. By Hugh Walpole. New York: George H. Doran Co. Mr. Walpole extols his hero's forti- tude, but the reader's deserves more praise. The history of Peter Westcott's boyhood, prolonged through thirty-odd years, leaves one with the feeling of hav- ing wandered too long in a misty dream. Peter himself complains that life has been "like fighting in a fog." His chief plight — so far as its shifting outlines permit of exact definition — seems to be that he began as a hero of romance and fell midway into a discouraging stretch of realism. After a boyhood of lonely terrors, paternal beatings, and board- ing-school brutalities, he runs away from Cornwall to London, there to be launch- ed upon a literary career under the aus- pices of a gentle coterie of anarchists disguised as bookworms. Through the starvation period, traditionally indis- pensable to the budding novelist's devel- opment, he is squired by his childhood idol, a Cornish yokel of gigantic stature and unreasoning devotion. So far he has been able to take hardships as ad- ventures, "and nothing hurt where everything was romance." But the mis- eries that follow belong to a later liter- ary fashion, and there is no disguising them. Having attained semi-celebrity and prosperity, he marries that modern woman who is ideal to woo but impos- sible to live with — selfish, jealous of his work, "afraid of life," deficient in ma- ternal affection, full of the shortcomings familiar to the popular science of mat- rimonial pathology. His work dete- riorates, his infant son dies, the unsat- isfactory wife disappears with an ad- mired friend of his school days. Then comes the modern bugaboo— heredity — to fright him with visions of a drunken old age, and memories of Cornwall lay sinister hold upon his imagination. For- tunately, in the belief that a motto makes for unity, Mr. Walpole has pro- vided Peter at the outset with the words of a tavern sage, "It isn't life that matters, but the courage you bring to it." A final tableau reveals Peter posed solitary upon a high hill, "with the great sea at his feet, with the storm rolling up to him," symbolically breast- ing the future in a lofty mood of stoica! equanimity. Mr. Walpole is firmly convinced that to be indefinite is to be highly artistic and impressive. He accounts for the lurid lighting of a foggy street scene by "some fire, blazing at some street cor- ner," and is especially delighted with photography in which "things stood out — castles, a hill, trees, running water, a shining road — and behind them there was darkness and mystery." This aver- sion to over-explicitness, together with an unconscious habit of imitative en- thusiasm, makes bewildering reading for one who entertains no great partiality for the amorphous. HERR BEBBL. My Life. By August Bebel. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. The life story of such a man as Herr Bebel is of universal interest. He is a rare narrator. He tells us just the things we want to know; he is graphic and dignified and well-balanced; he pos- sesses a sense of humor, and we dis- cover in him few traces of the egoist. He humanizes a great cause, and by so do- ing makes it intelligible, and perhaps even appealing, to thousands who would otherwise pass by on the other side. The lacunae of history are always a fascinating study. None is more so than that which intervenes between 1848, when Marx and Engels put forth the "Communist Manifesto," and the founding of the International Working- men's Association in 1864. Bebel was born in 1840, and from the account which he gives us of his youth, we are able to glean much of this period of gestation from which Socialism as a po- litical force emerged. As we read of the hardships which confronted the proletariat of those days, we are not surprised at the demands formulated by such men as Liebknecht and Bebel; our wonder is that, once having gained an influence, they did not proceed to the limits of injudiciousness. Bebel's father was a non-commissioned officer in a Prussian regiment. The conditions sur- rounding such a life were miserable. The pay was more than scanty. All the official and military classes of Prussia had in those days to exist on very nar- row means; almost every one had to go hungry, tightening the belt for God, King, and country. It was a maxim that Prussia became great by hunger. In 1844 the elder Bebel died at the age of thirty-five, leaving his wife without a claim to a pension. Soon after his death, his twin-brother, the better to fulfil the duty which he had taken upon him of providing for the family, married the widow. He became a constable to the military hospital at Mayence, and after- wards a warden in the Reformatory of Brauweiler, near Cologne. His com- pensation consisted of free lodgings (two rooms), fuel, and light, and eight thalers (.six dollars) a month. This had to pro- vide for five persons. Consumption, however, carried him away in 1846, and his widow had to re- turn with her family to her birthplace, Wetzlar, where lived her mother and three sisters and a brother. There Bebel attended the Poor Law School. He dis- played some proficiency in mathematics, and was even initiated into the secrets of logarithms. History and geography were also favorite studies. He tells us that he was noted for pranks, and earn- ed the reputation of being a moral rep- robate. Yet the day came when he said, "Now, you must begin to be a sensible fellow." From that time he did nothing that was punishable, and eventually took the first place in his form. The family, however, continued in desperate straits. Bebel sought employment as boy in a skittle-alley, to which he re- sorted after school, reaching hbme at ten o'clock in the evening. His mother died of consumption in 1853, and at the age of thirteen he be- came apprenticed to a turner. In Janu- ary, 1858, he began to tramp as a jour- neyman. In 1860 he turned up in Leip- zig, where, he says, he was lucky enough to find work at once, and just of the kind by which he afterwards built up a business of his own. At that time the Conservative reaction which had set in after 1849 began to subside, by reason of the pressure of the middle-class Lib- erals, who, having developed their eco- nomic forces and having obtained wealth, were showing an interest in po- litical affairs. The "German question" had acquired a new vitality, and was supported with the greatest enthusiasm. The Nationalverein demanded the con- vocation of a German Parliament. The more far-sighted of the Liberals quickly recognized the importance of obtaining the support of the workers, and to this end lent themselves to the promotion of workers' unions, and sought to put trustworthy men at the head of them.

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3(> The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2506 The German workingmen of those days knew nexl to nothing of politics. In 18(il a Workers' Improvement So- ciety was founded in Leipzig, of which Bebel immediately became a member. He was now on the road which lauded him in Parliament, and eventually made him a power in Imperial affairs. In 1867 he was elected a member of the North German l>iet. In that year was founded the Social-Democratic Labor party, which declared itself a branch of the International. This act was im- mediately followed by a dissolution of the League of Workingmen's Societies. The new party was pitted against the Lasalleans, who were divided into two factions bitterly at war with each other. In 1870 a fourth Social-Democratic or- ganization came into being, but had only a short life. It was not until 1878 that the Social-Democrats were unified. Bebel was not slow to make his pres- ence felt in the North German Constitu- ent Reichstag of 1867. In the Reichstag itself, which convened in September of that year, his first speech was on the Address. His second effort was in con- nection with the law of universal mili- tary service. On this occasion he de- manded a term of nine months with the colors. This, of course, was reject- ed, but Bebel received many congratu- latory communications from all parts of Germany. "Our Leipzig friends," he says, "sent us a token of their approval in the shape of a nine-pound ham, which was very welcome to unsalaried mem- bers as we were then." On the 17th of December, 1870, Bebel was arrested on a charge of attempted high treason, and spent 101 days in prison awaiting trial. During this pe- riod, on the 3d of March, 1871, occurred the new elections to the Reichstag, and he was again successful. On the 2d 01 April he went to Berlin to attend the sittings of the Reichstag, but had to face the court in the spring of 1872. The trial lasted fourteen days, and ended in a sentence of two years' imprisonment in a fortress. His doctor consoled his wife in a curious way. "Frau Bebel," he said, "if your husband gets a year in prison, you may rejoice, for he needs a rest." His release from confinement came on April 1, 1875; but in June, 1877, he was again sent to prison, this time for six months, on a charge of libelling Bismarck. The present volume carries us to the eve of the Anti-Socialist laws and to the attempt on the Emperor's life in 1878. Absorbing as we have found it, we know that we are only at the beginning of Bebel's real political life. In the work are disclosed the founda- tions on which has been constructed one of the most surprising and transforming political movements of modern history. Men and things about which there has been a vast amount of controversy in the last half century are pictured with sufficient calmness to enable us to feel that we are getting new and genuine in- sights. What Bebel has to say about Llebknecht, for example, is of no small account in estimating the forces of the last half of the nineteenth century. Liebknecht's was the true fighting tem- perament, supported by unshakable op- timism. No misfortune, whether pri- vate or affecting his party, ever for a moment dashed his spirits or discon- certed him. He could not be "bluffed"; he could always find a way out of diffi- culties. The attacks of opponents he met on the principle that the correct move is always to go one better. Brusque and inconsiderate to opponents, he was always helpful to friends and comrades. In his private life he was a good husband and father and devoted to his family. He was a true lover of nature. A group of fine trees in other- wise unattractive surroundings would move him to enthusiasm and persuade Mm that the place was beautiful. He was unassuming in manner and simple in his tastes. When he appeared in a new suit — a thing which did not hap- pen often — if Bebel did not at once no- tice it and compliment him on the fact, he would invariably call his attention to it and ask for his approval. He was, Bebel declares, a man of iron with the heart of a child. Highly instructive, if not so dispas- sionate, is Bebel's sketch of Schweitzer, who, after the death of Lassalle, acquir- ed the leadership of the General German Labor Union. Schweitzer, he says, was well endowed with many of the quali- ties which are of value to a man in such a position. He was well grounded in theory, and his judgment was cool. As a journalist and agitator he had a gift of making the most difficult problems clear to the most simple of workingmen, and he understood how to fascinate the masses and "rouse them to fanaticism.' He wrote some of the best things in Socialistic literature, such as his crit- icism of Marx's "Capital." As a parlia- mentarian he was adroit. Finally, he was a good speaker. But besides these fine and even brilliant gifts he had, Bebel declares, many defects which made nim a dangerous leader for a Labor par- ty in the first stages of development. The movement which he joined after many failures was for him only a means to an end, and this end was his own advancement. Briefly, he was, in Bebel's judgment, a tool of Bismarck's. Of Bismarck himself we are told much. Bebel's first view of the Prince was at the opening of the Reichstag of 1867. "I looked in vain," he says, "for the famous triad of hairs standing up- right, like poplars on a plain, in the midst of an otherwise bald cranium, ;is shown in all the caricatures. I was very anxious to hear him speak, and was greatly disappointed to find that, giant though he was, he did not roar like a lion or speak with the voice of Stentor; his voice was actually a high tenor. He made use of long and involved sentences, and was sometimes hesitating, but all he said was of interest and to the point." Shortly after Bebel's trial, he fell dan- gerously ill with pleurisy. "I was thor- oughly exhausted with all this work and worry, public and private," he says. "I suffered violent pain, and could not sleep. During the nights, as I lay awake, I bethought myself of Bismarck, in the light of a fellow-sufferer; for I knew from the papers that he was very ill with insomnia and neuralgia." English Literature and the Classics. Lec- tures by Gilbert Murray and Others. Clarendon Press. New York: Henry Frowde. 6«. net. More than twenty years ago, the late Churton Collins urged the English uni- versities to establish "Honor Schools" in English literature, which should re- quire as an integral part of their disci- pline the systematic study of the Greek and Latin classics. His plan, though approved by many distinguished per- sons, was quashed by University con- servatism, more especially by the "philo- logical" or linguistic wing of the "Mod- ern Side." Some of his ideas have since been effected, gradually and partially. At Oxford the Regius professor of Greek and the Corpus professor of Latin now serve with the professor of English lit- erature and the professor of poetry upon the Board of the Pass School (not an Honor School) in English Language and Literature. At Cambridge there is a personal union at least, if not an in- stitutional union, of English literature with the classics, in the person of A. W. Verrall, first holder of the King Edward VII professorship of English literature (established 1910-11). And American humanists will recall the fact that Har- vard now offers "Final Honors in Litera- ture," based upon the study of at least two literatures, one ancient and one modern. The institutional union, then, of these two provinces of literary study seems not beyond hope. Meanwhile it is pro- moted by diplomatic missions sent over the boundary from time to time to ac- quaint the inhabitants of one province with what has been done for them by their neighbors across the border. Such a mission is undertaken by the present "collection of nine lectures delivered in Oxford at the invitation of the Board of English Studies. . . . They were addressed primarily to members of the English School, but in effect to all stu- dents of modern literature who cared t hear . . . something of what the classics mean in the history of letters' ( Preface).

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July 10, 1913 J Tlie Nation 37 The contributors have conceived their tasks variously, and their product, though of generally high quality, is un- even. S. G. Owen's "Ovid and Romance" is a conscientious notation of parallel passages in English from Chaucer to the nineteenth century, together with critical remarks of no very profound or- der upon the romantic quality in Ovid and his imitators. "Senecan Tragedy,'' by A. D. Godley, a very accomplished EK count of the rhetorical qualities which Seneca's Roman public and French pub- lic liked, but which no English public could long endure, concludes that "there is nothing of the Senecan tradition in Mr. Galsworthy; and we look for it in vain in the plays of Mr. Bernard Shaw"! R. J. E. Tiddy and G. S. Gordon (the editor of the volume) come to their sub- jects from the "Modern Side," both be- ing lecturers in English. Mr. Tiddy, in "Satura and Satire," propounds what seems to us an untenable analogy: as Roman satura is to Roman satire, so is English satire before the Renaissance to English satire after. As a matter of fact, the genial quality of the early Ro- man form is not matched by mediaeval English satire, save in isolated cases like the "Speculum Stultorum" (Burnel- lus the Ass) of Nigellus Wireker; in general, quite unlike satura, the early English product has for its note bitter complaint and savage invective. Mr. Gordon, in "Theophrastus and his Imi- tators," signalizes most entertainingly the initial connections of character-writ- ing with comedy, with philosophy, and with rhetoric; shows how the genre reached modern literature through the last of these channels — the classroom ex- ercise in ethopoieia, not waiting for Casaubon to restore Theophrastus's own "Characters"; and establishes, finally, the relations of English character-writ- ing to the comedy of humors, the essay, and the novel. The Oxford smartness, which in Mr. Gordon's brilliant article makes for lucidity, and is no obstacle to the conveyance of solid information, be- comes cryptic, oracular, and jejune in J. S. Phillimore's "The Greek Ro- mances"; which, moreover, leaves quite untouched the English portion of its subject. Inasmuch as this portion in eludes Lyly's "Euphues," Sidney's "Ar c'adia," and Shakespeare's "The Win ter's Tale," it hardly deserves either this neglect or Mr. Phillimore's slur (Postscript, p. 117) that it is the sort of thing "that thesis-writers will not willingly let die." Cicero's influence, not upon rhetoric and oratory alone, but upon politics, philosophy, and even religion, is the vast subject of A. C. Clark's "Ciceronian ism." A genius that made Fathers of the Church take sides, and that could count among its followers Petrarch, Eng- lish Deists, and Dr. Johnson, together with French Revolutionists and Burke, is surely a permanent force in the world's thought; surely "still moves among us and delivers a message to those that hearken." The "Vergil" of H. W. Garrod varies Sainte-Beuve's dictum that Virgil "divined what the future would love": rather was Virgil carried beyond his classic intention unconscious- ly, upon a wave of romantic feeling the nature of which he himself did not di- vine. Rapt from success by the Celtic glamour in his blood, he achieved in his partial failure a kind of universal- ity that was not of the old world, but of the world to come. Gilbert Murray, in "Greek and Eng- lish Tragedy," attempts no detailed ac- count of influence or imitation, but treats instead the pregnant differences between an art that soon forgot its litur- gical origins and an art that to the very end was religious to the core. The lecture is essential criticism of a high order. Possibly even more suggestive is J. A. Stewart's "Platonism in English Poetry"; which by dealing somewhat intensively with a few poets (omitting, for example, the whole seventeenth cen- tury) builds a pathway to the Platon- ism in many more. Above all, the lec- ture itself conveys the Platonic mood; more than one neophyte is likely to look back upon it as his initiation. Eminent English Men and Women in Paris, 1800-1850. By Roger Boutet de Monvel. Translated by G. Herring. New York: Chas. Scribner's Sons.. $3 net. The author of this scholarly and fas- cinating book, which was deservedly crowned by the French Academy last year, has been singularly fortunate in his translator. G. Herring, who is re- sponsible for the English version, has done a really notable piece of work in preserving to an unusual degree the lightness of touch and grace of idiom that characterize the French, and that are almost invariably lost in the trans- ference to our more stolid forms of speech. M. de Monvel himself seems to possess exactly the right equipment for bis task: a wide sympathy and acquaint- ance with English habits of life, a pro- found erudition, and an unconquerable sense of humor. With the genius of his race he understands how to marier le scrieux au riant, and whether he is grave or gay, he writes with equal charm. He is very subtle, too, as he shows us in his analysis of Thackeray's diatribes against the frivolous and im- moral French nation; this is a delicious chapter of satirical writing. If Thack- eray lays about him with a club, M. de Monvel parries easily with a rapier, and his ripostes are the more effective be- cause he has a very sincere appreciation of the novelist's genius. The Parisienne, he says, according to Thackeray, is "a creature who puts on rouge and powder, garbs herself conspicuously in ridiculous clothes, wears disgraceful hats, and has at least two lovers at the same time." The Parisian man is no better: "Why, ye gods," cries Thackeray in a rage, "do Frenchmen marry at all?" And then M. de Monvel proceeds to show us that Thackeray's invectives were directed against a society that he had created for himself out of the lurid novels of the day, and that when he comes into per- sonal contact with these frivolous, im- moral Parisians he often writes with sympathy and kindliness. But if Thackeray failed sometimes to appreciate the inhabitants of the land where he spent, nevertheless, a good deal of his time, there is a long list of English men and women who have made themselves thoroughly at home there. Napoleon's prisoners at Verdun found many mitigations for the tedium of their long captivity, and made of that sleepy city a gay pleasure resort that would certainly have merited the strictures of the severe Victorian moralist. Later, when the war was over, Wellington and his army were quartered in Paris, and general, officers, and privates alike seem to have found plenty to amuse them during their sojourn, and, in marked contrast to the conduct of Bliicher and his men, to have established themselves on very good terms with the inhabitants. Some of the officers, indeed, found the lure of Paris so irresistible that after- wards they made their permanent home there, and, like the inscrutable Capt. Gronow, on whose journals M. de Monvel has drawn freely for information, be- came the arbiters of a society which they and their successors in the next generation infected with a severe attack of Anglomania. Then there was that wonderful Lady Blessington, who once reigned there a queen of society, and thither returned long years afterwards, an old woman, hunted by creditors, to die friendless and alone by her own hand in a humble lodging on the Rue du Cirque. Her body lies in a vault on the Chambourcy estate of the Duchesse de Gramont, who, three years later, "with touching thoughtful- ness," caused to be laid beside it that of poor d'Orsay, fled like his quondam mistress from "a throng of insolent cred- itors" in London, and dying the day after the Prince President had relieved him from financial anxiety by appoint- ing him Director of Fine Arts. Lady Hamilton was another who at the last sought the hospitality of France, and lies in its friendly soil. As the record in the city's register of births and deaths shows, she died at Calais on January 15, 1815 — of hunger. It would be possible to quote indefi- nitely from this charming book, but that would be apt to convey the false impression that M. de Monvel's work is

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38 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2506 principally a volume of entertaining gossip. So far from that being the case, the author displays throughout a defi- nite constructive purpose, which is to illustrate the somewhat remarkable fact that, despite the most radical differences of sentiment and manners between France and England, there are, as he says, politics apart, "few nations who have maintained a more uninterrupted intercourse with one another, and prob- ably fewer still whose thought and cul- ture have acted and reacted so closely one upon another." Notes The Century Company announces that Oliver Herford's "Jungle Jingles" are to bo made into a characteristic Herford book this autumn, with pictures on every page and a cover drawing by the author. The same house will publish Jack Lon- don's "John Barleycorn'' and a book on the Balkans by Robert Hiohens, with pic- tures by Jules Gu4rin. Mr. Charles Hughes, author of "Unpub- lished Chapters from Fynes Moryson," will bring out, through Simpkin Marshall, "Mrs. Piozzi's Thraliana." Among the announcements of Longmans, Green & Company are the following titles: "Organized Democracy: An Introduction to the Study of American Politics" (Ameri- can Citizen series), by Frederick A. Cleve- land; "Public Opinion and Popular Gov- ernment," by A. Lawrence Lowell; "Mod- ern American Speeches," edited with notes and introductions by Lester W. Boardman, and "A History of England, from the De- feat of the Armada to the Death of Eliza- beth, with an Account of English Institu- tions During the Later Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries," by E. P. Cheyney. In Mrs. Dora Sigerson Shorter's "New Poems" (Dublin: Maunsel & Company) there is nothing to alter or affect particu- larly the reputation already gained by the poetess. The volume, a very slender one this time, is composed of several ballads and a few lyrics written in the strain al- ready associated with her name. To be sure, there is no ballad to equal "The Deer Stone" and "Kathleen's Charity," no lyric so good as "The Wind on the Hills" with its admirable expression of what we have come to think of as the Celtic spirit, whose children shall Inherit The unrest of the wind. But it is written in the same key, with much of the same gentle nostalgia for the world of romance and faery, with the same delicate touch at work on the prosaic lit- tle details of daily life, transmuting them into something rarer and more ethereal than the things of sense. AH night the small feet of the rain Within the garden ran, And gentle fingers tapped the pane Until the dawn began. The rlll-llke voices called and sung The slanting roofs beside ; "The children of the clouds have come; Awake! awake!" they cried. . . . All night the smiill [Ml Of. tin- rain About my garden ran. Their rlll-llke voices called and cried Until the dawn began. It Is a question whether an Everyman's Library need be painstaking in its appara- tus; and it is not certain how many poets have been careful editors. In any case, John Masefield, in his Introduction to An- son's "Voyage Round the World" (Every- man's Library, No. 510: Dutton), has done no more than write something about life at sea and ashore in 1740, letting Anson's "Voyage" come out again as the work of Richard Walter, chaplain of the Centu- rion. It seems perfectly clear that this extraordinary narrative was put together by Benjamin Robins, the celebrated expert on gunnery. From the Yale University Press we have an "Index Verborum Catullianus," by Prof. Monroe N. Wetmore, of Williams College, following the same plan as his index to the vocabulary of Virgil, published in 1911, except that the careful record of manu- script variants given in the Oxford text edition rendered unnecessary any refer- ence to them in the parenthetical notes of this index. As previous indexes to Catul- lus are out of print, and even the best of them unmindful of variant readings and otherwise defective, many readers who share the revived interest in Catullus will heartily thank Professor Wetmore for this aid. In "Annals of the Strand" and "Annals of Fleet Street" (Stokes), E. Beresford Chancellor has done good work in concen- trating the histories of these two famous streets, almost the most famous in the world, which merge into one another, into two substantial volumes. Despite his modest apology for "sins of omission and commis- sion" he seems to have given a singularly full and complete account of the history and topography of the streets as well as of the great names which have been associat- ed with them. His study of the available sources of information has been commend- ably conscientious, and both books have the merit of liberal quotation and of footnotes giving chapter and verse of references to authorities. It cannot be said that either of the volumes is written in a particular- ly entertaining style; but in compensation for the lack of qualities calculated to make a popular appeal, the information they con- tain is full and accurate; they are well in- dexed, and as reference books for those who have more than a superficial interest in the street of London where more of his- tory is written than in any other they should prove of great value. It is perhaps regrettable that Mr. Chancellor has not seen fit to include in his "Annals of Fleet Street" some fuller account of its life to- day, and of the personalities who are mov- ing there in our own generation. True, that would be a somewhat delicate task, but Fleet Street is probably not less interest- ing to-day than it has ever been, if we except the great and inevitable Johnsonian tradition, and for the peripatetic philoso- pher from a foreign land in London such a chapter would have a great fascination The Illustrations in both volumes are Judi- ciously selected and well reproduced. The translation of the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle," made in 1847 by J. A. Giles, which was formerly bound with the same translator's version of Bede's "Ecclesias- tical History," has been reissued as a sepa- rate volume in Bohn's Library (Macmil- lan). Although completely superseded by the critical edition of Earle and Plummer, its cheapness gives it a kind of claim on those whose interest is curious rather than strictly scholarly. A new introduction has been provided. Mr. Robert W. Neeser, the secretary of the Naval History Society, has published, through the Yale University Press, "A Landsman's Log," being his diary on board the battleship Kansas during a four months' winter cruise in Caribbean waters some few years ago. The book, profusely illustrated with excellent and quite re- markable photographs of his own taking, gives a detailed account of his experiences while honorary (and, we are sure, most welcome) member of the Kansas's Ward Room Mess. No better description than this of modern ship life can be found. The varying episodes of coaling and the subse- quent cleaning up, of drills and exercises afloat and ashore, of target practice with great guns under way, or with rifles at the Guantanamo range, of boat racing, of sports and entertainments on board, of games and athletic competitions at the recreation ground, also at Guantanamo, are faithfully recounted. To the average read- er, who knows but little of the routine and discipline of our fleet, this log will prove most acceptable. Though it pre- tends to be no more than the title implies, one is tempted to regret that it has not thrown more light on the bluejacket's daily life or presented his point of view. The good quality of the enlisted man is recog- nized, and reference is made to the ad- mirable relations existing between him and his superior officers, but this last gratify- ing fact and his mental attitude towards the service in general might well have received further elaboration at the hands of this author, whose clear style, compe- tent observation, and unusual modesty are manifest on every page. It is not pleasant to find fault with a writer on Austria who loves the country as much as does James Baker ("Austria: Her People, Their Homelands," John Lane), but it must be said that he has written a disappointing book. It is neither guide book nor description of travel, but a very superficial medley from various sources, some as remote as Kohl's "Reisen," in the early forties. Complacent quotations from the author's novels, the scene of which is laid in Austria, are also relied on. The style is often slipshod, and the pages fair- ly swarm with errors and misprints. .The adjective "Slowenisch" is used as a noun. The battle of Lissa is said to have "made the Adriatic so largely an Austrian sea," the fact being that after the battle Austria was forced to surrender Venice, her principal possession on tho Adriatic. Graz, the capital of Styrla, is defined as "for- merly spelt Gratz and pronounced 'grates,' rhyming to 'gerate' (it has succeeded)," which we leave to some clever etymolo- gist and prosodist to puzzle out. The aquarelle illustrations may have beon pret- ty enough in tho original, but tho tri- color process does them scant Justice. The picture of beautiful Salzburg is not much more than a blotch, and St, Btefchen'a, In Vi- enna, looks as If It rose from a lako. As Is often tho ciiHo In English books, tho legends

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July 10, 1913J The Nation 39 on the pirturos contain mistakes — "Cerno- wltz" for "Czernowitz," and "Trieste" for "Trent." For the Information on the lat- ter picture, that it represents "the scene which inspired Dante's 'Inferno,' " the au- thor alone must be held responsible. The price of the book, $6.50, is absurdly high. Sir James Murray begins the tenth and last volume of the "Oxford English Dic- tionary" with the double section Ti-Tombac (Frowde). This tract is notably rich in those familiar "low" words of the vernacu- lar which are eschewed by academic taste, and which can seldom be accurately dated or with certainty traced to their origins- such as tinker, lipiiltr. tiiisy. Utter. Tinker, for example, was derived by Johnson from the verb tink, "to emit a metallic sound," on the ground that a tinker proclaims his trade by beating a kettle or that in his work he makes a tinkling sound; and this explanation is still offered in Webster's "International." Tinker, however, appears as early as 1265, and frequently before 1300, whereas link is unknown before Wyclif's translation of I Cor. xiii, i, "I am maad as bras sownynge, or a symbal tynkynge." It is a curious fact that this useful order of workmen seems not to have improved its social status since the days of Henry III, when thj lowest assessment, two pence, made by the Corporation of Wallingford was upon "Editha le Tynekere." In 1666 John Bunyan alludes to the practitioners of this trade as belonging to "that Rank that is meanest and most despised of all the Families in the Land." In Scotland and Ireland tinker is still the equivalent of gipsy and of vagrant generally as in John Synge's "Tinker's Wedding." It were a pret- ty economic problem to determine whether vagrancy leads to tinkering or vice versa. Probably the most piquant guild contribu- tion to language and literature is the Tinker's Damn, a fine "colorful" phrase which, in 1877, Knight attempted to white- wash with the following rather Teutonic explanation: "A wall of dough raised around a place which a plumber desires to flood with a coat of solder ... it has pass- ed into a proverb, usually involving the wrong spelling of the otherwise innocent word 'dam.' " For our first example of tipsy we are indebted to the Rev. Meredith Hanmer, who introduced the word into his ecclesiastical history in 1577. The second example is Shakespeare's "tipsieBachanals" in the "Midsummer Night's Dream," wrong- ly dated 1590 — four or five years earlier than the accepted date. The first use of the adverb titter-totter, meaning unstead- ily, is dated 1725. We find an example in 1672, Francis Hawkins's "Youths Beha- viour" (eleventh impression), page 23, "stand not titter-tatter on one foot." Un- der toad-eater, meaning sycophant, it is a pity that there is not a reference to the humorous anatomization of "the Phusalo- phagos or Toad-eater" in the Lounger, May 14, 1785. The most conspicuous American contributions are tobacco, tomahawk, and tintinnabulation, the last due to Poe, the "jingle man," in his "Bells," 1831. The history of the Ohio Company, 1748 to 1774, which is the first of the three es- says composing the new volume — "Early Chapters in the Development of the Pato- mac Route to the West" (Washington: Co- lumbia Historical Society), by Mrs. Corra Bacon-Foster — adds very little to our know- ledge of the undertaking of this first com- pany of Virginian and London land-specu- lators to exploit the Trans-Alleghany re- gion. The intricacy of politics, both im- perial and local, surrounding the operations of the company, must be known to under- stand the situation ; and this knowledge is not possessed by the author, who has been satisfied with an examination of a few well-known authorities on local history. Part il is an account of the "Patowmack Company, 1785-1828," and is by all odds the most important section of the book. This is based on the correspondence of the prominent men engaged in the enter- prise and the papers of the company, from both of which sources long extracts are printed. The account is further supported by appendices of seventy-nine pages of quotations from printed and unprinted sources. The whole forms a very inter- esting and exhaustive treatment of this undertaking to connect Virginia by a water route more directly with the growing West, in order that she might enjoy the profits of a trade which was enriching the Penn- sylvanians, and later, after the construc- tion of the Erie Canal, added so much to the fortunes of the New Yorkers. The third part is a sketchy life of Charles Simms, eight years president of the Pato- mac Company, with a selection of his pri- vate and public letters. The volume will be found of interest to many readers, whether trained historians or not, and although there must be some criticism of both form and matter, the studies were decidedly worth doing. The lively articles on Germany which originally appeared in Scribner's have now grown into a stout volume ("Germany and the Germans from an American Point of View," by Price Collier; Charles Scribner's Sons). Thus collected, the essays form a graphic picture of present-day Germany, by a shrewd, well-informed, and, on the whole, kindly observer of men and things. Mr. Collier is an intense admirer of the Ger- man Emperor, the German army, and Ger- man home life. He is less partial in his comments on party government and the ever-present hand of the police and the bureaucracy. What he says in praise of the German press gains in emphasis by contrast with American conditions; on the other hand, he does less than justice to German railways in his remark that "were the system [of "inefficient and unneces- sary employees"] spread over the United States the chaos in a dozen years would be almost irreparable." A jaunty cock- sureness in many of the author's asser- tions, while not without a certain piquancy, detracts seriously from the value of the book as a whole. We are told that Goethe was "as parochial in his politics as he was amateurish in science," that "in Baden three words out of ten that you hear are French," that "criticism of the Emperor's habit of speaking of 'my navy' is merely the petty pin-pricking babble of boarding- school girls," that "peace is at negative thing that no one really wants," that music is "the art which burns up the manhood of its devotees." The author cannot under- stand "how any German can criticise Bis- marck"; Voltaire is«to him "that acidulous vestal of literature," and Racine and Cor- neille are disposed of by a reference to their "second-hand and half-baked Hel- lenism." But it is very natural to dog- matize when one is upheld by serene con- fidence in the justice of one's opinions. "I betray no secret," says Mr. Collier, "when I declare that the most intelligent and patriotic criticism in Germany coin- cides with my own." It would be idle to expect a judicious summing-up of the con- flicting impressions of a writer who, while knowing Germany well, in most of the as- pects of its public and private life, lacks "das geistige Band," which would unite what he has seen into an harmonious whole. His conclusion concludes nothing. It is ludicrous, after exalting the army and the Emperor, to write: "Werther, and Faust, and Lohengrin are far more real than those scarecrows autocracy, bureaucracy, and militarism, triplets of straw, premature births, not destined to live, of which Ger- many boasts to-day as the most precocious children in the world." The fifth volume of Hastings's "Encyclo- paedia of Religion and Ethics" (Scribner), containing the articles from Dravidians to Fichte, maintains the good standard of the preceding volumes. The collections of facts are large, the bibliographical lists are useful guides for scholars and for gen- eral readers, and the conclusions reached are for the most part carefully thought out and deserve respectful consideration, even when they are not accepted. The wide range of topics embraces nearly the whole field of religion and ethics, with excursions into other fields. There are de- scriptions of such general religious facts as fetishism, dualism, euhemerism, the fe- male principle (the relation between reli- gion and love, and the influence of the cult of female deities), eschatology, the idea of a fall of man from a state of original innocence and happiness, and the belief in all-controlling fate. And certain great modern movements are discussed, notably the Enlightenment (the development of thought from Grotius and Hobbes to Kant) and the Encyclopaedists. A long list is given also of persons ("enthusiasts") who believed themselves inspired to preach new gospels. Professor Starbuck properly re- jects the view that religion and love are in origin identical, and the difference be- tween the two would have been made clearer if his limits had allowed him to trace the genesis of female deities. The importance of the study of early religious customs is recognized in articles on drink, dress, fasting, and feasting (wita which the eucharistic meal must be connected), and even the household winnowing fan is shown by Miss Jane Harrison to be religiously interesting. The ancient and still wide- spread belief in the "evil eye" is brought out by F. Elworthy. Fairy lore is de- scribed at length by MacCulloch, and the treatment of the fable has been properly assigned to Joseph Jacobs. A general view of early cults in Europe is given in Keane's article, Europe. The positive statements of his article, Ethnology, must be treated cau- tiously— his dates, for example, for the earliest civilization of Babylonia (above 8,000 years ago) and for that of Egypt (above 13,000 years ago) are too hich by some thousands of years. The national re- ligions described In whole or in part are the Egyptian (Petrle), the Elamitlc (Pinches), the Chinese (Dukes), and the

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4=0 Tlie Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2506 Celtic (MacCulloch and Maclean) ; what Is known of the Etruscan Is summed up by Herblg, and the latest views of the Eski- mos are given by Radin and Gray. There are excellent accounts of the Jewish and Jewish-Christian sects, the Essenes, the Ebionltes, and the Elkesaites. The history of tlit- episcopate is given at length; the point of view of the writer, Darwell Stone, Principal Pusey Librarian, Oxford, is in- dicated by his speaking of the "so-called" Methodist Episcopal Church in America that is, Coke received the title "bishop," not from ordination Ay an English bishop, but from the American Methodist Confer- ence. The more spiritual side of religious life is discussed in the articles Expiation and Atonement, Faith and Experience. The first of these is composite, giving, by sepa- rate writers, the conceptions found in the lower peoples and in the great religious sys- tems (except the Vedic and the Celtic, which are treated elsewhere). Various con- ceptions of faith are described (Burns) — a simple trust (so generally), or, in the Pauline system, spiritual union with Christ, or, as dependent on its moral value, or, in the Greek view, coterminous with know- ledge; but the relation between reason and faith is not discussed. The value of re- ligious experience for knowledge of God is emphasized, and William James's sug- gestion of the great part played in ex- perience by the subliminal self is men- tioned, but not adopted. Much space is given to ethical subjects. The article Ethics (Muirhead) discusses the basis and the validity of our ethical judgments. Philosophical articles discuss Epistemol- ogy (Iverach), Error and Truth (Royce, who looks to a combination of revised Hegelian dialectics, recent Pragmatism, and modern Logic for a complete treatment of the problem of error), the Ego, Egoism, and Empiricism, Emotions (Dorner), Feel- ing (Salmond), and Fear (with criticism of the view of Lange and James that the feeling of fear succeeds, not precedes, the reactions). Finally, there are scientific ar- ticles on Evolution (Biological), Econo- mics, and the Fabian Society. Altogether, this volume of the Encyclopaedia, in the number of its articles on important sub- jects and the saneness of its judgments, is not excelled by any of its predecessors. Science The Mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies. By Le- land O. Howard, Harrison G. Dyar, and Frederick Knab. Two volumes. Washington: Carnegie Institution. Following hard upon the discovery, in 1897, that malaria is mosquito-borne, and the still more startling proof that yellow fever is carried solely by certain mosquitoes, came the reflection that virtually nothing was known about the life histories and habits of even our commonest species. Writers were still copying the treatises of Swammerdam and Reaumur and assuming that their descriptions were typical for the group. The fallacy of this was apparent to our Government entomologist, Dr. L. O. Howard, and he was convinced that a thoroughgoing monographic study of all our mosquitoes, with special reference to their biology and classification, would yield data of the utmost value from a practical standpoint. With this in mind, he applied for aid from the Carnegie Institution, and in January, 1903, a grant was made covering the three-year period within which it was supposed that the monograph could be completed. It was found impossible to finish the work in the time set, and the investiga- tions were continued through three ad- ditional years, partly by Government aid and by volunteer observers and partly at the expense of two of the authors (Dr. Dyar and Mr. Knab). Before us are the first two volumes of the mono- graph, and the remaining two are prom- ised for an early date. Volume one, the most interesting for the non-entomological reader, is devot- ed to "a general consideration of mos- quitoes, their habits, and their relations to the human species." In the five hun- dred quarto pages there are first dis- cussed in great detail the early accounts of mosquitoes, the structure of the adult, larva and pupa, the habits of adults and larvae, their natural enemies, and meth- ods of collecting, mounting, and rear- ing. The major part of the volume is given to the discussion of the relation of mosquitoes to man as disease car- riers, the economic loss they occasion, and protective and remedial work. Fol- lowing a detailed consideration of the structure of the antennae, the authors dis- sent from the generally accepted view that in the male these organs have an auditory function. The hypotheses "are founded upon the assumption that the male seeks the female and is attracted by her song," but "at least in those forms in which the antenna? of the male are most highly specialized, the males 'swarm' and the female seeks the male." Much of the general portion of the book is direct quotation, with due credit given, from various special papers, but these have been selected and interpret- ed in the light of so broad a know- ledge of the group that this bu,t adds to the value of the work. The biological discussion, especially, is rich in original observations and contains much that will be of the utmost value in the fight to control mosquitoes and the diseases they carry. The writers are careful to emphasize that they are entomologists, and not physicians or medical men, and that the portions dealing with the rela- tion of mosquitoes to disease, with the diseases themselves, and with the causa- tive organisms, are not the result of original investigations. An especially valuable original contribution to the morphology is Mr. R. E. Snodgrass's study and figure of the structure of the thorax of a mosquito. Based upon a broad comparative study of this region in insects, it may be accepted as author- itative. In the section on food habits of adults it is pointed out that, while mosquitoes have engaged the attention of man large- ly through their bites, and, hence, have been thought to be blood-suckers as a group, this is far from being the case. "There are a great many species, per- haps more than half, which never suck blood at all, while others do so but rare- ly." Elsewhere in the text it is empha- sized that much energy and money may be wasted in an effort to eradicate spe- cies which are in reality harmless to man. The moot question as to whether males suck blood seems to be effectively disposed of by pointing out that some of the mouth parts are absent or greatly reduced in the male, and that for this reason it is unable to pierce the skin. The few authentic accounts of blood- sucking males probably refer to abnor- mal individuals in which the mouth parts are fully developed. . The earliest established case of dis- ease propagated by mosquitoes was that of the transmission of various species of Filaria, small parasitic worms which live in the blood of man and animals and are supposed to be at least one of the causes of the tropical disease, elephanti- asis. Then followed the demonstra- tion of the role of the mosquito in the transmission of malaria, yellow fever, and dengue. The part played by the insect in the transmission of these dis- eases is an absolutely essential one. In the case of typhoid fever and certain other diseases, the house-fly has been of late much featured as an agent in the spread of the germs, but it serves purely as an accidental carrier. Exterminate all of the house-flies and the disease would still exist and be disseminated by other agencies, such as polluted wa- ter, or milk, or contact. Even the bu- bonic plague may be transmitted other- wise than by the flea, its normal car- rier. But the mosquito serves as the host in which is undergone a part of the life-cycle of the particular disease-pro- ducing organism carried. Exterminate all of the mosquitoes of a certain group and malaria would be absolutely stamp- ed out; exterminate certain others and yellow fever would no longer exist, it is this which has placed the fight against the mosquito on a very different plane from that against the house-fly, or cer- tain other insects. An extensive bibli- ography and well-prepared index close volume one. Volume two is made up of plates. Of these there are a hundred and fifty, Il- lustrating Important .systematic charac- ters of adults, larva', pupa, and eggs. Not only are they accurate, but Hiey meet an artistic standard rarelj exem* plified in such work. Naturally, there

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July 10, 1913] The Nation 4=± are omissions and debatable statements, but this is not the place for a detailed discussion of technical points. One is surprised to find no reference to the moot question of parthenogenesis of mosquitoes, and the omission of Kel- logg's and of Liihe's notes on the sub- ject. Metalnikoff's interesting work on the pericardial cells of mosquito larvae is overlooked and Lankester's ancient theory that these structures in insects are of the nature of ganglion cells is re- habilitated, though in a quoted section. Charles Greene Rockwood, professor emeri- tus of mathematics at Princeton since 1905, died last week at Caldwell, N. J. Professor Rockwood was born in New York in 1843, and graduated from Yale in 1864, receiving his Ph.D. degree from the same institu- tion in 1866. He was professor of mathe- matics and astronomy at Rutgers College from 1873 to 1877, and professor of mathe- matics at Princeton from 1877 to 1905. He was a member of many scientific societies, American and foreign, and contributed a number of articles on seismology to the American Journal of Science and other pe- riodicals. Drama and Music A biographical and critical study of Pierre du Ryer, the French dramatist of the seventeenth century, by Henry Carring- ton Lancaster, professor of Romance lan- guages in Amherst College, has been pub- lished by the Carnegie Institution of Wash- ington. It is a work of notable industry and scholarship, which will be of great value to the student of the foundations of the French classic stage, although it is not likely to prove very attractive to the ordi- nary reader. It is the result of conscien- tious research in the libraries of Paris and the British Museum. In its references to both ancient and modern sources, its careful analysis and comparison of dis- puted dates and accumulation of scattered details concerning the character, circum- stances, influence, and reputation of the playwright, it is admirable. Du Ryer ex- perienced his full share of the vicissi- tudes of fortune. After basking in royal favor, tasting the fruits of literary success, and triumphing over Corneille in an elec- tion to the Academy, he fell upon evil days and for years earned a precarious living by translations, which, if they added some- what to his literary renown, scarcely pro- vided him with bread. But he was blessed in his domestic relations, and of his life Professor Lancaster makes an interesting story. Unfortunately, he is less happy in dealing with the plays to whose considera- tion the great bulk of his book is devoted. His descriptions of Du Ryer's earlier and later works, which he groups under the general head of tragic-comedies, are ex- ceedingly diffuse, muddled, and indiscrim- inating. The simple truth is that most of these productions are the crudest of ro- mantic melodramas, without any dramatic significance or value whatsoever. Whatever virtue they possess is literary. He is more successful, however, in dealing with the tragedies — "Lucrece," "Alcionee," "Saul," "Esther," "Scevole" (Scaevola), and "The- mistoclde" — upon which the fame of Du Ryer now chiefly reposes. In these the stor- ies, following classical lines and making lesser demands upon dramatic invention, which was not the writer's strong point, are much simpler and more easily analyz- ed. In his purely literary observation Professor Lancaster is acute and sane and his knowledge of his subject is clearly demonstrated in his remarks upon the es- tablishment of the French classic style, Du Ryer's contribution to the fabric, and his relative position to Corneille. The book would have been twice as effective if it had been half as long, but it is a treas- ury of fact. The "Denys of Auxerre," of James Barton (London: Christophers), a play founded upon the story in the "Imaginary Portraits" of Walter Pater, is a redoubtable piece of poetical workmanship. But from the thea- tre it is barred by its confused and arbi- trary construction, its blend of the mystical and the natural, and the doleful nature of its philosophy. The scene is in Auxerre in the thirteenth century, and the theme is the tragedy, actual and spiritual, brought about by a clash between pagan and more mod- ern religious ideals. Denys, the hero of a Bacchic mask, with all the fascination of the youthful Dionysus, has, by virtue of his personal charm and his Epicurean doc- trine, become the idol of the populace and scandalized the church. Moreover he has won the love of Ariane, the daughter of the Duke, and so incurred the antagonism of her father and her military lover Philip. When his followers make a demonstration in his favor, the soldiery is let loose upon them and many of them are slain. Tempest and other portents follow, and a weird scene is enacted in the cathedral, where the bishop, to appease divine wrath, sets the people to tearing up the grave-stones, to find the bones of the patron saint and I.ut them on the high altar. From one of the sepulchres Denys appears, raving mad, and is saved from capture by a miraculous vision. When he is caught soon after- ward by the vengeful Philip he is again rescued, this time by wolves, his old forest friends, and ministers. Sheltered by a monk repentant of former persecutions, he finds solace in music, recovers his wits, and studies Christian dogmas, which are pow- erless to convince or console him. Robbed of the joy of life, and harassed by new conceptions of moral responsibility, he is hopelessly distraught, craving only know- ledge of the truth. Even Ariane, who visits him, cannot rouse him from his despair. Fleeing from her, he has a vision of the nether world, where Nephthis reviews the rise and decay of successive creeds and proclaims the inevitable resolution of all things into the primal dust. In his final phase, seeing no hope except in blind faith, love, and sacrifice, he courts contagion as a leper, and in that guise returns to Aux- erre on a festival day, and there is piti- lessly beaten to death by a mob of his former worshippers. His epitaph is spoken by the Duke, who says: "Oh, Life, he would have spelled some syllable of meaning in thee, but the light failed." The dramatic weaknesses of such a tale, even when it is regarded as prose ro- mance, are sufficiently obvious. The dreary agnosticism, and blunt disregard of re- ligious obsessions would be fatal, even if the scenic arrangement were more manage- able. But the poetic excellence of the work and the interest of the story make it fas- cinating reading. The scenes of Bacchic revelry are written in classic verse, and the incidental choruses and love passages are full of spirit and melody. Much pic- turesque imagination is displayed in the grewsome cathedral episode and in all the later adventures of Denys. Especially striking are the passionate harangue with which, recalling the freedom of the woods and hills, he finally declares his inability to accept happiness in monastic bonds, and the fanatical outburst with which he clings to faith, after the chilling visions of Nephthis. In literary quality this piece stands conspicuous among poetic plays of recent date. Next season will see an addition to the number of chamber-music organizations in this city, the Philharmonic Ensemble. It will include five of the leading players of the violin family, besides a French-horn player, and the leading wood-wind quar- tet, all of the Philharmonic Orchestra. Sev- eral well-known soloists are in the list, which includes Henri Leon LeRoy, the solo clarinet of the Philharmonic Society; A. Fayer, the first flute; August Messnard, the prominent French bassoonist, who joins the Philharmonic Orchestra next season; Xa- ver Reiter, the French-horn soloist of the Philharmonic. And Leopold Kramer, the society's concertmeister, will be among the members of the Ensemble. The literature for this combination of instruments in- cludes many interesting compositions very rarely heard in America. Paderewski will be heard on April 1 with the Philadelphia Orchestra, for whose next season the ambitious, energetic, and ad- mirable Mr. Stokowsky is preparing a fine set of programmes. Other soloists, to be heard during the winter, are Fritz Kreisler, Louise Homer, Josef Hofmann, Bonarios, Crimson, Teresa Carreno, Camille Zwecker, Mischa Elman, Horatio Connell, Harold Bauer, Thaddeus Rich, Wilhelm Bachaus, Julia Culp, Herman Sandby, Carl Flesch, Katharine Goodson, Schumann-Heink, and Kathleen Parlow. Stuttgart has just had a Swedish music festival, designed to give an impression of the present condition of the tonal art in Sweden. Apart from the eminent violinist, Henri Marteau, all the participants were from that country, and so was the music, the composers represented being Stenham- mar, Tor Aulin, Sjogren, Alfven, Peterson- Berger, Natanael, Berg, Anton Andersen, and Andreas Hallen, whose opera, "Waldo- mar's Treasure," had its first German per- formance on this occasion. The best-known of the Swedish singers heard at the festi- val were the baritone, John Forsell, and the students' choir of Upsala. Alberto Franchetti, whose "Germania" was produced at the Metropolitan a few seasons ago, with sumptuous scenery and Caruso to help it out, and whose "''risto- foro Colombo" Is to be staged in Chicago next season, is now at work on still another opera, the first scene of which is com- pleted. It is to be called "Xotte di leg- genda," and Is based on the usual style of

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4 2 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2506. blood-and-thunder story. In the last scene the soprano shoots the tenor and then be- comes a raving maniac. Tho Minneapolis Orchestra, during the season just, ended, played in fifty-two cities situated in twelve States and one Canadian province. Altogether 109 concerts were Kiven, at which 139 compositions were played, To these, 42 numbers were added by seven soloists. Londoners regard themselves as most fortunate in having as chief conductor of the Italian operas at Covent Garden this summer Signor Polacco, who also won so much admiration at our Metropolitan last season. They have found his readings of Puccini's operas a revelation, and we know on this side of the water that in "Ai'da" he rivals the brilliant Toscanini. It is gratifying to know that Polacco will conduct "Madeleine," the Victor Herbert opera accepted for performance at the •Metropolitan next winter, an opera of which he lias a high opinion. If Wagner came back to-day he would be astonished at some of the things that are done with his works. While Paris, once so hostile to him, is looking forward to three rival "Parsifals" next winter, London is to have its first taste of that music drama in the shape of moving pic- tures. With the full sanction of Frau Cosima, it is said, and with so eminent a man as Sir Henry Wood to conduct the orchestra, there will be presented at the Coliseum a series of tableaux represent- ing incidents and scenes in "Parsifal," such as the killing of the swan, the ejection of Parsifal, Klingsor hurling the spear, Parsi- fal in the hall of the Grail, etc. Perhaps this enterprise was suggested by the re- markable success of another series of mov- ing pictures started in London a few weeks ago, illustrating romantic incidents in Wagner's life. It was announced some months ago that Maurice Renaud was to create the part of Amfortas in "Parsifal" at the Paris opera, but it is also understood that he is to open Oscar Hammerstein's New York opera house in November as Don Quichotte, using a revised version specially made for him by Massenet shortly before his death. Art THE ART OF ILLUSTRATION. General dissatisfaction has been ex- pressed with the state of book and mag- azine illustration to-day. Yet when dis- cussion is narrowed down to the work of the individual illustrator, criticism usually consists mainly in pointing out particular instances where he has erred in petty details of the hero's or the heroine's personal appearance, the style of their attire, or their relative posi- tions under interesting circumstances. In other words, while the illustrator is con- stantly reminded that he is, after all, an artist, his pictures are still frankly regarded as a mere gloss on the text and are appraised accordingly. It rare- ly seems to occur to any one that there may be a connection between these two things, and that one important reason why illustration does not attain a high- er artistic standard is just because it is so rigidly subjected to a purely lit- erary standard. When virtually the only question ever asked concerning a set of illustrations is: "Do they illustrate?" the illustrator himself can hardly be blamed for failing to take his work with sufficient seriousness. The real difficulty with such work, on the whole, is, not that it does not illus- trate enough, but that it illustrates, if anything, too much — that is, that it does little else but illustrate. "Illustration must elucidate the text or adorn it; it may do both, but at all events it must be in harmony with the text," writes Mr. Weitenkampf in his recent book on "American Graphic Art." By "harmony" he does not mean to censure "the occa- sional lapse on the part of the artist, the oversight that produces an unwar- ranted change in the appearance of a character, or an anachronism in cos- tume, or the construction of a scene dif- ferently from the author's description. Such matters," he asserts, "may be left to the letter-writing reader of 'literary supplements,' who will be sure to air his discovery in his paper. Our illustra- tion has suffered not so much from such mistakes as from a tendency to parade cleverness in place of thoroughness, to dazzle the eye by a display of glitter- ing superficiality." What Mr. Weiten- kampf has in mind is something rather psychological than objective, and his protest is directed primarily against the practice of employing the same popular model for a whole range of widely di- vergent types of character. But when he says that "consideration of present- day illustration must be based on the principles of the art," more even is im- plied than this question of psychological truth. For one of the first of these princi- ples is that an illustration is a picture, and that it must therefore be treated and regarded as such, with proper atten- tion to draughtsmanship, values, and decorative design. It is this last that principally suffers through the necessity of making a drawing meet the exigen- cies of any given scene — of telling the story precisely as the author has told it, and in the most dramatically effec- tive manner. It is not that this demand is not in itself a perfectly just one, al- though the notion of drama is too often and too narrowly associated with scenes of violent action; but that in making it there is a tendency to neglect every- thing else, and even to feel that such neglect is essential to the achievement of popular success. The illustrators themselves share this feeling, and are inclined to resent any suggestions of a higher synthesis in their art. There was once an art editor who had the in genuousness to frame and hang in his effice half a dozen photographic repro- ductions of seventeenth-century Dutch genre pictures and offer them as models of what illustration might properly aspire to attain. The only result was to make him the laughing stock and the byword of nearly the whole illustrative fraternity. Perhaps there is, indeed, something to be said against such efforts to ele- vate illustration all at once to so high a level. Almost as many bad results come from over-ambition as from lack of ambition on the part of the young artist. Seeing a slight sketch in wash of a woman's head by an illustrator whose elaborate pictorial compositions were notoriously overwrought and labored, another art editor exclaimed: "If only he wouldn't ever try to do any more than just that!" To ask such an artist for a "picture" is to make him strive to carry his work to a point beyond his powers. The truth is that few of our present illustrators can compass satis- factorily more than a respectable sketch. This is as far as the brief and therefore necessarily superficial train- ing of the ordinary art school takes them. Not, however, that this institu- tion is wholly, or even principally, to blame. If there are classes in illustra- tion it is because there is a demand for them, and not because directors and in- structors believe that illustration can be taught without the same thorough- ness required by any other branch of art — can, indeed, be taught at all as a separate branch. They do their best in the short time at their disposal, and with the rather unpromising material they have to work with. For the pres- ent imperative demand for immediate instruction in illustration comes main- ly from young men and women actuated less by a genuine interest in art than by the promise of large and prompt profits on graduation. Thus our illus- trators to-day are recruited from a to- tally different class from that of the men who made American illustration what it has been in the past, and who, for the most part, after a thorough training, as painters primarily, only gradually drifted into working lor re- production. If our illustrative art of the present is decidedly inferior to what it was twenty, or even ten, years ago, in spite of so much sheer talent anil cleverness currently displayed, it is because, while there are still honest and workmanlike men in the field, they are nearly swamp- ed by the hordes of the half-trained I. worse still, unscrupulous illustrators whoso sole ambition is to make money easily, spend it freely, and ride about in big motor cars. And as the final choice between the two classes lies with t ho larger public, which shows little dis- crimination in such matters, the better

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July 10, 1913J The ISTation 43 men tend inevitably to be forced from a field which grows constantly more un- congenial in the demands it makes, and the competitive conditions it imposes. Thus illustration forms to-day merely a transition stage for most artists who practice it. And, instead of painters be- coming illustrators as before, we have now the spectacle of the ablest men starting in to paint as soon as they are pecuniarily able to do so. Of course, there are other conditions which have combined to bring about this change, which would be bound to occur inevita- bly, and to a greater or lesser extent, in any case. The art situation is rad- ically different in America to-day from what it was twenty years ago, and there are now many more rewards for the na- tive painter, part of whose earlier ten- dency to drift into illustration is to be explained by his failure to find a paying or appreciative public in any other way. But there will always be some men better fitted for illustration than for anything else, and willing to devote themselves to a kind of work which has opportunities and possibilities of its own, though so seldom recognized. What ought to be possible is to conserve and consolidate such talent in its own spe- cial channels, and to assure it such recognition and hope of reward that a hand of trained illustrators might be formed for the development of the art of the illustrated book and magazine be- yond any point that it has heretofore reached. So far, while there are isolat- ed workers here and there, there are few indications of the formation of any such band. Indeed, under present con- ditions, there is little to encourage ideal- istic enterprise in this field. And yet it would need the active cooperation of but one or two magazines or publishing houses to afford an ample basis for im- portant and far-reaching reforms. Thus it seems a pity that, in the present move- ment urging the illustrated magazine to pass over into the category of the un- illustrated, there has not as yet ap- peared one audacious experimenter will- ing to stop half-way with a magazine in which the pictures should be employ- ed with sobriety and restraint as a le- gitimate source of embellishment and interest, and no longer merely as a means of intensifying the shrill shriek of sensational fiction, or of dazzling "the eye by a display of glittering super- ficiality." W. A. Bradley. Finance FIFTY YEARS AGO. In all the voluminous reminiscences of the great battle of the Civil War, which was fought justhalfa century ago, little •or nothing has been said of what was .happening behind the armies — at Phila- delphia, which Lee himself believed that he might capture; at New York, where the network of trade communications centred which the Confederate army was breaking, and where the Stock Ex- change was registering the market's view of the fortunes of the nation. Yet dramatic chapters of history are enact- ed in such places at such times. Every one knows Thackeray's extraordinary picture of the events at Brussels on the eve of Waterloo, and every one wishes he knew exactly what was going on at Belgrade and Sofia when the Balkan troops first met the Turkish army, last October. Profound discouragement had settled on the Northern people, and profound depression on their financial markets, after the disastrous defeat at Chan- cellorsville in May. Early in June, how- ever, stocks had risen and gold had fallen. There was talk of a "rebel inva- sion of the North," but nobody took it seriously. All at once, on June 16, the newspaper headlines told the startled Philadelphians and New Yorkers that Lee had crossed into Pennsylvania, had captured Chambersburg, and was proba- bly now moving on Harrisburg or Phil- adelphia. Gold rose from 143 to 150, and the news which kept coming in was not of a character to allay misgiving. One of Lee's columns threatened Harrisburg; another turned eastward; the Governor of Pennsylvania issued this proclama- tion: To the People of Pennsylvania: If you do not wish to bear the ignominy of shirking, come forward at once! Close your places of business and apply your hearts to the work. Come in such organiza- tions as you can form. The Mayor of Philadelphia thus ad- dressed his people: In view of the urgent need for instant action, to protect the capital of your State and secure the safety of your homes, I do hereby earnestly appeal to all citizens to close their places of business, and connect themselves without delay with the existing military organizations, for the defence of the city. All this was patriotic, though just a bit hysterical. But it reflected the mood of the day, which reached its climax in an outburst of excitement when captur- ed Richmond newspapers were brought in, with editorial assurances that Gen. Lee was about to set on fire the coal fields of Pennsylvania. From such a mental state, reaction is always bound to follow; it came on June 18, when the city and the Stock Exchange had the story that the Confederate army was withdrawing. The Tribune editorially f.nnounced: "It seems almost certain that there are no rebels in force in the State of Pennsylvania." Markets rose; gold fell from 150 to 143; the strain was apparently over. This second mood continued a full veek, until June 25, when some very formidable news arrived. Lee's entire army was certainly in the State, and advancing rapidly. At Harrisburg, a dispatch reported, "during the whole of last night, long trains of wagons, laden with goods and household furniture, were entering the city," and at the same time, "many merchants here are pack- ing their goods for shipment, and peo- ple are crowding the trains for New York and Philadelphia." On June 26, the dispatches from the front reported Lee at Gettysburg, Meade approaching, and a great battle imminent. By the 29th, freight trains stopped coming east over the Pennsylvania Railroad, and all bus- iness at Philadelphia was suspended. A panic followed in Baltimore, which ex- pected immediate capture if the Union army was defeated. On July 1 the three- day fight began. It is an interesting fact that, from the moment the battle of Gettysburg actual- ly began, the New York stock market advanced and gold declined. Perhaps this reflected relief on the part of peo- ple who had been apprehensive that Lee's advance northward would not be opposed. In 1863, the 3d of July fell on Friday. For that reason, news of the furious contest of the 3d, of Pickett's charge, of its disastrous failure, and of Lee's retreat, came to New York in curi- ously fragmentary form. Even the morn- ing papers of the 4th did not realize what a stupendous victory Meade had won, and on Sunday, the 5th, no news- papers were published. The full story was not told to the North until JVIonday, July 6. What was hardly less singular was the manner in which the Vicksburg news arrived. The schoolbooks give the impression that the news of Lee's defeat, and of the fall of the great Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi, came simultaneously to an exultant Northern people on Indepen- dence Day. Pemberton did, in fact, sur- render Vicksburg to Grant on July 4; but the wires were down, communica- tion slow, and as late as July 6 the New York papers were publishing news of the continued siege of Vicksburg. Only on the 7th of July did the public learn what had actually happened there. In the midst of the general rejoi< ing of the public in the North, gold fell irom 138 to 132, but the Stock Exchange greeted the news, both from Gettysburg and Vicksburg, with a general decline. Financial reviewers, even in that early day, called it "realizing on good news." Yet one may wonder, in the light of subsequent events, whether the alert mind of the stock market may not in- stantly have taken its cue from the in- timation in the dispatches even of July (-, that Meade was neglecting to pursue Lee's broken army, and that missing his chance of dealing the final blow, the

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4:4 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2506 U&r was destined to last nearly two years longer. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. American Sociological Society Publications. Vol, VII, The Conception of Human Inter- relations as a Variant of Social Theory. University of Cbloago Press. $1.50 net. Annis, Mrs. S. F. The Noble Karl of Fleet- wood, Broadway Pub. Co. $1.50. Baker, E. A. Guide to the Best Fiction in English. New edition, enlarged. Mac- niillan. $G net. Belloc, Hilaire. The Stane Street: A Mono- graph. Dutton. $2.75 net. Bjorkman, Edwin. Voices of To-morrow. Kennerley. $1.50 net. Black, X. 11.. and Davis, H. N. Practical Physics tor Secondary Schools. Macmil- lan. $1.25 net. Boulger, D. C. Holland of the Dutch. Scribner. Browning, H. S. The Auction-Bridge Book. Dutton. $1 net. Brown, K. W. One Summer. Broadway Pub. Co. $1. Buffalo. Picture Book of Earlier. Vol XVI, Buffalo Historical Society Publications. Burpee, L. J. Humor of the North; Scouts of Empire. Toronto : Musson Book Co. 50 cents each. Conley, Emma. Nutrition and Diet: A Textbook for Secondary Schools. Amer. Book Co. 60 cents. Dilnot, Frank. The Adventures of a News- paper Man. Dutton. $2 net. Eberlein, H. D. Making and Furnishing Outdoor Rooms and Porches. McBride, Nast. 50 cents net. Ellis, A. R. Making a Garage. McBride, Nast. 60 cents net. 1 , O. O. An Introduction to Phil- osophy. Macmillan. $1.60 net. Garrett, J. C. Janice. Broadway Pub. Co. $1.25. G locker, T. \V. The Government of American Trade Unions. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. $1. Glover, T. R. The Christian Tradition and its Verification. Macmillan. $1.25 net. Hall, J. T. The Tree of Worlds. Broadway Pub. Co. $1.50. Hewett, E. L., Henderson, J., and Robbins, \V. W. Physiography of the Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico, in Relation to Pueblo Culture. Washington : Gov. Ptg. Office. Holley, Horace. The Inner Garden: A Book of Verse. Boston: Sherman, French. $1 net. Kathrens, R. D. Let's Civilize the Marriage Laws. Broadway Pub. Co. $1.25. 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The elements of French Grammar are developed from the reading material in due order and very gradually, so as to involve no knowledge of matter not treated in pre- vious chapters. Reading can De car- ried on from the very first day with isome ease and rapidity. Henry Holt&Co. $£"*£* THE PRICE OF INEFFICIENCY By FRANK KOESTER Author of "Hydroelectric Develop- ments and Engineering," etc. This book lays bare In searching anal- ysis and startling deductions, national Ilia ami weaknesses due to inefficiency. Govern- mental or non-Governmental, and largely responsible tor Hie high cost of living ami other harsh conditions. Comparisons with the methods and results of other countries give point to both constructive and destruc- tive criticism. Octavo. $2.00 net; postpaid, $2.15. THE EDUCATION OF TOMORROW By ARLAND D. 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The N aiion ^ VOL. XCVII— NO. 2507 THURSDAY, JULY 17, 1913 pit Emle. PRICE TEN CENTS LETTERS AND MEMORIALS OF Wendell Phillips Garrison Editor of the Nation (1865-1906) In one volume, crown 8vo, 300 pages, with photogravure portrait. Price $1.50 net, postpaid. During the forty-one years in which he edited the Nation, with a thoroughness, ability, and conscientious devotion unsurpassed in the records of American journalism, Mr. Garrison was an indefatigable correspondent, never employing an amanuensis, but writing tens of thousands of letters with his own hand to his contributors, who embraced practically all the leading American scholars and critics of the period. From a dozen groups of these, which have been kindly loaned by the recipients, a sufficient number of selections has been made to illustrate the relations between Mr. Garrison and his great corps of contributors, the frankness and tact which he exercised towards them, and the wide range of his interests, tastes and sympathies. The volume also contains a brief sketch of his life, a dozen of his best poems, and several of his characteristic editorials, reviews and essays, besides a fine photogravure portrait. It likewise preserves the notable letter of appreciation addressed to Mr. Garrison by more than two hundred contributors to the Nation on the completion of his fortieth year of service, and his acknowl- edgment thereof. HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY. Boston and New York THE JVLY I^SUE OF THE Harvard Theological Review includes the following articles: — A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE FIELD OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION. George Howard Parker FINALISM AND FREEDOM, Howard N. Brown THE QUEST FOR ABSOLUTE CERTAINTY L. P. Jacks TWO FORGOTTEN CREEDS, Benjamin Wisner Bacon THE MYSTICISM OF A MODERNIST, C. Delisle Burns THE FUTURE OF RELIGION, Stewart Means CHRISTIANITY AND MINISTERIAL ORDINATION. .Ambrose White Vernon RECENT BOOKS ON PREACHING AND PREACHBES Edward Hale ISSUED QUARTERLY 92.00 a year. 50 cents a copy. HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS. Elementary Psychology Suggestions for the Interpretation of Human Life By D. E. PHILLIPS, Head of the De- partment of Psychology aud Education in the University of Denver. An interesting treatment of psychology connected as a science with life and conduct. Among the chapters that touch on problems of contemporary Interest are Suggestion and Mental Healing, Magic and Spiritualism, Relation of Psychology to Evolution, Prob- lems "i Heredity and Envii Psychology, and Psychology In Literature and Ari Feeling, Instinct, imitation, lial.it. etc., an- presented simply ami treated as the springs of human conduct and the basis l'nr explaining (he more formal and teeh- oical nait of psychology. While the bOOk is a. I n I i I .1 1 il 1 adapted (or an Introductory course in high schools. normal schools, and colleges, it also pro- vides Interesting material for teachers ami reading circles or for the general i 352 i>hk«-*. Illustrated. $1.20. GINN AND COMPANY, Publishers Boston \cw York Chicago London Atlanta foliiinhiis Dallas San Francisco The PHILIPPINE PROBLEM By Frederick Chnmberlin The most up-to-date and impartial account of the American occupation and development of the Philippines yet issued. With 16 pages of Illustrations, 2">4 rnaes, 12mo. cloth, $1.50 net; by mail $1.02. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, Baston E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY All the new books and standard books ; country-house boxes of se- lected books for summer reading 681 Fifth Ave., nr. 54th St all

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11 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2507 The .Nation J WEEKLY JOURNAL. I'OUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post Office us second-class mail matter.] The Nation Is published anil owned by the New York Evening Tost Co. Oswald Garrison Villard, President; William J. Pattlson. Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor; Harold ileWolf Fuller, As. sistant Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in anv part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada $.!.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union $4.00. Address THE NATION, Box 794, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. 1 The Week 45 Editorial Articles: Breaking the Protection Spell 48 The Chief Justice on Taxing Cotton Futures 48 The Tax on Knowledge 49 The Statue Habit 50 Difficulties of the Poet 51 Special Articles: Wordsworth and Hartley 51 News for Bibliophiles 54 Correspondence : Charlotte, N. C, and Oelwein, Iowa.. 55 Cultural Education in State Institu- tions 55 English and American Snobs 56 Plural Molasses 56 Literature: The Life and Letters of John Paul Jones 56 The Catfish 57 Patchwork Comedy 58 The Monster 58 University and Historical Addresses.. 58 The Son of a Servant.— Zones of the Spirit. — Married 59 Notes 60 Science: Out with the Birds 62 Drama: Notes on German Drama 63 Music 64 Michelangelo: A Record of His Life.. 64 Fin a; i Low Ebb on the Stock Exchange 65 Bi n .i B OF THE Week. 66 • • « Copies of The Nation may be procured In Paris al ■ 4e I'OpSra ; In London Of B. IT. Stevens & Brown, 4 Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross. 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"By far the most desirable edition yet published." — [The Dial, THOMAS Y. CROWELL CO., New York LIBRARY RESEARCH rcbei made In Boston and Harvard Libra- indent and modern languages. Translation, revision of manuscripts, etc Miss M. II BUCKINGHAM, B6 Chestnut Street, Boston, Mass. The Misses Kirk's Col lege Preparatory School PENNSYLVANIA, HKYN MAWIl. Prepares for Bryn Mawr and other colleges'. Ccr- tiflcate privileges, Number of pupils I I Special schedule arranged tor each. Percentage or pupils who have entered Bryn Mawr College unusually large. Gymnastics, outdoor spurts. 15th year opens Octotx r 2, 1913. Vloi'l'ISloiVIl Kf'linnl Morristown, S. J. Col- IHUIIISIUWII 3UIUUI leKe Preparatory Board- inn School for Boys. Small classes. Supervised sports; new gymnasium. Lower School for boys 10 to 14. Advisory Board — President Hi'bben, Princeton; Dean Hurlbut, Harvard; Hev. Anson Phelps Stokes, Jr., Secretary of Yale; Dean Kep- pel Columbia; President Pritchett, Carnegie Foundation. UTILE DULCI -A few young ladles (8 at most) of good fam- ily can acquire French pleasantly, at I'Institut Familial on the outskirts of Paris. Opens Sept. 13. Write for illustrated prospectus and refer- ences to M. Chevaldin (Prof. Agre. de l'Unive.), 2i, Rue Bouquet, Rouen, France. TheWOLCOTT SCHOOL, DENVER, COL. Superior climate. Accredited with Eastern Colleges for girls. Fine music advantages. Gymnasium. DETHLEHEM PREPARATORY SCHOOL, £_J Bethlehem, Pa. Prepares for leading colleges. Catalogue. H. A. FOERING, B. S., Principal. THE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES, 1 Everett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 2a Park St., Boston 1847 U St., Washington 1~.<; Fifth Av. NewYork 316JournalBd., Portland 814-StegerBd., Chicago 343DougilasBd.,LosAngeles 317Mas.Tem., Denver 34.r;WrightBIk., Berkeley Send to any address above for Agency Manual. Hailan P. French, Prop. Vincent B. Fish. Mgr. THE ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY knows how. 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The Nation VSW rORK, THVRBDA7, JVL7 17, 1918. The Week It is not surprising, but it is extreme- ly gratifying, that an understanding was reached at the White House conference on Monday which assures the submission to arbitration of the question raised by the demands of the trainmen and con- ductors on the Eastern railways. The situation was one peculiarly favorable to such an understanding, and President Wilson showed his usual promptness and quiet decision in taking the step) necessary to bring it about. The pass- ing of the Newlands bill to amend the Erdman act was the one thing needed, and the only danger lay either in Con- gressional delay or in the terms of the bill not being satisfactory to the two sides in the dispute. Both these points were satisfactorily covered. The modi- fications unwisely pressed by Secretary Wilson have been abandoned, and the bill, almost exactly as originally drawn under the auspices of the National Civic Federation, was immediately passed by both House and Senate. For the great public benefit that has thus been obtained, thanks are specially due to Seth Low, president of the Federation, who has been unremitting in his efforts to bring about this amendment of the law. But for the fact that the ground had been so well prepared— not only in the drafting of the bill, but in the good understanding concerning it which had been established on all sides before it was sent to Congress— this opportunity for averting a colossal and calamitous strike might not have been open to the President or the country. method. But what does this signify? While the teacher is away the children will play. It would be merely neces- sary for the Colonel to emerge from the Grand Canyon, rebuke quarrelling Amos and George, and instantly the Progres- sive party would again be one and in- divisible and in the Colonel's pocket. How can there be truth in these ru- mors of a "split" in the Progressive par- ty? Is social justice divisible? Can there be two Armageddons? The evi- dence offered of lack of agreement be- tween mighty Progressive minds does not seem to us at all conclusive. It may be that Mr. Amos Pinchot feels that George W. Perkins is not exactly the man to be turned loose on the Trusts, or to cry havoc to monopolies, and that he would like some more root-and-branch There may be nice question whether the New York Legislature ought to have removed Judge Cohalan, on the charges and evidence presented against him. We can readily believe that an honest Sena- tor or Assemblyman, duly sensitive, too, on the subject of judicial purity, might conscientiously doubt whether the Co- halan case came under the intent of the Constitutional provision for removal of judges of the Supreme Court. It is that they may be removed by concurrent res- olution of both houses of the Legisla- ture, if two-thirds of all the members vote for it; but it is added that no judge must be removed "except for cause.' This "cause" had presumably to do with the Judge's behavior when he was a judge and as a judge. It must have contemplated judicial corruption or gross impropriety on the bench or scan- dalous personal conduct on the part of a judge. This being so, we must hesi- tate to affirm that the Legislature should have removed Judge Cohalan. Few culpa- ble acts touching him in his judicial capacity were proved. True, it was as a judge that he gave a sorry exhibition when the charges were made public, that he had meekly acceded to the de- mand made in the most insulting let- ter—terribly insulting if not true— that any judge can ever have received from a responsible lawyer, and that he finally made a public statement which the Bar Association declared to be "untrue and misleading." All these things are fear- fully humiliating to a judge of the Su- preme Court, but it may, we admit, fair- ly be argued that they alone were not enough to warrant the Legislature in putting him off the bench. port on the recent Stamford disaster. For that report goes far beyond the mere statement that the engineman of the second section of the passenger ex- press, who caused the collision by run- ning past the signals, "did not have the special experience and instruction required for the operation of such a train." That this should have hap- pened, even in one individual instance, would be a serious matter; but the Com- mission not only declares that there was "negligence on the part of the cor- poration" in putting in charge of such a train "an engineman inexperienced and uninstructed in this class of work," but expressly states that the New Haven Company "had no reliable method for determining the capacity of enginemen before placing them in charge of high- speed passenger trains." Thus the Stam- ford disaster is unmistakably taken out of the category of those things that are sometimes conveniently dismissed from mind as "acts of God," and em- phatically laid to the charge of a stand- ing defect in the road's management of thj gravest character. And in addi- tion to this standing neglect, relating to the selection of the enginemen, an- other is set down, having reference to the condition of the locomotives: This railroad has no proper system of checking work reports so as to determine whether or not defects reported on loco- motives are actually repaired. This lack cf supervision is dai-.gerous, and it ought not to be permitted to continue. It is seldom that the responsibility for a railway accident is put so square- ly on the shoulders of the company's management as is done by the Inter- state Commerce Commission in its re- The New Haven Company has issued a reply in which it attempts to break the force of that part of the Commis- sion's censure which relates to the qual- ifications of the engineman. "The In- terstate Commerce Commission," it says, "fails to state that the employ- ment of this engineer was practically forced upon the New Haven Railroad by the engineers of this company." And it goes on to cite the terms of an agree- ment entered upon between the engi- neers and the company relating to the employment of spare engineers. As a defence on the part of the com- pany, this is puerile. In the first place, the language of the ment appears to be quite broad enough to permit the exercise of any precau-

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46 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2507 tions that may be necessary to insure efficiency and safety; it makes refer- ence both to competency and to the "re- quirements of the service." And in the sec 1 place, if the agreement is not to be so understood — if it is an agreement that prevents the company from taking such measures as are demanded for the safety of its passengers — the company was guilty of criminal dereliction of •duty in entering into it at all. We believe, and have heretofore so stated, that the question whether and to what extent trade-union pressure interferes with the proper working of the rail- ways is one that the Commission should thoroughly investigate; but it is im- possible, upon any view of it, to re- lieve the New Haven Company of re- sponsibility for such a condition of things as is pointed out in the Commis- sion's report. As the report itself says — apparently anticipating the company's reply: The determination of the ability, fitness, or qualifications of an engineman is the duty of the railroad itself. It was not delegated to any other organization, nor could it be so delegated. It was neither delegated nor performed. It was neglected. Gov. Foss's announced determination to transfer to Canada part of the opera- tions of the machinery-manufacturing company which he controls will hardly of itself create a tremendous stir in the country, or cause Congress to shrink back appalled from the passing of the tariff bill whose prospective enactment appears to have been the drop that caus- ed the cup of Mr. Foss's troubles to over- flow. And the fiery broadside with which he accompanies the announce- ment is of such a character as to miti- gate, rather than enhance, with level- headed men the effect of the announce- ment itself. He tells us that there has been "going on for many years," all over the United States, "among the principal manufacturers" a movement towards the establishment of plants in Canada, and that this has resulted in the investment in these Canadian plants of "from three to five hundred million dollars of Amer- ican capital." Well, if all this is so, it looks as if we had been able to stand the thing pretty well, doesn't it? And as to what is going to happen in the future, Mr. Foss's warning cry would have more chance of creating the terror it is meant to excite if it were a little less shrill and hysterical. "If we are to continue to meet our foreign obliga- tions," he declares, "pay for foodstuffs and raw materials imported, and avoid actual national bankruptcy, an expanded market for American manufactures is absolutely imperative." Mr. Foss doesn't pretend that lowering the tariff, even without reciprocity, will diminish our sales of manufactures in foreign mar- kets, which have been growing by leaps and bounds; and the man that can talk about something having to be done to stimulate those sales in order to "avoid national bankruptcy" is simply indulg- ing in ignorant and sensational rant. It always takes time after a Legisla- ture adjourns for any one to find out just what it did. Even the members do not know. Pennsylvania now learns that its wise men at Harrisburg appro- priated nearly $90,000,000 for the next two years, while the estimated receipts for the period fall $27,000,000 short of that sum. The duty of making both ends meet having thus been jauntily ig- nored by the legislators, Gov. Tener must attend to it. He has the power of vetoing separate items, the Legislature apparently reasoned. Accordingly, mem- bers got the largest appropriations they could for charitable and other institu- tions, private as well as public, in their respective districts, so that, even after the Governor's knife had gone through the bill, something might be left. This is legislation upon the principle of the huckster who puts a high price upon his wares, expecting to be forced to lower it. A movement to "recall" Judge Lind- sey illustrates the topsy-turvy condi- tion of our politics since last August. The recall, it is to he remembered, is meant for the enemies of the people. "Ben" Lindsey is on the side of the peo- ple. His picturesque and vigorous lan- guage at the Chicago Convention proved that. Only Heney rivalled him in this display of innate patriotism. Yet there are women in Denver who are planning to ask Lindsey some questions, and to invoke the sacred instrument of the re- call if he does not answer satisfactor- ily. They declare that the conduct ot his court is "loose"; ' that he lets of- fenders of certain kinds off with ligbt sentences. It is also charged that the juries of his famous juvenile court are not guarded as they should he. In- stances are mentioned in which the jury, failing to come to an agreement, exchanged notes with the judge, after which a verdict was speedily handed up. This, it is thought by some in Denver, does not look well. Hitherto, Judge Lind- sey has regularly triumphed over his enemies, and these triumphs have gen- erally been regarded as victories for de- cency. It is to be hoped that he can vindicate himself now, and thus escape being hoist with the Progressive petard. The discovery that noise is not a ne- cessity may turn out to be one of the great achievements of the twentieth century. So long as racket was thought an indispensable element of progress, we minimized its evils. But now we are finding that it causes more harm than even discomfort. Indianapolis has be- gun a campaign for greater quiet. The point insisted upon there — as it has also been in this city — is the bad effect of noise upon the schools. The report of a wide investigation just concluded says that good work under present conditions is possible only if the windows are clos- ed; that is, at the price of health. The committee further declares that 85 per cent, of the noises in the neighborhood of school buildings are capable of being abated. It suggests the creation of "zones of quiet," the repaving of cer- tain streets with noise-absorbing mate- rial, the location of school buildings with reference to immunity from dis- turbance. As soon as we care as much about doing away with unnecessary noise as we care about the things for the sake of having which we endure the noise, our cities will be revolutionized. Efforts to limit the suffrage in South Carolina to "white men of intelligence and character" meet peculiar difficulties. To exclude all negroes, regardless of in- telligence and character, was easy. The test of literacy, or owning three hun- dred dollars' worth of property, shut out the bulk of them, while admitting most of the white men. The latter were fur- ther provided for by solicitude for "the heroes of the *60's," and for all other white men who became of age before January 1, 1898, all of whom had the opportunity of registering under the "special temporary 'understanding' I l;,u;;. o! thfi ('"iistililtion ( IS'.!!",. The few deserving while men not thui tak

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July 17, 1913] The Nation 4=7 en care of must, as a defender of the law remarks, be young, with time to learn to read and write. For "many a negro learned as much after emancipa- tion"! Yet what do we see? The un- grateful white man who happens to be illiterate calmly goes to the primary and assists in the selection of candi- dates, and his better educated fellows go to the polls a few weeks later and ratify his and their choice. Thus "the rising generation are encouraged to lack of ambition to excel the negro"! Ap- parently, nothing remains, after all this endeavor to rouse the illiterate white man to his duty, except to take away from him the right to participate in the primary. Tuesday of last week was Count Zep- pelin's seventy-fifth birthday, which he celebrated in the happiest fashion by Bteering his twentieth airship on her maiden voyage. Germany has lost none of her enthusiasm for this conqueror of the air. Every city has a Zeppelinstrasse or Zeppelinplatz; his movements are chronicled like those of royalty; his pic- ture is in every shop-window. His re- cent flight to Vienna gave rise to anoth- tr outburst of national pride, for Ger- many still leads all the world in lighter-than-air craft, even though a French dirigible has flown higher and faster than any Zeppelin thus far. But every new Zeppelin craft is an improve- ment upon its predecessor, and the Count loses none of his fondness for new ventures. He is a veteran of our own Civil War, yet the Berlin newspapers reported two weeks ago that his last visit to that city was due to a desire to consult with the Government in re- gard to a flight across the Atlantic to the United States. If he really puts his mind upon it we may yet see him sail- ing into New York. On this side of the water few have any conception of the development of this branch of aerial transportation. The cable brought the news last week of the founding of a British company to start a dirigible service between London and Manchester and other cities, and also between London and Paris. In Ger- many the Zeppelin Company has ships at Berlin, Hamburg, Leipzig, and Baden- Baden which make almost daily flights — one of them reported one hundred successive air voyages last summer without the slightest mishap of any kind. A month ago a navy Zeppelin, with a na- val crew, left Berlin at 12:30 o'clock on a moonlight night, cruised to Hamburg, and then out to the island of Riigen in the North Sea; returning to the coast it came down on the water and lay there for half an hour. On rising, it roam- ed about the coast, and then, flying back, reached Berlin in comfort and ease at 7:30 o'clock. So remarkable an an- nihilation of space as this is now deem- ed worthy of only a few lines in the Ber- lin newspapers. Inevitably, one won- ders what such a ship will not be capa- ble of in another six years — it is but six since Zeppelin made his first suc- cessful flights in the Zeppelin III. Shall we be hearing then of round-the-world competitions? When education is modernized in Eng- land, it is done in the most conservative stronghold. Old Etonians have remark- ed with amazement the report that the boys liked their lessons! As the Head- master of Harrow pointed out recently at speech-day, new ideas have made the past year noteworthy. Besides more elective courses, the curriculum is changed. "In teaching English the boys are set one serious book, and also such a volume as Jefferies's 'Gamekeeper at Home.' If they once start the 'bait book' as a lesson, they finish it volun- tarily, and so acquire soon a taste for literature." American teachers would see nothing new in this idea, nor in making mathematics practical, not ex- perimental, or emphasizing living over dead languages. And if the change re- quires a new version of Shakespeare's schoolboy creeping sluggishly to school, another result also is familiar here. "A great many boys wish to specialize in science, till the science school is full; and the number in modern branches is steadily increasing." Passage of the Irish Home Rule bill for the second time serves to fix atten- tion afresh upon the actual working of the Parliament Act. Under it, the Com- mons will simply need to pass the bill a third time, and then it will be- come law without the consent of the House of Lords. That cannot occur, however, until about a year from now; for the Parliament Act provides that, in the case of bills made law despite the objection of the Lords, two years must have elapsed from the date of the second reading of the bill on its first passage through the Commons. That date was, in the case of the Home Rule bill, May 9, 1912. It is also necessary to send the bill to the Lords, on each occasion of its passing, at least one month before the end of the session. Compliance with these two conditions is expected to make the earliest day on which the King can give his consent to the bill, notwith- standing the dissent of the Lords, about June 12, 1914. Thus it appears that the upper house retains full power of ob- struction for rather more than two years. Monday's statement by Sir Edward Grey in the House of Commons, that there was no possibility of action by the Powers to force an armistice upon the warring Balkan states, and that they must fight on till exhausted, was proba- bly not intended to be so pessimistic as it sounds. He may have intended it as a warning to Bulgaria to agree with her adversaries quickly, lest harder terms be exacted later. The actual military status is still confused. But there ap- pears to be no doubt that the Bulgarian troops have met with terrible reverses at the hands both of the Servians and the Greeks. The earliest news, sent by Bulgaria's old stand-by, Lieut. Wagner, was of brilliant victories by the Bul- garian generals; but this was never con- firmed, and now even at Sofia the best that can be said is that Gen. Ivanoff con- ducted a masterly retreat. But the cor- respondents with the Greek and Servian armies speak of this retreat as a disas- trous rout. With Rumanian troops oper- ating unopposed in Bulgarian territory, there can be no mistaking what has happened to Bulgarian military power. It has been badly broken just at the time when the German military experts were predicting that it would prove invincible. All their talk was of Bul- garia speedily making herself dominant in the Balkans, and becoming a verita- ble Orossmacht with which Russia would have to reckon. This is the sec- ond time within a year that the German army men have placed their money on the wrong horse. It will be remembered that they were confident that Turkey would show her military superiority.

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4=3 The ]STation [Vol. 97, No. 2507 BREAE INQ THE PROTECTION SPELL The forces that have gone to the cre- ation of the present tariff-reform situa- ti m in this country arc many. Possibly t e "high cost of living" is entitled to it place. Perhaps next to this should bo placed the connection between tariff protection and the promotion and sheltering of monopolies. But whatever may have been at the bottom of the change that has taken place in public S( ntiment, the thing that has been most distinctly visible, the thing that has ex- pressly stirred the feelings of the peo- ple, is a certain moral element, an ele- ment that forms part of that whole vr.st stirring of reform impulses which has been manifested in so many ways during the past half-score years. When the Payne-Aldrich bill was drawn in the good old way, when the country was '1 ade to feel that, after all that had come and gone, the protected interests still regarded the fixing of tariff rates as a matter in which their desires came first and the claims of the mass of the people second, the demand for a genuine reform of the tariff acquired a potency that had been unknown since the days of the Cleveland campaign. Accordingly, from the standpoint of American public sentiment, the break in the protectionist system that we are on the point of accomplishing presents itself chiefly in the light of emancipa- tion from a sordid tyranny, the shaking off of an influence injurious to us eco- nomically and still more injurious to us as a source of political corruption and de- moralization. But there is an additional aspect of the matter in which we may well take keen satisfaction. If the tar- iff reform now on the eve of consumma- tion shall prove successful — if, whether cwing to the nature of things or to fa- voring fortune, the country shall enjoy business prosperity during the next two or three years — there will be as much reason to rejoice in the breaking of the intellectual fetters with which protec- tionism had bound us as in our asser- tion of political soundness or in the material relief afforded by the reduc- tion of tariff burdens. So rapid are the changes in the tone of political opin- lon, and so short is political memory apt to be, that it requires a distinct effort ill the state of mind in which the country rested during about ten years after the protectionist policy regained Its supremacy with the enactment of the Dingley bill. The concurrence of hard times with tariff reduction and of the return of prosperity with the re- turn of high protection was as complete as circumstances could make it; and presently, even among persons who had formerly been quite hospitable to tariff reform, it came to be the habit to think of a high protectionist tariff as a per- manently established part of our nation- al policy. "You may argue tariff reduc- tion till you are black in the face," such was the current view, "but the Ameri- can people will have none of it. Better accept the accomplished fact, and don't disturb business for a thing that hasn't a ghost of a chance of ever being adopted." But never is a long word; and in point of fact within the space of a dozen years there took place a change not only beyond what in the then prevailing opinion was possible, but a change far beyond anything that the most hopeful of tariff reformers could have looked for. When one realizes the character of that change it strikes one as almost ludi- crous. For we are not only making a severe cut in the tariff, upon radical anti-protectionist principles, but the pro- cess is going through with so little pro- test that one is hardly aware that there is a protectionist party in the country. There will, of course, be some good old- time protectionist speeches in the Sen- ate. There are a certain number of pro- tectionist newspapers that are keeping up a line of talk against the bill, and predicting disaster as its consequence. But for anything like a great and power- ful protest, anything even remotely sug- gesting that violence is being done to the settled sentiment of the nation, we look round in vain. That this state of mind will be lasting we do not assert; whether it will or not depends in no small measure on the accidents of eco- nomic conditions, agricultural and finan- cial. But surely as things stand now, protection's long spell is broken. This change in the attitude of our country towards protection is calculated to have a powerful effect beyond our own borders. For fifty years, the exam- ple of America has been one of the po- tent stimuli to protectionism in Eu- rope. One of the greatest difficulties that have been encountered by English leaders in maintaining their country's splendid isolation among the great na- tions of Europe in the matter of free trade has lain in the fact that not only were the militarist nations of the Euro- pean Continent committed to the protec- tionist policy, but that the great Ameri- can Republic was the most extreme, and apparently the most irreclaimable, of the devotees of that policy- The mani- fest-destiny argument was one of the most telling in the whole of Mr. Cham- berlain's collection of protectionist ap- peals; he was constantly insisting that the ideas of Cobden and Bright had been made obsolete by the logic of facts; all the world, except England, had turned its back on them, and it was mere stu- pidity for her to persist in the face at once of adversity at home under free trade and prosperity abroad under pro- tection. The steadfastness of the free- traders soon had its reward in the demo- lition of one half of the Chamberlain argument by the return and persistent growth of business prosperity in Eng- land; but the other half, the apparent- ly fixed committal of all the rest of the world to the protectionist doctrine, has remained. When our new tariff law is passed, opponents of protectionism throughout the world will be heartened, and in England the preservation of the iree-trade principle will be further in- sured. The maintenance and success of the law will mark the first great break in that hold of protectionism among the leading nations of the world, other than England, which may be dated from Bismarck's adoption of the policy some lorty years ago. THE CHIEF JUSTICE ON TAXING COTTON FUTUHEX. The Democratic Senate caucus having agreed to add to the tariff bill a clause taxing contracts for future delivery of cotton, evidently on the theory that it would be a popular measure, must be surprised at the volume of protests against it. These are coming in great numbers from the South, where the best newspapers and chambers of com- merce and reputable business nun lo lie (if one mind oil Hie folly ol' 1 1n- proposal. 'I'l'" hasty Senators would have done well in looh back in liar project in 1892. in that •• ache to tax futures ami opt before the Senate, and its defeat was due in good pari in a im« erful i

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July 17, 1913] The Nation 49 against it by a Southern Senator. He was Senator from Louisiana. His name was Edward I). White. His strong con- tention that such a tax would be utter- ly repugnant to the Constitution of the United States, lias a certain significance to-day owing to the fact that he is at present Chief Justice White of the Unit- ed States Supreme Court. His Constitutional argument, twenty- one years ago, went to several points. The tax was discriminatory. It singled out certain products — the plan at that time was to tax futures in wheat and corn and pork and some other things — and omitted others. This would be even more forcible to-day, when it is pro- posed to tax cotton alone. Furthermore, it was pointed out by Senator (now Judge) White that the tax would be upon a form of contract which the courts had held to be valid. It was not a- gambling transaction that was to be penalized. State courts and Federal courts — including the Supreme Court — had decided that contracts for future de- livery were perfectly lawful, provided that either of the parties had "an hon- est intention to deliver." But the argu- ment upon which Mr. White in 1892 laid most stress was that the proposed tax was a fraud on its face. It pretended to be a revenue measure. In reality it was a punitive statute. And what Sen- ator White declared that the Supreme Court would do to such a bill, if it ever came before it, has great pertinence at a time when he is the presiding justice of that court. The language which he said that the judges would use to Con- gress when a measure taxing future con- tracts was challenged as being unconsti- tutional, was as follows: When you have called the statute one thing and the very terms of the statute in- dicate another thing, and that other thing is outside of the power of Congress, then it is not a statute at all. but a violation of authority, and we strike it from the sta- tute books. This is directly pertinent to the tax on cotton futures now proposed. It is offered as part of a bill "to provide reve- nue." But everybody knows that this is not the real intention. The purpose is to mulct a certain form of trading. By so taxing contracts for future deliv- ery of cotton that the dealer would have to pay $50 extra on a hundred bales, the intent is obvious to punish and abolish that established method of doing busi- ness. This was the aspect of the mat- ter which most stirred Senator White's indignation as a lawyer, and which could hardly fail now to enter into any decision which he might have to make as a judge. He affirmed that, under the pretence of exercising the taxing power to raise money for carrying on the gov- ernment, "we have breathed into this law a living lie," and "declared that our purpose is to tax for revenue, when every line and letter of the bill says that it is not an exercise of the taxing power at all, but an attempt to destroy." Mr. White discussed the tax on State bank notes, which the Supreme Court upheld, and also the oleomargarine tax, both of which, he maintained, could be discriminated from the tax on futures. What the Supreme Court would say to the latter, he put in words which would seriously embarrass any lawyer having to argue its Constitutionality before the present Chief Justice: Where the face of the statute shows no tax, where the face of the statute itself eliminates all human possibility of the ex- ercise of the taxing power for revenue, then I say the mission of jurisdiction is given to the courts of this land to brush that statute away for its flagrant and open violation of the Constitution. On the practical side, Mr. White's speech was powerful, and is still worth reading. He had fortified himself with knowledge of the entire development of the trade in cotton, and had the methods of buying and selling, with the history of prices, at his fingers' ends. He had no difficulty in showing that the system of cotton futures had been devised to meet pressing business exigencies, and that, on the whole, it had wrought great benefits, the chief of which had inured to the cotton-grower. The latter is no longer exposed to the old alternations of glutted and empty markets, but can count upon steady prices, based on ac- tual crop conditions, with as much cer- tainty as can traders and manufactur- ers. The whole question was, indeed, threshed out in Mr. White's speech in the Senate of July 21 and 22, 1892. It is just as true of the tax on cotton futures now as it was then that, in addition to being almost certainly unconstitutional, it is a proposal based on ignorance or I rejudice. From the folly of having tem- porarily approved of it, the Democratic Senators should retreat as soon as and with what dignity they can. THE TAX ON KNOWLEDGE. The phrase, "the tax on knowledge, " was originated by Bright and Glad- stone some fifty years ago, when they were attacking and seeking to make odious the English paper duties. These were so high as to make the publica- tion of newspapers very expensive. Any- thing like a cheap press was impossi- ble; and as the only hope of success for the Liberal policies lay in the freest popular discussion, Bright and Glad- stone struck hard at the tax which was most effective in preventing it. They were able first to reduce and finally to abolish the paper duties. Naturally, they were opposed and sneered at. by Lord Robert Cecil, afterwards Lord Salisbury, then spokesman for the Tories. He ask- ed what could possibly be learned by an educated person from a newspaper, and declared that it was a "prostitution" ot terms to "talk of this tax on the penny papers as a tax on knowledge." One would scarcely have expected to find American Democrats of 1913 sym- pathizing with the Tory view of 1854. Yet in one of the changes made by the Senate Democrats in the clauses of the tariff relating to books, there is dis- played a reactionary spirit hostile to the freest possible diffusion of know- ledge. We refer particularly to the pro- posal to lay a duty of 15 per cent, on books printed in foreign languages. Such books have been entitled to free importation for a great many years. Even the McKinley bill put on the free list "books and pamphlets printed ex- clusively in languages other than Eng- lish." The Wilson bill retained that pro- \ision intact. So did the Dingley bill of 1897. In the Payne-Aldrich bill 01 1909, the phraseology was changed so as to make it more liberal, the words being "printed chiefly in languages other than English." That form was Kept in the Underwood bill as it passed the House, but it was stricken out bj the Senate Finance Committee; so that, if it has its way, books in French and German and other foreign languid will be taken from the free list anr" made to pay the general duty of 15 p< • cent, on all books imported that were printed less than twenty years ago. That this is a step backward D edfl no arguing. It would deprive the scholar of his tools, the book-lover of his satisfactions. And to what end? Is there

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50 The ZLST a, t i o 11 [Vol. 97, No. 2507 here any question of a homo industry to protect? Books in foreign languages are not printed in this country to any ap- preciable extent. No; the duty must be intended for revenue, which means that it is a tax, and a tax on teachers and readers, a tax on knowledge. The Dem- ocratic Senators left in the bill the pro- vision making Bibles free. They ought to take a free Bible and read in it the passage about the people perishing for lack of knowledge. Then they might ask themselves what the people will think of legislators who would levy a tax to make knowledge more difficult of access. It is not necessary to spend words on this new tax. Indeed, it is so illiberal and so uncalled for that we are inclined to think that the Senate Committee was inadvertently betrayed into proposing it. For it is only fair to say that some or the other provisions of the bill relating to the importation of books are an im- provement over anything we have had. In the first place, the duty is reduced. It has been 25 per cent. Even the Wilson bill of 1894 — though doubtless against the personal wishes of its author — placed the duty at that figure. But now it is to be reduced to 15 per cent. This will mean a distinct gain to large classes of readers. Moreover, there is one gen- erous and comprehensive clause added ty the Democratic Senators. They put upon the free list "all textbooks used in schools and other educational institu- tions." This would, of course, cover books in any language, and would be a real boon to many. But such an enlight- ened provision only makes one wonder the more how those who framed it could Lave adopted so benighted a plan as that of clapping a tax on books in for- eign languages. The thing cannot en- dure discussion; and we are very con- fident that, either by the Senate itselt or at the demand of the House in confer- ence committee, this proposed tax on knowledge will be dropped. It is incon- ceivable that President Wilson could give it countenance for a moment. THE STATUE HABIT. News came the other day of a propos- al in Kansas to have the statue of Sen- ator Ingalls withdrawn from the Hall of Statuary at Washington. It sprang not from any who denied his merits, but from those who were anxious to keep his fame green. They objected that his inclusion in the Hall had done him any- thing but honor, and that he only shar- ed there the ridicule that many visitors shower upcn the figures in the American Pantheon. And they argued that a repu- tation in need of no statue had only been lowered by giving it a memorial so common as to have lost all distinc- tion. The suggestion of this incident lies not so much in criticism of the in- congruities and artistic deficiencies of the collection in the Capitol as in a gen- eral reflection upon the whole cheapen- ing practice of Americans — and others — of hastily setting up permanent tributes to any man for whom a community feels a temporary enthusiasm. The im- pulse to anticipate history's verdict is long-standing; and it is a wholesome reaction that makes people certain of a great name reluctant to range it with those to whom immortality has been prematurely decreed. This memorial instinct should be chas- tened without either dulling public ap- preciation of great characters, or check- ing attempts at a distinctive civic art. A youthful nation will not lack eagerness to honor its heroes, or to set idealized figures before its children. But the ef- tort to do this defeats both history and art when it fails in just proportion. What is objectionable is not that cities remember their founders, or persons con- nected with their development, as they have done from Pennacook with Han- nah Dustin to Salt Lake City with Brigham Young. This means of giving spirit and tradition to a town's atmos- phere, and of granting local notoriety a continued local currency, will deceive no one. But what is harmful is for a community to set itself up as arbiter of a broader fame. It was proper, no doubt, for Galena, to erect a statue to Grant at his death. But for Dayton at cnce to distinguish the late Orville Wright in the way Washington has just distinguished Dr. Samuel P. Langley would be less clearly defensible. The rep- utation of statesmen is still more pre- carious. Even our short history shows us Chief Justices and Presidents that are now thought scarce worthy a pedestal. But the worst follies of all, as Coventry Patmore once pointed out, are in the cases of recent writers and artists. Just standards of taste seldom chime with popular moods; many a Tupper lives famous to die unknown, and many a Bulwer dies famous to sink into obliv- ion; and even "just standards of taste," trom Caroline to Georgian to Victorian times, undergo reversals that leave one generation laughing at the mistakes of the last. To convert these generalizations into specific instances is easy. From Akron, with its statue of Col. Simon Perkins, to Yonkers, with a statue of John Watts, city calls unto city names that even specialists in American history would not recognize. Passing over hurried, cosmopolitan New York, and the Chi- cago of stock-yards and grain-elevators, we find the third city of the land, Phil- adelphia, honoring a list that runs: Baldwin, Caldwell, Davis, Dodge, Drexel, Forrest, and so forth — names whose in- itials furnish no clue to their identity. It is true, pause was made to honor Co- lumbus, and Dickens and Little Nell. Such a city as Hartford, which could not well avoid statues to Thomas Hook- er, Nathan Hale, and Israel Putnam, in- cluded with them Brownell, Bucking- ham, Colt, Davenport, Hubbard, Knowl- ton, G. A. Stedman, and Horace Wells. These men had doubtless earned a civic wreath; but had they earned more? In- c.ianapolis's taste is manifest in her list of seven men, all connected with the city's life, and all but the last, an able early Governor, widely known: George Rogers Clark, Schuyler Colfax, Benja- min Harrison, Thomas A. Hendricks, Oliver P. Morton, and James Whitcomb. And if some cities, like Chicago, which has memorials to Lincoln and Douglas, and to a host of foreigners from Hans Christian Andersen to Von Humboldt, have few native great, they have given their streets inspiration with represen- tatives of the ancestor-nations of pres- ent-day Americans. But in general the land is cluttered with stones that try ineffectually to lift leaden names out of the dust, and that only choke the plant that grows on no mortal soil. As we have said, those who advocate caution in rearing public monuments must be cautious themselves. But only those who conceal a grudge against his- torical truth and true greatness can fail to wish the extravagances of the move- ment checked. In other lands, Minis- ters and committees — and they have made some sorry mistakes — choose tho subjects for such civil honors. With us they are elected by popular acclaim. It

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July 17, 1913 J The Nation 51 ia therefore public restraint, and pa- tience to abide the decree of time, that must be learned. Nothing has been said of the artistic aspect of the question. The real virtue of any sculpture must depend chiefly on its execution. A coun- try with such work as that of French, MacMonnies, and Saint-Gaudens cannot be accused of inability to do justice to worthy subjects; and the best art is not nurtured on wide devotion to com- monplace themes. DIFFICULTIES OF THE POET. Reports that the Laureateship would be abolished, or, at least, that no one would be appointed to take the laurel scarcely greener from the brows of Al- fred Austin, were denied last week in the House of Commons. The Prime Min- ister stated that he intended to name a Poet Laureate. He did not say when or whom. To the suggestion that the hon- or might be made more broadly liter- ary, and be bestowed upon a man whose fame did not chiefly rest on his poetry, Mr. Asquith did not accede. A poet the Laureate has been and a poet he must continue to be. Doubtless the Premier feels that it would, in a way, be doing aespite to poetry not to keep up this of- ficial recognition of it. Notwithstand- ing all the complaints that English poetry is going sterile, the public desire to discover and to delight in poetical distinction is apparently as keen as ever — almost pathetically so. Say as despair- ingly as we may that the age is given over to material pursuits, there are al- ways to be heard voices crying out eag- erly, with Clough, "Come, poet, come!" In a recent lecture on "The Future of English Poetry," Mr. Edmund Gosse touched upon the great difficulties which the poet has now to encounter. These relate as much to his art as to his audi- ence. There is an immense demand for freshness of expression. It is laid upon his own heart by the poet, as well as echoed in his Bar from the outside. Why should he merely seek to say over again the simple, obvious, even poignant things that have already been said? He must strive for something new, either in theme or form. Rendering of the primitive natural emotions has already been done, even to satiety. Language has nearly gone bankrupt. Hence it was probable, argued Mr. Gosse, that we should find future poets inclining more and more to symbolic and subtle forms of verse. In their horror of the trite, they would endeavor to produce an ef- fect by "wrapping the truth in dark- ness." Mr. Gosse's rather dismal con- clusion was: The domain of verse had been persist- ently narrowed by the incursions of a more and more powerful and wide-embracing prose. No ode or threnody could equal in vibrating passion Capt. Scott's last testa- ment. The poetry of the future was likely to be very much occupied with subjects, and with those alone, which could not be ex- pressed in the prose of the best-edited newspaper, and he believed that the closing up of the poetic field would isolate the poet from his fellows. That was likely to lead them to band themselves more closely together for mutual protection. He also thought it very likely that sexual love might cease to be the predominant theme in lyrical poetry. The poetry of the future might not improbably become more and more dramatic, although perhaps by a se- ries of acts of definite creation, rather than as the result of observation, which would be left to the ever-increasing ardoitness of the brilliant masters of our prose. That such tendencies as Mr. Gosse in- dicates are actually operative need not be denied. There is a poetical school of over-refinement. Some think they will be heard for speaking dark oracles. Cer- tain minds lose themselves in their own windings, and fancy that they can make poetry out of their efforts to extricate themselves. But such twisted obscurity of thought and style has never been characteristic of the great English poet- ry, nor is it of the best to-day. Sub- tleties are distinctly not in the move- ment. They are not the manner of Al- fred Noyes or Stephen Phillips or Mase- fleld. Broad and large effects still have their appeal. Nor need the old sim- plicities of nature and of life be given up as now hopelessly banal. Almost at the very time Mr. Gosse was lecturing, a volume of verse by a new writer was making its appearance, about which com- petent critics are enthusiastic on ac- count of its strong and fresh handling of immemorial subjects. We have not yet seen the book, George Bartram's "England's Garland," but judging by some of the published extracts, it does not seem a great exaggeration to speak of him, as does the Manchester Guar- dian, as "a remarkable new poet."' II is note is clear and full and, what is to the present point, sounds ancient Eng- lish themes. This shows that, after all, it is strong and original handling that matters in these things. Mr. Bartram's poem is long and ambitious. It is va- ried by making old masters of English song reappear. Here, for example, are the lines which begin a sort of medita- tion by Andrew Marvell: In glade remote of greenwood olden, long miles away from road and town, When wheat is sere and barley golden, and Sol hath burned the pastures brown, Most sweet it is to walk, when dies the splendor of the western skies. Tall elm and beech, the white birch limber, the ash thick hung with golden keys, The sturdy oak, stout lord of timber, the goodly glade is rich in these, But the dark yew is king enorm, whence fork the alleys cruciform. Nothing wire-drawn about that! Mr. Bartram does not find it necessary to wrap his truth in darkness. He enters with frank joy into the spirit of the countryside, and seeks to refashion the old lineaments of nature and of life to modern needs. And he has a kind of exultant "valediction" which it is in- structive to set, both for form and sub- stance, against the somewhat depressing view of men like Mr. Gosse. We quote some of the lines: What weakling urges that the starry nights In woodland wanton with the joyous sprites, In meadow peopled with the tripping fays, Have fled for ever, and our souls are borne In endless circuit of the Streets forlorn? Who sings a requiem for the golden days? Some vagrant wizard may the track pursue, The maze unravel, and the spell renew, And wake the singing of the vanished quires. Vast Tree of Empire, shallow hirelings say The sign is on thee of a swift decay, That, foul and secret at thy deepest core. Dread canker nestles of the worm of doom, And thou art barren of the goodly bloom Thy olden vigor in such bounty bore. . . . It is not so: thy heart is still immune Of that gray mischief, and a coming June, Instinct with virtues of the South serene, Shall shape thy blossoms in the primal mould, Heap thy broad members with a fruit of gold. And dower thy foliage with eternal green! WORDSWORTH AND HARTLEY. In the development of Wordsworth to- wards an aesthetic and philosophy of life there are two important steps, after his graduation from Cambridge and his en- forced return from France in 1793. The first, his enthusiastic acceptance of the philosophy of William Godwin, begin- ning in 1793 and continuing to about 1795, has been made out with tolera- ble distinctness. The second step, last- ing from about 1795 to 1797, and cover- ing the period of his recovery from the moral despair induced by his belief in the evil results of Godwinianism, is not so clear. In "The Prelude" Wordsworth

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The ISTatiom [Vol. 97, No. 2507 . credits his sister Dorothy with main- taining for him a saving intercourse with his true self, and preserving him still a poet. This explanation of the manner in which he arrived at the view > life and art shown in the volume of 1798 is not at all satisfactory; for it dois not explain why, between the years L795 and 1798, he found a set of doc- trines more or less worked into a sys- 'cin which contain the essential Words- vorth as we know him. I wish briefly to indicate that the inspiration and source of Wordsworth's principles was the philosophy of David Hartley's "Ob- servations on Man, his Frame, his Duty, and his Expectations," 1749, as derived from a study of the system itself and as interpreted in the light of Hartley's most enthusiastic disciple, Samuel Tay- lor Coleridge. I. In the "Lyrical Ballads," first publish- ed in 1798, in conjunction with Cole- ridge, the revolt from Godwin and the comfort in a more satisfying philosophy are both plainly to be seen. At the same time, of the twenty poems contributed by Wordsworth there are a number which deal with general humanitarian topics common to Godwin and a large class of his contemporaries. "Lines Left on a Seat in a Yew Tree," "Lines Writ- ten in Early Spring," "The Convict," and "The Thorn" are examples; and they are closely related to another and more numerous class which have to do \\ ith the more specialized topic of the horrors of war. Anti-military poetry was common at this time, and in this Wordsworth fell in with a fashion ob- served by Southey, Thelwall, Coleridge, Bowles, and others. In "The Female Vagi ant" and "The Old Man Travelling" we see this special anti-military applica- tion of the general and widespread feel- ing for the sufferings of the poor. All these poems would have met with the hearty approval of Godwin; but oth- ers are of a different quality. The phi- losopher of the "Political Justice" re- garded abstract justice as the greatest virtue of society, and decried the more human virtues, such as pity, the family feelings, filial piety — the "blessed chari- ties of father, son, and brother" — as mere prejudices, to be suppressed and subjected to the clear light of reason. Property, according to Godwin, was an evil; but we find Wordsworth making a protest against this principle in "The Last of the Flock," a poem written to show the natural love of man for prop- erty and its importance in fostering the domestic affections. This subject of the domestic affections and their importance for the English peasantry continued to engage the attention of Wordsworth, as we see in "The Brothers" and "Michael," and by the long letter to Fox in ex- planation of both these later poems. An- Other set of his poems inspired by his revolt against Godwin consists of those which have to do with "the primary laws of our nature," as he himself ex- presses the matter. To these belong "The Idiot Boy" and "The Mad Moth- er," founded on the maternal passion; "Simon Lee," a vindication of the feel- ings of benevolence and gratitude; "The Forsaken Indian Woman," a picture of the soul in the face of death, and its counterpart, "We are Seven," a picture of the child's inability to understand death; and, finally, "Goody Blake and Harry Gill," the account of a soul under a curse. This notion of the soul under a curse is likewise the subject of "The Ancient Mariner" and of those other poems upon which the authors of the "Lyrical Ballads" were engaged in 1798: "Christabel," "Cain," "The Three Graves," and "Peter Bell." The same theme is found in "The Spanish Mili- tary Nun" of De Quincey — "penitential sorrow," in his finely descriptive phrase. After we have given all the preced- ing titles in the volume of 1798 we have left names that are far more famous still: these are the poems dealing with the relations of Nature to the develop- ment and nurture of the individual soul. The titles of these poems are not so much names as a roll-call of glory — "Lines Written at a Small Distance from My House," "Lines Written in Early Spring," the pair, "Expostulation and Reply" and "The Tables Turned," and, greatest of all, "Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, on Revisit- ing the Banks of the Wye During a Tour, July 13, 1798." Here, surely, we are at the heart of Wordsworth. In these poems there are many ex- pressions concerning the educative pow- ers of Nature which have given trou- ble to commentators; some have called the doctrine they promulgate Pantheism, some Platonism; some, like Lord Mor- ley, have regarded these expressions as "playful sallies"; while others have treated them as indiscretions to be hush- ed up and forgiven. I wish to examine them in the light of the Hartleian phi- losophy, as the earliest statement of the newly found solution of the universe and as the poet's first satisfying aesthet- ic, which gave theoretical support to his own insistent need of joy and hope. Here it should be noted that, though Wordsworth speaks of immediate joy in the presence of Nature, as in the "Lines Written in Early Spring," this is not his characteristic attitude. His doctrine of Nature does not dwell on the imme- diate good which Nature brings; but rather on the "future good for years to come," as in the cryptic lines: Some silent laws our hearts may make Which they 6hall long obey — or, as in the words addressed to Dorothy in "Tintern Abbey": Therefore let the moon Shine on thee In thy solitary walk; And let the misty mountain winds be free To blow against thee; and in after years, When these wild ecstasies shall be matured Into a sober pleasure, when thy mind Shall be a mansion tor all lovely forms, Thy memory be as a dwelling-place For all sweet sounds and harmonies. . . . Dorothy's mind, like the poet's own, will be educated by Nature, and will be pleas- ed to recognize "in nature and the lan- guage of the sense, the anchor of her purest thoughts, the nurse, the guide and guardian of her heart, and soul of all her moral being." Such is the educa- tion which Nature effects in all souls subjected to her sway; for, whether we will or not, our human souls are linked to her. In these poems Wordsworth is giving first expression to the thought which he was to work out later in such exquisite form as that of "Three Years She Grew," and at greater length in "The Prelude" — "how exquisitely the in- dividual Mind to the external World is fitted; and how exquisitely, too, the external World is fitted to the Mind." Now the point is that we find in "Tin- tern Abbey" the earliest clear indication of the characteristically Wordsworthian method of poetic procedure, that is, the method of reminiscence, or retrospect. This is by no means an invention of the poet's; it is a method derived from Rousseau and Rousseauism; nor is the glorification of childhood his own dis- covery. This, too, is derived from Rous- seau. The new thing in "Tintern Ab- bey" is the philosophy of knowledge which connects in a causal relation the reminiscences and experiences of child- hood with the adult rqind. In other words, Wordsworth vitalizes the com- monplace form of retrospect and rem- iniscence by interpreting the facts of experience in accordance with the as- sociation philosophy of David Hartley and some of his later interpreters. In the light of this philosophy it is not mere fancy but mere sober truth to say that the child is father of the man; and the philosopher does not go beyond the warrant of associationism when he gives thanks for Those shadowy recollections, Which, be they what they may, Are yet the fountain light of all our day. Are yet a master light of all our seeing; Uphold us, cherish us, and make Our noisy years seem moments in the being Of the etcrn?! Silence: truths that wake To perish never; U ln< h neitlier listlessness nor mud endeavor. Nor Man nor Boy, Nor all that is at enmity with Joy Can utterly abolish or destroy! II. This is not the place to go into any detailed analysis of the system of Harl ley. The first aspect of the associa- tion philosophy which must have ap pealed to the y ig poet in his revolt from Godwin is the Important place r.n 611 I" emotion, feeling, pleasure, optlm-

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July 17, 1913 J The Nation 53 ism, and to all the irrational impulses which had fallen under the condemna- tion of the author of "Political Justice." According to Hartley, the impulse for joy is not a mere surface thing, but is the most deeply seated fact of the soul and the universe; for, as God is infinite- ly good, men must all tend towards hap- piness; and the ultimate goal of every man is perfect felicity. Thus poetry and art, as the product of feeling and emo- tion, are not things that have to do with the superficialities of life, but go down to the depths of the soul. They are based on the "grand elementary principle of pleasure" in the heart of man, and so are as immortal as the heart of man itself. A second important aspect of the Hart- leian philosophical system is the clear manner in which it explains the devel- opment of ideas from simple sensations. According to Hartley all ideas come from sensation, which by the power of association are gradually transformed into the complexes of the mature mental life. These primary sensations, and the pleasures and pains of sensation, are ultimate, irresoluble facts; and from their various combinations and develop- ments come the various classes of plea- sures and pains called by Lamb the "motives to conduct," and designated by Wordsworth, in the Preface of 1800, "the primary laws of our nature" and "the great and simple affections of our nature." These "motives to conduct" act in the following order: (1) sensa- tion, (2) imagination, (3) ambition, (4) self-interest, (5) sympathy, (6) the- opathy, and (7) the moral sense. By the operation of the law of association the simple sensations are transformed by a change akin to that of chemistry into the higher and more impersonal forms of the mind; and the ultimate result is the translation of the material vibra- tions which produced the simple sensa- tions into the pure love of God and uni- versal benevolence. This system, in the opinion both of Hartley and Words- worth, places in our control the choice of the ideas that shall come to the mind of youth. Moreover, it gives to every man a means of viewing the manner in which his mind was formed and of un- derstanding the development of any oth- er individual mind. And such is the general plan of "Tintern Abbey." The development of the mind is followed from youth to age, from the time when Nature was nothing but an appetite, up to the time when in Her was heard The still, sad music of humanity. Nor is Wordsworth obscure as to the process by which Nature led dh his mind; for he tells us that in youth the eye was all in all, the sense of sight being taken as typical, because, as Hart- ley says, "the ideas of this sense are far more vivid and definite than any oth- er." In youth, then, sense was sufficient, and thought was not needed. But with the years thought came and sensation decayed, until he felt, at times, A presence that disturbs me with the joy Of elevated thoughts; a sense sublime Of something far more deeply interfused. Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns, And the round ocean, and the living air, And the blue sky, and in the mind of man, A motion and a spirit that impels All thinking things, all objects of all thought, And rolls through all things. In the words of Hartley: Our intellectual pleasures are not only at first generated, but afterwards support- ed and recruited, in part from the pleas- ures affecting the eye; which holds par- ticularly in respect of the pleasures af- forded by the beauties of Nature, and by the imitation of them, which the arts of poetry and painting furnish us with. And, through Nature and the language of the sense, we ascend, as Hartley tells us, to happiness "in the love of God, by the previous annihilation of self and the world." In the words of Coleridge, paraphrasing Hartley, in "Religious Musings," the idea is thus expressed: Till of its nobler nature it [the soul] 'gan feel Dim recollections; and thence soared to Hope, Strong to believe whate'er of mystic good The Eternal dooms for His immertal sons. From Hope and firmer Faith to perfect Love Attracted and absorbed : and centred there God only to behold, and know, and feel, Till by exclusive consciousness of God All self-annihilated it shall make God its Identity: God all in all! We and our Father one! This is but another way of saying what is said by Wordsworth in "Tintern Ab- bey": That serene and blessed mood, In which the affections gently lead us on, Until the breath of this corporeal frame. And even the motion of our human blood Almost suspended, we are laid asleep In body, and become a living soul: While with an eye made quiet by the power Of harmsny, and the deep power of joy, We see into the life of things. In a letter written to Richard Sharp in 1808 Wordsworth speaks of Hartley as one among the "men of real power, who go before their age"; and exclaims concerning Hartley's book upon Man, "How many years did it sleep in almost entire oblivion!" This opinion was cer- tainly Wordsworth's in 1798, for imme- diately upon the publication of the "Lyrical Ballads" he began to compose a philosophical poem on the same plan as that of "Tintern Abbey" which gave in detail an account of the development of his own mind. This was "The Pre- lude" in its earliest form, which was later enlarged in accordance with a much more ambitious and less consis- tent plan. III. Wordsworth continued to write poems in the spirit of those in the first edi- tion of the "Lyrical Ballads"; and the result was a new edition in two volumes in 1800, and another with slight changes in 1802. In the Preface for the edition of 1800 we find a third and important aspect of the Hartleian philosophy clear- ly reflected. We have noted as the first aspect which must have attracted Words- worth the validity given to emotion and passion; and as the second the sim- ple manner in which the system ex- plains the development of the mind; the third is the validity which it gives to the claims of the poet for serious con- sideration, as one who has something weighty to say on man, and nature, and on human life. Hume had given expres- sion to the common opinion held by phi- losophers regarding poets: The Imagination of man is naturally sublime, delighted with whatever is re- mote and extraordinary, and running, with- out control, into the most distant parts of space and time in order to avoid the objects which custom has rendered too fa- miliar to it. A correct Judgment observes a contrary method, and avoiding all dis- tant and high enquiries, confines itself to common life, and to such subjects as fall under daily practice and experience; leav- ing the more sublime topics to the embel- lishment of poets and orators, or to the arts of priests and politicians. To this charge Wordsworth had an- swered in the Advertisement of 1798, whenf he requested the reader to test his poems by asking whether they con- tained a natural delineation of human passions, human characters, and human incidents. This answer he repeats in the Preface of 1800, and claims for his poems reality of subject and of lan- guage. He the.n proceeds to show ex- actly what he means by reality, as fol- lows: First, he says that the principal object in the Poems was to make the incidents of common life interesting by tracing in them, truly though not osten- tatiously, the primary laws of our na- ture: "chiefly as far as regards the man- ner in which we associate ideas in a state of excitement." That is to say, poetic feeling arises out of thought; for though it be true that all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, it is also true that poems to which any value can be at- tached can never be produced on any variety of subjects but by a man who has thought deeply. The priority of thought to poetic inspiration he applies to Dr. Johnson's stanza: I put my hat upon my head, And walk'd Into the Strand, And there I met another man Whose hat was In his hand. This, says Wordsworth, is not only not poetry, but it is not sense; for "the images neither originate in that sane state of feeling which arises out of thought, nor can excite thought or feel- ing in the reader." The necessary prl-

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54= The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2507 ority of thought to emotion is explained at length by« Wordsworth in terms of associationism: For our continued influxes of feeling are modified and directed by our thoughts, which are indeed the representatives of all our past feelings; and as by contemplating the relation of these general representa- tives to each other, we discover what is really important to man, so by the repeti- tion and continuance of this act feelings connected with important subjects will be nourished, till at length, if we be originally possessed of much organic sensibility, such habits of mind will be produced that by obeying blindly and mechanically the im- pulses of those habits, we shall describe objects and utter sentiments of such a nature and such connection with each other that the understanding of the being to whom we address ourselves, if he be in a healthful state of association, must be in some degree enlightened, his taste ex- alted, and his affections ameliorated. I have quoted this passage at length in order to show that it is nothing more than an enlargement and adaptation to aesthetic theory of Hartley's notions concerning ideas and the passions, and the constant tendency of all our mental activities to become habits. Of the rela- tion between ideas and feeling, and the priority of ideas, Hartley says: Here we may observe, First, that our passions or affections can be no more than aggregates of simple ideas united by association. For they are ex- cited by objects and by the incidents of life. But these, if we except the impressed sensations, can have no power of affecting us but what they derive from association. Secondly, since the passions are states of considerable pleasure and pain, they roust be aggregates of the ideas, or traces of the sensible pleasures and pains. . . . Thirdly, as sensation is the common foundation of all these [the intellectual affections], so each in its turn, when suf- ficiently generated, contributes to generate and model all the rest. IV. In another important aspect of his work as poet and critic Wordsworth is closely identified with the philosophy of associationism. In his earliest published poems he was under the sway of Eras- mus Darwin, a disciple of Hartley and one of the last of the advocates and practitioners of that artificial language which is known as "poetic diction," and which it was a part of Wordsworth's work to destroy. In the Interludes to "The Loves of the Plants," published in 1789, Darwin insists that poetry is ad- dressed principally to the eye; for, as ideas derived from visible objects are more distinct than those derived from the objects of our other senses, the words expressive of these ideas belonging to vi- sion make up the principal part of poetic language. This theory of poetic language is but. the culmination of a long literary tradition which derives ul- timately from Horace, but immediately from Locke's distinction between pri- mary and secondary qualities in objects. This distinction was fully accepted by no less a critic than Addison in his in- fluential papers on the "Pleasures of the Imagination" in the Spectator, as we see from his explicit statement, June 24, 1712, No. 413: I have here supposed that my Reader is acquainted with that great Modern Discov- ery, which is at present universally ac- knowledged by all the Enquirers into Natu- ral Philosophy; namely, that Light and Colours, as apprehended by the Imagina- tion, are only Ideas in the Mind, and not Qualities that have any Existence in Mat- ter. As this is a Truth that has been proved incontestably by many Modern Phil- osophers, and is indeed one of the finest Speculations in that Science, if the English Reader would see the Notion explained at large, he may find it in the Eighth Chapter of the second Book of Mr. Locke's Essay on Human Understanding. This statement on the part of Addi- son is of very great importance, as it shows clearly that the theory ut pictura poesis had a distinct English and na- tive tradition founded anew on English philosophy and distinct from the gener- al Renaissance literary tradition. As Addison explains in the passage just quoted, Locke and his school demon- strated that light, colors, sounds, tastes, and smells are secondary and non-essen- tial qualities in bodies, as contrasted with extension, bulk, and kindred qual- ities. And since these are the sensible qualities which distinguish ideas of objects, it was deduced by the crit- ics as a principle of poetry and the arts, that those ideas to which a concrete form can be given by expression in terms of these secondary qualities are capable of being transferred from one sense to another without loss. Since both Locke and Berkeley dealt largely with the sense of vision, as the most impor- tant of the senses, it is not surprising that the later theorists of the arts should make poetry largely a matter of the visualization of abstract ideas. Nor is it any more surprising that the paint- ers should practice their art from the same standpoint and should display a series of attempts at speaking pictures, and so on; nor that the poets should strive to express themselves in accord- ance with the principles of "poetic dic- tion." Armed with the more fundamental principles of his master, Hartley, which laid stress on the reality of poetry and imagination and furnished a philosophic basis for his own conviction that "a natural delineation of human passions, human characters, and human inci- dents" can never be expressed in any but a selection of the language of every- day life, Wordsworth broke through the surface theories of poetic diction, and using the materials of the association philosophy, laid the foundations for the new and all-important distinction be- tween fancy and imagination. But that distinction was not made in the Pref- aces of 1800 and 1802: it belongs to a later period in the development of Wordsworth's mind, and demands sep- arate treatment. Arthur Beatty. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. Last week I gave, in this place, a list of additions and corrections to the bibliog- raphy of Sir Roger L'Estrange in Mr. George Kitchin's biography of that volumi- nous journalist. In connection with the translations, which Mr. Kitchin discusses excellently, it should be noted that "A New and Complete French and English Grammar," by Peter Berault (1707) contains "above twenty Pleasant and Useful Dialogues, translated Into English by Sir Roger L'Estrange, and here ren- dered into French," etc. The list of works which have been "vari- ously ascribed" to L'Estrange is incom- plete, and needs some correction. The discussion of "A Hymn to Confine- ment" (pp. 416, 417) is confusing. In the first place, the poem, which was attributed to L'Estrange as early as 1705, and which is to be found reprinted on pp. 199 ff. of Hannah's "Courtly Poets," is not "A Hymn to Confinement," but appeared with that poem in 1705. It has been called "The Liberty of the Imprisoned Royalist" and "The Imprisoned Cavalier" and "Loyalty Confined." The situation is made quite clear by the title of the edition of 1705 (quoted in "The Works of the Learned," Vol. 7, p. 103), "A Hymn to Confinement, Written by the Author of the Case of the Church of England's Memorial fairly stated, etc., to which is added a poem on the same subject by the famous Sir Roger L'Estrange, when in Newgate in the days of Oliver's Usurpation." This shows clearly that William Pittis, author of "The Case of the Church of England's Memorial," wrote "A Hymn to Confine- ment" and that L'Estrange was the reputed author of the other poem. Mr. Kitchin, on page 409, speaks of "His [L'Estrange's] 'Hymn to Confinement,' " but as the sen- tence has no verb, we shall never know what he intended to say about it. The following tracts have been ascribed to L'Estrange, but are not mentioned by Mr. Kitchin in his bibliography, though some are mentioned elsewhere: (1.) "An Address to the Freemen and Freeholders of the Nation," 1682, ascribed by Watt to L'Estrange or Edmund Bohun, is by Bohun. (2.) "Aphorisms of Hippocrates. Eng- lished by R. L'E," is mentioned by Watt. (3.) "An Apology for the Protestants of France in reference to the persecutions they are under at this day; in six let- ters," etc., 1683, is given to L'Estrange by Halkett and Laing, but the contents would seem to indicate another author. (4.) "The Apostate Protestant," 1682, as- cribe* by Watt, is perhaps by Edward Pel- ling. (6.) "A Compendious History of the most Remarkable Passages of tho last Four- teen Fears, with an account of the Plot," 1C80, has been ascribed to L'Rstrange by the catalogues of several libraries, prob- ably on the authority of Halkott and

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July 17, 191 3 I The Nation 55 Laing. The contents show that he was cer- tainly not the author. (6.) "Crack upon Crack," etc., 1680, given (range by Halkett and Laing, is a parody of "Clt and Bumpkin." (7.) "The Head of the Nile; or, the Turn- ings and Windings of the Factious since Sixty," 1680, ascribed to L'Estrange by Watt, is by Thomas Baker. (8.) "The judgment of an anonymous writer concerning these following par- ticulars," etc., 1684, ascribed by the Ad- vocates Library, is probably by George Hlckes, D.n. (9.) "Letter Out of Scotland from Mr. R L. S.," January 10, 1681, mentioned by Sir Sidney Lee in his article on L'Es- trange in the Dictionary of National Biog- raphy, and ascribed to L'Estrange in va- rious catalogues, is not his. (10.) "A Letter to Miles Prance," called by Mr. Kitchin in one place "Letters to Miles Prance," is, he thinks, by Thompson or Farwell. It is not, as the language used on page 432 would imply, a mistaken addition to the bibliography made by Pro- fessor Trent, but is really an attribution due to Sir Sidney Lee. (11.) "Present State of Christendome and the Interest of England with a Regard to France," 1678, is bound with "Tyranny and Popery" in a volume in the Peabody Library and given to L'Estrange in its cat- alogue. (12.) "Remarks on the Growth and Prog- ress of Non-Conformity," 1682, is dismiss- ed briefly by Mr. Kitchin on page 432. It has been ascribed by Watt, the Advocates Library, and Halkett and Laing, and was advertised in the Observator. Professor Trent tentatively concurs in the attribu- tion to L'Estrange on account of the writ- er's general attitude and his attack on Bax- ter, even though the publisher was not Brome. The question of its authorship seems to be still an open one, despite Mr. Kitchin's categorical rejection. (13.) "Vindication of the Observator," 1685, ascribed by Watt, is probably not L'Estrange's. Several titles which are to be found in booksellers' catalogues are here omitted, although the careful student of bibliog- raphy will slight such sources of informa- tion and vexatious misinformation only at his own cost. Frequently, the presence of L'Estrange's "Imprimatur" is a cause of error; sometimes collectors and students are misled by advertisements, as was no- tably the case with a contributor to Notes and Queries, December 22, 1906 (p. 489). I may add that a friend has given me a reference to "Letters from Orinda to Po- liarchus," second edition, 1729, pp. 27-28, from which it should seem that in April, 1661, Mrs. Katherine Philips sent Sir Charles Cotterell an effusion by L'Estrange entitled "The Apology for Women." Whether this was in print or in manu- script does not appear, nor does the work seem to have been identified. H. R. Fox. Correspondence CHARLOTTE, N. C, AND OELWEIN, IOWA To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In your issue of June 26 you say: It is a strange and painful thing to read that in any city of the United States a school board should refuse to appoint a woman as teacher in the public schools on the express grounds of her being a member of the Catholic Church. This is what was done, however, a few days ago in Charlotte, N. C, when two young women who had been teaching in the schools were, in the face of nn extraordinary public protest against the proceeding, refused reelection by the Board, the vote standing 10 to 5. , . . The dem- onstration of right feeling at the public meetings, attended by Protestant ministers as well as lawyers and business men, must be set down to the credit of Charlotte; but the people of that city should not rest content until they have brought about a reversal of the official act of intolerance. Granting all that you say, it seems per- tinent to express wonder at your failure to comment on an act far more "surprising and painful" that occurred at Oelwein, Iowa, on the evening of June 12, when a mob of some hundreds assaulted an ex-priest, Rev. J. J. Crowley, of Cincinnati, who had just delivered a lecture on the American public schools, upholding them as a bulwark of our liberties, and condemning the Catholic parochial schools as inimical to these lib- erties. To get my facts straight, I wrote to a Baptist minister in Oelwein, and his letter is before me, in which he says: "I can speak with authority, for I was with Mr. Crowley through all the trying ex- perience. There was a time when neither of us expected to get into the hotel alive. It was the declared purpose of the infuriat- ed mob to lynch Mr. Crowley. Failing in their bloodthirsty desire to get Crowley they began to desire that I should be strung up." Now it is perfectly well known that the Roman Catholics cherish an intense dislike to our public-school system. In this they are entirely within their rights as free citizens of a free republic. Moreover, they have a perfect right to denounce as freely as they wish, in the press and from the platform, the evils they see or even think they see in our system of public schools, and to do this without let or hindrance. But their Protestant fellow-citizens have an equal right to discuss, expose, and de- nounce any evils they see or think they see in the system that our Catholic friends would like to substitute for the present school system. President Wilson hardly ever said a truer thing than when he said : "Discussion is the greatest of all reform- ers. It robs principles of any' false sanctity and throws them back on their reasonable- ness." And so, when in this country of ours a man's life is threatened by an infuriated mob because he speaks his mind freely in open discussion, a serious blow is struck at the very cornerstone of our liberties. Did any one ever hear of a mob threatening Col. Ingersoll, though at times he bitterly as- sailed many things unspeakably dear to the hearts of thousands upon thousands of his fellow-citizens? There is no hint of sectarianism in this: there is no need for any. It is a matter of American patriotism, pure and simple, like your comment on the matter in Charlotte. It is — or should be — the nature of Protes- tants to protest, as you say was done in Charlotte; but the protesting need not be limited to wrongs that look in only one direction. Nor is there any occasion to charge the slightest tinge of sectarianism, when we Protestants, holding tenaciously to our political doctrine of entire separation of church and state, do not feel like en- trusting too much political power to those whose fundamental doctrine, held as tena- ciously as we hold ours, is the union of church and state, and such a union that the state is subservient to the church, and that "the" church is their church. Again, let it be said that they are fully entitled to hold this view. But if any church, Prot- estant or Catholic, should ever get to be the state, with power to enforce itself on others who do not hold its views, there would be an end to liberty as we now have it in the United States of America. Addison Hogue. Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va., July 10. CULTURAL EDUCATION IN STATE IN- STITUTIONS. To the Editor of The Nation : Sir: The interesting and instructive dis- cussion by Dr. Sherman of "Education by the People" in the Nation of May 8 involves a question of great and constantly growing importance — the question, namely, to what extent it is proper and desirable for State institutions to undertake the work of cul- tural education. The question is vitally involved in the fact that those institutions are under two imperative obligations to the public, which, when strictly observed, greatly affect the scope and character of their work in such education. Those obli- gations are, first, to refrain from religious instruction of any kind, and, secondly, to refrain from educational work which does not clearly tend to promote the general welfare, i. e., the welfare of the whole people as distinguished from the individual welfare of the particular person educated. The first of these obligations affects the character of their work in cultural educa- tion and tends to render it superficial, while the second affects the scope of the work and tends to render it narrow. For want of space, only the first can be considered here. Recognizing the existence of these obli- gations and speaking of the one first men- tioned, Dr. Sherman'says : The very obligation which the state is under to refrain from religious instruction should make it appear more imperatively their duty to bring not some but all of their students into quickening relationship with at least the purely human traditions of beauty, wisdom, temperance, truth, and justice. In what is here said we have, first, an implied recognition that this enforced ab- sence of religious instruction is a serious defect; and, secondly, an express recom- mendation to seek compensation for that defect in a special cultivation of the things there enumerated. This recommendation is sound in theory, but futile In effect. It is sound in theory because an alternative is needed, and this is the only one imagin- able; and it is futile in effect because it is impossible of effectual application. Its fu- tility will appear when we undertake to act in accordance with it, as we thereupon find that all our traditions of whatsoever kind,

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56 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2507 are "purely human," for the very good rea- son that, so long as wo ourselves are hu- man they cannot be anything else; and we are therefore left to the conclusion that what is really meant here by "purely hu- man traditions" is purely secular tradi- tions. Hut when we set out to cultivate these purely secular traditions as recommended, we fail to find any such; we find in- stead that there is no such thing as a pure- ly secular tradition of beauty, wisdom, temperance, truth, or justice; that the words "secular" and "religious" do not here connote different and distinct entities, but merely different phases of the same thins, and that this identical thing can never be adequately comprehended from a study of only one of those phases. Such knowledge of the essential nature of justice, or of the true, the beautiful, or the good, as is derivable from its purely secular phase, would be comparable in thoroughness to the knowledge of the earth and its relations to the heavenly bodies, derivable from the study of agricultural chemistry. Any scheme for the teaching of these subjects which excludes their re- ligious elements is therefore doomed to perpetual superficiality. In its effect upon cultural education this obligation resting on State institutions to refrain from re- ligious instruction corresponds exactly to the wheel upon the farmer's plough-beam, which prevents the plough from ever going deeper than a few inches below the surface, and holds it forever to the task of stir- ring the soil merely to the depth required for the raising of corn and potatoes. What is here said of the subjects above enumerated is true also of all the other important subjects of cultural education. When Dr. Samuel Johnson declared it im- possible to think deeply on any subject without thinking religiously, he uttered a profound truth, which should always re- ceive full recognition in any scheme of cul- tural education. The effects of such a limi- tation upon any plan of cultural education cannot fail to lower its standard and lessen the esteem in which it has hitherto been held. If we seek to ascertain what has already been its effect in this regard, we shall find, among other things, that, during the past twenty-five years or more, State institutions and their influence have steadily increased, and that at the same time cultural educa- tion and the esteem in which it is held have as steadily deteriorated and dimin- ished. Whether this is anything more than a coincidence may not be absolutely de- terminable, but it is precisely what might have been expected from the conditions above described. To say this is in no sense an impeach- ment of education by the people. That pub- lic education is in general an inestimable benefit, and in popular governments is a vital necessity for the promotion of good hip, cannot be questioned for a moment; but its great excellencies should not cause us to expect too much of it, or to lose sight of its necessary limitations and consequent defects as an instrumentality for the higher education. Herbert L. Baker, Di troit, Inly 8. ENGLISH AND AMERICAN SNOBS. To tiik Editor of The Nation: Sir: In respect to the distinction brought out on page 17 of the Nation (July 3) be- tween the American and the English use of the term snob, that "an English snob is a man who falls short of the perfect aristo- crat through a taint of democratic vul- garity, whereas an American snob is a man who falls short of the perfect democrat through a taint of aristocratic exclusive- ness," I fear that it will hardly hold. In a novel just appearing in the London Times, "Color-Blind," by Alice Perrin, the flavor of which is entirely Anglo-Indian, the word snob is used of a woman "with the taint of aristocratic exclusiveness." A returned In- dian official, Mr. Fleetwood, is in London, and his daughters complain that their aunt, Lady Landon, has sent an invitation to luncheon to one only of the girls. " 'We couldn't expect her to ask the whole pack of us,' said Marion. " 'Why not?' argued her father, who was not deeply attached to his only sister, and always said she was a snob. 'The house is quite big enough.' " James Main Dixon. Los Angeles. Cal., July 0. PLURAL MOLASSES. To the Editor of The Nation : Sir: Your contributor to "News for Bib- liophiles" (Nation, July 3) condemns Bart- lett's attribution of plural molasses to Western United States, in his "Dictionary of Americanisms," as "this incorrect state- ment." Some years ago I assisted a corps of civil engineers surveying coal- bearing lands among the tangled knobs of mountainous West Virginia. Occasionally we were invited, in accordance with the hos- pitable custom of the country, to drop in at a log cabin and eat. The very palatable sorghum syrup that sweetened our meal drew from a native member of our corps the query: "Whah yo' git them molasses, Jimmy?" S. W. Columbia, Pa., .inly 7. Literature JOHN PAUL JONES. The Life and Letters of John Paul Jones. By Mrs. Reginald de Koven. Illustrated. Two volumes. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $5 net. John Paul Jones, hero of ten more or less unworthy biographies, has at last found an able and sympathetic expound- er. As Mrs. De Koven points out in her preface, this terror of the simple na- tives of the British coast, this hero of impossible moonlight exploits under the lee of English headlands, became in time a mere myth. His very name was used by nurses to frighten children I le was celebrated in popular song, and took his place with Capt. Kidd in the his- 0f the pirate kings. In America lie lias become the dare-devil hero of a Singh' sea fight, of whose Bufferings and misfortunes in the American cause there is no adequate appreciation. This whole conception is out of joint, and this new work seems born to set it right. Jones's, or, rather, John Paul's, ca- ieer began with a tragedy, the acciden- tal killing of a mutinous sailor on his trading-ship, and though exonerated ful- ly, the cloud of suspicion hung over him; and when again he accidentally killed a second sailor — a fact unknown to all of his previous biographers — he left both ship and cargo in the hands of his part- ner and entered upon a melancholy pe- riod of homeless wandering. This pe- riod, lasting from June, 1773, to the winter of 1775, has been one of almost complete obscurity to all his previous biographers, but is here quite clearly accounted for. It was in this period that he served on a "special privateer,' as he euphemistically called what seems to have been a straight-out pirate ship. Earlier he had served on the slave- ships, the King George and the Two Friends, and though he soon gave up this uncongenial service, as he did that in the pirate ship, it was sufficient to give an unsympathetic biographer an opportunity to tinge Jones's whole ca- reer with the red stigma of the pirate flag. It was after these experiences that he fell in with the wealthy planter, Willie Jones, who took the waif into his home and gave him his name. Here Jones met his other powerful North Carolina friend, Hewes, to whom he owed his first employment in the new American navy. Of this experience Mrs. De Koven says : # With the same assimilative genius which gathered an education unusual in those times from the very air about him, Paul Jones quickly adopted the manners of the gentle people he was so fortunate to meet at this period of his career. They formed his standards of true gentility and fitted him to shine in the salons of Versailles. From this time on we begin to see the Paul Jones of history — the courteous and chivalric gentleman, the heroic champion of human liberty. No longer living for him- self, except as he might win glory in battle, he was ready to give up every jouthful dream and life itself in the ser- vice of America. The son of the Scotch gardener, the captain of West India trad- ing ships and slavers, in a few weeks ex- perienced this truly remarkable metamor- phosis. Jones's letters leave no doubt as to the sincerity of his attachment to the American cause. He writes: "Since Liberty hath chosen America as her last asylum, every effort to protect and cherish her is noble, and will be re- warded With I lie thank! Of future ages. . . . when I entered Into the Service. I was not actuated bj Motives of Bell Interest. I slept forth as a free .n i .. D ol tin World in defence Of the Violated Right of Mankind, and not in search of

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July 17, 1913J Tli e 1ST a t i o ii 57 whereof, I thank God, I inherit a sufficiency." Not in words only, but in deeds, did he give proof of his loyal- ty. In the Texel, with the British hun- gering for him outside, and the Dutch ; ning within, "alone in his one American ship, between warships with- in and warships without, he kept the Stars and Stripes flying." When a French letter of marque was offered to enable him to escape the Texel, he was indignant. "They insult my un- derstanding. They invite me to insult the Stars of America; they are mistak- en, the Stars of Freedom are but rising here. They are not rich enough to buy the Pirate Paul Jones." In the early days of his service, Jones contemplated with dismay the results of the mania for privateering which had taken possession of the colonists. Every day the Continental seamen were lured away to these privately owned vessels, while half the fleet lay empty in the har- bor. Even the members of Congress owned privateers, and winked at the em- ployment of deserters from the Conti- nental navy. Jones was astonished and disgusted by this revelation of character in the people whose cause he had so en- thusiastically embraced. After numer- ous disappointments he received in turn the Alfred and the Providence, with which he made brilliant cruises, though at times his men were "scarcely able to stand the deck for want of clothing." Although America rang with his praises, he then suffered an unjust supersedure in rank due to the wretched democratic politics which were the bane of the times, and over this matter of rank — which, in his noble phrase, "opens the door to glory" — he brooded for months. It is to his credit that he did not leave the service. Finally, Congress made amends with the command of the Rang- er, and though it was inadequate and ill-manned, Jones again rendered glori- ous account of himself. The raids on the British coast towns and the capture of the Drake, "unprecedented, almost incredible, at that time of England's un- questioned maritime supremacy," gave Jones's glory-loving soul the opportunity to bask in its proper atmosphere. Yet, incomprehensible as it is, France, and America, too, allowed this greatest fight- ing instrument of the time to lie idle for many weary months thereafter, dur- ing which Jones "almost half-killed him- self" in his efforts to get a command. Again and again he seemed on the eve of obtaining a fine ship, when some ill chance robbed him. At last the old whaling ship, which Fanning says was sixty years old, twice laid up as a hulk, "as many joints in her backbone as a rattlesnake," was fitted up for him, and named the Bon Homme Richard. With a motley crew of Portuguese, Malays, Swedes, and some English prisoners from the jails of Brest and St. Malo, "as bad a crew as was ever embarked upon any vessel," as Jones wrote, he set off to win renown in that fight under the round harvest moon with the English ship, the Serapis. After that affair, Jones went to Paris, and the city rose to greet and honor the victor. Marie Antoinette and her ladies rushed to the windows of the palace to see him pass, and the King gave him a private audience. At operas and the- atres, applause greeted his appearance. He was the favorite of many great court ladies. Marie Antoinette invited him to her box at the opera, and gave him a chain and seal. Louis XVI presented him with a sword, but amid all the ac- claim, the universal testimony is that Jones bore himself modestly and well. Moreover, an intimate study of his con- duct in the battle with the Serapis and in other positions of great danger, bears out Mrs. De Koven's assertion that "he possessed not one trace of the brutal audacity and unprincipled bravado which belongs to the character he popu- larly typifies." In Jones's letters, and in those of his contemporaries, are revealed many in- teresting personal traits. He shows some little talent for literary expres- sion, and repeatedly reveals an intimate acquaintance with the Bible, Shake- speare, and Milton. In exultation as he sets out with the Ranger, he writes: "The world, as Milton said of Adam, lays (sic) all before me." He had some of Napoleon's gift for heroic expression. "I wish to have no connection with any ships which do not sail fast, as I in- tend to go in harm's way." "I may not win success, but I will endeavor to de- serve it." These and his famous an- swer to the captain of the Serapis illus- trate this talent. When the Marechal de Biron told Jones that King George had knighted the defeated captain of the Serapis, the instant comment was: "I hope, Monsieur, that I may one day make a lord of him." Fanning asserts that in smoothness of tongue and flat- tery to seamen when he wanted them, he "excelled any other man I was ever ac- quainted with." He had seen Jones walk to and fro upon the quay for hours to- gether with a single seaman urging him to sign for a cruise. Of his personal charm the greatest testimony is the warm friendship which he inspired in Franklin, Robert Morris, La Fayette, La Rochefoucauld, Count de Segur, and many other distinguished persons. The Parisian ladies, too, found him "the most agreeable sea-wolf one could wish to meet with." Mrs. De Koven's ac- count of his love affairs constitutes some of the most interesting chapters of her book. Mrs. John Adams wrote 01 Jones: I expected to have seen a rough, stout, war-like Roman; instead of that I should sooner think of wrapping him up in cot- ton wool and putting him in my pocket, than of sending him to contend with can- non-balls. He is small of stature, well proportioned, soft in his speech, easy in his address, polite in his manners, vastly civil, understands all the etiquette of a lady's toilet as perfectly as he does the mast, sails, and rigging of his ship. But her husband, who was Jones's Evil Genius, wrote: This is the most intriguing officer in the American navy. Eccentricities and irregu- larities are expected of him; they are in his character, they are visible in his eyes. His voice is soft and still and small. His eye has keenness and wildness and softness in it. The research displayed in this work is admirable, and the errors of previous biographers are exposed in a charitable spirit, even (I, 163) the pure fabrica- tions found in Buell's life. But Mrs. De Koven herself is at times uncritical in handling her sources. She credits some very doubtful material on Jones's early life (pp. 10, 11, 43, 45, 304 of Vol. I), and at one point (I, p. 126) seems to prefer an account of a cruise written ten years after the events to a contemporary ac- count because, forsooth, the later one is fuller. She accepts the Mecklen- burg Declaration of Independence (I, p. 62), though critical historians have long ago disposed of it. She states posi- tively (I, p. 100) that Abraham Whip- ple destroyed the Gaspee in Narragan- sett Harbor, 1772; but all we know in support of this assertion rests on Ephraim Bowen's account, 1839, when he was eighty-six years of age. The criti- cal historian does not accept such testi- mony. There are some actual errors, as "Gadroque" for Gardoqui (I, p. 247), and "Zobly" for Zubly (I, p. 81). In her desire to give importance to Jones's stay in the Texel, she attributes the British declaration of war upon the Netherlands to that fact, but the real motive was England's fear of the Nether- lands as a neutral carrier under the pro- tection of the Armed Neutrality League, which the States-General had voted to join. The Netherlands would be less dangerous to England as an enemy than as a neutral. On the whole, the work is scholarly and accurate, and holds the reader like ronm CURRENT FICTION. The Catfish. By Charles Marriott. In- dianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrlll Co. "At one time the North Sea fishermen brought their cod to market in tanks in the holds of their vessels. In the tanks the cod lived at ease, with the re- sult that they came to market slack, dabby, and limp. Some genius among fishermen introduced one catfish into each of his tanks, and found that his cod <ame to market firm, brisk, and whole- some." So, towards the end of his book.

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58 T li e ]ST a t i o ri [Vol. 97, No. 2507 Mr. Marriott explains his title. (The catfish in question is evidently not the American fresh-water catfish, mud-cat, or horn-pout pictured on the cover of the jiifscat edition.) George Tracy is son of a well-to-do lower middle class Englishman. As a schoolboy he meets a girl a trifle older than himself, Mary Fcsting. He is not so much attracted by her as to her. For many years, with tew meetings between them, a curious bond persists. At one time he is impelled, and is conscious of the impulse, to ask her to be his wife, but belief in her coldness prevents him. Nevertheless, though he marries another woman, and Mary herself presently mar- ries, and both marry in a sense hap- pily, each continues to need the other. As Lesbia, Tracy's wife, magnanimously grants, there is a part of his nature cf which only Mary has the key. It is she who keeps the deeper waters of his nature clear and bright. To her he must turn when his latent and sluggisn idealism is in danger of allowing itself to be forgotten. She is his catfish. The tone of the narrative is quiet, sombre, almost elegiac, and the final catastrophe, with its quick and, so far as appears, needless snuffing out of Mary, is an un- expected shock. Tracy is not a roman- tic hero; he is simply a man. Lesbia and Mary, each in her own way, are richly feminine and richly human. What- ever it may or may not "mean," the story lingers in the mind as a melody haunts the inward ear. It rings true. PatCAWork Comedy. By Humfrey Jor- C.in. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. Here is some unusually good work- manship squandered upon an uncom- monly worthless plot. We are asked to imagine a lifelike group of wholesome- minded English folk engaged in deadly conflict with a ravening blackmailer. First this finished scoundrel attempts to exact tribute by threats to blacken the memory of the hero's late revered mother. Then a girlish widow who aids in worsting him becomes the object of an elaborate defamatory plot. No p?n play could possibly bring within the nat- ural scheme of things a malefactor so polished, picturesque, malignant, and versatile as was the formidable "Mon- sieur Le Beau," but the other figures ot the "comedy" are very pleasant human likenesses. The gentleman annoyed by rumors affecting his legitimacy is a dilettante explorer of some fame, who has courted danger for lack of better oc- cupation, and whom the obligations be- queathed him by a long line of worthy forebears will eventually convert into a useful country gentleman. The per- secuted lady is a painter's daughter — therefore reared in Bohemian freedom; her virtue, grown in the open, unshel- tered by conventional safeguards, has survived the hazards of an ill-advised marriage, but has not escaped suspi- cion. In the course of their troubles with the destroyer of reputations, these prin- cipals and two faithful friends travel in France and Switzerland, yet without straying far from the beaten track. The aggressor at length turns fugitive in a misty morning chase, and they are about to carry the pursuit beyond the Alps into Italy when they have the good for- tune to lose him for good and all down a crevasse in the Theodule Glacier. Crude as is the handling of dramatic situa- tions, the sketching of the varying scene and of incidental episodes is uni- formly excellent. One passage, describ- ing an excursion of idle reconnaissance to a wrecked vessel stranded on the Devon coast, is worthy of a great novel. The best — and the worst — that can be said of its author is that if ever he finds something worth saying, he will know "now to say it. The Monster. By Edgar Saltus. New York: Pulitzer Publishing Co. "Find the Monster" might have been a good title for this story, since it is decidedly hard to discover him in the picture. The lady is clear of suspicion. There are her first and third husband, and her second husband, and her step- father, any of whom might be called a monster in the lighter social sense of the word, but none of whom is the "monstrum horrens, ingens" one expects of the title and of the author. The open- ing situation is not without precedent in fiction. The bride of an hour gets a letter which dashes her from the sev- enth heaven in an instant. All must be ever between them; she can only fly. She flies. The letter of explanation she has left is lost. The bridegroom sets cut in pursuit of her without an ink- ling as to the reason of her flight. A ialse lead sends him on a wild-goose chase through Far Eastern waters, while she is getting a divorce, and, to put a further bar between herself and the man she still loves, marrying anoth- er. The second is a paltry rascal, as the first is a hopeless cad; and when the three finally meet in Paris, there is bound to be excitement of a sort. The upshot is that the news contained in the post-nuptial letter is proved to be false, the second husband is killed in a duel, and the original pair are reunited. The action moves in that atmosphere ot mingled Broadway smartness and Orien- tal mysticism which is native to this writer. MR. BRYCE'S COUNSEL TO AMERI- CANS. University and Historical Addresses. By James Bryce. New York: The Mac- millan Co. $2.25 net. We expect little on festival occasions from those who lie abroad for their country but their auspicious presence and a few well-directed compliments and good wishes. Mr. Bryce, however, had formed other habits of speech before he entered the diplomatic service. It was neither his nature nor his necessity to spend much effort on that part of an address technically known as "conciliat- ing the audience." The author of "The American Commonwealth" could assume without testing the friendliness of his hearers, and could hold them without seductive rhetoric, flattery, or emotional appeal. Perhaps the chief secret of his success as a public speaker was just his ability at every presented opportunity to find a connecting link between his own varied and vital interests and the leading interest of his auditors — wheth- er lawyers, university students, archi- tects, or foreign missionaries. When, with an art concealing itself, he had set in the most advantageous light the char- acteristic virtues or achievements of the association before him, he went quietly on in his serious, lucid, direct fashion to point out its characteristic defects, its dangers, its opportunities. For he apparently thought it unworthy of his distinguished station and his forty or fifty years in public life to talk for an hour and leave behind him only a "plea- sant impression." He improved the oc- casion, and gave without stint the ripe and faithful counsel of a much-experi- tnced friend. It is one of the high paradoxes of pub- lic service and its supreme reward that if you effectively surrender yourself to your country you may ultimately take it captive. After a lifetime devoted to advancing the welfare and the works of others, you may wake some morning in divine peace of mind to discover that a higher law has quite abolished the baser distinctions of property, and that the works and the welfare of others have be- come, in the most sacred sense, your own. In going through this volume one is struck with the fact that we have treated Mr. Bryce as if he were ours, and we were his. Only upon one of our own people could wo have made such extraordinarily frequent and various demands as are represented here. And only one who had entered as by right of birth into the heart of our traditions and institutions and known our land and people from Plymouth Uoek to Mt. Rainier could have mel 1 hem, 1 te baa assisted at the commemoration of the landing of the Pilgrims, the beginning! of Virginia, ami i lie dlscovi i.v of Lake 'hamplaln; he has united with us In

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July 17, 1913] The Nation 59 honoring Jefferson, Lincoln, and Saint- Gaudens; he has taken thought for our national parks, for our higher educa- tion, for our literature and art, for our legislative procedure. And though he is unquestionably one of the best English- men living, we do not see how he could have put together these twenty-two American addresses — but a tithe, we sup- pose, of those delivered — without mur- muring to himself from time to time, "America, my country." Mr. Bryce solves the problem of loy- alty to two great nations by demonstrat- ing that to be a good American in the long run comes to about the same thing Qg a good Englishman. He grounds the proposition upon nothing transitory or sentimental. His is the argument of a scholar, an historian, a jurist, dis- covering for the layman the deep and radical unity of the two peoples in their common blood and ancestry, in their he- roes and their institutions, in their energy and their self-control, in their passion for liberty and their respect for law. He recognizes clearly enough the new spirit of unrest that is stirring at home and abroad. "We are hovering," he says, "between discontent and doubt. The reforming spirit runs so strong that it would sweep off their feet any people which had not, as you have, become at- tached to their old institutions." Per- haps he praises us for our sobriety ana temperamental conservatism beyond our present deserts. Yet nothing certainly at this moment could be more timely for us than that learned index finger of his steadily pointing us back towards our traditions: "It has never been your way cither to run ahead of actual needs or to pull up the plant to see if the roots are sprouting." Somehow these simple homely words link one's deeper feelings through the American Fathers to Burke's "canonized forefathers" across the sea, and one is put in the mood to cry, "Thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God." One hesitates to say that Mr. Bryce has not rested in this fine English pa- triotism, this inspiring Anglo-Saxon loy- alty. To declare that he is a cosmo- politan, as the word now goes, is almost an accusation, and yet that, properly construed — as Cicero or Goethe or New- man would have construed it — is his highest distinction. One hesitates, be- cause what passes too currently for "cos- mopolitanism" is not an upgrowth and outgrowth of national loyalties uniting at the top in a higher world loyalty, but a downgrowth and undergrowth of per- sonal irresponsibilities avoiding all al- legiance. The right citizen of the world is a man who has transcended patriot- ism simply by virtue of his overwhelm- ing sense of the community of the inter- ests of all good and wise men, dead, liv- ing, and yet to be born: a law-abiding, tax-paying, voting, cooperating member of the orbis terrarum. It was just this profound sense of the common interests of human society that made Mr. Bryce the prince of ambassadors, that renders so significant his reiterated pleas at the universities for the preservation or restoration of the humane and liberal studies, and that lends more than a pass- ing solemnity to the closing words of an address delivered but a few months ago, in his seventy-fifth year, before the American Civic Association: Let us think of the future. We are trus- tees for the future. We are not here for ourselves alone. All these gifts were not given to us to be used by one generation, or with the thought of one generation only before our minds. We are the heirs of those who have gone before, and charged with the duty we owe to those who come after. The Son of a Servant. By August Strind- berg. Translated by Claud Field. With an Introduction by Henry Vacher- Burch. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25 net. Zones of the Spirit: A Book of Thoughts. The same. Translated by Claud Field. With an Introduction by Arthur Babil- lotte. The same. $1.25 net. Married: Twenty Stories of Married Life. The same. Authorized transla- tion by Ellie Schleussner. Boston: John W. Luce & Co. $1.40 net. Readers of Strindberg in English are now furnished with works from his pen more illuminating as to his life and out- look than any which have previously appeared, with the possible exception of the "Inferno." The first two books of the present batch deal, respectively, with the opening and close of his career. Each bears the stamp of his customary frankness. Who but he, for instance, would have emphasized, by a brutal title, his bitterness over the fact that he was the son of a waitress? Strindberg is always frank, but not impartial, though he meant to be. Early in life his mind showed that perverse twist which informs all of his writings. A lack of nervous vitality, coupled with extreme sensitiveness, rendered him un- able to laugh off little injustices; and he dwelt on them to such an extent that they took shape in his mind as pre- meditated villany. Thus, he started life but a short step from that mental state, recorded in the "Inferno," in which he believed himself persecuted by every passer-by. It is this omnipresent taint of nerves which makes it difficult to take Strindberg's work seriously. "The Son of a Servant" was published in 1886, when Strindberg was thirty- seven. It is a true commentary on the man that at such an age, when a suc- cessful career in letters was in sight, he should have turned back bitterly to the faulty beginnings of his education. His father was a shipping-agent, a man of good family who had fallen upon evil days because of his marriage with one socially inferior. In the main he seems to have had high principles, but lacked 3 proper understanding of children, and thus was often unfair. The mother, who had borne the two eldest children of the family out of wedlock, naturally got little respect from so critical a nature as August Strindberg's. Yet he hungered for her love: "He tried to flatter her [he tells the story in the third person], hut he did it clumsily and was repulsed." Even as a child he began "to take plea- sure in self-torture; he was melancholy and boisterous by turns." The usual ex- periences of childhood always assumed extravagant forms in him. He thus de- scribes the effect of his first love, at the age of nine: John's love found expression in a silent melancholy. He never spoke to her [she, too, was nine], and would never have dared to do it. He feared and longed for her. But if any one had asked him what he wanted from her, he could not have told them. . . . He felt that he had a se- cret. This plagued him so that he suffered under it, and his whole life was over- clouded. One day at home he seized a knife and said, "1 will cut my throat." In other matters misunderstood shy- ness was interpreted by his parents as studied dishonesty; and small wonder, for it would have required a rare person to penetrate his queer behavior. Once, when a lad in his teens, he saw "Ham- let" at the theatre, and remembering that he too had a step-parent (after his mother's death, the father had married the housekeeper), he promptly lived the titular part with much enthusiasm and self-pity. Yet despite this absorption in self, he had a wide range of interests: with virtually no assistance save from books, he got the rudiments of several languages and experimented in science. If his mind never recovered from an initial warp, it was at least enormously active. In 1906, after Strindberg had emerged greatly chastened from his "Inferno," he set about jotting down his views on all conceivable subjects. Issued original- ly in 1907 with the title "The Blue Book," these now appear in English as "Zones of the Spirit." The only unity which the book possesses is the recogni- tion, forced upon Strindberg at last, of a. Deity, and especially of Christianity as a comfortable philosophy. He revolts violently from the irreligious prompt- ings of science which previously had been his guide, denying that science, when so engaged, is logical. Into his arguments we need not go. But their form is significant and characteristic. He saw things always concretely, and here furnishes snatches of vivid reason- ing. Under the caption "Thought Bound by Law" he writes: The teacher said : "When a young man

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The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2507 ml Bays ho is a free-thinker, say to him: 'You He. You think with your stoni- ach, your throat, your sexuality, with your passions and your interests, your hate and your sympathies. But in your youthful Immaturity you do not really think at all, hut merely drivel. What is instilled into you, you give out, and dub your wishes by the name of thoughts.' Moreover, 'free thought' is a contradiction In terms, for thoughts obey laws, just as sound, light, and chemical combinations do. Thought is bound, bound by laws. If you say, 'There is no God,' you speak without thinking. 'Non-existence' and 'God' are two incom- mensurate ideas which cannot be brought into juxtaposition. If they are, there re- sults an absurdity which is the secretion or excretion of an illogical and confused mind." The twenty short stories called "Mar- ried," which with "The Son of a Ser- vant" were issued in 1886, suffer from the well-known taint. The meannesses of wedded existence are almost always to the fore. Why is it, he asks, that two persons, with apparently great capacity for happiness, and both with high re- solves, soon grate on each other? This is one of the large injustices of life, and goes to show how unattainable is the ideal. With but few exceptions, the stories are most unpleasant and, worse, are anything but convincing, remote possibilities being singled out to do ser- vice for the typical. Yet throughout the volume the reader will be struck with Strindberg's keen observation and his instinct for the picturesque. All the elements making for stories of great charm and power are present, save a wholesome outlook. Notes Dr. S. Weir Mitchell's new novel, "West- ways," the scene of which is laid at a coun- try estate of middle Pennsylvania in the fifties and sixties, will be brought out in the autumn by the Century Co. The same house has in hand Ruth Mc- Enery Stuart's plantation jingles, "Daddy- Do-Funny." Chatto & Windus have in preparation a book on modern France by the Abbe Er- nest Dimnet. It will deal particularly with the changes in French spirit noticeable in the last half dozen years. "Shakespeare and the Modern: a Defence of the Public Taste," and "A Plea for In- dividualism" are two essays in Sir Her- bert Beerbohm Tree's forthcoming book, "Thoughts and Afterthoughts" (Cassell). In the autumn W. Sanday will publish at the Clarendon Press "The Primitive Church and Reunion," a series of papers which lie contributed to the Contemporary Hi I [1 /; Among September publications of Mof- fat, Yard & Co. are a novel of New York life, by Reginald Wright Kauffman ; a work on the life and limes of Louis the Eleventh, by Lieut.-Col. Andrew C. P. Haggard, a brother ol the novelist, and Prof. Scott ' Nearing's "Social Sanity: a Preface to the Book of Social Progress." The following titles are Included in. Stokes's announcements: "The Way of Am- bition," by Robert Hlchens; "Prescott of Saskatchewan," by Harold Bindloss; "Story of Evangeline," by Clayton Edwards; "Many Cargoes," a story by W. W. Jacobs, and a number of juveniles. Autumn announcements of the Yale Uni- versity Press include: "Some Questions of Modern Government," by William Howard Taft; "The Monroe Doctrine, an Obsolete Shibboleth," by Hiram Bingham; "The Ethics of Public Service," by Henry Cros- by Emery; "The Diary of a Voyage to the United States," by Moreau de Saint Mery, edited by Stewart L. Mims ; "From the Let- ter-Files of S. W. Johnson," edited by his daughter Elizabeth A. Osborne; "Lyra Yalensis," by Edward Bliss Reed; "Life and Letters of Dr. Nathan Smith," by Emily A. Smith: "Earth Hunger and Other Es- says," by the late William Graham Sum- ner, LL.D., edited with an introduction by Albert Galloway Keller; "Yale Readings in Insurance," edited by the late Lester W. Zartman, revised with additions by Wil- liam H. Price; "Trade Morals, Their Ori- gin, Growth and Province," by Edward D. Page; "The Pulpit and the Pew," by the Rev. Charles H. Parkhurst (Lyman Beech- er lectures) ; "The Judiciary and the Peo- ple," by Frederick N. Judson (Storrs lec- tures) ; "The Power of Ideals in American History," by Ephraim D. Adams (Dodge lectures), and "Writings on American His- tory, 1912. A bibliography of books and articles on United States and Canadian history published during the year 1912, with some memoranda on other portions of America," compiled by Grace Gardner Griffin. A tribute to the natural charms of our national capital is given by former Am- bassador James Bryce in the National Geo- graphic Magazine for June. Comparing it with other capitals, he holds that in ex- ternal dignity and beauty it is the "em- bodiment of the majesty and stateliness of the whole nation." He suggests that Wash- ington should be the seat of a national uni- versity with a "fully equipped school of law, a complete and well-staffed school of political science, and of economics, and therewith, also, a strong school of history," and concludes with some hints as to what still needs to be done for the "beautlflca- tion of Washington and the turning of Its natural advantages to the best account," which are deserving of careful considera- tion. The rest of the number is devoted to pleas for "our policemen of the air," the birds of our farms and orchards. Extracts are taken, with illustrations, from Mr. Frank M. Chapman's "Bird Life," which no one can read without being brought, as he says, "within the ennobling influences of nature." Pictures in eight colors are given of fifty of our common birds, with information concerning each, furnished by experts of the Biological Survey of the Department of Agriculture. It is, perhaps, too much to ask of a Unit- ed States Senator that he be also a scholar, a jurist, ami a philosopher; but we y at hast, insist, that when he enters the held as .1 |>m 1 ,1 n 1.. I lie sha II lie informed, ill a mi reai on ibl 1 tali minded I iidgi d by 1 bis rathi 1 elementary standard, we think that John Sharp Williams's lectures on the Blumenthal foundation, published under the title "Thomas Jefferson; his Permanent Influence on American Institu- tions" (Columbia University Press), will add much to his reputation. Senator Wil- liams has, indeed, made industrious use of Jefferson's writings, has brought together a good many passages illustrative of Jef- ferson's opinions and influence, and has said many things which are as true as they are familiar. Over against these moderate, though creditable, virtues must be set, how- ever, persistent and indiscriminating lauda- tion of Jefferson, joined to sneering depre- ciation of Hamilton, Adams, and the Fed- eralists, and of such historians and biog- raphers as have appeared to sympathize with them; a superficial or biassed treat- ment of such episodes as the Genet incident, only half set forth, or the Burr conspiracy, dismissed with two lines, or the embargo policy, grotesquely distorted into a praise of peace; and a cheap and slangy commen- dation of "Jeffersonian simplicity." There is one redeeming feature, however: the volume is dedicated, with rare delicacy of humor, to "my wife's mother-in-law." In "The Masked War" (Doran), William J. Burns tells the story in detail of the detection and conviction of the McNamaras. It is, of course, not a work of art. A writ- er of fiction would have made much more of the material, a journalist could have "written it up" to far more vivid effect. The many pages of reports of Mr. Burns's "operatives" and "investigators" could have been boiled down, important or picturesque passages chosen, and a good deal of ir- relevant detail omitted. But we should not have believed in the product as we believe In the present narrative. Its very crude- nesses, its repetitions, digressions, and mere lumber of data, are all parts of its reality; and the twentieth century has no Defoe to invent such things. Defoe would have delighted in the style of this book— the English of the plain, blunt man reared upon American newspapers. When Burns and his detectives are on the way from one place to another, they are always "en route"; an incident that happened before a given date invariably happened "prior to" it; the criminal pursued by the detective is "the quarry"; and so on. To do him justice, Mr. Burns himself often escapes from the bondage of this lingo. If his sense of de- corum obliges him to speak of a prostitute as a "courtesan," his common sense has a way of breaking into vigorous speech. It is in the reports of his assistants that the quaintest use of the newspaper vernaculai may be found. Two of them go to hunt for a man named Caplan, in an anarchist colony. Their first report to Burns begins, "To-day ... we proceeded to acquaint our- selves with conditions surrounding Home Colony and its residents. Our pretext as surveyors permitted us to move around wlthoul attracting attention, We found thai a hi nl the community occupy resi- dences in places Isolated in (he timber and not easy of access. . . ." These gentry never go anywhere, they depart, when they leave nil worh at night, they discontinue. When Hi, v Watch a house, they "lake up a : hi .in. nee on a residence" a prooen the verbal dignity of which no doubt makes more tolerable a prolonged Hquattlng In I he In n::h or pe, pun; I rom a window. \s

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July 17, 1913] The Nation 61 B real ory, the narrative ought to against the extrav- agances of fiction. Mr. Burns means it to do more than that; he moans it to enlight- en the honest worklngmen of America as in the sort of vermin who too often get Ivea accepted as "leaders" in the army of organized labor. The record of a career as busy, as crowd- ed with opportunities for meeting and knowing great men as that of Stephen Cole- ridge, son of the Lord Chief Justice, and reat-nephew of the poet, should con- tain two things: a considerable volume of reminiscences, Impressions, and biograph- 1 evidence of a point of philosophy of life — acquired and matured during these years. In Mr. Cole- ridge's "Memories" (Lane), we have both these elements; but neither is of great value, nor strongly expressed. We meet men in pages without acuteness ; witty men in pages without wit; poetical geniuses in pages without emotion; great thinkers in pages without profundity. In one respect only does the author give sat- in— to his treatment of religious men he brings a pre-Victorian faith. Whole rs leave an impression of insi- pidity. The regret is the greater be- cause his gallery of portraits contains such men as Arnold, Newman, Morris, Meredith, Browning, Lowell, Trench, Ruskin— indeed, all the great figures of the period. In the case of Sir Henry Irving, Whistler, and Lord Coleridge alone has the author really done Justice to himself and his subjects. As for the reaction which he has gained from life, it is expressed in a splendid dis dain of all the changes of the time. Evo lution, rationalism, science receive the same intolerant condemnation as machine made furniture, modern methods of war fare, and reformed spelling. This lover of "famous men and our fathers that begat us" should have proved a more minute and sympathetically observant historian of the days and men that are gone. Prof. E. R. A. Seligman has taken advan- tage of the opportunity afforded by the issue of an eighth edition of his "Essays in Taxa- tion" (Macmillan) to revise and enlarge that well-known treatise. The original chapters have been brought down to date, a process necessitating numerous and ex- tensive additions, particularly in those chapters which discuss the various forms of taxation. The most noteworthy of the eight new chapters are the two dealing with the division of the taxing power among the different units of government. The other new chapters are for the most part exten- sions of chapters included in the original volume. Two of the new chapters, for in- stance, carry on the review of the reports of American tax commissions from 1895, the date at which it was left in the first edition. It is to be hoped that the formid- able increase in the size of the volume will not result in any falling off in the great influence which the book has exerted in the promotion of rational tax reform. Obviously enough, Mr. Harold Begbio's "The -Ordinary Man and the Extraordinary Thing" (Doran) was not intended by its author to be regarded as primarily a work of belles-lettres. It is nevertheless an extremely well -written book, and there arn passages in it which, judged merely as lit- erature, are of extraordinary power. The first two chapters give an interesting ac- count of the founding, by the young Devon- lan, George Williams — later, Sir George— of the Young Men's Christian As- sociation, in 1844, and somewhat broadly set forth the conditions of modern life Which in the author's judgment have made some such organization indispensable. Ex- cepting the last two, which are general, each of the eleven remaining chapters gives a somewhat detailed account of the history, spiritual and physical, if one may put it so, of a man whose life and character have been made over through the influence of the Association. As one reads some of these chapters, and notably chapters four and seven, one wonders a little at the infelici- tous phrase in the title which stamps these men as ordinary. The "extraordinary thing," it should be said, which happens to all of these so-called ordinary men, is con- version : a somewhat mysterious process through which, and only through which, one gathers, the Young Men's Christian As- on can become effectually operative for good on a human life. Here, indeed, is a very odd thing about the treatment as a whole accorded by the author to his sub- ject; a thing which it may, perhaps, seem ungracious to notice in speaking about a book so finely motived, and yet a thing thoroughly characteristic of the attitude likely to be held by the cultivated modern man towards religion considered in the light of a personal as distinguished from an institutional fact. The author, while at every point he shows himself profoundly convinced of the reality of this "conver- sion," has evidently himself never expe- rienced it; nor does he give any hint that he ever expects or even desires to do so. He is an admiring and sympathetic on- looker, as it were, at the business of in- dividual human redemption. On page 117, he even confesses that he had formerly been vexed and irritated at hearing persons who had been converted talk about the moment when they "decided for Christ"; and the fact that he is no longer so vexed and ir- ritated he does not explain as due to an experience he has himself later shared, but, rather, as resulting from the knowledge which acquaintance with men and the read- ing of books have brought him. The forty-volume "Jubilaumsausgabe" of Goethe (Stuttgart: Cotta), which has en- joyed such marked popularity of late, has been greatly enhanced in value by the re- cent publication of a comprehensive "Reg- ister" volume. This embraces, in a single alphabetical arrangement, all the proper names that occur in the edition, all the subjects touched upon, Goethe's typical thoughts, and many of his characteristic words and important quotations. Numerous cross-references facilitate the finding of desired references. As the letters and dia- ries are not contained in this edition, and only selections from the scientific and crit- ical writings are included, the introduc- tions and commentaries to the several vol- umes are taken into account in the index, making it in a limited sense an in the whole of Goethe. The "Register" is the work of the editor-in-chief, Eduard von der Hellen. Even the narrow specialist in index to so prolific and versatile a writer as Goethe, and this volume, the first of its kind, is one of the most help- ful aids to the Goethe student that has ever been written. As Goethe has influenced almost every field of thought, this index, which makes easily accessible his ideas on every variety of topic, will be welcomed by other scholars than literary historians. As a usual thing, the German savant con- siders it beneath his dignity and not the iroper thing to index his writings, and for this reason, when a scholar of Von der Hellen's prominence devotes so much time to the preparation of an exhaustive index he deserves more than ordinary commenda- tion. It is to be hoped that we may sortie day soon have a similar index to each of the other important new editions of Goethe, particularly the great Weimar edi- tion, which now numbers 137 volumes, of which but half have indexes of proper names. Percy Cross Standing's sketches of "Guer- illa Leaders of the World" (Houghton Mif- flin) are slight but readable. He makes no pretence to give any but a very superficial account of the exploits of those whom he has selected for mention, and thus fore- stalls criticism on the ground of inade- quacy of treatment. When the careers of more than a score of irregular leaders are dealt with in some 250 pages of excellently large type, it can be imagined that the sur- vey is far from exhaustive. The chapters are somewhat uneven in merit and in pro- portion of space; that on the Tyrol is per- haps among the best, and the one on Gari- baldi, to whom the author does considerably less than justice, is certainly the worst. The value of the book is in suggestion ra- ther than in accomplishment. Guerilla warfare is a fascinating study, and Mr. Standing gives just sufficient information about his heroes to make the reader wish for more. Happily, in most cases the means of satisfying curiosity are readily access- ible. The author's literary style is marred by an unfortunate addiction to italics and marks of exclamation. The sketches, it should be added, embrace only the guerilla leaders of the past hundred and fifty years. C. W. Previte Orton, fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, has produced in "The Early History of the House of Savoy; 1000-1233" (Putnam) a study which would have delighted the late Bishop Stubbs. It is a laborious investigation of the docu- ments concerning that period, the number of which is very great, since they include not only Burgundian sources, but those of Piedmont proper, and those which relate to such larger affairs as Frederick Barba- rossa's struggles with the Lombard com- munes. The origins of the House of Savoy possess not merely the interest which at- taches to the oldest reigning family in Eu- rope, but to the process by which it crossed the Alps and established itself in the up- per valley of the Po. Mr. Orton d -and weaves them into a chronicle which can always be read with confidence in its trustworthiness and often with inl lie succeeds also in giving to the principal actors In the drama Individual f. which lift them out of the category of ab- stractions. Two maps, carefully prepared, show the dominions of the House of in about 1080 and "Roman Life and Manners under the

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62 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2507 Early Empire," the English translation of F'rledlH.nder's "Sittongeschichte Roms," Is now completed l>y the appearance of a fourth volume (I)utton) containing more than 700 pages, about equally divided be- tween appendices and notes. This volume comes from the sixth German edition, though the body of the work had the bene- fit of a seventh enlargement and revision. An immense amount of scholarly effort is to be seen in some of the appendices, as in the "List of Roman and Provincial Am- phitheatres," pages 193 to 255, which gath- ers up under a geographical arrangement countless items of information on the sub- ject from inscriptions, literature, and ac- tual physical remains; it closes with a table of longer and shorter axis dimen- sions for seventy-one amphitheatres. The reader is, of course, warned that accuracy In such statistics is not attainable. This work in its English dress ought to find its way at once into all school libraries, where the original text is, of course, be- yond most of the pupils and far too many of the teachers. Charles Chauncey Binney, a member of the Pennsylvania bar, is dead from heart disease at Little Boar's Head, Mass. He was born in Philadelphia in 1855, graduated from Harvard in 1878, and was admitted to the bar three years later. He was a special attorney for the United States De- partment of Justice, 1897-1901. Mr. Binney was the author of "Restrictions upon Local and Special Legislation in State Constitu- tions" and "Life of Horace Binney." Count Tadasu Hayashi, the Japanese statesman, died a week ago at the age of sixty-three, from injuries received in a jinriksha accident. He was one of sev- eral students sent by the Government to England to be educated. On his return to Japan he joined a force which fought against the Imperial army, was captured and imprisoned. The Count became Vice- Minister in the Foreign Office in 1891, and remained in that post until 1896, when he was appointed Minister to Peking. Two years later he was made Minister to Rus- sia, being transferred within a few months to the Court of St. James's with the rank of Ambassador, where he was instrumental in bringing about the Anglo-Japanese al- liance in 1902. He became Minister of Foreign Affairs, but resigned in 1906, be- cause of differences over the action in re- gard to the South Manchurian Railway 6ystem, which Japan took over as a Gov- ernment concern. He reentered the Cabi- net in his old post within a short time, however, under Premier Saionji. He was a prolific writer, and had translated Mill's "Political Economy" and Machiavelli's "The Prince." Cambridge gave him the LL.D., and Oxford the D.C.L. Science Out With the Birds. By Hamilton M. Laing. New York: The Outing Pub- lishing Co. $1.50 net. This is an uncommonly good book. Mr. Laing is a close and sympathetic observer, and he writes well about what he sees. His description of the "danc- ing" of the sharp-tailed grouse, illustrat- ed by photographs taken at short range, is a contribution of considerable value tc the literature of that subject; and one must admire his candor in saying, "What that long daily 'hoe-down' means to the birds I am unable to state. At one time I thought I knew. That was before I had learned to get right among the revellers; now after many hours spent with them, I am much wiser but still mystified." Mr. Laing is evidently not one of the kind of nature-students who find it convenient to read their own thoughts into the actions of animals they observe. In the chapter, The Duck Mothers, Mr. Laing has brought together many inter- esting facts concerning the curious nest- ing habits of several species of these shy and clever birds. The same is true of the chapter on Some Little Owls, wherein he records the results of his keen and painstaking observations of the prairie, the long-eared and the short-eared species. In Spying from the Elm Clump, he displays his alert- ness and his accuracy as an observer, as well as his skill as a writer, by pre- senting in very readable form many in- teresting and significant facts concern- ing a dozen or fifteen species of birds, to say nothing of a murderous weasel which he promptly and properly slew. Mr. Laing has done some skilful work in the exceedingly difficult art of bird portraiture with a camera, as is shown by several of the thirty-eight illustra- tions, all of them reproductions of pho- tographs. Some of the best of these likenesses present, in characteristic poses, or with valuable detail as to plumage, such birds as the Canada goose, young burrowing owls (a capital picture), blue-bills (ducks) rising from the water, geese in flight, and especially the pictures of the black-crowned night herons. It is the more surprising, there- fore, that the author should have in- cluded in his illustrations at least half a dozen which are utterly meaningless because the birds are shown as mere dots, often so small as to be almost in- visible. The legend, "They were a gay throng," under one of these collections of dots, sounds jocular. Also, it is a clumsy and annoying arrangement to have the illustrations scattered helter- skelter through the book, often thirty or forty pages from the reading-matter about them, and no hint in the text of their whereabouts. Mr. Cosmo Hamilton's "A Plea for the Younger Generation," announced by Chatto & Windus, urges teachers to instruct boys and girls on all matters of sex. "Around-the-World Cook Book" Is the name given to a forthcoming Century pub- lication by its author, Mrs. Mary Louise Barroll, the wife of a navy officer who has |3 in many quarters of the globe. The following are science books in the autumn announcements of the Yale Uni- versity Press: "The Evolution of Modern Medicine," by Sir William Osier (Silliman Memorial Lectures), and "A Monograph of the Terrestrial Palaeozoic Arachnida of North America," by Alexander Petrunke- vitch. The "Hurricanes of the West Indies" are treated in Bulletin X of the Weather Bu- reau, at Washington — containing twenty- four pages of text, four pages of tables, and twenty-five charts and diagrams — by O. L. Fassig, whose experience as observer in Porto Rico gave him intimate ac- quaintance with some examples of these dreaded storms. They are chiefly limited to August, September, and October; the tracks of a large number of them for each of these months are charted, and the point of their origin is indicated; but the text does not enable the reader to deter- mine whether the "point of origin" is really such, or simply the place where the hurricane was first reported. A special ac- count is given of the violent hurricane of August 7-20, 1899, wheh passed over Porto Rico, where more than 3,000 lives were lost and crops valued above $7,000,000 were destroyed; more than twenty inches of rain fell from this storm in the centre of the isl- and. On September 26, 1912, we printed a let- ter from our Paris correspondent, S. D„ which dealt at length with Dr. Gustave Le Bon's remarkable study of "La Revolu- tion franeaise et la psychologie des revo- lutions." We are glad to see that this striking book has been translated by Ber- nard Miall, and published by Putnams as "The Psychology of Revolution." Simplicity, common-sense, and a compact style characterize "Crops and Methods for Soil Improvement" (Macmillan), by Alva Agee. The book is of significance even to the cultivator of our Western virgin soils, who feels superior to our Eastern prac- tice of using fertilizers. Mr. Agee warns against unscientific cropping, which will ex- haust the best of soils, and explains those practices — whether liming, manuring, or rotation — which tend to build up soil fer- tility. He is clear and sensible in his treat- ment of the use of legumes and of lime, while his chapters on commercial fertiliz- ers are the best section of the book. For those who live where barnyard manure is expensive, it is consoling to know that chem- icals alone, if combined with a good rota- tion, will build up fertility. Mr. Agee would greatly simplify the guarantee as to chemi- cal fertilizers and limit their numbers. He would require, to begin with, that instead of the confusing analysis which commonly appears on the fertilizer bag, there should be only the guaranteed minimum amounts of the three essential plant constituents, ni- trogen, avail-ble phosphoric acid, and pot- ash. No doubt this would help the farmer to know Just what he was buying. Again, Mr. Agee advises limiting the num- ber of fertilizer formulas to ten, or even less, a practice which would save much confusion in the unscientific mind. For him- self, Mr. Agee would be eatlefied, 11 should seem, with the formula 3-10-6, 3-8-10, and 7-7-7. At any rate, whether or not loom] soil requirement! would modify these par-

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July 17, 1913] The JSTation 63 tlcular formula., Mr. Agee is plainly right in saying that the multiplication of for- mulas gives very little advantage, but rather works to confusion. Like all writers on the subject of fertilizers, he em- phasizes the difference between high and low-grade mixtures, and advises home . .ixing for those who use any con- siderable quantity. The illustrations in this book are not very appropriate, and the table of contents scarcely does duty for an index; but the plan is as clear as the style, and the reader can easily find a desired pas- sage. We commend this statement of mod- ern theory and practice. Prof. William F. Ganong's "The Living Plant" (Holt) is thoroughly scientific, yet is simple enough for the comprehension of the lay reader; the style is lively, and humor is not lacking. The method of the book develops the subject progressively, taking up first the essential basis of plant- life in the function of chlorophyl and the process of photosynthesis, then proceeding to give reasons for the existing forms of plants and their parts, such as the leaves. There follow sections on the method and service of respiration; the structure of the cell, particularly the quality and ser- vice of protoplasm; the work of the roots, especially regarding their means of absorp- tion of nutriment from the soil; the dis- semination and utilization of this nutrition; protective adaptations in plants against hostile conditions or active enemies; repro- duction, with a chapter on flowers and their cross-fertilization; and, finally, plant- breeding and the methods of classification. This logical sequence of study is also his- torical, for Dr. Ganong is not only an evo- lutionist, but professes a stout faith in the Darwinian doctrine of adaptations, while recognizing that certain features in plants do not appear at all purposeful. One can see that such a treatment must in- volve many principles and explain many processes true of animals as well as of plants; and that the book is therefore an excellent foundation for biology generally, there being no essential difference in the basal facts between the life of a plant and that of an animal. In this aspect it may be recommended to every young student of natural history, whether he proposes to specialize in botany or not, while the bota- nist, as such, will find it a most conve- nient and helpful work of reference. We should like to quote extensively to exhibit the freshness of knowledge and the enter- taining facts with which the book abounds, and the way in which aptness of illustra- tion and telling bits of outside lore and philosophy are made to contribute to the value and interest of the subject. The book abounds in diagrams and photographs, which are beautifully done and are very helpful. There is a full index, and the paper and typography are of the best char- acter. Dr. Horace Jayne, formerly dean of the college faculty of the University of Penn- sylvania, died suddenly last week at his home near Philadelphia. He was fifty-four years old. After receiving his A.B. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1879, and his M.D. in 1882, he studied at universities of Germany and at Johns Hopkins. He was a prolific writer, among his works being "Mammalian Anatomy," "Revision of the Dermestidae of North America," and "Abnormalities Observed in North Ameri- can Coleoptera." Dr. Benjamin Lee, assistant to the Health Commissioner of Pennsylvania, died Friday at Point Pleasant, N. J. He was born in 1833 in Norwich, Conn., and gradu- ated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1852 and from the New York Medical College in 1856. Dr. Lee also studied in Europe. Among his publications may be noted "Correct Principles of Treatment for Angular Curvature of the Spine." Drama NOTES ON GERMAN DRAMA. In the sex-ridden literature of mod- ern Germany a play without a love mo- tive must be hailed as an extraordinary novelty. Arthur Schnitzler's "Professor Bernhardy" (Berlin: S. Fischer) has earned this distinction as well as that of having been prohibited in Vienna. The action of the play deals with a hospital maintained by private sources and con- ducted by a Jew and free-thinker. Bern- hardy objects to the appearance of a priest at the cot of a dying woman who imagines she is getting well and expects a visit from her lover, thinking it would be more humane to let her die while she cherishes this dream than to awak- en her to the knowledge of approach- ing death. Out of this conflict with the church grow serious difficulties for the hospital which had hoped for an endow- ment from the state. The intricate web of political intrigue entering into the management of public institutions is re- vealed. Nor does the author spare his profession; the flippancy, the cant, and the opportunism of his colleagues come in for a just share of scathing criticism. There is no unnecessary dwelling on physical facts, no repulsive details are thrust upon the reader. The prohibitory indictment must have been entirely based upon the reflections which the play casts on clerical interference and on the exploitation of professional ac- tivity in the interest of politics, which is a nuisance not limited to Austria. Korflz Holm has written an enter- taining comedy, "Frau Mary's grosses Herz" (Munich: Albert Langen), which deals with the dilemma of a Frau Kom- merzienratin, whose husband is so ab- sorbed in business that he tolerates her numerous flirtations. Frau Mary is the mother of a daughter married abroad, and of another daughter of the awkward age. She tries to postpone the engage- ment of "Billy," because the prospec- tive father-in-law is one of her own ad- mirers and she would be forced to re- tire from her field of activity. The wo- men guests of the house belong to the same smart set, and the scenes in which these ladies pointedly allude to one an- other's affairs abound in amusing situa- tions and sprightly dialogue. The lady in the end throws over all her admirers, consents to her daughter's marriage, and induces her husband to retire with her to their country estate. The play has been favorably received at the theatre. "Miinchhausen's Antwort" (Berlin: Theater-Verlag Eduard Bloch), a one-act play by Hanne von Gumppenberg, effec- tively handles an episode in the life of the famous German Ananias. The in- fidelity of a woman he had loved and disgust with conventional society are suggested as the motives of his passicn for fooling the world with stories of marvellous experiences. The woman who had dropped him to marry another comes to one of the baron's much-talked- of evenings, apparently to renew her relations with him, but really to flirt with an influential Cabinet Minister, and obtain her husband's promotion. They all plot to lay a trap for Miinchhausen, and, while waiting for their host, divide their attentions between the only lady guest and a buxom stable-maid. But the baron has observed everything, en- tertains them with wonted vivacity, and when punch is served begins a tale in which he fancifully veils the experi- ences of the lady and the exploits of the Cabinet Minister. When asked for proofs, he sends for the stable-maid! The little plr.y condenses with remark- able cleverness the salient features of a familiar figure, and the plot is admira- bly calculated to hold attention. The play has been successfully performed at Munich, Stuttgart, Weimar, Karlsruhe, and other places. Ludwig Thoma's "Das Sauglings- heim" (Albert Langen) is a "Burleske" in one act, and is a racy product of robust Bavarian humor. It deals with a home for poor babies established by a wealthy Jew and willed to the city on condition that its management should be unsectarian. The discussion of this clause with the widow of the testator brings forward the amusing figures of municipal officials, and throws glaring lights upon their mediaeval prejudices. The climax is reached when the news arrives that the newly appointed jani- tor of the building is a Protestant; this disturbs the proportion of representa- tion to which each sect is entitled. Al- though mainly of local interest, the sit- uations in the little play are funny enough to appeal to any audience, and it is likely to be as popular as the au- thor's "Erster Klasse." The most important dramatic novel- ties of recent publication have come from Carl Hauptmann. "Die lange Jule" (Leipzig: Ernst Rowohlt), a vil- lage drama in five acts, has been chosen to inaugurate the new royal court the- atre in Dresden in October, and is to be performed by Max Grube in Hamburg. It is a powerful tragedy of the passion i

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6 I The ISTation [Vol. 97, No. 2507 for possession. The heroine has the old- fashioned pee ant's attachment to the soil of the forebears, and is cheated out of the hope of inheriting the old home- Stead by her widowed father's re-mar- riage, of which she disapproved as vio- lently as he had done of hers. The dif- ficulties between the two hard, unyield- ing characters culminate in a desperate scene at the old man's death-bed, when the daughter once more claims her own and is cursed by him. From that mo- ment she has but one aim in life: she buys the mortgage which the widow can- not meet and dispossesses the hated in- truder. Her sentiment for the family place, with its numerous associations, relieves to some extent her cruel ra- pacity; nor is her conscience quite deaf to the message that comes to her through the apparition of her father's ghost. But as the attachment to the property becomes an obsession border- ing on madness, her figure outgrows hu- man limitations and assumes uncanny proportions. That the other dramatis persona; are able to hold their own against a character of such calibre, speaks for the strength with which they have been delineated. The action pro- gresses with inevitable logic and has moments of powerful suspense. Another play by Carl Hauptmann, "Die armseligen Besenbinder" (Leipzig: Kurt Wolff), is to see the footlights in the autumn at the Deutsches Theater of Max Reinhardt, in Berlin. The author calls it "altes Marchen," and it has in- deed all the whimsical fancy and elusive symbolism of an old folk-tale. Haupt- mann has nursed his imagination upon the folklore of Silesia until its spirit has entered his soul and quickened the poetical concepts of his creative mind. His imaginings quite spontaneously take the quaint and simple forms of the sto- ries that belong to the lore of the Ries- engebirge, and as they are much con- cerned with the dreams and the longings of poor people, the poet thinks in sym- bols of their life. The poor broombinder who in his direst misery is consoled by the dream of the brother gone forth in quest of treasure is as real as any figure from life; and the other, who has gone forth into the far world of fabulous wealth and comes home laden with trea- sure, is as illusory a phantom as such figures usually turn out to be in cold day- light. The play opens rare possibilities to the genius of the man who by his scenic realizations is attracting as much attention as the poet by his imaginings. The performance is likely to confirm the growing conviction of not a few crit- ics in Germany that Carl Hauptm one of the strongest personalities in □ lei ters to-day. A. von En dio. ditions," an Elizabethan play which first Mppcii-cd 111 l'i7(i. The work will be edited by ciuiilcs F. Tucker Brooke. Music .1 11 1 1'H 1 :: B reprint 0! 1 he first edition of "Common Con- The Fourth of July was worthily cele- brated at Lucerne, Switzerland, by a con- cent made up of compositions by five Americans — Chadwick, Foote, Hadley, Mac- Dowell, and Louis Lombard. The last- named conducted the orchestra. Leipzig has increased the allowance for its two municipal theatres from 350,000 marks a year to 700,000 marks. "The motion picture is charged with pandering to a sort of mental laziness, and thus with«diminish- Ing the popular support for serious opera And drama. And so the town steps in to fight the 'cinemas,' as they are called." Wassili Safonoff has been elected an hon- orary member of the Philharmonic Society of London. "The Songs of Euripides" is the odd name of an opera by Botho Sigwart which has been accepted for performance in Dresden next season. An association has been formed in Dres- den for the special purpose of bringing about a worthy celebration of the two hun- dredth birthday of Gluck, next year. It is hoped that some of his neglected master- works will be revived. In Vienna a so- ciety has been organized for the purpose of collecting funds for a Gluck monument in that city. For Vienna he wrote three of his best operas — "Orfeo," "Alceste," and "Iphigenie in Aulis." It was here that he changed his style and paved the way for his Parisian successes, In which he was aided by Marie Antoinette, who studied with him in Vienna. Carl Goldmark is president of this Gluck association. If the present violin craze continues in England, the piano will soon cease to be the most popular of instruments. At the ninth annual Violin Festival of the Na- tional Union of School Orchestras, held at the Crystal Palace, London, last month, the enormous number of 6,200 violinists mustered on the Handel orchestra. At the first of these festivals the number was only 700. Schools in every district in and around London were represented by play- ers, and, it was stated, "one and all of them are whole-hearted enthusiasts, anx- ious to win all possible guerdons, and, in particular, one or other of the two silver challenge shields offered in competition by the union." In Felix- Weingartner, the Boston opera found a conductor who ranks among the greatest. At first he came over for a few weeks only, chiefly to obtain a worthy sup- port for Mme. Nordica, but next winter he is to be in Boston from January to the end of the season, He will conduct not enly the Wagner opera pi larly "Die Hi 1 ter Ini er," "Lohengrin " a ad "Ti I tan but ;iiso some of the besl Italian and French operas ("Aida," "Otello," "ii Tro- -. 'e," "Faust") He will also pn ldon 1 Hovannl" and "Hansel and Gretel " 'I lie COl lite Ve| ie I of I lie MM ol Paris, Freni b a ad Coreig imi to be thai while there is much good music in Char- pentier's new opera, "Julien," It is not like- ly to duplicate the success of "Louise," because the libretto, by the composer him- self, is marred by too much mysticism, philosophy, and symbolism. One critic re- marks that "as soon as he leaves philoso- phy and Socialism and comes to Julien and Louise and treats them as creatures of flesh and blood, M. Charpentier recaptures the beauty and the pathos which are the chief feature of his earlier opera." The death is reported of Ingeborg de Bronsart. She was born in St. Petersburg in 1840, her parents, Starck by name, be- ing of Swedish origin. In 1861 she mar- ried Hans Bronsart von Schellendorff, like her a pianist and composer. Among her works are "La Deesse de Sais," in three acts, and the one-act "Jery et Baeteli." Art Michelangelo: A Record of His Life. As told in his Letters and Papers. Trans- lated and edited by Robert W. Carden. Illustrated. Boston: Houghton Mif- flin Co. $3 net. There is no doubt that one gets a vivid human impression from these selec- tions from the letters and papers of Michelangelo, and it is certain also that the picture thus gained is partial and misleading. It is abundantly proved out of the great artist's own mouth that he was a querulous, timid, suspi- cious person, with all the stigmata of a nervous invalid. His gigantic abili- ties he devoted chiefly to the task of re- habilitating his ungrateful and unwor- thy family, concerning whose noble origins he indulged delusions. His brothers preyed upon his generosity. He conferred princely benefits upon them, usually with a snarl. Constantly tim- orous before all business and official emergencies, he showed himself a pol- troon when his dearly beloved Florence was in dire need of him. Yielding to a sudden nervous panic, he deserted his post of military engineer in charge of the fortifications. An ordinary man would have been hanged from the trai- tors' tower for such an offence. There are a few hints of a brighter side. Quite fatherly and touching are the letters to his favorite nephew and heir, Lionardo, concerning the choice of a wife. Very moving is his grief for his single faith- ful servant, Urbino, whose infant, his own godchild, the aged sculptor actual- ly thought of taking into his home. Of- len there will appear a sardonic tendei ness under his fiilniinat ions. A worth- less 'prentice is to be sent back to Flor- enee, lint, i he fallior is to be told the lad is too high-strung for the rough work, one finds a Spartan rectitude, a r [UlngnesB to take 1 he unfa^ orabli ld< oi b bargain, t< ipound with b pal pod to his own hurt. Such, ' 1 HI peaking, la the picture

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July 17, 1913 J The Nation 35 that .Mr. Carden makes Michelangelo 1. raw of himself. A true picture, so far as it goes, but how completely inade- quate! There could be no more strik- ing demonstration of the fallacy of the documentary method when applied with- out discretion. The amazing thing is that the materials for balancing the t-tudy exist, and have been completely ignored. Are the Sonnets, forsooth, not "paipers of Michelangelo"? To have in- cluded about half the sonnets at the proper place would have helped to make the impression of the book relatively just. How Mr. Carden has neglected so obvious and necessary an expedient is incomprehensible. We hope it may be done in a future edition, though we are not sanguine of any very satisfactory fruits from an editorial mind so per- functory and unimaginative. To those who already are familiar with the work of Michelangelo this volume brings in- teresting and valuable material not readily accessible to the general reader. \\> heartily commiserate, however, the ingenuous reader who gains his first ac- ouaintance with Michelangelo from this book. To your reviewer it has been a revelation of the paradox that to an- thologize may also be to diminish. "Art for Life's Pake," by Charles H. Caf- fln (New York: Prang), is an endeavor to show that all life-increasing effort of the individual follows the rule of art. In de- veloping the activities of the individual in the collective state, art is to be of prime importance. The beautiful and the good are merely different aspects of one thing. All utilities, including the skyscraper and machinery must eventually take on or pro- duce beauty. The new collective life being more sensitive and highly ordered than the individualisms of the past will produce a superior order of beauty. "Beauty, so un- derstood, is the urge, the impulse of growth of the Whole Life, the Healthy Life, the Holy Life in all its faculties of sensation, emotion, volition, intelligence, reasoning, imagination and intuition. It is that which impels to the full and free recreating con- tinually of self by self which in the high- est sense is Living. On the other hand, Ugliness is that which checks and dimin- ishes the Need of Life and the Desire of Living, tending towards atrophy, the mor- ibund and death." A close analysis of the rhetorical redundancies of this passage will show what ails Mr. Caffin's style and thought. In his enthusiasm everything shades insensibly into everything else, great words and ideas overlap in confusingly penumbral fashion. He traverses the ground recently surveyed by George Bourne in "The Ascending Effort," but leaves upon the mind no such clear impression of the cathartic value of art. We dislike to take issue with a book the general tone of which is whole- somely optimistic and with the particular views of which we often agree, but if this sort of writing is really prophetic, the art of the future is apparently to resolve itself into a lambent flux in which sensation, emotion, and volition may be reflected, but hardly intelligence, reasoning, imagination, and intuition. Finance LOW EBB ON THE STOCK EX- CHANGE. Last Friday, July 11, sales on the Stock Exchange were only 64,400 shares, the lowest total of any full business day since May 26, 1896. What this means, so far as that branch of financial activ- ity is concerned, may be judged from the fact that the earlier of those dates belongs to what Wall Street has long described as the era of small things on the Stock Exchange. The great forward movement in American finance and in- dustry, which began with 1897, introduc- ed a decade of wholly unprecedented ac- tivity, with days when a million shares changed hands a common spectacle, and with one day — April 30, 1901 — when 3,- 200,000 shares were dealt in. The to- tal sales in 1896 were 54,600,000 shares; they were 266,000,000 in 1901, and 131,- 000,000 even in 1912. For the first half of 1913 they were 23,000,000 less than the year before, and now the daily total sinks to a low level not witnessed since the turn in the tide of American pros- perity, in 1896. What does this shrinkage signify, in the larger sense? It may merely reflect the speculative market's inability to move, in the face of the embargo on credit facilities for the purpose. It may, in line with the Stock Exchange's pro- phetic functions, foreshadow similar in- activity in general trade. But it may more obviously be interpreted as a sign of the investment community's perplex- ity and hesitation. Days or periods of this character are apt to come when the speculative com- munity and the real investors who stand behind it are completely at a loss which way to turn. The presence of such ex- treme inactivity denotes that the usual buyers and sellers of investment securi- ties will not buy, because they can see so many disturbing possibilities ahead, and will not sell, either because prices are too low to invite such a transaction or because there are elements in the general situation favorable enough to make the holder of stocks and bonds re- luctant to par.t with what he holds. It will be agreed by most observant people that this description fairly fits the pres- ent state of things. Any one who lets his imagination loose in a hunt for prospective trouble will be pretty successful. He will have, in fact, considerable scope in selecting the most formidable danger. He may predict the ebbing-away of prosperity which he has been taught must follow — as it undoubtedly did in 1894 — the enact- ment of a low-tariff bill. He may fix on a coming financial crash in Europe, with or without a "general European war. ' Or, more vaguely, he may base his pre- dictions on belief in a political Arma- geddon in the winter session of Con- gress, with all the crazes of the period recognized by proposals of legislation, or an expectation of a home financial crisis, not yet clearly formulated in ideas, but to be introduced by the ab- normal scarcity of capital and by a tightening money market. All this may easily* have persuaded the public in general, and professional Wall Street in particular, not to buy. But as every one conversant with the matter knows, to be unwilling to buy is not necessarily to be willing to sell. There is a state of the financial mind which may be described as stable equi- librium or may be summed up as pure inertia, and it is apt to mean that the bad points in a situation are fairly bal- anced by the good. In the present case, the man who has mused on the possible coming dangers, summarized above, will frequently be checked in any disposition to sell his stocks by such considerations as the fact that the markets — financial, mer- cantile, and industrial — have carefully prepared themselves for any money strain whicn may be on the way. He will observe, when he has looked into things a little further, that although the business community has for at least four months been complaining of a "hand-to-mouth business" and the "lack of future orders," nevertheless the vol- ume of trade continues surprisingly large. Furthermore, the reports from the various industries show him that the output of manufacturers and produc- ers is not going into heaped-up unsold stocks (as in 1907, for instance), but is moving directly into consumers' hands. He finds, it is true, that loans at the banks are almost everywhere heavily ex- tended as compared with a year ago; for instance, that they are up $56,000,- 000 from July, 1912, at the Bank of Ger- many, $95,000,000 at the Bank of France, and $190,000,000 in the national banks of the United States, and that, except for Berlin, this expansion has not been accompanied by an increase in cash re- serves. But when he looks at the pres- ent greatly reduced demands on credit, at all the great money markets, for Stock Exchange or commercial purposes, he is apt to conclude that this part of the situation is adjusting itself. And meantime he hears from every experi- enced authority that, in default of ac- tual disaster, prices of good investment securities are intrinsically low. There is perhaps one deeper cause of hesitation, underlying all the rest, and not dependent on any idea so concrete and distinct as that of financial calam- ity. It is the perplexity which pervades the minds of all meditative people, as to exactly what sort of change is coming about in our institutions generally — po<*-

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66 T li e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2507 Bibly more in the political and social field than In finance. The feeling that im- portant alterations, temporary or pi rma- 111 nt . are shaping themselves in the at- titude of society itself towards many fundamental questions of the day, is a sentiment which will naturally inspire uncertainty, even when it does not cause alarm. This is more particularly true at a time when the casual observer of these phenomena of the day does not always find it easy to distinguish between the large reforms which mark the real so- cial movement of this remarkable pe- riod, and the foolish or crazy fads which are proclaimed, not merely by scatter- brained fanatics, but to some extent, unfortunately, by men of character and standing whose mental balance has not been strong enough to maintain an equi- librium. But to lose the sense of pro- portion, in measuring such political and social tendencies, is to lose all power of reasonable prediction. It is easy to in- fer that certain propaganda are the sur- est of success because their advocates are the loudest talkers, and it is easy to assign to the social fermentation more influence on the real prosperity of the day than legitimately belongs to it. It has happened on many similar occa- sions, during generations past, that the turmoil of agitation has resulted, first in the winnowing of the useful from the foolish propaganda of the day, and af- terwards in the settling down of soci- ety at large to a sounder and more effi- cient condition than before. BOOKS OP THE WEEK. Aschaffenburg, Gustav. Crime and Its Re- pression. Translated by A. Albrecht. Boston: Little, Brown. $4 net. Babcock, W. H. Early Norse Visits to North America. Washington: Smith- sonian Institution. Bluemel, C. S. Stammering and Cognate Defects of Speech. 2 vols. Stechert. $5 net. Chamberlin, Frederick. The Philippine Problem, 1898-1913. Boston: Little, Brown. $1.50 net. Chamber of Commerce, New York. Annual Report, 1912-1913. Crawford, M. MacD. The Sailor Whom England Feared: The Story of Paul Jones. Duffield. Eaton, A. M. Free Trade vs. Protection. Chicago : McClurg. $1 net. Ecclesiae Occidentalis Monumenta Iuris Antiquissima. Edidit Cuthbertus Hamil- ton Turner. 2 fascicles. Frowde. Fleming, Guy. Life's Little Tragedies. Longmans. Force, Due de la. Lauzun: Un Courtisan du Grand Roi. Paris: Hachette. Fowell, F., and Palmer, F. Censorship in England. London: Frank Palmer. Giese, W. F. Graded French Method. Holt. Goldberg, Isaac. Sir Wm. S. Gilbert: A Study in Modern Satire. Boston: Strat- um! I'ub. Co. $1. Hurlburt, B. H. Lanagan, Amateur Detec- tive. Sturgis & Walton. $1.25 net. Kittredge Anniversary Papers. By Col- leagues and Pupils of George Lyman Kit- tredge. Boston: Ginn. $5 net. ] Koester, I^rank. Electricity for the Farm, and Home. Sturgis & Walton. $1 net. Leake, A. H. Industrial Education. Bos- ton: Houghton Mifflin. $1.25 net. Loreburn, Earl. Capture at Sea. 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Life and Correspondence of Philip Yorke, Earl of Hardwicke. 3 vols. University of Chicago Press. $13.50 net. The Boston Transcript says of H. H. Bashford's PITY THE POOR BLIND "It has an uncommon literary quality and interest ... the reader, whether he sympathizes or not with its theme, must acknowledge its sincerity and broadly human sympathy ... a story whose appeal, save to those who also 'having eyes see not,' must be as compelling as its theme is original." The title is purely metaphorical, referring to blindness regarding God and His laws. J&L $1.35 net. By mail $1.47. HenryHolt&Co.,3^ 34W.3.?St. w York COURT MASQUES OF JAMES I. Their Influence on Shakespeare and the Public Theatres By MARY SULLIVAN, Ph.D. 8vo. Illustrated. $2.50 net. By mail $2.75 The author establishes Shake- speare's connection nut only a a private "Groom of the King's Cham- u'i one of Hi.- company of the King's own players, but as an im- portanl ini 1 rumenl in enterta inmentfi ed for thi - I Kings, Queens, and t1 1 1 1 tanba add stress of peculiarly delicate diplo- compllcationB. NewYork G. P. Putnam's Sons London THE PRICE OF INEFFICIENCY By FRANK KOESTER Author of "Hydroelectric Develop- ments and Engineering," etc. This book lays hare in searching anal- ysis ami startling deductions, national ills ami weaknesses line to inefficiency. Govern- mental or non-Governmental, and largely responsible for the high cost of living and other harsh conditions. Comparisons with the method's anil results of other countries give point to both constructive and destruc- tive criticism. Octavo. $2.00 net; postpaid, $2.15. THE EDUCATION OF TOMORROW By ARLAND D. 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Vol. IV. No. 1 A POLITICAL HIS- TORY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, 1865-1869. By HOMER ADOLPH STEB- BINS, LL.B., Ph.D. 8vo. Paper covers. $4.00. Vol. IV. No. 2. THE EARLY PERSE- CUTIONS OF THE CHRISTIANS. By LEON HARDY CAN FIELD, Ph.D. 8vo. Paper covers. $1.50. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. The second volume of Hauptmann's Dramas is now ready. Contents: Drayman Hcnschel; Rose Bernd; The Rats At all bookstores, H.50 net; by mail. $1.65 B.W.Huebsch.liihlisher, 225 Fifth avenue.Nefl Vnrk \oti- Beady JULIUS CAESAR Being tin' Seventeenth Volume In a New Var- iorum Kdiiinn uf Shakespeare, Edited by Horace Hi, ward Furneas, .ir. Cloth. M-00. Hair >•«>- i. urn IS. 00, Postage extra. .1 ll. LIPPINCOTT .\L tinii'VW. 1'lll.llwlllTM, PlllllUifl|>lllll. A CATALOl : ' ec "i- i I "'« now n Bdj ll WILLIAMS, Id I t., N. Y.

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r rii e ion VOL. XCVII— NO. 2508 THURSDAY, JULY 24, 1913 pit 0^. PRICE TEN CENTS MIDSUMMER BOOKS THE OLD ADAM: An Adventure By Arnold Bennett Here is the essential Arnold Bennett who has been praised for the uncanny discernment of his women-char- acters. He tells the story of a man whose wife endangered his audacity. But the old Adam revives in him and he sets out from The Five Towns to prove that he still has it in him to be a comet and not a provincial skyrocket. Net §1.35 THE AMBASSADRESS By William Wriothesley The fascinating life of the inner court circles of the embassies at European capitals mirrored mated novel in which an American woman plays the leading part. in an ani- Net $1.25 EL DORADO By Baroness Crczy This is the long promised and eagerly expected novel of the further adventures of THE SCARLET PIM- PERNEL—the immortal character creation of the Baroness Orczy. It is a fresh recital of the exciting days of the Commune and of the adventurous part played by this fascinating and bewildering figure during the Reign of Terror. Net $1.35 IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE EVIDENCE By Oliver Onions A man plays God to a fellow-mortal in the matter of life and death; appointing himself both judge and jury, he passes silent sentence. Under what circumstances, if any, could such an act be justifiable? In this powerful novel of our modern world, such a man renders his evidence and acquits himself. Net $1.25 THE DEBIT ACCOUNT Was it a debt and ought it to have been settled? extraordinary question. THE ADVENTURES OF DR. WHITTY By Oliver Onions A remarkable book, remarkably contrived, which asks an Net $1.25 By G. A. Birmingham Through his earlier books, SPANISH GOLD, THE SEARCH PARTY, etc., Mr. Birmingham has con- tributed to human literature a permanent figure in the inimitable curate, "J. J." But there were certain humorous escapades which could not be decorously carried out by a clergyman and "J. J." makes a gift of all the things he would like to have done, and did not dare to do, to Dr. Whitty. These constitute the ad- ventures of Dr. Whitty. Net $1 20 CALLING THE TUNE By Justin Huntly McCarthy This newest novel by the author of IF I WERE KING, A HEALTH UNTO HIS MAJESTY, etc., departs in scene from the gallant days of cloak and sword and paints a picture of life's gaiety and zest, no less gallant or dashing because of its modern environment. Net $1 25 THE HAPPY FAMILY By Frank Swinnerlon A contrast in feminine types; the selfish and spineless woman— a destroyer of happiness; the sweet, cour- ageous woman who builds her character into her menfolk's lives. The genius of the book is its careful Net $1.25 realism. COURTIN' CHRISTINA By J. J. Bell Every admirer of J. J. Bell's quaint depiction of Scottish character and every lover of clean, sweet humor will welcome this book with open heart. The classic little figure of "Wee Macgregor" and odd little Chris- tina and the ^incidents of their old-fashioned courting furnish the theme of this new novel. Net $1.00 THE MASKED WAR By Willam J. Burns This is Detective Burns' own story of a peril that threatened the United States and how he uncovered the conspirators and sent them to jail. It is the straightforward, unimpassioned story of the greatest of modern struggles between an element of organized labor and capital. It is never unfair to labor. It will claim the careful attention of statesmen, employers, workingmen, and everyone interested in the adjust- ment of controversies between capital and labor. Net $1.50 FORTITUDE By Hugh Walpole "It is not life that matters, but the courage you bring to it"— a book full of fighting quality, romance and that kind of life-knowledge that equips to meet failure with the smile that compels success. Big in concep- tion, big in execution, and magnificent in theme. Net $1.40 ===^===^= AT ALL BOOKSELLERS =^=^^==^=^zr= GEORGE H. DORAN COMPANY - - - PUBLISHERS IN AMERICA FOR HODDER & New York STOUGHTON

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11 rThe Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2508 rr The Nation A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post Office is second class mail mailer. 1 The \ation is published and owned by the New York Evening Post . Oswald Garrison Vlllard, President; William .1. Pattlson. Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor; l lan. 1. 1 deWolf Fuller, As- sistant Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada fi it) and to foreign countries comprised In the Postal I ul,, 1,. $4.00. Address THl \ ITION, Box 794, New York. Publication Office, -0 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 67 Editorial Articles: Nicaragua and After 70 Fallacies About "Recognition" 70 A Resignation and a Moral 71 Judicial Fitness and the Recall 72 The New Laureate 73 Educational Educational EGOLE LIBRE DES SCIENCES POLITIQUES (FREE SCHOOL OF POLITICAL SCIENCES.) 27 Rue Saint-Guillaume, PARIS (43rd year, 1913-1914). FOUNDER; Emile DOUTMV. DIRECTOR; -Mr. EUGENE DKICIITHAL, Member of the Instltnt. BODY OF PROFESSORS: MM8re"^w^AvmATB^FI'iFf ArSJPV*' !U' BBNOIST, P, BEAUREGARD. COLSON, Rene moikm. VIDAL de a IU.A. BELLET, Perpetual Secretary of the Society of Po itical Economy ' PLAFFAIN L, QUESNOT, Tules CORREARD, Inspectors of Finance; E II \l fV'v i; BLONDEL, A. SEIGFRIED, Doctors of Letters, etc. ' SYNOPSIS OF COURSES: Political Eicon any. Special articles: News for Bibliophiles Correspondence : The Huerta Government Catholics and Intolerance A Complacent British Review The George Borrow Celebration in Norwich Tourist Charges at Ancient Ruins "Those Molasses" Literature: The Value and Destiny of the Indi- vidual—The Problem of Christian- ity.—Foundations.— The Concept of Sin.— The Spiritual Interpretation of Nature Mixed Grill.— The Happy Family.— Success Wallingford in His Prime A Small Boy and Others Our Neighbors Colbert's West India Policy Notes Sciexce : Success in Gardening.— Flower Gar- dening.—The Hardy Flower Book- Suburban Gardens. — A Farm in Creamland 74 Social Economy. Public Finances. — Banking. — Foreign Finances. Money, Credit and Exchange, International Cir- culation. ] Commercial and Statistical Geography. Foreign Trad., and Customs Legislation. Commercial Legislation Compared. — Colonization Compared. Political Economy of the Principal Powers. Great Modern Industries. — Labor Legislation. Industrial Technics. — Methods and Processes in Matters of Statistics. Political Life and Administrative Organization In France and Abroad. Diplomatic History. — General Geography. Conventional International Law. — Law of Nations. Contemporaneous Europe and European Interests outside Europe. History of Home Politics of the Principal Countries. Parliamentary and Legislative History of France. Constitutional History of Europe and America. History of Political Ideas and Public Spirit in the XlXth Century. Ethnography of Central and Oriental Europe. Drama and Music: Western Plays in Japan Art: Lawrence Agricultural Questions from a point of view of rln^^T"™*0" STTXrl?""?'* Navy. „„„_„„,,„„ ' • ' "iitemporancous America and the New Anglo-Saxon economics. Societies. Critical Study of Accounts and Balance Sheets— Political Questions and Economy in Eastern Asia. Insurance. Algerian Matters. — Tunisian Matters. GENERAL INFORMATION. The Instruction ;;iven at the School of Political Science is the natural crowning accomplish- ment ol every liberal education, in each of its several branches, the pupil acquires the requisite competency for holding high State Offices (Diplomacy, Administration. Finance), and is also trained for Public Life and Great Financial Enterprises, both in France and Abroad. The Pupils are admitted without examination, with the approbation of the Director and School Board; no University degrees are necessary. A special Conference is reserved to Foreign Pupils with a view to facilitate their studies. Tuition usually comprises 3 years' course, which, however, may lie reduced to 2 years. On completing his studies, every pupil who has successfully passed his examination receives his diploma. SCHOLAR YEAR. 1913-11)14. — The Scholar Year commences on Kith November, 1013. and closes on 6th June, 1914. Applications are received at the Secretary's Office from 3rd November, IP].;. Application for the whole Course gives right to all the regular and complementary I and Conferences, and also access to the Library (al t 25,000 Volumes end 160 French and I Reviews ami Newspapers) Per Annum. $70.00 l Special Pamphlet giving detailed Information on tin' organization of thr School and respect- ing the Professions fur vohich ll,'- Pupil i tl training run he had by addressing: Secritalre Oineral de I'Ecole, 27. Rue Saint-Guillaume, Paris (France). Finance : As to a Turn for the Better Books of the Week S3 si ,sr, 87 87 Morristown School ^e^Sk^r/Bo^rt Ing School for Boys. Small classes. Supervised sports; new gymnasium. Lower School for blyS 10 to 14. Advisory Ito.-iril — President Hibben. Princeton; Dean Hurlbut, Harvard; Rev. Anson Phelps Stokes, Jr.. Secretary of Yale: Dean Kip- pel Columbia ; President Pritchett, Foundation. UTILE DULCI THE JULY ISSUE OE THE Harvard Theological Review includes the following articles: A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE FIELD OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION. (Jearge Howard Parker FINALISM AND FREEDOM, Boward N. Brown THE QUEST FOR ABSOLUTE CEBTA I NT Y L. P. Jacks TWO FORGOTTEN CREEDS, Benjamin Wiener Bacon THE MYSTICISM OF A MODERNIST, C. Delisle Burns THE FUTURE OF RELIGION, Stewart Means CHRISTIANITY AND MINISTERIAL ORDINATION.. Ambrose White Vernon i BOOKS ON PREACHING AND PREACHERS lid ward Hale ISSUED QUARTERLY $2.00 a year. f> cents a copy. HARVARD UNIVKRSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE. MASSACHUSETTS. —A few young ladles IS at most) of good fam- ily can acquire French pleasantly, at I'l itstitHt lCFifthAv. New York :;i c.Iournallld.. Portland si IS tegerBd., Chicago 348DougilasBd.,Lo8Angele8 ::i 7. Mas. Tern., Denver :'. I .'.Wright Blk. , Be Scud to any address aliove for Agency Manual. Dalian P. French, Prop. Vincent B. Fish, Mgr THE ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY knows how. Twenty-one years of successful ex- petience In bringing together good teachers and Ola E I I bapel St., Albany. N. Y. Ask for bulletin 20 and see for yourself. ARISTOTLE ON THE ART OF POETRY ted and adapted by Lane C ioper, Assistant Professor of I nglish in Cornell University. This amplified version of the Poetica of Aristotle aims to make I his most important of all works on ih'- drama intelligible for a first reading by students of Knglish and other modern literatures. Aristotle's examples. which are often hard to follow in a literal I I a nslal ion, tire here expa aded and clarified, and additional examples from Shakespeare, Milton, and oilier familiar sources an' supplied, mak- • leit die principles discussed. A brief introduction on the Character and Value of the I'octies is Included. so ceii lis GINN AND COMPANY, Publishers Boston New York Chicago London Atlanta Dallas Columbus Nan Francisco E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY All the new books and standard books ; country-house boxes of se- lected books for summer reading 681 Fifth Ave., nr. 54th St. ,11 The PHILIPPINE PROBLEM lit Frederick Chamberlln i in no . i hi late and Imparl lal account ol the \ mi i lea i ipal .1 lo I ,1. velopiiM'lll n| Hi lied. ii lit, 1 1; nam ■ ol HlutU ationi I i I 2mO, • loth I BO "' I : I'll mail 1 1 '. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, Boston

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The Nation w ii YORK, TBORBDAT, JULY 24, 1913. The Week Secretary Bryan says that he doesn't mind criticism, including ridicule, we suppose, but it is one thing to be indif- ferent to personal attacks and quite an- other not to care when a great office is made the subject of neighborhood gossip. This is the galling thing; and the Ameri- cans did not need to hear laughter from across the ocean to feel that Mr. Bry- an's talk about his salary and his sav- ings and his menage at Washington was in shocking taste. It might pass in con- fid- n< es across the fence in Nebraska, but when it is blurted out in Washing- ton, not only does Mr. Bryan appear as a man without delicacy, but the chief member of the Cabinet seems to be be- neath the dignity of his office. Other men have lived and labored in Washing- ton in a kind of honorable poverty, who would have died before doing any blab- bing about it in public. Mr. Bryan must somehow be pulled up, or he will soon be telling us the number and cost of his wife's dresses, and what he pays his servants. It is doubtless true that $12,- 000 will not cover the expenses to which the Secretary of State is put. But there stands the office and the salary; it can be accepted or declined. Once accepted, the pecuniary consequences should be accepted also without whining. Senator McCumber's assertion, in his address to the Michigan Bar Associa- tion, that Col. Roosevelt's friends are preparing to fight for his nomination by the Republicans in 1916, was naturally resented by the Michigan Progressives. They vow that the Colonel will never desert them. Certainly not; but mightn't he take them along with him into a reorganized and purified Republi- can party? A friend of his is reported in Washington to have made advances to leading Republicans along this line. His talk has the familiar ring. He is, of course, not authorized by Mr. Roose- velt to give any assurances, but it is his conviction that the Colonel could be in- duced to accept the nomination, if the Republican party were reorganized "on a progressive basis." In that case the Colonel might feel that it was his "patri- otic duty to make the sacrifice" and run again for the Presidency. In our opin- ion, this presents a glittering opportu- nity to the Republican managers. It would be the easiest possible way in which to reform their party and get a glowing certificate of character. If they nominated Mr. Roosevelt, they would become in the very act progressive, for- ward-looking, and the only hope of the nation. There may or may not have been a small amount of corruption in the activ- ities of the Manufacturers' Association, as detailed by the precious Mulhall, but there certainly was a large amount of self-complacency. These agents and sec- retaries, hovering about the edge of big politics, came to feel that they had their fingers on the very pulse of the machine. They fairly swelled up with the sense of their own importance. This came out amusingly in the letter made public last week, in which Schwedtman wrote to Mulhall in 1908 that Teddy and Taft and Sherman and Foraker and the other big guns were nothing like the equals of Van Cleave, Parry, Kirby. Since the House doorkeeper wrote home to Texas that he was "a biger man than old Grant," there has been nothing quite like these frogs bursting their skin in the belief that they were oxen. Both the man and his equipment will inspire gratification in the selection of Paul S. Reinsch as Ambassador to China. His work in the department of political science at the University or Wisconsin has left its impress on legis- lation in the Middle West, while as writer and Roosevelt exchange professor in Germany he has made his reputation international. As a delegate to the Pan- American conferences and a student ot international law he possesses a good degree of diplomatic training. Above all, his sympathetic interest in the wel- fare of the Chinese people, and grasp of their difficulties, is manifest in au- thoritative studies of Oriental politics and intellectual currents. His appoint- ment succeeds fitly our recognition of the Chinese Republic, and coming at a critical moment for China, gives her a third good friend from abroad besides Professor Goodnow and Dr. Morrison. Professor Reinsch should serve well in a post presenting many national and in- ternational complications, and requiring both ability and special knowledge. The annual report of the trustees of the Carnegie Endowment for Interna- tional Peace for 1912 has been awaited with particular interest, since it covers the first full year of their activities. Mr. Carnegie made his superb gift in De- cember, 1910. The work of organization naturally extended far into 1911, but 1912 saw the propaganda for peace well under way, just as it witnessed the be- ginning of the horrifying war, or wars, in the Near East. In the handsome vol- ume before us may be clearly read not merely the activities of the various di- visions of the work, but the policy or the present trustees. This, it is plain, is chiefly along the line of improving international relations by stimulating existing peace periodicals, by support- ing worthy societies and associations here and abroad in their efforts to end war, and by bringing them into harmo- nious cooperation. In other words, it is chiefly an educational function which the trustees have set for themselves. The only direct action reported is in con- nection with the general arbitration treaties submitted to the Senate in 1911, and defeated by that august body. Aside from the secretary's office and the general administration of the En- dowment, the work is divided into three sections: those of intercourse and edu- cation, economics and history, and inter- national law. The first of these divi- sions has opened headquarters in New York and Paris, and there is a notable advisory council in Europe to supervise the work from the Continental and Eng- lish point of view. A subvention of $24,000 for the year 1912-13 largely sup- ports the work of the Berne Internation- al Bureau of Peace, with a view to dem- onstrating its value as an propaganda. To the Bin ral Of- fice of International Associations a sum ,000 has been allotted, with the purpose of helping to build an Inl

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68 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2508 tional museum, the publishing of its or- gan, /" Vie Internationale, the holding of International conferences, etc. Four of the more important European peri- odicals, Die Friedens-Warte, of Berlin, Vienna, and Leipzig; La Paix par le Droit, of Paris, and the Arbitrator and the Herald of Peace, both of London, have received subventions ranging from $6,000 to $250. Four distinguished spe- cial correspondents abroad have kept the division well informed as to the movement of European opinion. A con- siderable volume of literature has been directly distributed, or placed on sale in cheap form — Norman Angell's "The Great Illusion" has been translated for circulation in Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Spain, Spanish America, India, and China. Finally, exchange professors and distinguished visitors, like Charles W. Eliot, have acted as messengers of peace and interpreters of nations to one another. A bill introduced by Senator Gore shows that the poor Indian of Pope's day is more than ever an object of envy to his white neighbors. As usual, his comparative wealth prompts them to a step of no unselfish sort. At a time when the farmers of the Southwest feel urgent need of money for the develop- ment of their vast new country, the 120,- 000 Indians of Oklahoma possess great wealth. The trust funds of the tribes in the United States Treasury and Okla- homa banks amount to $28,500,000; $6,- 000,000 more are due them on deferred land payments; the pending sale of segregated coal fields will add $10,000,- 000 more; and the tale is not even then told. Oklahoma statesmen are anxious to have these great sums placed in State banks in such manner that they will oe available for farm loans. They argue that the nation will recoup the interest it now pays on the Indian funds, reach- ing nearly a million yearly, that the farmers will benefit immeasurably, and the Indians will lose nothing. This should leave the simple tribesmen, v h tner in contented ease or laboring upon their own farms, somewhat puz- zled. A paternal Government throws open their lands to the whites, and, col- lecting the money returned, holds it in trust; and then the whites borrow the purchase price again to develop their new holdings. As a State whose woods began to dis- appear with Braddock and DuqTieSne, Pennsylvania may boast that she now leads in forestry legislation. Those who realize the complexities of land taxation will regard the bill pushed through the last Legislature with respect. Forested lands are admitted to an auxiliary re- serve, subject to a minimum tax at a valuation of $1 per acre. The hardship which this loss of revenue places on mountain counties is met by a second bill, providing that the school and road tax on such lands he paid by the State. When the lowlands denied the equity of this, they were silenced by the state- ment that their cities and factories had long used untaxed water from the taxed hillsides. With all interests thus at- tended to, ex-Gov. Stone's wish that the woods, as a source of timber and water, and "the people's outing grounds, upon which they can enter as owners, not trespassers," might be preserved or re- stored, seems half realized. One defect in the bill is apparent. The power to place land in the auxiliary reserve, as rendering an essential public service, is vested in a State Commission; but the law does not state that no good ag- ricultural land, better adapted to other crops than timber, shall have the benefit of inclusion in these reserves. There is little that is "forward-look- ing" in the reports from Washington in reference to the Chicago postmaster- ship and other places upon which the politicians of both Democratic factions in Illinois have their eyes. Mr. Camp- bell has two years still to serve as post- master, but it is questioned whether he will be able to resist Mayor Harrison's pressure for his resignation. For Roger Sullivan, it is explained, has suffered a defeat in the fight for the spoils, and no less a person than Chairman McCombs has urged Postmaster-General Burleson to appoint the man whom Harrison wants, instead of Burleson's personal choice for the place. The parcelling out of the posts is said to have been ar- ranged in detail, and we have lists of the offices which have fallen to Senator Lewis and to Gov. Dunne. To ignore Sullivan absolutely is inexpedient, and BO he is to have the filling of i praisership of customs, a position which does not pay as much as some others, but is credited with "enormous influ- ence." It is a pity that there should be even thought to be any grounds what- ever for these circumstantial reports. In particular, to allow Postmaster Camp- bell to be hounded into resigning would be inconsistent, not only with the good of the service, but with the avowed pol- icy of the Department. In the friendliest spirit the Richmond Times-Despatch is devoting helpful edi- torials to the condition of the colored people in that city and asking for them "more schools, better sanitation, fair rents, and more breathing spaces." It quotes from the Richmond Planet, a ne- gro newspaper, the following statement of what the colored population has to face: There are not enough sewers, the drain- age is defective, the crematory and ash dumps are within smelling distance and regularly send up their perfumes during the sultry nights of a torrid summer. In this section, too, decayed fruit and vege- tables and other eatables, sold at low prices, attract the poverty-stricken, and they eat and — die. Hundreds of colored ieople, too proud to beg and too honest to steal, deny themselves the necessities of life and drag out a wretched existence from day to day until tired nature will stand no more, and they are found stiff and stark in death. Naturally, the Times-Despatch con- cludes that there is something wrong with the civic conscience. The exist- ence of such conditions and the fact that 5,000 colored children are said to be growing up in Atlanta in idleness and ignorance in the streets because there are no school sittings for them have their light to throw upon the oft-repeat- ed assertion that the South should be let alone to deal with the negro, as it knows what is best for him. True, in our Northern cities conditions are not so much better as to warrant them in taking any pride, while the difficulty of obtaining work for the negro is much greater. The riots in Seattle discredit eveiy- body concerned. The Times of that Ctt3 has unquestionably violated Journalistic proprieties more than once, bu1 the Mayor followed a bad Pateraon prece dent in endeavoring to suppress this newspaper, Suppression of free Bpoech is no business of a Mayor, whether he be the head of the y,><\ ernmenl oi L11 tie Falls, Lawrence, or Seattle. The vio- lence of 1 he Be lloi : ii acl uated by b de sire i" proteei againef Socialist and t.

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Jul}- 24, 1913] T li e N" ation 69 W. W. methods, shows them to have l> 11 as devoid of judgment as of re- spect for the law. If they have regain- ed their senses by this time, they must realize that their actions can only have the result of awakening sympathy for those whom they attacked and of dis- crediting the uniform they wear. Were the I. W. YV. and the Socialists much worse than they are, they are still en- titled to organize, to open headquarters, to agitate, to hold property free from lawless attack. As for the Secretary of the Navy, he is apparently the victim of an outrageous misquotation; should this Seattle experience lead him to choose his words a little more carefully, it will do no harm. They are joking about some of his utterances abroad; it will not do for him to say things which lend themselves readily to mis- construction even by young sailors who are full of patriotism and perhaps of righteous indignation at men who seem to them bent on overturning society. In the annual report of President Gar- field of Williams College, an effort is made to show what has been the approx- imate effect of the increased cost of liv- ing upon student expenses. Figures are available for the classes from 1885 to 1887, which show that the average an- nual expenditure in these three years was $652. Statistics compiled in the same way for 1910-1912 yield an aver- age for that three-year period of $927. The increase, something more than 42 per cent., is thought by President Gar- field to be "not materially different from the estimated increase of cost of living elsewhere than at college." But it is not upon the resulting hardship to stu- dents or their parents that he puts so much stress as upon the unfortunate po- sition of college professors. Their sal- aries have not been enlarged at any- thing like their enlarged rate of ex- pense. President Garfield thinks that Williams should pay her professors $4,000 a year, and partly to that end, partly in order to establish new profes- sorships, he is calling upon the alumni to raise a fund of $1,000,000. any new genius appeared in Europe since our playhouses closed a few weeks ago? His name is at the bottom of a contract in the pocket of one of our en- terprising producers. Have the well- known dramatists of the Old World done anything since the first of the year? You will see it on some Broad- way stage this autumn. Tragedy, com- edy, history, pastoral, pastoral-comiqal, historical-pastoral, and all the rest of the Polonius list, along with some kinds he never imagined, are to be spread be- fore our dazzled eyes. Have you a fancy for something that will take you out of the twentieth century? Here is "Rob- inson Crusoe" — with some alterations, of course, such as that of a negro come- dian for the part of Friday. Are you in more serious mood? Well, the managers doubtless have something to suit even that, although they do not think it worth while to announce it. It is a bit cruel to cast any shadow upon so glow- ing a prospect for both our managers and ourselves. Yet if most blessings bright- en as they take their flight, those in a theatrical manager's scrip seldom look lovelier than at the moment of their ar- rival. With the actual course of the or- dinary season in mind, one is tempted to ask whether all this enormous load- ing up is not a kind of insurance. Half of the masterpieces being transferred from the liners to the producers' safes may fail to tickle the public palate, and yet enough will be left to keep the houses going. dramatic enthusiasm would pass all bounds." The Crystal Palace and its grounds should be saved, but this crit- icism of the English sense of proportion is apt. The London Times especially should feel it. It has lately broken its rule not to ask subscriptions, in order to help save this site, "offering unpar-* alleled advantages for such concourses as the Olympic Games." An educational announcement of in- terest is embodied in the final report of the Royal Commission for the organiza- tion of the new University of London. The movement to weld the separate in- stitutions of the metropolis — University College, King's College, many technical and medical schools — into a great seat of learning, has resulted in the framing of a constitution which joins the scat- tered colleges into one University, and yet leaves each home rule, as at Oxford and Cambridge. But in this constitution Americans will be most struck by the confident pronouncement on research as an academic function. England's new attitude is, according to the account in Science, thus expressed: The higher work of the university should be closely connected with research. Teach- ing and research should be combined. The greatest evil in the present organization of the university is that this is not the case. It is not possible to get the best men as professors if they are restricted from doing their highest work. Research should not be exploited by individual capitalists; and the professor can give the best instruction only if actively engaged in advancing knowledge in his subject. " Every returning boat is bringing to our favored shores a wealth of dramatic material that is bound to make the sea- son of 1913-14 one of the most brilliant Some Englishmen have thought that in these hard times they were display- ing a noble sentiment in seeking to raise a million dollars to save the Crystal Palace. But the contrary-mind- ed Bernard Shaw does not agree. Other men have recalled the Great Exhibition of 1851, when Prince Albert believed it opened an era in which industrial com- petition would supplant armed strife; and the Victorian attempts to make it a great home of culture. But to Shaw it is an unsightly glass and iron struc- ture, the chief utility of which is as a summer playground for Phil May's 'Arry and 'Arriet. The point of his caustic words is a comparison with the slow progress of the National Theatre. We think of research in England as conducted privately; in Germany, under the auspices of a university. Charles Darwin on his secluded estate at Down, Lord Rayleigh or Sir William Crookes in private laboratories, Mill and Morley working in leisure husbanded from their regular vocations, are more typical of the British searcher for truth than J. J. Thomson or George Saintsbury. England has not had men like Kant at Konigsberg, or Mommsen at Berlin, and few even like James at Harvard. The reason is that British universities have recognized slight partnership be- tween research and the training of youthful minds. To reverse this policy, even under metropolitan pressure, will "If the Shakespeare Memorial," he says seem to some an unwise compliment to in effect, "held races and games with its Gorman and American practice — unwise, in the entire annals of the stage. Has I annual Stratford performances, our ! at least, in its binding definiteness.

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70 Tlie ]STation [Vol. 97, No. 2508 NICARAGUA AND AFTER. Mr. Borah appears to be the only prominent Senator at Washington flatly opposed to the treaty making the Unit- ed Slates the protector of Nicaragua. With his prediction of unhappy conse- quences, we should not be willing to go all the way. It would not necessarily follow from this treaty that the Ameri- can flag would go up over all the ter- ritory between us and the Panama Canal. Senator Borah speaks of the "irresistible logic" of the case, but we know that the world is not governed by logic. What the Nicaraguan proposal calls for, in our judgment, is not sweep- ing assertions or confident prophecies, on one side or the other, but compre- hensive and prudent study. In one thing at least every man with the in- stinct of a statesman must agree with Senator Borah; this is his saying: "l am unwilling to take the first step until I have weighed all the consequences or the last step." Anything like a light- hearted rushing into a path of which we cannot see, we will not say the end, but even the first turn, cannot be too se- verely condemned. We know what hap- pened in 1870 to Ollivier with his "light heart." A reminder from our. own more recent past should give pause to rash embark- ers upon untried seas. Fourteen years ago we took the Philippines. If the thing were to be done over again, how many Americans would vote to annex the islands? It was done unadvisedly, with the slightest foresight of what was to come. We found to our surprise that we had bought a bloody and shameful war. In a burst of rhetoric we acquired what President McKinley called "the gems and glories of the tropic seas, ' only to discover in a short time that, as President Roosevelt said, they were "a great burden." If the country could have foreseen one-tenth of the vexation and expense and bloodshed entailed by the purchase of the Philippines from Spain, it would have preferred to pay ten times the money to induce Spain to keep them. It is given to no mortal to see the end from the beginning; but a people still smarting from one gigantic mistake in national policy may reason- ably be expected to stop and look and listi 11 before plunging into what may be another. ident Wilson and Secretary Bryan will doubtless resent the inferences which many are drawing from their ap- proval of the Nicaraguan protectorate. Senator Lodge is bestowing suspicious praise upon the project. To his mind it is an extension of the Monroe Doctrine which will soon make us the Big Police- man of this hemisphere. We shall be undertaking the duty of keeping order and paying the foreign debt in every republic to the south of us. The Presi- dent would surely repudiate this inter- pretation. But he must see that an endless number of such dangerous mean- ings will be read into the Nicaraguan treaty. How can it be kept apart from the extremely delicate question of our relations with Mexico? With this still unsettled, the publication of the plan to assume a protectorate over Nicaragua was most untimely. For thousands of Americans with property interests in Mexico will at once ask why, if we go to Nicaragua to safeguard a few thou- sands, should we not at once take steps to protect endangered millions just across our Southern border? And there will be great numbers of easy-going and hasty-concluding Americans to say: "Why, that is so. If we won't let any- body else do it, we must do it ourselves. The Monroe Doctrine prevents foreign nations from calling the Dagoes to book, and so it is our business to make them quit fighting and pay their debts." Of course, a slight examination of either the Monroe Doctrine or interna- tional law will show that nothing of the kind is true. The case does not come down to this facile either-or dismissal. There is, to-day, just as there has long been, an alternative policy. About twen- ty years ago, a British squadron seized the custom-house of Corinto — a port in this same immune Nicaragua — to en- force payment of an indemnity, and the Monroe Doctrine looked on unmoved. Later a German fleet sailed to discipline Venezuela in a similar manner, and al- though none other than Roosevelt was then on guard, no objection was made by our Government. As for the collec- tion of private debts by public force, that is a step which the British Gov- it has. steadily refused to under- take; and 11: doctrine that tins should ' 1 bi done bas now good standing in international law. All these spec tres, therefore, ol European fleets swoop- n upon IYle\ [CO hi < ''Hi i.'il Ainer ica to demand payment of bonds held abroad, are purely imaginary. Yet the threat of them is used by the capacious Imperialism of a Lodge, and will be made to seem real to many ignorant and careless people. Such a popular senti- ment is highly perilous, like inflamma- ble stuff, and it is obvious that it is di- rectly increased by such grandiose pro- jects as the proposed Nicaraguan protec- torate. That this treaty is in better form than the one urged by President Taft, is frankly to be admitted. Nor does it wear an air of aggression. Ostensibly, at least, the Nicaraguan Government is freely entering into the agreement, and seems even actively to desire its con- summation. But what do we really know about conditions in Nicaragua? If we cannot find out the truth about Mexico, how can we be so confident that all is what it is represented to be in Nicaragua? We know that of recent years it has been a country of what Senator Borah happily calls "kaleido- scopic government." Dictator succeeds dictator; one army chief supplants an- other. And certainly, until we have conclusive evidence that the treaty has the approval of the majority of the peo- ple of Nicaragua entitled to have their opinion consulted, we should go very slow in adopting it. FALLACIES ABOUT "RECOGNITION." It appears to be true that strong rep- resentations have been made to Presi- dent Wilson concerning the desirability of according full recognition to the Huerta Government in Mexico. The dip- lomatic corps in the City of Mexico seems to have agreed that such action by the Washington Administration would help matters. That there are large financial interests of the same mind is clear. They can be so with- out necessarily falling under the sus- picion of being only selfish or scheming in their attitude. It is a fair question whether a full survey el' all the facts should not soon lead President Wilson io ;t|i]ioiiit a oew Ambassador to ieo, thus implying a. more complete rec ognii Ion of 1 be 1 1 uei te n glme t ban be lias as yel I"'. 11 w tiling io make. The ■ on.- to be maturely considei ed in view of I be u hole \i, o .10 situa- tion, oi diplomatic precedents, ami or our wisest public policy &1 this |un<

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July 24, 1913; The Nation 71 ture. Whichever way the decision fall, there will be no occasion for violently denouncing it, just as there is no rea- son at present to attack either those urg- ing or those deprecating the step which the President is pressed to take. Bi 1 is important, to-day and later, to clear our minds of the fallacies about the ef- fect of a recognition of Huerta, which are current in so many quarters. It is assumed by some, for example, that the attitude of our Government is that of having nothing whatever to do with Gen. Huerta. The implication is that all our official business in Mex- ico is at a standstill. But this is not the case. There has been a recognition of the Huerta Government as de facto. This may not have been publicly made, but it has been tacitly, and in practice. Any representations which our Embassy in Mexico has had to make, have been made at the National Palace. That the head of the actually responsible Govern- ment of Mexico is lodged there, we have taken for granted. Appeals to give due protection to American residents, claims for damages, and other routine matters, have been brought to Gen. Huerta's at- tention. For a time, he made a pre- tence that all this was wholly irregular; and that, in default of full and hearty recognition, friendly diplomatic rela- tions could not be maintained, and that he would ignore all efforts to do busi- ness with him. But he soon saw the fol- ly of that attitude, and abandoned it. Whatever our Government has to say to him, or to his Minister for Foreign Affairs, can be said under the existing de facto recognition, and Huerta must needs give heed to it. There is no such deadlock between the two countries as has been imagined. The strange notion that the establish- ment of peace and order in Mexico mere- ly waits upon American recognition of Huerta will not bear examination. It seems to be thought that, if President Wilson were to send an Ambassador to his great and good friend in Mexico City, Carranza and the other revolution- ists in the North would instantly lay down their arms. But that is a wild supposition. Our full recognition of Diaz did not prevent the rebellion which overthrew him. The fact that Madero was recognized by the American Govern- ment as President of Mexico did not save him from siege in his own capital or from assassination. It is possible that Huerta might extract personal sat- isfaction, and even some moral assist- ance, out of recognition by the United States, but that it would yield him an atom of material aid is not to be thought of for a moment. Muddy ideas may argue that recognition implies active help; that we should be bound to call upon the rebels to quit fighting, or even to supply Huerta with funds and guns; but this is preposterous. As long as the revolutionists continue determined to fight the man whom they regard as a murderer as well as usurper; as long as roving bands find it possible to defy the Federal troops and to burn and rob and destroy, mere recognition by the Unit- ed States of the Provisional President could not essentially alter his military difficulties. It could not, that is, unless recognition meant intervention. The fact that some would like to have it mean this is doubtless one of the rea- sons why President Wilson has gone so slow. That the Mexican problem may speed- ily become so acute as to demand a new line of conduct on the part of our Gov- ernment, is obviously among the possi- bilities. The difficulty is painful and enormous. It sometimes looks as if Mexicans were making impossible any settled government in their country. The vicious old habits of revolution and brigandage seem to be asserting them- selves with redoubled power, after ly- ing dormant for a generation. It would be folly to grasp that hornet's nest rash- ly. The suggestion has been made ot some form of joint international appeal to Mexicans to throw down their wea- pons on both sides, and to choose a President in an honest election next Oc- tober, and then hold up his hands, so that the land might have a breathing space to recover from the harrying of the past two years. This was the plan of Mr. Sherrill, our former Minister to Argentina. He would confine this sort of combined warning and offer of help to the countries this side the Atlantic. But there is no reason why Germany and France and England should not be asked to join in such a movement. They have large interests in Mexico, and there is nothing in the Monroe Doctrine to prevent their attending to them. It is possible that President Wilson may be able to work out a plan of this sort, which need not at first go beyond united diplomatic action. This certainly would be far more significant and telling than any act of mere "recognition" of Huerta. A RESIGNATION AND A MORAL. Even those who have been compelled to criticise severely President Mellen's management of the New Haven, will re- ceive the news of his resignation with mingled feelings. In them gloating over his misfortunes will have no part. There is no occasion for anything like person- al animus against him. Nor is there any reason for denying him marked ability. He has displayed initiative and force; and if the term of his presidency had fallen in other times, or if he had been able to add to his great driving power certain other qualities of leader- ship, he might have been thought of as a conspicuous success. No one will now think that; and his retirement may well raise the question why he failed. Was he a victim of conditions too powerful for him? Or was he the architect of his own disaster? The judicious will hesitate to answer these questions dogmatically. The exact apportionment of praise or blame in such matters is difficult. Yet we did not need to wait for the damaging re- port on the New Haven by the Inter- state Commerce Commission to be aware that Mr. Mellen had come far short ot what is nowadays expected of the presi- dent of an important railway. In a sense, he appeared as a sort of survival from an earlier period. Particularly was this the case in his general attitude towards the public which he served. In addition to appearing far too indifferent in the matter of the equipment of his road and in seeking to meet the con- venience of his patrons, he contrived to give the impression of a manager who would pay no attention to protests, and was content to wrap himself in a kind of complacent isolation. This recalls the typical old-time railway man. It was for him to do whatever he thought best in the way whether of financing or oper- ating his lines, and the outside pub- lic must neither meddle nor complain. But this air of superiority and Olympian aloofness no longer sits well on rail- way presidents; and President Mellen's clinging to it, perhaps half unconscious- ly, was undoubtedly one of the causes

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; 2 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2508 of his unpopularity and of his downfall. There were larger causes, of course, and these are now wholly evident, though they may have seemed obscure for some years. Chief of them was the obvious intent of the New Haven man- agement to obtain a monopoly of trans- portation in New England. This pur- pose was not necessarily nefarious in itself. But monopolies are kittle-cattle. They have to be handled with great skill, or there will be trouble; and it is abundantly clear that the attempted New Haven monopoly was not skilful- ly handled. First of all, it was not a financial success. All kinds of little monopolies were loaded upon the back of the big one, and it was not broad enough to hold them. New Haven stock had for many years been thought of very much like Government bonds for security. But the succession of immense investments by the road — some of them made at notoriously inflated prices — soon depressed the price of New Haven stock ominously, and then dividends had to be reduced. As the stock was widely held, the resultant feeling of ap- prehension and of complaint against the management became extended. This was blunder number one by the monop- olists. In the vulgar, they bit off more than they could chew. The second great blunder lay in Presi- dent Mellen's relation, not to his stock- holders, but to the New England public. As his securities fell in price, so his roads declined in efficiency of service. It has been said that the New Haven monopoly might have been put beyond successful attack if it had met three conditions. The first was that it should be highly successful financially. The second was that it should serve ship- pers and passengers in a demonstrably superior manner. The third was that the management should have an appear- ance of great frankness and cordiality in all of its dealings with the public. But President Mellen failed at all three points. He lost money for his stock- holders. He increased the numbers of complaining patrons. He provoked an intense public feeling against himself and his road. This was more than hos- tility to the idea of monopoly as such. If the monopolistic management of the New Haven had been a glittering suc- cess, there would doubtless have been those to object to it and possibly to at- tack it on legal grounds and as a matter of public policy. But they could scarce- ly have made headway had not the would-be monopolists played unwitting- ly into their hands. If the various dis- tricts of New England had been served as never before; if the merger with the Boston & Maine had removed, instead of intensifying, long-standing complaints against that road; and if the New Ha- ven had cultivated friendly relations with the people and sought to ingratiate itself everywhere — why, Mr. Brandeis and the others might have protested, but the mass of railway patrons would have said: "Well, call it monopoly or what you will, we know that we are get- ting better facilities at lower cost and we like it." This was the great chance of the New Haven, but it missed it. The moral of all this does not need to be labored. Mr. Mellen has shown rail- way presidents how not to do it. His directors must take their due share of the blame, but it is the president who embodies to the public the spirit of the management, and it is that spirit which now stands discredited along with Mr. Mellen. It is idle to say that senseless clamor or the wicked misrepresentations of newspapers brought about his resig- nation. It was the dead weight of the facts that finally dragged him down. And we may be sure that wide-awake and younger railway men, more sensi- tive than he could be to the present-day conditions under which they must do their work, will be careful to avoid walk- ing in the path which Mr. Mellen has blazed with failure. JUDICIAL FITNESS AND THE RE- CALL. The story of the Cohalan case is sure to be used by our Progressive friends as an argument for recall of judges by pop- ular vote. That it presents a tempting opportunity for this purpose is evident. The very fact that the case for his re- moval by the Legislature, under the Constitutional provision which empow- ers that body to remove judges "for cause," is not clear beyond question, gives point to the plea for the more in- definite and more arbitrary process of recall by \ote of the people. The Pro- gressive leader in the Assembly last week voted to sustain the committee re- port dismissing the charges, but at the same time stated that, under the recall system, which he favored, Cohalan would properly come within the class of judges who should be removed from of- fice by popular vote. We believe that there is a certain amount of confusion of thought in this view of Mr. Schaap's; the Constitution as it stands gives the Legislature discretion amply covering the case. It permits the removal of judges "for cause"; and while a vote to remove on grounds that are really par- tisan or personal, and upon a mere pretext of bona-flde "cause," would be in violation of the intent of the Constitu- tion, and would be altogether abhorrent, the determination whether the facts brought out in the Cohalan case are, or are not, sufficient cause turns essential- ly on the standard of judicial fitness en- tertained by members of the Legisla- ture. Nevertheless, it may be freely admitted that the system of popular re- call would introduce a greater latitude of judgment, and would, in its natural exercise, permit the removal of some judges whom it would not be proper for the Legislature to remove under the ex- isting system. The trouble about the advocates of the recall is that they fix their minds on the advantage that might occasion- ally be gained in this way, and shut their eyes to the far broader and more pervasive evils that their proposal is calculated to bring about. Even in the particular matter of the recall of judges accused of improper conduct, it is far from clear that the advantage would outweigh the disadvantage. A scoundrel like Connolly might easily find means of blackening the reputation of a more worthy judge than Cohalan; and, if that judge happened to have rendered him- self in any way unpopular, what chance would there be of a careful and impar- tial sifting of the evidence by the mass of the voters? We do not say that many would vote to sustain charges which they thought were false. But for one man that would do that there are ten thousand who will, without proper evidence, believe charges to be true against a man towards whom they enter tain a dislike; and a mere suspicion that the charges arc truo will suffice to cause them to cast their vote against him under a system which not only re- lieves them "I' any avowed responsibil- ity tor their aetlon, bu4 is expressly

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July 24, 1913] The ]STation 73 advocated on the ground that it leaves them free to vote without reference to any clearly defined principles of action. Whether the danger of injustice to up- right and honorable judges under the re- call, would not, upon the whole, be great- er under the recall than the danger of immunity for unworthy judges under the existing system, is at least an open question. But all of this is only a very minor phase of the whole matter. The demand for the recall is essentially based upon the opportunity it would afford of get- ting rid of a judge not on account of acts arising out of his life off the bench — either before or during his tenure of the judicial office — but on account of his acts in the seat of justice. It is the rightfulness or wrongfulness of these upon which it is desired to give the people the power to pass summary judg- ment. Whether the objection to then is made on the ground of corruption, or of favoritism, or of insensibility to pop- ular demands, the people are to have it in their power to say at any time that he does not satisfy their notion of what a judge ought to be, and peremp- torily to terminate his career. There is no doubt that by this process some undesirable judges would be got rid of who now remain on the bench. But the idea that this is the way to elevate the general standard of judicial fitness is not only crude, but childish. Such lit- tle good as might be done by the occa- sional recall of a bad judge for good reason would be vastly more than coun- terbalanced by the indisposition of law- yers of the highest type to accept judge- ships from which they might be remov- ed without good reason. To go on the 'bench means, for such men, a pecuniary loss as it is; but the dignity of the of- fice, under a secure tenure, makes a compensating attraction. And when we add to this potency for keeping strong men off the bench, the natural tendency •of the recall to lessen the independence, on the bench, of any but the strongest men, we see that the recall, so far from curing the deficiencies of the American bench, is calculated to produce a dia- metrically opposite effect. Both the recall of judges and the re- call of judicial decisions are happy- -thought devices for getting immediate "results" by easy-going methods w^hich ignore the fundamentals of the mat- ter with which they deal. If the judges should not have power to settle the in- terpretation of the Constitution, let them be deliberately deprived of that power; to give them the power, but sub- ject it to reversal by popular vote, would be to turn it into mockery. And as for the tenure of judges, it is singular that in all the criticism of them which is so fashionable in Progressive circles, one never hears a word about the extra- ordinary fact that the kind of complaint made about our courts is peculiar to this democratic country. Nothing like it is heard in England or France or Germany. What we want here is judges as capable, as fearless, and as efficient as those who administer essentially the same law in England; but in England they get them by appointing that kind in the first place, and appointing them for life. If we want good judges, or good legislators, or good mayors, we have got to take such steps as are nec- essary to procure them. We shall never get them by merely shouting, "Let the people rule!" THE NEW LAUREATE. There will be disappointment in some quarters over the selection of Robert Bridges as Poet Laureate. Those who by their much speaking have appeared to have poetry most at heart and have hoped for a new order and expression, may be excused if they feel some bitter- ness. To their minds poetry, like all other things in this age, must be pro- gressive and leave off singing of Arcady and pretty, outworn loves. Surely, they reasoned, the general reproach which followed the appointment of Alfred Aus- tin would forestall for the present the singling out of another obscure figure. Yet they are asked to do obeisance to a new Laureate who is scarcely known to English readers at large and whose work reveals no pronounced elements of the pressing present. It has none of Masefield's colloquial passions, nor the abounding young visions of Alfred Noyes; it has not Kipling's downrignt force. In some respects Robert Bridges is not so modern as Tennyson, for his moral judgments are less explicit and have not that sweet sting of sentiment for each occasion which the Victorian has accustomed English readers to ex- pect of the poet. Though not a pagan, like Swinburne, Dr. Bridges is given to looking backward, and has sought in- spiration from such ancients as Homer, ^Eschylus, Terence, Apuleius, Calderon, Lope de Vega, Stendhal. If be must be pigeonholed, his sympathies relate him not a little to the confident days of the late Renaissance. His very versatility points in that di- rection. Now in his sixty-ninth year, a graduate of Eton and Oxford, for many years a practicing physician, he has to his credit a large body of lyrics, includ- ing some three-score sonnets in se- quence, called "The Growth of Love," a long poetical version of "Eros and Psyche," librettos for oratorios, a masque, above half-a-dozen poetical dramas in various manners, experiments in classical metres, an essay on Keats, and a study of Milton's prosody. Here is a body of verse which the fluent Mr. Noyes may perchance never exceed; and if its interests prompt our moderns to cry out "old fogy!" it is significant that the author does not lend himselt easily to comparison with any but poets of recognized importance, in style quite as much as substance. He stands deeply rooted in the great tradition, and the genuineness of his poetic feeling cannot be gainsaid. Besides, he perpetuates some of the finest English associations, especially of country life, which he sees full of warmth and color. In spite of the preponderance of dra- matic form in his work, Robert Bridges is essentially a lyric poet, showing in this capacity the natural instinct and finish of a Jacobean. Perhaps that is the reason for the charge brought against him that he lacks the outcries of passion, and that he deliberately purges his work of all excitements. He is not a Burns, it is true, yet the lyric mood embraces many manners, and it is a narrow critic who fails to find it strong and true in this writer. Quota- tion of whole poems is not necessary to show his facility: So sweet love seemed that April morn, When first we kissed beside the thorn, So strangely sweet, it was not strange We thought that love could never change. The following passage, which opens one of his sonnets: Since not the enamour'd sun with glance more fond Kisses the foliage of his sacred tree Than doth my waking thought arise on thee. has something of the spacious surface beauty and precise, if old-fashioned, im-

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74 Tli e ]NT a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2508 of a romantic description by Shakespeare. In 0110 poem, "Nightingales," Dr. Bridges has caught the other-worldli- nrss dear to Keats, with a simplicity of language which the latter seldom knew: Beautiful must be the mountains whence ye come; And bright in the fruitful valleys the streams, wherefrom Yo learn your song: Where are those starry woods? O might I wander there. Among the (lowers which in that heavenly air Bloom the year long. Lest the impression be given that the world has concealed all these years a luminary of the first rank, it is only fair to say that not all of Dr. Bridges's poems maintain the standard of the portions quoted. Especially in his dramas he is often the victim of his vir- tuosity, and becomes garrulous, though like Shelley not always unpleasantly so. The dramatic situation moves him less than its poetic content. Yet where he is characterizing the shading and com- plexity, the vaunt of human impulses — matters which only poetry can fully catch — he reaches noble heights. So, in the following speech of Petronius in the second part of "Nero," the resemblance to Shakespeare is again striking: You little think What charm the witching night hath for her lovers; How her solemnity doth deepen thought, And bring again the lost hellenic Muse To sing from heaven; or on moonlit swards Of fancy shadows in transfigured scene The history of man. — Thus, like a god I dwell; and take the early morning cries For calls of sleep; and from divinity Fall to forgetfulness, while bustling day Ravages life; and know no more of it, — Your riot and din, the plots and cries of Rome, — Than doth a diver in Arabian seas, Plunging for pearls beneath the lonely blue: But o'er my slumbering head soft airs of dreamland Rock their wild honey-blooms, till the shy stars Once more are venturing forth, and I awake. Is not that something? That the new Laureate will take eas- ily to celebrating patriotic occasions is not probable. In one sonnet he has sung of the steel ship in befitting terms. But if, as seems likely, peace more and more shall have her victories, it is hard to think of any one better suited to make an alluring picture. Finally, it may be wondered whether Mr. Asquitfa got a penny's worth of pleasure from ap- pointing one who in these days has dar- ed to write, even in a triolet: All uc in born are so perverse No man ueed boast their love possessing. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. When, in these columns (August 15, 1912), Mr. Axon transcribed from the Christian I! (former for March, 1835, George Dyer's short memoir of Charles Lamb, he recov- ered for us an obituary notice which was. in all probability, unknown to all stu- dents of the present day. Whether any of their predecessors were aware of it is problematical; certainly none of Lamb's editors, no inconsiderable number, have re- ferred to it. The credit of this inter- esting discovery must, therefore, be placed to its finder's account. No sooner had we done felicitating ourselves on this pleas- ant though, perhaps, slight acquisition to our knowledge of the best beloved of au- thors than there turned up in one of the London salesrooms an unpublished letter written to George Dyer, in which the writer refers to two memoirs by the old blind scholar— one, undoubtedly, that brought to light by Mr. Axon, the other, as I hope to prove, establishing the authorship of a contribution on the same subject to the Gentleman's Magazine for the same month and year in which the memoir in the Chris- tian Reformer had appeared. The letter runs thus : Dear Sir, I was much gratified on hearing that you and Mrs. Dyer were going to dine at Amen Corner with Mr. Tate. At the same time I learnt that you have entirely lost your sight, which must sadly detract from your enjoyments, though perhaps the gradually increasing decay may have finally recon- ciled you to total deprivation. You would, I think, be well pleased with your visit. The Canon has the traits to win your regards — fine scholarship, vigor- ous understanding, a kind heart, and gen- erous sentiments. Though you could not now, alas! see your welcome in his honest face, you would feel it in the grip of his hand, hear it in the tone of his voice, and at once fall into free conversation. . . . The chief purpose of my letter is to thank you for the two little memoirs of your amiable friend Charles Lamb, dic- tated by yourself: but I have also some- thing more to say about him. His death and the comments on his character and writings revived recollections of the dis- quiet that was at first caused you by the appearance of one of his essays in the London Magazine* and the correspondence to which it gave rise while we knew not who Elia was. To your mind also this event may have brought back similar re- membrances, and an anxiety may have very naturally arisen, which you perhaps have too great delicacy to avow, as to the fate of the long confiding letter which you wrote to me respecting your "commencing life" &c. as Elia phrased it. You may be wishful that the particulars should not be lost, and yet be fearful about any im- prudent or improper use of the little sketch. It has never been shown to any one, and now, as the blotted original could hardly be made out so as to be fluently rend to you, I h ed it, after first making the single fair copy which I send you. . . . my best, respects to Mrs. D • UK Yours, my dear Sir, most sincerelv — Wm. King. Hi-ill STorkahlre, 21 March, 1885. • "Oxford in toe Vacation." lond. Mag., Octo- ber, 1R20, th> cbarm of which l« largely flue to Mil details biographical and other concerning Qcorgi Dyei "boi 0 ti Ithonl 01 Iglnal iln i verily The writer of the foregoing letter was the friend who, on the appearance of the Elia essay containing the references to himself to which George had objected, wrote to the editor of the London Magazine. In the following number the editor evidently replies to William King's letter in the fol- lowing words: "W. K. will see we have made use of his paper; and we trust he will excuse the liberty we have taken with the communication. We had long been re- garding the subject as calling for notice." Apparently the "liberty" the editor had tak- en was to send the- letter to Lamb for his comments thereon, for in the December number there appeared the well-known reply of Elia which has been frequently reprinted by Lamb's editors. Dyer's let- ter to King, the details of which we sup- pose the latter embodied in his "paper," was printed, on George Dyer's death, in the Mirror, November 13, 1841. So much is, per- haps, necessary in explanation of some of the references in King's letter. I now come to the proof of George Dyer's authorship of the notice in the Gentleman's Magazine; and as a complete set of that journal is not likely to be in the posses- sion of many, nor, perhaps, easily acces- sible for reference, it is here transcribed: Dec. 27. At Edmonton, after a short ill- ness, aged 60, Mr. Charles Lamb, a gentle- man well known to the public for his many pleasing works in prose and verse. Mr. Lamb was a native of Lincolnshire. In his 8th year he was sent to Christ's Hos- pital, where he derived his taste for gen- eral literature, and his fitness for the pur- suits of commercial life. He continued there till 1789, about which time he obtain- ed a situation as clerk in the East India House, where he continued till the year 1825, and then retired, with a handsome annuity, on the superannuated list. Mr. Lamb's principal works were as fol- lows:— A small volume entitled "Blank Verse," printed in 1798 in conjunction with his friend Charles Lloyd; "Specimens of the English Dramatic Poets," 1808. Two dramatic pieces, "John Woodvil," a tra- gedy, and "Mr. H.," an afterpiece. "Roso- mond Grey," a beautiful pathetic tale, and "Old Blind Margery" (sic). The works of Charles Lamb, 2 vols., 1818. "Elia," 1823, a collection of Essays which were the most admired of his works, and appeared orig- inally in the London Magazine. "Album Verses," 1830. "The Adventures of Ulys- ses," and "Tales from Shakespeare," 2 vols. The last essays of "Elia," 1833. Sub- sequently to his specimens of the English Dramatic Poets, he published a second se- ries, which appeared in Mr. Hone's Every Day Book, under the head of "Garrick Pa- pers," extracted from the valuable collec- tion in the British Museum, and that work is illustrated with very valuable notes by Mr. Lamb. To the list of his productions may be added a small poem entitled, "Satan in Quest of a Wife"; and he also aided his sister. Miss Mary Lamb, in her elegant little work, entitled, "Mrs. Leycester's School." On considering Mr. Lamb as diligently engaged in the pursuits of commercial life, I surprise us that he could find 10 write so much tor the public; but the truth is, his faculties were extraor- dinary. The wit that he brought with him from school continued to flow uniformly and to Increase through the whole course of bis life. It was almost as natural with him to say witty things as to breathe; he Could not enter a room without a Jol I he may be said almost to bave 001 Opors in "M humour. Nor iliil his dls- cou st of 1 b pleasan 1.1 often 1 be force oi eloquence Ith tl d ' 1 be Hi em d and Bofti ned bj a 1 a a) benevolence w bit b 1 a\ s 1 tab] 1 beamed In tens noe Perhaps, too, I hej little Increai ed bj bis Infli mil lei tor be bad ;i defect In bla ul tera di -

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July 24, 1913] The Nation 75 a somewhat of quaintness and peculiarity of tone to his conversation. Overflowing as his spirits were, they never exceeded the bounds of propriety and decorum; and to- wards the fair sex. tbougb he was never married, be never failed to evince the . spect. Mr. Lamb has left behind him no other relation but a sister already mentioned, as amiable in disposition as him- 1 lerable share They were similar in their 'liaracters, their d tnd their and there cannot be well con- more perfect example- of frater- nal and sisterly love, and untiring friend- |i ii exii ted between them, and which Mr. Lamb lias elegantly alluded to in one ol I In one of his papers entitled "Mackery End," 1 be says, "I wisli that I could throw into a heap the remainder of our Joint existences that we might share them in equal division -bul thai is impossible." The present tribute of respect to the of this estim man is nii< red by the same pen which gave a previous account of Mr. Lamb's works in the Gentleman' a Maga Although the article was not signed, as was th( om In the Christian Reformer, the use of many of the same phrases, the similarity in the general arrangement and of Its (one, with the repetition of the Eame blunders, such as "Rosomond Grey" for "Rosamund Gray"; "Satan in Quest of a Wife" for "Satan in Search of a Wife"; "Mrs. Leycester's Sqhool" for "Mrs. Lei- cester's School" ; and the statement that the "Garriek Papers" (sic) appeared in Hone's Every Day Book instead of in the Table Book seem to point to a common authorship. But, undoubtedly, the most important evidence is to be found in the concluding sentence of the article, which states that the writer is the one who re- viewed Lamb's works in the Gentleman's Magazine; for, when George Dyer died, in 1841, it was mentioned in the obituary notice in that journal that "his contri- butions to the various periodicals of the time were numerous, more especially to the New Monthly . . . and to the Gentle- man's Magazine, in which he reviewed the works of his friends, Admiral Burney and Charles Lamb." It may be of some interest to add that Matilda Betham, the common friend of the Lambs and of George Dyer, contrib- uted to the Christian Reformer for Sep- tember, 1841, "some biographical particu- lars of the late George Dyer, B.A." S. BUTTERWORTH. Correspondence THE HUERTA GOVERNMENT. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: The refusal of the United States Government to recognize the Huerta Gov- ernment in Mexico may be magnificent, but it is doubtful if it is good diplomacy. Pre- sumably such action is based on the disap- proval of the murder of Madero (a fact) by Huerta, Diaz, and Mondrag6n (a ques- tionable supposition). Presumably the pur- pose of this refusal of recognition is to deter the Mexicans from the commission of such a crime again. We are the (self- constituted) guardians of Mexico and the Latin-American republics, and we take this opportunity to let them know that we don't like the way they manage their politics. We protect them from exterior aggression (without being asked), and we frown when their private, domestic quarrels do not sui; us. practical effect of such refusal on the part of the United States has been to jeop- \mcrican lives, ruin American prop- erty, to irritate the governing powers in Mexico, and to furnish ground for our crit- ics in Latin-America to call us hypocritical 1 are not puerile. The official dis- approval at Washington has about as much on crimes of violence in Mexico as Mrs. Partington's mop had on the Atlantic. Can it possibly be that' Mr. Bryan does D.o1 understand Mexican history and politi- eal habits? Madero was overthrown by Felix Diaz by force of arms. Madero seized the Government from the hands of Porfirio Diaz when the latter was too old and feeble to fight. Don Porfirio settled the succes- sion between himself and Lerdo on the field oi battle. Lerdo was the (for a while) peaceful successor of Juarez, who certainly had to fight for the Presidency. Bloodshed has accompanied change in administration si nee the days of the last viceroy. Nor is Mexico alone in this respect. Ex- cepting, in recent years, Chili, the Argen- d Cuba, a change in Spanish-Ame- rulers has almost always been ac- complished by force of arms. We elect with ballots; they elect with bullets. We learned to govern ourselves little by little through a thousand years of experiment; they virtually had liberty thrust on them a hundred years ago and have not learned yet the lesson of orderly self-government. Don Porfirio gave Mexico the best gov- ernment it ever knew: just, clean, and favorable to Americans. Madero seized the government and failed disastrously to govern Mexico. The Huerta-Diaz faction represents old Porfirio's party — undoubted- ly the most stable and enlightened element in Mexico. They are our friends and we are deliberately stabbing them in the back. E. L. C. Morse. Chicago, July 18. of church and state is concerned, I know no American Catholic who believes in it. G. H. Washington, July 21, 1013. CATHOLICS AND INTOLERANCE. To the Editor of The Nation : Sir: In your issue of July 17 appears a letter from Prof. Addison Hogue, of Wash- ington and Lee University, on Catholics and intolerance, in which certain peculiar and erroneous statements are made. He says: Now it is perfectly well known that the Roman Catholics cherish an intense dislike to our public-school system. Again : Nor is there any occasion to charge the slightest tinge of sectarianism, when we Protestants, holding tenaciously to our po- litical doctrine of entire separation of church and state, do not feel like entrust- ing too much political power to those whose fundamental doctrine, held as tenai as we hold ours, is the union of and state, and such a union that the lent to the 1 : is their church. I am a Catholic; I have a son at a pub- LOOl; many of his sehoolmai Catholics; I believe in our public-school I am utterly opposed to a union of church and state; I fa een for- by the church to hold thes I share them with a great majority of Amer- ican Catholics, as I believe. So far as union A COMPLACENT BRITISH REVIEW. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In the last number of the Journal of Hellenic Studies, there appeared a brief, though not unfavorable, review of the recently published "Columbia Lectures on Greek Literature." One remark in the review is rather interesting as a survival of that patronizing "condescension in for- eigners" which, in the past generation, gave Lowell the material for his essay, and which still seems now and then to lurk amid the hedge-rows of English scholarship. The reviewer says : "A pleasing American weakness — a somewhat exaggerated nation- al pride — appears in an amusing form in one passage. On page 38 we find the Greeks described as 'a highly gifted people whose civilization, if measured by the standard of the number of perfected men it pro- duced, may well be pronounced not in- ferior to our own.' " Now, of course, no person who did not himself possess a somewhat exaggerated sense of nationality could fail to see that Professor Smyth meant by "our own" not American, but modern civilization in gen- eral. Probably the homme sensucl moyen in this country is almost as prone as ever, and as prone as many a London "tripper" to the Continent, to wave his country's flag in inappropriate places, but to imply that this is done by such per- sons as the writers of these lectures is amusingly wide of the mark. The Ameri- can scholar of to-day is more commonly accused of forgetting the solid achieve- ments of his country in his impatience with certain of its crudities. The reviewer speaks of "archaic forms" used by the writers. It would have been interesting if he had cited a few of these, because of the undoubted fact that one finds, even among well-educated people here, older forms of the language in daily use. Considerable care, however, is needed in detecting such forms of expression, lest one fall into the error of an English re- viewer of Professor Shorey's "Horace," who unfortunately picked out as a speci- men of transatlantic vivacity a phrase which was quoted from Tennyson. J. R. Wheeler. Burlington, Vfc, July 20. Tilt: GEORGE BORROW CELEBRATION IN NORWICH. To the Editor of Tiik Nation: Sir: Eor a man who was generally be- lieved to be dead long before he died, George Borrow has suffered no very long neglect; and the spectacle of a cordial com- memoration of his life and genius in the ancient city of Norwich is full compensa- tion for the brief Indlffi 1 delay. Born in 1803 and d . he was for ater part of his life a wandering, ributing Bi- bles and studying the habits and language Whatever repose he may have had, f ars he found in Norwich; and the house in which he lived with his father and mother has

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76 The IN" a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2508 n»w been bought by Mr. Arthur Samuel, the Lord Mayor, and pi Borrow shrine to the corporation, it was more particularly to celebrate this gcner- d that Borrow lovers from all over England and from points as remote as Aus- md the 1 aited Stales gathered on July 5 and 6. In Company with the Lord Mayor and others of the committee, the visitors were taken on a stroll of two hours or more to most of the scenes of Borrow's life in Norwich. In the Castle Museum one room w;is wholly devoted to Borrow mementos — portraits, autograph letters, manuscripts, and sketches. Close by, the Horse Market, with its nervous, stamping animals, pre- sented a scene that must have been quite the same as that which Borrow often saw and recorded. The walk continued then to the grammar school, where, between his whispered and thrilling tales to the boys, young George learned Latin; to the old Crown and Angel Inn, where his father took him when he was recruiting men for the army; to that other ancient hostelry, The Bowling Green, or what remains of it, where he met "the bruisers of England, men of tremendous renown," and frankly endeavored to add to their glory; to Tuck's Court, where Borrow was articled to the law; and finally to the Borrow house in Willow Lane, now cleared of its tenants and soon to become a memorial museum. The house sits in a retired spot overlook- ing a tiny court with brilliant beds of English blossom, and opening from its rear windows upon the playground presented to the town by Jenny Lind. In the great hall of St. Andrew's, the people of Norwich and the visitors gath- ered in the afternoon for a programme of several things. The Lord Mayor in his scarlet robes, and the mace-bearers, with their golden braid and historic trappings, were there to bestow and accept the gift. Sir Robertson Nicoll and Mr. Clement Shor- ter were there to pay tribute to both Bor- row and the benefactor, and a band of genuine gypsies, procured by the Gypsy and Folk Lore Club of London, were there to sing in gypsy vernacular the wild, strange songs which Borrow himself had so often heard and learned. In the very ancient inn, The Maid's Head, a dinner was given in the evening, at which the Lord Mayor presided; and seventy or more Borrovlans, as they are pleased to be called, assembled to do fes- tive honor to the lord of gypsy lore. It is something to record that England's gift- ed writer and statesman, the Honorable Au- gustine Birrell, responded eloquently to the toast "The Immortal Memory of Bor- row"; that Sir Sidney Lee, representing perhaps the great Shakespeare Memorial of Stratford, of which he is a trustee, came down from London to answer for "Borro- vians All Over the World"; that sitting next to Sir Sidney was Mrs. Knapp, the widow of Dr. Knapp, Borrow's American biographer, the great authority on all things Borrovian. And it is still more worth re- membering that on the following day, Sun- day, July C, in the hallowed and echoing spaces of Norwich Cathedral, the Very Rev. the Dean of Norwich preached to a great congregation on "Borrow the Seer and In- terpreter of Life." All this may mean that Borrow has come Into liiH own and that his works are at d a permanent place in b continuity of English letters. But while only a frail emphasis was put upon Borrow as the apostle of the open air, it is this doubtless that explains his new clutch upon the hearts of the English world. To live on the heath, to rejoice in I lie black night of stars, to taste the wind and breathe the fragrance of the open road, to be glad of all life and living things, both man and beast — this, above all things else, denotes the spirit of Bor- row. In the mystery of the English twi- light we walked with one who knew the man, out tipon the dark rolling Heath of Mousehold above Norwich. It was there in a sheltered hollow where the gypsies pitch- ed their tents, and it was there beneath the stars where Lavengro and Jaspar spoke together in the lines so often quoted. F. E. P. London, July 16. TOURIST CHARGES AT ANCIENT RUINS To the Editor of The Nation : Sir : It is not necessary to have visited Greece or Sicily many times to perceive how misleading are Professor D'Ooge's statements in the Nation of June 5. He complains pathetically of the two francs fifty for entrance to Pompeii and of the extra tips incurred for opening locked gates and doors. If he had shown any ade- quate reason, the director of excavations would have furnished him immediately with a free card of admission for Naples, Pom- peii, Herculaneum, Paestum, etc. In re- gard to his remarks on the conditions in Sicily (the only portion of Italy in which there are Greek remains of great impor- tance), it is not true that a charge is im- posed for entrance to the temples. There is no charge whatever at Taormina, Gir- genti, Segesta, Selinunto, and most of Syra- cusa. No payment is asked in Greece be- cause but a handful of tourists, or even Greeks, visit the monuments outside Athens. Wait until tourists invade Greece in the same numbers as those which over- run Italy. Then there will be a change. Yes, the inns of Delphi, Nauplia, and Olympia "are more than tolerable." In similar resorts in America there are no such decently managed hotels at such prices, although these are about a hundred per cent, above ordinary Greek rates. It is quite true that if you go to a bank or money changer, you will find no exchange given for moneys of other coun- tries. But Mr. D'Ooge omits to say that in some places in Greece even Greek mon- ey is refused; that banks charge a com- mission, place a tax stamp of two francs on checks, and If you ask for gold charge an enormous rate of exchange; while steamship companies, at least those by which I travelled, refused Greek money al- together, and some fellow-travellers who tried to exchange it out of Greece were charged, I believe, 50 per cent. As to the restorations of the Acropolis, I should call them rebuilding, but I am not an archaeologist. As to the care of remains, why, at Delphi every stone is numbered! And the director, when not ped- dling or permitting embroideries to be ped- dled in the museum, takes cheerfully six cents for showing you the door. At Corinth — a condition which lie Anierleuii School is responsible for— a museum has been erected with a blank wall utterly hiding the historic view of the Temple. If the American School did not commit this van- dalism, they allowed it to be done, and are equally guilty of artless vulgarity. At Epidorus a Swiss chalet has been erect- ed in the purest style of American jig-saw work bang in front of the theatre, while a luncheon bar in the same style of art decorates one side. It may be Mr. D'Ooge did not visit these spots or yEgina; or it may be he was one of the other two for- eigners who the guide told me had been there — at ^Egina this year. Although there was no entrance fee at Epidorus, I had to pay forty francs for a carriage; fifteen francs to the man who got it; five francs to the driver; two francs to the guardian of the theatre; I had to carry dinner for the three people, and I forget what else. This is typical. No, they don't charge ad- mission in Greece, they "do" you in more magnificent fashion. Joseph Pennell. London, July lo. "THOSE MOLASSES." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: To the communication in your is- sue of July 17 on "Plural Molasses" may be added the testimony of Professor Gilder- sleeve (American Journal of Philology, Vol. 32, pp. 234f.) : " 'Molasses' in certain parts of our country is a plural. During the Civ- il War it was a scarce article, and, as I have noted elsewhere, the plural might have been set down ao a pluralis maicstatis, and there are those who can bear witness to the curious extension of analogy to the once familiar and always dire substitute for molasses. The same people who said 'those molasses' said also 'those sorghum.' " H. H. Y. Geneva, N. Y., July 19. Literature METAPHYSICAL RELIGION. The Value and Destiny of the Individual. By B. Bosanquet. New York: The Macmillan Co. $3.25 net. The Problem of Christianity. By Josiah Royce. The same. 2 vols. $3.50 net. Foundations. By Seven Oxford Men. New York: The same. $3.50 net. The Concept of Sin. By F. R. Tennant. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. The Spiritual Interpretation of Nature. By James Y. Simpson. New York: George H. Doran Co. $1.50 net. In this group of works we find science and philosophy seeking to make room for the conceptions of religion, theology ready to meet the demands of modern thought. This reunion of philosophy and theology in the discussion of identical problems is one of the very recent signs of the times. "The Value and Destiny of the I ml i vidual" is the second .series of Hos.ui- cuet's Gifford Lectures. In the Nation's

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July 24, 1913] The Nation 77 of the first series ("The Princi- ple of Individuality and Value," August 8, 1912), it was suggested that, in ^lr. Bosanquet, absolute idealism is in dan- ger of falling over backwards into ma- terialism. This impression is confirmed by the second series. An individualist whose imagination has been stimulated by the titles will sympathize with the English farmers who bought Ruskin on "Sheepfolds." The principle of individ- uality, he will learn, is just the oppo- site of the principle of individualism; and as for the value or destiny of the in- dividual, that is precisely not his affair. For that matter, no materialist could show us a universe more indifferent to all that is specifically human. You, my friend, are but a finite fragment of the whole, and all that really matters is the whole. Yet the argument is, as any idealistic argument is bound to be, a humanistic argument. For Mr. Bosanquet the ab- solute is a "spiritual membership" the nature of which is to be deduced from what is finest in human character and in the social relations of men. What, then, is the finest? Mr. Bosanquet's re- ply is: the self-surrender of greatness. For him, then, no vulgar "happiness"; in other words, no vulgar longing for personal immortality. The absolute tol- erates but one individuality, and that is its own. Christianity is indeed "a great world-experience," but Christian theology (to borrow a phrase from Mr. Moberly in "Foundations") is "a piece of anthropomorphic picture-thinking." Yet we may ask whether the supreme detachment of the absolute is not itself .an anthropomorphism — the detachment, namely, of a mind too great in ideas, but again too limited in scope of atten- tion to care for individual destinies. In any case, the point of the argu- ment lies in the interpretation of the social relation as a spiritual fact. In the logic of things spiritual Mr. Bosan- quet is easily a master; yet to the re- viewer it seems that at the crucial point in the argument — in a crucial illustra- tion— he has -missed the point. Indi- vidualistic justice, with its claims and counter-claims, is, we are told, a concep- tion doubtless suited to the economic world, but "the great world of spiritual membership to which really and in the end we belong, takes no account at all of such finite claims." For example: "we feel that to make a great poet, say, the richest man in his community would te irrelevant and self-contradictory"; among other things, "it is not what he wants." But "not what he wants" is a rather damaging irrelevancy. To make the case concrete, since poetry is not just now a "going concern," let us sub- stitute the college professor. When com- parison is made between the income of the most distinguished scholar and the ;many thousands earned by men of high rank in the more paying professions, the reply is rightly made that the desire for great wealth and splendid living is hard- ly in accord with the scholar's preten- sions. They are not what your true scholar wants. In the meantime there is a scheme of things embodying what he does want, and among them a reason- able leisure, including pecuniary leisure, which will enable him more freely both to live the life that he enjoys and to do the things that he can do best. If we have read the "Republic" rightly, this specially individualized claim is what Plato, the Messiah of Mr. Bosanquet's philosophy, would have been disposed to recognize. It looks as if Mr. Bosanquet had been guilty of measuring the per- sonal claim by the desire to fill one's purse, and thus of supposing that the only alternative to pecuniary greed (the "individualism" of popular thought) is self-sacrifice and self-surrender. But, as he is fond of remarking, "it takes all sorts of men to make a world"; and, if the sorts are real, then each has his claim, not according to quantity, but ac- cording to individual quality and sig- nificance. Mr. Bosanquet thinks that in surrendering these claims we transcend any merely finite self-consciousness. Our question is whether a transcendence ot self which obliterates self is not a re- treat from idealism to materialism. The spiritual membership greets us again, but in a more approachable atti- tude, in Prof. Royce's Hibbert Lectures on "The Problem of Christianity"; again the central problem is the value and destiny of the individual; and again the argument is based upon what ssems finest and best in the relations of men. The present work is less impressively fcolid than the author's "World and In- dividual." The ideas are fewer, and there is less ground for the attitude of leisurely suspense. The work is none the less a notable contribution to the in- terpretation of Christian ideas. The style is perhaps too stately, but masterly from the standpoint of clearness of ex- position and often eloquent. And it must be said that the main purpose has been achieved, namely, of showing that the problem of Christianity is a pro- blem deeply rooted in human thought and human nature. "The Christian Doctrine of Life," treated in the first volume, presents three leading ideas: (1) The idea ot the community, historically represented by the Church — it is mainly Pauline Christianity that Professor Royce ex- pounds; (2) the idea of the lost state of the natural man; (3) the idea of atonement, with the more general idea of saving grace. In the history of the race the deepest and most universal need of man is for salvation from the burden of sin. Modern thought, to be sure, discounts the idea of sin; yet even modern thought may see the point if we ask how a corrupt and treacherous man can ever become genuinely honorable. Now, the meaning of Christianity is that salvation cannot be reached through any merely human knowledge or culture. No calculation of mutual advantage can bring about a whole- hearted faithfulness. At its very best, culture leaves the individual isolated and unsatisfied. Salvation comes, then, through a loyal devotion of self to a leader, a cause, a community; and the type of such community, the universal community, is the Church as expounded by Paul. Thus it appears, not unexpect- edly, that Christianity is "the religion of loyalty"; and thus far, but hardly fur- ther, Professor Royce is a Christian. Yet thus far it may seem that he has hardly advanced beyond the rather banal substitution of "society" for God. The position is saved by the argument that the genuine community is as truly a person as the individual. Nations have their personal distinctions as well as men. But the community is a wiser as well as a more powerful person — so, at least, Royce claims — and thus worthy of our reverence. The universal com- munity, the final object of all human aspirations, is God. "There is a sense in which all the tragedy and the attain- ment of an endless past and future of deeds and of fortunes enters into my own life." One who can say this finds himself in the universal and beloved community with the saints and sages of all times and in communion with God. This power of the community to lift a man out of himself is the Christian's "saving grace." Here we should note two striking chapters on guilt ("Time and Guilt") and atonement. In reply to Matthew Arnold's disparagement of the Puritan contemplation of sin, Royce insists that a steady gaze upon the fact of sin is not a weak, but a resolute, at- titude. Except as I take my past act of dishonor precisely for the fact that it was, I cannot now claim to be a gen- uinely honorable man. Atonement, again, is a distinctly non-natural fact. No merely good deed in the present can leconcile me to the fact that I wilfully betrayed a trust; it must be a "creative deed," by which the world "is better than it would have been had all else remained the same, but had the deed of treason not been done at all." And, according to Royce, such creative deed can issue only from the community; in other words, atonement must be vicari- ous. The second volume on "The Real World and the Christian Ideas," contains some interesting analysis of the logic and metaphysics of the communal relation. Some of this suggests criticisms, which we omit in order to state once more the main issue. Can a man by nature wicked be regenerated by culture? Or — can a man regenerate himself? When

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78 The JST a t i o ri | Vol. 97, No. 2508 Professor Royce tells us that such re- generation is an act f creation, we are reminded of other creations, such as the 1 onception of evolution or the Eroica Symphony. Either of these is as diffi- cult to explain by a natural process ot cause and effect, or by the rules ot formal logic, as the moral regeneration. Vet shall we deny that Beethoven cre- ated the symphony — that his genius was individual? Of course, it may be con- tended that genius Itself comes from above, or from the community. How- ever this may be, the cases are clearly similar. Nor is this the only point in which culture appears to perform the functions of "grace." For while it is true that refinement of individual taste makes sympathetic appreciation often a difficult problem, yet this very refine- ment, if not spurious, implies an insight which takes men out of their individual isolation and brings them to an under- standing. If not this, what is the in- terest and significance of literature? In any case, Professor Royce has stated truly the issue between the church and the world. Whatever else is implied in the Christian idea, it clearly means that salvation comes only from above, through a power that transcends the or- dinary processes of culture. "Foundations," by seven Oxford men, fellows and tutors, is "a statement of Christian belief in terms of modern thought." The writers are N. S. Tal- bot, R. Brook, B. H. Streeter, A. E. J. Rawlinson, R. G. Parsons, W. Temple, and W. H. Moberly. The purpose of the essays, together with the uniformly high quality of scholarship, style, and thought, makes the work one of more than ordinary significance. The read- er will find many points .of contact with the ideas that we have just been con- sidering. In "God and the Absolute' Mr. Moberly is rather deferential to Bosanquet's idealism, but makes it clear that his absolute is not yet the Chris- tian's God. "The Concept of Sin," Mr. Tennant's third work on sin, is an excellent piece of psychological analysis, but the style is rather severe. The purpose is to res- cue the concept of sin from the fash- ionable tendency to identify sin with ig- norance or disease. He makes a good point in showing that modern psychol- ogy is prevented from grasping the meaning of sin and moral accountability by a blind adherence to an objective standpoint, but his analysis of the sub- jective, or personal, standpoint — "psy- chic" in his own term — leaves some- thing to be desired. Prof. J. Y. Simpson's "Spiritual Inter I relation of Nature" is the work of a ' lologist who is not only a theist, but even a rather old-fashioned orthodox Christian. The book is mainly a theis- tic interpretation of evolution. As might pec ted, the writer shows a certain leaning towards writers such as Driesch and Sir Oliver bodge, whose scientific orthodoxy is doubtful; and he goes so lar as to entertain, in a footnote, the absurd suggestion that between the crucifixion and the resurrection Jesus may have occupied four-dimensional space. Yet, on the whole, his tone is sober, and neither his science nor his philosophy is superficial. One sentence reminds us how the theistic argument lias changed: "The days are past when the unknown, the gap in our knowledge, was emphasized as the sure abode of the divine. Rather is it realized that the whole process is instinct with divin- ity." CURRENT FICTION. [IN COKAIGNE.] Mi.red Grill. By W. Pett Ridge. New York: George H. Doran Co. The Happy Family. By Frank S winner- ton. The same. Success. By Una L. Silberrad. New York: The same. Cokaigne is a land of inexhaustible material for story-tellers. W. Pett Ridge is among the most successful of those who are just now dealing with the light- er humors of Cockney life. This group of stories, or sketches, borrows a mot- to from a city waiter: "If you can't make up your mind what to order, how about trying the mixed grill? You may not like all of it, but what you don t care for, you can easily leave!" The in- gredients of the dish are less varied than the advertisement suggests, but they are all "tasty." A number of them, in their celebration of the practical joke, suggest the yarns of W. W. Jacobs. A few approach the treatment of character in contrast with type — the "character" of the stage. But perhaps their chiet merit as a group lies in the fact that the author does not appear to be labor- ing for any sort of effect, serious or comic. If the tales suggest a series of "turns," they are the turns of a spon- taneous performer, who enjoys himself in the process of holding an amused au- dience. The two Cockney novels we have in hand are of serious type. Mr. Swinner- ton's title should not mislead those read- ers who insist that fiction shall be pret- ty and agreeable. His is a happy fam- ily such as may be seen at the zoo, an incongruous assortment of breathing creatures condemned to live to after a fashion, in one cage. That the members of the present group are linked by lies of kin and kind does not in< rease their charm as a composite picture. The one are of the lower middle clai s The head of the house is manage] ol a print Ing 1 oncern, a h ell meaning man of limited ability and no outlook, lie has married a tool and a sloven, who has brought into the world a family ot children with just sense enough to de- spise her. They are all weaklings but one, "poor Mary," the t Inderella of the household, who by drudgery and man- agement does what can be done towards giving the menage some semblance of decency, with small .thanks for her pains. A selfish prig of an elder son, a careless fribble of a younger, and their counterparts in two sisteis, com- plete the group. The Amersons, dis- cordant as they are, bow down to the clan fetich. They take for granted that the world is composed of their own in- ner circle and of the outer circles, near and remote, of their blood-relations. Even Mary, with her sound nature, grew up in the common creed, "had to be- lieve what the other Amersons believed, and what her numerous cousins believ- ed. And she was filled, as they were filled, with thoughts of family affairs cnly. ... To her as to them, the greatest festivity imaginable was a par- ty— a family party, to which all the most remote and stranger cousins should be summoned because of a tie that bound their diverse spirits more closely than any legal agreement." Her awak- ening is to come, slowly and with pain; and finally the revolt and secession which alone can give her a chance ot happiness. Her figure and that of her lover apart, the picture remains a som- bre one to the end. In the quiet relent- lessness of its analysis the story is akin to Mr. Bennett's "Old Wives' Tale." "Success" is a novel equally deficient in the commodities of popular romance. Its young man is a genius, to be sure, but not in the ordinary line; being mere- ly a mechanical engineer, he cannot be charged with that famous "tempera- ment" with which novelists, especially feminine novelists, are so fond of deal- ing. And, though something of the sort is threatened in the opening chapter, entanglements of sex have nothing to do with the story. There is a girl, and she is devoted to him and he to her — in every way but one. They understand each other perfectly, turn, to each other instinctively in joy or trouble. There is no other man in her life, and no other woman in his. But that does not mean that there never may be; does not in it- self constitute an argument for their marriage. There is nothing less conven- tional, nothing more sound, in the story than their conscious withdrawal from the brink of a union led up towards ii 1 1 n umstance, but not warranted by the love Of those who wed truly. Annar- ly is a striking portrait of the which achieves by single-minded effort towards a specific end. But Nan I '■ u mister, quiet connoisseur of antiques in in 11 hop at Soho, faithful daughter and perfect friend, is, tor reasons too subtle 1 i en to be suggested In a rei lew . a Bg ure si iii more likely to be remembered

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July 24, 1913J The Nation 79 No display is made of her, she seems to do little and to talk less; but she manages to do what is, after all, a very rare thing in the pages of fiction: she lives. Wallingford In His Prime. By George Randolph Chester. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrili Co. The Wallingford of this volume is a big, "jovially smiling" man whose "round face bore the color which could only come from years of fastidiously se- food and drink; moreover, his haberdashery, though striking, was cor- rect and up to the minute"— and yet withal a blase Wallingford weighed i;pon with heaviness and utterly con- sumed—at times — with weariness, who makes his moan, "looking gloomily down sunlit Broadway: 'I wish I were broke. I've got back that house on the Avenue for Fannie, and laid in a couple of bales of bonds for her and the boy, and I've bought about everything that money will buy for a man who doesn t care to be a Senator. The fun's all gone.' " Upon Blackie Daw the bore- dom of well-being lies even more op- pressively. " 'I wish I could be a suck- er,' confessed Blackie sadly. 'Why, Jimmie, many and many a time I've looked at a gentle come-on being led up to the harpoon and envied him the hap- piness in his face.' " Not necessity, then, but that pressing need to exercise their peculiar talents which all true artists know, now takes these genial birds of prey afield, out of the safe ways of le- gitimate business, and sends them swooping hither and yon, seeking whose wealth they may appropriate. This new cycle of exploits renews Wallingford's claim to being the "most enjoyable thief at large," and also re- calls an earlier query as to whether he is to be regarded as a modernized Robin Hood, or as more closely akin to Buster Brown, Foxy Grandpa, and other na- tives of those realms of riotous bur- lesque of which the cartoonist is chief Interpreter. The likeness of the Amer- ican promoter and his loyal comedian support to the famous Sherwood robber and his good harper is superficially fur- thered in this volume by Blackie's ac- quisition of a saxophone. Indeed, the differences between them are just about the differences between a saxophone and a harp. More essential resemblances might be pointed out in several in- stances of financial chivalry, and in the fact that Wallingford's chief asset is always the greedy credulity of his vic- tims. Still, it is a little hard to explain Wallingford in any way as an embodi- ment of outlawed justice, or (however fully he may embrace in his person all that other nations curse under the name American) as in any sensp a national hero. At most, he is merely a distinc- tively American type of incorrigibility, lately renowned as the leading exponent of t'he Broadway myth. THE BOYHOOD OF HENRY JAMES. A Small Boy and Others. By Henry James. New York: Charles Scrib- ner's Sons. $2.50 net. Procul, 0 procul este, iirofani! This is the inner shrine, and it may as well be said at the outset that except for the very devout there is little in it, and except to the deeply initiated it will prove almost impenetrable. Let none of rude appetite approach the volume with a hope, born of the winning title, that Henry James has reverted to his less intricate manner or has attained the serener simplicity of age. One winds into the labyrinth to a tune that makes Walter Pater sound like martial music. Yet as a child watches the milk slowly suffusing the mounded sugar on his morning cereal, so one follows with a certain fascination the capillary creep- ing of Mr. James's thought up the cumu- lated phrases, along the hair-breadth hyphens, through insidious parentheses, and ambushed shadowy digressions till it touches at last with almost lifeless finger the breathless periphery of the period. The opening sentence announces with engaging candor "some particulars ot the early life of William James." In about ten seconds William glides into the wings and Henry takes his place, but he, too, is swiftly swept off the stage by the somnambulic drift of Al- ! bany cousins, vague airs and atmos- 1 pheres, dim pedagogues, ghostly odors J of old book shops, dissolving scenes of old New York, faint records of social ' "awarenesses," hesitating perceptions, I dubious apprehensions, glimmerirgs ana fadings of consciousness. All is phan- ' tasmal; one gropes in vain for a three-' dimensioned body. One closes one's | eyes; direct vision is useless; one must perceive, not see, by a light that reaches the object through endless anfractuosi- ties. One says in one's haste that the author does not care a straw what he recalls from the abysses of memory; how his mind is functioning in the pro- cess of evocation — that alone appears to preoccupy him. By dint of reading, say, every third sentence thrice, one rights one's way through the rolling vapors to about the author's fourteenth year, and, brushing the mist from one's eyes, sees just ahead on page 410 the blessed signal, THE END. Then, as one looks back, wearied and grateful, the astonished question leaps to the lips: "The Boy, oh where was he?" Somewhere far back in the vast mid- dle of the book one did hear for a single thrilling instant a boy's voice, clear, bright, emphatic: "7 play with boys who curse and swear." That was the voice of the future Professor William James declining his brother's company on "some planned excursion." That curt sentence rings through the palled and painful stillness of the novelist's solemn edifice with the startling violence of an oath in an ancient church, reassuringly persuading us that we are not the last of the living. There was a token of the thinker who was more than half-sick of shadows and patterns and aspects, whose passion it was to feel the ar- terial blood warmly throbbing through the dry channels of philosophic thought. One raises, so to speak, a mental shout of demand that the young "stellar" half- back of pragmatism be put into the game. How he would enliven the field! What stunning contrasts he would con- tribute to the spectacle! But we Phil- istines, so judges the austere Master of Ceremonies, have long enough played in cur crude way with the psychologizing romancer and the romancing psychol- ogist, and William remains blanketed and silent on the bench. Nor is our business much with that other boy, so inconceivably detached, speechless, inactive, wide-eyed. But when one abandons the search for a boy as boy, one may by indefatigable atten- tion learn what moments precisely in the first dozen years of Henry James's life, what almost imperceptible "breath- ings," to use his own word, seem to him, sixty years later, to have counted ulti- mately towards his culture and the de- velopment of his Active power. It is a subtle affair, this tracking back one's full-blown passion for the colors, and fragrance, and total social aspect of Eu- rope to its first faint stirrings and in- timations far aw-ay amid the unredeem- ed rawness of the American scene. With infinite tact Mr. James does not tell us, but only makes us aware that the land of his birth offered to his aspiring youth little in the way of native prod- ucts, but the stony food of business, oratory, ice-cream, Mrs. H. B. Stowe, and Barnum's Museum. Yet all the more paradisiacally came the sacred ap- peal of the Old World through French schoolmistress, travellers' tales, actors, imported pictures, and the smell of Eng- lish books. One heaves a sigh of re- lief when the half-starved boy is free at last to mix with the "fond" of his in- ward life the "thicker civility" of Lon- don. Now come the high points of this lit- erally incomparable narrative — the minor Pisgahs of a consecrated youth. The boy, we supnoso in the neighbor- hood of his twelfth year, lies stricken with malaria in a London room « ith a "window open to the Enelis'i June and the far-off hum of a thousand possibili- ties. I consciously took them in. these last, and must then, I think, have first tas'ed the very greatest pleasure per-

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so T li e 1ST a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2508 i,;ips 1 was ever to know — that of almost hold i n itb in presence of cer- tain aspects to the end of so taking In." Another similar moment of "sacred con- befell the boy in the pres- ence o!' Gericault's Radeau de la MGduse in the Louvre, a moment containing a "foretaste (as determined by that in- stant as if the hour had struck from a clock) of all the fun, confusedly speak- ing, that one was going to have, and the kind of life, always of the so-called in- ward sort, tremendously 'sporting' in its way — though that description didn't there wait upon it, that one was going to lead. It came of itself ... it came just there and so; there was alarm in it somehow as well as bliss." Though this authentic note of high and thrilling experience is not often sounded in these pages, we would not leave the impression that there are not ether rewards by the way — occasional brilliant flashes of characterization, from time to time a passage of fine cold humor, plentifully scattered phrases of shining felicity, and even an entire quivering sentence or so that makes the heart dance with delight. We would mention in particular a spot in the final chapter concerning the various social aspects of Boulogne-sur-Mer, where the light comes crashing down upon the page: The general British show, as we had it there, in the artless mid-Victorian desert, had, I think, for its most sweeping sign the high assurance of its dowdiness ; where- as one had only to glance about at the sea- faring and fisher-folk who were the real strength of the place to feel them shed at every step and by their every instinct of appearance the perfect lesson of taste. . . . To hit that happy mean of Tightness amid the mixed occupations of a home-mother and a fish-wife, to be in especial both so bravely stripped below and so perfectly enveloped above as the deep-wading, far- striding, shrimp-netting, crab-gathering matrons or maidens who played, waist-high, with the tides and racily quickened the market, was to make grace thoroughly practical and discretion thoroughly vivid. Here again for a moment we have English, not broken on the wheel, but undefiled and jubilant, stepping out like the avant-courrier of Aurora. A moment before, we had — well, one was breath- lessly wondering whether the samphire was worth the gathering. Having follow- ed the high calling of letters with a pontifical majesty now upwards of forty years and in these latter days with a princely indifference to readers, Henry James is unquestionably entitled to write whatever book he pleases for his own delectation and in his own fashion. Vet when one considers the memoirs that he, perhaps better than any man of his time, is qualified to write, one cannot but regret as a kind of defraud- ing of legitimate expectation that he should have spent any part of his mem- orializing age upon, relatively speaking, such trivial fond records as these. Our Neighbors: The Japanese. By Jo- seph King Goodrich. Chicago: F. G. Browne & Co. $1.25 net. There is room for a handy, up-to-date book on Japan, by a writer thoroughly acquainted with the country and peo- ple. The "Japan" in the History of the Nations series, contributed by the late Dr. David Murray, excellent in its time, is now out of date; and the same may be said of Dr. G. W. Knox's "Jap- anese Life in Town and Country." The history of Japan in the last ten years has been too remarkable to be neglected in any adequate survey. Longford's "Ja- pan of the Japanese" is too entirely British in its outlook, and leaves un- touched some vital subjects, like Edu- cation. Mr. Goodrich had therefore a fine opportunity in this attractive series. He first saw Japan in the sixties be- fore the Meiji era began; he serv- ed in a government school in the eigh- ties, and he has revisited the coun- try within the last few years. Several of the fifteen chapters of his book handle their topics in an interesting and in- structive way; such, for instance, as ix and x, The Farmer and The Fisherman, and xii, The Ainu. Mistakes in Jap- anese are almost entirely absent; "Tayo- tomi" (Toyotomi) — p. -80 — is one of the rare exceptions. But the author has no sense of his own limitations; and when he enters the field of historical and' philological discussion his lack of ade- quate training and scholarship becomes only too manifest. The. description of himself on the title-page as "Sometime Professor in the Imperial College, Kyoto," is surely misleading; ought it not to read, "Instructor in the Higher Middle School, Kyoto"? The Imperial University of Kyoto was no't founded till 1897, and its president in 1910, when Mr. Goodrich last visited Japan, was Baron Kikuchi, with whom he seems to be unacquainted, for he speaks of him on page 79 as "Mr. Kikuchi," in an uncom- plimentary reference. There was cer- tainly no "Imperial College" at Kyoto In the earlier Meiji era. His attack on the Baron's admirable "Japanese Edu- cation" is evidently based on a super- ficial reading of recent historians, like Murdoch, whom he quotes patronizingly on page 82. TIh: style at times is oddly preten- tious and garrulous, with a plethora of unnecessary "I's." In chapter iii, The Japanese Family, he gravely informs us that "the first thing to say about the Japanese, and It is really astonishing, is to tell of adoption. . . . Some- times a less pleasing way of securing a son is resorted to. It Is scriptural, but I am glad to say is becoming less frequent in Japan than it was thirty or iorty years ago. It is for a man to take a concubine if his true wife has no children. ... In Japan there was nothing wrong in this semi-Mormon- ism." In his chapter on the Ainu he lays claim to having contributed, in two ar- ticles that appeared in the Popular Science Monthly of the year 1888, "the first careful and thorough study of these people which had up to that time been given in English." This is a wilful mis- statement, for at the close of these very articles he mentions among a list of au- thorities, Chamberlain and Batchelor's monograph on the Ainu aborigines, which appeared in 1887 as Part I of the Memoirs of the Literature College of the Imperial University of Japan. It was the fortunate combination of the trained philologer, Prof. Basil H. Cham- berlain, and the painstaking C. M. S. missionary, the Rev. John Batchelor, which gave us "the first careful and thorough study of these people." In the Bibliography at the close, containing about seventy names, no mention is made of this monograph; and there are other significant omissions. Mr. Goodrich's subsequent two pieces of jour- nalistic work, embellished with cuts taken from Miss Isabella Bird's "Unbeat- en Tracks in Japan" — which appeared in 1880, by the way, not in 1878, as giv- en in the Bibliography — have little or no importance. Colbert's West India Policy. By Stewart L. Mims. New Haven: Yale Univcr- city Press. $2 net. Professor Mims presents in this careful and readable monograph the results of 0 study of an important and too much neglected phase of Colbert's colonial and commercial policy. He points out that Colbert was led to develop the West In- dies largely because the enterprising Dutch were rapidly taking advantage of the rich possibilities of these Frencli possessions. This is sound doctrine, for the unexampled prosperity of Dutcn maritime investments was undoubtedly responsible for many phases of Colbert's policy and activity. But, although Pro- fessor Mims thus rightly lays emphasis on the significance, in the seventeenth century, of the "ubiquitous Dutch trad- er," he leaves some very important things to be said in respect to the larg- er interests, political and commercial, which were at stake between the French and Dutch. It is impossible, even in the special case of the West Indies, to in- ject, as he has done, a broad cotfsldi ra tion of Colbert's attitude towards Hol- land. Cdlhert's policy, aiming to Stimulate I'm in h activity by eliminating foreign romp, mien, began with the w. : < in dies, as in other cases, bj the organlsa,-

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July 24, 1913J The ]STation 81 tion of a Company to which were liber- ally granted monopolies and the priv- ''eges of high protection. Professor Minis records at length and in perhaps too much detail, the rise and fall of the Company — omitting, however, a most essential aspect of the subject. No insti- tution of this sort can be adequately estimated without some consideration of tlie character and temperament of the people upon whom it depends for support. Considerable light can be thrown upon the failure of this institu- tion, as well as upon several other phases of French economic history, by examining the contemporaneous French- man. Abuse and corruption contribut- ed, as Professor Mims indicates, to the fall of Colbert's system of monopoly, but it must be added that the French them- selves were not keenly interested in the Company; as shopkeepers they were still some way behind the English, or as mer- chants behind the Dutch. It is entirely too charitable to regard the Company's fall, "not as a check in Colbert's com- mercial policy, but rather as an indica- tion that enough progress had been made to render such a Company as no longer necessary." Several chapters of the book deal with Colbert's experiments in stimulating particular branches of commercial activ- ity. Professor Mims is inclined to picture him as compelled by hard necessity re- luctantly to impose restrictions and tar- iffs. He quotes Colbert's declaration: "Commerce must be left free unless there is an indispensable necessity to commit it into the hands of a company or of a tew contractors." Now, we do not think that this places Colbert among the free- traders: we think, in view of Colbert's character and acts, that it amounts to saying, "Commerce can be free so long as it conforms to my system and ful- fils my intentions." Colbert was sure that he alone knew what was best for France and her trade. Like his royal master, he wished things to work as he determined. It may be true, as Pro- lessor Mims says, that "the dominant note of his industrial and commercial policy was patriotism," but it does not follow that this affected his conviction as to the value of high protective du- ties. "Whatever his ideals may have been, he acted as a protectionist, and he ex- pected all Frenchmen to show their pa- triotism by acting as he directed. The results of Colbert's West India policy were more considerable than is generally recognized. Here Professor Mims is clear. By 1G83 Colbert "had driven the Dutch from the field and more than two hundred French vessels were trading annually at Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Santo Domingo. He had advanced the ports of La Rochelle, Bor- deaux, and Nantes, especially, to new life, and the West India trade became henceforth a source of much profit to their merchants and traders and served as a base of their whole commercial de- velopment in the eighteenth century." The critical and fairly extensive bibli- ography at the end of the book is curi- ously defective. It does not include many printed books cited at length in the text, and it does contain several which could have had very little con- nection with the subject. It is not a complete list of all the material con- sulted, and when it discriminates it is not always successful. The index is very exasperating: it omits a large number of proper names as well as sev- eral important titles or subject head- ings. Both bibliography and index fall below the scholarly level of the rest of the book. Notes The Oxford University Press (Frowde) will publish in a few weeks "Rustic Speech and Folk Lore," by Mrs. Joseph Wright, who was one of the editors of the "English Dialect Dictionary." The same house has in preparation "The Early Life of Mark Rutherford (W. Hale White) by Himself." These autobiographi- cal notes were written when Mr. White was seventy-eight years old, not primarily for publication, but "to please two or three persons related to me by affection." The volume has been seen through the press by Miss Mary Theodora White. Forthcoming books of Doubleday, Page & Co. include "Laddie— A True Blue Story," by Gene Stratton-Porter, and "Gold," a novel by Stewart Edward White. Henry Holt & Co. announce for publica- tion in the autumn "Bransford in Arcadia, or the Little Eohippus" by Eugene Man- love Rhodes. "The New Man," a story of New York life by Jane Stone, is one of the titles promised by Crowell for autumn. Among the autumn announcements of the Century Co. are: "The Jack-Knife Man," by Ellis Parker Butler, author of "Pigs is Pigs"; Dr. C. V. Legros's "Fabre, Poet of Science," a biography; "The Thirteenth Juror," by Frederick Trevor Hill, and a volume on international trade by James D. Whelpley. We have several times stated our belief that for the purpose of the Loeb Classical Library (Macmillan) a prose translation is more serviceable than one in verse. This is indisputably true when, as in the case of the lyrical portions of M. Edmonds's Theocritus, the English follows the Greek at a very long interval. It is true to a certain extent of Dr. Arthur S. Way's Euripides, but in the same editor's Quintus Smyrneeus, the latest of the Library to reach us, we must admit that the use of verse has been singularly successful.' Dr. Way has hero succeeded in following the language of the "Posthomerica," or "Fall of Troy," as he calls it, so closely as to ren- der easy and quick assistance to any halt- ing reader of the Greek, and at the same time has thrown a surprising amount of spirit and variety into his lines. Quintus was not a great poet, but he made a good story of the siege and final overthrow of the sacred city, with the episodes of Pen- thesileia and Philoctetes and the fatal horse of wood, and at times his language has the old haunting spell of Homer. If only he had been wise enough to let well enough iilone, and not to pile horror on horror, and metaphor on metaphor! As an illus- tration of the better manner of Quintus and of the style of his translator we may take a few lines from the ninth book, which relate how Philoctetes was appeased of his wrath by Odysseus, and how with his comforters he sailed back to Troy: "Thy woeful wound, thine anguish, shall be healed. If thou but come with us to Achaea's host — The host that now is sorrowing after thee With all its kings. And no man of them all Was cause of thine affliction, but the Fates, The cruel ones, whom none that walk the earth Escape, but aye they visit hapless men Unseen : and day by day with pitiless hearts Now they afflict men, now again exalt To honor — none knows why ; for all the woes And all the joys of men do these devise After their pleasure." Hearkening he sat To Odysseus and to godlike Diomede ; And all the hoarded wrath for olden wrongs And all the torturing rage, melted away. Then came The balmy night, and sleep slid down on them. Till rose the dawn they tarried by the strand Of sea-girt Lemnos, but with dayspring cast The hawsers loose, and heaved the anchor-stones Out of the deep. Athena sent a breeze mowing behind flic galley taper-prowed. They strained the sail with either stern-sheet taut; Seaward they pointed the stout-girded ship; O'er the broad flood she leapt before the wind; Broken to right and left the dark wave sighed, And seething all around was hoary foam, While thronging dolphins raced on either hand Flashing along the paths of silver sea. Miss Alice Drayton Greenwood, who has already won her spurs (if the phrase is not too militant) in the field of the eighteenth century by her lives of the Hanoverian queens, has now written a volume on "Hor- ace Walpole's World" (Macmillan). It is fairly cast in the conventional mould of these mixed memoirs, but it shows the hand of the professional writer and much more knowledge than is found in the ordinary amateurish exploitations of the age. Nat- urally, the book is largely composed out of Walpole's own voluminous correspond- ence, but some of the best and freshest illustrative matter is taken from the publi- cations of the Historical MSS. Commission. This is notably the case in what Is, per- haps, the best chapter in the book, that which deals with Modern Taste. Here Miss Greenwood draws largely on the diary of the second Viscount. Grimston, who. in 1768, "endured a tour in order to study the beauties of his native land." To the noble traveller's task beauty consisted in the fa- miliar and the regular. The coast of admired to-day by artist and "tripper," was to him merely "romantic" and hate- ful: "Tho entire road [from Aberayron to Aberystwith] is by the side of tli which shows a dreary prospect on one side, and the uncultivated mountains equally so on the other." This whole chapter is an illuminating treatise on the "plctui and the "romantic" as these epithets were applied to wild nature and to gard' 1 When Miss Q deals directly with the correspondence of VValpole she Is, It

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83 T li e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2508 1 little drawn aside by her amia- bility. Any one Who has read through that correspondence, as the present reviewer baa done with unflagging interest, will agree with her kindly estimate of the man and appreciate her exposition of his hon- esty in the age of Henry Fox. But it is hard to follow her when she brushes away the rOle of scandal in Walpole's letters. Indecency be seldom descends to, but scan- dal!— it hisses, and roars, and whispers, and gesticulates through his correspond- ence in a way that can only be described as magnificent. Miss Greenwood's chapter on The Legend of C. J. Fox is on the whole better than her portraiture of Walpole himself. Her serious homily, based on Mme. du Deffand's estimation of Fox — "Qu'est ce que l'esprit sans jugement et sans un grain de bon sens?"' — might seem to break through the frame of her design, were it not that she attributes to Fox, and in a measure rightly, "the debacle of the sa- cred Whig system" which was really "Wal- pole's World." And her characterization of Fox, as a type of the closing years of the century, is in itself masterly. The Rev. Albert H. Currier, D.D., for twenty-six years professor of homiletics in Oberlin Theological Seminary, in a vol- ume entitled "Nine Great Preachers" (The Pilgrim Press), sketches briefly the life and work of distinguished Christian hom- ilists from Chrysostom to Phillips Brooks. The studies are made with a practical pur- pose, to call attention to the methods of sermon preparation and to cultivate pulpit power. This endeavor to improve the ex- periences of the various divines for the benefit of young theologues somewhat mars the chapters as biographical essays. The analysis of the distinguishing characteris- tics of the preachers selected for treatment is discerning and fair. The author is an earnest evangelical, but that does not for- bid sympathetic treatment of Bernard of Clairvaux, Bousset, and F. W. Robertson. One may perhaps question the inclusion of John Bunyan and Alexander McLaren in a volume devoted to so small a number of pulpit orators. Besides those above men- tioned, the volume treats of Richard Bax- ter and Henry Ward Beecher. John J. Underwood's "Alaska: An Em- pire in the Making" (Dodd, Mead) is the work of an Alaskan enthusiast, whose zeal for his subject, when he gets headed north- ward from Seattle, warms up in proportion as the mercury goes down. To him the clear gain to the United States from the acquisition of Alaska is measured simply by subtracting the amount paid out by the Government for purchase and maintenance from the total output of Alaskan indus- tries— $460,000,000 minus $15,500,000 leaves $444,500,000. "And Alaska could be sold to-morrow at a profit of several billions of dollars on its visible assets." After this, one is not surprised that he is able to figure that the United States could save the cost of a new battleship each year by procuring coal for Its Pacific fleet In Alaska rather than West Virginia. But the reader is duly warned that "the fabu- lous values placed on some of these coal lands by irresponsible people who are ig- norant of the facts arc extremely ridlcu lous." Through Its reindeer Industry Alas- ka is to breab the power of the Beef Trust, a reindeer cut even now being served for seventy-five cents in one Seattle ho- tel which charges two dollars for a por- terhouse steak. In some of Mr. Under- wood's outbursts of descriptive eloquence the array of adjectives is suggestive of his own picture of the wild reindeer crowding through Caribou Crossing, or the pack ice grinding its way through Bering Straits. The book cannot serve as a source of trust- worthy information, and it is noticeably tinctured here and there with an anti-con- servation bias. Mr. Herbert Fisher's "Napoleon" in the Home University Library (Holt) is an ad- mirable brief biography. In simplicity, di- rectness, picturesqueness, insight, and brief comprehensiveness it reminds one of that other biographical gem, Einhard's Life of Charlemagne. It is, in fact, the excellent kind of a book which one expects who has read Mr. Fisher's unequalled chapter on the Napoleonic Code in the Cambridge Mod- ern History or his essays on Bonapartism. He omits no phase of Napoleon's many- sided activity. Though he here gives us nothing strikingly novel — and one does not expect novelty in such a summary account — he nevertheless, by his abundant use of happy adjectives and by his trenchant style, imparts freshness and interest to every one of the two hundred and fifty small pages. The chapter on The Qualities of Empire, in which, as a subject of the British Em- pire, he makes suggestive comparisons be- tween the Roman, Carolingian, and Napo- leonic Empires, is of real originality and unusual interest. As is inevitable with any one who studies carefully the career of Napoleon, Mr. Fisher is an admirer of Na- poleon's genius, but with more qualifica- tions than Mr. J. H. Rose. Mr. Fisher's apt and just conclusion is that Napoleon "took glory as his end. found it in conquest, and was too often prone to measure it by de- struction. So with the grandest intellec- tual endowments ever vouchsafed to man, and despite many services to law, to admin- istration, to the moral and intellectual progress of France, he remains the great modern example of that reckless and de- fiant insolence which formed the matter of ancient tragedy and is at war with the har- monies of human life." In "Letters and Character Sketches from the House of Commons" (imported by Dut- ton), Sir Richard Carnac Temple has col- lated and edited a number of letters and notes written by his father, Sir Rich- ard Temple, while he was a member of the House of Commons from 1886 to 1895. Sir Richard Temple was a man of shrewd judgment and untiring industry, and these qualities lie applied to the observation of men and measures in the House of Com- mons. He wrote a daily journal in the form of letters to his wife, which grew gradually into eleven quarto manuscript vol nines. From this mass of material the son has made a judicious selection of let- ters dealing with the exciting period of Irish obstruction in 1886 and 1887. The student of English polities will find much that is of value in Sir Richard Temple's notes on the questions of the day, but far more Interesting are bis character sketch es of various members of the Eiousi who Cor one reason or another attracted his at- tenl ion. Bssidi s carefully studied 1 ummariea ■ it 1 be leading men ,,i 1 n. da . . « e ba Impressions of the promising young men. then on the 1 1 1 1 • . I , . . 1 • 1 ol I'heir parliament- ary career, whose names have since be- come famous. In general Sir Richard's es- timates were shrewd and impartial, despite his sincere conviction that the Tory par- ty alone was the trustee of England'sgreat- ness. It is interesting to note his indul- gent impression of the youthful Sir Edward Grey as "one of the most presentable young men of the Radical party." The present Prime Minister is to-day partic- ularly distinguished for the lucidity with which he can present a complicated pro- posal, but Sir Richard, while praising him as "a debater and an assailant," is unpre- pared to commit himself as to what Mr. Asquith would be "in making a construc- tive speech, explaining proposals, ex- pounding a system, arranging facts, fig- ures and arguments." Lord Morley even in those days was "Honest John," for we are told that "his rapid rise ... is partly due to unshakable consistency of opinion joined to sterling honesty of character." Lloyd George "speaks well by natural ap- titude, and has plenty of self-assertion," but he "does not seem to carry weight with the Liberal party, nor has he, so far, found his way to the esteem of the House at large." These pages are unrelieved by many touches of humor, for Sir Richard Temple was one who took himself and the House of Commons with great seriousness, but they serve to give a very vivid picture of men and events at an interesting period of parliamentary history. Mr. Frank A. Mumby has been so en- couraged by the reception accorded to his "Girlhood of Queen Elizabeth," that he proposes eventually to illustrate the whole history of England in the "gentle and fa- miliar way" of contemporary letters. If his latest work ("The Youth of Henry VIII, Narrative in Contemporary Letters"; Houghton Mifflin) is a fair sample of those that are to follow it, the series as a whole promises to be far less satisfactory than the initial volume. The plan here pursued is identical with that of Mr. Mumby's ear- lier book — a number of contemporary let- ters, strung together by brief and on the whole sensible comments. But the letters here chosen are far less well selected than In the "Girlhood of Queen Elizabeth," and all of them have been printed before. Some of them are transcribed from ancient and notoriously inaccurate compilations like Joseph Grove's "Life and Times of Wolsey." In others whole paragraphs are omitted, without the slightest indication of the fact (the letter of Sir Brian Tuke to Richard Pace printed on pages 221-226 is a case in point). No attempt, apparently, has been made to preserve the original spelling, yet we occasionally run across a curious ar- chaism (e. g., "opulant," p. 226). It is not easy to recognize the real recipient of Henry VIII's letter of April 12, 1513 (p. 166) namely, Christopher Bainbridge — under the title, Cardinal Remus, which Mr. Mum- by applies to him. . The index sheds no light on the matter, and is, in general, B strange mixture of Inaccuracy and Igno- rance. By far I lie best thing in Hie book Is the portrait of Henry vni as a child (to fai • page 14). A good looh a1 it w ill e\- i.iin vastly more than tin average char- ai ter sketch, M r Muznb] ba i mba 1 Iced on e n Interest ink- and pi omlslng enterprli a, Id hi: attempt to Int roduoa 1 ba "a.\ ai aga 1 aid

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July 24, 1913] The ISTation 83 er" to the "sources"; but if his future volumes arc to attain real success, he must ore pains in finding and transcribing his letters, and above all he must learn more about the people who wrote them. "The Story of Santiago de Compostela" (Dutton), by C. Gasquoine Hartley, is one of the many modern books which attempt to combine a smattering of history and ar- iral description with practical hints to the tourist. It is prettily illus- and easy to read. It tells at length, without any attempt to test their authenticity, a majority of the legends and stories which nave clustered around the famous shrine of Spain's patron saint. 1 istic paragraph discusses ;it length the question whether or not the "ethnology [Sic"] of Compostela is to be found In the Latin word compostum, sig- nifying a site reserved for Interments." The descriptions of the Cathedral and oth- er buildings of the city are mediocre. The last chapter, Information for the Visitor, is considerably less valuable than the cor- 1 pondini pages in Baedeker. For more than a century Spain seems to have pos- sessed a peculiar fascination for writers of books of travel and description inter- with observations on history, poli- tics, and art; and the present work is a fair specimen of its class as at present produced. Hut comparison with earlier and classic samples of the same species, as, for instance, the masterpieces of Rich- ard Ford and George Borrow, suggests gloomy prospects for the future. An English publicist, Mr. Frank Fox, of the Morning Post, reviews the political and strategic conditions affecting maritime su- premacy in a fluent little volume entitled "Problems of the Pacific" (Small, Maynard & Company). Discussions of this sort are supposed to excite amusement among train- ed diplomatists, who realize better than the uninitiated how fortuitously the fate of na- tions is ordered, but within reasonable lim- its they offer material of value to the com- mon man to think about at home. Their usefulness, however, varies in proportion as they deal with facts or elaborate pre- dictions. To give an accurate summary of conditions in all the regions bordering upon the Pacific basin is a laborious task, to divine their future prospects is pleas- ant and easy. In this performance of Mr. Fox there are indications of his having ex- pended some labor and derived a good deal of pleasure. Just ten years ago Col- quhoun's "Mastery of the Pacific" made a more elaborate adventure in the same re- gion of prophecy; but the defeat of Rus- sia, the confederation of Australia, and the Panama Canal have left the descriptive portions of that excellent work its only claim to a place on the library shelves. Mr. Fox endeavors to be fair — to the white man. He does not believe in the staying power of the Japanese or in the reality of a Yellow Peril. He concludes that "the Pacific will fall as the Mediterranean did, as the Atlantic did, to the rule of the white man." Probably the politicians of New Rome in the seventh century thought the same thing about their sea, but it has taken twelve centuries for the Caucasian to regain the hold which Rome- lost over that water before that century ended. We have no present reason to fear sub- jugation by any Asiatics, but a political programme that virtually ignores them and parcels out the Pacific among the white nations seems to be based upon premises which deny the Malay-Mongolian races any prospect whatever of further development, and arrogates to the Euro- pean all the advantages of initiative and invention. Furthermore, we must remem- ber the fact that Asia has thus far been the source of all religious impulses of the first magnitude. While we are esti- mating strength in terms of Dreadnoughts and trade reports, can we be sure that Asia will never produce another Sakyamuni or Mohammed to upset our calculations? Mr. Fox's book is frankly imperialist and Anglo-Celtic — to use his favorite term for the I mulish-speaking peoples— but his is not a blatant imperialism. It will do no harm. But there are too many slips in his statements to inspire entire confidence In him as a guide to the careful imperial- ist. The Satsuma rebellion occurred in 1877, not 18S4, and Argentina does not oc- cupy 3,054,911 square miles, but 1,135,000, while Chili has 292,580 instead of 2,474— to mention only three of them. Science BOOKS ON GARDENING. Success in Gardening. By Jessie Pea- body Frothingham. New York: Duf- field & Co. $1.25 net. Flower Gardening. By H. S. Adams. New York: McBride, Nast & Co. $1.25 net. The Hardy Flower Book. By E. H. Jen- kins. New York: Chas. Scribner s Sons. $1 net. Suburban Gardens. By Grace Tabor. New York: Outing Publishing Co. 70 cents net. A Farm in Cream land. By Charles Gar- vice. New York: George H. Doran Co. $3 net. Bacon's admonition that "there ought to be gardens for all the months of the year" is more easily acted on in Eng- land than, in our country; but that there is something to do every month for gar- deners, amateur as well as professional, is shown in "Success in Gardening, which is divided into twelve sections bearing the names of the months, each being further divided into four weeks, none of which escapes its share of the work. Some of this subdivision is necessarily rather arbitrary, yet in the main the author succeeds in finding the best moment for each of the multi- tudinous acts that go to the making and maintaining of a flower garden. The winter months are the time for plan- ning, getting the necessary tools, and buying the seeds, in the choice of which the writer urges the selection of 'the new and beautiful varieties which one misses in so many gardens. "Why not try two or three new varieties each year, and through selection ami elim ination attain individuality?" -To facili- tate this, lists are given of the best vari- eties of annuals and perennials, togeth- er with the names of trustworthy seeds- men and growers of shrubs, trees, and bulbs, all of which are duly considered in their place and season. Incidentally, there are many hints as to how to help along the plants; two of the most fre- quently neglected of such suggestions relate to the cutting of withered flowers (which the author regards as more im- portant than weeding), and the use of wood ashes as a fertilizer, not only on the lawn, for which they are usually recommended, but in the garden, too. The author of "Flower Gardening" also dwells repeatedly on the important work to be done in months during which the gardener is usually suppos- ed to be idle. Much, in particular, can be done in the autumn that will lighten the labor of springtime. While annuals are not neglected, there is a bias throughout this book in favor of hardy gardens filled with perennials, partly because these involve less labor after they are once planted, but chiefly be- cause of the distribution of their bloom- ing season through the greater part of the year. In chapter xi an ingenious plan is unfolded for having something to admire in the garden as many weeks of the year as possible. Shrubs and evergreens receive due attention, and there are also chapters on the making of flower pictures, flowers for cutting, shaded gardens, floral hobbies, and birds in the garden, with directions for lur- ing birds and frustrating the evil de- signs of the cat. There is an index, the absence of which in "Success in Garden- ing" is regrettable. Both these books are freely illustrated. Exceptionally commendable are the numerous flower pictures in E. H. Jen- kins's "Hardy Flower Book"; they have the advantage of being printed on very heavy glazed paper. In England, as in America, there is a growing interest in hardy gardens. Mr. Jenkins, who is a member of the Royal Horticultural So- ciety, has devoted his whole life to this branch, and his advice on planting and watering, on the fallacy of big clumps, on what to do with shrub borders, on errors in waterside gardening, and a hundred other points, is decidedly val- uable. Favorite perennials, like the peony, phlox, larkspur, are considered in detail, while Part II discusses more briefly, and in alphabetical order, all of the hardy herbaceous plants that are worth growing. In Part III lists are given of hardy plants desirable for many special purpo 1 that bloom in spring, in summer, in autumn, in winter, are tabulated si parately, and these lists are of particular Inti nets of gardens who are able to spend only a lew weeks of the year atnong their flowers and who natu- rally wish the uardens to appear a'

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84 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2508 1 heir best during (hose part Lcular weeks. "Suburban Gardens" is a little volume 1 pictures, ami with only 207 pages, which contain, however, much that will interest owners of suburban especially If they agree with the author that, while there should of course be flowers in abundance, these ought never to crowd out the edible plants. She has no sympathy with the ideal which sees in the suburban home a country home in miniature, being con- \ imed that a kind of "landscape" gar- dening is often attempted "in the vain hope of creating an illusion of the spa- ciousness and splendor which the truly suburban place cannot, in the very na- ture of things enjoy." What should be done, instead, she attempts to show in detail with the aid of diagrams. Again and again she emphasizes the economic side of the garden question, deploring, among other things, the neglect of fruit trees, which brings it about that "all the thousands of acres of suburbs in the United States are non-producing; and fruits and foods are proportionately high." To her the garden is the thing; and "all that goes to make up the gar- den is secondary — even the trees and shrubs and flowers." Many will dis- agree with her in this attitude, which puts her in a class with those music- lovers who place form above content, yet she stops short at one point, remarking that of all gardening offences the flower- bed is surely the worst, and that "bet- ter no flowers at all than a flower bed." She forgets how convenient and useful such beds are to those whose time and means are too limited to permit them to attempt florally decorated grounds. While the authors of the first four books on our list frankly and fearlessly offer hints to help readers, the writer of "A Farm in Creamland," who is a novelist, does his best to conceal the fact that his is a useful book. Such it is, nevertheless; but the helpful hints are hidden in the narrative of how he and his family tried to find out if it were possible to make farming pay in England. The result of seven years' trial was that he felt inclined to advise none to attempt such farming as a means of livelihood, unless he has been specially educated and trained for the life. And yet he himself, though "as ignorant of agriculture as the shoeblack at the corner of St. Paul's, made a small farm pay." He gives the figures in the last chapter ("which may be skipped"). The garden takes up one of the chap- ters, and of the others there are some that are not connected with farming as such, but deal with English country life in general — fishing, birds, snakes, rab- blt-shooting, "I'igs as pets" is an un- usual subject which the author treats with quite a show of feeling. ui., in, bj w p. Pycraft. is about equally balanced In its e and shortcomings. It con- tains a very great number of >■ Ij In teresting fads which are ottered from a novel point of view; but the arrangement is poor ami the diction is inadequate. There is little attempt at logical sequence, and the general looseness of construction is betrayed by such chapter headings as Early Days and Early Ways, Colors and Coloration, and again three chapters far- ther along, Coloration. Although meant for a popular work, it is sometimes made obscure by technical theories and casual references to scientific problems. The book deals almost wholly with vertebrates, the title being thus misleading. As might be expected, the generous portion of the text relating to the life and problems of young birds is by far the most satisfac- tory; Mr. Pycraft has done his best scien- tific work in this field. Such subjects as play, directive color spots in the mouth, feeding habits, and evolution of the plu- mage are absorbing even in this unemotion- al, matter-of-fact method of presentation. The evolution of maternal instinct deserves a chapter to itself. By searching through the volume we find such delicate grada- tions as the origin of this phenomenon among the reptiles; its fluctuating mani- festation as in the kangaroos, where the young are placed in the pouch at the ap- proach of danger, but thrown out by the mother in the last extremity of a race for life. Among birds we find the most abso- lute devotion to the young on the one hand, and again a degeneration to total neglect, as in the mound-builders, whose chicks are orphaned before they are born, and the cowbirds, whose offspring must en- ter upon life as changelings. Coloration is touched upon in almost every chapter and with commendable moderation in these days of extreme, ill-balanced theories on this subject. "Movements will betray the most cunningly devised mantle of invisi- bility" is perhaps the most illuminating sentence in the book. The chapter on Young Birds and Rec- ords of the Past deals with the evidences of evolution as shown in the' organs and tissues of young birds and in adults, and here Mr. Pycraft excels, making us feel the mystery of the reons of slow change which have perfected, or ultimately caused to degenerate, structures such as wings, nostrils, palates, tails, and plumages. He shows in how many ways we can see re- dimly but unmistakably, in the structure and form of embryos and nest- lings, the adults of past ages, such as the tern-ljke bill of the young skimmer, the open nostrils of nestling cormorants, the usable fingers and claws of the juvenile hoatzln, and the possible teeth of the young tinamou. Of the chapters relating to the lower vertebrates, Concerning Tadpoles is excellent; while the scant thirty-odd pages ' of crabs, caterpillars, and In- vertebrate Puzzles and Parade as might b 11 omll ted, The illust ra mostly photographs from life, ar)i th< upon the text, whereas th 1 he freedom of treatment of the field nat- uralist. Francis Gotch, professor of physiology since 1898 at Oxford University, died last week in London. He was born at Bristol, England, in 1853, and was educated at Amersham Hall School and University Col- lege, London. He became demonstrator in the physiological laboratory, Oxford, in 1883; Holt professor of physiology, Univer- sity College, Liverpool, in 1891, and deliv- ered the Croonian lecture on researches made with Prof. V. Horsley into the cen- tral nerve system in 1891. He had pub- lished several papers in scientific journals. Drama and Music WESTERN PLAYS IN JAPAN. Tokio, June 2. We Japanese have no language to ex- press our modern thought and imagina- tion; I mean simply by that that our old Japanese language, homogeneous, simple, with the beauty, if it has any, of decorative impossibility, or roman- ticism, and with the power, if it has any, of taciturnity, but not of eloquence, has lost its own dignity through being unable to match our modern require- ment. Indeed, it is the case, is it not, of the old Japanese brocade which finds itself quite out of place against the Western dress. We present Japanese wear a sack-coat, frock-coat, even "swal- low-tail," however ill-fitting and absurd they be for us dark-skinned, short-leg- ged people; and we forget the old bro- cade inherited from our fathers. And so with the language — a devil's lan- guage, as once a certain Western missionary remarked a few hun- dred years ago; and we use the new Japanese language created by Western writers. Some of our present Japanese, I mean the intellectual Japanese, use the language of Turgenieff or Tolstoy; some of them the language "of Maupassant or Gorki; and the language of Oscar Wilde was quite a fashion here a year or two ago. And what we are most pleased to use to-day is the language or Ibsen or Bernard Shaw. When we began to use this new lan- guage, "the Western language with a Japanese sound," ten years ago, we had only a little 'encouragement from the general public; but when book after book had been written, as we saw, in fact, in this language, the public Be- gan to be reconciled with us, and even to find no small interest in our at- li nipt. And let me say that II was they who called us to the stage to a< new play in the new Strange lair oven the general public, after all, has begun to be modernized, that is. \\<:,i ernlzed. To speak from the hlstorj ol the Japanese drama, Ibsen's "Bork

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July 24, 1913] The USTation 85 Japanized three or four years ago, staged under the auspices of the Liberty Theatre Society, was, in truth, the real dawning of a new stage art in Japan. What is most interesting to dwell on is the fact of the great influence it has had in Westernizing the Japanese public of the common run; certainly you will be amazed if I tell you that the audience who barely filled two nights as in the case of "Borkman" Jap- anized are numbered now more than enough for the play, whether . it be by Shakespeare or Shaw, by Sudermann or Ibsen, to run fifteen nights. And here I have seen lately a more striking phenomenon in the fact that a certain English dramatic company, Wilkie, or something, had quite a pros- perous one week at the Imperial The- atre, Tokio; the time is not far off, I dare say, to see a Bernhardt or a Tree coming to play before the Japanese au- dience. Certainly we shall soon have a large enough audience here to extend an invitation to the well-known West- ern players. And you will see the gen- eral tendency of thought and taste of our intellectual class when I tell you that what Wilkie offered most pleasing to us was not "Hamlet," but "Salome" and "Mrs. Warren's Profession." Formerly we could not help apply- ing the so-called Japanese honorifica- tion in address, even when playing the Western play; but to-day it has ceased to be uncivil or barbarous to make a wife call her husband a John cr a Frank; and shaking hands is now, in fact, one of our Japanese customs or etiquettes which we are pleased to prac- tice in daily life. And there is no one among the audience to-day who will blush when beholding the kissing scene; the remarkable thing is, above all, how the Japanese actors have learned to kiss neatly. "The West conquered Japan in literature long ago; and now she is Westernizing us even in life's ways and customs," I always exclaim when I see the .Western play on our stage. And I had occasion to explain it again a few nights ago when I saw Ibsen's "Hedda Gabler" Japanized at the Yurakuza The- atre. I think that "John Gabriel Borkman" was staged in Japan at the most appro- priate time (let me admit the clever- ness of a Japanese manager), and as a result it made quite a forcible impres- sion upon our mind; because, in the year of 1909, our modern literature was reaching almost to the height of natur- alism, after a Western fashion, and we, like young Erhart in Ibsen's play, were pleased to cry: "For I am young! That's what I never realized before; but now the knowledge is tingling through every vein in my body. I will only live, live, live!" This importation of naturalism made us awaken to the very conscious- ness of so-called true life; and, as in the West, we thought it proper to go to the extreme of individualism or Ibsen's egoism for solving that question of life, ^nd the Japanese women, too, were not slow in their rise; when they found, as the phrase goes, their own selves, they were more often than not the victims of modern vanities and selfishness; it is surprising to see so many more "new v.omen" in Japan than one ever dream- ed of. I thought natural enough when I was told by Mr. Iba, the stage manager of the Kindai Geki Kyokai (the Modern Play Society), and the actor who most cleverly acquitted himself as Assessor Black, that there was hardly any wo- man who, when seeing the play, this "Hedda Gabler," in the Kozo Chiba's translation, complained of its dulness; and women more than men, even in Japan, would appreciate it. "That is because the modern Japanese women are more or less Heddas," I explained to myself. The acting was quite an advance upon the day of "John Gabriel Borkman," when I even laughed over the awkward attitudes of Japanese players around Western tables and their faltering man- ner of carrying on the long dialogue; I should say it was no mean achievement, this "Hedda Gabler," when the actors and actresses, quite at home with ta- bles, chairs, and sofa, showed a good order and general harmony. It is very difficult to discuss the real merit of Ib- sen, but not so hard to think about what Ibsen means in Japan. What ef- fect does he produce on our minds? Above all, why do Japanese play his dramas? I asked these questions of Mr. Iba, who makes a unique figure himself, as I said before, as Assessor Black. "It is difficult," he remarked, "to play Pinero, for instance, because he is too English. There's nobody to say that Ibsen is too Scandinavian: I mean that he is universal. Besides, he is a splen- did teacher for us on the stage; we have become wiser and saner in life; as a dramatist, he clearly shows where we actors have to put emphasis and force to make acting turn smoothly. We play him, because he teaches us so much, and he is easy to play." "So you thought him easy," I ex- claimed, "and you played him. You thought him easy, indeed — is it not the leason why we thought him very diffi- cult in seeing your 'Hedda Gabler'?" And then he laughed. That vague laughter means that we had to study him more before we could speak on him authoritatively even as Ibsen in Japan. Yoxe Noguchi. The Shakespearean summer season at the Memorial Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, England, by the F. R. Benson company, will begin August 2 and close August 30. The programme will include three of Shake- speare's plays from English history— "Hen- ry the Fourth," "Richard the Second," and "King John"; the tragedies of "Hamlet" and "Romeo and Juliet," and six of the comedies — "The Merchant of Venice," "As You Like It," "The Taming of the Shrew," "Much Ado About Nothing," "Twelfth Night," and "The Merry Wives of Wind- sor." In addition, the plays will include Lord Lytton's "Richelieu," John Masefield's "The Tragedy of Pompey the Great," and G. Bernard Shaw's "The Devil's Disciple." The Norwich Players will he seen in "The Drama of Job," the Bedford Players in "Glastonbury," the Dunmow Players in "The Tinker's Wedding," and the townsfolk of Stratford-upon-Avon in "The Harvest Masque." There will also be morris dances, sword dances, and country dances in the gardens. Thomas Tait, formerly lecturer on elo- cution in Melbourne University, has pub- lished an excellent little volume (Doran) on "How to Train the Speaking Voice." He has nothing new to say on the subject, of course, but the advice that he gives is generally sound, and is set down in plain language. Most essayists on this topic in- dulge in quasi-scientific elaborations which confuse ordinary students without enlight- ening or helping them. He explains, briefly and clearly, the rudimentary principles of the art, and tells how to practice and profit by them. His directions concerning the proper pose of the speaker, the manage- ment of the breath, the production of the vowel sounds, the study of emphasis and intonation, and the avoidance of vulgar- isms and slovenliness are clear and per- tinent. On the necessity of prolonged and intelligent study of passages of prose or poetry before any attempt is made to speak them aloud he is particularly emphatic and judicious. He realizes, as many professed teachers of elocution do not, that a full and sympathetic comprehension of an au- thor's meaning is as essential to competent vocal interpretation as technical skill in utterance. But he seems to be a victim of the all too common delusion that an actor, to be completely successful, must 'feel" his part, that is to say, must under- go in his own person the emotions which he is counterfeiting. This is just what all cur second-rate performers do or try to do, thereby expressing the most diverse char- acters in the one inelastic mould of their private individuality. Here is the reason why true versatility is almost unknown upon the modern stage. Acting, in its highest estate, is governed by the intellect, not the emotions. It is doubtless true that very few actors in the history of the theatre have succeeded in completely merg- ing their identity in the fictitious char- acter, but all the great players have come ■.cry near to the achievement of this nota- ble feat upon particular occasions. The Salvini of Othello, for Inst scarce- ly recognizable, even by his bulk, In the Sftlvinl of Conrad in "La Morte Civile.'1 The object of the true artist Is first to Be how the porsonnge to lie repre- sented might be presumed to behave under certain circumstances, and, secondly, to materialize the conception thus formed by the resolute suppression of every personal habit or impulse that might conflict with it. Tim requirements to this end are thought, intuition, will, and executive abll-

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H(_> The ISTation [Vol. 97, No. 2508 lty, all of which are Inconsistent with In- dividual personal emotion. Equally ambitious and interesting Is the the g ! operas to be sung at the Century Opera House next season, begin- g on September 15, and lasting till the middle of April. With but tew tions, each >ra is to be given for a full week of eight successive per- formances, as follows: September L5, "AJda"; 22, "Gloconda"; 29, "Tales of Hoff- mann"; October 6, "Louise"; 13, "Madama Butterfly"; 20, "Romeo and Juliet"; 27, "Trovatore"; November 3, "Lakme"; 10, "Thais"; 17, "Lohengrin"; 21, "Jewels of the Madonna"; December 1, "Lucia"; S, "Manon"; 15, "Bohemian Girl" ; 22, "Car- men"; 29, "Tristan and Isolde"; January : .i Boheme"; 12, "The Huguenots"; 19, "Tosca"; 26, "Konigskinder" ; February 2, "Faust"; 9, "Tannhauser" ; lt>, "Traviata"; 2", "Cavalleria" and "Pagliacci"; March 2, "Samson and Delilah"; 9, "Rigoletto" ; 16, "Secret of Suzanne" and "Coppelia"; 23, "Rhelngold" and "Walkiire" (three days each); 30, "Siegfried" and "Gotterdam- merung" (tliree days each); 6, "Parsifal." All of these are "subject to change." From Rome comes the report that an overture written for "Ai'da" by Verdi, but supressed by him, has been found and sub- mitted to Toscanini, who pronounced it im- portant. It may be played at the Verdi centenary festival in Milan next month. It is believed that Verdi decided to omit the overture because of its great length. The score covers seventy-six pages. It is dated December 23, 1872, which would indicate that it was not written or completed till after the first performances of "A'ida" in Cairo and Milan. Italian newspapers contain pictures of the extraordinary incident of the six-year-old boy Ferrero conducting Wagner's "Meister- singer" overture at the Augusteum in Rome. He did it without looking at the score, in presence of a crowded audience, including many prominent musicians. His remark- able talent was discovered accidentally. Kenyon Cox's interesting address on "The Illusion of Progress" is printed in No. 6 of the "Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Letters." In it he says regarding music: In melodic invention it is so far from progressive that its most brilliant mas ters are often content to elaborate and to ■ orate a theme old enough to have no history — a theme the inventor of which lias been so entirely forgotten that we think of il as sprung not from the mind of one man, but from that of a whole people, and call it a folk-song. The prix de Rome of the Paris Con- ay has been won' this year by a girl of nineteen named Lili Boulanger. Nearly ill the great French composers won this prize during their conservatory days. Other hand, not all of the students who won it became famous. David Popper, whose seventieth birthday celebrated In Budapest recently (though Riemann says be was horn on Decen 1843), shares with Plattl the honor of hav- ' the violoncello what Paganinl lolin and LlSZt lor i ; technique to the utmost point . 1 1 Is pii ces a re i cttve a nd Id omal 1c i'< en ! i point ol I \ to h tire, the] an not. equal to those of Bach and Beethoven, and of Rubinstein, whose second sonata and "Trois Morceaux" will be better known in concert halls some day than they are now. Art Lawrence. By Sir Walter Armstrong. With 41 plates. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $6.50 net On first opening this well-illustrated volume, one is inclined to regret that Sir Walter Armstrong has devoted his fine critical perceptions to an artist who, after all, is only third rate. As one reads the mood changes, Lawrence's stereotyped uniformity as a portrait painter has been a challenge to the critic's adroitness. Where artistic in- terest lags, personal considerations atone or sagacious comment on the times or on things in general. In short, Sir Walter seems to justify Sainte- Beuve's predilection for a minor person- ality as the best subject for criticism. About Lawrence as artist there is very little to say, and in his estimate our au- thor achieves a surprising blend of se- verity and amenity. At six the boy could catch a likeness with the chalks. In his 'teens he was the support of a shiftless father and a numerous family. At eighteen he regarded himself as hors concours in the Academy schools. At twenty-one he exhibited the engaging portrait of the actress, Nelly Farren, now loaned by the Morgan estate to the Metropolitan Museum, and in his re- maining forty years of tireless effort he never surpassed it. In his rare early chalk drawings Sir Walter discerns a promise which Lawrence was never to fulfil. His technic in oils, after a brief aping of Sir Joshua, was to degenerate into a dry and textureless formula. The Nelly Farren already has its perfunc- tory and metallic passages. Worse yet, his naturally great gifts as a draughts- man were to resolve themselves into rather cheap conventions. The famous Lawrence eye, with its fixed vivacity, is as recognizable as the hot and hard Lawrence flesh. His tricks, Sir Walter Armstrong rightly observes, are more flagrant in his favorite portraits of wo- men. If he ever approaches greatness it is in a few of the lightly ski heads, like that of the little Duke of Keiclistadt, and in a handful of the po litical portraits, for example, the Cur- ad Warren Hastings. It is a shrewd and just observation of the author that Lawrence really Btands out of the British tradition of good col or, and finds his affiliations rather with such : cademlc French painters as Gerai d, Ingres, Bonnat Cabanel added And. in tact, Law renci teelj si iibi fo'i I he stigmata oi resemblance, his blindness to individual refinements of color, his firm yet insen- sitive draughtsmanship, his internation- al clientele, and productive tours abroad — all relate him to the modern peripatetic tribe of capable portrait man- ufacturers made in France. As in the modern case of Bonnat, per- sonal defects of technique did not pre- vent an exquisite connoisseurship. There was a moment when Lawrence, though ever financially embarrassed, had bought up virtually all the important drawings by old masters in the Euro- pean market. The mere nucleus of his private collection is now the pride of the Oxford University Galleries. In the Parliamentary hearing which resulted in the purchase of the Elgin marbles, no one gave such terse and emphatic testi- mony as to the incomparable worth of the Pheidian sculptures as Lawrence. Many of the most important pictures of the Angerstein collection, now in the National Gallery, were found by Law- rence and bought at his suggestion. In- deed, these mediatorial services may in the long run seem a more important contribution to the cause of art than his painting. What is always admirable about the man is a fine British candor and a rath- er un-British clearsightedness and ab- sence of illusion. Of passion and preju- dice he had less than a great artist's share. As a boy, on seeing a Rubens for the first time, he exclaimed: "I shall never paint like that." So just a prevision in a precocious and ambitious lad is of evil omen. At the height of his fame he wrote to his brother: "I can never expect that the labors of my pencil will have so great an interest at any future time as they now have, or their superiority be so generally ac- knowledged." Again, an amazing self- estimate in a painter who had stood applauded before kings. Indeed, the only shred of illusion in the man's char- acter seems to be a belief that under favoring circumstances he might have been a great historical painter. It was a delusion entirely natural in a contem- porary and friend of Benjamin West. In Lawrence's failure to attain great- ness there is, according to our author, after all only a very simple mystery. Lawrence was badly handicapped by his precocity. In any art there is peril in gaining the means of expression before one has anything to express. Under these conditions only copyism or emptj displays of dexterity are likely. But Lawn lee had an e\ 6D sorer nra Jl h.e I, in a curious in Bitam \ of character, which may be Illustrated by the Irre- sponsible way in which he Cell In and out of love with the two Siddons sis- ters. Possibly, ti" rtivi aess of hie methods is mei elj the pi oteel Ive mask Of one wlthOUl mini I nil l\ e and I e .nun el nine; is u iiu dot a u Ith tel'.li

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July 24, 1913J The Nation 87 phasis just wliat lie is accustomed to do- ing. Sir Walter Armstrong finds a fur- ther disqualification in Lawrence's lack of persistency. In almost every por- trait the attack is superb, and there the interest is wholly exhausted, while the conception is . successively attenuated through processes irksome to the paint- er, and, naturally, slurred. Which comes Ing that Lawrence was never a whole-hearted painter, lacking joy in manipulation and zest in color. Had he d beyond the chalks of his early period, he might well have left a deeper impress on the history of art. As a blameless, kindly, and serviceable per- sonality his title to gratitude and re- membrance is clear. Clearer possibly in England, which he loyally served in many capacities, than elsewhere. Sir Walter Armstrong's delightful es- say is accompanied by a list of works, •confessedly incomplete, which comprises nearly one hundred quarto pages. How large a part in this great output Law- rence's famulus Wyatt may have had is a question that Sir Walter does not raise. It is about the only point at which his vivacious yet densely packed pages fail to satisfy your reviewer's curiosity. Finance AS TO A TURN FOR THE BETTER. It is too early yet to say whether or not the sudden revival of activity and strength on the Stock Exchange, which assumed rather definite proportions last week, marked the turn from the exces- sive financial gloom and despondency of the past six months. A few months ago, such a demonstration as then occurred would have been taken as an ordinary incident of Wall Street. It was the fact of the complete inertia and dishearten- ment that had preceded the recovery, and especially the occurrence, in the preceding week, of the smallest full day's Stock Exchange business in the seventeen past years, which brought last week's stock market movement into so strong relief. Consciously or uncon- sciously, Wall Street had come to look at the 64,000-shares of July 11 as typi- fying the character of the financial sit- uation generally, and as foreshadowing what the Stock Exchange has ahead of it for a very long time to come. Yet it is a very well-defined tradition of the financial community that a day of utterly abnormal dulness, following gradual and progressive shrinkage of ac- tivity, is itself a sign that a turning- point is near. This tradition is not bas- ed on calculated logic, but on almost unvarying experience. On the face ot things, there would appear to be no rea- son why one sixty-thousand-share day should not be followed by a dozen or a hundred like it. But it never is. The stock market, like all other complicat- ed machineries, has ways and habits ot its own. One of them seems to be that when the wheels, after long revolving in one direction, slacken their pace of revo- lution and at last cease to move entire- ly, they are about to stare turning in the opposite direction. It would be easy, even supposing t':is to be the case in the present instance, to indulge in unwarranted expectations. The public, on which all depends, is still mistrustful, suspicious, and timid. It has grown used to finding more in- viting opportunities for investment in securities outside of the Stock Exchange than in it, and perhaps the strongest stimulus to its return would be news of the absorption of the unsold new se- curity issues, and an advance in their market price above the price of issue. That this happened in the case of a few important securities of the kind last week, is not to be overlooked. • The public's mind must also be dis- abused, and by convincing evidence, of the carefully cultivated notion that Eu- rope will lend no money here to "move the crops" this summer, and that there- fore a crushing strain will be imposed on domestic money markets. The doc- trine, lately preached in influential quar- ters, that we incur a debt of half a bil- lion dollars every year to Europe, and that Europe can draw it out in cash whenever it sees fit, must lose what hold it may have had on the popular imagina- tion. So must the pleasing theory that this is to be a "panic year," either be- cause it is twenty years since 1893, or because the fatal number 13 appears in its title. Something else, which has also stood in the way of financial recuperation, has been the twin belief that a tariff-revi- sion year necessitates hard times, and that "Congress in the winter session" may be preparing to do things which will undermine all the pillars of finance. In these matters we approach the realm of the psychological; also the field of disputation where entirely opposite and conflicting reasons will infallibly be as- signed for the same event. If, in the vicissitudes of fortune, we actually were to have a "panic" this next autumn, history would preserve two perfectly developed and in all re- spects mutually inconsistent theories in regard to it. The Wall Street oracles, gaz- ing at the wreck of their own pet pro- jects, would point angrily to Congress and its legislation as the author of the mischief, while the Congressional oracles, basing their conclusions on pre- cisely the same phenomena, would shake their fists at Wall Street as the delib- erate and revengeful planner of the financial crash. Such is the habitual experience of economic "argument." A year ago, a President of the United States was going up and down the coun- try, telling his audiences how the panic of 1893, and the low price of wheat in 1894, were caused by the tariff legisla- tion of the latter year. Last week an- other echo of the past, in the shape of a speech by a Senator from Colorado, de- scribed how the whole 1893 collapse was due to a wicked conspiracy by the bank- ing "magnates," provoked by the move ment for a silver standard. It is true that some minds devote themselves rather to inquiring what must have been the cause of such events, than to guessing what might have been their cause. There were commonplace people, after 1893, who recalled that Lon- don's "Baring crash" of a little while before, and the subsequent overspecula- tiou in our West, had led very naturallv to the crisis of that year. There are people now who ascribe the financial re- action of the past six months, and who v. ould ascribe an even more serious re- action in the coming months, to the out- break of the Balkan War on the top of a situation, in European finance, which was already ripe for a serious reckon- ing. These plain matters of record and chronology may have in them the mak- ing of sober history. But they do not in- spire imagination among the market oracles of the hour. If, through the de- cree of a kindly Providence, a vigorous financial and commercial recovery were conceivably to mark the autumn of 1913, which philosopher would get the wider hearing in the newspapers and in Con- gress— the one who ascribed it to the country's agricultural good fortune and the careful retrenchment of its banking interests, or the one who awarded the whole merit of it to the reduction in the tariff and the proposals for currency reform? BOOKS OP THE WEEK. Aldcn, Mrs. G. R. ("Pansy"). Four Mothers at Chautauqua. Boston: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard. $1.50. Babcock, \V. H. Early Xorse Visits to Nortb America. Washington: Smithso- nian Institution. Bingham, Hiram. In the Wonderland of Peru. Reprint from the Nat. Geographic Magazine. New Haven, Conn.: Peruvian Expedition. 50 cents. Blake, J. C. General Chemistry. Macmil- lan. $1.90 net. Boynton, P. H. London in English Litera- ture. Univ. of Chicago Press. $2 net. Burks, P. W. and J. D. Health and the School. D. Appleton. $1.50 net. Campbell, W. W. Stellar Motions. New Haven : Yale Univ. Press. $4 net. Clermont, Emile. Laure. Sixth edition. Paris: Grasset. Coulter, J. M. Elementary Studies in Bot- any. D. Appleton. $1.30. Fiske, E. W. An Elementary Study of the Brain. Macmillan. $1.25 net. Fleming. J. R. The Burning Bush: The Story of the Presbyterian Churrh in All Lands, Told for Young People. Scribner. Poster, Maximilian The Whistling Man. P>. Appleton. $1.30 net. Golden, Peter. To Arms, and Other Poems. Privately printed. I.. H. Business Organization and Combination. Macmillan. $2 net. Kurd, A., and Castle, H. German Sea- Power. Si ribner.

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88 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2508 ernmenl : Annual Report of '■ intra! Sanitary Bureau (lull). To- kio. Hermann. Economic Libi lira us. from the German.) Macmillan. Lien, a. J. Privileges and Immunities of Citizens of the United States (Col. Univ. Studies), Longmans. ' Livy. Book XX] and Selections from Books XXII-XXX. By J. C. Egbert. Macmillan. CO cents net. Moore, F\ F. Discovering "Evelina." Do- ran. $1.25 net. Moore, Leslie. Aunt Olive in Bohemia. Do- ran. $1.25 net. • r, J. 11. History of the People of die United Slates. Vol. VIII. D. Apple- ton. $2.50 not. Malloch, Douglas. The Woods. Doran. $1 net. >ucry, J. A. Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur. Babylonian Sec- tion, Vol. ill. Univ. of Pa. 0] lahoma, Field, Forest and Stream. State Game and Fish Warden. Painton, B. F. A. tJ. King Desire and His Knights: A Fairy Tale for Children. Fenno & Professor of Mathematics in Columbia University. | ! A brief, rigorous, and modern course in Algebra, emphasizing those topics ire essential for more advanced work. Cloth. 200 pages. Price, $1.40. D. C. HEATH 2 x7. Will well for *5 a set. Address liOOKLOVER. care Nation, 20 Vcsc.v St. THE AMERICAN YEAR BOOK 1912 is now READY. Cloth, 48.60 net, II. A^ITIMTON & COMPANY "TO LIBRARIANS" /( is of Interest and importance to know that the books reviewed and advertised In tMs mag- ,, ,„, ,,111 be Dwrohased from us at advanta- prices by PUBLIC LIBRARIES, SCHOOLS, COLLEGES \\l> UNIVERSITIES A. C. MeCMJBG & CO.. CHICAGO NOW Hftitlil JULIUS CAESAR Being the Seventeenth Volume In 11 New Vit lorum Edition of Shakespeare, Baited by Horace Howard Furness, Jr. Cloth. (4.00. Unif mo- rocco 18.00. Postage extra, J n. l.iriMNCOTT & COMPANY. Publisher*, Phiia.ioii.i.iii. The second volume of Hauptmann's Dramas is now ready. Contents: Drayman Henichelj Roie Bernd; The Rats At all boo) mail, $1.65 B.W.Hueb«jh,Publislier,225Fiffchavenu6lNi a cat \i,' (QUE "i 1 ci 1 pampbleti 1 niiiiiiiii', BOClal ami polil 1 ready. H, WILLIAMS, L06 B. 22(3 St., N. Y. 10 WEEKS IN EUROPE FOR $300 BOOK IBOUT IT. 81.10 POSTPAID, )lt, ME ID .v COMP INI . FOURTH WE. AND 1 . NEW VOItK

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The Nation VOL. XCVII— NO. 2509 THURSDAY, JULY 31, 1913 PRICE TEN CENTS LETTERS AND MEMORIALS OF Wendell Phillips Garrison Editor of the Nation (1865-1906) In one volume, crown 8vo, 300 pages, with photogravure portrait. Price $1.50 net, postpaid. During the forty-one years in which he edited the Nation, with a thoroughness, ability, and conscientious devotion unsurpassed in the records of American journalism, Mr. Garrison was an indefatigable correspondent, never employing an amanuensis, but writing tens of thousands of letters with his own hand to his contributors, who embraced practically all the leading American scholars and critics of the period. From a dozen groups of these, which have been kindly loaned by the recipients, a sufficient number of selections has been made to illustrate the relations between Mr. Garrison and his great corps of contributors, the frankness and tact which he exercised towards them, and the wide range of his interests, tastes and sympathies. The volume also contains a brief sketch of his life, a dozen of his best poems, and several of his characteristic editorials, reviews and essays, besides a fine photogravure portrait. It likewise preserves the notable letter of appreciation addressed to Mr. Garrison by more than two hundred contributors to the Nation on the completion of his fortieth year of service, and his acknowl- edgment thereof. HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY. Boston and New York Railroad Reorganization (To the year 1907) By STUART DAGGETT Assistant Professor of Railway Economics in the University of California 8vo, cloth, 402 pages, #2.00 net "The work should be of great aid to the investor who is in- volved in any of the current reorganizations." — The Jour al of Political Economy. HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS. Kittredge and Farley's An Advanced English Grammar This book is notable for Its eomprehen- slve, logical treatment. Among tbe topics treated with unusual thoroughness are the use of shall and will, the Infinitive, partici- ple*, the verba] noun, indirect qt conditional sentences, and the combii of clauses in simple, compound, complex, and compound complex sentences. For ref- erence use tbe book will also be peeially serviceable. SO cents Gardiner, Kittredge, & Arnold's Manual of Composition and Rhetoric A simple, practici 1 manui ticularlv with the various forms of discourse. a 1 section devoted to criticism and method. si.nn GINN AND COMPANY Boston \e« Vork < Meago London Atlanta Dallas ( oluinlm. *an Franclac The PHILIPPINE PROBLEM By Frederick Chmiibcrlin The most up-to-date and impartial account of the American occupation and developiiunt of the Philippines yet issued. 1 With Hi imr/ra of illustration*. 2.". I pnnri. 12mo, cloth, $1.50 n't; by moil. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, Boston Ji'-r Pflil.lslir.lt PAUL ELMER MORE'S THE DRIFT OF ROMANTICISM An admirable group of | is William Berkford, Canl he romantic movement. I1.SS net. PottpOtt, ll.»T. Bo-ten Mill (.IITON MIKU l\ • (»., NcwT«rt

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11 T 1 1 e ]ST a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2509 ri1 The Nation A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. {Entered a' the NeiO York City Post Office as second-Class mail matter.] The Nation Is published and owned by tlie New York Evening Tost Co. Oswald Garrison VUlard. President ; William j. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More. Editor; Harold deWolf Puller, As- sistant Edltot Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada $3.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union $4.00. Address THE NATION, Box 794, New York. Publication Office, 20 Yesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 89 Editorial Articles: The Mexican Difficulty 92 A Rival Isthmian Canal 92 The Hand that Pulled the Strings.... 93 Facts about the Department Store 94 The Pedantry of Humorists 95 Special Articles: An Old Review in New Hands. News for Bibliophiles CORRESPOXDKNCE : Naturalization for Japanese The American Attitude Towards Art.. Short-Winded Drama Tourist Charges A Now Punctuation Mark Literature : The Life of John Bright The Turning of Griggsby— The Ad- ventures of Dr. Whitty— Parrot & Co.— Ever After The Country Church A Wayfarer in China A • Turkish Woman's European Im- pressions Free Trade vs. Protection Every American would do well to read this clean cut, trenchant and vigorous treatise on a subject so vital that the igno- rance of the average citizen in regard to it is astounding. Mainly it is an argument for tariff for revenue only, and an exposure of the fallacies of a system that taxes the many for the benefit of the few. By Amasa M. Eaton At All Bookstores. Net $1.00 A. C. McClurg & Co. Publishers "At McCLURG'S" It is of interest and importance to Librarians to know that the books reviewed and advertised in this magazine can be pur- chased ■from us at advantage- ous prices by Public Libraries, Schools, Colleges and Universities In addition to these books we have an exceptionally large stock of the books of all pub- lishers— a more complete as- sortment than can be found on the shelves of any other book- store in the entire country. We solicit correspondence from li- brarians unacquainted with our facilities. LIBRARY DEPARTMENT A. C. McClurg & Co. CHICAGO Educational The Misses Kirk'sColkge Preparatory School 96 PENNSYLVANIA, BRYN MAWR. 97 Prepares for Bryn Mawr and other colleges. Cer- tificate privileges. Number of pupils limited. Special schedule arranged for eacb. Percentage of pupils who have entered Bryn Mawr College unusually large. Gymnastics, outdoor sports. 15th 98 I year opens October 2', 101.3. Morrislown School RPSSM; J. Col- paratory Board- ing School for Boys. Small classes. Supervised sports: new gymnasium. Lower School for boys 10 to 14. Advisory Board — President Hibben, Princeton; Dean Ilurlbut, Harvard; Rev. Anson Phelps Stokes, Jr., Secretary of Yale; Dean Kep- pel Columbia; President Prltchett, Carnegie Foundation. ITTIT 17 mil ft — A few young ladies (8 **-*-' *JUM-.\sM. ,lt most) of good fam- THE GREAT ART GIFT-BOOK OF THE YEAR ART By Auguste Rodin (Translated from the French of Paul Gsell by Mrs. Romllly Fedden.) Witb over 100 illustrations in photogravure and hnlf-tone. Buckram, $7.50 net: three-quarter levant, $15.00 net; carriage additional. A book which takes its place at once as the most Important art book In years. It covers practically the whole range of art. and abounds In memorable analyses of the works of the masters of paintingi and sculpture, ancient and mooern. Send for descriptive circular. Small, Maynard & Co., Publishers, Boston 1n„! liy can acquire French pleasantly, at I'lnstitut 10* Familial on the outskirts of Paris. Opens Sept. 103 15. Write for illustrated prospectus and refer- j ences to M. Clicvaldin (Prof. Agre. de 1'UnivG.), Rue Bouquet, Rouen, France. L03 Notes I TheWOLCOTT SCHOOL, DENVER, COL. 104 Superior climate. Accredited with Eastern Colleges I for girls. Pine music advantages. Gymnasium. SCIENCH 106 Drama and .Music Art: 107 DETHLEHEM PREPARATORY SCHOOL, /_) Bethlehem, Pa. Prepares foi leading colleges, Catalogue. H. A. FOBBING, B. S.. Principal. disBval Church Architecture t>f 'THE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES, I Evebett o. Fisk & Co., Proprietors, L'a Park St., Boston 1847 II St., Washington 156FlfthAv. New York 316JouraalBd., Portland 814StegerBd. .Chicago 3 l3Doug A COMPANY, FOURTH avk. and ::ii'rui STREET, Mow YORK • * * Copies of The Nation may be procured In Paris at Brentano's, 87 Avenue ae l'Opera; in E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY London of B. 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The Nation w. » i ORK, riii Ran 11", .// i.v 31, 1918. The Week Civil Service Commission to the White House on Monday that the practice of re- ducing the grade of meritorious Repub- lican employees in the classified service in order to make desirable openings for Washington dispatches state that the Democrats has reached serious dimen- Republicans in the Senate are, after all, aions. Now that the abuse has been call- going to consume all the time they can ed to the President's attention, it is to in debating the tariff bill. Their motive be hoped that it will be stopped, or at is avowed. They have no hope of pre- least kept within narrow bounds. But venting the final .passage of the bill. ' this is not the only manifestation of the Nor are they under any illusion about , spoils spirit in the dominant party that the state of public opinion, being fully has been brought to public notice with- aware that it is not possible to get the j in the past few days. Last Friday, Sen- people to take any interest in their ator Sterling, of South Dakota, present- s against the tariff. But by tak- \ cd a memorandum of the National Civil ing advantage of the rules — or lack of Service League in opposition to para- rules— of the Senate, they can delay and graph O of section 2 of the tariff bill. This paragraph, which was inserted m the House bill by the Senate Finance Committee, provides that for a period of two years after the passage of the act "the force of agents, deputy collectors, and inspectors" authorized by the in- come-tax section of the act shall be ap- pointed "without compliance with the conditions prescribed" by the civil ser- vice law. The reasons for condemning this provision as vicious are too obvious to need stating. The Civil Service League does, however, give them, brief- ly and effectively; but the most effective thing in its memorandum is this quiet statement: "We can Snd nowhere in the report of the Committee on Finance as printed in the Congressional Record any reasons stated why this large force should be recruited outside the civil ser- vice law." Mr. Sterling gives notice that he will call up the League's protest when paragraph O is reached in the dis- cussion of the bill. We trust that the Republicans will make a determined fight on it, and compel every Democrat to stand up and be counted as for or against this indefensible assault on the civil service. obstruct under the guise of debating; and In this way they think that they can head off the passing of a currency bill at this session. It is confessedly for this reason that the decision has been come to that the "debate" must go on. The plans of the Progressive Republi- cans in the Senate, as reported Monday, promise to add a new terror to Sena- torial debating. Two sets of amend- ments are to be offered to the tariff bill, one by Smoot and the standpatters, the other by La Follette and his Progressive following. In the long run, the practi- cal effect will be to divide still further the Republican opposition, and to make the Democratic majorities on contested clauses larger yet. La Follette will not support the Smoot amendments, and vice versa. But in the meantime, what devastating floods of futile oratory must we face in the Senate! Speeches will in- crease as the square of the amendments offered, and the efforts of our Senatorial giants of debate will be to use a hun- dred words where one would more than suffice. Their motto is that of the mediaeval Schoolman who said, at one point in an unbearably long treatise: "This I say, lest anything be left un- said." But in spite of the dread of suf- fering from suppressed speech, whicn seems to afflict Senators, some way must be found to make their "debates" some- thing besides devices for destroying both time and mind, and for ending them when their life has long since fled. limitations, the nature of such proposed restriction was not indicated. Yet it ap- pears to us that the way for doing it is reasonably obvious. The two powers of the Federal Board which are altogether too sweeping and unregulated as the bill now stands, are that whereby the Board may "in time of emergency require Fed- eral reserve banks to rediscount the dis- counted prime paper of other Federal reserve banks," and that in virtue of which the Board may "suspend for a period not exceeding thirty days (and renew such suspension for periods not to exceed fifteen days) any and every reserve requirement." Both powers are manifestly of the largest sort; the pre- mature or mistaken exercise of either might very gravely jeopardize a finan- cial situation; nevertheless, save for the very vague stipulation that the first shall be employed "in time of emer- gency," there is not a word to indicate when or how or why they should be re- sorted to. That some strong feeling exists in the House Banking and Currency Commit- tee, to the effect that the powers of the proposed Federal Board are not ade- quately defined or restricted, has been made plain enough in the Committee's discussions. The dispatches have seem- - d to agree that, while the suggestion It is evident from the visit made by was made that certain of these powers all the members of the United States ought to be conferred only with specific The comment, suggested by all experi- ence in banking crises, is that the in- itiative in such cases must come from the banks themselves, because it is they that are directly confronted with the peculiar necessities of the period. There- fore, the power to require rediscount of one regional central bank's paper by another ought to be limited, first, by provision for formal application by the regional bank which desires its paper to be thus rediscounted. Such an appli- cation ought unquestionably to be pass- ed upon by a responsible body or com- mittee, representing the other regional banks, and that could easily be pi for if Chairman Glass's proposal of a committee advisory to the Federal Board, such committee to be elected by the several regional banks, were to be adopted. We arc decidedly of opinion that some such committee should be toi nied. and that the law should di submission to its consideration of vitally important actions as the require- ment of loans by one regional bank to another, and the suspension of all re- serve requirements in an ■ "Suspending the bank act" is an ent not unknown to English banking practice; but it must not be forgotten that the Government merely offers or

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90 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2509 authorizes such action, never requires It. in the Baring panic of 1890, the Ex- chequer offered to suspend the act, and overnor of the Hank of England re- jected the proposal. The result proved id dispute that the Bank was right and the Government wrong. than offset the current of 'American im- 1 wages he would otherwise get. But migration. The ties of tradition, senti- where the standard tip is a big sum, or Another Central American President has made public his unwillingness to ac- cept for his republic anything like the proposed American protectorate over Nicaragua. Salvador joins Costa Rica in politely putting away the suggestion. President Melendez of Salvador tele- graphs that he has no power to ne- gotiate such a treaty, since it would be "contrary 'to the aspirations of this country as a free people." Of course, these Central American nations are not refusing anything that has been offered them. For that reason they are all the more free to speak their mind. And their statement of their own position, together with implied criticism of the Nicaraguan proposal, cannot fail to have effect in both Nicaragua and Washing- ton. What they say is that surrender of their own control of their own pub- lic debt and their own foreign relations and, virtually, their own independence, would be intolerable to a free people. This is only the natural attitude of a self-respecting Government, and an enor- mous burden of proof is put upon the Nicaraguan Government and the State Department at Washington, to show why that attitude should be departed from in this case. Thus far it has not been shown. tnent, and blood which bind five-sevenths of the Canadians to Great Britain are thus broadening, not narrowing. When it is considered that more than a mil- lion Canadian-born have recently found homes in the United States, these 1911 bulletins throw new light on the old assumption that the Dominion is in dan- ger of absorption by her southern neigh- bor. where the ridiculous practice exists of tipping— even though it be but with five cents — for a service that occupies but a few seconds, it is clear that what you give ostensibly to the servitor really goes into the pockets of his employer. Something besides Mrs. Ella Flagg •Young's reputation as an educator, and prominence as the first woman to be the head of a great city's school system, gives her resignation at Chicago wide interest. Her motive was to end fric- tion with a wing of the School Board which she accused of blocking any mea- sure she advocated,, regardless of its worth. This meant withdrawal from all but a clerical performance of assigned duties. With the issue thus one of ex- ecutive responsibility and the hold of politics upon school administration, not of the Superintendent's ability, the mer- its of the case seem clear. So thinks the Chicago press, the great body of newly enfranchised women, the president of the School Board, and Mayor Harrison. No matter how the affair ends, the prompt public indignation which Mrs. Young's resignation has provoked, and the pressure exerted to have her recon- sider it, can scarcely fail to improve conditions for her successors. Most Americans have an impression that the rush to Northwestern wheat- fields has populated Western Canada with Yankees. But this is rudely dissi- pated by the latest Canadian census bul- letins. Of the 11,086 homesteads enter- ed in the three prairie provinces during the five months ending May 31, 1911, nearly three-fourths were taken by Canadians or emigrants from the Brit- ish Isles. Figures now available show that 55 per cent, of the Dominion's pop- ulation is of British origin, while in the last few years the French inhabi- tants have fallen from 30.71 to 28.51 per cent, of the whole. In the last cen- sus period the number of English in Canada rose by 502,25], or 14.55 per cent; of Scotch by 800,154; of Irish and Welsh by 73,628. All this has far more The interesting thing about the anti- tipping ordinance that has been adopted at St. Louis is not that it is an attempt to stop tipping by law, but that it orig- inated in the desire of the waiters them- selves. The tip-giver has no means of knowing whether the system to which he conforms when he makes his ever- recurring offering is a benefit to those whom it seems to favor, or the reverse. The tip-taker has a better chance of knowing, and it seeni3 to be the verdict of the St. Louis takers of tips that they would be better off without them. So far as concerns the waiter who spends a considerable amount of time in attend- ing to one's wants and gets a small fee in acknowledgment, it is at least a pos- sibility that what he gets he is allowed to keep; though even then one may be sure that something like the average amount of his tips is taken out of the The success of the American tennis players in carrying off the Davis Cup gives ground for national satisfaction. In what is one of the cleanest and best of sports the team has won a clear-cut victory after the hardest kind of strug- gle for it. To defeat the Englishmen anywhere would be a remarkable achievement; to defeat their veterans on their own ground, after beating the Germans, Canadians, and Australasians as well, argues pluck, stamina, and skill of a rare kind. In Mr. McLoughlin America has a young player whose bril- liancy is conceded by the English press, with prophecies of still greater achieve- ments to come. By his ability to pull himself together after having apparently gone stale, and perhaps overtaxed him- self in trying for the English champion- ship, he has shown rare grit and deter- mination. But the whole team deserves praise, and will receive it in full mea- sure, and the warmest kind of recep- tion, on its return. Lawn tennis has so long been the Englishmen's pet and preempted domain, that this defeat will, like their showing at the Olympic, com- pel them to more heart-searchings — and perhaps even fresh fears of an oversea invasion. College athletics is in no need of boosting, but might get it from the English tributes to the sportsmanship, as well as the political services, of the late Alfred Lyttelton. His death drew attention to a personality of unusual charm and force, interested in every so- cial and philanthropic activity, and prominent as a member of Parliament and Colonial Secretary. But none of his eulogists failed to mention his career on the fields of Eton and Oxford. "The Sight of him smiting the cricket-ball to the boundary with lightning-like play of the wrist," wrote one, "or dribbling the 'football at headlong speed down the field, or scoring stroke alter stroke in the fives Court, lingers a magnificent BXhlbitlon o! youth in its strength and beauty." Later be became the best ama

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July 31, 1913] T h. e 1ST a t i o n 91 teur tennis player of his time, and still later a first-class shot and a passionate lover of golf. "No Englishman," re- marked the London Times, "has had so unique a faculty of excelling in every form of game, or practiced it with so gay a mien, or turned it so entirely to the enjoyment of his friends as well as himself." In the comment on the Irish Secre- tary's announcement that $300,000,000 is still needed to carry out the Irish Land Act, one of his proposals has escap- ed general notice. Mr. Birrell proposes that the landlords be hereafter paid half in cash and half in stock, and that the latter payments be made from a wide range of Imperial securities. Al- ready Canadian cities are elated over the prospect that Irish trustees will be allowed to invest in bonds of Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Vancouver, and Canadian provincial securities. A re- cent Montreal issue of $8,000,000, at 4*4 per cent, is reported as still three- fourths unabsorbed; while the city of Winnipeg is meeting similar difficulties in disposing of a loan at 4% per cent. The total sum ultimately available, one of the Montreal papers observes, will probably reach $250,000,000, and "quite suffice to place these classes of securi- ties on a new footing with the British public." and, finally, when the surgery is over, still to keep the involved tissues isolat- ed, as it were, from the rest of the body. It should be added that this brilliant technique, which has now received such distinguished recognition as an Ameri- can contribution to the relief of human suffering, was elaborated by Dr. Crile only after a long series of experiments with animals. It is pleasant to read of the high trib- ute paid at last week's meeting of the British Medical Association to the great improvement in surgical methods work- ed out by an American, Dr. Crile, of Cleveland. The problem to which he set himself years ago was the doing away, as far as possible, with that baf- fling and dreaded thing, "surgical shock." He studied deeply the processes by which vitality is drained through unconscious strain upon the brain and nerve centres, while the patient is un- dergoing a painless operation. His con- clusions, and the extraordinary results attained in his own hospital practice, he recently set forth in a medical journal. The matter is too technical to be de- scribed at length, but it may be said roughly that Dr. Crile's method is, first, to dull the patient's nervous activ- ity before the operation, so that mental apprehension is removed ; then by means of local anaesthetics to separate the area containing the site of the operation from all connection with the nervous system; Dr. Friedrich Franz Friedmann is not finding everything pleasant sailing, now that he has returned to his native heath. True, Prof. Carl Schleich, the distin- guished surgeon, still stands up for him and declares that his methods "tower high" above those of any other. But this latest eulogy has brought forth volleys of protest from the medical world. Prof. Felix Klemperer explains in the Berlin Tageblatt that the reason why every reputable clinic was closed to Dr. Friedmann is simply that he would not take the medical world into his confi- dence; that, until the facts were let out here, the Friedmann remedy was a se- cret one. Moreover, he asserts that even in Germany Dr. Friedmann "did not take the always open path to an above- board testing of his specific." Natural- ly, the profession looked upon him with suspicion. Professor Klemperer points out further that Dr. Friedmann has no right to claim that his remedy will cure; that all he might reasonably as- sert is that it is a preventive, like vac- cine or the typhoid serum, which has so largely reduced the soldier death-rate from that disease. It might conceivably render a patient immune, but to talk of its curing is utterly beside the mark. Unfortunately, the almost daily report of the death of one of Dr. Friedmann's patients in this country affords confirm- ation of Professor Klemperer's charges. Who shall measure the additional men- tal suffering undergone by these in- valids and their families because of the false hopes held out to them? A recent bye-election has added the one hundred and eleventh Social- Democratic member to the German Reichstag, Ferdinand Ewald having been elected in a district which never before chose a member of his party, by an increase of 1,000 votes over the bal- loting in 1912. On two successive days the Conservatives were twice badly beat- en, by the Social-Democrats and by a representative of the Peasants' Alliance. Counting in the Radical groups, which at times act with the Social-Democrats, the Left now numbers no less than 203 members, which gives to it a command- ing position — the total is 397 members — when it holds together. When it is re- called that the Social-Democrats had but eleven seats so lately as 1887 their extraordinary progress is plain. What if they should gain another hundred seats in the next twenty-six years? Herr Ewald's victory is the more sig- nificant because every effort was made to defeat him on the ground that the Social-Democrats, having voted against the increase of the army, were "anti-na- tional" and semi-traitors. But the elec- torate cared nothing about that; per- haps it realized that that vote was but half-hearted, and perhaps judged it to have been chiefly for consistency's sake. At any rate, the Radicals having refused to vote with them, the Left did not con- stitute a majority in that case, but reg- istered merely the Socialist strength. At the same time the possibility of the Left's carrying through reforms and blocking further the plans of Agrarians and Conservatives has come much near- er by reason of these last two bye-elec- tions. A "poet's bank" for poets who have not yet won recognition is the brilliant suggestion of some Paris writers. For generations the Frencn capital has been the resort of struggling artists, literary and other, who frequently are confront- ed at the start by starvation or disease. Tide them over this preliminary period, and they can take care of themselves. The plan is so simple that it is nothing less than tragic that it was not thought of long ago. The poet infinancial straits goes to the bank, we suppose, with his verses in his pocket. There the offi- cials examine his manuscript with the same attention that in other banks is bestowed upon other kinds of collateral. Finding that the writer is a genius, cer- tain of success if only he can keep body and soul together a few years long- er, they advance him the necessary num- ber of francs to buy luncheon or dis- charge the rent of the attic that he calls home, and he returns to his abod- renewed spirit, to write more verses to submit as collateral upon the next ing occasion. The idea is capable of wide application.

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9 2 THE MEXICAN DIFFICULTY. Ambassador Wilson is probably not tar wrong when he declares that our relations with Mexico are now critical. If they were not, his indiscreet talking would have made them so. His course since returning to the United States has been more ill judged than one would have supposed that even the most in- competent or reckless diplomat could ihown himself capable of. That he talked to tlie reporters at all about his delicate mission was a huge blunder. A talking Ambassador is always a nui- sance and generally a peril. We do not hold Ambassador Wilson to all that he is reported to have said. Some things put into his mouth he has repudiated. But this is the mischief of allowing himself to be interviewed at all. His language will be embroidered or added to. The one safe course is to refuse to say anything for publication. That is what Ambassador Wilson would have done if he really knew his business. We omit mention of loyalty to his chiefs, who were keeping absolutely still in the trying circumstances preceding the an- nouncement of a policy, and who had a right to expect their subordinates to have a close tongue. If Ambassador Wil- son is seeking to get himself replaced for indiscretion, his conduct has been admirably fitted to that end; but even so he should not have forgotten that something larger is at stake than his personal interests. Without, as we say, pinning Ambas- sador Wilson down to everything in the press purporting to come from him, it is clear that he returned with a definite plan to urge upon the Administration. It is plain, too, that he regarded him- self as the only man in Washington en- titled to speak on Mexico with author- ity. This attitude of his, we may re- mark, is one of the elements of danger. if Ambassador Wilson were the w isest and most energetic of men, the mere fact that he had filled an official post in the City of Mexico would not warrant him in setting himself up as an oracle on all the affairs of so large and varied and, at present, so distraught a country. Lord Palmerston once made a powerful exposure of the folly of tak- ing it for granted that foreign policy is to be dictated by "the man on the spot." Nobody is more subject to mis- take and to acquiring narrow views than ill' man on the spot. His reports con- The Nation stantly need to be checked by informa- tion gathered from others; and a really able and conscientious Foreign Minister in- Secretary of State will insist upon getting all the evidence possible and then making up his mind for himself. In this aspect of the matter, the Wash- ington Administration is to be praised, not blamed, for having had its own pri- vate agents in Mexico, to supplement the official reports of Ambassador Wilson and others. Only in such ways, and by fortifying themselves with all the know- ledge attainable, could Mr. Bryan and the President put themselves in a posi- tion to discuss with the Ambassador his plan for solving the Mexican difficulty. That plan, as made public in general terms, contains some plausible features. It is Ambassador Wilson's conviction that the way for this Government to work for pacification and a settled order in Mexico is in cooperation with the Huerta regime, now unquestionably the only de facto Mexican Government. In dealing with the Provisional President of Mexico there would be an obvious ad- vantage, provided it led immediately to the settlement of outstanding American claims, and also to an official undertak- ing by Gen. Huerta not himself to be a candidate for the Presidency, and to do everything in his power to obtain a fair election in October, by the results of which all Mexicans would abide. But the folly and danger appear, as soon as we come to the proposal which Am- bassador Wilson would link with the foregoing — namely, that the military forces of the United States undertake to put down the rebellion in Coahuila and the other Northern States of Mexico. It seems evident that President Wilson rejected this suggestion on sight; and it try to dwell upon its glaring absurdity. Nevertheless, the problem remains, and how to solve it will still tax all the skill and patience of President Wilson. All the indications ' from Washington are that he is putting resolutely aside any thought of using armed force, unless it be as a last dire necessity, and that his mind is dwelling upon demonstrating American friendliness to Mexico in this time of her trouble, with readiness to aid in every peaceful and legitimate way in bringing about better conditions across our Southern border. It may prove that the idea of friendly media- tion, through a special commission or [Vol. 97, No. 2509 otherwise, is not feasible. Its success would, of course, depend upon Gen. Huerta and the various revolutionary leaders agreeing to deal with such a commission, and to accept its advice. This seems highly doubtful. At the same time, the President should be upheld in pressing along the line of offering Mex- ico our good offices in every practicable form, instead of threatening her with our guns. By persisting in this attitude of determined friendship, President Wil- son will go far towards disarming Mex- ican suspicions. Another step in the same direction would be an early selec- tion as Ambassador to Mexico of the most large-minded and skilled man he can find. No other diplomatic appoint- ment made or to be made is the equal of this in critical importance. A RIVAL ISTHMIAN CANAL. One of the provisions of the pending treaty with Nicaragua has been tacitly assumed to be of enormous value to the United States. It is the' cession to this country of the exclusive right to con- struct an interoceanic canal through Nicaraguan territory. Ever since Sec- retary Knox first had this embodied in the original treaty, it has been taken for granted that it was a fine stroke both of business and diplomacy. And Secretary Bryan's statesmanlike fore- sight has been supposed to be demon- strated by his retaining the provision in the new treaty. We have nowhere seen any scrutiny of the matter. It is one of those things that pass into gen- eral acceptance without examination. Farmers out in Nebraska will read of our forestalling any other nation in building a possible Nicaraguan canal, and will say: "That's a good idee. We can't have anybody else cutting into our Panama tolls or sending battleships to the Pacific unbeknownst." And this cross-roads view is as good as anything we get from Washington. Bill Jones's opinion is about the same as Henry Cabot Lodge's, and fully as well found- ed. Everybody says that the canal pro- vision is a fine thing, but nobody ex- plains why. It is time to ask for Information, What are the facts? Is there any like- lihood whatever of this countrj evei wanting to dig another canal across the Isthmus? The canal we already ould Beena Bufflcieni to Ml up th<

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July 31, 1913J The Nation 93 measure both of our pride and our spent at Panama more than we shall ever get back. The most optimistic estimate of the amount of shipping that will use the Panama Canal does not figure that the tolls will begin to pay interest charges until some twen- ty years from the opening. And this does not reckon in maintenance. Uncle Sam is easily bled, but he will not re- peat at Nicaragua the Panama outlay un- less for overwhelming reason. Commer- cial reasons there will exist none what- ever. Supposing that trade develop- ments now unforeseen, or a great in- crease in the size of steamships, were Brer to make the Panama Canal inade- quate or obsolete, it could be enlarged and improved at one-tenth the cost of a new canal through Nicaragua. What has had to be undertaken for the Kiel Canal and at Suez could be done at Pan- ama. For contemplating a rival to the latter, there is absolutely no business argument. Ah, it is said, but it is not that we mean to do it; we are only heading oft skilfully and betimes any project of the kind that England or Germany might otherwise undertake. But either ot them could undertake it for only two conceivable reasons — to make money, or for some military advantage. The mon- ey-making motive, however, is at once ruled out. If a single Isthmian canal will have to struggle along to meet its fixed charges, two would smell of bank- ruptcy from the first. Some may assert that the leading shipping nations regard the tolls at Panama as too high, and so might decide to build an interoceanic canal for themselves. But that is not at all the way in which the matter presents itself practically to ship-own- ers. "What they figure on is simply the question whether it is cheaper to use the canal or to keep on going round the Cape or through Suez. If the tolls are too high, they will not go to the Isthmus at all. The naval argument is not explicitly stated, but seems to run about as fol- lows: Foreign nations would not, in- deed, be justified in spending $400,000,- 000 for a commercial canal across Nic- aragua, but might be for a canal main- ly for naval purposes. They would re- gard it as an immense advantage to be able to pass their ships across the Isthmus without coming within range of American guns. But what does this amount to when it is reduced from vague talk to precise definitions? The only case in which this alleged superior- ity of a Nicaraguan canal over that at Panama, purely for the military objects of European countries, could possibly exist would be a war with the United States. In all other wars foreign bat- tleships can freely pass through the Pan- ama Canal, under the ordinary rules of neutrality. And if it be said that it is exactly the possibility of war with the United States against which foreign Powers might seek to provide by a canal through Nicaragua, the answer is clear. They could build such a canal against our will only by being able to beat us in a great naval battle. But if they could thus beat us, they would not need to build another canal, for they could take away from us the one already built. By itself, it may not seem worth while to expose the fallacies in the scheme of a rival Isthmian canal. Probably neither the Nicaraguan Gov- ernment nor our own really regards the matter of so much importance as is gravely pretended. Certainly, if Nic- aragua is selling this tremendously valuable right for a beggarly $3,000,- 000, with a lot of naval and coaling sta- tions thrown in, she is making an ex- tremely bad bargain. To the actual negotiators, the canal concession very likely appeared a sort of makeweight that might as well be thrown in; but in the public press and in Congress it has been sagely discussed as if it were big with the fate of nations. Such loose ideas about it may help create opinion favorable to the Nicaraguan treaty; which is a good reason for seek- ing to show how loose they are. From any really serious discussion of the Nic- araguan protectorate, this canal fancy ought to be cut out. It is one of those things which float about in the popular mind, winning general assent mainly because nobody challenges them or shows how without foundation they are. And illusions about the second Isthmian canal ought not to prevent people from looking intently at the really substan- tial provisions of the treaty, and ask- ing one another soberly whether this far-reaching national policy ought to be entered upon lightly or unadvisedly. THE HAND THAT PULLED THE STRINGS. The witty Frenchman's definition of history as le mensonge convenu, the lie agreed upon, we have always regard- ed as a fine epigram, to be sure, but nevertheless as a gross libel on the la- bors of the historians. But the Mulhall revelations stagger our confidence in what has been accepted as the true story of the nations. For here has been going on, right under our noses, a gigan- tic manipulation of the political forces of our country, the very existence of which, but for a fortunate chance, would have remained unknown forever. Had Mr. Mulhall been treated by his em- ployers according to his plain deserts, the flood of letters containing the inner history of our time which have now be- come the possession of all the world would surely never have been let loose. And the consequence would have been that the history of our time would have been made up in the usual way. It would have spoken of the influence of the acts of Presidents and Senators and Representatives and party leaders; of the pressure of public opinion in this direction or that; of the high cost of living and the growth of monopoly; in short, of all those things which, accord- ing to the French epigrammatist, form the staple of the conventional lie that we call history. And all the time those who knew what was actually going on would have maintained an absolute si- lence about it. The historical student in the next generation would have searched the books, and even the news- papers, in vain for .the name of Mul- hall; except the Baltimore city direc- tory it would be difficult to mention a place in which his name was to be found in print. And yet now we know that it was Mulhall who pulled the strings which set the puppets going this way or that. Take the latest instalment of the reve- lations. Over it was appropriately plac- ed, in one of the morning newspapers, the conspicuous headline, "Mulhall Ac- tive in New York Politics." Acti' should say so; not active like the ordi- nary intriguer or politician of 1 tional history, but active in a free, broad, comprehensive way, such as the plodding historian has no inkling of. In his simple and straightforward letters to his employers, he tells fully, and

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94 The ]ST a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2509 without any false modesty, of the big work he is doing: 1 made arrangements through Congress- man William S. Beimel to have the Repub- lican candidate for Mayor, Mr. Bannard ; Mr. Prendergast, who is running for City Controller, and Mr. Mitchel, chairman of the Board of Aldermen, lake luncheon with Messrs. Bird, Boudinot, Hoile, Nevins. ex- Congressman Watson, Col. Thayer, of In- dianapolis, and others at the Machinery Club, in this city. The candidates for office clearly outlined their plan of campaign, and their manager, Congressman Bennet, anx- iously solicited our aid for the -next few weeks. I have been very successful in getting help for them through the Retail Dry Goods Association of Greater New York, and I have secured for them, through the secre- taries of different organizations, over 100,- 000 names, and we will organize meetings for them to help them out for the balance of the campaign. This work will be done entirely without cost to our Association. Note the Colonel's mastery of all sides of the art of political strategy; the bringing together of the big leaders on the one hand, and on the other the engineering of a big popular campaign "entirely without cost to our Associa- tion." Similar energy and ability were evidently exerted in connection with the State campaign in New York in 1910, Mr. Mulhall going so far as almost to have seen Mr. Murphy in relation to the Democratic nomination; and if he did not quite attain that end, it may reasonably be supposed that this was be- cause Murphy, with the instinct of po- litical genius, realized that Mulhall was a bigger man than himself at his own game, and didn't care to match himself against him. And all this New York bus- iness was but a side matter, which we mention merely as a sample of the num- berless activities of this amazing master of political intrigue. There are, to be sure, some considera- tions which the defender of the conven- tional historian may adduce to break the force of the Mulhall story. Some ex- planation, he will say, ought to be forthcoming of the failure of the great National Association of Manufacturers to maintain good relations with a man capable of wielding such mighty in- fluence with such consummate skill. But this objection can easily be disposed of. It is evident throughout the Mulhall correspondence that the chiefs of the Association were wholly unfitted to play art which the genius of their agent madi poi ilble tor thi the 9,000 saleswomen in these New York stores, and more than .mi per cent. oT the 20,000 women employees of all sorts, re- ceive less than $8 a week. Bui are only 27 saleswomen who receive less than $5; on the other hand, 2,600 other women employees receive leaa than $-r>, and 66 1 receive less than J4.

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July 31, 1913J The Nation 95 rinse amounts mean little by them- selves. Comparisons may be odious to "investigators" who start out, not to learn the truth, but to prove a thesis, but they are essential to the rest of us. And comparisons of earnings in depart- ment stores with those of women in factories or in stores of all sizes are fa- vorable to the large store. In 1909, the Government Bureau of Labor found that the average weekly wage of saleswomen in twelve department stores in this city was $8.84, while that of women employ- ed in factories here was $6.12. The same Bureau found that the average pay of women in twenty-six department stores in the four largest cities in the country was $7.93, while that of women in all the stores in those cities was $7.21. And is an upward trend in the pay of saleswomen. A Government investiga- tion of one store in April, 1909, found the average wage of saleswomen to be $7.89. Two and a half years later the Civic Federation found the average pay to be $8.27; and the Federation's fig- ures for April of this year are $8.61. The same result is seen in a comparison of the Government's figure of $8.84, quoted above, for twelve department stores in this city in 1909, with the Federation's figure of $9.31 for seventeen stores in 1913. Other instances of the same sort are given in the report. It thus appears that, if the depart- ment store is responsible to any extent for "white slavery," it sins in a large company. And this, in the opinion of the Federation's experts, is exactly the impression which it is sought to make. Nothing less than an indictment of our whole industrial system, and with it our whole political system, is the aim of those who are raising the alarm. Such persons cannot be expected to fasten their rolling eyes upon so stolid a thing as a fact, still less upon a bit of reason- ing. Others, however, and this still means the mass of us, will find some- thing very rational in the comment of an employer who, as a young man, be- lieved rumors of this kind. "It would be poor business policy," he remarks, "for how could a company expect em- ployees to deal honestly with it if those employees were induced by it to lead lives of shame?" The strange thing in these reckless charges is the evident supposition that only a soulless corpora- tion was attacked, the possible slander upon scores of thousands of girls and women not being even remotely perceiv- ed. This phase of the attacks is not ab- sent from the minds of the Civic Federa- tion's investigators, however, and they demolish the whole rotten structure with a completeness that ought almost to convince even the wildest of those who set it up. For column after col- umn, one impartial authority after an- other gives testimony to the falsity of any supposition that there is any impor- tant connection between occupation and immorality, or even want and immoral- ity, among women. The department store is not the last word in industrial organization. Yet it seems to be, not merely no worse than its fellows, but rather better. We have considered only the most damaging of the criticisms that are levelled against it, saying nothing about what it is do- ing to improve working conditions for its employees. Yet eighteen of the thir- ty-two pages of the report are upon "Welfare Work and General Recommen- dations for Improvements." These pages bristle with details of what these stores are doing to make life more livable for those dependent upon them, ranging from the distribution of a cooled bever- age twice a day in summer to saving and lending arrangements which make mightily for thrift and self-respect. Doubtless no store is doing all it can in this direction. Doubtless every store needs to be under the eye of the fire in- spector, and to take heed to what this report has to say, for instance, about long hours. But what was required be- fore all else was more light and less heat, and this the Federation's clear- headed examiners have given us. THE PEDANTRY OF HUMORISTS. Our age has grown accustomed to see- ing pedantry ranging far from its na- tive heath. There are many kinds of pedants at large. Mr. Hilaire Belloc wrote not wisely when he classified mankind into the lawyer, the merchant, the doctor, etc. — and the pedant. The class is not so isolated. In America, at all events, we have the factory owner who runs his shops according to the lat- est monograph on efficiency; the mother who fears to love her child more than che accepted treatise permits; and the child himself who reads what he is to play. Even our humorists have turned pedants. Formerly they had the con- solation of knowing that when all other "copy" failed, they might look in their hearts and write. But that time, to judge by the way things are going, is past. For humorists, it would appear, have taken to using card catalogues and books of reference. This, for aught we know, may be necessary, conditions hav- ing greatly changed the scope and de- tails of humor during the past quarter of a century. Consider some of the old standbys which are now outworn: the mother-in-law, the commuter, the coun- try cousin, the village beau, the big shoes of Chicago, the sleepiness of Phil- adelphia, precocious Willie, Uncle Josh. Apparently the mother-in-law has learn- ed her lesson; the parcel post has de- prived the commuter of his funny pack- ages; the suburban trolley has wiped out of existence the country cousin and uncle; wise little Willie died from com- petition with all the actual prodigies of enterprising newspapers; and the "drums and tramplings" of Bull Moose conquests have somewhat staled Chicago in the humorist's eyes. If familiarity breeds contempt, it also blunts the edge of all but the finest wit. For the rough- and-ready joke depends for its effect upon a considerable exaggeration which for the moment may pass for the truth. So long as the alleged crudity of the Westerner caused him irritation because he knew that the Easterner more than half credited it, it furnished the humor- ist with the necessary zest. But now that the cultural conditions of the West are generally known to be much like those of the East, the salt hath lost its savor. Humor of old followed a few conventional lines; it was artificial, but not very bookish. It was not so bookish, that is, as it is to-day. There were, of course, pe- rennially the modern rehabilitations of stock characters in history and mythol- ogy which are supposed to be funny, such as Mark Twain's "Diary of Adam,' an afternoon tea given by Calpurnia, Achilles playing centre rush. For the present change of front several things are responsible. Not the least is the in- rush of cleverness. When smartness and paradox became the leading fashion, even men with scholarly interests were Impelled to fall in line. Mr. Belloc, by a good deal of research, essayed to dis- prove the principal qualities usually as- signed to the Anglo-Saxon. Mr. Frank Harris had his fun with the Shake-

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96 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2509 speare myth; another writer set out to show that the cannibal is in reality human and lovable. lint thi Impulse has come from the "news in- terest" which in the press of all sorts has grown to be such an important fac- tor. The popularity of Signor Fer- rero's writings on ancient Rome sent the humorists to their reference books, anil wc had a large output of grotesque t ascribed to Julius C;esar. Much, too, can be done by studying the calen- dar. Every day is the anniversary of important happenings, and these have to be scrutinized and indexed and brought into proper (that is, improper) relations. If every newspaper has its "graveyard," against the death of some notable, the humorist, it may be in- ferred, is equally far-sighted. He has not forgotten that human types in Panama will soon be much in demand, that the Colonel is going to Argentina, and that Shakespeare will one of these years be three centuries dead. Not all the variations of this scholarly humor need be mentioned. One is the mechan- ical method of developing a joke into a sera s calculated to do service for several days. It is very different from -peare's splitting a lie up into categories, being manipulated !jat as follows: Some comical in- cident having been related in the press ning a German bassoonist, we are furnished with a serial on the whimsies of musicians. Now, some of these excesses are ap- parently inevitable. The humorist must follow public interest, which in a cos- mopolitan centre like New York ranges widely. The whole world is his oyster. Some jest has to-day to be wrung from China, to-morrow from Somaliland, next week from the underworld, and he must be prepared. "Front steps" repartee will get him no farther than it did Rousseau. And the level of intelligence with reference to the world at large en raised so greatly that in de- fault of the first-hand observation which travel would give him, he must perforce ip. The problem is how to keep his work from smelling of the lamp. He has also been led to believe that the public demands a certain number of joki s each day. Is it any wonder that he has felt the need of becoming an Ian and several kinds of special- ist? Still, many will feel regret that the old familiar laces have dropped out of humor. They were human, even if trite, and had the broad free lines which stick in the memory. Of more recent us, "Mutt" and "Jeff" perhaps came nearer than others to the former manner. They were the outgrowth of no accidental happening or anniversary or particular celebration, but corre- sponded to recognizable figures in every- day life. Naturally, they could not live when such enormous demand was made upon them. AN OLD REVIEW IX NEW HANDS. Londox, July 18. The journal which, as Herbert Paul puts it, represents "the most highly cul- tivated form which philistinism has ever assumed,'' is about to come under a new regime. It is announced that at the end of August Harold Hodge will relinquish the editorship of the Satur- day Review, after holding that post for fourteen years. Its chief proprietor, the Hon. Gervase Beckett, M.P., will then be- come editor-in-chief, with the assistance of George A. B. Dewar as literary editor. Forty or fifty years ago such a notice would have made as great a stir in journalistic circles as a change in the editorship of the Times. For sheer clev- erness the Saturday is still hard to beat, but somehow the range of readers to whom this type of writing appeals has greatly narrowed since the days when John Douglas Cook's young men pro- vided a tingling sensation for every week-end. The average standard of cul- ture in the community is a long way higher than it was then, and only an optimist without a conscience would say that there is less philistinism. But for some reason or other — partly, perhaps, through Matthew Arnold's preaching — the mixture of culture and philistinism is a less common blend. The result is that the Saturday, with all its brillian- cy, exercises nothing like the influence that it once did. Tory clubmen con- tinue to chuckle over its invective, but the public men at whom its shafts are aimed are hardly aware that they are serving the purpose of targets. Yet in the history of English journal- ism the Saturday Review holds, and always will hold, a distinguished place. Its establishment really marked the be- ginning of a new era in the lirit ish press. In its independence of p Crank- ncss and pungency of style, and its scholarly tone, it introduced a new note. In .lames Bryce's opinion, there never was a journal which enlisted so much and such varied literary talent as the Saturday did between 1855 and 18C3. A paper that could count among its regu- lar contributors such men as Qoldwlu Smith, Edward Augustus Freeman, John Richard Green, William Vernon Har- court, Lord Robert Cecil (afterward Mar- quis of Salisbury), Charles Henry Pear- son, Charles and Edward Bowen, Fitz- james and Leslie Stephen, and Henry Maine might well take a confident at- titude. "As memoirs are published," said the late F. W. Maitland in his biography of Leslie Stephen, "it becomes always more evident that any one who never wrote for the Saturday was no one." There is scarcely any exaggeration- in the statement of one of the historians of English journalism that "where the Examiner and the Spectator had de- pended on the wit or intelligence of one man, a Fonblanque or a Rintoul, the Saturday Review enlisted the ser- vices of a dozen men, and by making it a distinction in itself to contribute to its pages, soon obtained contributions from all the best men at Oxford and Cambridge, all the best men in the Tem- ple and Lincoln's Inn, and all the best men in the Church." This notable band was collected and kept together by an editor who never wrote an article in the paper himself, but whose skill as an editor goes far to justify Sir Wil- liam Robertson Nicoll's tribute to him as "the most remarkable journalist, all things considered, of the century." 'Cook," he says, "was nothing as a writer, but nobody was ever so success- ful as he is in surrounding himself with a strong staff of writers, in get- ting the best work out of each, and in ruling them all with an iron club." The astonishing thing was that Cook contrived to procure and retain the ser- vices of men whose opinions were very different from his own; and he did this without any pressure upon them to write other than according to their own con- victions. It is a marvel to find such names as those of Harcourt, Goldwin Smith, and the Stephens on the staff of a paper whose general attitude was conservative and high church. Put the biggest Radical is a Conservative on some points, and Cook kept the peace within the office by employing the Lib- erals to write on subjects which they would approach in a Conservative frame of mind. His successors were not so adroit or so fortunate, and the time came when no one but a Tory coufd feel comfortable in contributing to the Saturday, on public questions, at any rate. Perhaps the last Liberal to go was Freeman, who broke off hi r.ection with the paper— a step that in voived the sacrifice of an Incon $3,000 a year — because of its support of the Disraeli policy on the Eastern question, Freeman's work on the Saturday !'• 1 leu was an example oi a valuable 1 j p ot service rendered by that journal to

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July 31, 191 3 J T lie Nation 97 scholarship and literature. The slashing reviews that were a feature of the paper from the first were doubtless in many 'induly censorious, but they did at any rate teach authors to mind what they were about. They inflicted a swift penalty upon carelessness and conceit, and the fear of them was a wholesome discipline for slovenly writers. When slipshod publications were slashed by the historian who, according to the two-edged compliment, "has illustrated so admirably for us the savage man- i urn ancestors," the individual may have winced, but the public was a ntial gainer. No one can esti- the extent to which historical studies in England profited from the zeal with which Freeman scourged in- competence and presumption when he found them in the books sent to him for his notices in the Saturday. A more intimate personal interest at- taches to J. R. Green's association with this paper. One of his friends, Stop- ford Brooke, has told how he began to writ' for it while rector of one of the parishes in the East End. He spent every penny of his stipend upon his parish, and used to send two or sometimes three articles a week to the lay Review, in order to get money for his own needs. One night he told Mr. Brooke, who was just then staying with him for a few days, that he had articles to write for the Saturday w, and they must all be done within thirty-six hours. One was a review of a volume of Freeman's "Nor- man Conquest"; the second was a "light middle"; the third was on the history of a small English town. Green had worked them all into form as he was walking that day about the parish and in London. Of these three articles, one was finished before two o'clock in the morning, while his visitor was talking to him, and the other two were ready by the end of the next day. The same friend, as quoted by James Bryce in his biographical notice of Green, gives a striking account of how he used to prepare these historical sketches of towns which were a notable feature of his work for the Saturday. Early one morning Green reached Troves with two companions, and at once started off to explore it, darting hither and thither through the streets, like a dog trying to find a scent. After lunch the party of travellers went on to Basel. Green sat down to write when his companions went to bed, and the next morning he laid on the breakfast table an article on Troyes, which was really a history in miniature. Yet he had never been in the place before or made a special study of it. Green's con- nection with the Saturday Review was ultimately broken off, not for political reasons, like Freeman's, but for literary. After a good deal of his "Short His- tory'- had gone through the press, he felt that its style was too much in the manner of his weekly articles. He there- fore cancelled a good deal of what had already been set up and stereotyped, re- casting it in another fashion, and giv- ing up journalism altogether, in order that he might complete the work in the way he thought it should be written. Leslie Stephen was another Liberal in politics who found it possible to write largely for the Saturday Review for many years, usually on neutral subjects. In a letter of his to Lowell, dated 1869, he says that he writes two articles a for that paper, one a review of a book, and one a "middle." "I never," he says, "or very seldom, write about America directly, because I disapprove of the whole politics of the Saturday on that and on most other points. The fact is that my opinions are not very salable among the classes which buy the Saturday, and I only give them vent oc- casionally." Only a few years after the close of the Civil War, Stephen express- ed his belief that most of the writers to the Saturday were on the side of the North, although the paper itself sup- ported the South. But, in spite of his Liberalism, Leslie Stephen was a con- tributor whom even a Tory journal might well be anxious to keep, if by any editorial ingenuity he could be shunted off dangerous topics. As one of his chiefs has testified, "the sensa- tion of the editor when he broke open an envelope and caught a glimpse of Stephen's neat, small handwriting in the customary long lines was as that of the man who spies a bright banknote." It is a big jump from Freeman and Green and Stephen to Mrs. Lynn Lin- ton. But her work illustrated much bet- ter than theirs the characteristic atti- tude and outlook of the Saturday. She is chiefly remembered nowadays as the author of several novels which, though once popular, have long ceased to be widely read. Her real distinction, how- ever, was as one of the pioneers of the profession of journalism for women. She used to contribute editorial articles to the Morning Chronicle before Harriet Martineau had joined the staff of the Daily Xcks. When the former paper had to be given up and its editor, Cook, started the Saturday Revieio, he enlist- ed Mrs. Lynn Linton among his helpers, and for many years, both under him and under his successor, Philip Harwood, she wrote for it numerous articles and reviews. The best known were the "Girl of the Period" series. They cre- ated quite a sensation at the time they appeared, and they cannot safely be neglected by any one who attempts to write a history of recent changes of opinion with regard to the duties and rights of women. The decline ot" the Saturday R <) that of its great rival, the (spectator, though from different causes. Just now the Unionists are in sore need of a really strong weekly to help steady the party and save it from being blown about by every wind of doctrine. The new directors of the Saturday have, at any rate, a rare opportunity. H. W. H. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. It may not occur to every student of Americana that he would find something about the New England Independents in Alexander Ross's "Pansebeia," as the work has no section devoted to the Western Hemisphere. But turning to the edition of 1C58, in its view of the religions of. Europe, we find this : Q. 18. What tenets are held by the Inde- pendents of New England? Ans. Besides those opinions which they hold with other Independents, they teach that the Spirit of God dwells personally in all the Godly. 2. That their Revelations are equall in Authority with the Scriptures. 3. That no man ought to be troubled in his Conscience for sinne, being he is under the Covenant of grace. 4. That the law is no rule of our conver- sation. 5. That no Christian should be prest to practise holy duties. 6. That the soul dyeth with the body. 7. That all the Saints upon earth have two bodies. 8. That Christ is not united to our fleshly body, but to the new body, after the manner that his Humanity is united to his Divin- ity. 9. That Christ's Humanity is not in heav- en. 10. That he hath no other body but his Church. 11. They reckon all Reformed Churches, except themselves profane and unclean. "All these opinions," he concludes, "sa- vour of nothing but of pride, carnall se- curity, blasphemy, and slighting of God's written word, which is able to make the men of God perfect and wise unto salva- tion." No New England Independent of the present day would recognize a reflex of his theological ideas in these eleven para- graphs. The controversialists of the seven- teenth century had apparently a strong be- lief in their own infallibility and glibly attributed to their opponents the most pre- posterous opinions. It was a short and easy method: "You do not hold my opin- ions, therefore you are a heretic instigated by the devil and full of blasphemy and un- righteousness." Such would be a fair epi- tome of many wearisome tomes of polemics. Ross, who died In 1653, was the author of many books, mostly with pedantic titles (as "Rasura Tonsoris," "Mel Heliconlum," and "Arcana Mlcrocosml"), and had suffi- cient courage to "refute" Bacon, Harvey, Hobbes, and Sir Thomas Browne. The first edition of the "Pansebeia" appeared in 1653, and the author died In the following year. Here is the title of the edition al- ready quoted: IIAN2EBE1 \ : or, a i ie* ol b the World: With the Severall Church Gov- ernments, from the Creation to these times. Also, a Discovery of all known Hen all Ages and Places: And Choice Obser- vations and Reflections throughout the whole. Tin- Third nioroed and Perfected, by Alexander Ross. To which I'he Lives. Actions, and Ends n Notorious Heretlcks. With their

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98 Tli e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2509 In Copper plates . . . Printed (or John Say well, and are to be sold al the : -ri "i the Greyhound In Little Britain, mill at the Pile Id part marked, was a struggle of the down- d poor against their oppressors. The authorship of the "Apocalypsis" remains unknown, ami Indeed the main interest of the book is now in its portraits. But he would be a bold man who vouched for the authenticity of these effigies of Jan of Ley- den, and of the others concerned in the grotesque tragedy of the Kingdom of God in Minister. Let those who are horrified by the excesses into which the Anabaptists iven remember the bloody persecu- tion and grinding oppression endured by the peasants before they rose against their tyrants. "When the poor have nothing else to eat," says Victor Hugo, "they will eat the rich." At least they will try to do so. It is a fact which the rich in all ages will do well to remember. William E. A. Axon. Correspondence NATURALIZATION FOR JAPANESE. To the Editor of The Nation' : Sir : I take the liberty of writing you in regard to the situation of ■ the Japan- ese in America, and especially concerning the Japanese Franchise League, which has for its purpose the obtaining of naturali- zation for our race. To hosts of foreigners who swarm to these shores, and to the negro, the right of I citizenship is granted, while it is refused to the Asiatics. This is obviously a rank and glaring injustice, and on many of us who have permanently settled in this coun- try it imposes a handicap in every field of enterprise. It is the foundation for in- numerable other discriminations — the Cal- ifornia Anti-Alien Land bill being a strik- ing example. The Government unquestion- ably has the right to legislate as it sees fit regarding labor, immigration, and nat- uralization; but its laws should apply equally to all, regardless of race and na- tionality. Racial prejudice is at the very root of all this trouble, notwithstanding the fact that the Japanese are probably more hard- working, law-abiding, and less associated with scandal and crime than other for- eigners in this country; ambitious, for- ever seeking to Improve themselves and their surroundings, they would work to its economic interest. The strangest and most consoling part of it all is that the best element, the most educated of Americans, are not responsible for these injustices — in fact, know surprisingly little about them. The lower classes, trade unions, and the politicians who cater to them, are the real trouble makers, and it is this that should be brought to light. "I recommend to the Congress that an act be passed specifically providing for the naturalization of Japanese who come here intending to become American citi- zens." Such was the measure suggested by former President Roosevelt, and such is the actual and direct object of our League. H. Ohashi, New Y'jik. July 2.j. THE AMERICAN ATTITUDE TOWARDS ART. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Is there anything in the world more ' 18 11 the attitude of tha ' a n public towards art? people we profess to take a great Interesi In arl , yei 1 bera died I - ago, in Paris, one of the first of modern painters, a man whose position in his pro- fession is recognized everywhere but in this enlightened country, where the notice of his death was tucked away in a remote part of the newspapers that printed it, which announced simply the fact of his having died at a hospital in Paris, adding casually that he had exhibited several times in the Salon — nothing more! The fact that thousands of painters ex- hibit annually in the Salons would seem to render this piece of information, to say the least, inadequate as interesting news. For twenty years and more the work of Gaston La Touche has been a feature of the best exhibitions of the world, and as long ago as the Paris exhibition of '89 it created a sensation. His mastery of composition, color, and the fine decorative quality of his painting prove him a master in his profession. He was one of the great men of the most artistic nation in the world, and it is most mortifying to realize from the meagreness of his death notice the dense ignorance of the American public in everything vital relating to art. When, a few years ago, a jury of artists, elected by their fellow artists for the pur- pose, awarded the gold medal at the Car- negie Institute at Pittsburgh to La Touche fot his admirable picture, The Bath, the press of this country fairly teemed with comments upon this selection, not because the picture was recognized as a master- piece by a distinguished painter and se- lected for honor by a distinguished jury, but because it happened to include a nude figure. It was reproduced and sensationally gos- siped about for weeks afterwards, and never a word published in regard to its great ar- tistic quality. To-day also I read in my newspaper this item : "There was surprise at a sale of pictures at Christie's to-day, when a small painting of a fete champetre fetched $5,760." The newspapers know very well what will most interest their public, viz., the price. They therefore ignore the fact that those who really care for painting as an art are only able to judge of the value of a work they have not seen if they know the name of its author. Price to them is a negligible matter. We speak of "a Velasquez," "a Whistler," "a Sargent," and so establish the standing of a work. In this case the very unconvincing title "Fete Champetre" is given as summing up Its complete news value. Again and again, our papers report the unveiling of a picture, or statue, giving long accounts of the ceremonies, the speech- es, the music, and the people who attend the function, and never a mention of the artist who created the work. In no other country do we find such solf- Lti faction and complacency in regard t<3 art as we do over here, and nowhere else such a lack of real intelligent appreciation, although we hear a great deal about art ami profess to feel deeply Interested in all 1 1 . 1 1 ' oncerns It. Ib it nei Li " b an Instance ol the quality of this Interest the pro- pose,1 duly on winks of ail which is to bo in. luded li 1 w Ised ta I will confess to a completely bo feeling In finding thla utterly Indefi Dsibla

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July 31, 1913] The Nation 99 and uncalled-for protection of our artists Included in this revision. It Simply puts one more spoke in the wheel of our artistic progress. \\Y, the artists of this country, do not want it; we have not asked for it. On the contrary, we beg and pray that ob- stacles which keep out art work that aids and stimulates us may be removed and not lily imposed upon us by people who do not understand our needs and who take not the slightest Interest in our profes- sion. The more we can see of what is being lished by artists all over the world the better it will be for our young art. New, strong work stimulates, invigorates, and helps us in our efforts to produce some- thing that each sincere worker cannot help hoping may some time stand as worthy and representative examples of American art. John \V. Alexander. 1 rk, July 17. nal humor and delighted Paris for, months with its satire on journalism. The best dramatic writers of Paris do not scorn the stage of the Grand Guignol. Mirbeau, Capus, Pierre Veber, Georges Berr, and Georges Courteline have all contributed to its repertory. Its manager, Max Maury, is also a noted playwright. Most remarkable of them all is Andre de Lorde, who by his dramatizations of Poe and his own original- I ity has shown how much tense horror can be compressed into a short play. It is the mission of the Grand Guignol to make people laugh and also to make their blood run cold. The chance has at last come for American playwriters to produce some ex- quisite Tanagra bits of dramatic literature. Frank R. Arnold. I _ hi. Utah, July 20. SHORT-WINDED DRAMA. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir : The recent experiment of the Princess Theatre in New York, with its intimate au- ditorium seating less than 300 and its rep- ertory of one-act plays, is the most signi- ficant event of the theatrical year. It is but natural that people who have grown to prefer magazines to novels should also wel- come a dramatic evening made up of three or four short, varied impressions, rather than one long, consecutive, well-developed dramatic idea. Such a taste is, however, only a reversion to type. Sorbiere, visiting London in the seventeenth century, won- dered at the pot-pourri of scenes the Eng- lish plays presented as compared with the well-built drama of his native France. He was told, however, that people liked the hodge-podge, enjoying one scene at a time and having no thought for the total effect. Besides tending to make us less long- winded and conservative in our theatrical amusements, a theatre like the Princess is likely to stimulate the production of one- act plays just as the American magazine has fostered the short story. If the public demands artistic dramatic driblets, it will certainly get them, though the three and four-act play will never become extinct any more than the novel. We have only to look at the repertory of the Grand Guignol in Paris to see what is likely to happen in New York. This Grand Guignol has long been the prototype of all small theatres. Its little Gothic auditorium seats only 235, and the number of one and two-act plays it has given in the ten or more years of its existence is notable for variety and dra- matic worth. A list of them is printed on the theatre programme. First one notices that the short story has been a dramatic mine for French writers of short plays. They have gone to their own Maupassant and Marcel Prevost, and have also bor- rowed largely from Poe and W. W. Jacobs. Probably O. Henry is too distinctively American for them, but that should be the best of reasons for giving his stories a dra- matic setting at the Princess. The biggest success of the Grand Guignol in this line was a dramatization of Mark Twain's "How I Became the Editor of an Agricultural Paper." Played under the name of "The Chicago Farmer," it lost none of its origi- TOURIST CHARGES. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: It seems unfortunate that two such able gentlemen as Professor D'Ooge and Mr. Joseph Pennell should fall out over the question of tourist charges at ancient ruins, especially as some part of the difference appears to be due to varying premises. Professor D'Ooge has been very recently in Athens and Sicily and should speak by the rani Philip Sanford Marden. Lowell, Mass., July 26. A NEW PUNCTUATION MARK. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I hope I shall not be numbered with the Athenians if I give expression to a desire for a new mark of punctuation. To find in an article devoted to a certain author or book, among various quotations from the author or book under considera- tion, one or more quotations from another source (not indicated), all between the same kind of inverted commas, is very confusing to such poor mortals as have not the wide range of allusion of a Lowell or a Meredith. A case in point occurs in your review of Hugh Walpole's "Fortitude," tnis week. The reviewer writes : "So far he [the hero] has been able to take hardships as adventures, 'and nothing hurt where ev- erything was romance.' " Now, all the other quotations in the review article are unmistakably from the book under review; this one is not. It may be, and it may not be; there is nothing in the external form of it to show whether it is or not. If it is not, then to one ignorant of this fact it would be exceedingly embarrassing if he were to make use of this quotation, add- ing with a fine show of up-to-date know- ledge—"as Mr. Walpole says in his latest book" — only to be met with the crushing rejoinder, "Oh, but it was not Mr. Wal- pole who said that; it was Shakespeare or Mr. George Bernard Shaw." The same confusing state of affairs is constantly encountered in encyclopaedia ar- ticles. For example, I found in the new edition of Hauck's "Realciu yklopiidie," a fine thing I should very much like to use. but dare not, not being sure how to in- troduce it. The writer of the am Adolf Hausrath, in volume 23, refers to the last years of Hausrath's life, during which his loneliness and deprivations awakened in him the longing "den holzer- nen Schlafrock anzuziehen." Is that Haus- rath's phrase or is the author drawing upon his own dictionary of quotations? By common consent a satisfactory dis- tinction might perhaps be arranged be- tween the single and the double inverted commas; or, better yet, why could not the quotation marks frequently employed in German and French books (« — ») be used for all quotations not taken from the au- thor directly under discussion? This would make for clearness and for the diminishing of ignorance in the world — surely a most worthy cause. Albert T. W. Steinhaeuser. Allentown, Pa., July 10. Literature TREVELYAN'S "BRIGHT." The Life of John Bright. By George Macaulay Trevelyan. Boston: Hough- ton Mifflin Co. $4.50 net. John Bright could not be got in his life-time to take any interest in a pos- sible biography. "My life is in my speeches," he said simply. That was true, for into his speeches he had wrought the thought and purpose and struggle of his life. Yet they were as a fine product to the making of which went much that we can understand only by all that can be extracted from his letters and diaries, as well as from cur- rent records and the contemporary judg- ments of his friends or foes. This aid to knowledge of the true Bright Mr. Trevelyan has given us in this volume with the literary skill, the restraint, the penetration, the entire fairness which we have learned to expect of him. The result is a rich and repaying book. The secret of Bright's oratory is the secret of genius. This is the only con- clusion one can come to after noting all the explanations offered. We are shown Bright forging the formidable weapon of his speaking-power through years of agitation and of practice. His voice was nature's gift, and so was his im- pressive port; his noble bearing bespoke a noble soul; but where did he get his style? The question is more piquing and baffling than in Macaulay'a casr. Ma* caulay's speeches can still be read, though with difficulty. Gladstone now impossible, except for the historian. But Bright's live on because they are literature. The uneducated cotton-spin- ner easily surpassed the best that the universities could do. Bright himself once said that if there was anything good in his manner of speaking it was due to his having steeped him- self in good reading. He was at home in the great English poets; he often the organ voice of England; he- was mighty in the English Blbli to say this merely throws us back on the selective taste and the genius for combination and arrangement and for

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LOO The ]STation | Vol. 97, No. 2509 uttei anee which Bright possess- ed ami which made him, even on the confession of a political enemy and an unsentimental critic like Lord Salis- bury, "the greatest master of English oratory that this generation has produc- ed, or I may Bay several generations back." "l have met," added Salisbury, "men who have heard I'itt and Pox and in whose judgment their eloqui ;i was Inferior to the finest ef- of John Bi Ight." Great themes upon which to wreak his e, John Bright did not lack. The wrongs of millions of his countrymen, lie freedom, enfranchisement, the ssues of peace and war, the pur- suit of human slavery to its extinction were the subjects on which lie won the ear of England and of the world. To Bright the Corn Laws, into the long fight for the repeal of which he poured all the energy of his young manhood, were no mere legislative blun- der, no pale abstraction. He saw their effects written in human misery all around him in Lancashire. The dwarfed and blighted lives of the faetory-work- in old associates llliqll ably sprang from the aighesl bi ti duty in Bright, but that did not dimin- ish (or him 1 e dli appoint menl and

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July 31, 1913J T li e Nation IOI grief and suffering of the last years 01 his public life. We can but repeat our praise of the \ ntures of Dr. Whitty. By G. A. Birmingham. New York: George H. Doran Co. Dr. Whitty, of Ballintra, is another of those joyous and irresponsible young gentlemen who appear to hold most po- sitions of responsibility in Mr. Birming- ham's Connacht. Ballintra is a very small coast village, and a good deal of ingenuity is needed to extract as much c>musement from its modest resources as Dr. Whitty contrives to do. His quality of physician and surgeon to the whole village yields certain opportunities, but it is clear that he does not depend on them. The smallest incident out of the common is capable of serving as the fulcrum by which he moves his world. If Michael Geraghty has a pair of an- chors to dispose of, the Government must be caused to supply Ballintra chan- nel with two buoys to attach them to, and the whole community must be ca- joled into working towards that end. If the widow Canavan is evicted from her farm, Dr. Whitty may be trusted to nurse the simple incident into a politi- cal broil. Visitors to Ballintra are his natural prey, and the local magnates, the priest, the rector, the squire, and the chief publican, are clay in his hands. In short, he is fully worthy of the kin- dred heroes of "Spanish Gold" and "The Search Party." There is a suggestion of the casual whimsy of the late Frank Stockton in Mr. Birmingham's humor which must endear him to Am readers of the elder generation. Parrot A Co. By Harold MacGrath. In- dianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co. The heroine, wandering oversea in the hope that time and absem clarify her intention regarding a high- ly suitable but not quite satisfactory engagement, is discovered voyaging down the Irrawaddy River from Man- dalay to Rangoon. Now, as we all know, thanks to Mr. Kipling, in that part of the world the difficulty of telling a good man from a bad man is enormously ag- gravated. Imagine, then, the perplexity cf the maiden who shall undertake, in these problematical climes, to decide upon the relative merits of her absent fiance and the stranger who, but for khaki, sunburn, and an accompanying parrakeet, appears his exact counter- part. From Prome to Rangoon, from Rangoon to Singapore, the mystery of the likeness deepens, while Elsa's pref- c rence for present company grows, and the weather-beaten adventurer ever more insistently denounces himself as an undesirable acquaintance, barred from polite society by a criminal past. That Elsa is in time to declare for the parrot-fancier, and that in the end her judgment is to be abundantly vindicat- ed, we are constantly encouraged to ex- pect, but the exact nature of the de- nouement and the circuitous path by which it is to be reached are discreetly guarded from too ready surmise. It is in prolonging the revelation that the author displays his skill — and, we are tempted to add, his only skill. Popular fiction contains whole hosts of American heroines whose wealth, beauty, and vir- gin scorn of conventions render them alike indistinguishable from Elsa and irom one another, whole regiments of muscular Don Quixotes endowed with tormidable business ability, among whom Warrington could never be iden- tified without his parrot. Ever Aft' r. By Juliet Wilbor Tompkins. New- York: Doubleday, Page & Co. As the title indicates, this is a story of domestic life— but not of a course ot smooth felicity, even after marriage. Its originality lies in the tempera □ peculiarities of the pair, for the theme is the old one of a poor young man, full of lavish bonhomie, allying himself to a rich girl who has inherited the pi economical traits of her grandparents. At first Dana's and Lucy's common tastes for art keep their affection strong; but in spite of his Insouciant acceptance of life upon her funds, the money question finally becomes as nant a spectre as in any of Balzac's stories. In the midst of music and paint- ing, irritation grows to an open I "When you spend a dollar, you should remember it is all twenty dolln earn in a year," is her reproach; and "It is right to save, it is often wrong to spend, but to love to save, to hate to spend — that is evil," is his. It is clear to the reader, charmed into liking both young people, that both are som wrong; and the solution, a separation which teaches the husband in Ne the value of money, and the « Boston its valuelessncss, is convincing of the final reconciliation. Indeed, the mihappiness of the book is glossed over with a fine feminine optimism and a brave disregard of psychological ten

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102 r_T li e !N" a t i o ii ( Vol. 97, No. 2509 sion; while the happy passages stand (nit as frequent milestones. For a novel of its length, the story is curiously with- out minor characters. But perhaps this is the reason the two main personages, moving through scenes of artist life none too realistic, have still an air of reality. CHURCH-GOING The Country Church: The Decline of Its Influence and the Remedy. By Charles Otis Gill and Gifford Pinchot. New York: The Macmillan Co. $1.25 net. Some twenty years ago Gov. Rollins, of New Hampshire, issued a proclama- tion on "The Increasing Paganism of New England," in which he asserted that the rural churches in New Hamp- shire and the other Puritan common- wealths were losing steadily in members and attendants, and that there was a consequent decay of morals. His opin- ions were combated vigorously, while others supported them, but no one seemed to have in hand facts to settle the question. Investigation has now been made with such thoroughness and care as to establish • entire confi- dence in the results: since the Gover- nor of New Hampshire issued his alarm- ing proclamation church attendance has diminished one-third in representative regions of New England and New York. There is abundant indication that the movement had an earlier origin, and that comparison with a period fifty or sixty years ago would show a much more serious decline. Four years ago the Rev. Charles Otis Gill, a graduate of Yale College and Union Theological Seminary, and a man of experience as a country minister, be- gan an exhaustive study of •church con- ditions in Windsor County, Vermont. He collected facts for a comparison between the situation in 1888 and 1908 as to membership, church attendance, contributions, ministers' salaries, the education of ministers, the effect of too many churches for the population, the difference between churches in the vil- lage and in the smaller communities, and the changes in population and in agricultural conditions. Every town and every hamlet in the county was thor- oughly investigated. From the tax lists in each township — the poll tax in Ver- mont secures the enrolment of every vot- er— a complete list of families was ob- tained, and the church-going habits of every resident were ascertained from a number of trustworthy witnesses. Any one acquainted with the character of the people of rural New England will not doubt the possibility of peaching ound results by .such methods. There can be no qu to Mr. Gill: 1 nor OUghneSfl or impartiality, and fortunate- ly he has been able to check his results by records of attendance kept in a num- ber of congregations. These confirm the accuracy of his figures to a surprising degree, and show that, if he has erred in either direction, he has understated the seriousness of the decline. Similar methods were employed in a study of Tompkins County, New York, of which Ithaca is the only large community, and the results are even more depressing than those obtained in Vermont. The most impressive fact derived from this painstaking investigation is that church attendance has fallen off in the last twenty years 31 per cent, in Windsor County, Vermont, and 33 per cent, in Tompkins County, New York. Town after town is listed in which the attendance has diminished 40, 50, and even as high as 76 per cent. The small- er losses for the counties as a whole are reached only by inclusion of the larger villages, in which church life has been better sustained than in the agricultural communities. In the strict- ly rural districts the loss in attendance in Tompkins County was 40 per cent., and in Windsor County 53 per cent. There has, to be sure, been a decrease of population in these regions, the num- ber of inhabitants in the farming por- tions of Windsor County having dimin- ished steadily since 1850. This in itself is a serious fact, but the loss in church efficiency is more serious, since, when allowance is made for the decline in population, the loss in church attend- ance in Windsor County was more than 29 per cent, and in Tompkins County more than 19 per cent. Financially the country churches make a somewhat better showing. In the Vermont county expenditures in the Protestant churches increased 23 per cent, in the twenty years, and. in the New York county they advanced 7 per cent. But in purchasing power this is turned into a loss of 2 per cent, and 9 per cent., respectively. The salaries of 34 out of 53 ministers in Windsor Coun- ty, when measured in purchasing power, were less in 1908 than in 1888, and in Tompkins County 21 out of 29 minis- ters suffered a similar loss of income. Above one-fourth of the ministers in Windsor County received $600 or less in 1908, and the average for the entire county was $814. Other facts are cited which justify the statement that "the average minister in Windsor and Tomp- kins Counties does not receive a living salary: much less does he receive a working salary." One who regards the old-time power of the New England clergy and the tra- ditions of intellectual seriousness in the religious life of its country towns will be especially grieved by the presenta- tion of the educational equipment of the mini: (its. iii Vermont only one pastor out of four had received both a. college ami seminary training, and fully one- third with 1I1 in iiit according to any reasonable standard of ministerial prep- aration. Windsor County is just across the Connecticut River from Dartmouth College. Vermont itself has three col- leges, while New England is overcrowd- ed with theological seminaries, the most lavishly endowed educational institu- tions in America. Something is evident- ly wrong with these institutions, when their influence has extended only to one clergyman out of four in their immedi- ate vicinity. In only one respect are the data col- lected by Mr. Gill at all encouraging, and that is in the matter of church mem- bership. Church membership in the pe- riod under review increased in Windsor County 4 per cent, and in Tompkins County 2 per cent. This fact, however, when compared with the statistics as to attendance and expenditures, is shown to be misleading. The conclusion is not that the church is maintaining its hold on the community, but that the respon- sibilities of church membership are sit- ting more lightly upon communicants, and that church rolls are usually gross- ly padded. Mr. Gill found one church in Vermont with an average attendance of 75, an enrolled membership of 271, of whom only 186 were found to be actual- ly living. His research has revealed a striking diminution of attendance in proportion to membership, the number of worshippers formerly exceeding the membership, but in recent years being much less. This fact suggests that con- j elusions of undue optimism may have been drawn from the figures frequently published as to the millions of church members of the various Protestant de- nominations of the United States and the growth of communicants from year to year. It is unnecessary to examine at length the remedies suggested in this volume for the situation which it presents with such depressing abundance of detail. The chief significance of the volume is its presentation of facts in a field where opinion had varied according to temper- ament. That the facts as stated are correct, no one who knows the rural East can doubt. That they condemn the prevalent methods in "Home Missions, by which parsimonious subsidies are doled out to decadent congregations, which are allowed to continue the meth- ods through which they are languishing, is equally clear. Messrs. Gill and Plnchol quote with approval the programme of the Inter-Church Federation of Ver- mont, which pledges the churches of the State to work for the uplift of the small- er towns and to subordinate their own promotion to that end. Just how these organizations can do tins with their present leadership is not clear, but that , he problem Is one of prime Importance h religious and moral life of the nal loo is nut open to quest Ion, and the lads which must, lead to lacing it with resolution arc presented In this

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July 31, 1913] The Nation 103 volume with a deflniteness and complete- ness which no one has achieved hith- erto. .1 Wayfarer In China. Impressions of a Trip Across China and Mongolia. By Elizabeth Kendall. With illustrations. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. $2.50 aet One of Congreve's characters in "The Old Bachelor" urges another to "dresa up your face in innocence and smiles and dissemble the very want of dis- simulation." Without much further con- trivance than an unconscious following of the Old Bachelor's advice Miss Ken- dall, who is a professor in Wellesley College, appears to have accomplished a really extraordinary feat of travel in Eastern Asia and emerged buoyant and unharmed. She had acquired in other journeys the sense and serenity neces- sary for such adventures, though she at- tributes the success of her solitary en- terprise to friends, both foreign and na- tive. Her route carried her from Tong- king across the provinces of Yunnan and Szechuan to regain the railway at Hankow, and subsequently along the old caravan road from Kalgan to Urga. Two such trips in a single summer in- dicate considerable fortitude, but no weariness of travel seems to have less- ened her relish for unbeaten trails or her interest in the people along the way. Her immunity from harm was due, she thinks, partly to the fact that she was a woman and partly to her ignorance of the language; it is more likely that it was the result of her own urbanity and discretion, for the Chinese are both appreciative and reasonable, and" in a country which enjoys no adequate po- lice protection the people realize that security of life and property depends upon moral restraint. Moreover, they enjoy novelties, and now that the old antipathy of the literati has disappear- ed, there is no reason for apprehension that the common folk will regard a wandering foreigner — particularly a wo- man— otherwise than as a preternatural curiosity, and so exempt from attack. Miss Kendall is not presumptuous enough to "have any impressions at all of anything so huge, so old, so varied, so complicated as China and its people," but her few concluding observations are marked by unusual penetration. The Chinese she holds to be "more like our- selves, or may be our ancestors, more like us at one stage or another, than any other people of the East that I had known." Her point of view is worth noting. Though making no pretension to any intimate knowledge, she has some advantage over residents in the empire in that she also knows the other original civilizations of Asia, the Semit- ic races, Turkey, and India, and is able to advance opinions of her own that are interesting and suggestive. Else- where the type has been moulded by dominant religious or military ideas; China and the Anglo-Saxon lands, though influenced by religion and arms, are chiefly devoted to material advan- tage: The Chinese, to be sure, is one of the most superstitious of men, but there is lit- tle more religion in his fears than is im- plied in the practices of many a Westerner. He never builds a straight entrance into his house, for he believes that evil spirits cannot move in a curved line; and across the world people who call him names be- cause of this refuse to sit thirteen at a table. The malign influences appeased, the average Chinese goes his way untroubled or unconsoled by any thought concerning that which is to come, or at most he strives to acquire merit, not for a week only, but for a whole year, by some bilgrimage much more strenuous than church-going. Like the Western man of to-day, he also is im- patient of priestly control, and is apt to say slighting things of his spiritual lead- ers. His mind is set not on things above, but on the bread-and-butter, or, more pre- cisely, the rice, aspect of life. The scale of rewards is different, but the mainspring of daily living is much the same in the Far East and the Far West. From her brief experience in the heart of China the author returns with an im- pression of tremendous force that she confesses to have been rather over- whelming. If their racial capacity for sobriety and organization is brought into play she believes that their new experiment in government will be suc- cessful. It is the problem rather than the past of China which concerns her most. The record of her journey chief- ly reflects her human interest in the life of the common people about her. There is little in the volume that adds to our knowledge of the notable places in these remote regions or supplements the accounts of previous travellers. She made the ascent of the famous Omei, China's noblest sacred mountain, but one fails, somehow, to respond to her restrained description of that stupen- dous precipice. She has, evidently, a keener interest in the coolies that car- ried her and in a "Friends' Institute" which has been shrewdly organized by a missionary at Chung-king, where Chi- nese and foreign gentlemen meet social- ly, and occasional lectures present "the best of Christian civilization to a class often repelled by missionary propa- ganda." It is a reproach to the mis- sions that clubs of this sort have not been introduced elsewhere in China. Miss Kendall's retreat from China was made across Mongolia on the old camel road, which, we are told, is still used as a post-route by the Russians, who find it convenient for purposes of "peaceful penetration" to have a mail forwarded once a month on a road of their o« n. The Mongol of to-day seems to be curi- ously similar to the degenerate Indian of our Western plains, but there is a rough good-nature about him that ren- ders him more liked by Europeans than most Asiatics. Few inaccuracies mar the pages of this readable narrative, but for purposes of a possible future edition of the book it ought to be noted that Kublai was not the brother of Genghiz Khan, and that the Wusung railway from Shanghai was removed in 1876, not 1870. A Turkish Woman's European Impres- sions. By Zeyneb Hanoum. Edited with an Introduction by Grace Elli- son. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.75 net. In this volume Miss Ellison gives us a series of letters received by her from one of the heroines of Loti's "Les De- senchantees" during her six years' resi- dence in Western Europe. Read in se- quence, the letters present a very human and a very pathetic story. In the be- ginning we learn of the disenchantment with her lot of the modern Turkish lady, highly educated, speaking three or four languages, and imbued through the literature of Western Europe, and often as a child through the teaching of a French or English governess, with admiration for the ideals and modes of life of the West. We are made to real- ize vividly the gloom, and often the hor- ror, of her existence after she has as- sumed the veil and is virtually a prison- er for the rest of her life. The cruelty of her fate lies in the fact that the ideas and ideals of the West have been super- imposed on the traditions and life of the East. The two sisters, the impressions of one of whom are recorded in these let- ters, took their fate in their hands and escaped from their captivity; but still their story is one of disenchantment. The earlier pages are full of hope and expectation of what the promised land of the West holds in store for them; but as they proceed disappointment is piled on disappointment, disillusion added to disillusion, till we take leave of Zeyneb on board an eastern-bound steamer re- turning voluntarily to Turkey and the veil. In the process of Zeyneb's disillusion- ing we discover anew the gulf that is fixed between the East and the West, and we are reminded that the good and the beautiful are not absolute terms. If some of her comments on our Western civilization are naive and attributable to lack of understanding or of sympa- thy, others are exceedingly shrewd. All are interesting and reveal, both in mat- ter and manner, a woman of ex< •■ al intelligence and powers of observation. She flays the sports, the women's clubs, and the hospitality of the West, and shrewdly indicates her opinion of its society when she explains that in Turk- ish there is no word for "snobbery." On the other hand, she is enthusiastic about the London policeman, hansom tbe Empress Eugenie, and Ellen

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104= Tlie Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2509 Terry. Englishmen, we are told, re- mind her of Turks, an appreciation that is Intended on the whole to be compli- mentary; English women "are pretty. but are deficient in charm." They are also "pig-headed, undiplomatic, brutol ly sincere," but good and faithful friends. All In all, Zeyneb admires most her own countrywomen, because, "in spite of the slavery of their exist- ence, they have managed to keep their minds free from prejudice." Zeyneb is in full sympathy with the Young Turks, and there is much illumi- nating comment on the terrors of the Hamidian regime. The letters close be- fore the outbreak of the recent war, and one wishes for a series, written from her own harassed land since her return, that shall cover that period. It is to be feared that the elimination of Turkey as a European Power must add to the perplexities of the women of the harem in their struggle to reconcile the education of the West with the tradi- tions of the East. Notes Mr. Frank H. Spearman's new novel, "Merrilie Dawes," announced by Scribners has a background of big financial battles in New York. A. C. McClurg & Co. have in prepara- tion "The Story of California," by Henry K. Norton. Doubleday, Page & Co. have in hand two new novels, one by Mrs. Mary Austin, the other by Bouck White. Announcement is made by Henry Holt & Co. of a new novel by Beulah Marie Dix, and of "Schwarzwaldleut," a collection of five Black Forest stories — three by Hein- rich Hansjakob and one each by Hermine Villinger and Auguste Supper — edited with vocabulary by Prof. E. C. Roedder. Forthcoming novels of the Century Co. "The Tinder Box," by Maria Thompson Daviess, and "The Truth About la," by Gertrude Hall. "The Social Rubaiyat of a Bud" (Paul Elder & Co.) is the title of a forthcoming atin by Mrs. Ambrose Madison Willis. The Stratford Publishing Co., of Boston, announces for publication in the autumn "The Passing Singer and Other Poems," by Samuel Henry Marcus. The following are new works of fiction promised by Houghton Mifflin Co. for au- tumn: "The Story of Waitstill Baxter," by Kate Douglas Wiggin; "Otherwise Phyllis," by Meredith Nicholson ; "Hagar," by Mary on; "0 Pioneers!" by Willa Sibert "Valentine," by Grant Richards; of a Debutante, " anony- mous; "Happy-Go-Lucky," by Ian II;, trarch and Other Stories," by T. Russell Sullivan; "Simpson," by Eli- nor Mordaunt (Mrs. B. M. Wieho) ; "The Spare Room," by Mrs. Romilly Feddi "November Joe," a detective story by Hes- keth Prichard, That neglect of Apollonlus Rhodlus by English Classicists which Mr. Mahaffy is wont to deplore is deprived of its last excuse by his colleague Mr. G. W. Mooney's well executed and well-printed edition of the "Argonautica" (Longmans). The in- formation which I lie strenuous student of the Teubner or Oxford text had to gather from every corner of his library, he now, without stirring from his easy chair, finds conveniently assembled in Mr. Mooney's introduction, footnotes, and appendices. There are at least seven English transla- tions of the "Argonautica." But the only English annotated edition is, if we may say so, the Latin one of Shaw, dating from the eighteenth century. Wellauer's edition of 1828, containing the scholia, is indis- pensable to scholars, but not very invit- ing or helpful to students. Mr. Mooney has compiled and digested the nineteen more or less critical text editions enumerated in his preface, and a large number of dissertations on special points of style and metre. He has interpreted the diffi- cult passages, transcribed the parallels from Homer, Hesiod, Pindar, Virgil, and Valerius Flaccus, and in general furnished all the aids that the ordinary classical student will need for the Intelligent en- joyment of the poem. Those who ask for more will note that he has missed a few points in the game of text criticism by overlooking the investigations and discov- eries of the past ten years, in his reliance on the 1D01 Oxford text of Seaton; that his study of Hellenistic language and lit- erary art is virtually confined to a com- parison of the epic usage of Apollonius with that of Homer and Virgil; and that his judicious, but not notably illuminating or penetrating, literary appreciations are derived chiefly from Mahaffy, Couat, and Sainte-Beuve. From his own reading he contributes a few Miltonic parallels which are of interest, but hardly prove that Mil- ton was thinking of Apollonius rather than of Homer, Hesiod, and Virgil. At iii, 160, he records Preston's suggestion that Milton look from Apollonius's kotcu/Mtis K^\ev9os "his idea of the sunbeam bearing the angel Uriel slope-downward to the earth." But Milton's Uriel returns "slope-downward to the sun," and the beam that bears him to the earth is plainly suggested by the shooting-star in Theocritus xii, 52. We can best characterize Mr. Mooney's work as a whole, in the words which Quin- tilian uses of his author, "non tamen con- temn udum reddidit opus Bequall quadam giving him the benefit of the interpretation thai mediocrltas means "neither rising on the one hand to the genus fjrandc, nor on the other hand descending to nus subtile." The chief service of the book will bo to increase the number of English-reading students and teachers of Homer and Virgil who will attempt the "Argonautica" in the Greek. They may well still i)o few. For in Way'e admirable translation Apollonius is little inferior to William Morris, and he is not much bet- ter In the original. The Notebooks of Samuel Butler" (Mit- chell Kennerley) is an admirable 1 diuni of the peculiar ironical wit of the author ol "Erewhon." There la abundant am ienl In the volume, and much profit for one who can keep apart the tell and the in , . 1. verbal aphorisms. 11. Festing Jones, the author's old friend, bai oon ilderablj rearranged and combined the journal en- tries. He promises to deposit in the British Museum a copy revealing his editorial pro- cedures. Such matters, however, hardly concern the average reader, who will not challenge the compilation of a book so full of wisdom and diversion. In quoting a handful of the maxims it should be said that they often lose something in being torn from the neighboring and supporting epi- grams. On life in general: "Life is the art 01 drawing sufficient conclusions from in- sufficient premises." The saying links Paley with Bergson. "A sense of humor keen enough to show a man his own absurdities, as well as those of other people, will keep him from the commission of all sins, or nearly all, save those that are worth com- mitting." On the right of well-bred people to live by tradition and instinct Butler al- ways insisted. "Life is like music, it must be composed by ear, feeling, and instinct, not by rule. Nevertheless, one had better know the rules, for they sometimes guide in doubtful cases — though not often." We cannot follow the Notebooks through the categories of letters, painting, music, travel, philosophy — under each there is abundant wit and wisdom. Let us take leave of But- ler with a maxim which illustrates the pe- culiar concreteness of his sententious vein: "Attempts at classification are like nailing battens of our own flesh and blood upon ourselves as an inclined plane that we may walk up ourselves more easily; and yet it answers very sufficiently." Prof. Charles A. Beard modestly speaks of his "Economic Interpretation of the Con- stitution of the United States" (Macmil- lan) as a fragment, and such it is, but as ti pioneer work in a new field it has first- rate importance. Leaving at one side, save for a few significant allusions, the time- honored political view of the origin and nature of the Constitution, Professor Beard has sought to indicate, largely from a study of the records of the conventions of 1787-88, and of unpublished documents in the Treasury Department, the extent and character of economic influence in the for- mulation and acceptance of the instrument. To this end, he not only studies the eco- nomic situation and the content of public discussion in the States under the Arti- cles of Confederation, but also analyzes the personnel of the Convention of 1787, the business, professional, and social rela- tions of its members, their ownership of certificates of the public debt, and their financial interest in the establishment of a more efficient national government. His main conclusions are that the personal property interests of money, public tics, manufactures, trade, and shipping, which had suffered under the Article were those which chiefly originated and carried through the movement tor U stitution; that the masses without prop- erty, under the prevailing conditions of mi sent 'il m Hie Fed- eral Convention, and thai the members of the Convention, with a tew exceptions, were , hi iy, directly) and personally In- ; in, and derived boo lo 1 iei I mm, 1 1 ilnl'l islinienl ol I lie 11 ' ;ii in." The protection of property as "anterior to 'govci-nnieni and morallj be j 1 mi 1 he reach of popular ma 1 1 consequently entitled to special prol ;,i the handi ol the Federal Government,

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July 31, 1913] The IsTatioii 105 union. No popular vote was had on the n of calling the Convention; the vote on ratification probably did not exceed one-sixth of the total adult male popula- tion; while in New Hampshire, Massachu- setts, New York, Virginia, and South Caro- lina it is doubtful If a majority of those who voted for members of the State rati- onventlona wore in favor of ratifi- cation. The bearing of Professor Beards conclusions on the juristic theory that the Constitution was the work of "the people," Is obvious. We note one important mis- print: "Portland," at page 255, should clearly be Portsmouth. The primary aim of Oliver W. ice of Little Round Top" are to be to credit Gen. Strong honor of perceiving the strategic Importance of Little Round Toil and of occupying it with his brigade though' 1 fie orders to do so. Some hith- erto unpublished letters of Gen. Gou K. Warren, printed by Mr. Norton, make it clear that Warren, to whom the credit for the movement has been given, neither de- Vincent's brigade nor led it to thp hill, but himself acknowledged the impor- icent's independent action. Mr. Norton's own account of this part of the battle fills only about twenty pages, the bulk, of the volume being made up of ex- Brom ether well-known narratives, with criticisms of their inaccuracle of the texts of official reports. Ighty volume and a full one is "Mex- ico: The Land of Unrest" (Lippincott), by Henry Baerlein, the London Time* corre- spondent. Chiefly an account of what pro- duced the outbreak in 1910, together with the story of the revolutions that followed, it contains a mass of detail in regard to the present tangled state of affairs in Mexico. At the same time, it develops clearly the main outlines of Mexican history since the deposition of Diaz. The writer prides him- self chiefly on showing that, in Diaz's in- creasing age, Mexico was not so blessedly without a history as she was thought to be and that below apparent order a smoulder- ing discontent lay not five fathoms out of sight. There is a full account in the later pages of the interregnum after Diaz, of Madero's Administration and death, the death of Reyes,, and the probable future of Huerta's Administration; while more than one hundred pages are given to the national background of the troublous times, with such themes as Poetry in Mexico and The Gamblers of Mexico. The Mexicans, he asserts, in spite of the danger of generalizing about a race so mixed, are childish; and this childish- ness he finds in a mixture of engaging and horrible qualities: Have you ever seen a boy tear up a liv- ing beetle, and a moment later say that yonder ripples of the olive tree are like his mother's hand when he is lying in his bed? So are the Mexicans. I fancy that a number of the miscreants who massacred 300 Chinamen in Torreon not long since, cutting some into small pieces, beheading some, pulling others apart by horses, are on other days delightful citizens. His characterization of Felix Diaz and Gen. Huerta, now at the helm, is not flat- tering: "They are merely Mexican savages uniforms." Even erudite Dantists will find novelties i" Paolo Bellezza's "Curiosita Danti ch Ulrico Hoeplit. a collection of more than a score of literary causeries on or unexpected topics. One chap- ter, for instance, is devoted to some of the crazy interpretations of commentators; an- other traces the varieties of "Dantophily, Dantology, and Dantomania"; a third dis- cusses the theories of Dante's mountain climbing. One of the most fruitful, and the longest, follows his influence on the Risorgimento. The author has even as- Bembled a dozen or more isms, the devotees of which claim Dante as their founder; spiritualists on one side, pacifists and femi- nists on the other, think they have his sup- port. Professor Bellezza does not neglect , nor such evidences of Dante's pop- as dialect versions of his famous furnish. Innumerable anecdotes, opinions, and citations attest the breadth author's reading and add greatly to rtainment he provides. His lists Of articles and authors referred to will please bibliographers. This book should be ery library which has a shelf for it will delight any reader, not nec- essarily a professed Dantist, who does not wholly frown on literary gossip and the showing up of the aberrations of the ex- positors. Tfiose who feel alarm at the atrocities which are reported to be committed in the name of futurist cookery — veal and violets and the like — may find some comfort in the fact that our ancestors in the Middle Ages encountered even more portentous combinations and still lived to be our an- cestors. A fifteenth-century cookery book directs the cook to take a capon, scald it, clean it, and "smyte" it in two at the waist, and to do the same to a pig, and then to sew the fore part of the capon to the hind part of the pig, and the fore part of the pig to the hind part of the capon, and to stuff them like a pig. This delectable dish was known as "cockatrice," a name appropriate to its form and even more appropriate, one might think, to its ability to slay at sight. The above recipe is taken from A. Abram's "English Life and Man- ners in the Later Middle Ages" (Dutton), in which the- motley pageant of English life from Edward III to Henry VII passes under review. The modern reader, if he sees the period as chiefly Canterbury pil- grimages and tournaments, will remark the intense spirit of commercialism which in the fifteenth century was partly respon- sible for a large falling off in attendance at the universities, because they did not teach things which could be immediately useful in business. Henry VII laughed at tournaments. In a period of fierce pro- tectionism, it is interesting to note, books were imported duty free. But we must remember that mediaeval commercial no- tions were extremely naive. It was thought unjust to drive a hard bargain or take advantage of another's ignorance or mis- fortune, to corner the market or exact in- and much fruitless effort waa ex- ponded on the task of maintaining, not a minimum, but a maximum wage. Besides cookery and commerce, there are < on life among the aristocracy ; town, monas- id family life; houses, dress, educa- tion, amusements, travelling, and so on. Without attempting to exhaust these sub- many interesting facts, some good illustrations, and an ap- pendix of authorities which documents the statements of the text. The fame of the Rhone country has been revived and enhanced by Frederic Mistral, who, as a young lawyer, "threw his gown to the winds and gave himself up to the contemplation of what he loved — the splen- dor of his native Provence," and who has devo'ted his life to the working of a mira- cle in recreating a moribund language. Cecil Headlam is one of many writers who have been caught by the fascination of this land of romance, and in "Provence and Languedoc" (Doran) we have a compilation, half history, half guidebook, which is ad- mirably calculated to illuminate the trav- els of the intelligent tourist. An early chap- ter gives a good general survey of the story of Provence and later chapters deal with particular phases in its history. Settled in turn by Phoenicians, Phocseans, and Ro- mans, and having numerous relics of each occupation, as well as of their Iberian and Celtic predecessors, the land of the trou- badours, and, as such, "the cradle of mod- ern literature," Provence has a history commensurate with that of civilization in Europe; and Mr. Headlam has done well to compress an intelligent precis of a vast subject into the limits which he has set himself. The book is well illustrated and in- dexed, and an interesting appendix gives the music of some Provencal airs and dances. In "Burma under British Rule" (Serib- ner), Joseph Dautremer, of the School of Oriental Languages, Paris, formerly Consul for France in Rangoon, gives an encyclo- pasdic survey of the country, including routes, railways, excursions, products, trade, and a review of the chief industries, to- gether with introductory chapters on his- torical and ethnographical points, all very concisely and clearly stated. M. Dautremer does not hesitate to criticise the methods of France in colonization as compared with those found in Burma, but, on the other hand, he does not fail to note the obvious weaknesses in British administration. Sir George Scott, who has translated M. Dau- work and furnished it with a vig- orous introduction, helps one to r tween the lines of the courteous French- man's criticism: "There is a sort of polite sarcasm in the way in which he chronicles roads which start with the idea of going somewhere and end nowhere in particu- lar." The ehief difference, b< 1 is that formulated by M. Dautremer's words: "The Lieuten- ant-Governor of Burma does If about Membei ment in London. The Governoi likes it or not, one ear turned in the direction of 1 lis-Bourbon. That is the evil point of the French bints on trading possibilities ought to make this work useful not only to the French, but tc others desirous of enlarging husii the Orient. To others many an occasional observation will be of Interest, stub as those on the origin of "bee-holes" In teak; the poisonous nature of beans In Burma (Pythagoras got wisdom from the 1 the conditions of a society which permits a man to marry at the same time a mother and a daughter, etc. There are a f< iphs.

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L06 The UST a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2509 Modern Golf" (Outing Publishing Com- pany), is too ambitious a title for the lit- tle book which ha* been made out of ar- ticles by Mr. Harold H. Hilton, and seems to bring him into a competition with Mr. Vaile's comprehensive book, similarly na 'I. in a way from which Hilton would nalurally shrink. The pages are pleasant onough in their way, and here and there Instructive, the best being those in which Mr. Hilton describes the ideal temperament and physique of the golfer. Several of the bodily qualifications for the game he de- clares that he himself is without! Anthony F. Wilding, the New Zealander, who recently defended his title of lawn tennis champion of England against Mau- rice E. McLoughlin, gives some practical advice to players in "On the Court and Off" (Doubleday, Page). Mr. Wilding con- tends that the best form of practice is stroke play, in which a stone wall may be used if no kindred spirit is available; and he discusses strokes in the making, point- ing out the right and wrong methods of hitting the ball. All the tactics, training, and experience in the world, he says, are of no avail to a player whose strokes are inaccurate, and he counsels the man who would improve his game to concentrate his efforts on its weak spots. Mr. Wilding is an advocate of training off the court, and declares that a safe rule in match play "is to start off hard and go hard all the time." Regarding tactics, he says that the two main principles are to cover your own weakness and mercilessly' attack your op- ponent's most vulnerable points. Inciden- tally, he remarks that McLoughlin, in one of his inspired moments, can pierce the strongest defence ever constructed. Mrs. Larcombe contributes advice to women players, and Andre Gobert writes about the game in France. Mr. Wilding does not neglect to say a word about another of his hobbies— motorcycling. Science Frederick Irving Anderson, in his inter- estingly written "Farmer of Tomorrow" (Macmillan), puts his finger on two of the great problems of the future of farming in the United States. The first of these, the increasing of our farming area, is in the course of solution. Our free public lands being now virtually gone, there re- mains to reclaim those which so far are naturally unfit. We have more than three hundred million acres under actual cultiva- tion, with nearly half as much of pasture land, on existing farms, to be improved. Dry farming has apparently reached its limit (will other authorities agree to this?), but. there are a hundred million acres to be cleared, thirty-five million to be added by irrigation, and seventy-seven million to be drained. The total number of acres capable of profitable cultivation Mr. An- derson reckons at 672,000,000. On these acres must be supported our future popula tion, which will in tin qual the densit; of that of Europe. Yet to sustain our "i parse population on our pri Ql acreage is already somewhat ol a problem, Indicated b 1 1 led e .1 foodstuffs Our future difficulties must be met by bettei la lining, the crucial problem of Which occupies the second part of Mr. An- derson's book. We are learning what our farms are best fitted for, and the trend towards specialization is very hopeful. But the great question is one of plant food, and here we find Mr. Anderson distinguishing himself among recent writers by his ad- vocacy, remarkably temperate and uncon- troversial, of the theory which the United States Bureau of Soils stands almost alone in supporting. "The soil," says Milton Whitney, chief of the Bureau, "is the one indestructible, immutable asset that the na- tion possesses. It is the one resource that cannot be exhausted, that cannot be used up. It may be impaired by abuse, but never destroyed." The statement applies to mineral constituents alone, and the ques- tion is virtually whether we need to apply chemical fertilizers, at least in accordance with present practices. Against the Bureau stand most of the scientists of the world, American as well as foreign. The theory of Liebig, according to which our plant-food supply, continually exhausted, must be con- tinually replaced by chemical fertilizers, is intrenched in all our schools and colleges; but against it the Bureau of Soils brings puzzling facts. Here can be mentioned but a few of them. Certain tests tend to show that, at least as far as potash and phos- phoric acid are concerned, however much of these elements may be added to the soil, the plants themselves are able to utilize but a certain amount. "Nature herself," says Mr. Anderson, "has provided a definite ratio at which she liberates the mineral food of plants, and this ratio is fixed." Tested differently, in the case of potash but a certain fixed amount can be dissolved at one time out of the soil, although many times that amount may have just been added. The Bureau of Soils contends that the surface of the soil grains, holding the soil water by tremendous capillary pres- sure, will yield only a definite amount of plant food at a time; that the supply of thismineral food is continually furnished by the breaking up of chemicals already pres- ent in abundance; and that it is therefore not necessary to supply chemical fertilizers. To avoid the accumulation of plant poisons by proper rotations, and meanwhile to add organic matter in the form of either green or stable manure, is the proper procedure. The Bureau points to the example of China, where for four thousand years the soil has maintained its fertility through no other treatment than this. Nearer at home is the case of the famous Agdell field at Rotham- stead, England, where for more than fifty years wheat has been grown in a four- year rotation on fertilized and unfertilized plats, the latter growing the more wheat. "We cannot," say the English experts, "ac- cept the explanation of the Americans, yet we have no theory to offer in exchange." American experts, notably Dr. Cyril G. Hop- kins, of Illinois (whoso Circular 155, Uni- versity of Illinois Agricultural lOxperiment controverts some of Mr. Ander son's figures), are positive in denying the 1 1 ions of the Bureau of Soils, and maintain i.'m- theory of Liebig, Here la He germ ol a [real controversy, affecting inhabits at of 1 ul are &taei lea , bu1 nol 1 0 be sell led for another general ion. Meanwhile other and minor problems of the future of our farms are discussed by G. Harold Powell in his "Cooperation in Agri- culture" (Macmillan's Rural Science se- ries). To most of the public such co- operation means chiefly the self-defence of milk farmers or fruit-growers, protecting themselves against the rapacity of the mid- dleman. Such purely commercial enter- prises form, of course, a large proportion of agricultural cooperative societies; but more interesting and promising for the de- velopment of our farming are associations for cow-testing, cattle-breeding, or seed im- provement. Even the simple and almost accidental expedient of gathering and mar- keting a local egg supply through a co- operative creamery has led to the improve- ment of breeds, the prevention of much loss, and a fine uniform product; but the deliberate agreement among neighbors to apply cooperative methods to the improve- ment of stock or seed means much more. Of great importance are associations for rural credit, which in Europe have re- lieved farmers of a heavy incubus, and which are slowly entering into our own country districts. The book distinguishes between associations for profit and for mu- tual benefit; it is valuable in its warn- ings as to the application and changing of existing laws, as to the methods of opera- tion, and as to the spirit of membership, so vital to success. Mr. Powell quotes nu- merous forms of association and rules of operation, among the dry phrases of which the reader is cheered to find the summa- rized purpose of the Farmers' Union (Southern) : "To garner the tears of the distressed, the blood of martyrs, the laugh of innocent childhood, the sweat of honest labor, and the virtue of a happy home as the brightest jewels known." There is ap- pended to the book an excellent bibliog- raphy. An entirely different aspect of farming is treated in "Modern Farm Buildings" (McBride, Nast), by Alfred Hopkins, a New York architect with much experience in de- signing for the rich. As an expression ot the application of the principles of beauty to advanced agricultural ideas the book is significant. It will somewhat sur- prise the ordinary reader with its apparent luxury, for under Mr. Hopkins the process of milking becomes a ritual, and the cost of milk may well equal that of champagne. Yet the author's conclusions and remarks are often very practical, while at the same time the outlines and grouping of his build- ings are artistic. On the planning of the cow barn, the hay barn, the stable, the piggery and hennery, and of course the garage, his remarks are of value. We recommend the study of the book to any one considering the erection of farm build- ings. The Dry-Fly Man's Han, II I," 1 Mut- ton), by Frederic M. Halford, appeals pri- marily to the devotee of the chalk-streams of Great Britain, though its elucidation of the general principles of dry-fly angling would serve for A rican l rout streams as well Mr. Halford is well known to reader! of the literature of angling as an ultra- purist First, find your I rout, actual I gaged iti rising to the surface for the real Bj find out the particular Mod ol By on which be 1 1 feeding and < a il 1 be arint- . lal insect of the sai irietj 0 thai it

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July 31, 1913] The Nation 107 will float as naturally as possible over the spot where the fish is rising. To let your- self be tempted into casting tor a trout which you can see lying on the bottom, but not actually rising tor real flies, is to prove yourself not an ultra-purist at all, but at best only a purist. And it your eagerness should lure you into allowing your fly to get water-logged and go under the surface even a little, your right to be named with the dry-fly men at all is for- ever gone. And yet Mr. Halfonl is per- fectly willing to admit that there is re- spectable angling outside the limits of the dry-fly cade. The first half of tin- volume deals directly with the technique of dry- fly angling. This is followed by four chap- ters on the Fisherman's Entomology, giving a careful description, with many Illustra- tions, of the various flies in which the angler is interested. The gaudy colored plates of artificial flies so common in angling literature are happily absent. The last hundred pages of the book are devoted to suggestions for the preparation, stocking, and management of private fisheries. Drama and Music Mr. Henry Thomas Schnittkind will bring out in the autumn, through the Stratford Publishing Company, a play on the Prometheus myth, together with a poetical version of Plautus's "Mostellaria." Any conscientious attempt to contribute to the fabric of a genuine American drama is welcome, and from this point of view the "Jacob Leisler" (Mitchell Kennerley) of William O. Bates deserves a word of recognition. Moreover, it comes at an ap- propriate time, when a statue of the hero has just been placed in the grounds of the Huguenot Association of New Rochelle in commemoration of his connection with that place. The endeavor to awaken public in- terest in a man who played a prominent part in stirring events in the early history of New York, who was the first to hold the position of Governor by virtue of a popular vote, and who paid with his life the penalty of a loyalty which, whether or not it was misguided, is generally admitted to have been unselfish and sincere, was well worth while. And the subject has the advantage of being comparatively fresh to the vast majority of readers outside the ranks of historical students, as well as being clearly susceptible of effective dra- matic treatment. Unfortunately, Mr. Bates has not proved himself equal to his oppor- tunity. He has not succeeded either in making a good practicable drama or in re- creating, with any plausibility, the atmos- phere of the period. So far as the known facts in Leisler's career are concerned, his acceptance of the popular election, his seizure of the fort in the name of King William, his refusal to surrender it except to a properly accredited successor, his ulti- mate loyal submission, his subsequent trial at the instigation of his Jacobite enemies and his summary execution as a rebel against the King whom he was eager to serve — the author follows the existing rec- ords with sufficient closeness, but the sup- plementary details with which he has em- bellished them and many of his character- izations are grotesque; while his dialogue. with its curious mixture of the modern with the antique, rarely rises above the level of cheap melodrama. Structurally the piece is very loose and slipshod, and it would require much remodelling to fit it for stage representation, although several of its scenes contain good theatrical mate- rial As a narrative it is interesting in spite of its many absurdities, and it sug- gests a field which might be explored with much profit by a capable dramatist. Edwin Davies Schoonmaker is the author of "The Americans" (Mitchell Kennerley), which is one of a series of racial dramas, including "The Saxons," "The Slavs," and "The Hindoos." It is an ambitious effort, not without a certain measure of force and imagination, but not very impressive in its illustrations or its philosophy. Professing to deal with "the industrial conflict that is now raging," it offers as its principal figures a timber king, a capable and ada- mantine materialist — who might have been taken from any one of half a dozen recent melodramas — and his son, an ardent idealist. When the former would crush his striking workmen by starva-tion and military force, the latter advocates liberal, conciliatory, and cooperative measures, identifies himself with the cause of the rebels, and finally is murdered by a walking delegate, who has no sympathy with plans which might put an end to the profits of professional agi- tators. Afterward, in the moment of his apparent triumph, the timber king himself is slain and the militia make common cause with the workers whom they have been summoned to repress. The implication of the whole play is that capital must concede the demands of labor, adopt socialistic and cooperative systems, or prepare to face general armed revolution. Mr. Schoonmak- er exhibits familiarity with certain phases of existing social conditions, but no broad- minded grasp of the whole situation. His illustrations are both conventional and ex- travagant, and" his evident sincerity lacks the ballast of experience. He deserves cred- it for imaginative dealing with a weighty problem, but contributes nothing particu- larly helpful towards its solution. Why he should have elected to write some of his dialogue in the blankest of verse is a mystery. The object of two volumes recently pub- lished, "Dramatization" (Scott, Foresman & Co.), by Sarah E. Simons and Clem Irwin Orr, and "A Dickens Dramatic Reader" (Ginn & Co.), by Fanny Comstock, is to fur- nish passages from English classics adapt- ed for dramatic representation in schools. Whether the encouragement of the theat- rical instinct in children, without skilled and capable instructors, is altogether de- sirable is a question which need not be debated here. Of course, there is no great difficulty in the selection of passages from great authors, which, with very little altera- tion, lend themselves readily enough to stage enactment, and most of those collect- ed in these two books are famous, but many of them are hopelessly beyond the inter- pretative faculties of boys and girls. The time expended in drilling children in the mechanical and parrot-like recitation of such pieces is wholly wasted, and the result of all the labor is likely to be mischievous in more ways than one. The chief practical value of such compilations is to whet the appetites of juvenile readers for the works from which the samples are taken. One of Massenet's last compositions, not yet printed, had its first hearing the other day in Paris. It is a "melodic poem" en- titled "Loti's Visions," text by Edmond Noel. It was sung by four artists of the Grand Opera, Gall and Arbell, Dubois and Dulos, and it pleased the audience so much that it had to be repeated. The crit- ics pronounced it one of the happiest of Massenet's melodic inspirations. The house at Pillnitz in which Wagner composed "Lohengrin" in 1846 was sold at auction the other day. The buyer is a butcher. It is possible that the Russian Opera Company, recently heard in London, will appear in New York at the Century Opera House next May. English composers cannot complain that they are entirely neglected in London. Sir Henry Wood has selected thirteen native works — many of them absolute novelties — for the Queen's Hall Orchestra's nineteenth season of promenade concerts. An illustration of Liszt's generosity is given by a Russian journal. When the great pianist was in Moscow, in 1863, it happened that an actor had obtained permission to have a benefit at the theatre ; but the public was so taken up with Liszt that the poor fellow ran a good chance of having an empty house. When Liszt heard of this he promptly offered to play several pieces during the intermissions. The result was that the theatre was jammed and the actor took in more than 2,000 rubles. English bands are accounted second to none. There is a special institution, Kneller Hall, for the training of bandmasters and instrumentalists. At a recent garden party, the official band of this institution rendered a programme which is interesting as show- ing the attention paid to English music. It included Sullivan's "Macbeth" Overture, Balfour Gardiner's "Shepherd Fennel's Dance," Coleridge Taylor's Characteristic Waltzes, the March from Sir Edward El- gar's "Crown of India," a selection from Edward German's "Tom Jones," Sir Alex- ander Mackenzie's "Rhapsodie Ecossaise," and Herbert E. Haines's "Woodland Sere- nade." Portugal has only one conservatory of music, situated at Lisbon. The highest sal- ary paid is $500 a year; assistant teachers get $150. Orchestral players, though they have a union, are paid at the San Carlo Theatre no more than $40 to $80 a month; at vaudevilles and musical comedies they get 60 cents to $1.20 a performance. A lecture on kettledrums was given in London the other day by Gabriel Cleather. He commented on the fact that for gen- erations the drum has been regarded to a great extent as a comic implement— some- thing to be used effectively at bye-election3 and public demonstrations of war or peace and proceeded to demonstrate that the kettledrum is a genuine musical instrument the player of which must not only hav» a knowledge of rhythm and dynann B very keen sense of pitch and a most sen- sitive touch. By way of illustrating this lecture, as many as six timpani were used in a composition [or pianoforte and drums by Julius Tausch, and in others three, four,

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L08 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2506 and I'm One oi the critics wrote that n> in the Schumann 'Sketch in D Hat' and the Grieg 'Berceuse,' the effect was most Buggestive and charming." l'lans are making to collect funds for 1 rectlng a monument to the composer Ethel- Im it wvin al Sewickley, Pa., where he was born and died, it is probable that there will be given a concert at which eminent musicians will cooperate. Art The Mediaeval Ohurch Architecture of England. By Charles Herbert Moore, author of "Development and Charac- ter of Gothic Architecture" and "Char- acter of Renaissance Architecture." With 23 plates in half-tone and 49 il- lustrations in the text. New York: The Macmillan Co. :?3.50 net. This interesting and scholarly work, by a writer whose two previous books have acquainted students of architecture with his critical methods and point of view, embodies the results of Profes- sor Moore's personal investigation and study of a large number of the most important mediaeval English churches, the author having taken up his resi- dence in England for the special pur- pose of pursuing this work. The contri- bution he makes to the literature of a most interesting subject is so serious and so valuable within the field to which the author has confined himself, as to deepen one's regret at the narrow- ness of his approach to it. The work might with propriety have borne the title and sub-title "Structural and Logi- cal Deficiencies in English Churches; An Analysis and Criticism of the De- sign of their Piers, Vaulting-Shafts, and Vaulting." His purpose, as stated in the preface, is "to set forth the character of medi- eval church architecture in England in the light of a structural analysis and comparison with the French Gothic art and of the conditions under which it was produced." The special incentive to writing this book lay in "the great misunderstanding of the art of England shown by recent, no less than by earlier, English writers," who are charged with a "fragmentary method of study" and with a "patriotic bias fatal to impartial judgment." Professor Moore has never lacked the courage of his convictions, and in thus boldly challenging English judgments on English architecture he has set forth his contentions with pun- and force, supporting them by careful analysis and acute observations leading to arguments which are in many al and convincing. In so far as he endeavors to establish the general contentions that the English Norman architecture, first introduced from developed on lines which show i. of that logical evolution from structural exigencies which character- izes the French Romanesque; that the fundamental characteristics of this An- glo-Norman style persist without essen- tial change in the Early English style; and that throughout the entire Gothic period the English church builders, in their treatment of the bay-system and of the clustering of piers, in their de- sign of vaulting-shafts, and in the rela- tion of shafts to vault-ribs, ignored the logical considerations which controlled the French Gothic builders, Professor Moore's reasoning is entirely sound. He is also on solid ground in tracing the evolutionary relations of Canterbury, Lincoln, Salisbury, and the transepts of York, and in his view as to the relative proportions of French and English in- fluences in the design of Westminster Abbey. In all these matters he has made an important contribution to the critical understanding of English medi- aeval architecture. Unfortunately, the force, or at least the acceptability, of these contentions is weakened by the narrowness of the au- thor's view of the philosophy of archi- tectural design. In his preface Mr. Moore restricts "the use of the term 'Gothic' tc the French art, using the term 'point- ed' for that architecture of the Middle Ages, whether in England or elsewhere, in which the pointed arch and other details are merely applied to forms of building that retain the structural char- acter of the older art." Now it is ti ue that "the question of names is of secondary importance," and that any writer may define his terms as he pleas- es, provided neither he nor the reader is misled by either the name or the definition. But Mr. Moore is constantly misled, and misleads his readers; for by quietly ignoring the Tightness of any other system, method, or point of view than that of the Ile-de-France as devel- oped between 1140 and 1260 and calling all else "non-Gothic" or "not truly Gothic," a habit of mind is acquired, and a tone of criticism developed, which stamp everything else as inferior. More- over, in taking this position he centres attention on the "logic" of design as the one supreme consideration; and this "logic" is furthermore restricted to the visible expression of a scientifically de- tructural framework. And as the author assumes the particular forms and methods of this structural expression in the lle-de-France Gothic to be in all points the most perfect forms and meth- ods, every deviation from these is crit- icised as inferior or "non-Gothic." Thus the fundamental narrowness of Mr. Moore's definition of "Gothic" comes to be far more than a mere question of names, and is found to vitiate his entire critical position. For it leads him to err widely in two most Important partic- ulars. He Ignores the very existence of the lORie of a-stlielie expression, whieli in a work of architecture may claim equal importance and validity with the logic of structural expression; and he condemns the application even of struc- tural logic in the English examples, when it deviates from the French appli- cations of the same logic. Thus the English multiple-ribbed vaulting, whieli was primarily developed to simplify the construction, was an extension of the fundamental principle of vault-ribbing which lies at the very heart of Gothic architectural development; but Mr. Moore calls it a violation of that prin- ciple! So also the superb hammer-beam trusses of Westminster Hall and other like examples are condemned because the only correct form of truss is as- sumed to be that which exerts no thrust on the walls, i. e., the truss with a tie- beam. Why it is not as permissible to build a timber roof that exerts a thrust as a stone roof that exerts a thrust, is not explained. Parity of reasoning would either condemn all vaulting in favor of a lintel construction, or com- pel the use of the iron or timber tie for vaulting, as in many Italian churches. Furthermore, the criticism of the structural logic of English churches is to such an extent confined to the de- sign of the pier sections and the rela- tion of the vaulting shafts to the vault- ing ribs as to make these appear to be not merely important elements, but al- most the whole, of Gothic architecture. Mr. Moore's contention on this point ap- pears to be that the failure of the Eng- lish mediaeval builders, in any one of their churches, to carry continuous vaulting shafts from the floor, or at least from the main pier-caps to the spring of the vaulting, with a distinct member for each vault-rib, stamps all their work as fundamentally illogical and hence "not truly Gothic," and that their multiplication of shafts, ribs, and mouldings was not motived by any sound or truly Gothic structural logic. He never allows the reader to suspect that every vaulting shaft in every Goth- ic building is a structural superfluity, which can be cut away at any point or dispensed with altogether, without en- dangering the stability of the vaulting; that, indeed, the vaulting shaft was a purely decorative device — a product of esthetic, not structural, logic, intended to give the eye the esthetic satisfaction of an apparent, though actually unnec- essary, support Cri -round up; and that the clustering of shafts so as to give every supported member its own apparent support Is also a purelj esthetic device, the structural es being a sufficient sectional area for the pier, rather than any particular form of section. The coordination of supporting and supported members is a means oi H'sthotie effect based on apparent, struc- tural relations which do mil really e\- Ist, 1 1 Is not really 1 "e "1 rue," 1 hough

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July 31, 1913J The Nation 109 it is from one narrow point of view more "logical," than designing these various members with a view to purely decorative effects. In other words, the (iitiic apparatus of the greater part of the criticism of English architecture in this book is based upon critical assump- tions which are fundamentally open to Question, though urged as axiomatic by nhor; and upon which, even grant- ing his point of view, he has built, along with many perfectly sound and just criticisms, many that are unfair and erroneous. On. contention which is repeatedly urged is scientifically incorrect. The au- thor appears to think that the load on the groin-ribs varies materially with the section and form of the vault-cells, so that a domical transverse vault (i. e., one with a concave rising ridge of the French type) "bears more effectively" ■en the groin-ribs than one with a hori- zontal straight ridge (p. 27). His fig- ure 20 in support of this curious con- tention is wholly misleading. The trans- verse cells, whatever their form, are carried wholly by the groin-ribs, and "bear" upon it in proportion to their v eight, not their section. So also he contends that the widening of the "conoids" of English vaults towards the clear-story prevents the "concentration of the vault thrust" which would be possible if they were narrowed against the clear-story. It is not easy to under- stand the system of statics implied in this singular contention, on which there is considerable insistence. One might fairly expect in a careful study of English mediaeval church arch- itecture some description, analysis, and appreciation of the polygonal chapter houses of Lichfield, Wells, Salisbury, and Westminster. They are the most original creations of that architecture, absolutely English, and as logical, in the French Gothic sense, as the nave of Amiens. There is no discussion of the planning of English churches, except in the references to the inferiority of their square east ends to the apsidal east ends of French churches — a fair crit- icism, most architects will agree. But the plan as a whole is nowhere discuss- ed as an architectural conception in it- self, and this every architect will feel is a serious defect in a work which pro- fesses to treat of church architecture. The towers and spires of English churches are in like manner ignored; and nowhere are the fundamental ideas, the basic artistic conceptions, that un- derlie the design of the great church- es, the considerations both practical and artistic that differentiate their plans and proportions from the French, recognized or even referred to. The exquisite beauty of the carved or- nament, the marvellous perfection of execution of the mouldings, especially in the thirteenth century, are dispar- aged as departures from the French ideals. All the charm and loveliness of the English Gothic churches, which ap- peal so strongly to tourist and architect alike, are outweighed, in the author's stern judgment, by their nonconformity to the French logic of design in respect to pier sections, vaulting shafts, and vault-ribs. The magnificent octagon of Ely is condemned in toto, in conception, detail, and execution, as inappropriate; it is a gigantic mistake. For all the products of the perpendicular style Mr. Moore expresses disfavor amounting to contempt. In spite of these deficiencies, the stu- dent of mediaeval architecture will find this a stimulating, informing and sug- gestive book. It is sound in its scholar- ship and in its statement of facts, keen in its analysis, and simple and direct in its style. The illustrations are ex- cellent, the author's own drawings be- ing models of faithful and brilliant de- lineation. Nearly all the more impor- tant cathedrals and abbeys of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries are passed under longer or shorter review, though in no case is any church consid- ered as a whole, either historically or critically. The book is admirably printed, but the proof-reading is not faultless in the matter of foreign names. Viollet-le-Duc is twice printed Voillet le Due; Rivoira is misprinted Rivoi*a; San Ambrogio (or Sant' Ambrogio) be- comes the bilingual St. Ambrogio; the French quotation at the bottom of page 3 contains six errors in two lines; St. John's Chapel, in the Tower of London, is St. Joseph's, in the list of illustra- tions. "Colonial Furniture in America," by Luke Vincent Lockwood, will be publish- ed by Scribners this summer. Mr. Charles H. Caffln's "The Story of British Painting," originally announced for publication in 1912, is in hand for issue in October or November this year (Cen- tury). It will show reproductions of forty famous British paintings. Finance THE NEW ERA IX AMERICAN FINANCE. With the substantial recovery on the Stock Exchange, these past two weeks, from its exaggerated gloom and despon- dency of the two or three months pre- ceding, and with the passing of the mar- kets into something resembling normal conditions, the mind of the financial community has turned once more to the question, whether complete restora- tion of financial equilibrium will bring us back to the familiar episodes of the decade past, or whether, in finance 'as in other things, a new era lies before us. The problem is deeply interesting. The death, last week, of another of the promoting capitalists whose names were constantly on the lips of Wall Street, in the exciting days of 1901 and 1906, is a reminder of the extent to which even the actors on that memorable stage have ended their several careers, in the few years since the era of promotion, combi- nation, and speculation itself came to an end. Announcements of this kind show how far and how rapidly the world has mov- ed. It is sometimes hard for people who have lived through such an era — who have seen its beginning, its climax, its waning, and perhaps shared in the com- mon de.usion that it must go on forever — to realize how completely its particu- lar qualities and phenomena have disap- peared from the social, political, and financial scene. The period itself sometimes seems only yesterday; sometimes a genera- tion' ago. But the reminder of what it actually was comes forcibly when the conspicuous leaders, in an extraordinary era of the kind, pass away from the present scene. Of the typical figures in the dramatic chapter of finance, which appropriately ended in the great crash of 1907, very few are left. When one mentions only Morgan, Harriman, Gates, and Keene, it is possible to understand how soon the active figures of that pe riod will be to the rising generation as much mere matters of tradition and past history as the exploiters of 1869 and 1870 were to the men of 1893. With attention thus directed to the fact that the era of speculative exploita- tion, in and out of Wall Street, is ac- tually dead and gone, conjecture as to the character of the coming period grows interesting. It is a curious fact that a great financial panic is invaria- bly the landmark separating such finan- cial and economic eras from one anoth- er. The succeeding periods never resem- ble one another, except in the mere fact of their alternate depression and expan- sion, and, what is equally impressive, the social and political characteristics of the period change with the financial. To realize how far we have already drifted from the days of 1901, it is not necessary even to point to the present attitude of great railway and industrial corporations towards the people, to the revolt of the Stock Exchange itself against the abuses practiced on it bare- ly half-a-dozen years ago, or to the van- ishing of the financial dictators with their Wall Street court. The manner of life which was pursued by the extra- ordinary body of overnight "multi-mil- lionaires" in that famous period, their Haunting personal display, their spectac- ular gambling exploits after Sto change hours, would be as inconceivable in the surrounding circumstances of to- day as would the charter of a Fall steamer, after the plan of Fisk and

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no Tli e 1ST a t i o ii [Vol. 97, No. 2509 Gould in L869, Tor an evening's person- al conversation on financial affairs with their guest, the President Of the United States. People with a wholly disinterested point of view— if there are any such peo- ple in America — will probably agree that finance, as well as society at large, is very well rid of that demoralizing period. As the panorama of the new \ era which has succeeded it gradually un- folds, we shall begin to see more clearly just what the character of the next period is to be. It has certainly not yet displayed its qualities — except that, so far as this country is concerned, a spirit of well-balanced conservatism, of work- ing on the basis of real rather than imaginary things, has already come plainly into evidence. One conclusion, however, may be safely adopted. The day of reckless experiment in finance and business is for the present definitely past. Nobody hears any long- er of old-fashioned economic law being obsolete and negligible, and our material prosperity is bound to be built up on a far sounder basis for that reason. Wheth- er the social and political worlds are destined similarly to settle down to that sober and rational basis is perhaps an- other question. That the course of events on the Stock Exchange, and with finance in general, is verj apt to foreshadow at long range the course of events in tin Be quarters, would at least suggest that the wild ideas and extravagant com- motion, which have lately beset all fields except finance, will eventually sub- side as they have done in the financial field since 1907. BOOKS OP THE WEEK. Alexander, C. B. Moral Science and Aca- demic Freedom: An Address. Lexington, Va. : Wash, and Lee University. Annals of the Astrophysieal Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution. Vol. III. Washington. Benda, Julien. The Yoke of Pity (L'Ordi- nation). Trans, by G. Cannan. Holt. $1 net. Bridges, Robert. A Tract on the Present State of English Pronunciation. Second edition. Frowde. Brown, R. G. The Judiciary as the Ser- vant of the People : An Address. Minne- apolis : The Author. Carter, Huntly. The New Spirit in Drama and Art. Kennerley. Charles, R. H. The Apocrypha and Pseude- pigrapha of the Old Testament in English. 2 vols. Frowde. Clark, A. C. Prose Rhythm in English: A Lecture. Frowde. Deutsch-Amerikanischen Historischen Ge- sellschaft von Illinois. Jahrbuch. ] \ eaej si . \ . I ■ i I > . INDIAN PAGES AND PICTURES Rajputana, Sikkim, The Punjab, and Kashmir By MICHAEL M. SHOEMAKER. Author of "The Heart of the Orient." "Islam Lands." etc. 12°. With 57 Illustrations. $2.50 net. By mail, $2.75. "An admirable book. There Is probably do oilier work which covers auite the same ground, and in sm-ii brief compass and tlear language depicts the complexity of the life of the great Peninsula. ... In Mr. Shoe- maker's personally conducted tmir we enjoj Hi,- advantages of combining Impressionism win. the realism of precise statemenl of fact. Abundant excellent Illustrations nae II .CI Oil | il i slll-l I , IIII epitome Of I Ddlfl that avoids the frigid and desiccated gtyle of the guide hook." Pftitao'eJpMa Ledgv New York G. P. Putnam's Sons London THE ENERGY SYSTEM OF MATTER A Deduction from Terrestrial Energy Phenomena IJ> .1 IBfBS WTO I II Bi o. PriC( $2 00 »i i i Po tagi < ii may be sai<i w Ifta lut hesitation that Hi Igloalli i and Btrlklng character of the i idea i i ii"- book, built up solid bo i "i ' leai -I ei 1 1 and simple expel I meat, Is calculated to change In n i s'lghi ,M ■■ I,- , 1:1 1. mi i lei ii scientific i hi ' -i'l and deflect II towards a Bam more adequa'e cones I the energy he world around us. 1 1 is a i„, ,i, xv bich should be of Interest i -a tendencies In Ihs icien title world From the Pri foi i LONGMANS. GREEN, & CO. H ."uili Street, New York

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^ The N^ion VOL. XCVII— NO. 2510 THURSDAY, AUGUST 7, 1913 Reg. U S. Pat. Office. PRICE TEN CENTS The Nation Educational Educational ./ WEEKLY JOURNAL. ECOLE LIBRE DES SCIENCES POLITIQUES 27, Rue Saint-Guillaume, a PARIS (quarante-troisieme annee, 1913-1914). FOUNDED IN 1,865. at the Ncm York Citv Post Office as second-class mail matter. ] The Nation la published and owned by the New York Evening Post Oo. Oswald Garrison VUIard. President; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Dime* More, Editor; Harold deWolf Fuller, As- sistant Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada ?3.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union $4.00. U THE NATION, Tiox 794, New York. Publication Office, 20 Ycsey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week Ill Editorial Articles: The President and the Negro 114 The Debtor Class Redivivus 114 Political Prophecy 115 The De-Naturing Mania 116 The Poet's Bread and Butter 117 Making It Easy for the Traveller 118 Special Articles : Clerks of the Woods 118 News for Bibliophiles 120 Correspondence : An Eskimo Artist 121 Catholicism and the Roman Hierarchy 121 Letters of Horace Walpole 121 "Those Molasses" — Finis 121 The "Unity" of English and Ameri- cans 122 Literature: The Old Colonial System, 1660-1754.. 122 The White Hound 123 A Superman in Being 123 The Right of the Strongest 123 The Air Pilot 124 Personal Names from Cuneiform In- scriptions of the Cassite Period 124 The New China 125 Notes 126 Science: The Genus Iris 128 Drama and Music Art 129 130 Fondateur: Emile BOUTMY. DIRECTEUR: M. Eng. ne d'EICHTHAL, menibre de l'Institut. CORPS ENSEIGNANT; MM. I.YON-CAEN, RENAULT, ESVEIN, Ch. BENOIST, P. BEAUREGARD, COLSON, Rene STOURM, VIDAI.de la BLA'.HE, J. FLACH, A. LIESSE, A. ARNAUNE.de l'Institut de Franc™: E. BOURGEOIS I/EVY-BKI:HI., professeursa la Facultedes Lettres; L. COUBTIN, president de C'hambre a la Gourdes Comptes; KOMIEt', conseiller d'Etat; TARDIEU, TEISSIER, maitres des requftes honoraires au ' onsell d'Etat; R.-G. LEVY: G. PAULET, directeur au Ministere du Travail; Pierre LEKOY-BEAl- LIEU. depute, \VrightBlk., Berkeley Send to any address above for Agency Manual. DETHLEHEM PREPARATORY SCHOOL, LJ Bethlehem, I'a. Prepares for leadlmr Catalogue. H. A. FOBBING, B. 8.. Principal. Hailan P. French, Prop. Vincent B. Fish. Mgr. THE ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENC1 knows how. Twenty-one years r.f successful ex- perience In bringing together good teaehera and good schools. SI Chapel St., Albany. N. Y. Aak for bulletin 20 and see for yourself. TheWOLCOTT SCHOOL, DENVER, COL. Superior climate. Accredited with Eastern O.Uegpn for girls. Fine music advantages. Gymnasium. .Voir lira (lit JULIUS CAESAR Being thp Seventeenth Volume In ■ New Var- iorum Blltlon of Shakespeare. Edited h Howard Furness. Jr. Cloth. $100. Half mo- ■ I ra . j ii. i.ii'i'ixi <ii I- a coiBPAirr, PnblUhern, Philadelphia.

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1L T li e 1ST a t i o ii [Vol. 97, No. 2510 Important Recent and Forthcoming Books of Poetry Three New &ooks By JOHN MASEFIELD SALT WATER BALLADS nfld has prisoned in verse the spirit of life at sea." — New Yorl h A MAINSAIL HAUL "There is strength about everything Masefield writes that compels the feeling that he has an inward eye on which he draws to shape new films of old pictures. In these pictures is freshness combined with power." — New York Olobe. Ready in Sep'.ember Ready in Sepiemler THE TRAGEDY OF POMPEY Ready shortly. $1.25 net A vigorous, vivid, and convincing play, in the virile and impressive vein associated with Mr. Masefield's striking poetic gifts. New Editions of JOHN MASEFIELD'S Other Work?. THE DAFFODIL FIELDS Second edition. $1.25 net "Neither in the design nor in the telling did, or could, 'Enoch Arden' come n- ar the artistic truth of 'The Daffodil Fields.'" — Sir Quiller-Couch, Cambridge University. THE STORY OF A ROUND HOUSE, and Other Poems tew and revised eduion. $1.30 net "The story of that rounding of the Horn! Never in prose has the sea been so tremendously described." — Chicago !'.;■, ninij Post. THE EVERLASTING MERCY, and THE WIDOW IN THE BYE STREET (Awarded the Royal Society of Literature's Prize of $500. Vew and rev'.ssd edition. $1.25 ret "Mr. Masefield comes like a flash of light across contemporary English poetry. The improbable has been accom- plished; he has made poetry out of the very material that has refused to yield it for almost a score of years." — Boston Evening Transcript. DAILY BREAD By WILFRID WILSON GIBSON New edition. Three volumes in one. $1.25 net "A Millet in word-painting, who writes with a terrible simplicity, is Wilfrid Wilson Gibson, born in Hexham, England, in 1878, of whom Canon Cheyne wrote: 'A new poet of the people has risen up among us.' The story of a soul is written as plainly in 'Daily Bread' as in 'The Divine Comedy' and in 'Paradise Lost.' " — The Outlook. FIRES $1.25 net "In 'Fires,' as in 'Daily Bread,' the fundamental note is human sympathy with the whole of life. Impressive as these dramas are, it is in their cumulative effect that they are chiefly powerful." — Atlantic Monthly. WOMENKIND $1.25 net "Mr. Gibson is a genuine singer of his own day and turns into appealing harmony the world's harshly jarring notes of poverty and pain." — The Outlook. MYSELF AND I By FANNIE STEARNS DAVIS $1.00 net "For some years the poems of Miss Davis have attracted wide attention in the best periodicals. That note of wistful mysticism which shimmers in almost every line gives her art a distinction that is bound to make its appeal. In this first book — where every verse is significant — Miss Davis has achieved very beautiful and serious poetry." — Boston Transcript. By HERMANN HAGEDORN POEMS AND BALLADS Ready in Si ptemler "His is perhaps the most confident of the prophecies of our new poets, for he has seen most clearly the poetry in the new life. His song is full of the spirit of youth and hope. . . . It is the song that the new century needs. His verse is strong and flexible and has an ease, a naturalness, a rhythm that is rare in young poets. In many of his shorter lyrics he recalls Heine." — Boston Transcript. By JOHN HELSTON APHRODITE AT LEATHERHEAD, and Other Poems Ready shorty. $1.25 net This book introduces another poet of promise to the verse-lovers of the country, It is of interest to learn that Mr. Helston, who lor several years was an operative mechanic in electrical works, lias created a remarkable impression in Kngland, where much is expected of him. This volume, characterized by verse of rare beauty, presents his most repre- sentative work, ranging from the long descriptive title-poem to shorter lyrics. Published at 64-66 Fifth Ave, N. Y. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY On Sale at All Bookstores

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The Nation XEW YOliK, THURSDAY, AUOVST 7. 1013. The Week Are Texas Democrats really collecting a fund of $50,000 for Mr. Bryan on condition that the Secretary of State shall abandon his Chautauqua work and devote himself exclusively to his duties at Washington? Mr. Bryan will probably lose no time in squelching a project which may lead some people to confuse him with Walter Johnson, who only the other day received a silver cup three and a half feet high full of money. The friends and enemies of Mr. Bryan would be equally delighted to contribute. His friends, however, should remember that the Secretary of State cares for the ex- citement of Chautauqua as much as for the profits. Mr. Bryan off the lecture platform is inconceivable. And it has yet to be shown that his work in Wash- ington suffers as a result of his plat- form work. Like Mr. Roosevelt, Mr. La Follette, and other popular exhorters, he probably finds oratory no strain on the mind. While delivering "The Prince of Peace" he may easily be thinking out the Mexican situation. the Bulgarian trick on its ancient ally, the Republican Party. The tariff bill has reached the stage where already the attentive ear ought to discern the first ominous groanings of the nation's industries preparing to crumble into ruin; but our industries are obviously refusing to crumble. For- eign trade, domestic trade, railway re- ceipts are all picking up. Instead of the carpenter's hammer upon the walls of temporary soup kitchens, the tattoo is of the ironworker on the steel of ascend- ing skyscrapers. The nation is show- ing keen concern with regard to our in- terests in Mexico, our interests in Nica- ragua, our interests in Venezuela, thus justifying the assumption that after the tariff bill is passed we shall still have a few fragmentary interests left some- where. It is true that by dint of hard research Senator Penrose has discover- ed a manufacturing concern in north- eastern Pennsylvania which has sus- pended operations; but Senator Pen- rose has presented his instance more in a spirit of duty than of enthusiasm. It is plain that Prosperity has played As it passed the House, the tariff bill contained a clause prohibiting the im- portation of the plumage of wild birds. This provision has been so altered by the Senate Finance Committee as to make it useless for the purpose for which it was designed. Under the clause as it now stands, all feathers except- ing only aigrettes may be admitted. Since this action has been ratified by the Democratic caucus, the only hope of defeating it lies in the Senate as a whole. There can be little doubt regard- ing the sentiment of people in general upon the subject. No one who realizes what the use of plumage of this sort means for the wild-bird life of vast areas can be long in condemning it. Already the slaughter of birds has gone so far as to threaten the extinction of certain species. The only way to stop it is to make it pecuniarily unprofitable. And that is just what the provision in ques- tion contemplated. So effective was it deemed to be by the commercial inter- ests concerned that they exerted them- selves to get it changed by the Finance Committee of the Senate, and success- fully. Those who took the trouble of writing members of the House when the contest was on there, need to redouble their efforts with members of the Sen- ate, if all their work is not to be lost. law, would make such consultation in- evitable. Otherwise the Federal Board would be placing itself in direct an- tagonism to the whole system of region- al reserve banks; and this would be a far more difficult and unpopular policy to pursue than defiance of the Wall Street banks alone. Whether by law, or by custom having the force of law, the authority of the Federal Board to "require Federal reserve banks to redis- count the discounted prime paper of oth- er Federal reserve banks"; to suspend for stipulated periods "any and every reserve requirement," and to "grant in part or reject entirely" the application of any Federal reserve bank for note circulation, ought never to be exercised without the approval of this advisory committee. The decision of the House Banking and Currency Committee, providing for an advisory board of bankers to act in cooperation with the central "Federal Reserve Board" under the pending bill, is a distinct step in advance. As the provisions of the amendment are de- scribed in the dispatches, the new Board is to consist of as many members as there are regional reserve banks, and each regional bank is to select one mem- ber. It is also stated that its functions are to be advisory only. Under such conditions, its actual power and useful- ness would naturally depend on the ex- tent to which the Federal Board con- sulted it and deferred to it. That can- not be predicted with absolute assur- ance; but it is hardly open to doubt that the presence of so authoritative a committee in the field, created by the It was to be expected that the ex- press companies would find grounds for dissatisfaction with the new rate sched- ules promulgated by the Interstate Com- merce Commission. In a matter of such complicated nature the outsider must assume that the findings of the Inter- state Commerce Commission, based on the most elaborate investigations extend- ing over a period of three years, and af- ter prolonged hearings in which the ex- press companies were represented by counsel, are just and reasonable. This, in spite of the fact that at first sight there is some justification for the com- plaint made by the head of one com- pany that the new schedules aim to force the companies into impossible competi- tion with the parcel post. Thus, for pack- ages between five and twenty pounds, for virtually all distances, the new rates prescribe a lower charge by the express companies than the parcel post exacts. Since the Post Office is not conducted with a view to profit, and presumably fixes its charges at an irreducible mini- mum, the companies have a prima fa* ie case against being compelled to go even below that minimum. But the position of the Interstate Commission is that the general nature of the express busi- ness is such that the discrimination is justified. Increase of business, on the one hand, and the abolition of franks and rebates, on the other, are < i upon to do more than make up I itial decrease in revenue. A.

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112 The USTation [Vol. 97, No. 2510 The amusements of legislators would bo a suitable subject for some hard- pressed candidate for a Ph.D. Material is abundant. Among tbe perennial di- versions in which lawmakers engage, more especially in the West and South, is the introduction of bills for tbe re- moval of the State capital. This always arouses the spirit of local patriotism, and gives large opportunity for repartee. Oklahoma has devoted rather more at- tention to locating her capital than to anything else, except guaranteeing bank deposits. Now, after an extraordinary session of the Legislature, a decision by the United States Supreme Court, and resort to the initiative, Oklahoma City seems to have put Guthrie out of the running. Georgia is not so easily satis- fied. Her General Assembly is facing the question of calling a special election to accept or reject a Constitutional amend- ment removing the seat of government from Augusta to Macon. The issue pre- sents itself to residents of the latter city as simply whether the people of the State shall have the right to say where their capital shall be situated. Resi- dents of Augusta see no reason for go- ing to the trouble and expense of a spe- cial election to determine a matter which all people outside of Macon regard as having been settled, and settled right, long before any of them were born. That favorite weapon of educators, the questionnaire, has been turned against them. Members of school boards in Ohio have received from the State De- partment of Education a list of such questions as these: "Are your teachers strong leaders in your community? Have your teachers made any effort to have flowers, shrubs, good lawns, and trees on school or church grounds? Have your teachers tried to organize a lec- ture course to help the community? Have your teachers tried to secure a farmers' institute at State expense for your community?" The replies show with emphasis how many things at once it is possible for a teacher to leave un- done. Only 202 teachers are reported as being "strong leaders" in their communi- ties, while 445 are not so regarded. This proportion, or a worse one, holds for the other questions. Only 71 teachers have sought to obtain a farmers' Insti- tute, as against 570 who have not. No wonder that to another question, "Do jrou believe that teachers are as thor- oughly competent to teach as they should be?" only 121 trustees say yes, and 543 say no. Persons in other occu- pations may well pray to be saved from this modern Inquisition. Many questions of prison management give rise to differences of opinion; hut on one point none exists. Wherever the shortcomings of the penal system are looked into, in any State of the Union, the elimination of politics is set down as an indispensable requirement of its sound administration. In Texas, a leg- islative committee appointed several months ago has just made a voluminous report, covering a great many aspects of the question, ranging from the need of fireproof construction to the hours of labor for the prisoner and the salaries to be paid prison officials; but the re- port winds up with this paragraph: The prison system has suffered long and greatly from the demoralizing power of political interference, and neither the financial independence of the system nor substantial advancement in the moral re- formation of the convicts may be expected until business considerations in the man- agement of the affairs of the system super- sede political influence, and merit supplants favoritism. The formal regrets of Great Britain and Russia over their inability to at- tend our big party in 1915 will be re- ceived with disappointment and some- thing like consternation at San Francis- co. Was it for this that the California city lobbied at Washington and finally defeated New Orleans in the contest for the location of the Panama Exposition? What is a world's fair without world Powers? They have their reasons, to he sure. England lets it be known that she has been spending too freely for such functions, and that she proposes to stop — for a year anyway. Germany, who is hesitating along with Austria, fears that her designs may be copied if they are exposed to the gaze of her rivals. But it is not necessary to resort to a reader of the stars to learn that, as often in the case of formal regrets, part of the reasons, and perhaps the control- ling part, are not given. Our European friends do not quite see the advantage to them in contributing to the success of a celebration which would remind them of the discrimination that we in- tend against them in the use of the very Canal whose completion was the occa- sion of glory. Japan, too, may find that she "cannot" come. Will California be puz- zled over such an answer from her? And which of our toll-discriminating Sena- tors will be so absent-minded as to say anything about international bad man- ners? It is not necessary to dwell upon the retirement of Ambassador Wilson. That became inevitable long since. If any- thing were needed to complete the dem- onstration of his unfitness for a delicate work of diplomacy, it would have been supplied by his gross indiscretions since returning to this country. No one de- nies that he was laborious and energetic while in Mexico, or that he did every- thing within his power to safeguard American citizens there during the trou- blous times of his service. He evidently earned the good-will of the American colony in Mexico. But this did not war- rant him in setting himself up as the Sir Oracle on Mexican affairs; did not justify him in seeking to force his opin- ion on our Government; certainly did not excuse him for his foolish and of- fensive talk on arriving in New York. If he got a cool reception at the White House, followed by a curt announcement that his resignation had been accepted, the fault was his own. The time had plainly come for a new man and new methods. Mr. John Lind, ex-Governor of Minne- sota, it must be confessed, does not ap- pear to have special qualifications for the task on which the President has sent him. He has no command of Span- ish, but this is not a very serious handi- cap in dealing with Mexican officials, many of whom speak English. It is ad- mitted, too, that Mr. Lind has had no occasion to study Mexican questions. But he goes with the reputation of a man honest and clean-cut, and it is only fair to remember that, at least in the begin- ning, all that he will have to do will be to carry out President Wilson's instruc- tions. As it is stated that these will be published here at the same time they are made known in Mexico, the net result will be that the whole world will be ad- vised of the proposals that Mr. Lind is making. That should simplify bis mis- sion, even if it does not make ii easy. The treaty for the Nicaraguan protec- torate was not in completed form when Secretary Bryan submitted it to 1 ty

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Aug. 7, 1913] The IsTation 113 ate for the purpose of getting advice before signing it and seeking its ratifi- cation. In that form it has been nega- tived by the Foreign Affairs Committee. Indeed, its reception by the country at large, aa well as by the Senate, has been unfavorable — the praise coming mainly from Republican jingoes like Senator Lodge. In general, the peo- ple were unconvinced of either its necessity or its wisdom. They denied the alleged parallel with Cuban condi- tions. We have and can have no such relations with Nicaragua as with Cuba. Moreover, the advantages we were to win were slight and dubious, while the obligations we were to incur were large and all the more dangerous for being vague. And the fact that the pro- posed protectorate over Nicaragua awak- ens such unconcealed dislike and sus- picion in the other Central American republics is strongly against it. Friends of Venezuela who have anx- iously traced ex-President Castro's wan- derings will not welcome reports of his return home. Ever since his political debut in 1900 calamity has followed his footsteps. The only question will be as to the strength of the faction he car) command. He is widely hated. Yet af- ter ex-Minister Northcott's recent asser- tion that "Castro is such an internation- al outlaw that if he should venture back the majority would throw him into the sea," the stir he is already making gives color to a new view of Latin-American revolutions. They are less a habit than a malady. But there is no doubt in this instance as to the position of sound sen- timent both in Venezuela and abroad. Memory of Castro's eight-year oligarchy should throw unexampled fervor into re- sistance to turn, la iia four years o'i virtual peace the country has made gen- uine progress in development. Experi- ence of this tranquillity should lend vigor to the defence of the Government and to its appeals for moral support from outside. Despite many evidences of success, some features of the English Working- men's Insurance Act are testing the log- ic on which Bernard Shaw derided the old system. Men, he said, having seen that they could provide for a supply of bread by giving bakers a pecuniary in- terest in baking for them, insanely went on to give surgeons a pecuniary interest in cutting off legs. But if it was for- merly too much to the physician's inter- est to discover ills, there is some evi- dence that it is now too much to so- ciety's. With the ignorant always fond of taking medicine, it is alleged that where state and fraternal benefits per- mit a thirty-shilling-a-week laborer to earn forty by staying abed, some have succumbed to the temptation. Malinger- ing still implicates the ethics of the profession, moreover, for the great num- ber of sickness claims has nearly dou- bled the income of the English doctor. But the authorities seem right in deny- ing that it exists to any serious degree. They can reasonably point out that one of the purposes of the Act was to bring to light the great amount of ill-health that has hitherto gone neglected among the poorer classes, and that much gen- uine illness has been revealed for the first time. At any rate, the proposal that independent medical referees shall pass upon doubtful claims seems an easy way out of the difficulty. It seems incredible that an English statesman should set out deliberately to discourage thought, but how else are we to speak of Lord Loreburn's bill "to pro- hibit certain prize competitions"? One form of these competitions is aptly term- ed "the Thinklet." The Thinklet is de- scribed as an entity with two parts. These are the example and the deriva- tive. Words are given in ones, twos, or threes, the final letters of which you are to use as the initial letters of a sim- ilar group "bearing apt relation to the example." A simple diagram will make the process clear: Example. Thinklet. HomE Every froM Mother's schooL Lad Now, there are perhaps a score of week- ly journals in England engaged in this thought-provoking business, in connec- tion with which they offer Mammoth Cash Prizes. The other day, we read, a Scotsman in Barrie's Thrums received £500 for this masterpiece: 1: rumple. Thinklet. Sweethearts Shillings anD Differently WiveS Survey. And this high intellectual effort Lord Loreburn would have the Mother of Par- liaments stigmatize as a lottery! The French Chamber having voted the new army bill by an enthusiastic majority, the Socialists have now de- manded that the Government shall come down to the question of ways and means. As usual, the agile Ministers had leap- ed over this distasteful topic with a statement showing a surplus of $10,000, though everybody knows that actually there is a large deficit. But the Social- ists desire to see the Government live up to its promise that the new financial burdens shall be placed on the shoul- ders of the rich; and, borrowing a leaf from Germany, they suggest a tax not merely upon incomes, but upon capital. The Government had introduced a bill taxing incomes of $2,000 and above, de- pending upon this to pacify the extrem- ists until the budget goes through. That the real deficit of 1913, and the threat- ened deficit of 1914, require some pro- vision, no one denies. But many suggest expedients other than the working out of a whole new system of taxation. As at Washington, the perspiring wail in Paris is, "What mood are we in for such a subject?" The one sure result seems to be the killing of many costly measures of social legislation', and the stripping of the army bill of all but its essentials. An aspect of the Rand strike which loomed largest in Africa has attracted the least attention abroad. It was fear that the discontent of the whites would spread to the natives. And if the strike was nearly negligible in its economic re- sults, it has had one important effect in directing new attention to the race pro- blem in South Africa. Upon this topic the new Fiftieth Anniversary Edition of the "Negro Year Book" has some nota- ble comment. Only a few months ago the first congress of all the tribes gath- ered at Bioemfontein and made a state- ment of their attitude towards the Gov- ernment's policy. "There are signs," said the president, "that the European and colored sections of the country are daily drifting into hostile camps." Most of their demands seem highly reasonable. They ask the Government to restrict the sale of liquor in the mining camps, to give them an arts-and-crafts educa- tion, with native agricultural colleges, and to protect them from specified in- juries. They cannot plead white re- sponsibility for their presence, but they have the more valid claim to a land- lip which certain legislative measures have undermined.

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1 II The 3ST a t i o n | Vol. 97, No. 2510 THE PRESIDENT AND THE NEGRO. Mr. Wilson finds himself thus early in his Administration at the parting of the ways in the matter of the negro citizen. Mis nomination of Mr. A. E. Patterson, of Oklahoma, as Register of the Trea- sury, has been withdrawn at the nom- inee's request, and for the first time in a quarter of a century the office is to go to some one other than to a negro. Mr. Patterson asked to be allowed to withdraw because of the violent opposi- tion of the negrophobe Southern Sena- tors— Vardaman, Tillman, Hoke Smith, and the rest. That he lacked the cour- age to stick it out and to insist on hav- ing his name passed upon is greatly to be regretted. In a sense, he was recre- ant to his race; that he has not helped either Mr. Wilson or the colored peo- ple appears clearly from Vardaman's glorying. No negro, says the confident Senator, shall be appointed to any execu- tive office in which there may be subor- dinate white employees; and his platform contains these further demands: "Segre- gation in all forms of Government em- ployment; the entire separation of the races in Federal employ; negroes and white people must not be compelled to work side by side." The integrity of the Anglo-Saxon race, Mr. Vardaman adds, depends upon the "faithful consumma- tion" of this programme. What a deli- cate integrity it must be! For the first time since we have heard of him, it occurs to us that this Senator from Mississippi is serving a useful purpose. He has flung down a challenge to this Democratic Adminis- tration which Mr. Wilson cannot avoid. Shall the President give up the historic right of the Executive to appoint to of- fice, to the extent at least of permitting a fraction of the Senate to bar out ten millions of American citizens from serv- ing the Government, save in the lowest positions, and then as lepers set apart? Does he sympathize wholly or in any degree with the attitude of Hoke Smith and Vardaman? Is he going to ignore the colored man in his appointments hereafter, or is he going to select some one who will stick, and then fight it out on that line, whether it takes all sum- mer or the rest of his Administration? Shall he fling the negro overboard af- ter more of that race voted for Wilson than for any other Democratic candi- date; shall he be a just President of all the American people, or only of those of the white race? Is the "New Freedom to be accepted as preaching political doctrines whose truths are no longer truths when they meet the color line? We understand, of course, how uncom- fortable it must be for the President to encounter the enmity of the South- ern Senators at this time. His tariff bill and his currency measure are before them, and his whole legislative pro- gramme not yet formulated will go be- fore them next winter. But he has ex- cellent Democratic precedent for stub- bornly taking his position against them and sticking to it. Mr. Cleveland nom- inated a colored man to this same of- fice of Register of the Treasury, and when, after a long struggle, he could not obtain his confirmation, he sent in the name of another one and had his way. Mr. Roosevelt's long fight on be- half of the confirmation of Dr. W. D. Crum, of Charleston, S. C, was altogeth- er one of the finest things in his Ad- ministration. Can Mr. Wilson do less? We do not see how it is possible for him to steer a course of compromise and expediency in this matter, and we can not believe that he wishes to do so. The assurances that he gave to the negro delegations which called upon him dur- ing the campaign would forbid it, did he not naturally subscribe to the doctrine of all men up and none down. So far as the colored people are con cerned, they are already deeply stirred by the action of several of Mr. Wilson's Cabinet officers in segregating the negro employees within their Departments — in some cases they are screened off in cor- ners as if even their aspect were con- taminating. As usual in such cases, the excuse is that it is all for the negroes' welfare. That they are thereby rendered more safe in the possession of their of- fices, and are less likely to be discrim- inated against, is the sincere belief or some who have had part in this innova- tion. They do not see that this for the first time officially establishes a caste among the citizens and employees of the Federal Government; that within a short time the negro sections will he pointed to as the "nigger departments" and made the objects of the derision and hate-of such men as Vardaman and Hoke Smith and their less conspicuous imitators; that the "nigger sections" will become as despised and as neglect- ed as the "Jim Crow" car. So far from helping the negro to retain office, it will I soon make it impossible for self-respect- ing negroes to enter a service which be- gins by classifying them as people who must be set off lest mere contact with them should result in some kind of moral contamination. In the Far South every fresh act of discrimination, every additional effort to degrade and to hu- miliate, will allege its justification by this action of the Federal Government. That all of this will go without chal- lenge is not to be expected. The Pro- gressive Senators are already alive to their opportunity. The colored people themselves are beginning to be heard from, and their political influence is not to be despised. But we do not be- lieve that this phase of it will concern Mr. Wilson. We think that when the matter is put before him in its true light, he will withhold his sanction from it, just as we believe that he will not permit any Southern reactionaries, how- ever influential, to deter him from giv- ing, in the matter of offices, fair play to a heavily disadvantaged race. THE DEBTOR CLASS REDIYIVVS. The introductory paragraph in the statement issued by Representative Hen- ry, of Texas, concerning the amend- ments proposed by himself and others to the banking and currency bill has at- tracted less attention than it deserves. It is notable as reintroducing upon the political stage, after a long absence, an old friend who at one time attracted a large share of public attention. The bill, says Mr. Henry, has been drawn wholly "without provision for the debtor class- es and those who toil, produce, and sus- tain the country." The wrongs of the "debtor class" were the very centre of the free-silver agitation. It was against that class that "the crime of '73" was committed. It was the cruelty of the gold conspirators towards the poor farm- er that put upon them the deepest brand of infamy. "Putting the dollar above the man" was not, in those days, a mere general designation for plutocratic ra- pacity; it meant most specifically what was happening to the mortgage-bm <1< n ed farmer. Prices were falling, the pur- chasing power of the dollar was rising; the dollar which ho had to give In pay- ment of his debt was worth more than the dollar In- had borrowed. The same thing was true of debtors in general. And yet I he heartless "creditor clans" I ed on the dollar beiiiK kept unaltered;

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Aug. 7, 1913] T li e Nation 115 they wanted their pound of flesh. They put the dollar above the man. They were crucifying mankind upon a cross of gold. About fifteen years ago there set in a movement of prices in the opposite di- rection. It soon reached very marked dimensions, and for the past eight or ten years has resulted in so rapid an advance of prices as has seldom been witnessed. The world i3 ringing with discussion of the extraordinary high prices of the time. It is quite as uni- versal, and quite as intense, as was the low-price talk of the '80s and the early '90s. Debtors have been redeeming their obligations in dollars having less pur- chasing power than had the dollars that they borrowed. Creditors have been ac- cepting in full payment the number of dollars called for on the face of the transaction, without any allowance for the fact that the dollar returned is not worth as much as the dollar lent. Un- der these circumstances, it might be ex- pected that there would be a great out- cry on the part of the "creditor class," corresponding to the outcry of the "deb- tor class" twenty and thirty years ago. But one hears nothing of the kind. If the creditor class really committed "the crime of '73," for the sake of squeezing an unearned increment out of their debtors in the shape of dollars of ex- cessive value, they are certainly now showing amazing self-control in accept- ing without a murmur dollars of de- ficient value. Nowhere is there the slightest sign of their attempting to check the process of depreciation, or pro- moting legislation to offset it. And on the other hand, we hear nothing from the "debtor class" as to its remarkable good fortune. It is interesting to note a circum- stance which throws this singular atti- tude of indifference on the part of the "creditor class" into a peculiarly strong light. A plan has been proposed, and urged with great ability, by Prof. Irv- ing Fisher, of Yale, for keeping the pur- chasing power of the dollar stable. There can be no ethical objection to it, on the ground of its disturbing existing contracts, as was the case with the 16- to-1 proposal; for Professor Fisher's plan of the "compensated dollar" would start with the dollar as it is; its adjust- ments are designed only to counteract future changes in the purchasing power of gold. But, so far from the "creditor class" jumping at this chance for pre- venting future losses, we have yet to hear of a single financial magnate who takes the slightest interest in it. It is left to be threshed out by professors ot political economy, and such-like harm- less people. With billions trembling in the balance, the Morgans and the Rothschilds are content to putter along with the crude old dollar, or pound ster- ling, defined as so many grains of gold of such a degree of fineness. They do not even seem to think it worth while to subsidize the professors to write in favor of Professor Fisher's plan, though its theoretical merits are such that ad- vocates of it would be perfectly safe from the suspicion of being hired agents of a conspiracy of bankers. We had oc- casion recently to draw attention to the admirable article in which Professor Taussig, of Harvard, while admitting the ability of Professor Fisher's argument, gave convincing reasons against it, grounded on the difficulties and uncer- tainties of its practical operation. It seems plain that, if the "creditor class" were wicked and heartless in standing by the gold dollar when it was work- ing in their favor, they are at least showing exemplary consistency in stand- ing by it when it is working against them. The particular language used by Mr. Henry suggests another reminder of old- time discussion. He speaks of "the debtor classes and those who toil, pro- duce, and sustain the country." This association of the idea of the "debtor class" with that of the working classes generally is perhaps not unnatural, but it is certainly a delusion and a mis- chievous one. Apart from the mortgaged farmers, the only "debtor class" of any serious magnitude is the owners of the great business enterprises of the coun- try, which are carried on, in consider- able measure, by borrowed money. The wage-earners' interests are rather those of the "creditor class," if one is to use this misleading phraseology of "classes" at all; and still more is this the case with the great army of salaried men and women, whether their yearly pay is six hundred dollars or six thousand. No ar- gument against Bryan's scheme of cur- rency debasement was more sound than that which warned the people that a cheapened dollar meant immediate rise in the price of commodities, while the compensating rise in wages would neces- sarily be attended with difiiculties, and the advance of salaries would be sure to lag painfully behind. All this has been amply illustrated in the story of the past fifteen years. The spokesmen of the free-silver mania were deaf and blind to it; but much water has flowed under the bridge since those days. Peo- ple will neither be hypnotized into imag- ining that they belong to the "debtor class" when they do not, nor moved to tears over grievances of that class which, have no existence. POLITICAL PROPHECY. All men are intuitive prophets. This is part of their proud claim to the pos- session of reason looking before and af- ter. On all sides one meets Happy War- riors professing to see in current events only what they foresaw and predicted. Especially in public affairs are the most unlikely Sauls found among the proph- ets. Who of us has not been drawn aside by a man bearing none of the out- er insignia of a prophet, who begs his hearer to mark his words as he pro- ceeds to unroll the book of fate? His favorite field is political campaigns. He will tell you who is going to be elected and why. Near and far his eye rolls in a fine frenzy, and his forecasts are as universal and sweeping and — we regret to say — usually as inaccurate as those of the old-style almanac. Despite frequent ludicrous confoundings by the event, this kind of prophet comes up smiling after every failure. He is stayed by no con- sideration of probability or the doctrine of chances, and openly flouts the maxim not to prophesy "onless ye know." These displays of the ordinary falli- ble mortal are usually looked upon by the judicious with a kind of pitying amusement. They are regarded as mere- ly one proof more of human vanity. But what are we to say when a distin- guished scientist comes forward with the idea that exact prevision of events ought to be a part of the equipment of every statesman, and that politics c;ui be raised to the dignity of a full-fledged science, of which one of the marks is that it is able to predict the future? The authority we refer to is the famous chemist, Prof. Wilhelm Ostwald, for- merly of Leipzig University. An article of his, written for the Independent, bears the title, in translation, "The Wave Theory of History"; and the au-

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1 1(> The Nation | Vol. 97, No. 2510 thor seeks to show that economic and political movements can be reduced to a definite law, with the result that "poli- tics can be transformed from a mere kiuuk, as it lias been regarded since olden times, into a science like tech- nology with the power of sure and far- reaching prophecy." Professor Ostwald's "wave theory," as he explains it in this short article, seems to be not so very different from our old acquaintance, "the swing of the pendulum," or "action and reaction." To be sure, he makes some nice ob- servations and helpful qualifications; and in the sphere of economic changes, makes out a fairly good case for the belief that they move in cycles. If you only know in which part of the cycle you are, at any given time, you can roughly tell in what direction you are going. But when it is attempted to apply this notion to political evolution and to the whole sweep of politics, dif- ficulties at once arise and are immense. To these Professor Ostwald is not the man to be blind. He merely insists that if the analysis of political movements could only be made delicate enough, we should be able to make out the "gener- al oscillatory law" which determines "the political condition of a given group," and so to know what the future had in store. This, of course, is a tre- mendous if, in which there may or may not reside great virtue. We can all be prophets with an "if." But what most strikes us in this discussion by Profes- sor Ostwald is his omission of all notice of two factors that admittedly sway hu- man affairs, often in most powerful fash- ion, and yet that seem related to no law and that accordingly vitiate rash prophecies. We mean the elements of accident and of personality. From the standpoint of Omniscience there is no such thing as accident, but upon the best foresight and plans of mortal men disconcerting and unfore- seeable events frequently fall with a crash that disarranges everything and renders .prediction futile. What we have in mind is such occurrences as the murder of Cavendish in Phoenix Park, Dublin, which made Parnell sick at heart and almost inclined to abandon the long fight for Home Rule. No one could have foreseen that crime or its <iii't :. it seemed at a stroke to reduce manship to Imbecility'. In the; same way the assassination of President Mi Kinli y could no more have been fore- told than the end of the world, yet it meant the most profound change in the political life of the United States. How can such things be got into a wave theory, or made to fit an oscillatory law that enables us to predict the future from the present? These accidents come wholly without the prevision of the wis- est men, and they have a terrifying way of upsetting the nicest calculations. Con- fident prophecies they cause to appear ridiculous. Equally unpredictable is the appear- ance of a great personal force in public life. We cannot tell when a political genius will rise, or what he will do when he has risen. Strive as we may to reduce everything to order and to observed causation, this personal ele- ment, this individual daemonic energy, is all the time thrusting itself in un- expectedly to break up our classifica- tions and to discredit our prophecies. In politics, too, the greatest thing is man; and without some philosophy of the pro- duction of towering genius, we cannot have a philosophy of history on the strength of which the future will be plain to us. What would Germany have been from 1856 to 1870 without Bis- marck? Who could have predicted the role that Joseph Chamberlain played in English politics from 1900 till the time of his physical break-down? Yet how dissolving and shattering an influ- ence it was which his single personal- ity exerted. Leave out Theodore Roose- velt, and who would dare to attempt to write the political history of the Unit- ed States for the past dozen years? It is not necessary to cite other exam- ples. The most that even "old experi- ence" can hope to attain to is "some- thing of prophetic strain." As for any- thing like a science of political predic- tion, we must still side with Professor Ostwald's countryman, Lotze, against the possibility of anything of the kind that is worth the name. THE DI'J-NATUItlNO MANIA. A learned Italian physician has been discoursing in the Corriere delta Sera about de-coffeeized coffee — caffe decaf- frniiili). A "n -at deal of research has been expended upon the subject in Eng- lish and German laboratories. The final word is stated by our authority to be thai ol l.i'limami, of the Uni- versity of Wiirzburg. According to him, what we need to get rid of in coffee is not caffeone, but caffeina. Minus the latter, the drink which has been called "the intellectual beverage" may still be used by those who find the infusion of pure coffee harmful. Into these niceties of chemistry and nerves it is not for the layman to go. What most interests us is to observe that coffeeless coffee is symptomatic of a widespread tendency to take things out of their nature. It shows itself per- haps most prominently in matters of food and drink. Cheese which means indigestion can be eaten with impunity if only it be doctored or served aright. If certain elements can be got out of beer, some can go on drinking what, as it stands, is poison to their system. In Germany there is almost a rage for "Alkoholfrei" drinks that shall yet, somehow, produce the old exhilarations. We say nothing of the thousands of piti- ful "substitutes." What is craved is the de-natured article; the injurious viand or beverage disarmed. We want the stimulus without the danger. But the idea, as every attentive and philosophically minded person must have noticed, has more than merely physical applications. In mental and moral food, too, there is a widespread desire to find a way of indulgence with- out bad after-effects. We are impatient with the stern old "Touch not, taste not, handle not." Disguise the vice in evil literature, and why can we not go on reading it without harm? If indecent and debasing plays can only be de-na- tured, or be made to appear de-natured, for the spectator, they can be frequented without moral injury. Similarly, there are all kinds of shifts or pretences to take the sting out of gambling, the bite out of licentiousness, or the loathsome- ness out of political corruption. If one were to dig for the intellectual roots of this tendency to try to take things out of their nature, one would doubtless find them in inability or un- willingness to think clearly and see straight Few of us like to see the thing exactly as it is. We share tin- mental viie which Oarlyle attributed to the Irish — reluctance, that is, to face the facts as they actually exist; all the time saying to the hard tact; "Thou are nol that way but this way." Men ami WO men love to deceive themselves, as Gold smith said. I in no way do they more

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Aug. 7< [913] T h. e UST a t i o ri 117 often prove this than by fancying they can change realities by giving them BOme other appearance. By glossing over or covering up, by "treating" or modifying, by looking hard at what we want to see and being blind to all the c imagine that we can make our- selves masters of all things by twisting them out of the rigid forms into which nature poured them. It may be a pub- lic office which a man has obtained. This means certain fixed duties, certain haz- ards, and certain opportunities and re- wards, and in general a routine that must be followed. Dut you will occa- sionally encounter an office-holder who thinks that he can de-nature his job. Instead of sticking to his desk, he will go off lecturing. Not content to limit himself to either the duties or the sal- ary of his office, he will seek to swell the latter by neglecting the former. This is de-coffeeized coffee in politics. All these dodges and evasions and ef- forts to make black appear white — or, at least, a passable gray — will not, in the end, relieve us from making the dis- tinct choices which a rough world im- poses upon us. Whether it be food and drink, or a mental habit and moral in- dulgence— there the thing stands. We can take it or leave it. We can incur the peril open-eyed, or we can avoid it resolutely. But we cannot do both. There are limits beyond which the de- naturing process cannot go. Poison will remain poison, however disguised. The more you expel nature with a fork, the more will she return. After all the mor- al de-coffeeizing that the most artful can do, there is nothing for it but to come back to the old and sane position of Bishop Butler: "Things are what they are, and none of our attempts to make them appear different can alter, their essential nature. So why attempt to deceive ourselves?" THE POET'S BREAD AND BUTTER. Some attractive letters by the late William Vaughn Moody in the Atlantic raise a question that has been, unfor- tunately, of little moment recently in America. What of our poets' youth and youthful vocations? Even waiving James's maxim that letters is a better avocation than a profession, few young poets can boldly exist, as Alfred Noyes has surprised his contemporaries by do- ing, on poetry alone. Since Lanier no one has made the topic even one of curi- osity; and social conditions have swung through a whole cycle of change since Longfellow and Lowell had professor- ships or diplomatic posts. The light that Moody sheds on the matter, more- over, would argue the change unfavor- able. How was he, fresh from college, to make his living in this hustling twen- tieth-century America, and yet live to write? Teaching classes at the Univer- sity of Chicago he found "work heavier far than he fondly hoped it would be." As his leisure contracted, be sometimes believed that "this meaningless drudg- ery, this crowd of spiteful assiduous nothings that keep me from It (ah, vague, sweet-shrouding, mute, arch voca- ble!), was tantalizing me into stupid rage." Trundling his "little instructor- ial droning-gear" into Lake Michigan, he might have turned tramp; but be knew his state of mind was really at fault. I should, he writes, "wake up some night to find my haystack bristling with such goblin dissension as now swarms over my counterpane." His attitude is exactly that of the half-fledged poet, compelled to maintain himself in Pitts- burgh or St. Louis till his voice is heard. What the poet rebels against is a sen- timent that the more worldly of bis tribe have themselves airily expressed. The practical-minded R. L. Stevenson, for one, felt that this reckless and pov- erty-stricken son of joy should efface himself before men of real use, or go to work. The world is equally determined that the hanger-on at the feast shall pay his way. This feeling is accentuated in a land where young men are expected to assimilate their fibre to the harsh- er side of affairs. England has its in- stances in Masefield, or Francis Thomp- son, whose works have just been col- lected. The latter, launched into a legal world where his powers fell nerve- less, underwent a whole Iliad of suffer- ings before he found a sheltered cor- ner to practice his art in. Disinherit- ed, left for three years to house him- self under old bridges and in the lee of tenements, he was in his life the ex- treme, as Moody was the average, ex- pression of the impossibility of poetry as the profession of a minor talent. And in a busy country with no half-tasks, and an urgent demand for enthusiasm in daily work, the artist's ancient dilem- 1 ma becomes even harder. There are optimists who think the world more kindly planned; who with eyes on the great athletes of letters, run- ning a vigorous race from the outset, imagine that dash and self-confidence are alone required. No man can justify any profession if he does not believe himself bred to it, and in addition think it highly useful to the world. The aspiring poet can thus defend his choice, and if he meet a little poverty, eke out more than an average of content by a Thoreau-like happiness in his indepen- dence and his product. Let him gird up his loins and set about his useful task with the same confident consecration as the missionary or patriot. But this view is of little service to lyres that begin with a doubtful and far-away sound. Poets are troubled, apart from the bare need of bread, by their own uncertainty, and the pressure of friends and society. Even genius, as Hazlitt was at pains to show, is often uncon- scious of its powers, and unable to estab- lish the worth of what it does except by others' judgment. All this is, of course, the individual's problem, not the community's. His is the task of balancing between future hope and present necessity. Any patron- age but public patronage for the mod- ern poet would be unhealtbful. Even if he shared the limited assistance whicn endowments give to scientists and schol- ars, it would sap society's sense of duty towards the arts. No struggling versi- fier could wish that he had any surer means of launching forth than the law- yer or doctor. And he may find vari- ous sweet uses in his adversity — a clos- er acquaintance with life, a call to per- severance, and the protection of his art from the soiling hand of money-grub- bing. Yet it was Henley who warned a young friend that he might write verse without swimming far into the work-a- day tides of existence, but not fiction. We are not, however, without consola- tion in watching the discomfort of men like Moody and Thompson, counterparts of many other poets. The necessities of occupation in an unkind environment seldom rob us of anything of the high- est value. It is only the body of minor verse that is imperilled. The command- ing figure, under modern conditions that terton's fate almost impos- 111 be discovered ere the shades of the counting-house close round him. Or it, like Browning, he remains undis- covered, some appreciation lets his gen-

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1 is The Nation Vol. 97, No. 2510 1 rous spirit still work along the plan that pleased his boyish thought. It would be going too far to say that to Hi'' minor poet's imprisonment is due tin- practical note of his verse, from Kip- ling's engine-room to Masefield's sail- tops. MAKING IT EASY FOR THE TRAV- ELLER. Globe-trotting is so universally cater- ed to nowadays that no traveller ought to be in doubt exactly what he would find, or precisely what he should do, in even the most remote country on earth. Guide-books swarm like novels. Books of travel are kept religiously up to. date. Foreign correspondence in the news- papers has, in some forms, largely gone out of style, but letters from abroad are still abundantly printed, which touch upon out-of-the-way routes and detail the methods of life and are full of char- acter sketches. With all this infor- mation showered upon the intending traveller, one might think that the least expert could go on his way rejoicing in the certainty that nothing he encoun- tered could take him by surprise. However, the old question frequent- ly arises, who will guarantee the guar- antors? Who will certify to the accuracy of the guide-books, and give a bond that the information published is correct? These doubts concern not so much the ordinary facts, as the niceties of ob- servation, the peculiarities of manners and customs — all those little points about life and travel in a strange land which the foreigner would like to know in advance, but which many there be to tell him that he can by no means ascertain from the printed page. Hence the practice of turning for certitude to "the man who has been there." Hence, also, the impulse of the man who has been there to step forward and tell his departing friend all that he ought to know, but can find out from no other source. One such lot of volunteered informa- tion, based on personal experience, was lately offered by an Englishman to a fellow-countryman about to travel in the United States. It contains many things which must have been news to the traveller — as also many that would be news to the people among whom he was to travel. He was told, for instance, that the "black attendant" on his train in this country would slap him on the back and ask him how he \vas. At this tlic Englishman was to show no sur- prise. The Briton is also advised that every American he casually meets will invite him to take a drink. This he must not refuse, for it would only ex- pose him to the charge of displaying English "side" — this slang term being, of course, familiar to all saloon-frequenting Americans. The Englishman about to sail for this country was informed, like- wise, that he would be almost torn apart, on landing, by "runners" from the hotels. At these gentry he was not to swear. The thing to do was to take them quietly, although they "will prob- ably make your life a hell." In fact, he was to take everything quietly; certain- ly excellent advice for any traveller any- where. The United States he was not to expect to find "anything like what you have read." This was the reason why his friend was doing him the kind- ness of letting him into all the inner secrets of the country. But even with this aid he would not be equipped at all points, and so the final all-embracing word of counsel was: "Don't be surpris- ed at anything." According to this mentor on the pleas- ing ways of Americans, all of them on board the ship with the British travel- ler would begin, as soon as they sighted the Statue of Liberty, to rub their hands and to exclaim: "Thank God, we shall soon get a good bit of roast beef now!" At this the forewarned Briton is not to "laugh satirically." But why is not explained. Possibly, the oracle on Amer- ican affairs thought that the remark quoted was intended to get a "rise" out of the Englishman, and that he could frus- trate the malicious jesters by remaining impassive. Or it may be that he felt that the satiric laughter ought to be de- ferred until the Britisher sat down as a guest at some American table, and proceeded to tell his host that we do not know how to cook roast beef in this country. Let it not be thought that we are cari- caturing this friendly lecture on Amer- ica, or that it was not written in good faith. It was all printed soberly in the Manchester Guardian, and was vouched for as coming from one who had had a "wide experience of the States." But it is so easy to assume wide experience! Thus Mr. Clement Shorter recently wrote a letter to prove how unfounded is the prevalent notion that the hotels in Spain are poor. He knew, because he had just been there. In Madrid he had stayed at a fine hotel. There is another gorgeous one in Granada. In Algeciras there is the Reina Cristina. If he had stopped over at Ronda he would have found the Reina Victoria equally excellent. But what does this prove about Spain as a whole? As well af- firm that the cuisine in American ho- tels is good simply because you had been in New York and fared sumptuously at the hands of a French chef. CLERKS OF THE WOODS. I. Edward Martin Taber, a young Ameri- can artist who died in 1896, never ac- complished what, by every token, his sensitive and spiritual nature promised. Harassed by ill health throughout his brief life, and exiled to his "Vale of Par- adise" in northern Vermont in 1887, he painted intermittently and kept a meagre journal. This journal, together with a handful of verses and extracts from his letters, has been edited by Mrs. Henry Holt and published in a hand- some memorial volume illustrated by re- productions of some of his oil paintings and pencil drawings.* The impression produced by these writings is that of a fragile but brave nature tremulously re- sponsive to the beauty of the outer world, yet never strongly impelled to re-create this beauty in forms of art. In a letter written to his sister shortly be- fore his death, he exclaimed: "What a gift life was, not a right!" He always regarded life as a gift, to be enjoyed subtly as well as deeply; his Epicurean spirit, though overlaid with a dauntless endurance, was fundamental. Life was to him a gift of sunset, bird-song, and hu- man friendship, rather than an opportu- nity to reproduce experience in color and line, or in letters. Given the advantage of health, it is probable that Mr. Taber would have been less of the dilettante and more of the artist; enough of the artist, at all events, to have achieved distinction in painting. This "character that is an undying possession to those who knew him," in Mrs. Holt's words, was, after all, instinctively reticent, and even in the exuberance of health would doubt- less have shrunk from the explicitness of literary revelation. A distinguished painter he might well have become; but certainly there is not a great deal In "Stowo Notes" that suggests lit power. The do/en poems are delicate, but not effective; the letters reflect the winning personality of the writer cam b too elusivcly; and the out-of-doors jour- *Btov>t Votn, By Bdward Martin Tabai ton: Houghton Mifflin Oo, fB.I it

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Aug. 7, 1913] T h. e 1ST a t i o n 119 nal is disappointing. A good journal, no matter how modest the author, re- vealfl his personality clearly. In Taber's journal, however, the temper of the writ- er is hardly suggested. He was invet- erately Epicurean, in the finer and more spiritual sense, and his Epicureanism took the form of delight in color and line. The following extracts are only typical: Lilac sunset sky, green sea, same value; hot Oriental-like sunset, dense ragged cloud above burning waters; black stretches of shore. . . . A rainy outlook; heavy, moist clouds stretching gray across the sky, lifting low above the western horizon to admit a pale yellow strip of light. . . . How beautifully Luce's Hill descends to meet the nearer ridge, the crumbling edge of i's snow-fields rounding down into a blue hollow, against which is imposed the cloudy wood with its dark points of ever- green on Cady's Hill! In these examples, description of form, which the reader can visualize with fair success, is interwoven with description of color, which can be visualized much less readily. Ordinarily, however, form is subordinated or neglected: Shadows thrown from the belts of purple woodland are a clear light blue; where the wind has packed the snow to form a crust, the surface presents a purple or pinkish shade; the drifting snow is a yellow- white near at hand, in the distance threading the blue or purple fields with lines of golden pink. . . . What delicate snow-tints, purple, pink, changing to a blue so clear that it becomes greenish in contrast — indeed it may be green rather than blue — I cannot tell. Who does not linger over that human "I cannot tell," and read with relative indifference the cluttered adjectives of color? What the diarist set down with loving faithfulness results finally in a blur. Very likely these fragmentary il- lustrations are effective taken by them- selves; but when such fragments are strung together interminably, without more than a moment's descent to the region of dogs and horses and rustic folk, or ascent to the region of "A feel- ing of exaltation and of loneliness crept over me," the result is at last something like confusion and disap- pointment. We are willing to believe that the diarist is recording sights that made his heart beat with rapture, and yet the record leaves us cold. II. The reason is that an Epicurean or Mr. Taber's type does not point out the human significance of nature. He en- joys, he does not seek to interpret. Now, to find human significance in nature is precisely the task of. whoever writes ot nature. Yet this duty of interpreta- tion is not often directly confronted by our modern diarists and essayists. It is easy enough to describe natural beauty; it is supremely difficult to wrest mean- ing from nature, or, if you will, put meaning into her. Bradford Torrey, in his "Clerk of the Woods," remarked that his business was "not to be witty or wise, but simply to 'keep the records' " — which, fortunately, does not indicate his own practice. But although Torrey was both witty and wise, and rarely content- ed himself with keeping the records, most of our latter-day writers on na- ture, in their essays as well as in their journals, are persistently impersonal. They paint what they see, and often in a slapdash manner far removed from both impressionism and photographic distinctness. The air is fresh, the grass is green, the birds sing melodiously, and there's an end on 't. Like owners of large estates, they take your arm and lead you through garden and grove and valley, pointing at the beauties and talk- ing till you are weary; and they exhibit their hoard of photographs till all the world's a fluid picture. It may be that we love First when we see them painted, things we have passed Perhaps a hundred times nor cared to see; but when painted, not when described. In the ' painting the meaning shines through; in the written description the meaning is so vague that only an omniv- orous reader feels repaid for his trou- ble. Modifying Jowett's remark about logic, one might well say that "artistic description" of nature is not literature, but a dodge. III. A second and allied evasion that is peculiarly popular to-day is scientific description. Just as emphasis on artis- tic "effects" and "values" impairs the literary value of writing about nature, so does emphasis on digitate leaves and superciliary lines. The graceful exposi- tion of scientific fact is, of course, a legitimate procedure, but one does not think of calling it literature when the effect is wholly impersonal. In the writ- ings of Mr. Burroughs there are long passages that are quite devoid of liter- ary value, because they are barren of personality, although most of his work has literary value through what he hap- pily calls an "intellectual intercourse' with nature. Rarely does he present tact as if it were blank, as if it meant nothing. Fact is related with fact, and with human life, through an intellec- tual warmth — never spiritual heat — that suffuses all of his better essays. In the eminently readable books of Bradford Torrey, again, there is ever present, as in the letters of Gilbert White, a charm- ing, if not vigorous, personality, through which nature acquires a meaning that she did not wear previously. And the same may be said of all excellent nature- writing. Ours is indeed an age of observation, and only too often does the faculty of observation prevent the operation of no- bler faculties. Walt Whitman, though his catalogues show how fact hypnotized him, was not unaware of the danger. "I do not very particularly seek informa- tion,'' he wrote. "You must not know- too much, or be too precise or scientific about birds and trees and flowers and water-craft; a certain free margin, and even vagueness — perhaps ignor- ant credulity — helps your enjoyment of these things." Yet he succumbed to the influence of a Mr. Whitall, "who posts me up about the stars," and basked in such a factual atmosphere as envelops the following journal entry: The moon in her third quarter — the clus- ters of the Hyades and Pleiades, with the planet Mars between — in full crossing sprawl in the sky the great Egyptian X (Sirius, Procyon, and the main stars in the constellations of the Ship, the Dove, and of Orion) ; just north of east Bootes, and in his knee Arcturus, an hour high. One need hardly say that it is well to be on friendly terms with Bootes and Arcturus, but to write about them, and about swamp sparrows and four-leaved loosestrife, in Whitman's manner, is un- literary and perhaps altogether futile. To the unfortunate confusion of the arts of painting and literature we have add- ed a confusion of literature and science that is equally persistent and undesira- ble. A large proportion of the "nature books" that are published so abundantly to-day are crude fact thinly disguised as literature. Even in Thoreau's "Walden" (though Thoreau was essentially a lit- erary artist rather than a naturalist), there are dreary passages composed ot crude fact, reposing in the book like so many glacial boulders in a New England landscape. Thoreau's Journal, one of the dullest diaries extant, contains sev- eral entries that indicate that he, like Whitman, felt the tyranny of observa- tion. Under the date of November 8, 1851, for instance, is a paragraph in which lie tells of Ellery Channing's infelicitous ef- forts to set down notes in the field: In our walks [writes Thoreau] C. takes out his note-book sometimes and tries to write as I do, but all in vain. He soon puts it up again, or contents himself with scrawling some sketch of the landscape. Observing me still scribbling, he will say that he confines himself to the ideal, purely ideal remarks ; he leaves the facts to me. Sometimes, too, he will say a little petu- lantly, "/ am universal ; I have nothing to do with the particular and the definite" — certainly a charmingly typical bit of ndental dialogue. Taking as a text, "he leaves the facts to me," Tho- reau then enters in his Journal a de- fence of his attention to facts, to the particular and the definite: D< would fain set down something b facts — facts should be only the frame to his pictures. Now, whoever reads the fourteen volumes of Thoreau's Journal— if any one is so untrue to his ; — cannot fail to note, first, the

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L20 The IN" a t i o ii [Vol. 97, No. 2510 enormous amount of fact as compared with the amount of comment (the pic- ture Insignificant in the ponderous I, and, secondly, the constant In- crease in the proportion of fact to com- ment as the Journal proceeds. Well might Channlng leave the facts to Tho- reau! Open at random any of the later volumes, and you will be reasonably sure to meet a passage such as this: Amo'.anchier bare. Viburnam nudum half fallen or more; when wet and in shade, a light crimson. Hardhack, in low ground, where it has not withered too soon, inclines to a very light scarlet. Sweet-gale is not fallen, but a very dull yellowish and scarlet. You see in woods many black (?) oak sprouts. Compare this with an entry in Swift's "Journal to Stella"; again opening at random, you may read: It rained this morning, and I went to town by water; and Ford and I dined with Mr. Lewis by appointment. I ordered Pat- rick to bring my gown and periwig to Mr. Lewis, because I designed to go to see Lord Oxford, and so I told the dog; but he never came, though I stayed an hour longer than I appointed ; so I went in my old gown, and sat with him two hours. The difference is less a difference in diarists than in subject-matter. Who will say that the premature withering of hardhack equals in interest the fate of the gown and periwig? Patrick act- ing like a dog is incomparably more sig- nificant than hardhack inclining to a very light scarlet. Xot that hardhack is necessarily a barren theme; it might be made significant, as is the dicksonia fern when Thoreau imputes to it "the early morning fragrance of the world, antediluvian, strength and hope im- parting." It would be difficult, on the other hand, to make Patrick meaning- less: even a police description would doubtless contain a phrase that our emotions would seek to dwell on, per- haps a nose inclining to a very light scarlet. Man is perennially interesting to man; nature is so only when man relates himself to her, puts purpose or meaning into her. Thus Thoreau tells us elsewhere that he has an impulse to "stroke and kiss the very sward, it is so fair"; that nature is a panacea, for men "bury poisoned sheep up to the necks in earth to take the poison out of them"; that a field might be cleared of grasshoppers by sending "a bevy of fashionably dressed ladies," in hoops and crinoline, across the field and then leaving them "to clean their skirts when they got home," a particularly good method because "the motive power is cheap"; that a remarkable sunset had little charm for him because of his ab- sorption in thought about Captain John Brown — "so great a wrong as his fate implied overshadowed all beauty in the world." Nature here has meaning, a diversity of meanings, and we read with animation. But such comment is amaz- ingly rare in our modern nature-writing. That Thoreau strove to free himsell from the tyranny of observation is at- tested by the following: "I must let my senses wander as my thoughts, my eyes see without looking. ... I have the habit of attention to such excess that my thoughts get no rest, but suffer from a constant strain." One could not de- sire a better statement of the error of Thoreau and of many of his followers. But the remedy is not easily discovered; he continues: "Be not preoccupied with looking. Go not to the object; let it come to you. When I have found my- self ever looking down and confining my gaze to the flowers, I have thought it might be well to get into the habit of observing the clouds as a corrective; but no! that study would be just as bad." Yet so ingrained was Thoreau's habit of close observation that in his next entry he does no more than record the weather and set down tentatively, as the name of a plant on Emerson*s muck-heap in the Turnpike, Amaran- thus liypochondriacus .' How many of the followers of Tho- reau have the habit of attention to such excess that their thoughts get no rest! In the case of not a few of them, one might be uncharitable enough to remark that they have no thoughts, and could have none anywhere, and so might as well go to the object and proceed to tell us that they saw it. That may have an educational, if not literary, justification. But those who would think might prof- itably combat, and not woo, the habit of attention. The thinking man, however much he may enjoy nature, however the beauty of the external world may be woven into the texture of his thought, usually shuns nature when he desires to think. Goethe's bare little room in his Weimar garden-house serves admirably as a symbol of the kind of relation be- tween man and nature that a wise man chooses to establish. There are others, however, whose thoughts are rather moods, who do not find in "nature and the language of the sense" substance to be wrought into form, but a shifting spectacle, as de- lightful as mystifying; who, neither having nor seeking the equipment of the professional author, are satisfied when they devote their best hours to delight in the external world. Such a person was Taber, who is, after all, to be judged, not as a writer of books, but as a fine, high-dreaming soul seeking com- fort in all elusive charms. There he found both peace and incitement, and also, one must think, something of the old sad suspicion that nature is tempt- ing and taunting us even when we feel most dearly related to her. But it is venturesome to say what Taber found in nature, since his spirit, as reflect) d III the casual, glancing notes of his Ver- mont Journal, is always tantalizingly evasive. Of only one thing can we be sure: that in him the noble and the frail were once more conjoined. NOBMAN FoKKSTER. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. Mr. Arundell Esdaile, of the British. Mu- ; seum, has compiled, and the Bibliograph- l ical Society has issued, as one of their ' publications for the year 1912, a "List of 1 English Tales and Prose Romances printed j Before 1740." It might have been called a ! "Bibliography" instead of a "List," though , collations are not given except in a few cases where necessary to distinguish edi- tions. The work is in two parts, the first I extending from Caxton to 1642, and the sec- ond bringing the record down to 1740. This I latter date was chosen, because the year I 1740 saw the publication of Richardson's "Pamela," which has been called by nu- | merous critics the "first English novel." This Catalogue contains, as the compiler remarks, a "substantial list of English nov- i els which preceded the first." Mr. Esdaile takes pride in the fact that I the first book printed in the English lan- j guage, Lefevre's "Recuyell of the Histories [of Troye" (Bruges: Caxton, 1475), finds I place in his list, also that Caxton so well j judged the taste of his reading public as to print not less than eleven books which can be called romances, or, as we should 1 say, fiction. Besides the Troye book, ! these are the "History of Jason," "God- | frey of Bouillon," "Reynard the Fox," "The Pilgrimage of the Soul," ^Esop, Malory's "Morte d'Arthur," "Charles the Great," "Paris and Vienne," "Blanchardine and Eg- lantine," "The Four Sons of Aymon," and a prose condensation of the "JEnind." He wonders why Caxton did not print an edi- tion of Mandeville's "Ways to the Holy Land," and surmises that possibly he did and that all copies are lost. Wynken de Worde printed the first edition of Mande- ville, "The Three Kings of Cologne," "Rob- ert the Devil," "Helyas," "The Seven Wise Masters," and others. Some of these earli- est romances were very popular and were frequently reissued by later printers. The earliest book of novels was Paint- er's "Palace of Pleasure" (1566), followed by Fenton's "Tragical Discourses" (1567), Guicciardini's "Garden of Pleasure" (1573), and Pettie's "Pallace of Pleasure" (1576). One of the most popular books seems to have been Thomas Deloney's "The Gentle Craft," "shewing what famous men have been Shoomakers in time past in this Land," some twenty-four editions being recorded between 1598 and 1737. Of "The Seven Champions of Christendom," twenty-six editions and abridgments are recorded be- tween 1596 and IT The second part describes the writings of Bunyan, Defoe, and Swift, and this vol- ume will be the one consulted for lists of editions of "The Pilgrim's Progress," "Rob- inson Crusoe," and "Gulliver's Travels," al- though the lists of editions of pieces which tailed to achieve position , being new work, will be of greater value to stu- dents. The location of one copy of each edition in one of the larger libraries In England Is noted, when possible 1 li the British .Museum 1h not mentioned, Li 1 in. iv mi. r 1i1.1t it oonl ' 1 opy ni the work men) 1

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Aug. 7 me bis name, said it was because he did not make his animals right. She said his seal and walrus looked exactly like these animals, but they were not like the pictures and carvings his forefathers made, and so they were not considered equal to what any of the other natives could make. It seems he whittled merely for his own amusement and he worked both wood and ivory. The Russian, Cassin. at Nushagak in the old trading post there does not remember the man as distinct from the other natives. He says all the natives used to make carvings. 1 endeavored to find out when the carver died, but as none of the unlives in tliis section are able to fig- irs yet, I could learn nothing more definite than "a long time ago." The na- tives here are the least progressive ones I have seen. They still live in underground huts and eat rotten fish. Artists the world over will recognize the fate of the innovator, in the attitude of his fellows towards the carver, who would rath- er carve than put up fish, and broke from the conventions of his forefathers in art. William H. Dall. Smithsonian Institution, July 27. CATHOLICISM AND THE ROMAN HIER- ARCHY. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Your correspondent of July 24, "G. H," says that he is a Catholic who sends his son to a public school ; that many of the boy's schoolmates are Catholics; that many of his teachers have been Catholics, and furthermore that he himself believes in "our" public-school system. It has been my good fortune to know many Catholics who held this opinion and conformed their practice to it in greater or less degree. I was once a member of the Board of Education in a large city where eleven of my fellow-members, more than one-fifth of the entire body, were Catholics. I have never thought that these men were there for any other purpose than to serve the public schools to the best of their ability. It was a pleasure to work with them to that end. Nor was there any evidence that they thought themselves in a false position. And yet they were acting in flagrant opposition to the commands of the church. But "G. H." not only sends his boy to a public school ; he also avows himself "utterly opposed to a union of church and state," and adds that he has "not been forbidden by the church to hold these views." Certainly an amazing statement. In his Encyclical Letter, Quanta cura, dated December 8, 1864, with its accom- panying Syllabus of Errors, containing eighty distinct, numbered sections, Pius IX expressly and specifically "reprobates, pro- scribes, and condemns," among others, the very opinions which "G. H." says he has not been forbidden by the church to hold. This Encyclical, with its Syllabus, is an elaborate arraignment and condemnation of about everything that distinguishes mod- em civilization from the most barbaric pe- riod of the Middle Ages. "G. H." ought to read it carefully, especially sections, 45, 47, and 48, which relate to public schools, and section 55, relating to the separation of church The position of the Roman Curia has not d in any respect concerning the mat- ters covered by this famous document. Did not Leo XIII warn American Catholics that at of the United States is im- on account of its policy of the ii>n of church and state? And did not the present Pontiff, Pius X, in his En- cyclical, Ychementer nos, addressed to the French people, declare in so many words, "that church and state should be separated is a most false and in the highest degree pernicious doctrine"? Yet, notwithstand- ing all this, "G. H." says he believes that "a great majority of American Catholics" share his views. If this be so, there is promise in the fact. One thing more I think it opportune to say_it is high time that Protestant speak- ers and writers should stop their indis- criminate condemnation of Catholics, stop confounding all Catholics with the Roman hierarchy. While I, too, am "utterly op- posed" to. the whole papal system from be- ginning to end, this does not blind me to the momentous fact that the Catholic re- ligion and Catholic forms of worship evi- dently meet the spiritual needs of millions of my fellow-men. I deeply sympathize with those who are silently but surely breaking away from papal control, as well as with those who are openly and stub- bornly protesting against the ghastly ana- chronism that rules in the Vatican. If with the passing of the present Pope the papacy itself should lapse, and the whole Curia Romana should melt into thin air, it would be an inestimable blessing for every Catholic community on earth, and rid the world of what is at once a menace and a disgrace to modern civilization. T. V. Montgomery, Ala., August 1. LETTERS OF HORACE WALPOLE. To the Editor of The Nation : Sir: As I am collecting material for a supplement to the late Mrs. Paget Toynbee's edition of the "Letters of Horace Walpole," published by the Clarendon Press at Oxford, may I through your columns appeal to owners of letters not included in that edi- tion kindly to supply me with copies, for publication in the supplement? I need hardly say that due acknowledgment would be made. I have had the promise already of a certain number of letters, and as it is very unlikely that another supplement can be published for many years to come, I am anxious to obtain as many as possible on the present occasion. Among those sought for are a series of eleven letters written to King between the years 1759 and 1787; a letter addressed to Mrs. Horace Churchill, dated February, 1789, and a letter dated September 25, 1793. Paokt Toynbbb. Fiveways, Bnrnham, Bucks, England, July 19. "THOSE MOLASSES"— FINIS. Editor of Tiik Nati Sir: When I was a very little boy, 1 was a favorite of an ambitious young clerk in a store in the village near which born (in eastern Virginia). While my la- ther, who was a lawyer, was in thi bouse, this friend used to set me upon the counter, regale me with bon-bi me good advice, the aft incerity of which en. One day a negro girl came in and said, "Mr. , is wants a pint of that same mo- lasses." When she was gone, my friend said: "Edward, see that poor ignorant girl! 1 I. 'A point of lb' lasses.' I hope you will study your les-

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L22 Tlie Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2510 bods well at school and never forget the ducation." Ei>\\ \i;i> S. JOYNES. irollna, July :>7. THE "UNITY" OK ENGLISH AND AMER- ICANS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir.: In the issue of the Nation for July it, in the review of Mr. Bryce's book, "Uni- verslty and Historical Addresses," there appear these words: "His is the argument of a scholar, an historian, a jurist discov- ering for the layman the deep and radical unity of the two peoples in their common blood and ancestry, in their heroes and their institutions, in their energy," etc. The Italics are mine. Now it seems to me, your reviewer has allowed himself to be tarried away by his high regard for James Bryce and his admiration for the deep In- sight of this gentleman into our institu- tions. I hold, however, that there is to- day no proof of "radical unity" between the virtually homogeneous, set, and conser- vative people of the British Isles, and the conglomerate of races, characters, and wills of our own country, where all seem groping forward towards an as yet unrevealed fu- ture. The "community of blood," too, which is adduced by this writer, never existed ex- cept theoretically, and the "radical unity" claimed did not prevent our waging two wars with Great Britain nor spare us the dread possibility of a third, during the dark days of our Civil War when we were smarting under the ill-disguised animosity of Great Britain while fighting for the cause of liberty and enlightenment. Yet in the face of these experiences there is going on, of late, a glorification in some quarters of things English, and there Is an effusive display of friendship for this people which cannot but call forth some strong resentment on the part of other na- tionalities making up our population. The conviction that the matter of our courting the friendship of the "cousins" of our Anglo-Saxon element is pushed too far was certainly the main cause of the disrup- tion, a year or so ago, of the great peace meeting at Cooper Union, under the leader- ship of Dr. Koelble, and it has contributed materially towards swelling to the two- million mark the membership of the Na- tional German-American Alliance. Julius Gugler. Milwaukee, July 20. Literature THE ENGLISH COLONIES. The Old Colonial System, 1660-1754. By George Louis Beer. Part I: The Establishment of the System, 1660- 1688. In two volumes. New York: The Macmillan Co. $4 net. Mr. Beer, having treated the era of Inchoate beginnings in a volume issued iii L908, embracing the period from 1578 to L660, and the transitional yeai ceding the American Revolution >i ad i'' nnsylvanla, proba bly because of their slight commercial importance in the period before 1688, and New York is treated, briefly, in the chapter devoted to New England. Val- uable as these volumes are in presenting a detailed and accurate picture of the conditions under which England gave form to her colonial and commercial ideas and of the actual working out of these ideas in the colonies themselves, they, are less novel in the facts present- ed and opinions expressed than were the volumes previously issued. Much has been written already on the period; more, indeed, than Mr. Beer's references would lead the unsuspecting reader to believe, and more aids to the execution of the work have been prepared than Mr. Beer's bibliography discloses, and though the wealth of accumulated de- tail gives to the volumes a special value of their own, the conclusions are in many cases hardly different from those already reached. At the same time the fulness of pre- sentation, the vigorous manner with which Mr. Beer has handled the many problems involved, and the understand- ing which he has shown of the spirit of the times with which he is concerned give to the work a place of preeminence among other similar writings on the period. In a number of important re- spects the treatment has no predecessor. All that is said regarding England's early efforts to furnish the colonies with military and naval protection, regard- ing customs duties, the 4y2 per cent, and other royal revenues, and regard- ing the slave trade, is new, and forms a contribution of first importance to the history of the subject. Much the same can be said of the commercial and eco- nomic history of Newfoundland and the West Indies, phases of colonial life that have been largely ignored in the past. Then, too, quite apart from the relative merits of individual chapters, is the greater merit arising from the treat- ment of the subject as a whole, in which the general and the particular are so brought together and welded into a sin- gle scheme of commercial control that the reader can discern without difficulty the essential unity of the many parts and can determine the place of each colony in the general system. One of the most important conclusions, reached by virtue of this detached and seholarly method of dealing with the subject, con- cerns the place of Massachusetts just be- fore the loss of tin charter in 1 084 : 1 1, poeitlon of the colony [says Mr. Beer] was wholly untenable. The policy of Its , 11 1 fatuous, as its logical conclu- ,ii,<i the a brogal Ion o) 1 in- ohar- ter or tin ' 11 ' 1 .1 ace of ail pollt loal 1 1, ; ;land; and 1 in 1 "inn,, was i"-' pared 1,. accept nelthei ol 1 ai 1 alter: ttl . . . Maei ai txui etta wa aat tilled to re* main Within I In I iii|n, 1 . Inil \\ 1 1 i 1 . • claim- ing ail thi prl llegi ol i colony, dla- ...

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Aug. -. i The ]ST a t i o n 123 duties and obligations. It was us situation that inevitably I brought about the revocation of the charter. I In another particular Mr. Beer's point of view is noteworthy. Rejecting as "dangerous and well-nigh incurable" the "tendency to infer subjectively that, be- cause men of the present day would have found a system insufferably re- strictive, their predecessors, living sev- eral hundred years before under rad- ically different social and intellectual conditions, must necessarily also have done so," he approaches the navigation acts in the following fair-minded spirit of interpretation: Such a system of rigid control over the commerce of dependent communities was the current practice of all colonizing na- tions. It necessarily implied the subordi- nation of the colony's economic interests to those of the metropolis, and as a result, in theory at least, if not always fully in practice, it is repugnant to modern eco- nomic, political, and ethical ideas. But these modern ideas are largely the result of changed conditions and were totally in- applicable in the seventeenth century, when they would have seemed, and correctly so, merely the vagaries of an unpractical Uto- pian out of touch with the forces that were making history. ... It would have been deemed the height of folly to leave colo- nial trade unfettered and to allow foreign rivals to reap where England had sown and where she was still obliged to expend considerable energy in preventing the in- trusion of lawless marauders and well-or- ganized enemies. The system was by no means one-sided, and did not appear to be so to the men of the day. As compensa- tion for the restrictions on the trade of the colonies, England protected them and gave such of their products as were needed and wanted the monopoly of the home market. When we attempt to imagine older historians, Bancroft or even Winsor, committing themselves to such a view of the navigation acts and of England's reason for adopting them, we realize how far removed we are from the days of those who stand in the popular esti- mation as the great interpreters of our history. And this change of attitude has come about largely through an hon- est desire on the part of younger Amer- ican writers to deal with American his- tory as a subject for exact and careful scholarship in the broadest sense of the term, and not as an object lesson for the encouragement of patriotic virtues. Mr. Beer's work is not free from er- rors, but such as are to be found are comparatively trifling. Spellings such as "Quarry" and "Phipps," incorrect titles such as "Secretary of the Admiral- ty" (Pepys), "Auditor General of the Colonies" (Blathwayt), and "London Record Office," are not serious mistakes. Less defensible is Mr. Beer's wasted ex- penditure of five pages in the task of refuting Fiske's contention that Ba- con's uprising was "in part, at least, against the laws of trade and naviga- tion"; and still more blameworthy is his reversion to the old classification of the colonies, as royal, proprietary, and charter, based on the nature of their internal political organization, when the superficial and inaccurate character of such classification has been demon- strated for many years. CURRENT FICTION. The White Hound. By Frances Forbes- Robertson. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. The questioning of old moral stand- ards which has become so common a note of fiction takes in this story a rather unusual form. Various crimes are committed by persons with whom we are led to sympathize. The heroine's father, a fine unworldly old scholar, de- frauds a life insurance company by sui- cide in order that his family may con- tinue to live in the comfort to which they have been accustomed. The Tight- ness of suicide is not even questioned; the Tightness of the fraud is questioned only to be asserted. The heroine her- self is a girl with a sort of double per- sonality; and the reader is skilfully car- ried into the mood to sympathize with a deed of shocking violence which she commits in her second person. But the circumstances of both these acts are un- usual, and the perpetrators might be excused on the theory of the license of genius. Very well, the writer seems to say, I will represent and defend a per- fectly sordid and commonplace crime: that of a seduced servant girl who kills her illegitimate child. Poor Phoebe is exonerated at some length. "Phoebe lov- ed, and in loving shed immortal light on things human for the moment of her passing — that torture and the cross were to be hers, is the mystery that surrounds all beauty." The mystery, one is tempted to say, lies not in the facts, but in the author's attitude to- wards them. But this is o-.ly one phase of the book. The chief interest is in the character of the heroine, with her wayward frank- ness, her charm, and her strange trans- formations. The illusory white hound, into which at times she seems to be metamorphosed, symbolizes one side of her nature. Only in the sheer animal delight of racing over the moors is she able to find respite from the terrible knowledge of her father's sacrifice — a knowledge which she cannot share with her mother and sisters. She is in con- stant rebellion against their kindly and narrow conventionalism, as it appears, for instance, in the dismissal of the se- duced kitchen-maid. A rather perfunc- tory love affair concludes the story. A Superman in Being. By Litchfield "Woods. New York: Thomas Y. Crow- ell Co. The hero is a blind historian, Profes- sor Snaggs. We are asked to accept him as a superman for three reasons: first, he constantly tells us that he is one — "the universe has produced me, and I am not so foolish as to expect it to do any better"; secondly, he has se- duced his stenographer, a girl of twen- ty-two; thirdly, he persuades her lover to marry her in the full knowledge of this. The Professor himself attends the wedding and most appropriately gives away the bride. It is presumed that they all live happily ever afterward. Be- sides being a superman, the Professor is a terrible bore. He talks through chapter after chapter, with a labored pseudo-brilliance which shows considera- ble familiarity with Oscar Wilde. "This dominating, brilliant, perverse, subtle, humorous, paradoxical, and ebullient" hero is made to stick more fiery off by contrast with the extraordinary stupid- ity of his associates, Mr. Drannle, who plays a sort of Dr. Watson to his Sher- lock Holmes, and Richard Densume, the stenographer's lover. The unconscious burlesque is sometimes amusing. It is evidently the work of a singularly in- nocent and moderately clever young man, who, having well steeped his mind in decadent literature, has resolved to write a novel. Perhaps he can best be described in his own words as "conver- sant with many ideas without a corre- spondent mastery of those facts of hu- man life which had given them birth." The Right of the Strongest. By Frances Nimmo Greene. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. The conflict between the old and the new in the Georgia mountains furnishes both theme and background for this story. We are introduced to a commu- nity of mountain whites struggling for its life against dispossession at the hands of John Marshall, a bold and en- terprising young capitalist who wishes to turn the valley into a great reservoir for the development of electric power. He meets with an unexpected obstacle when he falls in love with the school teacher, Mary Elizabeth Dale, a native of the valley, who has been educated by a philanthropist in order that she may heli> her people. She is in love with Marshall, but will give up neither her work nor her opposition to his plan. He on his side will not relinquish the pro- ject, though to save her from slander and to give her standing among the mountaineers he allows her to reveal it. before it is carried through. Apparent- ly defeated by this, he yet remains, at the risk of his li: he believes that she still needs protection. The story is unfolded in a series of dramatic situations to an unusually satisfactory conclusion. The characters, not except- ing the hero and heroine, are strongly Elizabeth is a v?ry real and lovable girl; Marshall is an excel- lent specimen of the best type of pro- ■ ing, chivalrous,

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124= The IsTation | Vol. 97, No. 2510 but blinded by the modern superstition of progress. Of the mountaineers, "Trav" Williams and the admirably named Slum Thaggin represent the worse element, and "Uncle Beck" Lo- gan, the philosopher-storekeeper, is tiie Hue (lower. Many of Uncle Beck's say- ings deserve quotation, but we have space tor onlj two. He has been telling the loafers at the store about the sale of some groceries to Marshall's conceited servant. "After I had done got all his money, I up and says, says I, 'Sonny, you have got a 'complishment what 1 ain't never met up with before — you air the fust mortal man I ever see what could strut settin' down.' " On another occasion, rid in' by meetin' with Darius Slaton, he remarked: "Ri, ol' Sister Thaggin's done treed the Lord agin; don't you hear her yelpin'?" Altogether this is a strong and well-balanced novel, free from the taint of hysteria which so often weakens stories of its type. The Air Pilot. By Randall Parrish. Chi- cago: A. C. McClurg & Co. The reader who looks forward to a story of adventure in cloudland will be disappointed, for the "air-piloting" is confined to a single short flight. Ex- cept for this, the famous Dessaud mono- plane might as well have been a ma- chine gun. The story is really one of improbable international complications, similar but inferior to some of the yarns of E. Phillips Oppenheim. Lieut. Dessaud has brought to America for ex- hibition his new monoplane, which has a virtually soundless motor. Col. Brandt, of the German secret service, plots to kidnap the aviator and learn the secret. He bribes a German editor to help him, and the editor uses as a decoy a report- er, who is, of course, a pretty American girl. Is it necessary to add that Helen tries to help Dessaud, but gets him deep- er into trouble; that she is threatened with dishonor and he with torture, and that the monoplane saves them and smooths the path of true love? The only remarkable thing in the story is the power of abstraction which enables the lovers to hold long and intimate con- versations at times when to all appear- ances only the promptest action can save them from disaster. ASSYRIAN NAMES. Personal Names from Cuneiform In- of the Cassite Period. By Albert T. Clay. Yale Oriental Series. Vol. 1. New Haven: Yale University Press. $2 net. The study of proper names occurring in the Cuneiform literature of Baby- lonia and Assyria is one of the most Important branches of Assyriology, throwing light on the prevail' ligious Ideas and on historical comhi Ions 11, We have tolerably complete lists of such names for the older period of Babylonian history and for the latest — the so-called neo-Babylonian pe- riod— but for' some of the middle peri- ods, notably for the six centuries (c. 17r.11 1173 B. c.) during which Cassite rulers occupied the throne of Babylonia, such lists were lacking. Professor Clay has now filled the most important of these gaps by his compilation of more than 10,000 names occurring chiefly in business and legal documents of the Cassite period. Professor Clay was pre- eminently the person to furnish scholars with such a list, by virtue of his pub- lication of no less than three large vol- umes of texts from the days of the Cas- site rulers. These volumes form the basis for the work before us, as they comprise our chief source of study of the social, religious, and political con ditions during the six centuries in ques tion. In addition to published texts. Professor Clay has also availed himself of unpublished material in the collec- tions of the University of Pennsylvania, and of the General Theological Semi- nary of New York, and has utilized also the hundreds of names occurring in the famous Amarna letters. Lastly, distinctly historical texts and names occurring in seal cylinders have been drawn upon to make the compilation represent a complete survey of the ma- terial at present at our disposal. But Dr. Clay has done far more than merely to compile a list. He has made a thor- ough study of these names, dividing them up into the elements of which they are composed. The study of these elements is par- ticularly instructive. A name in Baby- lonia, as throughout early antiquity, was much more than a convenient ap- pellation. It belonged to an individual as a part of his equipment, and in many cases was regarded as too sacred to be used on all occasions, so that in addi tion to his real name an individual gen- erally had some less solemn sobriquet by which he was known, often chosen to emphasize some physical peculiarity or distinction, and invariably briefer than the real name used on official oc- casions, and which, in most cases, form- ed a complete sentence with subject, ob- ject, and verb, though the third element in very many cases was omitted. An invariable element in the case of a per- son's full designation was the name of some deity, by the introduction of which the name became a prayer, or an expres- sion of ome nope, or praise of some deity. Thus, a name which has as one of its elements the moon-god, Kin. invokes Sin, directly or Indirectly, "O Sin, protect the son," "Sin is gra- cious," "Sin grants life," "Sin has given a brother," "Sin is the Lord," 'Sin has hearkened to me," and so on. We are reminded, of course, of Biblical names where we find similar combina- tions with the names of the Hebrew deities, El Jah, and Jeho, while the explanations so often attached to the names point to a further agreement in the ideas associated with the divine ele- ment among Hebrews and Babylonians. Thus, when Rachel is represented as explaining the name of her son, Joseph, as "Jahweh has given me another son," it is precisely parallel to a Babylonian or Assyrian name like Sin-akh-erba, "Sin has added a brother," or to Ashur- akh-iddin, "Ashur has given a brother." The explanation, in fact, points to the full name of Joseph having been some- thing like Jeho-ben-asaph, of which Jo- seph is an abbreviation — a sort of pet- name or hypokoristikon, to use the for- bidding technical term. In the case of Babylonian-Assyrian names, while some of the deities occur in all periods, others are particularly prominent at certain epochs. Thus, in the neo-Babylonian period, names com- pounded with Nebo and Marduk far out- numbered the rest, which is in accord with the almost exclusive devotion given to these two deities in Babylonia during the sixth century, though, to be sure, other gods were still worshipped in the old temples erected in their hon- or. During the Cassite period, as we now learn from Professor Clay's impor- tant contribution, we find Enlil (or El- lil), the chief god of Nippur and the head of the older Babylonian pantheon, entering more frequently as an element in proper names than any other, and next to Ellil is a deity whose name has occa- sioned considerable discussion, though the weight of evidence is now in favor of the form Enmashtu, proposed by Profes- sor Clay. In the survey of the names com- pounded with Enlil it is interesting to group together some of the attributes and hopes associated with this chief deity. Enlil is represented as "creat- ing," "taking care of," "protecting," "judging," "giving," "granting life," "es- tablishing," "completing," "hearing." A nr-.me, Enlil-nur-gabba, celebrates him as "Enlil, the universal light" — a close approach to "The Light of the World"; another as "Enlil is my help," "Enlil is our mountain" (shadu-ni), which recalls the famous El-Shaddai, one of i!n early designations given to the He brew deity in the Bible, ami which may he rendered as "el is the mountain," i. e., Ihe mighty one. The divine nam.' does not necessarily stand as th< ■ i : frequently 11 occupies 1 b ond place. So we find a series oi beginning with lz-7cur, "he has proclaim- ed," followed by the name ol' a god Izkur-Addu, "Addu proclaims," "Izkur- Ba," "1 ia pi 01 lalms," and anol hi 1 Bglnriihg w ilh the nhliii, "he has .••n en ■■ 1 d tacl . m.i lesi 1 han 1 « •■Hi j

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Aug. 7, 1913] The Nation 125 Bre d'ities are associated with this ele- ment, which thus incidentally furnishes us with a survey of the chief gods of the pantheon of the Cassite period. Instead of gods, the names of temples dedicated to them are substituted. Thus, the name of Enlil's temple in Nippur, K-kur, signifying "mountain-house," ap- pears as an element in E-kur-nadin- shum, "E-kur has given an offspring" v. here K-kur clearly stands as the equiv- alent to Enlil; or the names of stars take the place of the deities with which they were identified, as, e. g., in Dilbat- hani, "Dilhat creates," Dilbat, the planet Venue, identified with Ishtar, here standing for that goddess. We also come across such names as Kakl<ab-Ea, "star of Ea," from which or from a simila combination, a name like Kakkaba, "star-like," is an abbreviation with an endearing element attached, such as a lever might apply to his sweetheart. Professor Clay has added largely to the usefulness of his work by adding a complete list of elements occurring in the names with careful references. Through this list, the rather curious fact is revealed that during the Cassite period iuimes containing the element ilu, "god" — the equivalent of the He- brew El — without further qualification, are very common. Indeed, the num- ber of such names with ilu as the first or second or third element outnum- ber all other formations. This points to a development of religious thought not unlike that which may be traced among the Hebrews. No doubt, ilu always refers in the Babylonian names to some specific deity, but so does the Hebrew El always indicate Jahweh as a spe- cific deity. The important point is, that among Babylonians and Hebrews the chief deity becomes the "god" par excellence — "god" without further qual- ification, which represents a step even- tually leading to a monotheistic con- ception of divine government. Lastly, a feature that is particularly prominent in names of the Cassite pe- riod is the large number of foreign names and of names containing foreign deities as one of the elements. Natural- ly, a large proportion of such foreign deities are Cassitic; and, as a matter of fact, the chief personages of the Cas- site pantheon pass in review before us in this nomenclature. Through these names, many words of the Cassite lan- guage, as yet little known to us, are revealed. Still more interesting are the large number of foreign names that lead us to the Hittite regions in northern Syria and in central Asia Minor. Dr. Clay groups these names under the designation of Hittite-Mitan- nian. For the present, it is not possible to differentiate sharply between such as are Hittite and those that belong to a region in northeastern Syria, known as Mitanni. It is not unlikely that the Mi- tannians belonged to one of the Hittite groups. In this connection our author raises the question whether the Khabiri, who play an important role in the Amar- na letters dealing with affairs in south- ern Palestine during the fifteenth cen- tury, and who have been identified with the Hebrews, do not belong to the Hit- tite-Mitannian groups. In favor of this view is the fact that we find among the Hittite-Mitanni names a number which contain the element Khabiri, and it is also of significance that on a tablet of Boghaz-koi — the site of the capital of the Hittite Empire — in northern Asia Minor the "gods of Khabiri" are men- tioned. If Dr. Clay's contention is cor- rect, most important conclusions would follow, especially if it also turns out that these Khabiri are indeed the same as the Ibri or Hebrews to which Abra- ham belongs. Abraham finds Hittites in southern Palestine, for such the sons of Heth undoubtedly are, from whom Abraham buys the cave of Machpelah. This region appears, therefore, at a very early period to have contained Hit- tite groups, and the question arises whether the Hebrews may not have been at least affiliated with some of these Hittites, as the prophet Ezekiel, in fact, suggests. However, we know so little as to who the Hittites were, what language they spoke, and whence they came, that for some time to come all speculations on the subject must be more or less tentative. Meanwhile, Yale University is to be congratulated on inaugurating its series of Oriental publications with a volume that sets so high a standard for the ones to follow. The New China: A Traveller's Impres- sions. By Henri Borel. Translated from the Dutch by C. Thieme. With 48 illustrations. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. $3.50. M. Borel is an official Chinese inter- preter in the Dutch East Indies who has made the standard translation of the Confucian Classics into his native tongue. He made his first journey to the capital of China in 1909, surcharged with reverence for its ancient ideals and eager to derive the essence of a national soul beneath the scrap-heap that is left of its former wisdom and beauty. "The chief object of my book," he declares, "is to avail myself of the poet's right to give a chain of personal and subjective impressions and to describe how I felt the tragic death of ancient beauty, over- powered by all that is ugly and vulgar in modern things." Here is a scholar who, after years of residence among Chinese, confesses that he never discov- ert (1 the soul of the people until he visited the mistreated temples of that shabby old city upon which has been pound the scorn of thousands of unsee- ing trippers from the W< st. As an interpreter of modern China he cannot be acquitted of some exaggera- tion. All that is vulgar and impious in the present aspect of her society must not be ascribed to foreign influence. There was a wider gap than he is will- ing to acknowledge between the spir- itual conceptions which once controlled that society and the selfish materialism which obtained when the foreigners first arrived. A pride of learning remains, but it is overlaid with formalism and must be accounted unproductive since no priest or statesman in a century has arisen to direct any effective reform or guide his countrymen to new aspects of truth or religion. That Young China at present derives all its inspiration from abroad is in itself a proof that the "ancient eternal essence" of her intel- lectual life is so jejune as to be sterile. Yet the movement towards the forma- tion of a conscious nation is already well begun, and a resurgent China may in the future find her way back to some, at least, of that antique loveliness which the author laments as dying a tragic death in the dawn of her new day. Though calling his book a discussion of modern China, M. Borel is not com- pellingly lured from the monuments of the past to considerations of political and economic conditions. The "call of the East" is strong upon him, and it is a mediaeval, not a modern, East that calls. As an artistic appreciation of the temples of Peking his volume should be welcomed by intelligent tourists, whose elementary education in the meaning of Chinese art is seldom even begun. Tak- en in connection with a few descrip- tions of the city, such as those of Dr. Edkins and Mrs. Little, it ought to serve as a useful guide — though this is per- haps the last desire of the aesthetic au- thor whose scorn is often voided upon the globe-trotter. However, there is work to be done with this class in Peking as in Paris or Rome, and some few of them can always be educated out of their smug preconceptions. They may cavil at the author's recurring in- sistence upon the "mystical and esoter- ic" meanings discovered in old monu- ments, but these are to be found even in the dilapidated buildings of Peking, if sought for in the right spirit. Here is his plea for a more appreciative attitude in the visitor to the Lama Temple, no- torious for its train of truculent pi the disorderly scum of their order: That besides these wretched mendicant friars there are others who pass their life in prayer and meditation; that there Is In 1 pie a library of incalculable philo- scphical value, full of rare works on eso- teric and exoteric Buddhism — all this they do not consider. Nor do they dream It pos- sible that the so-called huo fo, the "Living Buddha," who dwells there invisible to the outer world, might be a spiritually ad- ranced heing, highly developed by some I initiation. Nor do they know that Eastern music possesses more d

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L-26 The 1ST a t i o ri [Vol. 97, No. 2510 shades and finer gradations Of sound and ' vibration than the whole and half-notes of our Western scales. The consequence is that the unpracticed or shallow Westerner, unable to discern these more subtle differ- ences of tone and more finely divided vi- brations, declares Eastern music to be dis- cordant and unbearable. Nor does such a one understand that Eastern orchestras, as, for example, the Javanese gamelang, us'' different pitches and rhythms for the morn- ins, daytime, evening, or night, because the vibrations of the ether also differ. After all, is this not the case with all beauty, be it that of line, color, or sound? One gets from these pages an altogeth- er new conception of a China redolent with subtle emanations and odors be- neath the rather grimy exterior cf work- a-day life seen by most casual visitors. Notes The Harvard University Press has in hand "The Granger Movement, a Study of Agricultural Organization and its Political, Economic, and Social Manifestations, 1870- 1880," by Solon J. Buck. The Encyclopedia Press, Incorporated, is the name which the publishers of the Cath- olic Encyclopedia have adopted in place of Robert Appleton Co. Doubleday, Page & Co. announce the fol- lowing list of autumn fiction : "Laddie, a True Blue Story," by Gene Stratton-Porter ; "Gold," by Stewart Edward White; -"In Search of a Husband," by Corra Harris; "The Friendly Road," by David Grayson; "A Son of the Hills," by Harriet T. Corn- stock; "The Lovely Lady," by Mary Aus- tin; "Refractory Husband," by Mary Stew- art Cutting; "The Mixing; What the Hill- port Neighbors Did," by Bouck White; "The Spotted Panther," by James Francis Dwyer; "The Golden Barrier," by Agnes and Egerton Castle ; "Jack Chanty," by Hulbert Footner; "The Confessions of Ar- sene Lupin"; "The Man Between," by Wal- ter Archer Frost, and "Under the Christ- mas Stars," by Grace S. Richmond, special- ly illustrated. Autumn announcements of the Methodist Book Concern include: "It is Not Lawful," a romance by Arthur H. De Long; "Blos- som Babies," by M. Louise Chadwick; "Marching Manward, a Story of a Boy," by Frank Orman Beck, and "Christ and the Dramas of Doubt," by Ralph T. Flewelling. In "The South African Scene," announc- ed by Smith & Elder, Miss Violet Mark- ham sketches the development which has taken place in South Africa since the war. A Florence-type edition of Stevenson's poems is in preparation by Chatto & Win- dus. Hall Caine's new novel, "The Woman Thou Gavest Me," will be brought out shortly in this country by Lippincott. The autumn list of Houghton Mifflin Company includes, under biography and letters: "The Memoirs of Li edited by W, P. Mannix, with an Introduc- tion by John W. I Life of John 1 lot Norton : \ Biograph- omment," by Miss Sara X'" M. A. De Wolfe Howe, two volumes; "Har- rison Gray Otis: His Life and Correspon- dence, 1765-1848," by Samuel Eliot Mori- son, two volumes; "The Life of Lyman Trumbull," by Horace White; "William Er- nest Henley," by L. Cope Cornford; "Some Letters of William Vaughn Moody," edited by Daniel G. Mason; "Hawthorne and His Publisher," by Caroline Ticknor. — History: "The Writings of James Breck Perkins: France Under Mazarin ; France Under Louis XV; France Under the Regency; France in the American Revolution," six volumes; "The Americans in the Philip- pines," by James A. Le Roy, with an in- troduction by William H. Taft, two vol- umes; "Bull Run: Its Strategy and Tac- tics," by R. M. Johnston; "The Nation and the Empire," by Lord Milner, and "Greek Imperialism," by William Scott Ferguson. — Educational : "Newspaper Writing and Editing," by Willard G. Bleyer; "Chief Mid- dle English Poets," by Jessie L. Weston; "Modern Prose and Poetry for Secondary Schools," by Margaret Ashmun; "Repre- sentative Cities of the United States: A Geographical and Industrial Reader for Grammar Schools," by Caroline W. Hotch- kiss; "Problems of Educational Readjust- ment," by David Snedden; "Rural Life and Education," by E. P. Cubberley; "Evo- lution of the Educational Ideal," by Ma- bel I. Emerson; "Studies in Foreign Education," by Cloudesley Brereton; "The Teaching of Spelling," by Henry Suzzallo, with an introduction by Frank M. McMurry; "Interest and Effort in Education," by John Dewey, and "Teachers' Annuities and Pensions: A Study of Teachers' Retirement Allowance Systems," by C. A. Prosser. — Religious : "Revelation and the Ideal," by George A. Gordon; "Three Lords of Destiny," by Sam- uel M. Crothers; "Charles Gordon Ames: A Spiritual Autobiography," edited by Al- ice Ames Winter, and "The Religious Revo- lution," by James T. Shotwell.— Poetry : "The Poems of Joseph Beaumont," edited with notes by Eloise Robinson ; "The Lit- tle Book of Modern Verse: Selections from the Work of Contemporaneous American Poets," by Jessie B. Rittenhouse; "The Ride Home," by Florence Wilkinson Evans, and "Story-Telling Poems," edited by Frances Jenkins Olcott. — Miscellaneous: "Mont St. Michel and Chartres," by Henry Adams, with an introduction by Ralph Adams Cram; "Dandies and Men of Letters," by Leon H. Vincent; "In the Old Paths," by Arthur Grant; "Emerson's Journals," Vols. IX and X, edited by Stewart W. Emerson and Waldo E. Forbes; "The Summit of the Years," essays by John Burroughs; "The Greatest Books in the World: Interpreta- tive Studies," by Laura Spencer Portor ; "More Letters of an Idle Man"; "The Pub- lisher," by Robert Sterling Yard; "The Age of Power," by Jonathan Lincoln; "The United States Federal Internal Tax His- tory, from 1861 to 1871," by Harry Edwin Smith; "Mediajval Industries," by L. F. Salzmann; "Auction Developments," by Milton C. Work; "In Freedom's Birthplace," conditions or tie' Boston negro of to-day, by .John Daniel, and "Summer," by Dallas Lore Sharp. The first edition Ol single buman relation, The nature "i U In man] mplementarj 1 ir own. He was brilliant, exubei anl 1 naokeray 01

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Aug. 7, 1913] The IsTation 127 clared that "it would not surprise him to meet Lewes riding on a white elephant in illy." His high spirits as well as • P sympathy served to nourish the genius of the woman to whom he could give his life if not his name. But for him, "akin believes, the novels would nev- er have been written; certainly they would not have been what they are. In her atti- tude towards this famous union the author is particularly happy; she is successful throughout in subordinating the r61e of critic to that of biographer. In "Trails and Tramps in Alaska and Newfoundland" (Putnam), William S. Thomas has made a really delightful ad- dition to outdoor literature. The camera rather than the gun has been the chief weapon of his hunting trips, and in catch- ing birds and animals in natural situa- tions he has been highly successful. He does not confine himself to the geograph- ical bounds of his title, one of the longest and pleasantest chapters dealing with the bird life of his home State, Pennsylvania. In the closing chapter he pleads sensibly for a policy of conservation which shall extend a uniform protection by the several States to all bird life, whether technically game birds, song birds, or not, except as long-continued and competent investiga- tion shall prove conclusively that the re- striction of numbers of any given species is of substantive value from an economic standpoint. In other words, let our Legis- latures cease compelling the bird-lover to prove the right of any given bird to live and positively assume that right until in- contestable evidence is presented to the contrary. "The Critic in the Orient" (Paul Elder), by George Hamlin Fitch, a companion vol- ume to "The Critic in the Occident," is a series of desultory sketches of a dozen cities from Tokio to Cairo. Each repre- sents selections from a mass of newspaper letters by a literary reviewer who found that "even in the debilitating heat of the tropics it was always a pastime, never a task, to put into words my ideas of the historic places I knew so well from years of reading, and which I had just seen." The book is not verbose, however, for the author has rigidly excised all the minutias of travel in favor of "the beauty of scenery, the grandeur of architecture, the appealing traits of various peoples." Indeed, the most apt criticism of it is that as a volume of travels its highly colored, interesting scenes want connection, while, as a criticism of foreign lands, it attempts no penetrative interpretation of what is new. But its clear, facile style, its appended hints for travellers, its bibliography, and, above all, its seventy excellent plates and photo- graphs should make it of interest to the general reader, and of value to the tourist. Five years ago Macmillan published a translation of Paul Dahlke's collection of essays ("Buddhist Essays"), in which, among other things, the author maintained that Buddhism is the only religion in the world "free from the poison of hypotheses." The same firm has now published a com- panion volume entitled "Buddhism and Sci- ence," wherein the author goes a step far- ther and shows that neither faith nor science can solve the riddle of the universe, but that Buddhism does so very satisfac- torily. Every individual has an energy of his own. A force that is "universal" would exist of itself and be "a creation of faith"; an in-force (energy, Karma) is existent only in dependence on its material, corporeality, sensation, perception, discrimination, con- sciousness. Every being is adequate cause to itself; as a flame maintains itself by its own heat, so every I-process maintains itself by its volitional movements. At death the pulse of energy of this process makes itself known in a new location, passes into a new abode, kindles a new I-process. I am my Karma ; without beginning. No en- tity passes over. The I-process has its in- force from a previous existence. Faith be- lieves; science recognizes only the material world; Buddhism conceives of the I from the standpoint of itself, i. e., intuitively. The weakness of science is shown in its treatment of physics, physiology, biology, etc. Scientific men demand proof in space and time before they will believe in this "passing over." They call it "telekinesis," they say it is a fact only for faith. They must learn that individual beginningless- ness, which is the key-word of Buddhism, is intuitively recognizable. As one falls in love and something passes over from lover to beloved in the very glance of love, and this is intuitively recognized, so Karma- processes are to be recognized. I am a process burning in virtue of a genuine en- ergy that never can be demonstrated, but which demonstrates itself in consciousness. The summation of individual experience is the world. I am a world-maker; there are no worlds in themselves. To put the mat- ter clearly: "The self-integration and self- disintegration of worlds is nothing but the functional concomitant phenomenon of the beginninglessness of the I." In reviewing Dahlke's previous work, the Nation asserted that his argument rest- ed upon pure hypothesis. Buddhism is as much a religion of faith as is Chris- tianity. It is bolstered up by logic and keen analysis, but it stands and falls with the Karma doctrine, and belief in Karma is a pure act of faith. That "conscious- ness is Karma" and that "thinking is Kar- ma" is the teaching of Buddhism, but all the pretentious modern Apologia? pro Bud- dha have failed to remove that stumbling- block. One might just as well believe in a soul passing over as to believe that con- sciousness and memory pass over, fasten on new material, and keep on living thus as the various I's in various bodies. Nor will any scientific man be led to believe that the Milky Way and star-clusters are Kar- maic energies in passing phases. All this would not be worth three paragraphs of the Nation were it not that these pseudo-scien- tific expositions of Buddhism are really looked upon by a large number of people in the light of revelations. As a matter of fact, the authors of such works, and Dahlke is princeps inter pares, are neither scien- tific nor even fair commentators on the texts they extol. "The Old-Fashioned Woman" (Putnams), by Elsie Clews Parsons, is a very readable book which differs from most books of its kind in the fact that it Is based upon some real knowledge of anthropology; for under this gently ironical and slightly mis- leading title Mrs. Parsons undertakes to show that all the conventional Ideas of what is appropriate to sex have their ori- gin in the fancies of primitive men. But why not? Only a little anthropology Is needed to show that, not only in sex, but in all other matters, the child of nature is bound by a rigidity and complexity of convention to which culture presents no parallel. And if the object be to show that the mind of woman does not in re- ality differ from that of man, the tired reader may be tempted to suggest that an important step towards this conviction would be the disappearance of feministic literature. "Calendar of Letter Books of the City of London. Letter Book L. Temp. Edward iV-Henry VII" (London: Guildhall), ed- ited by Reginald R. Sharpe, is the last to be issued in the present series. According to the original plan, the Letter Books were to be calendared only to the end of the fif- teenth century, when the journals of the Common Council and the repertories of the Aldermen begin. That period has now been reached, and though the Letter Books them- selves actually extend to the year 1688, no more will be calendared under the present arrangement. At the end of his preface, Dr. Sharpe announces the termination of the series and begs the general reader "to select some one or two of the more full and lively of these Calendars for attentive perusal, since he may gather from them in a week's diligent reading a more vivid idea of the England of his forefathers than he will get from the most brilliant pages of the professed historian." No advice could be more reasonable, and in accepting it the reader will not only acquire a re- markably clear notion of life in London during the Middle Ages, but will be im- pressed with the value of the material that Dr. Sharpe has rendered accessible. These eleven volumes are a witness, be- sides, to the learning, energy, and good judgment of the editor, whose labors in this field have found all too little recogni- tion at the hands of historians. The present volume, covering the period from 1460 to 1497, contains very little that is of importance for the general history of the kingdom. It is, however, rich in all that relates to the administrative and eco- nomic life of the City. It is indispensable to students of the history of the craft guilds, supplementing and completing the works of Herbert ("Twelve Livery Com- panies of London"), Unwin ("The Gilds and Companies of London"), Kingsford ("Chron- icles of London"), and the authors of the histories of the various companies. We learn much about the City and the Hanse merchants; about the relation of the com- panies to the municipal organization. 1 ! tions, and finance; and more than all else about the activities of the companies through the large number of ordinances, administrative, religious and charitable, and technical, that were submitted to the Mayor and Aldermen for approval and en- rolment. Among other matters here men- tioned that concerned the guilds are the re- lations with "foreigners," the wearing of liveries, the rise of the yeomanry organi- zations, the admission of women, and the question of precedence. In the matter of precedence, it is interesting to note that the "Billesdone award" of 1484, settling the quarrel between the Tailors and the Skin- ners, is still in force Two or three addi- tional points may be noted. The Hanse merchants, though in occupation of the

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128 The Nation | Vol. 97, No. 2510 Steelyard as early as 1320, did not become the actual proprietors until 1175; the title "Lord Mayor," though known in the lit teenth century, was not generally used un- til 1534 or 1535; and buildings in London were still roofed with straw as late as the beginning Of the fourteenth century. "The Fringe of the East: A Journey Through Past and Present Provinces of Turkey" (Macmillan), by Harry Charles Lukach, is neither a guide book nor ex- actly a book of travels. It is the narrative of an Inconsequential ramble, illustrated by photographs, with a considerable amount of chit-chat, sometimes historical, some- times jocose. The author is conversant with the near East and has compiled at least one guide book. In the present ram- ble he starts from Athens, going to Mount Athos, then to Rhodes, Cyprus, Jerusalem, Samaria, Damascus, Aleppo, then eastward to the Euphrates, back again through An- tioch to Latakia, and so down the coast to Beirut. He seems to have had no particular reason for the journey. Most of the places which he visits have been frequently visited and described. There is absolutely nothing new, with the exception of a couple of cas- tles in the Nosairiyeh country. There are no adventures, except the ordinary infelici- ties which the Oriental traveller experi- ences at times, and there are no discoveries. The first chapter consists of stories, chief- ly familiar, from Nasr ed-Din Khoja. Other chapters are enlivened by stories Oc- cidental and Oriental, credible and incred- ible, and illustrated by photographs, prin- cipally taken by the author, some good and others not. It is a pleasant book with which to while away an irresponsible hour, when one does not wish to be seriously in- structed or intensely interested — the sort of book which we would especially commend to the libraries of ocean steamers. The Rev. Hiram Collins Haydn, D.D., who died at his home in Cleveland on Thursday of last week, aged eighty-one, had been pastor for many years, and since 1903 pastor emeritus, of the First Presby- terian Church of that city. He graduated from Amherst in 1856, and from the Union Theological Seminary three years later. From 1887 to 1890 he was president of Western Reserve University. Among his writings are the following: "Lay Effort: Death and Beyond," "Amusements," "American Heroes on Mission Fields," and "Western Reserve University." John Haughton Coney, professor of his- tory in Princeton University, died on July 25 in New York! city. Professor Coney grad- uated from Princeton in the class of 1885. After engaging for a time in secondary school work, he became associated about 1895 in the department of history with Prof. W. M. Sloane. When Professor Sloane accepted a chair in Columbia, virtually the entire task of historical instruction in ion devolved for a time upon Pro- fessor Coney. He came well prepared for the work by a number of years of pre- vious study in Berlin University, where he ■ n his time largely to the study of Prussian and modern European history. After the enlargement of the historical teaching staff in Princeton, Professor Co- ney devoted his lectures to modern Euro- history, In fin. subject his courses i- mm 1 . i 1 1 v PecogHt2Bd as a sterling ol solid value in the historical cur- riculum. He did an enormous amount of college work, without noise and without adequate recognition. His colleagues, even better than his numerous students, knew and appreciated his remarkable erudition. Perhaps no more complete master of the detail of Prussian history in all its mi- nor ramifications ever taught in an Ameri- can college, and his death will leave a distinct void among historical scholars and in the teaching force of his univer- sity. EgregU mortalis altique silenti. Louis-Paulin Passy, historian and archae- ologist, known as the "father" of the Chamber of Deputies, died at Gisors, France, last Thursday, in his eighty-third year. He was a cousin of the late Frederic Passy, the peace advocate. He was a mon- arehist, and had been a member of the Chamber since the foundation of the Third Republic. A prolific writer, he ranged eas- ily over several fields of knowledge. Science The Genus Iris. By W. R. Dykes. Cam- bridge University Press. (University of Chicago Press, American agents.) Folio, with 48 colored plates and 30 line drawings. $37.50. The horticultural attractiveness and botanical interest of Irises have at last led to a publication befitting their worth. The rather dry and uninterest- ing, though scholarly, monograph of J. G. Baker of Kew, in 1892, has been the only reliable work on these plants avail- able, either to the gardener, for whom it was too erudite, or to the botanists, who have always deplored its lack of keys. It is greatly to the credit of Mr. Dykes that he should have prepared a volume that, while successfully address- ed alike to the horticulturist and to the botanist, is no mere gathering of Iris literature, but a thoroughly comprehen- sive monograph on the genus. Contain- ing admirable technical descriptions of all the species known to the author, in English, and giving, also, for each spe- cies as much of horticultural informa- tion as the gardener would ordinarily demand, the book is unique among monographic works of its kind. As in previous works, Mr. Dykes di- vides the genus into ten sections segre- gated by differences of root-habit or by more technical flower-characters; and this is the only method by which one can possibly thread one's way through a group of such size and complexity. There is a key separating these sections one from the other, and keys for each sec- tion separating the different species in it. That these keys will be more read- ily available to the botanist than the gardener goes without saying, but con- sidering the difficulty of the task, the re- sult is admirable. An explanatory chap- ter, with illustrations on the structure ol the Iris llower, Will help the 1111 mil lated in I be use of I he;;e Keys. for each species the author has given all the synonyms known to botanists, and a complete account of the distribution, citing all the better known collections of the plant by collector's name and field number, so that from the technical tide the work is very complete. Wher- ever the species presents horticultural difficulties and is of sufficient merit to warrant cultivation, special notes have Deen added under the botanical descrip- tion, together with interesting historical notes on its introduction into general cultivation. Both from the botanical and horticultural standpoint the work is quite up to date, including several spe- cies from China, new to cultivation through the recent collections of Mr. E. H. Wilson from that country. In view of the fact that there are many hundreds of magnificent named forms and hybrids of Iris, it is unfortu- nate that the author has virtually dis- missed this phase of the subject in two pages. But it is also probably true that the botanical affinities and parentage of many of these forms are doubtful; nor would the scope of the present work al- low of further elucidation. The forty- eight colored plates are beautiful in themselves and satisfactory botanically; they are fitting illustrations for a sumptuous and really comprehensive volume. The following are science books in Hough- ton Mifflin's autumn list: "Letters and Rec- ollections of Alexander Agassiz, with a Sketch of His Work and Life," by George R. Agassiz; "The Health Master," by Sam- uel Hopkins Adams; "The Resistance of the Air and Aviation," by G. Eiffel, trans- lated by Jerome C. Hunsaker; "The Housekeeper's Handy-Book," by Lucia Millet Baxter; "Calm Yourself," by George L. Walton; and "The Hygiene of the School Child," by Lewis M. Terman. Mr. George Shiras, 3d, gives in the Na- tional OeograpMc Magazine for July a viv- id account of his twenty-six years' work as a pioneer in photographing wild ani- mals, especially at night. Many of the sixty-seven illustrations represent the home life of the animals, some of which wander every night within a stone's throw of rural homes. An Interesting discovery made a few years ago was the existence of moose in large numbers in the Yellowstone Na- tional Park. There are several very re- markable flashlight photographs of deer. A brief description, with seventeen illus- trations, of some unfrequented parts of Burma is given by Mr. Charles H. Bartlett. The distinctive characteristics of geog- 1 . 1 p 1 1 '. are the subject of the leading article, by m. i'. Vidal de la Blache, in the Annates de Q6ograpMe for July, By emphasizing these lie alms to show thai the conception 11I geography no longer oscillates between 1 ha I of geology and of history; thai raphy has a domain of ils own ai | 1 In sciences, other articles c lern a remark abla earthquake In Francs Ln L882, the description of if being based largely en 1 nut 1 mpofa i y reeoi da , b d at lai and gazet- teer of Finland In four volumes which has

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Aug. 7, 1913] The Nation 129 already reached a second edition; and the Si. 1 1.1 .1. la l.umbrcra in Argentina. Con- l devoted to showing the methods employed for the development of the French colonies. Among these is the railway connecting Tongking with west- ern China, which it is believed will make the port of Haiphong a rival of Hongkong. Much work is also going on at Dakar on the Weal African coast in the construction of doeks. for when the projected Trans- Saharan railway is constructed It will be the shortest route between Europe and South America. Among imported English garden books us for Small Country Houses" (Country Life Library), by Gertrude Jekyll and Lawrence Weaver, is of much interest. It treats not of plants and seasons, in con- sidering which our practice must always I" different from the English, but of gar- den design, a study which we greatly neg- lect. It is another book of luxury, for the cost of the average garden here displayed would stagger the average American sub- urban dweller. Yet it preaches principles which we may well take to heart, of pri- vacy, completeness, and of making nature do her best for us. It is true that the copious illustrations of the book make us, in the midst of a hot and dry summer, envy the Englishman his climate; but apart from this we may very well admire the in- tensity with which the English designers apply themselves to make the best of their limited plots. The transplanting of selected bits of natural scenery, the beautifying of these by architectural adornment, and the endeavor to create an atmosphere of rest and permanence, are the central intentions. Home-makers can learn much from the study of both text and pictures, especially those which deal with the treatment of 6lopes and walls, rocks and water, pavings and gates. The schoolboy of to-day possesses a very different textbook on geography from the one which his father or grandfather car- ried to and fro. Instead of a thin quarto atlas he generally has an octavo or even duodecimo volume, and instead of pre- dominant political boundaries and statis- tics of population, he learns of land-forms and their influence on peoples; of map- making in the several types of projection; of the causes of winter and summer; of day and night; of zones of climate; of the depths of the sea; and, besides all these matters, he hears economic questions dis- cussed in so far as they are conditioned by natural resources. Geography has drawn to its aid geology, astronomy, mathematics, and economics, and has become revivified In an extraordinary manner. These new methods are illustrated in two books just published— "High School Geography, Phys- ical, Economic, and Regional" (American Book Company), by Charles R. Dryer, and "Elements of Geography" (Holt), by R. D. Salisbury, H. H. Barrows, and W. H. Tower. Mr. Dryer's book is somewhat more ele- mentary than the other, and is primarily designed for the high school. The boy or girl who goes through its pages will find It no child's play, but will in the end have a very intelligent grasp of the earth. Be- ginning with astronomical relations and geological processes, the student is con- ducted through economic geography to the "regional" part of the subject, in which the earth is described by physiographic prov- inces. Special stress is laid on resources. The volume by the three professors in the University of Chicago is written for some- what older students, and is designed to cultivate the reasoning powers, as well as to instruct in the physical features of the earth. If anything, more emphasis is laid upon geological processes, and less upon economic resources. The earth is treated in a more general way, and there is less description of special provinces. The vol- ume is largely the discussion of general principles with the earth as an illustration of their application. Prof. John Milne, an eminent seismolo- gist, died July 31 on the Isle of Wight, England, aged sixty-three. He was well known the world over, having travelled extensively in the United States, Austra- lasia, China, Japan, the Southern Seas, and Europe. For twenty years he was employ- ed by the Japanese Government, for which he established a chain of nearly 1,000 earthquake-recording stations. He also completed a seismic survey of the world for the British Association. Born in Liv- erpool, he had worked at his profession in Newfoundland and Labrador for Cyrus Field, Sir James Anderson, and others. Later he was geologist to Dr. Beke's ex- pedition into Arabia before taking up his work for Japan. He was the designer of seismographs and of instruments to record vibrations on railways. Among his publi- cations are "The Miners' Handbook," "Earthquakes," and "Crystallography." Drama and Music A legendary incident in the life of St. Francis of Assisi has been taken by Jo- sephine Preston Peabody for her poetical comedy, "The Wolf of Gubbio," which Houghton Mifflin Co. announces. James J. McCloskey, actor and playwright, died Monday in Brooklyn in his eighty-sev- enth year. He was born in Montreal and was one of the original California '49ers; later he managed a theatre in Marysville, Cal. In 1856 he went to Australia with Charles R. Thorne, and on his return to America played at the old Broadway, Bow- ery, and other theatres. Among his many melodramas are "Across the Continent," "Through by Daylight," "On Hand," "The Twelve o'clock Man," "Across the City," and "Nuggets." Among the soloists to be heard next sea- son with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra are Ernestine Schumann-Heink, Margarete Matzenauer, Leopold Godowsky, Leo Slezak, Harold Bauer, Eugen Ysaye, Carl Flesch, Jacques Thibaud, Fritz Kreisler, and Pa- derewski. Tn order to facilitate the efforts of Vmer iean composers to obtain a suitable libretto for the $111.111111 prize competition offered by the National Federation of Musical Clubs the Musical Courier offers a prize of $200 for the best libretto on an American sub- ject which shall conform to the regulations of the above mentioned prize competition. The Maine Music Festival. Which an- nually Is given in Portland, under the di- rection of William R. Chapman, will take place this year on October 6, 7, S. The list of soloists includes Mme. Schumann-Heink, Lillian Blauvelt, Mildred Faas, Roberta Beatty, Cornelia Rider-Possart, George Harris, Cecil Fanning, John Finnegan, Max Salzinger, Mr. and Mrs. Ernest J. Hill. The festival chorus includes 800 voices from the cities and towns of western Maine, and the orchestra is that of the Boston Opera House. "The Caruso among basses," is what some Londoners have called Chaliapin, who re- cently delighted them as Boris Godounoff. Others call him "a bass Tamagno," and "strangely enough there is an element of truth in both," says Alfred Kalisch in the London World. He declares that operagoers of long experience are agreed that there has never been a case of an in- stant conquest of London by an operatic singer comparable to that achieved by M. Chaliapin. . . . Chaliapin triumphed not only as a superb singer, but as an actor of magnetic personality. It is hardly possible to recall a singer whose voice is sweeter, or one whose legato is more perfect, or one who has the art of caressing a phrase more highly developed; while as regards power (by which I mean not only volume but skill in suggesting strength by the quality of the voice) he has no rival. "German Motet" is the title of Richard Strauss's latest composition. It is for four solo voices and sixteen-part choir, unac- companied. The words are by Riickert, and the publisher is Adolph Furstner, Berlin. On September 24 one hundred years will have elapsed since the death of Gretry. The Belgians are preparing to commemorate this date. They have reason to be proud of this composer, for in his day (he was a contemporary of Mozart) he was one of the most famous musicians in Europe. Follow- ing the advice of Voltaire, he went to Paris, where he soon became prominent and popu- lar as an opera composer, and exerted a deep influence on other writers of comic operas, notably Isouard Boieldieu, Adam, and Auber. His operatic principles, which he discusses in his "Memoires," are simi- lar to those of Gluck; but while Gluck un- blushingly wrote pleasing tunes, Gretry held that the singers should eschew melody and content themselves with recitative. In this respect Debussy is his pupil. The first instance of a leading motive (recurring melody) is found in one of the operas of Gretry, who also anticipated Wagner in suggesting that the orchestral players should not be visible. One of the sensations of the next mu- sical season will be Verdi's "Ai'da" over- ture. He wrote an overture to his great- est opera, but was dissatisfied with it and refused to allow it to be played or printed. Interesting details regarding this affair are now made public in the Giornale d'ltaUa by the well-known critic, Eugcnio Cheehi, who pot them from Franco Faccio in 1887. Faccio was conductor of the Scala Opera House in Milan at the time (1872) when \i'h>" had its first performances there. lie relates that two days before the first public performance of "Alda" Verdi came to him and said that he should like to have an orchestral rehearsal of the overture. Faccio was: surprised, for this was the first intimation he had had that Verdi aposed an overture. The orchestra was promptly summoned, and tie was played at sight. At the end all the ins rose and applauded the mas-

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ISO The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2510 tor. Verdi quietly waited till they had given vent to their feelings, and then he called Faccio to his box and said: "Your orchestra played admirably, but I regret to have called Tor its services needlessly, for 1 am going to withdraw the overture." When Faccio asked why, he retorted: "I withdraw it because 1 do not like it." Faccio's efforts to make him change his mind were all in vain. Verdi had a habit of stubbornly adhering to what he had made up his mind to do; and so it came about that until the present year no one ever heard the "Ai'da" overture except its composer and Faccio and his musicians. It is to be played again in the same opera house on the occasion of Verdi's one hun- dredth birthday, on October 10 next. "The new Mozart" is the name now given in Vienna to Erich Korngold, the fifteen- year-old son of the musical critic of the Nette Frcic Presae. He was only eleven when his pantomime, "The Snowman," was produced at the Imperial Opera in that city. It will be remembered that his "Schauspieloverture" for orchestra was played last winter by the New York Phil- harmonic, under Josef Stransky, and scored a genuine success. It most agreeably dis- pelled the current notion that this boy was simply a musico-mathematical freak, a precocious imitator of Strauss, Reger, and Schbnberg. While his harmonies were en- tirely modern, he proved to be not a caco- phonist for discord's sake; and, what is far more important still, he proved that he has that rarest of gifts, the faculty of cre- ating melodies. The indications are that he deserves the name of "the new Mozart." His future doings will be watched with in- tense interest. He bids fair to become one of the great masters. The best article on this wonderful boy that has so far appeared is one by Hiram K. Moderwell in the July Harvard Review (which, by the way, has already taken its place among the leading musical periodicals). Art Houghton Mifflin Co. announces for au- tumn: "The Life of Charles F. McKim," by Alfred H. Granger; "Personal Recollec- tions of Vincent Van Gogh," by his sister, Elisabeth Du Quesne Van Gogh, translat- ed by Katherine S. Dreier, and "The Sig- nificance of Art," by Eleanor H. Rowland. When Mr. Howard C. Levis's "Descriptive Bibliography of the Most Important Books in the English Language relating to the Art and History of Engraving and the Col- lecting of Prints" (reviewed in these col- umns September 26, 1912) appeared in Lon- don in 1912, the need of an index became speedily apparent. This want has now been supplied by the author in a 141-page "Sup- plement and Index," the latter occupying more than 90 pages. Print collectors and Others who own the original book will wel- come this key to its store of information. Henry W. Poore's "The Conception of Art" (Doubleday, Page & Co., fully Illustrated), is, as the title suggests, intellectualistic in tendency. The idea of a special aesthetic sense Mr. Poore scouts. Art arises In the intelligence, borrowing power from the emo- tions, and its appeal is to the intelligence chiefly. In short, Mr. Poore virtually ac- cepts Croce's dictum, though he does not seem to have read him, "art is expression." Beyond this fundamental conception, Mr. Poore's criticism is entirely relative. Art he constantly reminds us, quoting Coleridge, is "a way." John La Farge, more com- prehensively, used to call it "a transac- tion." For Mr. Poore the concepts of art and beauty do not coincide. A work of art may contain more or less beauty, or none at all, without forfeiting its title. It suf- fices that the artist's interest be deeply en- gaged and his idea expressed. Similarly, Mr. Poore tends to break down the sharp distinctions between realism and idealism, etc. All this is in the direction of things as they are. On the point of impression- ism our author is less satisfactory. To say that the impressionist paints not r. thing but his impression thereof is badly to beg the question. So broad and tautological a definition defines nothing. The isolation of the single impression is what really counts, with a corresponding swiftness and directness of execution. The last chapters, which contain Mr. Poore's comment on the latest schools of art, have been pub- lished already in a separate booklet and recently noticed by the Nation. As a whole, the book is of curiously uneven texture. It contains cogent and closely analyzed criti- cism, much chat and anecdotal illustration, many misprints. Our chief issue with Mr. Poore is that, insisting on a scientific defi- nition of art, he accepts the loose and popu- lar idea of beauty. Perhaps beauty is only our satisfaction in successful expression — the completed transaction between artist and amateur.. This would make beauty rela- tive, but also would constitute it a neces- j sary concomitant of every sensation of art. In general this is a suggestive and interest- I ing book, full of common-sense on topics I that are often beclouded by mere rhetoric. To commemorate its loan exhibition of fine color-prints in May, 1911, the Japan Society of New York has published a care- fully illustrated catalogue, prefaced by the lecture delivered by Frederick William Gookin at the opening of the exhibition. The volume is a thin folio in cartridge boards, is beautifully printed on fine pa- per, and is called "Japanese Colour-prints and their Designers." Mr. Gookin managed to pack a remarkable amount of informa- tion within the compass of a public lecture. His paper measures up very well with such compact manuals as Strange's. An even greater distinction of the volume is the illustrations. There are some two dozen color-plates, real facsimiles, mounted on Japanese vellum. These reproductions are made from famous prints in the best con- dition. Accordingly, this memorial album becomes a necessary auxiliary to the scru- pulous collector. Besides, it is a beautiful example of book making, and the Japan doubtless will be under pressure to permit a wider circulation than is usual with similar club publications. Java possesses some of the most v ful Hindu and Buddhist temples of the world, built probably for the most part 11 the eighth and eleventh centuriei of the Christian era. But they have suf- fered greatly from many causes— earth- quakes, the fanaticism ol the Mohamme- dan conquerors since the close of the fif- teenth century, and the utter carelessness and callousness of the Dutch Governors who have allowed innumerable statues to be carried away by greedy collectors and who have permitted these immense tem- ples, built without mortar, to fall to pieces for the want of a little care. Only within the last dozen years have Dutch archaeolo- gical societies and colonial officials be- gun to awake to a sense of their duty. They have finally begun to restore, to photograph, and to study intelligently their neglected treasures. The purpose of Mr. J. F. Scheltema, who has just published, through Macmillan, "Monumental Java," is to sum up in popular fashion, with com- ments of his own, the results of these re- cent archaeological investigations. Mr. Scheltema is able to speak with some authority, owing to a very wide reading and to personal visits and studies in Java it- self for thirty years. He is nothing of a Schliemann or a Winckelmann, and does not deal in exact descriptions in precise feet and inches. Rather he strives to do for the Boro Budoor and the other Java- nese temples what Ruskin did for St. Mark's and Santa Croce. Like Ruskin, too, his scorn for the ordinary tourist and Phil- istine is unmeasured. Visitors to the Paris Exposition of 1900 will remember the Hin- du temple which housed the East Indian section and which Cabaton, in his ex- cellent general account of the Dutch East Indies, refers to as a "very successful copy of the Tchandi (temple) Sari," a "beauti- ful specimen of Indo-Javanese architec- ture." It is characteristic of Mr. Schel- tema's spirit that he anathematizes this same building as a "sorry spectacle pre- pared by the miserable bungling of mis- chievous quasi-scientific enthusiasts," a "mean, ridiculous imitation of one of the Buddhist jewels of central Java, a carica- ture of the Chandi Sari, the exterior in nondescript confectioner's style, daubed dirty white, the interior made hideous bj a purple awning, abomination heaped on abomination." His volume is illustrat- ed by good photographs and is enriched by a good deal of interpretation of Hindu mythology. It is a pity that, in the in- terests of clearness and good taste, the author did not submit his manuscript to some kindly friend more familiar with English idiom who would have excised some of the metaphors, improved the punc- tuation, and shortened the sentences. The second edition of Margaret E. Tabor's "The Saints in Art" (Dutton, illustrated) shows more defects than one usually finds in such compilations. There is In fact little evidence of first-hand knowledge in the book. Since the attempt is made to name a famous picture for each prominent saint, the thing should have been done consistent- ly. A reading of the first three letters sug- gests the following addenda; St. Agnes, Tintoretto at the Orto, Venice; St. All \is. Lower Church of San Olemente, Rome; St. Anthony and St. Paul, Jan van Eyck at Berlin and Velasquez at the Prado; St. Bar- bara, Jan van Eyck at Antwerp; Si diet, frescoes at Sublaco and Monte Ollveto; st. Bernard, Peruglno at Munich; Bt Bruno, Bustachs Le Beur al rails; Bt. Christopher, Mantegna and others in the Kimllarit, Padua; st. John Chrysostom at his titular church in Venl Idlj enough. Oils !"<■ 1*

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Aug. 7, 1913] The ]LSTatioii 131 picture is the frontispiece of the book, but is misread a St. Jerome. It would be diffi- cult to find a St. Cecilia "by the Van Eycks" at Berlin. Is it necessary to carry these observations further? Qeorge Hitchcock, the American painter, iddenly Monday on the island of Marken, Holland, in which country he had made hla liome for many years. He was born in He graduated from Brown in 1872, and two years later from the Harvard Law School. But he soon gave up law for art, and studied in Paris under Boulantccr and Lefebvre. and then at The Hague under Mesdag. For twenty-five years he had a studio in Edam, Holland, during which time he specialized in flowers, his Tulip Growing, painted in 1885, having first won him recognition in Paris. Some years ago Mr. Hitchcock turned to religious subjects. In this branch of his work may be mentioned The Flight into Egypt, Ma- donna and Child, Sainte Genevieve, and Hagar and Ishmael. He won gold medals In New York, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, Munich, Chicago, and Dresden, was an officer of Franz Joseph Order of Austria, and a mem- ber of the Munich Secession, the Vienna Academy of Arts, and American Painters. death is announced from Gloucester, Mass., of William Pitt Preble Longfellow, ' architect, and nephew of the poet. He was born in Portland, Me., in 1836, and gradu- ated from Harvard in 1855. In 1869 he was appointed assistant architect to the United States Treasury Department, and later was editor of the American Architect. He was the author of "Abstract of Lectures on Per- spective," "Cyclopaedia of Architecture in Italy," "Greece and the Levant," "The Col- umn and the Arch," and "Applied Perspec- tive." Finance TWO WAYS OF DOING IT. Two incidents of last week, affecting the relation of the Government to the financial situation, have shown with un- usual clearness how not to do it and how to do it. Government bonds decline sharply on the market; the finance min- ister of the United States publicly de- clares that the fall is due to a con- spiracy of New York banks. Waiving consideration either of accuracy of the assertion or of official propriety in the action, the immediate conclusion of all experienced people was, that the market for Government securities had been injured by it. This was true for two reasons — that so unprecedented an action would be taken by many holders of such securities as evidence of a des- perate situation, and that, even where this was not inferred, a desire to get free from connection with a market where such accusations were flying would have been instilled. Had that statement actually been the precur- sor of a continued campaign of in- crimination, the effect on the value of Government bonds would have been most unfortunate. The statement left the Government bond market as weak as it was before. Three days later came the announce- ment that the Treasury would increase the public deposits with interior banks, but with the stipulation that banks de- siring such accounts must increase their bond-secured note circulation to a given ratio, if they had allowed it to be re- tired. Here was an expedient to which capable Treasury officers have in the past resorted. It is the business of a finance minister to support the public credit. The British Exchequer buys free- ly for the sinking fund when a fright has seized investors in British consols; the French Treasury does the same in a break in rentes. It is a matter of his- tory that Secretary McCulloch actually sent to the Stock Exchange heavy Gov- ernment buying orders for national se- curities, on the day after Lincoln's as- sassination. The present expedient, of granting legitimate facilities on condi- tions the performance of which would involve purchase of Government securi- ties, has been successfully pursued be- fore. This time, it put up the price of the 2 per cents two points, on the very day of its announcement. The moral, as the improving tales of our childhood used to put it, is that when a troublesome problem has to be solved, in government or anywhere else, the thing to do is to set practically to work at its solution — not to complain and rail at some one else who is imag- ined to have created it. This principle has a much broader scope than its appli- cation to such passing incidents as those of last week. It concerns the attitude of all branches of the Government to- wards problems of the day. It is an old rule, and a very good one, that when something is amiss in the body politic, it is the business of capable public men, first, to find out by calm and dispassionate inquiry what is wrong; next, to discover what will cure it, and then, in a sober and statesman- like way, to apply the remedy. That was the commonplace method of anoth- er period. Nowadays, a substantial part of our legislators seem to prefer, un- der similar conditions, first, to let their imagination run wild as to what the real trouble is; next, to accuse the most conspicuous persons in the neighborhood of having caused it for their own wick- ed purposes, and thereupon, to discuss with the utmost heat and fury what punishment ought to be inflicted on them. But even a child should know which of the two plans contains the larger pos- sibility of usefulness. The first sets things right when they are wrong; the second merely stirs up a cloud of con- fusion and bitter feeling. As a matter of fact, both have been tried rep* in the world's past history. The use of the "conspiracy" theory is itself as old as the application of common-sense rem- edies— probably much older. But the one has the same relation to the other as the drowning of old women for prac- ticing witchcraft on a farmer's cattle had to the later development of veteri- nary science, or as the mediaeval charge that Jews were poisoning the wells had to the trained physician's struggle with typhoid. From one point of view, there- fore, it might be imagined that repeat- ed recourse to the idea that everything unpleasant is the work of malicious ene- mies and conspirators marks reversion to the public sentiment of the Middle Ages. Happily, however, every one is aware that these are not the Middle Ages, with their ignorance, bigotry, and supersti- tion; that the times we live in are, in fact, characterized in most fields of ac- tivity, as none have been before them, by a spirit of determined inquiry after the facts behind every phenomenon that attracts attention. Sooner or later, this spirit is bound to be wearied and dis- gusted with the practice of meeting every unpleasant development in a po- litical or financial situation with the cry that some one is "conspiring." Most people are aware from experience that, in the practical affairs of life, such an assertion, if it does not mean hopeless superstition on the part of its author, is apt to mean intellectual laziness or outright incompetency. But this is not a period when any one of these three weaknesses is tolerated. It is not un- reasonable, with such facts in mind, to predict that in due course it will be recognized, at Washington as elsewhere, that the practical common-sense way of remedying what is wrong is the wisest way, and that no individual or commu- nity ever helped its own condition by permitting its mind to be governed by the delusion of persecution. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Adams, E. L. Word-Formation in Proven- cal. Macmillan. Autograph, The. Vol. I— 1911-'12. P. F. Madigan. Bithell, Jethro. Life and Writings of Mau- rice Maeterlinck. Walter Scott Pub. Co. Briggs, T. H., and McKinney, I. A First Book of Composition. Boston : Ginn. 90 cents. Clifford, Hugh. Malayan Monochromes. Dutton. $1.50 net. Cooper, Lane. Aristotle on the Art of Poetry. Boston: Ginn. 80 cents. Countryman, Edwin. The Supreme Court of the U. S. Albany: Matthew Ben Co. $2.50. Crittenden, John Jordan. Calendar of Pa- pers in the Library of Congress, Wash- ington. Dudeney, Mrs. Henry. A Runaway Ring. Duffield. $1.25 net. Ebert, Justus. The Trial of a New Society. Cleveland: I. W. W. Pub. Bureau. 73 cents. fioltz, Colmar. Jena to Eylau. Trans, by C. F. Atkinson. Dutton. $2.50 net. Hemenway, H. B. Principles of Therapy under Modern Biologv. Reprinted from Internationa] Clinics, Vol, II. William. I \ Novel in Letters. Duffield. $1.25 net. Hosmer, Q. W. Tl. trsburg. (Reprint from the N. Y. World Pub. Co.

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L32 The JST a t i o ii | Vol. 97, No. 2510 Hough, Emerson. The Lady and the Pirate. I Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. $i.2.r> net. Hughes, Charles. Mrs. Piozzi's Thraliana. 1 London: Sluipkin, Marshall, Hamilton, I Kent & CO. [ngelOW, Jean. Poems. Frowde. Jenklnson, Emily. The Soul of Unrest. Duf- lielil. $1.25 net. Johnson, \V. J. Abraham Lincoln, the I Christian. Eaton & Mains. $1 net. Negro Year Book. 1913. Alabama: Tuskegee | Institute. Norton, H. K. The Story of California. Chicago: McClurg. $1.50 net. (Oxford Ed. of Standard Authors.) Long- mans. Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. VIII, Sev- eral— Shaster. Frowde. Perrin, Alice. The Anglo-Indians. Duffield. $1.25 net. Report of the Department of State Fire Marshal for 1912. Albany, N. Y. Ridley, Alice. Margery Fytton. Duffield. $1.30 net. Rhys, Grace. The Charming of Estercel. Dutton. $1.35 net. Ryan, W. r. Haisy Darley. Dutton. $1.35 net. Shelley, Lady Frances. Diary. Vol. II, 1818-73. Scribner. Smith, .Mrs. Chetwood. The God of the Bees. Boston: Butterfield. $1.25 net. Spencer, Sherwood. The Flood of Youth. Second edition. London: Fifield. Wilkinson, Spenser. The Early Life of Moltke: A Lecture. Frowde. The Yoke of Pity (L'Ordi- nation), by JULIAN BENDA, is "certainly the novel of the year in Paris — the book which every one reads and discusses," says The London Times. Translated by Gilbert Cannan. $1.00 net " Remarkable, worthy of the attention of serious readers in all countries." — M 2V(. Y. Tritunc S»aL TT FT 14{ p 34W. 33St. gg^HenryHolt&Co.,New York FATHER GREGORY; or, Lures and Failures A TALE OF HINDOSTAN. By PERCIVAJL CHRISTOPHER WREN, Author of "Dew and Mildew," etc. Crown 8vo. Pp. ix + 3U3. $1.35 net (Postage 11 cents). The second title indicates the subject 0! this novel, which tells the story of a Club for Failures which is supposed In have been established in India for Englishmen Who have failed there and e/one under. The idea underlying the booh is that there is some good in evert/ one, even the biggest rascal — an idea on which much of the work of Henry Kingsley is based. The method .. CHICAGO «:{,.. ; voi it. OWN : Ikj en pi t«l : nrlglmil metl - 1 M I ■ > MOORE Bpei lall t, Mew Egypt, N. J. CONSTRUCTIVE RURAL SOCIOLOGY By JOHN M. GILLETTE Professor of Sociology, Univ. of North Dakota This work surveys carefully rural conditions, notes tendencies and deficiencies, seeks to present clearly problems calling for prompt solution, and to point out ways of betterment in accordance with the best ideals of country life. IANAGAN Amateur Detective By EDWARD H. HURLBUT "Detective Fiction of a superior order." — Boston Globe. "Keeps the reader breathless to the end." — San Francisco Call. Illustrated. $1.25 net. STURGIS & WALTON CO. 31-83 East 27th Street, New York The Primitive Family as an Educational Agency By ARTHUR JAMES TODD, Ph.D. of the Department of Sociology, University of Illinois. Science Series. 8i'o. $1.75 net; by mail, $1.90 From widely scattered sources — travels, ethnography, folk-lore, stu- dies in the evolution of the law, mor- als, etc., and personal observation — the author has collected evidence on such problems as the economic basis of family life, the position of the wife, promiscuity, group-marriage, divorce, sex taboos, procreation myths, the couvade", primitive, moral, and vocational instruction; initiations, pu- berty ceremonies, etc. The fact that much of primitive education was genuine social education is strongly emphasized. New York G. P. Putnam's Sons London JUST PUBLISHED PAUL ELMER MORES THE DRIFT OF ROMANTICISM An admirable group of papers on sue!) authors as William Beckford, Canllnal New- 111:111, Waller Pater. Fiona Macleod, Nietzsche, and other leaders of the romantic movement. $1.25 net. Postpaid, $1.37. Boston HOUGHTON MIFFLIN i '(>., NewYork Just Issued The PHILIPPINE PROBLEM By Frederick Chamberlin The most up-to-date and impartial account of the American occupation and development of the Philippines yet issued. With 10 pages of illustrations, 254 pages, ]L'm». cloth, $1.50 net; by mail, $1.02. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, Boston THE GREAT ART GIFT-BOOK OF THE YEAR ART By Auguste Rodin (Translated from the French of Paul Gaell by Mrs. Itomllly Fedden.) Willi over 100 Illustrations In photogravure and half-tone. Buckram, $7.50 net; three-quarter levant, $15.00 net; carriage additional. A hook which kikes Its place at once as tbe most important art hook In years. It covers practically the whole range of art, and alK'inids In memorable analyses of the works of tbe masters of painting and sculpture, ancient and mooern. Send for descriptive circular. Small, Maynard & Co., Publishers, Boston DANTE'S DIVINAMMMEDIA I'irst American edition Edited, with introduction, arguments to 1 each canto, and footnotes by Professor C.J H. Grandgeut, of Harvard University. Cloth. 886 pages. Price, $2.25 D. C. HEATH & CO.. PUBLISHERS BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY All the new books and standard books ; country-house boxes of se- lected books for summer reading 681 Fifth Ave., nr. 54th St. 'I The second volume of Hauptmann's Dramas is now ready. Contents: Drayman Henschel; Rose Bcrnd; The Rats At all bookstores, $1.50 net: by mail. $1.65 B.W.IIuebsch, Publisher, 225 Fifth avenuo.Ncw York LIBRARY RESEARCH Researches made in Boston and Harvard Libra- rles. Ancient and modern languages. Translation, revision of manuscripts, etc, Miss \i 11 1:1 0KINGHAM, 86 Chestnut Street, Boston, .\ia-s. 10 WEEKS IN EUROPE FOR $300 BOOB ABOUT IT. 11.10 POSTPAID, First Folio Edition. Edited by Char- 1 DODD, imi:\i> A COMPANY, lotte Porter. 40 vols. Cloth, 75c. per { fourth avic. and :m-mi sthioict, nkw York vol.; leather, $1.00 per vol. "By all odds i' beat 1 iiition noto at ci BBible " l The Lit Ing 1 ge. THOMAS Y. CROWELL CO., New York A CATALOGUE or books and pail on c conomic, socla 1 a ad poltl lea I science now 11. WILLIAMS, 106 1: 22d St., N. Y.I SHAKESPEARE'S WORKS \\M\IH Hill PUZZLE >I\1*S. Iimnv Interesting, educative. you can spend hours ot pronl am is* wliii them, Prepaid, only BOc Educational Oo., Box 8001 Bo ton THE AMERICAN YEAR BOOK FOR 1012 IS NOW RKADY l>. APPI.KTON «V ((IMI'tM

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Pile ;>. VOL. XCVII— NO. 2511 THURSDAY, AUGUST 14, 1913 latiomle. PRICE TEN CENTS ^fo An important announcement by Mitchell Kennerley THE MODERN DRAMA SERIES EDITED BY EDWIN BJORKMAN Each oolumc uniform cloth binding, prices various, from $1.00 to $1 .50 a oolume CONSIDER IXC the western world as a whole, the dramatic production of the last fifty years must be held to equal, and perhaps to surpass, that of any preceding period. And this production displays an essential unity of spirit and manner that heralds the final disappearance of national barriers in literature. To make I Lean public free of this common storehouse of thought and beauty is the object underlying the Modern Drama Series, which aims at appealing with equal force to scholar and layman. It will gradually bring translations from every language that has produced a contemporary drama worthy of notice It will also include English and American plays of exceptional significance. The editor of the series has within a few years made a reputation for himself as a farsighted student of modern literature and as a successful translator. From those chosen to assist him, three qualities will be exacted: familiarity with the language of the original, artistic command of the English language, and ability to grasp not only the letter but the spirit of the work to be transplanted. Each volume will have an intro- duction of informative rather than critical nature and a chronological list of plays by the same author. The following ten volumes of this series will be ready for publication during the coming Fall: I. (Danish) KAREN BORNEMAN: LYNGGAARD & CO. Two plays by HJALMAR BERGSTRoM. Translated with an introduction by Edwin Bjorkman. Bergstrom belongs to a group of young Danish playwrights who promise to pi country's dramatic literature in the very front rank of what our own day baa to offer. The two plays I in this volun i racterized by technical per- fection, dramatic intensity, psychological veracity, and deep social significance. II. (French) THE VULTURES: THE WOMAN OF PARIS: THE MERRY-GO-ROUND. Three plays by HENRY BECQUE. Translated with an introduction by Freeman Tilden. While almost unknown here, Becque is a classic in France. Historically he is Interesting as a link between the new and the older. pre-Ibsenian drama. But no such consideration is needed for the enjoyment of his brilliant wit and sharp social satire, "than which there is no better," was the verdict recently given by Arnold Bennett on "The Woman of Paris." III. (Norwegian) PEER GYNT. A dramatic poem by HENRIK IBSEN. Translated in the original metre by R. Ellis Roberts. With an introduction and notes. "Peer Gynt" is one of Ibsen's most characteristic plays, a :d also one of his finest, but its full significance and beauty have never before been revealed to American or English readers. The version made by Mr. Roberts preserves not only the deep- reaching philosophy of the original, but also its poetic glamour and playful charm. IV. (// /( n) THE STRONGER: LIKE FALLING LEAVES: SACRED GROUND. Three plays by GIUSEPPE GIACOSA. Translated with an introduction by Edith and Allan Updegraff. An adequate English rendering of Glacosa's nervous, almost brutally direct dialogue. Splendid craftsmanship and indomit- able determination to get at the realities of life are two qualt.es characterizing the great Italian playwright's best work. Love as a mere sex-passion has little place in his dramas: work is, on the other hand, always conspicuous. And few, if any, modern writers have treated business with such a combination of merciless insight and understanding sympathy, V. (English) THE WIDOWING OF MRS. HOL- ROYD. A drama in three acts by D. H. LAWRENCE. This is first of all what a play should be to achieve sus- pense: a conflict of human will*. But it constitutes also a strik- ing exposition of the difference bet' attitude toward such a I all it Im il author must be reckoned one of the most promising of the ■■< writers now making a p land. VI. (American) PAPA. An amorality in three acts by ZOE AKINS. A startlingly clever and charming piece of dramatic foolery, with a background of biting social satire. There is in it some- thing of Schnitzler's "Anatol" and something of Hope's "Dolly Dialogues." Yet it is wholly and surprisingly original — a bright herald of still greater things to come. VII. (American) MR. FAUST. A verse play i five acts by ARTHUR DAVISON FICKE. The Faust legend set in present-day American surroundings. But through that legend the reader glimpses another one, still nearer to the race-heart: the tempting on the mountain. The result is an interpretation of the modern mind, of its st and its weakness, that has rarely been equalled in accuracy and Keenness. And the style of the play is poetical in the finest sense. VIII. (American) THE RED LIGHT OF MARS, or A Day in the Life of the Devil. A philosophical comedy by GEORGE BRONSON HOWARD. There is something typically American in both the spirit and the form of this drama, with its optimism, its briskness of phrase and thought, its constant regard for actualities rather than tech- ft bile primarily a stage play, it. proves on acting" qualities of a drama need not make it less at- tractive as reading. IX. (Russian) THE LIFE OF MAN: KING HUN- GER: SAVVA. Three plays by LEONID ANDREYEV. Trans- lated with an introduction by Thomas Seltzer. Among the younger Russians Andreyev stands in tho fore- most rank— probably the greatest of those who are wril I'ese three plays repri it work. 0 i symbolic inl Ion of human destiny. ing upheaval, the rising of the hungry n Tbe third presents a new type of revolutionary- -one who Is to our own day what Bazarov in "Fathers and Sons" of Tin X. (German) THE LONELY WAY: INTERMEZZO: COUNTESS MIZZI. Three plays by ARTHl , /LER. Translated with an introduction by Edwin Bji'irkman. The charm of "Anatol" is in these pla: philosophy — though II all. un with the f< human n .ture. Their workraanah n site, and h they 0 much more of the real Sehnitzler thai \ 1 1 of the renou i will gradually bi idled in this i of it in this < Ash, your bookseller io send you the volumes of the Modern Drama Scries as they are published.

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1L The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 25 1 1 The Nation ./ WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1,865. "i the \'i" Yorl City Post Office as • class mail matter.] The Nation is published and owned by the Now York Evening r„st Co. Oswald Garrison Villard, President; William J. Pattison, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor; Harold deWolf Fuller, As. slstant Editor. dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United Slates or Mexico; to Canada $3.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union $4.00. Address THE NATION, Box 794, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 133 Editorial Articles: Wilson and Legislation 136 The Revised Banking Bill 136 The Cost of Eugenics 137 Local and Special Expositions 138 Robert C. Ogden 139 Special Articles: Scandinavian Books 139 News • for Bibliophiles 140 Correspondence : "Of the People" 141 The New Laureate 141 The Italian Treasury 142 Literature : The Story of the Civil War 142 The Glad Heart— The Beloved Enemy. — The Long Engagement. — Fire and Frost. — The Opening Door 143 All the Days of My Life 144 The Fall of the Dutch Republic 145 Dawn in Darkest Africa 146 Godoy : The Queen's Favorite 147 Notes 147 Science : The Task of Social Hygiene 149 151 Educational The Misses Kirk'sCollcge Preparatory School PENNSYLVANIA, BBYN MAWK. Prepares for itryn Mawr and other colleges. Oer> tlficate privileges. Number of pupils limited. Special schedule arranged for each. Percentage of pupils who have entered Bryn .Mawr College unusually large. I J.vinnaslics. Outdoor sports. 1 . « 1 1 1 .\cai- opens October U, 1013. fRE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES, J. Evehett O. Fisk iV Co., Proprietors. 2a Park St., ISoston 1847 U St., Washington 156FlfthAv.,NewYork .'ilG.ToumalBd., Portland 814StegerBd., Chicago 34oDouf;lasBd.,LosAngeles 317 .Mas. Tern., Denver 345WrigutBlk.. Berkeley Send to any address above for Agency Manual. Harlan P. French Prop. Vincent B. Fish, Mgr. THE ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY knews how. Twenty-one years of successful ex- perience in bringing] together good teachers and good schools. 81 Chapel St., Albany, N. Y. Ask fo.- bulletin 20 and see for yourself. TheWOLCOTT SCHOOL, DENVER, COL Superior climate. Accredited with Eastern Colleges fo-r girls. Fine music advantages. Gymnasium. DETHLEHEM PREPARATORY SCHOOL, ±_J Bethlehem, Pa. Prepares for leading colleges. Catalogue. H. A. FOERING. B. S.. Principal. Issued July 21st. Sight Reading in Latin For the Second Year. By HIRAM H. BICE, Head of the Latin Department, DeWitt Clinton High School, New York. Including selections from Caesar, Nepos, Eutropius, Aulus Gellius, Pliny, Cicero, and Livy. The book is so arranged that it may be used with or without definite previous pre- paration for the difficulties of the passage involved. The earlier exer- cises are preceded by helps intended for outside preparation in whole or in part. Each passage is accompa- nied, however, by the usual footnotes and by a vocabulary of difficult words, so that it may be read without pre- vious pr pages. 91.00. A series of papers and speeches first collected In 1893, illustrating the mode in which the tariii problem has been bed by great statesmen at - limes in tariff history. They timulating Inl roductlos to the pi at tariff i ituation. HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS OAMBEIDOB, massacihjsktus. ELEMENTS OF LATIN By BARRY C. SMITH, A.B. (Yale). Secures mastery of forms, essentials of syntax, and a large vocabulary. Leads di- rectly to the reading of Caesar. Cloth. 368 im'Jcs. Illustrated. $1.00 D. C. HEATH «& CO., PUBLISHERS BOSTON NEW lOEK CHICAGO BROWNINGS COMPLETE WORKS Thin paper, large-type Pocket Edition. Edited by Charlotte Porter and Helen A. Clarke. 12 vols. Cloth, $1.00 per vol.; leather, $1.50 per vol. "By far the most desirable edition yet published."- | The Dial, THOMAS Y. CROWELL CO., New York THE AMERICAN YEAR BOOK FOB 1912 is NOW BEADY. Cloth, (8.60 net II. AIMM.ETOIN .V COMPANY LETTERS AND MEMORIALS OP Wendell Phillips Garrison Editor of The Nation, 1865-1906 In one volume, crown 8vo, 300 pages, with photogravure portrait. During the forty-one years in which he edited the Nation, with a thoroughness, ability, and conscientious devotion unsurpassed in the records of American journalism, Mr. Garrison was an indefatiga- ble correspondent, never em- ploying an amanuensis, but writing tens of thousands of letters with his own hand to his contributors, who em- braced practically all the leading American scholars and critics of the period. From a dozen groups of these, which have been kindly loaned by the recipients, a sufficientnumber of selections has been made to illustrate the relations between Mr. Garrison and his great corps of contributors, the frankness and tact which he exercised towards them, and the wide range of his interests, tastes, and sympathies. The volume also contains a brief sketch of his life, a dozen of his host poems, and several of his characteristic editorials, re- views, and essays, besides a fine photogravure portrait. Price, $1.£0 net postpaid. HOUGHTON MIFFLIN CO. BOSTON NEW YORK

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The Nation JV'ETT TOJ1K, THURSDAY, AUGUST 14, I!'!",. The Week President Wilson expresses his belief that a lobby has been at work in Wash- ington seeking to embroil this country with Mexico. This is a grave charge which should not be lightly made. But the fact had been explicitly asserted in the Senate. On Thursday, August 7, Senator Smith, of Michigan, a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, declared it as his opinion that "there is at the present moment in this capital a thorough, practical, systematic lobby, putting forth their revolutionary propa- ganda with a serious and a definite ob- ject of affecting the American attitude towards the Government of Mexico." He was referring to the activities of the former friends of Madero, and to the present supporters of Carranza, with the Constitutionalists in general. But on last Saturday, when the matter came up again for debate, Senator Williams was at once more definite and more sweep- ing. to investigate, and its commander has 1 eported: American subjects not in danger; Ameri- can subjects have not been threatened; Ann rican subjects and foreign subjects have received proper protection from the an authorities. Americans do not de- sire transportation to leave; American property has not been destroyed, and American interests have not been endan- gered. The Mexican rebels have committed depredations on an American ranch sixty miles distant, but nobody has been endan- gered. In the statement which President Wil- son authorized, he intimated that the war lobby was no longer formidable. He believes that it will not now be able to interfere with the Administration's pa tient and cautious course in dealing with Mexico. Indeed, there has been a marked and grateful failing off in war talk. Senators are speaking less on the Mexican difficulty, and more temperate- ly. Most significant of all, the Hearst newspapers, which for some time pur- sued a campaign for war with Mexico, lampooning Secretary Bryan, caricatur- ing President Wilson, and seeking to work up a furor for a "strong" policy towards Mexico, have suddenly shown signs of quitting. They were getting no response; their own motives were falling under more glaring suspicion; and one fiasco after another marked their agitation. The latest is the out- come of urgent appeals for American protection based upon sensational sto- ries of atrocities committed against Americans on a Hearst ranch in the state of Tabasco. A war vessel was sent When Senator Lippitt, of Rhode Isl- and, declares that the cotton schedules in the tariff bill favor the manufactur- ers of the South as against New Eng- land, he touches upon one of the vital principles of protectionism. Against whom does protection protect? At first thought, any child can answer the ques- tion. Fifty years of Republican oratory have made it plain that Dingleyism pro- tects the industries of the nation against the outside world, and the American workingman against his pauper com- petitors. But now comes a fervent pro- test against the removal of a tariff wall which protects New England against the South. This is what the patriotism of the high tariff brokers simmers down to. It is not one for all and all for one when it comes to cotton schedules, but Rhode Island against Georgia and Alabama. It is not nationalism, but sectionalism in a geographical sense, even as protection in essence is sectionalism in a class sense when it assures high profits to the mill-owner, the wool-baron, and the lemon-king, at the expense of the pub- lic at large. The special interests are not worrying about their enemies abroad; what they demand is to be "pro- tected" against the great mass of their countrymen. With the assent of more than twen- ty nations to the general provisions of Secretary Bryan's peace plan, the draft- ing of the first treaty with San Salvador gives hope of future agreements of the same definite sort. In this instance it may seem hard to regard the first step as the most important. From one point of view, assurance that full arbitration will always precede war with little San Sal- vador is not a great note. But Salva- dor may view the matter differently; and if the treaty leads to others in Latin-America, the benefits of the plan will have become tangible. Treaties with and between the great European Powers may then begin to seem possible. In the light of Secretary Bryan's decla- ration that to further world peace would be his chief ambition in office, this first bit of real accomplishment entitles him to a feeling of gratification. The resolution for the impeachment of Gov. Sulzer smacks rather too much of drag-net procedure. It looks as if the Frawley Committee were not sure of its ground and had put in about every- thing it could think of— including some matters upon which it has not taken testimony, so far as we are aware— in order to meet every objection. Lest it be alleged that it is seeking to impeach the Governor for acts committed prior to his inauguration, it asserts that he has been corrupt in office. Was it its duty to report that the Governor "wilful- ly and corruptly made false public state- ments"? This only weakens the effect of the indictment. There should have been no appearance of haste in this mat- ter. It is of the utmost importance to the State that this State trial should proceed in an orderly and dignified way, and that the Governor be given not only every right, but due and proper consid- eration. We believe that he should have resigned, but if he chooses to face trial, then he is entitled to fair play, and the State's reputation will suf- fer further if this most solemn proceed- ing is not conducted with scrupulous consideration for the rights of the ac- cused. If the case of Judge Ben B. Lindsey is to be submitted to the voters of Denver under the recall, we do not envy the task of the citizens in deciding whether the Judge has or has not made good in office. Writing to the Boston Transcript, a well-known Boston clergyman, the Rev. A. A. Berle, just back from Colo- rado, says: "If you want thrills in Den- ver, all you have to do is to mention Judge Lindsey. He is the best of men, the worst of men, the idol of righteous- ness, and the demon of iniquity. You take your choice." . . . Mr. Berle thinks that in the last analysis the question will turn upon the character and intelligence of

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134, The N" ation [Vol. 97, No. 25 1 1 the authorities one consults and ac- cepts. Many men of eminence in public affairs assured Mr. Berle that Judge Lindsey was "neither by temperament, ability, nor any other qualification, the man to be at the head of the Juvenile Court" Among the university-bred pop- ulation, he reports, "I could not run down any man who would give him un- qualified endorsement, while the over- whelming opinion was such as to make the wnole Lindsey story as the country knows it and his Juvenile Court one of the hugest gold bricks the country has ever had passed out to it." He feels, too, that the court record of Judge Lind- sey's action in eighty-four eases of crim- inal assault upon young girls shows that the court "sadly needs overhauling." On the other hand, we have newspapers, like the Philadelphia North American, as- serting that all this is merely "the Beast" at work again, and raising funds to help Judge Lindsey defend himself. It seems to be a case rather for a careful judicial inquiry than for rough judg- ment by the voters. The death of Senator Johnston, of Alabama, is the second event of the kind to impair the narrow Democratic majority in the upper house of Con- gress. The loss of Senator Rayner was peculiarly hard, from a party point of view, not only because of his fine de- bating ability, but because it came at one of those rare times when a Republi- can Governor sits at Annapolis. Accord- ingly, as the Legislature was not in ses- sion and would not be for a year, a Re- publican took Rayner's place. Equal- ly untimely is Senator Johnston's death. Ordinarily, the Governor of Ala- bama would have named a successor, a Democrat, of course, and the party strength would remain as before. But with the adoption of the Se'i enteenth Amendment, all existing laws relating to the filling of vacancies in the Senate were swept away, along with the old < lection of Senators. And in Alabama, as in Maryland, the has not met since the adop- tion of the Amendment. If Senatoi liter the adopti ■ nth Amend meat, the Democratic majority would l by one instead of two. ] ent year may be accounted for in two ways. One is that airmen are constant- ly pressing forward to the solution of more difficult problems involving great- er hazard to life. The other explana- tion is that the proportional number ot accidents is really no greater than for- merly. Airmanship has become a pro- fession that must now count its follow- ers by the thousand. Aeroplane flights which a few years ago were topics for newspaper record are now a matter of almost daily routine; it is aerial jour- neys across or between continents that we are now interested in. If complete statistics of the number of miles tra- versed by all aviators since the be- ginning of the present year were avail- able, it might well appear that the mor- tality rate is not so high as we imagine it to be. At the same time, it must re- main a puzzle why, after so many years of aeroplane building, fatalities due to structural defects should be common. It seems to be agreed that Col. F. S. Cody was killed because his machine buckled and broke under the weight of its en- gine. Surely, if a standard for testing materials is essential in any field it is in this hazardous profession. The extraordlc y mortality among aviators in the course of the pres- People who form their ideas of Chi- cago from the sort of novel that oceaD liners carry should notice the verdict 0? Maurice Browne, the English founder of the Little Theatre there. He went to Chicago with the usual misgivings. Hie. thought was that he would need five years to establish himself. But as in the first season he not only paid all ex- penses, but recouped half of his capital outlay, he would naturally be expected to say handsome things of the city. Is it against the charge of rampant com- mercialism that he defends it? Not at all — a public that would crowd to a fessor Murray's translation of ^Eschy- lus, besides Synge, Yeats, Maeterlinck, and Sudermann in an amber and white setting, with Japanese designs, makes such considerations ridiculous. Mr. Browne's defiance is hurled Lnsti those i the <ity of the effi te . of Vii ana. He cites the failure of attend;. n 1 Schnitzler's "Anatol" and Strindl Itors" as evidence that "public taste in Chicago Is not so decad in d." On the contrarj . sanity of view leans to Hi" other a ommentlng on the < Ihlcagoana desire for an American drama, he pre- dicts local playwrights and a local the- atre, "if they can steer clear on the one hand of their sentimental enthusi- asm, and on the other of their moral up- lift idea." Londoners can probably form little idea of Chicago's amazement when it learns that this manager thought such a line of vindication demanded. Her citizens may appreciate modern drama — but Schnitzlerism and old- world decadence! As a French critic has just pointed out, they regard themselves as altogether too busy for such things. The case against the shabby, policy pursued by this Government with regard to its Ambassadors abroad is too strong to be prejudiced even by the somewhat exaggerated position assumed by our Ambassador to Germany. That Mr. Ger- ard should be compelled to pay out in rent $1,500 more than his salary is, at first sight, an imposition and a disgrace, but the sense of outrage is somewhat mitigated by the consideration that $1,500 more than the salary means $19,- 000. For that sum one can obtain a very comfortable home, even in New York. In Berlin a rental of 80,000 marks is a very handsome figure indeed. It recalls what Mr. Dooley said about our Ambassador at St. Petersburg driving from his resi- dence to the comparatively squalid quar- ters of the Czar. For some years there has been a rath- er acrid debate over the relation of Charlotte Bronte to Prof. Constantin lieger (the name is properly so spelled, without an accent), the master of the school at Brussels and the original of the hero of "Villette." Novv, at last, Dr. Paul Heger, son of Charlotte's teacher, has presented to the British Museum four letters of Charlotte to his father, and these have been published In the London Times ot July 29 and 30, with an English translation by Marion II. pielmann and various comments, There is nothing to regret in the publication. The writer's character conns out un- cathed, rather ennobled, if changed to us in any way. liu! the li tters show that she brought back with her to Haw.orth a Longing for the society of the man li' revered as her master, and a crav- ing to lnar 1 1 inn liim. In 1 I 1 1 < 1 the 1 bird, the note becomes pas ilonal s

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Aug, 14, 1913I The ]STation 135 with revolt against the isolation of her life. We transcribe a few lines from spielmann's translation: Mr. Taylor has returned. I asked him If ha bad a letter for me. "No; nothing." "Patience," said I, "his sister will be here lOOn." Miss Taylor has returned. "I have nothing for you from Monsieur Heger," letter nor message." . . . I find neither rest nor 1 : disturbed by tor- menting dreams in which I see you, always ilwaya grave, always incensed me. . . . I know that you will be irritated when you rend this letter. Vol! will say once lea] for neurotic] — that I have black thoughts, etc. So be it, leur; 1 do not seek to justify myself; I submit to every sort of reproaeh. All I know is. thai I cannot, that 1 will not, re- sign myself to lose wholly the friendship of my master. T would rather suffer the greatest physical pain than always have 1 marl Ing regrets. . . . It wo" ,:sy to characterize with a word the state of the writer's heart and mind as she made this piteous ap- peal; she herself would have shrunk from any such analysis of her feelings. But it is clear that this passionate re- gret helped to form the genius that went into the making of "Villette" and "Jane Eyre." were "pulled," that there was "in-and- out racing," and that stables deliberate- ly waged in private against the horses with which they had "declared to win." Apparently, the jury was impressed, for it promptly brought in a verdict giving Wooton one farthing damages, and at its announcement the courtroom broke into applause. The grave implications of this outcome are everywhere admit- ted in England. It is taken as proot positive that, as one newspaper puts it, the Turf in England has become too "slippery" for an honest man to stand on. We know, however, that there is Scriptural warrant for saying that sin- ners stand on slippery places. A recent suit for libel in England was treated by press and public as if it were big with the fate of the Empire. The newspapers printed columns about the trial, and it was the one subject of con- versation. Yet it was only a horse-train- er prosecuting the editor of a Turf pa- per for asserting that he was crooked. This trainer, however, Wooton by name, had for years been a great figure in the racing world. As a skilled handler ot horses, he had had noble and even royal clients. As witnesses to his good char- acter Lord Derby and Lord Durham ap- peared in court. And he had the emi- nent K.C., .Air. F. E. Smith, conduct his case. The defendant's plea was jus- tification. Himself not above suspi- cion for having been mixed up in rac- ing scandals, he managed his own trial in a somewhat irregular way, legally speaking, but with a great deal of ef- fect. His cross-examination of Wooton was most severe; and on the strength of admissions wrung from that witness, and of independent evidence introduced, he boldly argued to the jury that what he had alleged was no libel but the ex- act truth — namely, that there was a betting "ring" on the Turf, of which Wooton was chief agent, and that horses The findings of the court-martial in the case of the German War Office and the Krupps are in line with the conten- tions advanced by an exceptionally ten- der-hearted prosecutor, that the charge of betrayal of army secrets resolves it- self into a question of a few "quill driv- ers babbling over their #beer." An odd half-dozen lieutenants have received light sentences. No army official of standing has been involved. The princi- pal lesson of the whole affair would thus seem to be that the Krupp management ought to revise its office procedure in the direction of avoiding waste. The agents of this huge corporation have been spending time and money in the entertainment of petty lieutenants and clerks, when all the world knows that the Krupps are virtually a department of the German Government and army, and as such in possession of secrets ot the highest importance. This close con- nection between Berlin and Essen stands affirmed in the words of the court, and so lends added strength to the main im- plication of Dr. Liebknecht's original charge that there is in Germany, as in other countries, an unduly intimate bond between the war-makers and the gun and armor-makers. Bucharest are estimated at 10,000 square miles of territory, with a population of one million. The new Bulgaria will have about 45,000 square miles. Servia ap- parently doubles her original area of 18,000 square miles. Greece's territorial gains are about the same as Bulgaria's, but it is choice ground, with a large population, including Salonica, the sec- ond largest city south of the Danube; her new area should be about the same as that of Servia. Since the latter coun- try gets no foothold on the sea, and is therefore dependent upon Greece for an outlet, it is to be assumed that the alli- ance between the two countries will hold for some time, and that Bulgaria's dream of a confederated Balkan State, with herself playing the part of Prussia, remains a dream. The Balkan allies emerge from the re- cent conflict with gains disproportionate to the value of their acliie^ against the hereditary enemy, the Turk. Without accepting the theory that it is Bulgaria alone that, decided the outcome of the war, her efforts in Thrace making the Greek and Servian campaigns a matter of routine victory, it is true that on Bulgaria fell the heaviest fighting and loss. Her gains under the treaty of The reported flight of Sun Yat-Sen ap- parently signalizes the failure of the rev- olutionary movement in Southern China, Even the cycles of modern Cathay can move too fast. What the President of the Chinese Republic, in his statements to the press, would describe as a rebel- lion set on foot by self-seeking and dis- gruntled politicians, is, of course, some- thing more than that. The Peking au- thorities cite a number of revolutionary leaders by name, but they make no men- tion of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen, who appears to have been the animating spirit in the present uprising of the radical South against the North, precisely as he was the prime mover in the revolution which drove the Manchus from the throne. Self-interest may or may not enter into Sun Yat-Sen's motives, but his political views are sufficient in themselves to ex- plain the revolt against Yuan Shi-Kai. The aim of Sun Yat-Sen has been the establishment of a socialist republic. If he retired from his post as Provision- al President of China Jo r.:oMo v.ay for Yuan Shi-Kai, it was because he proba- ceived that, for the time being, the firm establishment of the republic, as against a monarchical reaction, was the immediate need of the in Whether he considers that the time has now come for putting his radical beliefs into effect, or only regards President Yuan as a menace to the entire republi- can order, a principle is at stake in the present contest. People who know Sun Yat-Sen have described him as an inter- esting blend of the man of action and the visionary.

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L36 ThellNation [Vol. 97, No. 25 1 1 II 7/.NO.V .1.Y.D LEGISLATION. President Wilson made it abundantly 1 li ar, both before and after his election, that he expected to have a very real and direct connection with Congression- al legislation. He spent no time in explaining the justification of such a course by the Constitution; though we suppose that a good lawyer could, if pressed, find all the warrant necessary in the provision entitling the Execu- tive to "recommend" to Congress "such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient." This power, with all its implications, Woodrow Wilson quiet- ly took for granted; and never veiled his purpose to have an active part in law-making. This intent of his was, of course, heightened in expression when he went in person to Congress to read his two messages, and when he calmly referred to the members of Congress as '"colleagues" with him in the legislative branch of the Government. Thus his theory of the relation of the President to legislation has never been in doubt. But what of his practice? This extra- ordinary session of Congress deserves the name in more senses than one; in no respect more than for showing the country how a leading man as President can powerfully affect the passage of laws. It is well to stand off a moment and see what has been happening. In the midst of momentous changes and events, we become habituated to them and lose a due sense of their significance. We may have lived, with the poet, in a per- fect star, yet seen it not when we walk- ed therein. But it is certain that any intelligent and detached observer of American affairs — Mr. Bryce, for in- stance, or Ostrogorski — would regard what has been going on at Washington since April 7 as of capital importance in the history of the development of the President's function. For he would not fail to see that it is the President who has been the chief driving force behind the two great measures that have been occupying the attention of Con- gress. Both these measures it is now expected will be enacted into law be- fore the extra session expires. If they are, they will constitute an achievement without a parallel in the annals of the American Presidency. The tariff bill it was comparatively easy to get going. To it the Democratic party was freshly pledged, and the coun- try was ready for the work. But the personal wishes of President Wilson were early stamped upon the bill. It was on his initiative that wool was made free, and sugar ultimately free. This was much to have accomplished, yet the President has done a great deal more by holding his party together success- fully, and acting as a kind of dynamo to furnish energy for pushing the bill. But the great wonder is that, along with this bill, by itself enough to fill the mind and exhaust the strength of the ordinary Executive, President Wilson should have had the resource and bold- ness to devise a measure of still more far-reaching importance. Last May, the possibility of getting a currency bill through at this session of Congress was openly scoffed at by the old Congression- al hands in Washington. The President was dreaming. The thing was prepos- terous. But Mr. Wilson steadily kept at it. First he succeeded in getting the plan tolerated; then it was discussed; then a bill was framed, which was sharp- ly criticised — as it Reserved to be — has since been amended and improved un- til, in its essentials, it has won the ap- proval of the best economic and bank- ing opinion of the country; and now, as crowning miracle, the belief in Wash- ington is veering round to the convic- tion that the bill will actually be made law before the snow flies. There is something impressive in the mere promise of such a remarkable rec- ord of work done in Wilson's first six months; but the more deeply interest- ing thing, after all, is the man behind the work. Nothing is so fascinating in public life as the study of a new per- sonality wreaking itself upon old tasks. What are Wilson's methods? Who will tell us the secret of his influence? Out- wardly, he has been the least assertive and ostentatious of Executives. To his immediate predecessors he offers the sharpest contrast. He has made no speeches. In blustering or bragging he has never indulged, and he has not gone out on the steps of the White House and called any man a liar. Nor has he i himself to be pulled hither and thither in good-natured non-resistance. IN- has stuck closely to his job. No head of a great corporation could have more rigidly kept office hours, or dis- played more industry- Yet somehow, from this business President sitting at his desk, there has come an impulse and a sustained force which have made the legislation that looked impossible two months ago seem to-day almost within sight. Such effects come by cause, yet it may not be easy to analyze the cause. The work which President Wilson has done ranks him among the skilful politicians, in the high sense of that term, and we are always trying to get at the sources of a politician's power. But we can sel- dom put the finger on them. Gladstone said that the successful politician was the hardest of all men to understand; he himself had studied many, but was not sure that he had really comprehend- ed more than one or two. It would be folly to attempt as yet anything like a complete account of the ways in which President Wilson works his will. It is evident, however, that he is a firm be- liever in the light which comes from the striking of mind on mind. He has the historic English conception of tak- ing counsel as a means of arriving, first at wisdom, and then at action. No dis- cussion seems to him properly ended which does not close with the words: "Now, let's to business." And he must also have a fine instinct for the higher strategies of public affairs, knowing when to strike and when to bide his time; and withal a just idea of the value of steady pounding on one idea. Whatever his secret — and we can only guess at it — the fact remains that in the deftest yet most unpretentious man- ner President Wilson has thus far more powerfully shaped more important legis- lation than any Executive of our time. THE REVISED BANKING BILL. The important changes made by the House Committee in the banking and currency bill, which they submitted to the party caucus in the House last Mon- day, affect three main divisions — that which prescribes the powers of the na- tional supervisory board, that which provides for issue and redemption of notes, and that which arranges for dis- position of the 2 per cent, bonds now pledged against national bank circula- tion. Criticism from the start converg- ed largely on the power, granted to the national board, to require one regional central bank to discount paper i an- other. This power, 111 tbe original bill,

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Aug. 14, 1913J The ]N ation 137 was wholly unrestricted. As amended, it may be exercised only "in time of emergency," only on a vote in which "all members of the board are present and concurring," and only on the basis of a higher interest rate than that pre- vailing in cither of the districts af- fected. Certain other powers assigned to the national board — to suspend for thirty days, and for fifteen-day intervals there- after, "any and every reserve require- ment"; to "grant in whole or in part, or to reject entirely," the application of a regional reserve bank for notes; to hold subject to its own review the offi- cial discount rate fixed by the regional central banks, and, in the matter of re- discounts by such regional banks, "to determine and define the character of the paper thus eligible for discount" — were also criticised, when the original bill was published, as altogether too un- restricted. In the amended bill, the clauses conferring these powers are left unchanged; but they are modified by a wholly new provision for an Ad- visory Council, to be made up of as many members as there are regional central banks; each of those banks to elect one member. This Council is to have power, of its own initiative, to confer directly with the national board, to present to it for- mal recommendations of policy, and to call for information on any fact relating to that policy; but the fact that it is to have no actual veto power on policies of the national board, has caused a good deal of not unnatural question as to its usefulness in operation. Inevitably, how- ever, a council of so official and repre- sentative a character, and endowed with such specific functions by the banking bill itself, would exert great influence. In the light of ordinary precedent, we can scarcely imagine the national board exercising any of the very large powers above referred to without first consult- ing the Advisory Council. We are in- clined, nevertheless, to regard as a weak point in the bill the lack of any provision requiring at least the submis- sion of such proposed policies to the Council, for its advice and judgment, before taking action on them. The section regulating issue of notes has been radically altered. In its orig- inal shape, the bill merely provided for note issues, up to $500,000,000, based on deposit of commercial assets and se- cured by 33 1-3 per cent, of "gold or lawful money." No provision was made either for automatic retirement of such rotes, or for retirement or conversion of the present bond-secured circulation. It established, therefore, nothing except an "emergency currency," with undoubt- ed possibilities of inflation. This section was first amended so as to provide for the funding into 3 per cent. Government bonds of the 2 per cents now pledged against circulation, at the rate of 5 per cent, of a given bank's holdings every year. The new bonds would not possess the "circula- tion privilege"; no bank should receive the new notes to a greater extent than its previous holdings of the old ones, and, after the passage of the law, no bank should be allowed to issue circu- lating notes in any other form than that established in the act. It was at once pointed out, first, that this was bound to depreciate the 2 per cents, be- cause their "circulation privilege" was thus summarily withdrawn, and, sec- ondly, that no provision was yet made to insure automatic redemption. In the bill as finally amended and as now before the House, both of these very serious defects are dealt with. The first objection has been met by a pro- vision that, pending the twenty years in which conversion of the 2 per cents into Government 3s without the "circu- lation privilege" is allowed, "every na- tional bank may continue to apply for and receive circulating notes . . . based upon the deposit of 2 per centum bonds," or of any other bonds avail- able for such purpose under the present law. Quite as important as this, an amendment is added whereby notes of the new description, issued by banks in a given district, shall bear a distinc- tive letter or number, and such notes, when received by the regional central bank of another district, "shall be re- turned for redemption to the Federal reserve bank through which they were originally issued," or shall be redeemed and cancelled through the United States Treasury. This new provision is of the greatest importance; it converts a po- tentially inflationist measure into one which provides scientifically for an elas- tic currency. THE COST OF EUGENICS. Good causes, like good people, must often pray to be saved from their friends. The eugenic idea has suffered much at the hands of the eugenists. If one needs assurance on this point one need only compare the extraordinary welter of beliefs and claims which have gathered around the term eugenics with the provisions of such a law as went into effect in Pennsylvania two weeks ago, and has been consistently described in the newspapers as the "eugenic" mar- riage license law. Henceforth, in that State, it is necessary for candidates for marriage to appear at the License Bu- reau in person and make sworn reply to forty-eight questions. Among other things, one is required to say whether he or she is imbecile, epileptic, or sur- fers from a transmissible disease. Penn- sylvania is not so exacting as Wiscon- sin, which requires a physician's certifi- cate instead of a mere affidavit. But the principle is the same. Studying that principle in all its implications, one may approve or doubt, but there is no in- centive to the feeling of contemptuous aversion and disgust which the eugenic idea as exploited by its reckless votaries has aroused among thinking people. For what these facile race-breeders, human stud-farm trainers, and super- men cultivators have done is to violate the sense of the dignity of life and ot the individual, the complex of tradition and sentiment and instinct rooted in the heart of man, the wisdom of civili- zation's experience. It has been hard to keep patient with these peculiarly offen- sive examples of the "forgawdsaker" class, as H. G. Wells has called it. "For Gawd's sake, let's reconstruct the hu- man type, just as we are reconstructing the art of bricklaying." To be sure, there has been no occasion for alarm. One might know that their absurd claims would yield before the common- sense and the higher sense that regu- late the broad conditions of life. As em- bodied in a marriage license law, like those of Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, eugenics ceases to be a fantasy of maga- zine science and becomes an issue of dis- tinct appeal to the minds and con- sciences of reasonable men. The usual objection to sumptuary laws will hold only in part against this drastic example of sumptuary legisla- tion. It is not a paradox to say that Wisconsin's or Pennsylvania's marriage regulations may be generally evaded without destroying their usefulness. For many years to come their results must

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las The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 25 1 1 be expected to be educational rather few discoveries absolutely stable. How, than actually preventive. The Philadel- for instance, shall we define "transmissi- phia newspapers speak of the embarrass- j ble disease"? With regard to one form, ment of the prospective brides when ! and the most serious of all, of course confronted with the awkward question | there is general agreement. But what concerning transmissible disease. It is ! 0f plagues like cancer, or tuberculosis? precisely this hesitation to confront a 1 The latter is, strictly speaking, not a question so deeply affecting a woman's transmissible disease, in the sense that happiness and that of her children that « is not an hereditary disease. But tn- the new law ought to educate away, j berculosis in the tenement districts is The law may not be directly effective in \ virtually as transmissible as if it were preventing diseased parentage; but it 1 hereditary. How will the law regard it? can set a stigma on disease. By dint of | The wide implications of eugenic mar- mere repetition the law can popularize riage legislation can only be suggested the ideal that men should enter mar- riage free from guilty physical taint. Fear of the law's penalties for perjury will bo far less efficacious in the outcome than the daily process of emphasizing the need of higher standards of conduct and greater frankness in the relation be- tween prospective husband and wife. Such is the gain which one may rea- sonably expect from legislation of this nature. The gain will have to be paid for; that is certain. How large the cost will be, the future must say. The price may be a heavy one; it will.be exacted in many forms. We have already spok- en of the first obvious result that at- tends all sumptuary legislation. There will be evasion of the law; there will be false swearing; there will be wide oppor- tunity for maladministration of the law by the agents of the State. A broader consideration is connected with the well recognized rule that when marriage is made too difficult, immorality ensues. The tragic fact must be faced that the physical effects of vice among the men of every civilized community are wide- spread, and the strict enforcement of a law no more drastic than Wisconsin's would produce marked social changes. Will the eugenist's gains be counter- balanced by the statistics on the social evil? Objections of a broader nature are based on the consideration that in many phases the modern spirit is hostile to the perfect functioning of laws of this kind. The physician is to be made the arbiter of our most intimate destinies at a time when a great many people are increasingly disinclined to take the physician and his craft so seriously as might be. It may be that this growing Bkepticism is due to the very progress made in the study ot the laws of health and disease. Dis- coming so fast as to render here. LOCAL AND SPECIAL EXPOSITIONS. The refusal or hesitation of various European nations to exhibit at the San Francisco Exposition, to the apparent chagrin of its directors, should do more than call attention to the fact that such fairs have been overdone. Since 1901 we have had the Pan-American, the St. Louis, the Jamestown, the Alaska- Yukon, the Lewis and Clark Exposi- tions, and now we are planning a sixth. The recent international decision that it was inadvisable to attempt exhibits more than once in three years would fall heavily on the United States alone. But the present attitude of European' coun- tries might point another lesson. Why insist that all our expositions should be international? There seems to have been a feeling that it is impossible for a national or local exhibition to attract either tour- ists or interested inquirers. Since the Centennial there has not even been a State exposition that has aroused mark- ed attention. Some municipalities — Bos- ton, Chicago, and other cities — have planned industrial exhibitions upon a small scale, as an evidence chiefly of city patriotism. But no enterprise of this kind has ever reached any magni- tude, while a national exposition has as yet been all but unheard of. The genu- ine artistic and industrial impulse has been wanting. The public base their judg- ment of an exposition too largely upon its size, its pomposity, its cosmopolitan air, and the gay waving of foreign flags above it, to have taken kindly to the idea. The local or special exposition should not con use, as a mere substi- tute forced by t1. Ibility of pro- [rom abroad, it ought I to answer to a definite demand. When the various sections and States boeome competitively interested in one anoth- er's products — their arts and crafts, their styles of architecture, interior and exterior, their schools of furniture and metal design, the lines along which painting and sculpture are developing — it will follow as an educational and com- mercial need. As exchanges of ideas these expositions will not require huge palaces of stucco and plaster; simple, substantial halls, designed with an eye to lighting and interior attractiveness, will better harmonize with the exhibits. Nor will they be founded upon a patri- otic fervor. They may seem to hark back to such occasions as the early Eu- ropean fairs, of which Paris alone held a dozen between 1800 and 1855. But their spirit, at once utilitarian and artis- tic, will be different. They should rep- resent not so much the impulse towards amusement or sight-seeing or celebra- tion, as an effort to compare the best social and household conveniences, the best articles of ordinary manufacture, of the various workshops, designing rooms, and factories of the country. Withal, they should be to the casual European or South American visitor an index to the products and artistic by-prcducts of American life. In Germany notably, fairs of this kind have become almost a matter of course in recent years. In Munich, in Baden, in Dresden, in Nuremberg, in Leipzig, frequent expositions of the work of lo- cal and national shops and ateliers draw studious ' visitors from all over West- ern Europe. Arts-and-crafts exhibitions have virtually become an annual moving from city to city. That at Dres- den in 1906, and at Munich in 1908, at- tracted wide attention, if from nothing but the novelty of the designs ol This summer three Kunstausstelh have been held in three different sec- tions— one at Berlin, one at Munich, and one at Dusseldorf. In spite of thi that all three, and especially the one at Munich, with its 3,000 objects, have pro- vided foreign rooms, they arc; pn inantly German. Nor di of art and industry differ greatly i'i a land whose chief boast is that it has unlti 'i art and manufacture. From 1 lie interiors of Biedermeier to tho Miiller's dlBCiples, from the the Berlin Porcelain Companj I 1 pf lie mihii il w i 1 1 1 an artistic

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Aug. 14, 1913] T li e Nation 139 which gives the keenest zest to compe- tition. And from a long succession of model dining-rooms, offices, kitchens, and halls filled with manufactured goods, passes into galleries hung vitii paintings or set with pedestalled statuary. It is possible for an architect or designer to found a school through the medium of such exhibitions alone. And their commercial and advertising value, as well as their contribution to public taste, is incalculable. Munich re- cently enrolled its millionth visitor for the year. Their educational value has resulted in a great expansion of their pzlg is now engaged, as Frankfort was some years ago, in an exhibition of books and bookbinding. Karlsruhe has originated a travelling KunstausstclhiTKj. Diisseldorf last year held an "exhibition of city building," with GOO exhibitors, and 4,000 articles grouped under such heads as Industry, Civil Engineering, and Sanitary Ar- rangements. With its historical and modern town pictures, its models and photographs of remarkable monuments and buildings, its reproductions relating to the designing of streets and drainage plants, the whole was nothing short of an illustrated history of German towns. From such local and popular exposi- tions, founded upon a sober, business- like desire for instruction in industry and art, and a hope to further their de- velopment, the promoters of American expositions might learn much. Our present State fairs are remotely com- parable to them. They are attended by a class seriously intent upon the lessons to be derived from a comparative range of farm products, machinery, and ap- purtenances, they depend upon public and not governmental support, and their exhibitions are local in character. Such expositions as the Europeans have could well take the place of half our strug- gling international exhibitions, exchang- ing for the glitter of foreign bazaars a healthier interest in national endeavor. They would relieve us of the charge of a silly infatuation with world's fairs, as also of their expense and waste. ROBERT C. OGDEN. A whole section of this country should mourn the death of Robert C. Ogden. A man of unusual business sagacity and rare success, living in a prosperous Northern city, what was it that led him to devote every spare moment to the educational awakening of the South'.' What made him the leader in a crusade for learning which for unselfishness and in devotion to the interests of the low- ly has scarcely been surpassed? Why was it that in ever quiet, modest, unas- suming ways he went about the South laboring for its mental and spiritual ad- iiont, unsparing of his purse and of himself? Primarily, we think, it was the greatness of his heart; no just ap- peal to it ever failed. Then it was the genuine patriotism of the man, that earnest wish to be of help to the masses of his fellow human beings, which is at the bottom of every deeply religious na- ture. It was as if he saw in every lit- tle child upon which his gaze fell on his trips to the South the possibility of a Phillips Brooks, an S. C. Armstrong, or a Lincoln, and he burned forthwith with the desire to smooth that child's path so thatjt might have free play for such talents as Providence had bestowed upon it. As a boy, Mr. Ogden was one of the New York militia called out to repel the raid of Lee into Pennsylvania. Xot unnaturally for one of his sympathies, he enlisted after the war at Hampton under a great general of peace — Arm- strong. He was one of those quick to see that the real problems of the war did not end with Appomattox, and that many of dread import began upon that field. Without guile, without enmity towards anybody, he brought to the work at Hampton a zeal and a skill which, after many decades, ended but yesterday. Hampton without Mr. Ogden? It hardly seems possible, were it not that Dr. Frissell is there to labor on, and had not they together builded for the future as well as the present. But modest as he was, and ever insistent upon effacing his own personality, the time came when Mr. Ogden had to enter the whole field of education in the South. With Dr. J. L. M. Curry he was a leading spirit at the Capon Springs Conference in 1893, which must ever be recalled as a landmark in the true re- construction of the South. Out of this gathering has grown the annual Southern Educational Confer- ence over which Mr. Ogden regularly presided with rare grace, dignity, and tact, until failing health forbade. To it he took for years, on a special train, men and women who labor in similar fields, and mould public opinion — in the North at least. "Excursions into enno- bling experiences" — a gifted pen has termed these trips with complete accu- racy; such they are, not only for those pilgrims from the States with compul- sory education, but for those who come in ever-increasing numbers from the South itself. Momentous things have happened since that small beginning. In almost innumerable communities the public conscience has been quickened and the community spirit aroused. As a result cf these conferences came the Southern Education and General Edu- cation Boards, with their stupendous Rockefeller benefactions, and a great movement is thus well under way. Rarely is it given to a man to reap such a harvest of good will and behold such fruits of his labors as did Mr. Ogden. This, we fancy, may have made it hard for him to feel that the end of his labors was at hand; such demon- strations of personal affection as were his at the annual gatherings no man could receive unmoved or relinquish without pain. The attacks of prejudice, the abuse of those special interests and capitalists who saw in State-wide edu- cation in the South merely an effort to end the exploitation of the bodies and souls of mill-children, these recoiled from the serenity of his character all but unnoted. He knew how to value and how to disregard them, and his gaze was bent not upon the obstacles, but upon the incalculable benefits to be gain- ed when every Southern child, white or black, should have that education which is its birthright. To some it seemed at times as if his methods were too com- placent and too conciliatory; as if there was some lack of the fiery indignation of the reformer. But Mr. Ogden's tac- tics and his character corresponded; and out of all the complex of emotions and of men inevitable in so far-reaching and difficult a crusade, bis figure out as that of a constructive education- al statesman of first rank — a courteous, kindly, generous-hearted, high-minded man, whose modesty and self-effacement alone prevented his being a great nation- al figure. SCANDINAVIAN BOOKS. 1'.i:i:i,i:v Norway, July 30. When Sweden's most prominent lyrio poet, Gustaf Fr0ding, died last year, he left behind a certain amount of work in manuscript, some of it being merely fragments. He had given per-

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1-J-O Th. e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 251 1 mission to his nurse, Miss Trotzig, to go through it and select for publication whatever she and the publisher might find to be of sufficient worth. The result is a volume entitled "Reconvalescen- tia," with the sub-title "Gustaf Frpdings sista dikter" (."Gustaf Frpding's Last Poems"), a small book of about 100 pages of great interest (Stockholm: Wahl- strom & AVidstrand). The poems are nearly all characteristic of Frpding and some of them show him to have been a wonderful master of rhythm and form. Xot unnaturally, the gloom of his later years left its mark on his work; yet the "Varmlandska latar'' ("Tunes from Varmland"), included in the volume, have the same musical charm which gave distinction to his earlier verses. Other recent books of poetry deserving attention are "Antika Kameer" ("An- tique Cameos"), by Sigurd Agrell, "Dad och drom" ("Deeds and Dreams"), by Bertil Malmberg, and "Pa vaxtafla" ("On Wax-Tablet"), by Torsten Fogel- qvist. The first-named is the most note- worthy, but all three show abundantly that Sweden is still rich in lyric poets. Four essays on Robespierre by the Swedish historian, Johannes Heiiman, put together into a small volume of 100 pages, are of great interest. The author aims to show that Robespierre was the grand tragic figure of his revolution- ary age and the faithful guardian of Rousseau's impracticable democratic ideas. If Robespierre had fought for these ideas and hidden his personality, he might have succeeded in becoming the leader of his people, the author maintains, but it was his tragic fate to be guided by his personality. The little book does not intend to be a biography, but contributes much to a just valuation of Robespierre and his relation to the revolutionary movement. Among new Norwegian books must be mentioned a great national work, "Vore h0vdinger" ("Our Chieftains"), publish- ed by subscription, through F. Bruns, of Trondhjem. The work contains short biographical sketches of the most prom- inent Norwegians of all eras in political and economic life, or in the branches of literature, science, and art, each ar- ticle being accompanied by a large and handsomely executed picture of the sub- ject; it is edited by the professor of history at the University of Christiania, Halvdan Koht. The text is furnished by the best authorities in the country. Though each sketch is very short, never running beyond four large quarto pages, the writers have succeeded in compress- ing the most essential facts and charac- terizations into this narrow frame. So far seven parts have appeared; the pub- lication of the remaining twenty-seven parts will be completed, it is hoped, by the spring of next year, when Norway celebrates the centenary of her indepen- dence. Each part contains two biograph- ical sketches, and the whole work will Include seventy pictures. The price is 1 krone for each part. This monumen- tal work ought to prove valuable not only as a reference book, but as a fit- ting memorial of Norway's intellectual 1 achievements. A somewhat similar work, also pub- i lished by subscription, is Per Nissen's "Fagdrelandet" ("The Fatherland"), be- ing published in parts by H. Aschehoug & Co., Christiania. This book is a pop- ular description of Norway, dealing with the geography of the country, trade and economic conditions, Norwegian institu- ! tions, Constitution and administration, military relations, communications, edu- > cation, art and industry, and so forth. It aims to be a practical and accurate guide, and, to judge from the way in which it begins, the purpose is like- ly to be fulfilled. The author was until recently a general in the Norwegian army, and besides possessing a vast store of knowledge, embracing most varied fields, he is the master of a clear i and vivid style which will be apt to catch the interest of the public at large. ; An abundance of excellent illustrations I add to the value of the work, and the price is only 50 0re for each of the twenty parts to which it will run. The most noteworthy of new Nor- wegian novels is the strong and well- written story, "Eli Sjursdotter," by the young author, Johan Falkberget. It has already caught the reading public. The Danish author, Otto Rung, is an able writer and psychologist. His works, "Sidste kamp" ("The Last Battle"), "Skyggernes tog" ("The March of the Shadows"), "Lpnkammeret" ("The Clos- et"), and his drama, "Broen" ("The Bridge"), have made him one of the most widely read and admired of Dan- ish writers. His latest novel, "Den lange nat" ("The Long Night"), recent- ly published, maintains his high stan- dard. It has an adroitly woven plot, an absorbing psychological interest, and its language possesses a haunting fresh- ness and melody. The story centres on an old usurer who has risen to a posi- tion of great independence by corrupt methods, yet whose power is gradually fading, owing to a sickness which final- ly bereaves him totally of his sight. So subtle is the treatment that in the end the author contrives to win over the reader's sympathy for this rather re- pulsive character. A pretty love-story is interwoven with the main plot. Otto Rung is not too local in his interests to be widely enjoyed. A popular historical work, "Anno 13," by Morten Pontoppidan, gives a vivid picture of the events and conditions in Germany during the period 1806-13 and of the final throwing off of Napoleon's yoke. The book is written with Btrong German sympathies and pronoun* miration for the country's heroic light for liberty. It will appeal to everybody who likes history popularly presented. A short biography of the Danish philoso- pher, Harald Hpffding, by Erik Rindom, contains some interesting information about a famous man and contributes to a better understanding of his position and influence. The lyric poet of Jutland, Jeppe Aakjaer, has published a small vol- ume of addresses which he has deliv- ered on various occasions. The contents includes chapters on Robert Burns, Holger Drachmann, Bjprnson, Blicher, and discussions of more general Danish topics. They are well balanced and make a readable collection. Aexe Kildal. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. There are Scott collectors, although the multiplicity and popularity of Sir Walter's writings make their pursuit perhaps more laborious than difficult. There Is no ade- quate Scott bibliography known to me. When it appears a place should be found for this octavo pamphlet of 2; pages: The Mauvais Pas. A Scene in the Alps, illustrating a passage in the novel of Anne of Geirstein. By the Rev. Edward Stanley, M.A. Rector of Alderley. Not published. Macclesfield, Printed by J. Swinnerton, Courier and Herald Office. It will be noted that the name of Scott's heroine is misspelled in this title, although it is correctly given in the text of the tract. "Anne of Geierstein" was published in three volumes in 1829. Lockhart tells how, one snowy morning, Scott gave some friends who were at Abbotsford the sheets of about a volume and a half to read in his library while he was at work in the adjacent room, but looked in on them oc- casionally. He found them delighted. Mr. J. B. S. Morritt and Sir James Steuart, of Allenbank, were both familiar with Swiss scenery, and were amazed at the happy manner in which Scott had caught the lo- cal color of a country in which he had nev- er set foot. But Ballantyne "totally con- demned" the story. It was finished before breakfast, April 29, 1829, and after break- fast Sir Walter began to write his "Com- pendium of Scottish History" for Lardner's Cyclopaedia. Such was the zeal with which he strove to retrieve his fallen fortunes. "Anne of Geierstein" made her public d£- but in May, and in the September issue of Hlackicood appeared "The Mauvais Pas." It is signed with the initials E. S. Another article thus signed appeared in the number for April, 1830, and is entitled "The Port of Vennasque; a scene in the Pyrenees." The fame of the brilliant son, Arthur Pen- rhyn Stanley, has somewhat obscured that of the saintly father. Edward Stanley was born January 1, 1779, was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, and became, 1805, rector of Alderley, a living in tlio patronage of his father. Sir John Thomas Park, ami in 1837 he was appointed Bishop of Norwich. He died I er 6, 1849. The tract must have appeared some time II 1829 and 1837. .1 mow take down bli Scott anil nail in tli

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Aug. [4, [913] The Nation 14:1 tors of "Anne of Geierstein," the account of the manner in which "Arthur Philip- son" braves the dangers of the mountain path leading to the Rock of the Vulture. This is the scene of the first meeting of Arthur and Anne, the intertwining of whose fates is the theme of the story. Having" thus tied his memory he may compare Scott's account with these quotations from Stanley's narrative of his adventure on the Mauvais Pas : From the point where we had stepped upon the ledge, quitting the forest and un- derwood, this circular face of precipice commenced, continuing, without intermis- < 1 11 it united itself with its corre- sponding headland on the right. The only communication between the two being along a ledge in the face of the precipice, vary- ing in width from about a foot to *a few inches; the surface of the said ledge, more- over, assuming the form of an inclined plane, owing to an accumulation of small particles of rock, which had, from time immemorial, shaled from the heights and lodged on this slightly project- ing shelf. The distance, from the time taken to pass it, I guessed to be not far short of a quarter of a mile. At my foot, literally speaking (for it required but a semiquaver of the body, or the loosening of my hold, to throw the centre of grav- itation over the abyss), were spread the valleys of the Dranse, through which I could perceive the river meandering like a silver thread; but, from the height at which I looked down, its rapidity was in- visible, and its hoarse brawling unheard. The silence was absolute and solemn; for, fortunately, not a zephyr fanned the air, to interfere with my precarious equili- brium. . . . We had proceeded a good part of the way, when, to my dismay, the ledge, narrow as it was, became percept- ibly narrower, and, at the distance of a yard or two in advance, I observed a point where it seemed to run to nothing, inter- rupted by a protuberant rock ; I said noth- ing, waiting the result in silence. The guide before me, when he reached the point, threw one foot round the projection, till it was firmly placed, and holding on the rock, then brought up the other. What was I to do? Like Arthur Philipson's guide, Antonio, I could only say, "I was no goat- hunter, and had no wings to transport me from cliff to cliff like a raven." — "I can- not perform that feat," said I to the guide; "I shall miss the invisible footing on the other side, and — then!" . . . They were pre- pared for the case; one of them happened to have a short staff; this was handed for- ward, and formed a slight rail, while the other, stooping down, seized my foot, and placing it in his hand, answered, "Tread without apprehension, it will support you firmly as the rock itself ; be steady — go on." I did so, and regained the ledge once more in safety. . . . Thus persevering, with the speed of a tortoise or a sloth, the sol- emn slow movements of hand and foot forc- ibly reminding me of that cautious animal, we at last drew near to a more acute point in the curve of this gaunt amphitheatre, where it bent forward towards the river, and consequently we were more immediate- ly fronted by the precipice forming the continuation of that on which we stood. By keeping my head obliquely turned in- wards, I had hitherto in great measure avoided more visual communication than I wished with the bird's-eye prospect below; but there was no possibility of excluding the smooth bare frontage of rock right ahead. There it reared itself from the clods beneath to the clouds above, with- out outward or visible sign of fret or As- sure, as far as I could judge, on which even a chamois could rest its tiny hoof ; for the width of whatever ledge it might have was diminished, by the perspective view we had of it, to Euclid's true defini- tion of a mathematical line, namely, length without breadth. At this distance of time, I have no very clear recollection of the mode of our exit, and cannot speak posi- tively whether we skirted any of this peril- ous wall of the Titans, or crept up through the corner of the curve by some fissure leading to the summit. I have, however, a very clear and agreeable recollection of the moment when I came in contact with a tough bough, which I welcomed and grasped as I would have welcomed and grasped the hand of the " dearest friend 1 had upon earth, and by the help of which I, in a very few more seconds, scrambled upwards, and set my foot once without fear of slips or sliding, on a rough heathery surface, forming the bed of a ravine, which soon led us to an upland on which I stood as in the garden idise. It may be that the Alpinist of the twen- entury would be less impressed by these dangers than the nineteenth century tourist. Stanley's tract contains also an account of the formation of the Lake of Mauvoisin by the descent of a glacier, and of the in- undations of the Val do Bagnes in 1595 and 1818, drawn up from the memoir of M. Escher de la Linth. There is in addition a. preface in which Stanley states that he had some reasons for believing that the details of his ad- venture had reached the ears of Sir Walter Scott and furnished him with the ground- work for the perilous meeting of Anne and Arthur. The rarity of "The Mauvais Pas" may be judged by its absence both from the British Museum Catalogue and from Martin's mo- nograph on Privately Printed Books. William E. A. Axon. Correspondence "OF THE PEOPLE." To the Editor of The Nation : Sir : Your recent editorial on Lincoln's Gettysburg Address suggested to me that perhaps you or some of your readers might be able to furnish some light on a question which has interested me of late — the exact significance of the phrase "of the people." In quoting the words you follow the usual punctuation, that of Lincoln's final author- ized version. The customary emphasis given by speakers fits this punctuation, and I suppose would be not unfairly represented by writing thus: "and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth." That is the phrases are treated as logically co- ordinate and of equal importance, and we have a threefold description of the type of government which Lincoln desired "should not perish from the earth." This way of taking the words seems open to one rather serious objection — the difficulty of giving to the preposition "of" a clear-cut meaning which shall distinguish it from, and en- title it to rank as a true coordinate with the prepositions "by" and "for." Probably the explanation most commonly given would be that "of" is equivalent to "originating with," "deriving its sanction and ultimate authority from." the people. The form of the words, at least, would seem to admit another interpretation. The "of" might express the objective-genitive relation of our Latin and Greek grammars, and "government of the people," in the sense of "government exercised over the people," be taken as the common base of the expression; this "government of the people" characterized, with a tieofol phasis, as "by" and "for" the people would ti'fn give us the type of government which Lincoln sought to have perpetuated. With this view we should drop the first comma in writing, the stress on "of" in speaking. Or it might be still better to think of each phrase as modifying all that goes before it — to omit both the first and second commas (as Lincoln himself did in his original draft), and to give a crescendo emphasis in delivery which might be indi- cated thus : "and that government of the people by the people for the people shall not perish," etc. The double possibility of interpretation has probably occurred to many. The sec- ond, or "objective," explanation of "of" here seems to have several considerations, historical as well as logical, in its favor. The questions I should like to ask are: (1) Was any interpretation covering this point ever given by Lincoln himself? (2) Have we any testimony from one who heard him speak as to the emphasis, pauses, or intonations with which these words were uttered? (3) Has the question here raised been discussed anywhere in print? W. A. Eckels. Wichita, Kan., August 8. THE NEW LAUREATE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: "There will be disappointment in some quarters over the selection of Robert Bridges as poet laureate," so said the Nation, in its issue of July 24, and so there teas disappointment, I trust, in many quar- ters over what the Nation said regarding that event. Robert Bridges surely needs no apologies on his behalf, eyen when they emanate from so distinguished a source as the Na- tion, and, above all, he is not a poet who is to be damned with faint praise. The ex- tracts from his work given by the Nation are quite sufficient to demonstrate the high levels on which his poetic feet tread ; and when we consider the great mass of that work, and the variety of it, including a large number of lyrics of a high order, including the seventy-nine sonnets that comprise "The Growth of Love," ought we not unreservedly to acclaim him, and con- gratulate Mr. Asquith on his keenness of discrimination? — who, indeed, may well opine that the laureateship should be be- stowed, not in expectation of rewarding Odes, but rather as a crown of honor on one presumably near the close of his ca- reer. True, there is nothing of the bizarre or the violent in Bridges; he is refined without weakness, he is deep-thoughted without being too heavy for the Muse to carry; and he possesses that essential of all true art — restraint. Besides, his work is informed through and through with the spiritual, as the best poetry surely is. His "Growth of Love" is a great perform- ance, but as it is comprised In a series of sonnets, against which there is more or less of ignorant, prejudice, it seems never to have commanded that attention it de- Heredia stepped into the French \ up the stairway composed entirely of the True, he had done other work, but it was on bis sonnets that his admission was based. The sonnets of "The Growth of Love" partly follow Shakespeare's in matter of form, and many of them certainly breathe their fra- If this let-

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142 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 25 1 1 ter ta not already too long, 1 would wish to Include in it two of the sonnets from "The Growth ol Love," No. XXVII on the mod- ern ocean steamer, and the beautiful prayer embodied In the final sonnet. XXVII. 1 be 1 abled Bea snake, old T.e\ lathan, Or else what grisly beast of scaly chine That champed the oceanwrack, :t ml swashed the brine Before the new and milder days of man, Had never rib nor bray nor swindling (an Like liis iron swimmer of the Clyde or Tyne, Late born of golden seed to breed a line or offspring swifter and more huge of plan. Straight is ber going, for upon the sun When once she hath looked, ber path and place arc plain: With tireless speed she sinitelli one by one The shuddering seas and foams along the main: Anil her eased breath when her wild race is run Roars through ber nostrils like a hurricane. LXXIX. Eternal Father, who didst an create, In \vl 1 we live and to whose linsom move, To all men lie Thy name known which is Love. Till its loud praises sound at heaven's lii^-Ii gate. Perfect Thy kingdom in our passing state. thai here on earth Thou mayst as well approve (»ur service as Thou ownest theiis above Whose joy we echo and in pain await. Grant body and soul each day their daily bread: And should in spite of grace fresh woe begin, Even as our anger soon is past and dead lit? Thy remembrance mortal of our sin: By Thee in paths of peace Thy sheep be led, And in the vale of terror comforted. Edward Robeson Taylor. San Francisco, July 30. THE ITALIAN TREASURY. TO THE EDITOR OF TlIE NATION : 'i An editorial in the Nation of July 3 quotes from an artiele written by the ex- Minister of Italy, Luigi Luzzatti, in the Corriere della Sera, in which he spurns the charges of political corruption recently brought against his country. While not denying the gross official frauds in con- nection with the building of the Palace of Justice, he asserts that the Italian Treas- ury, since the unification of the kingdom, lias been absolutely free from even a sus- pl 1 1 the war might become or how long it might last. The operations on the Mis sissippi from April, 18G2, on the other hand, and the campaigns of 1863 to and including Gettysburg, were the critical period of the war. Beginning with "gloomy failures" East and West, the period ends with notable Federal vic- tories. The days of crude experiments and untrained nun were passing, and those of great, campaigns and grand strategy had conn-. Holding, as be does, that "the manner in which the troops were directed in campaign, and espe- cially in battle, had more Influence on the result than is generally appre< lai ed" (Hk. i, j). iv), Col Livermore Is am* ply justified iii narrating and discuss-

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Aug. 14, 1913 The Nation 143 ing military operations more fully than did Ropes. We have no quarrel with him for dissecting every army and filing every campaign. But it is also true that into this same critical period fall some of the most brilliant ions of the war. The taking of iurg and Port Hudson, the sunder- ing of the Confederacy by the recovery of the Mississippi, and the battles of llorsvllle and Gettysburg, rank in modern warfare as operations of the first magnitude; and we cannot but re- gret that Col. Livermore's pages, of the highest value on the technical side, should as a rule leave the reader with the: impression, not that the events were great, but only that they were extreme- tnplicated. To summarize either the narrative or the technical contents of these volumes would far exceed any reasonable limits of a review; and we must confine our- selves to comments upon a few points only, and to notice of a few of the au- thor's more significant judgments. The story opens with the second attempt on Vicksburg, in July, 1862; an attempt which failed because Halleck, having divided the army which he had assem- bled at Corinth, was too weak to co- operate with Farragut (I, 21). On July 17 Halleck went to Washington as gen- eral-in-chief, leaving Grant in tempo- rary command of the Armies of the Ten- nessee and the Mississippi. In October, Rosecrans repulsed the Confederates at Corinth, thereby insuring his own mili- tary reputation; but Col. Liverniore con- cludes that Grant, though overestimat- ing the strength of the enemy, and in error in supposing that his army could not live off the country, was right in cutting short the pursuit of Van Dorn beyond the Hatchie (I, 42). January, 1863, saw the failure of a third at- tempt on Vicksburg, the responsibility for which is to be ascribed in part to Lincoln's mistaken confidence in Mc- Clernand, in part to Halleck's effort to support Lincoln without losing Corinth, and in part to Grant's loyal attempt to carry out Halleck's orders (I, 68). The objective points were now Vicks- burg and Richmond, with the Emancipa- tion Proclamation as an additional in- centive to the vigorous prosecution of the war. Upon Hooker rested the re- sponsibility of insuring Federal success in the East. Hooker's course at this time will probably continue to be de- bated for many a day to come. Col. Liv- ermore's judgment is that, while Hooker "was accredited with skill in conducting a fight under his own eye," "his mind was not equal to the task of directing and coordinating the operations of large bodies of troops of whose rela- tive positions he could judge only from reports" (I, 115). For his apparently rash course in dividing his army, in the face of the enemv. at the passage of the Rappahannock, the author expresses approval, on the ground that "his move- ments are so carefully planned that it any part of his line is attacked, it can hold its ground, or fall back until so re- inforced as to outnumber the enemy' (I, 127) ; and although by May 1 he had lost his chance to surround or capture Lee's army, "he still retained complete control of the situation" (I, 148). For Lee's plan of attacking Hooker in flank at Chancellorsville, however, there is no praise; and Jackson's movement had the partial success that it did only "through the stupendous blunders of Hooker, and especially through the persistent negli- gence and blind credulity of Howard' (I, 151). After Hooker's disabling in- jury "it is hardly profitable any longer to consider his motives. There is, in fact, no reason to suppose that his or- ders would have been wise, even if he had not been struck" (I, 211, 212). The judgment is severe, but it cannot be said to be undeserved. For Grant's course in his fourth at- tempt on Vicksburg, in February, 1863, there is frank and pointed criticism: There can hardly be a doubt but that, by some expedient. Grant could have found means, by land or water or both, to convey his men across the peninsula opposite Vicksburg; and to this end his first efforts should have been directed from the moment he decided to send his main force down the river. If Grant could open a route west of the Mississippi to a point south of Vicksburg where troops could embark, he could send steamers and barges without troops, pro- tected by cotton, hay, and grain, down past the batteries to ferry the troops from New Carthage to the eastern bank; he could supply them by the same route, or by barges sent down the Mississippi ; and then choose his own point of landing below, gain the bluffs, and advance to the inte- rior, or fall back on the fleet (I, 234, 235). In such a plan, Col. Livermore thinks, Porter would have cooperated. Had Lin- coln not expressed so decided an inter- est in the old canal, Grant would have been saved the "series of experiments" which consumed time and diverted the enemy and the public, but in which, as he later admitted, he "never felt great confidence." For Grant's final opera- tions behind Vicksburg, on the other hand, Col. Livermore speaks a hearty commendation, declaring them to have been "wisely and prudently conducted," and a more than ample offset to his "imprudence" at Shiloh and his "repeat- ed failures to reach Vicksburg by other routes" (II, 328). The later surrender of Port Hudson, however, was not due to the fall of Vicksburg, but to the greater success of the siege operations and the exhaustion of the garrison (II, 401). Nearly half of Part ii is devoted to Gettysburg, the whole plan and course of the battle being examined in the greatest detail. Col. Livermore's opin- ion of Lee at this point coincides with that of Fitzhugh Lee, namely, that Lee, whose knowledge of strategy was at least equal to Meade's, yielded to "tender-heartedness" in not withdraw- ing Ewell's corps after havjng decided that Longstreet was to attack. That he would not have so yielded had he not expected to succeed, is as proba- ble as that he would not have expected success "if he had not so often violated the principles of grand tactics with im- punity. ... He thought that it was better to risk the consequences of a false move, than to offend his subordi- nates or demoralize his own army. He was gambling in the art of war." With fewer troops than , Meade, and a lin3 twice as long, his plan to attack Meade s left could have succeeded only by "con- centrating there the main body of his army, and keeping the rest of it out of action, while making demonstrations to deceive Meade as to the point of attack" (II, 440, 441). The sixty maps and plans which ac- company the text are of the greatest usefulness. The scheme of a volume in two parts seems an unnecessary obsta- cle to easy reference, however, and the proof-reading has not always been care- fully done. There are two indexes, of persons and topics, and a full analytical table of contents. CURRENT FICTION. [OLD HEROINES AND NEW.] The Glad Heart. By E. Maria Albanesl. London: Methuen & Co., Ltd. The Beloved Enemy. The same. The Long Engagement. By E. S. Ste- vens. New York: George H. Doran Co. Fire and Frost. By Maud Cruttwell. New York: John Lane Co. The Opening Door. By Justus Miles Forman. New York: Harper & Bros. Despite the advent of the cigarette and the incipiency of the vote for wo- men, many of the most popular English novelists still find it possible to deal with the old materials of romam find profit in the sharp contrast of fem- inine and masculine, still believe in the ingenue and the rough conquering male, still drop the final curtain to the tune of "The Voice that Breathes o'er Eden." To this faithful and not unre- warded band belongs E. Maria AH The stories in hand are characteristic. "The Glad Heart" was published three years ago, and is still running to editions. "The Beloved Enemy" is new, but will doubtless survive the current season. EMen Milner, the heroine of irliar tale, is as fair and fond a juvenile as may be found in the pages of William Black or Mrs. do la Pasture, nnilcss by the spendthrift squire, ner father, she never dreams of setting forth to conquer the world of men in

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I^t4, T h. e !NT a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 25 1 1 the manly fashion of the maidcn-to-date. There are open to her only the two im- memorial occupations of helpless fem- ininity— to be a governess or to be a companion. An unmarried middle-aged man of her acquaintance finds her a place as companion, a place such as only a heroine of her vintage could have endured for a day. But she does en- dure, and gratitude to the stupid gen- tleman who has procured her discomfort is easily converted into love when, in the end, she discovers the wonderful fact that he wishes her to be his. And so presently "the pretty white gown was on and fastened, and the wreath and veil adjusted" — and the curtain drops to the familiar air. Betty of "The Beloved Enemy" is a less conventional figure. At the out- set she even threatens to be modern. We soon perceive, however, that her indi- vidualism is of the butterfly and not of the queen bee. She scorns the honest but humble youth who lays his heart at her feet. Her punishment is marriage to a weakling and the conversion of the misprised youth into a multi-millionaire. But, of course, we are not to be dis- appointed of our final curtain. Betty herself has not only trials to bear and perils to weather, but a transformation to undergo. Here the author compasses a really fine bit of character-study. In- stead of violently converting her Betty from pleasure-lover to prig, she shows her under the daily discipline of life gradually developing innate elements of strength; so that when her bearish but faithful millionaire (an American who speaks the tongue neither of men nor of angels) finally wins her, we feel that he is a really lucky fellow: which is as it should be. "The Long Engagement" offers a good opportunity for transition, since it con- tains two heroines, one of the older type and one of the new. Melody Waller is sweet and feminine and unpractical — of the Betty type, though less selfish and with more sense of humor. She has been engaged for some years to a poor schoolmaster, who is saddled with three sisters, and has a morbid notion of his responsibility for them. The engage- ment, for no clear reason, has not been announced. Even her father, a retired colonel whom she adores, does not know of it. To the humiliation of this half- furtive relation is added the fact that Schoolmaster Dominick has fallen to a way of taking her rather for granted. The prospect of their being able to mar- ry does not improve. Altogether, when the colonel loses his money, and wishes her to marry a rich baronet — but we shall not rehearse the rest of Melody's story, since there is a thrill at the end of it which should not be forestalled. Enough to hint that, at the eleventh hour, she proves herself worthy of the reader's affections in a very old fai b loned way. Dominick's sister Joan is the other heroine, a girl of the wide-eyed, indepen- dent, good-fellow type. With her sis- ters, mere caricatures of unco' guid spin- sterhood, she has nothing in common. Quite ignorant of men, she is ready to trust them all as brothers. Revolt against being a burden upon Dominick leads naturally to a brief experience in a London office. It culminates in a scene with her employer in a private dining-room which recalls the "feature" scene of Mr. Wells's "Ann Veronica." No such destiny as Ann's is in store for her, however. She remains a fledgling in the flock of the emancipated, and the unadvanced reader will be glad to see the nice girl on the way to marriage with a nice boy before we have done with her. With the two remaining novels in our group, we are in for the real thing: the modern heroine in diverse aspects of her glory. The author of "Fire and Frost" has little to say of equal political rights. Her plea is for the moral and physical independence of woman. In- deed, she holds a brief for spinsterhood as the ideal state. The continuance of the race is nothing to her, a wife is a degraded person, and a mother is a vic- tim. Her Clare Glynne is a successful and enviable person, so long as she is content with her independent means, and her freedom to potter about among the art treasures of Italy. But she per- mits herself to drift into marriage with an Egyptian prince, and, worse, to fall in love with him. He is good for noth- ing, but that is a mere incident. If he had been the noblest of men, Sibyl's passion for him would, we gather, have still been debasing. She is conscious of her error, and presently confides it to an old friend. He assures her that the soul is at war with the senses, that love and desire have nothing in com- mon, and that she must meet her hus- band on the only meeting-ground possi- ble— that of affection. At this point the old friend places a sympathetic arm about Clare, the gesture is misinter- preted by observers, and a divorce en- sues, providentially freeing the lady from her bondage, and setting her in the right way again. The last we hear of her is as author of a remarkable and instantly famous book, "a study of char- acter under the veil of romance, . . . defending the cause of Woman versus Man with such force and ability, with such impartiality and comprehension, and, above all, with such delicate tact, that even the men themselves have had to applaud." Such praise would be a trifle too high for Mr. Forman's story, but it defends the cause of Woman in dignified and even appealing fashion. It is not a men tract, but a good story in Itself Its people are real. Its heroine is hu- man and lovable as well as modern. She dawns upon us as a maiden of 1 school in type and training. She lias the profile of a Greek goddess, and is just "finishing" her education at a select school which has never advanced beyond the standards of 1830, which carefully prevents its pupils from learn- ing anything of value, and prepares them for life by asserting that "the Crown of Womanhood is Sacrifice." Then comes a sudden awakening to the perception that human experience is not the affair of a few banalities and timidities and platitudes, but a field of action in which each must play his part. And finally comes the slowly growing conviction that her own part must have something to do with the struggle of her sex for self-respect and self-expres- sion. Her first attempts to serve "the Cause" are failures. She is not made to be a district visitor or a public speaker in the interests of suffrage. In a moment of reaction she becomes- the wife of a man whom she really loves. The man has utter contempt for "the Screaming Sisterhood," weariness and the self-protective instinct keep her si- lent, and for a time she is able to smother her sense of public duty in mere private happiness. But she cannot kill that sense, and it presently emerges, to the dismay and rage of the husband. He attempts high-handed methods, whereupon she lays down the law: mar- riage is a free partnership; there can be no question of petty dictation on either side. "That means you defy me straight?" he said. "Defy? Oh! Why, yes, in the sense you mean it, I suppose I do. I'm a grown woman, mistress of myself, married to you by my own free will— your wife, not your servant. I oughtn't to have to claim the right to think my own thoughts, choose my own friends, if they are respectable, speak what decent words I may wish to." In the end the husband is enlightened, and we leave him giving suffrage din- ners, and calling complacently upon his infant daughter to repeat the only phrase she knows: "Votes for Women." The history sounds raw in the abstract, but it is skilfully and — a rare thing in narratives of this order — amiably told. AN INDUSTRIOUS LIFE. All the Days of My Life. By Amelia E. Barr. New York: D. Appleton & Co. $3.50 net. The casual reader who glances at the sentimental sub-title, "The Red Leaves of a Human Heart," may be tempted to close this volume at the beginning. But he will be rewarded if he resists that temptation. For Mrs. Barr has told wiiii frankness, simplicity, ami extraor- dinary vividness the sloi.v of an un- usually full and varied life. The sts l« is unliterary, at times even ungrammal leal; but Pepys has been forgiven for 1 ,: [qbj mmar th in Mrs Barr is gulltj of. 1 »ike blm, the has 1 lie .lit [mental Interest In herself

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Aug. 14, 191 3 J The JSTation 145 and in all the details of her past life; she can describe exactly the dresses she liked herself best in and the dinners she most enjoyed, forty, fifty, or sixty years ago. Such a zest in small pleasures is a godsend to the autobiographer; one might almost say that it is a mark of the great autobiographer. It inspired, for instance, some of the most famous passages of Rousseau's "Confessions." As one reads the book one cannot help being reminded of another seventeenth- century worthy, unlike Pepys in all but his restless energy; of Cotton Mather, and his motto, "Fructuosus." Entering the career of matrimony at nineteen, Mrs. Barr brought into the world nine children; entering the career of author- ship at thirty-nine, she wrote more than sixty books, besides countless short sto- ries, sketches, essays, and poems. The vicissitudes of both these careers, eith- er of which would have exhausted the energies of two or three ordinary wo- men, she describes with great vivacity. The daughter of a Methodist minister in the north of England, she received the rather haphazard education regarded as sufficient for girls in those days, and taught for a year and a half in a girls' school. Many little episodes of this early life are lovingly chronicled. The day when her father brought home the first boxes of "Congreve or Lucifer matches" was a red-letter day in the family: My father took us all into a dark room and permitted each person to strike a light. Laughter and exclamations o£ wonder and pleasure greeted each fresh match as it burst into instantaneous flame, and even Ann (the old servant) was enthusiastic. . . . We had both read and heard wonderful things of these matches for nearly three years, but the first put upon the market were intended only for the rich; for they were in more or less costly caskets, the cheapest of which was sold for a guinea. At nineteen Amelia married Robert Barr, a prosperous young merchant of Glasgow. As was natural, Robert's mother was bitterly opposed to his mar- rying a girl who was English and Meth- odist, and Amelia's trials with her new relatives are amusingly described. Best of all, perhaps, is the account of how, after her husband had failed in busi- ness, she stole a march on her mother- in-law in spiriting the family away to America without the old lady's know- ledge. This required a strategy truly Napoleonic. Robert himself, however, was a thorough Scot, and Mrs. Barr complains humorously of the trials his Scottish reserve and obstinacy brought upon her. "It is scarcely an exaggera- tion," she observes, "to say that no Scotchman ever tells his wife the truth, and the whole truth, about his affairs." Later, in Texas, "he wanted to rent a farm, and get away from the fret and friction of the times. I pointed out that neither of us knew anything about farm- ing, and that Texas farming was special in every department. . . . There is, however, no use in talking to a Scotch- man who has made up his mind. God Almighty alone can change it, so I took to praying. Perhaps it was not very loy- al to pray against my husband's plans, but circumstances alter cases, and this was a case that had to be altered." It is pleasant, but perhaps needless, to add that it was altered. Throughout the Civil War the Barrs lived in Austin. Later they moved to Galveston; and here in the terrible yel- low fever epidemic of 1867, Mrs. Barr lost her husband and her two remain- ing sons, and herself narrowly escaped death. Less than three months later, a son, the ninth of her children, was born, to live only a few days. From this series of blows, which would have crushed most women in body and spirit, Mrs. Barr rallied with indomitable cour- age. For the sake of her daughters, she resolved that she must live; and within a few months she had regained vigorous health. For a year and a half she supported her children by taking boarders; but this venture proving un- successful, she moved to New York to begin life anew. "I had five dollars and eighteen cents in my purse," she says. "I had no relatives in America, no one I felt at liberty to ask assistance from. I stood absolutely alone in the battle of life, but I was confident that God and Amelia Barr were a multitude." The sequel proved that this confidence was entirely justified. Mrs. Barr soon found that she could write what people liked to read; and for much of her work she was pretty well paid. Poetry, for instance, was with her a mere inci- dental; "the vision and the faculty di- vine," as she says, "were not mine"; yet for fifteen years she made a thousand dollars or more a year from the sale of her verse alone. Her industry is al- most incredible; it puts to shame even that of a writer like Anthony Trollope. Between March 25 and April 30, 1883, for instance, her diary shows that she wrote a complete novel, "Cluny Mac- pherson," working on it eight or nine hours a day, and that during the same period she wrote twelve poems and short articles in her leisure moments. Meanwhile her comments on her home life are as interesting and lively as ever. An amusing light is thrown on the sharp distinction she always made between life and fiction by the following bit of conversation with one of her daugh- ters, whom she had reproved for seek- ing counsel of a Catholic priest. Mrs. Barr had asked: "But why not go to God for advice?" "Mamma, there are things like love let- ters, for Instance. Would you go to God with them?" "Yes," I replied. "Love letters may be very important things. At any rate, your mother might be better than a priest." "Mamma, dear, you know that you have a fixed conviction that love affairs should only occur in books. Now Frank is not a 'character,' he is a real, living, very delightful man." It would be impossible, in any ade- quate notice of the book, to ignore its account of the author's religion. To Mrs. Barr religion means a direct per- sonal relation with God; but it also means some other things. Like Cotton Mather, to whom we have already com- pared her, she believes firmly in angels and demons, in dreams and signs and warnings. She believes in reincarna- tion, because only so can she justify what seems to be undeserved suffering. She speaks of her religion as freely and plainly as Bunyan or Mather did of his. Certainly her own life is evi- dence of the truth of her advice: "I press upon the young, not to be asham- ed of their disposition to be sentimen- tal or religious. It is the sentimental young men who conquer; it is the men steeped in religious thought and aspira- tion who do things." The total impression of the book is one of immense energy, tempered by homely kindliness, sentiment, and hu- mor. It is a "human document" of rare interest and vitality. The Fall of the Butch Republic. By Hendrick William Van Loon. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. $3. It goes without saying that, since Mot- ley's day, every one has heard of the rise of the Dutch Republic, even if many have never known anything else about it; but with respect to its latter end it is probably true, as Mr. Van Loon says in his preface, that most English read- ers are in the predicament of his friend who was not aware that "the thing had ever fallen." Mr. Van Loon assures his readers that it did fall, and he proposes to explain in popular language why it fell. The language which he employs is in- deed popular in the sense of being easily understood; popular, also, in being gen- erally interesting, spiced with a kindly sort of satirical humor at the expense of the people whose qualities and foibles he so thoroughly understands. It is true, the humor sometimes, and rather frequently, falls to the level of the com- monplace— "Divine Providence was kept working overtime listening to all the prayers of patriotic citizens," is the sort of thing the discriminating reader would prefer omitted. Yet occasionally one comes across something excellent, as in the preface, where the author remarks that "some few, who had taken English history in college, had dim recollections of a certain William of Orange who, as the husband of Queen Mary, had play- ed some sort of role in the works of the late Lord Macaulay." The title of the book is a good one. But for all that one might find it diffi- cult to maintain that there ever was a

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146 T li e Natio n [Voi. 97, No. 251 1 Dutch Republic, or, If there was one, to say just whim it foil. A most persistent [C ul I iiitrh history was the rivalry between the n genl families ol Holland and the House of Orange. When the former, who were backed by the ois class, were In the ascendant, ivernment was an oligarchy; when the latter, which found iis support among the nobility and the people, was dominant, it was a more or less effec- tive dictatorship: in either case, Dutch political institutions were republican only in form. Mr. Van Loon understands this perfectly, and he is nowhere more satisfactory than in describing the com- plex and cumbersome machinery of the provincial governments, or explaining how the real power fell sometimes to the regents and sometimes to the Stadt- holder, or narrating the circumstances which brought the one or the other to the fore. And if we were content to call this curious mixture of Regents, Stadtholders, and town councils a republic, nothing is easier than to say that it disappear- ed, like so much else of the ancien n !/ii,ii\ in the revolutionary upheaval — virtually when the French armies enter- ed and took possession, formally when the Batavian republic was established in March, 1895: and in an external sense these events constitute the fall of the republic. Yet Mr. Van Loon car- ries the story scarcely beyond 1783, clos- ing with a very sketchy account of the later events. By the fall of the repub- lic he would have us understand some- thing more vital than the mere over- throw of a form of government. He is, indeed, concerned to trace the causes of the decline of Dutch influence in the eighteenth century — the failure of Dutch heroism in war, of Dutch achievements in art and letters, of Dutch ascendency in trade, of Dutch prestige in politics and diplomacy — rather than any changes in the externals of social life. The explanation Mr. Van Loon finds primarily in the enervating effects of great material prosperity. In the eigh- teenth century the rich burgher class was mainly intent on investing safely the wealth .which their ancestors had ac- cumulated. They wished, above all, to cut their coupons regularly in order to live comfortably without too much ex- ertion. The result was a marked relax- ation of moral fibre, a decay of civic virtue, a dearth of heroic characters. And, inasmuch as a great deal of Dutch wealth was invested in Fiance, the fear nding Franc resulted at last in the breach with England, which, as Mr. Van Loon thinks, was the chief mistake. There is much truth in all this; and yet one may well question whether Mr. Van Loon has sufficiently emphasized the fact that both the rise and the fall of Dutch power ■ pai ably con- i with the larger a ipi ota of Euro- pean politics. Jn tin i.ie.nth and seventeenth centuiies circumstances, in so far as diplomacy is concerne I almost all In favor of the Dutch; in the eighteenth almost all against them. One may well doubt win ther they could have won independence without the aid of France and England; and certainly in the seventeenth century the exigencies of French and English politics left the Holland merchants a wonderfully free hand in exploiting the East Indies. But in the eighteenth century the Dutch were caught between two fires: their chief political enemy was France, which, nevertheless, they could not afford to offend because so much of their capital was invested there; their chief political friend was England, whose commercial interests in India and America were nevertheless diametrically opposed to their own. Now, the rivalry of France and England was perhaps the most fun- damental thing in eighteenth-century diplomacy, and the helplessness of the Dutch, bound to England by the need of protection and to France by the de- sire for profit, lay precisely in the im- possibility of taking sides in the great struggle. And the dilemma was the more perplexing inasmuch as it accen- tuated the old opposition between the House of Orange and the Regents of Holland; the former was pro-Englisn, the latter were pro-French. Mr. Van Loon does not fail to exhibit this dilemma, and for the most part he confines himself to explication. But his sympathies are rather with the House of Orange — although he clearly appreci- ates the contemptible abilities of its ntatives — and he is quite of the opinion that the breach with England was the fatal mistake of all, a mistake for which the Dutch paid "with complete political annihilation, and with almost a century of stagnation." Surely, this is to overshoot the mark. The breach with England was only temporary, after all. The Triple Alliance of 1788, one of the great triumphs of Pitt, put the Dutch in a more advantageous position diplomatically than any they had held since! the time of the great William; and when "political annihilation" finally came, it came in spite of the effort of England, backed by a European coali- tion, to prevent it. Apart from the French Revolution, one may say there was little danger to Dutch indepen- but with the Revolution, it is difficult to suppose; that the result would have been different whatever policy the Dutch Government might have adopted. Dawn in Darkest Africa. By John II. Harris. With an Introduction by the Right Hon. the Earl of Cromer. With illustrations and a map. New York: E3. P, Dutton & Co. J3.60 net. To help forward the march of pro in West ( 'end al A 1 1 iea is thfi Q& ji'ct of the author In writing thli book, The; information in it was gained during missionary work, beginning in 1898, which included extensive journeys, a re- cent one: having been "something like •>,(ioo miles through the western equa- torial regions." Before becoming a mis- sionary he held a responsible position in a leading commercial house in London, and so gained insight into foreign and colonial questions. As Lord Cromer says in his Introduction, he has brought an exceedingly evenly balanced mind to his task and does not confuse the ideal with the practical in his suggested solu- tions of the problems presented to the African administrator. He begins with a brief description of the native and his medley of customs, and shows that he is by nature a trader and often a successful farmer. One in Southern Nigeria has developed 200 acres of land so that he "has now a turnover of nearly £20,000 a year." The all-round industry of the woman is so great that "hardly anything comes strange to those deft fingers and mus- cular arms." Then he treats of the ef- fects of civilization on the African and the white man's burdens in his Gov- ernment. These can be borne successful- ly only by having a high class of offi- cials. Here Lord Cromer supports him most emphatically, saying, "I have al- ways held that 75 per cent, of the in- fluence of British officials for good de- pends on character, and only 25 per cent, on brains." Mr. Harris believes that if the officials should refuse to drink any intoxicating spirits in public for three years, the detestable liquor traffic, with slavery the greatest of West African curses, would decrease by at le^ast one-half. "The natives, rightly led by the press, and the movement sup- ported by the officials and by the minis- ters of the native churches, would take fire, so to speak, until the drinking of spirits would become 'incorrect foi m The embarrassing labor question is discussed at length and attention is call- ed again and again to the fact that slav- ery still exists in the Portuguese col- onics. In regard to the great natural products of the: region, rubber, oil palm, and cocoa, he shows that through the ruinous policy of the late King Leopold the supply of rubber in the Belgian Congo is alum:. 1 e hauated. [n the Brii ish provinces the cultivation of the COCOa plant IS beginning te) grip the na- tive mind to such an extent that 11 ports from Southern Nigeria alone' have Increased from 288.G14 pounds in L9Q3 to 6,567,183 pounds In L910. A brief Ski li li Of the progress of missions, with favorable rofexenpi s to I ha Roman Oath OliCS, and a forecast Of the IHtnie ol \\'i si Central Africa, iiiinliieles the work. I lis sugge'stiems in the I a si (ha pier, en I il led The Map of Ah iea Bj an. in: ■, ,1 eel e>n his conviction thai the financial burden ol oai lai for thi

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Aug. 14, 1913J The Nation 14? Congo region is too beavj for Belgium to bear, and thai the French have prac- tically tailed in their rule of the Equa- torial African colony, formerly known as the KiciK h Congo, because of their fol- lowing King Leopold's methods of treat- ing the Datives. He believes, therefore, ray of hope would come to the st region of the Dark Continent if the Belgian Upper Congo and the 1 Congo should be transferred to Germany. This would unite the Came- 100ns with German Bast Africa, giving to the empire a greal and unini ed trans-African colony governed on the right principles, Mr. Harris tells noth- ing of his own work, but supports his assertions and conclusions often by his own experiences With the natives and from information derived from them. Mis book is not a personal narrative, 1 any sense, but it might be right- treatise on the main prinei- should guide those who are called to rule a backward and primitive It is well illustrated by sixty reproductions of photographs, and has a 1 Central and South African eol- with "mother countries" drawn to the same scale. Godoy: The Queen's Favorite. By Ed- mund B. D'Auvergne. Boston: Rich- ard G. Badger. The historical truth about Manuel Godoy is stranger than most fiction. In 1784, as a poor but handsome youth of seventeen, he rode into Madrid from his native province of Estremadura to seek a career. His face and his effrontery were his fortune. Through his brother he became a bandoleer in the Royal Guards. As guardsman he stood duty at the royal palace, attracted the attention of the powerful and passionate queen, Maria Luisa, and became her lover. Through her favor he became the trust- ed adviser of the stupid king, Charles IV. Then, for nearly twenty years, this provincial upstart ruled the Spanish Em- pire with a power more absolute than that of the absolute King himself. The strong-willed Queen ruled her husband, and through her favor Godoy ruled the state. But the Queen was many years older than the favorite, and not beauti- ful. It was not unnatural that Godoy soon fell in love with the charming young Doiia Tudo; though he could live with her only in secret, he loved her more deeply and permanently than any one else; and after his downfall he mar- ried her in order to legitimize the two children that she had borne him. Mean- while, however, at the command of the King, he married one of the King's nieces, whom he did not love. The au- thor thinks it probable that the Queen was responsible for this match; she thought her relations to Godoy would be less likely to become a subject of pub- lic scandal, and that she should be less worried by jealousy of Godoy's other] 11 he were formally and decorous- ly married to a woman to whom he was indifferent. The facts of Godoy's life, therefore, are not lacking in interest and histori- cal importance, and they have lost noth- ing in Mr. D'Auvergne's telling; for he knows how to tell a good story well. He is justified in his "hopes that the book will prove interesting to the general reader." But this is not the only pur- pose of his biography. "It is an earnest attempt to do tardy justice to a patri- otic statesman on whom his country- man have been too long allowed to lay the blame of their own folly." With this in mind the author has carefully stud- ied Godoy's own memoirs and much of the best modern literature of the sub- be has even dipped into the pa- pers of the Foreign Office for a few re- ports from English agents in Spain during the Napoleonic period. In his statement of facts he is accurate, but in his interpretation of the facts and in his comments he often goes as far from the truth in one direction as Godoy's de- tractors have gone in the other. He would have us believe that Godoy al- ways pursued, under the circumstances, the wisest and most successful policy for Spain, and that he was even a match for Napoleon in intrigue. Unfortunately, events proved otherwise. Nearly every move which Spain made under his di- rection after 1796 brought disaster and disgrace to the royal family and to the Spanish nation. He himself was mob- bed, deprived of all his offices and pow- er, and made a miserable wandering ex- ile for more than forty years, until his unnoticed death in 1851. That the au- thor believes Godoy to have been a great and wise statesman may be due to his own idea of the requirements for states- manship (p. 60): "There is no great mystery or technic in the so-called science of politics; common-sense and a cool, courageous head will enable any man to deal with the problems which diplomatists pretend are almost insolu- ble." Notes Longmans, Green & Co. announce the pub- lication, in parts, of "The Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures." The general editors are the Rev. Cuthbert Lat- tey, S.J., and the Rev. Joseph Keating, S.J. The first named has prepared Part i, "The First and Second Epistles to the Thes- salonians," newly t] from the orig- inal text, witli introduction, critii explanatory notes, appendices, and map. The same house will add shortly to the American Citizen series "Organized De- mocracy," by Frederick A. Cl< veland. The Century Co. issues this book of short stories. "Murder in Any De- gree," by Owen Johnson; Alexander Irvine's tribute to his mother, "My Lady of the Chimney Corner" ; Jack London's story of his life, "John Barleycorn," and Robert Haven Schaurflcr's "Romantic America," with many illustrations. Four novels appear this week from the press of George H. Doran Co. They are: "Rue and Roses," by Angela Langer ; "Be- cause of Jane," by J. E. Buckrose; "A Garden of Spices," by A. Keith-Fraser, and "Rising Dawn," by Harold Begbie. Karly in the autumn the Outing Publish- ing Co. will bring out: "The Coming of the Law," a novel by Charles Alden Seltzer; "Our Southern Highlanders," by Horace Kephart; "A Year with a Whaler, "_ by Vv\ N. Burns, and two outing handbooks — "Ten- nis Tactics," by R. D. Little, and "Ice Boating," by H. L. Stone. The following volumes will be issued by Little, Brown & Co. in a few weeks : "The Double Life of Mr. Alfred Burton," by E. Phillips Oppenheim; "Joan Thursday," a new story of adventure, by Louis Joseph Vance; "The Prince Imperial," a biography of Napoleon Ill's heir by his tutor. Augustin Filon; "The Tragedy of Mary Stuart," by Henry C. Shelley, and "Wards of the State: An Unofficial View of Prison and the Pris- oner," by Tighe Hopkins. In the last- named book the discussion is confined in the main to imprisonment in England at the present time. A new detective story, "The Insidious Dr. Fu-Manchu," by Sax Rohmer, is in the list of McBride, Xast & Co. The autumn list of Frederick A. Stokes Co. has, in fiction: "The Soul of Melicent," by James Branch Cabell; "Dave's Daugh- ter," by Patience Bevier Cole; "The Head- quarter Recruit, and Other Stories," by Richard Dehan ; "A Modern Eve," by May Fdginton; "Anne, Actress." by Juliet G. Sager: "The Heart of the Desert," by Hon- or <'• Willsie, and editions of Dickens's "Christmas Stories" and "A Christmas Ca- rol."— Miscellaneous: "The Pleasures of Bookland" ; "Lord Lister, his Life and Work," by G. T. Wrench; Alfred Xoyes's "Collected Poems"; "You Can." by Matthew Adams; "The Maxims of Noah," by Gelett Burgess; "Japan as I Saw It." by A. H. Exner ; "Prince Charlie." by Wil- liam Power; "Football for Public and Player," by Herbert Reed; "Mary. of Scots," by H. T. Skae, and Oscar Wildes "The Happy Prince." Henry Holt & Company have a long list of autumn publications. It Inclu fiction: A new novel by William D pan (title not given); "The Garden Without Walls," by Conlngsby Dawson: "Making Over Martha," by Julie M. I.ippmann; "Mother's Son." by Beulab Marie Dix; "The Dust of the Ri icrson : t'd in Arcadia, or The Little Eohip- pus," by Eugene Manlo "What 1 in the Night, and 01 by Jam by 1.. iv .i.-e: ■ "The Morning's War," by C. E. Mi The Yoke of P11 Jul ten Be Ada, tram I Ihert Cannan, and "Pity the Poor Blind," by H. II h Robinson; i," in two vol-

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14:H The ISTation [Vol. 97, No. 25 1 1 Life in America (1852-1872)." third edition enlarged and illustrated by Caroline Cowles Richards, with an introduction by Marga- ret E. Sangster; William James's "On Some of Life's Ideals," and "The Arabian Nights," edited by Frances Jenkins Oleott, illustrat- ed by Munro Orr. — Economics, government, and sociology: "Social Insurance," by I. M. Rubinow; "National Supremacy: Treaty Power versus State Power," by Edward S. Corwin; "Mercantile Credit," by Prof. J. E. Hagerty ; "Marxism vs. Socialism," by V. G. Simkhovitch, and "The Jews of To-day," by Arthur Ruppin. — Miscellaneous: "Ten More Plays of Shakespeare," by Stopford A. Brooke ; "Modern English Literature," by G. H. Mair; "The Mastery of Grief," by Bolton Hall; "The World Soul," by H. Fielding-Hall ; "Napoleon." by H. A. L. Fisher, and "The Confessions of a Tender- foot," by Ralph Stock. We have received from Macmillan a de luxe edition in two volumes of Pater's "Marius the Epicurean." It is beautifully printed in Riccardi type on handsome Ric- cardi paper, and of the thousand numbered copies struck off two hundred and fifty are reserved for this country. The title-page has been engraved after the design of Mr. Herbert P. Home. The price is ten dol- lars, net. In addition, twelve copies have been printed on vellum, of which ten are for sale. The style of this work and the hero's eclectic procedure make a choice edition eminently fitting: "Marius," cheap- ly printed, would be a distressing spectacle. "Poems," by Alice Meynell (Scribner). designated as "The Collected Edition," in- cludes the contents of her two previous volumes, "Preludes" and "Later Poems," and in addition a few after verses hither- to uncollected. As a record of two decades — Mrs. Meynell's first volume was published in 1893 — the book is not remarkable for bulk. Nor is it, to be quite truthful, par- ticularly remarkable for range. In her own words Mrs. Meynell may be described as "a poet of one mood," and that a rather subdued one. And the mood is singularly persistent; it is that of her later as of her earlier poems. To judge from the evidence of her poetry itself, her temper is that of a naturally religious spirit in an age of un- faith. Hence the tinge of melancholy, of spiritual homelessness, which characterizes her expression. But though Mrs. Meynell's verse may be lacking in volume and compass, it does possess a rare distinction of its own. Ten- uous it may be, but it is as fine in its way as it is tenuous. To analyze the secret of its spell is difficult; but it lies as much as anything in imparting to its subjects a kind of familiar intimacy, in bringing great and abstract matters closer through the medium of plain and simple associa- tions. In this manner the lofty is not be- littled or prettified; it is endowed with a nearness and friendliness and warmth it did not have before. Of this homeliness and familiarity of conception the little poem entitled "The Lady Poverty" is an admirable example The ' But Wiih air. Ah ■ 1. h. r ,, . A in almost iHirsc, If worse can be — ■ She scolds in parlors, dusts and trims, Watches and counts, Oh, is this sin- Whom Francis met, whose step »as 1 Who with obedience can)] led hymns, 111 Unibria walked with Chastity? Where is her ladyhood? Not here, Not among modern kinds of men; lint in the stony fields, where clear Through the thin trees the skies appear, In delicate spare soil and fen, And slender landscape and austere. The reader's perplexity over the preface to John D. Barry's "Intimations" (Paul Elder) is but deepened by the book itself. For one does not easily see how what the author calls "the controversial method" could be applied in essays on such topics as "To Understand Is to Forgive," "Clean- liness," "The Kindness of the Poor," "Smil- ing," "Truth," and "Anger." Nor is it ob- vious how the "more profitable way" which he declares himself to have followed in de- veloping these topics can be said to be "out of fashion." Perhaps the author is here indicating his belief that little or nothing that he has said in these essays could pos- sibly be denied by any intelligent and rea- sonable human being; which is true enough, but not necessarily a merit, nor an uncom- mon characteristic of either writing or talk to-day. It is only fair to the book, how- ever, to say that it contains a good deal of shrewd and suggestive comment, en- forced by examples that are almost always apt and fresh, and usually drawn from the author's own experience rather than from his reading. The essays, in fact, are not at all bookish, but are distinctly popular, as their first publication in a newspaper, the San Francisco Bulletin, might perhaps lead one to expect. Prof. C. Alphonso Smith's "What Can Literature Do for Me?" (Doubleday, Page) is not a volume of didactic meditations, but consists of information, exhortation, and advice, all for the most part extremely el- ementary, and evidently addressed to the entirely uninformed but aspiring student. The six chapter headings promise a sys- tematic, if somewhat thin and sentimental, treatment of the educational possibilities of literature. The argument is rarely close, and is often unmindful of the heading un- der which it is placed. The heading of chapter two declares that literature "can keep before you the vision of the ideal," and that of chapter five notes that "it can show you the glory of the commonplace." Perhaps the fact is lamentable, but it is nevertheless true that neither of these promises is likely to make a very strong appeal in quarters where appeal is most needed. Some of the advice in the book has the same unfortunate quality as these headings. For example, it will hardly pre- possess a real student of literature in fa- vor of this book to find a certain remark twelve, in the midst of the conven- tional censure— implied only, to be sure, but. obvious — visited upon several editions • ■I lie "Ancient Mariner" for giving some ition about the poem and its au- thor, "but not a word as to what the poem has in it for you and me, or of you and in' " Mere is the remark: "The first thing to do is to find yourself in the 1 mU which the writer proci te at omi l 1 una rk like this is not excusable on the ground the thor is addressing the unlnl and immature; it is in the wrong manner for address to intelligence of any grade. Chapter three, the longest in the book, though rather loose as a whole, contains some really shrewd remarks. The best of these the interested reader may find for himself on pages 119 and 121. There are also some excellent pages in the last chap- ter, dealing with what Professor Smith calls our dynamic and our static vocabularies, respectively. The first consists of the words of which we are complete masters; the sec- ond, of those which we merely understand, but do not use. At the end of the book there is an index of authors mentioned in the text. It contains something more than 150 names. Any book should be welcome that makes the inner experiences of the man Job real and significant, and from this point of view Mr. James Strahan's "The Book of Job Interpreted" (Scribner) may be warmly commended. Written in popular style, its interpretations are judicious, and the lead- ing religious ideas of the book are set forth clearly and sympathetically. The Eng- lish reader can hardly find a better guide than Strahan to the understanding of the greatest of the Old-Hebrew poetical works, which ranks at the same time among the greatest religious productions of the an- cient world. Mrs. Sarah Pike Conger, widow of the late American Minister at Peking, has pub- lished through F. G. Brown & Co., of Chi- cago, a little volume of sketches entitled "Old China and Young America," dedicated to her child friends. The stories are of the simplest kind, told with an old-fash- ioned didacticism sufficient for their audi- ence, but without much saving grace of humor. Mrs. Conger's admiration for the redoubtable Empress Dowager of China seems to have suffered no diminution since the facts of her career have been made pub- lic before the world. Her story, she tells the little ones, "portrays a depth of charac- ter that he who looks can perceive, who lis- tens can hear its melody, who feels can know its warmth." A tribute like this shows how genuine must have been the old Empress's personal charm, but a true ac- count of her life would be strong meat for babes if given in detail. There is not much in the book besides personal reminis- cences and the gossip of interpreters re- counted with a credulity that strikes us as astounding in one who lived six years in Peking. One of her anecdotes will bear re- in ;m ins : Two Russian soldiers were looting the house of a decent Chinese in Peking after the Boxer debacle, when the owner, to save his property, played the Rus- sian national anthem on his flute. To his tit, the despoilers stopped abashed ninl left. The householder happened to be ber of Sir Robert Hart's famous "Foreign Band," and had been told that t he hymn was a prayer, it aei «e as a prayer. "A Gentle Jehu in Japan" (Dodd. Mead), bj Ethel McLean, ol letl 1 n rltten on a three months' trip to Japan. lished with some colored photo rrapb ona 1 ami limited 11 Inerary 1 1 Informing^ told Hint ici day's motor ride around the Island tj dol- - rangemi ate

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Aug. 14, 1913] The Nation 149 through an agency, if one is not particular as to whom one goes with, for six dollars a And here is the sort of thiDg we learn from her in Japan: "Leaving our trunks behind at the hotel, to be sent to the station to meet us as we pass through Kobe on our way back to Kioto, in response to a telegram — which, by the way, worked very satisfactorily — we took a 9:30 train from Sannomiya to Onomichi, arriving at the latter place about 4:30 after a comfort- able and extremely pretty ride." There are pages quite as interesting as this, but, since a Jehu connotes horsemanship, why should we not hear of the author's driv- ing anywhere in the book? Henry Greenleaf Pearson's "James S. orth of Geneseo" (Scribner) is a well-written piece of biography. As the owner of large estates in the Genesee val- ley, Wadsworth's intelligent interest in agriculture, and the system of tenant farm- ing which he established, early attracted attention; while his wealth and social po- sition, joined to an extensive acquaintance in England and on the Continent, drew to his hospitable home most travellers of note who visited America during the second quarter of the last century. He entered political life as a Van Buren Democrat, but later joined the Republicans, became a recognized leader of the party in New York, and was strongly supported for a place in Lincoln's Cabinet. At the out- break of the Civil War he was active in sending to the front supplies for the New York troops. Failing of appointment as major-general, he became an aide to Mc- Dowell, and presently a brigadier-general and military governor of Washington, in this latter position distinguishing himself by his interest in the freedmen and his stout resistance to the continued enforce- ment of the Fugitive Slave law. In 1862 he was nominated for Governor of New York on the Republican-Union ticket, _ but was defeated by Seymour. After the battle of Gettysburg, where he commanded the First Division of the First Corps, he was sent to the Mississippi valley to investigate the condition and treatment of negroes ; then he rejoined the Army of the Potomac, and in May, 1864, was mortally wounded at the Wilderness battle. The account of the unseemly behavior of a drunken Confed- erate during Wadsworth's last hours, giv- en by Capt. Z. B. Adams, of the Fifty- sixth Massachusetts, and quoted by Mr. Pearson without comment, has lately (New York Times, July 20) been denied by the surgeon in charge of the hospital, and ap- parently needs reexamination. The twelfth and thirteenth volumes of the publications of the Irish Texts Society, being the numbers for 1910 and 1911 respec- tively, have lately been issued. In spite of some irregularity in the appearance of its volumes, the Society has steadily pursued its work and has now brought out a con- siderable series of documents of literary and historical value. Of those now in hand, volume twelve is an edition by the Rev. J. G. O'Keefe of the story of the "Frenzy of Suibhne" (Buile Suibhne), and volume thirteen is a continuation of the Rev. J. C. MacErlean's edition of "The Poems of David O'Bruadair." Father Mae- Erlean's first part was reviewed some time ago in these columns. In the second (to be followed by still another) he includes the poems of O'Bruadair, written between 1667 and 1682. They are of the same general character as those of the earlier period — elegies, epithalamia, and pieces of politi- cal satire — and are of interest to the his- torian as expressing the opinions and sen- timents of the Gaelic population of Ire- land in the time of the Restoration. The text edited by Mr. O'Keefe is one of the most curious of Irish tales. It re- lates the adventures of an Irish King Suibhne (Sweeny) of the seventh century, who. as a result of the curse of St. Ronan, went mad in the battle of Magh Rath. His madness took the peculiar form of levi- tation, which is mentioned in a number of other Irish stories. He became vola- tile like a bird, and spent the rest of his days in intermittent flights about the land and periods of wild life in the forest. The situation afforded a fine chance for the fancy of the story-tellers, and the narrative is worked out with much skill in the regular mixed form of prose and verse characteristic of early Irish saga. It is hard to set a definite date for the doc- ument, which is written in the artificial Middle Irish literary language that was long maintained in use. Though the man- uscripts are all modern, certain references which occur in texts of the Old Irish period prove that the tradition of Suibhne's mad- ness is of ancient origin. There are rea- sons, nevertheless, for regarding the exist- ing tale as a late literary treatment of the theme rather than as an early popular saga. The editor's work on the text and translation is very competently done, and his introduction is useful as far as it goes. It is to be regretted, however, that Mr. O'Keefe did not supply a fuller discussion of the fundamental element of volatile frenzy. He does not even bring together the other references to such madness in Irish literature; he says nothing of the Scandinavian traditions of flying or leap- ing maniacs to whom was applied in Old Norse the phrase vertha at gjalti (in which the term gjalti appears to be derived from the Irish geilt) ; and he makes what is at least a very dubious suggestion in connecting the story of Suibhne with that of Merlin as the Wild Man of the Woods. The wild man in the story of Grisandole, to which Mr. O'Keefe particularly refers, seems to be originally a shape-shifting fairy who comes to separate his wife from a mortal rival. The type is probably rep- resented, more or less completely, in a number of Irish sagas, but we see no suf- ficient reason for regarding Suibhne as an example of it. At the time of Padre Luis Coloma's ad- mission to the Real Academia Espanola, his "Jeromin," which has now been trans- lated by Lady Moreton ("The Story of Don John of Austria"; Lane), was accurately described as an example of a new type of book, half novel and half history. It does great credit to Lady Moreton's frankness and honesty that she prints this significant warning in a prominent paragraph at the beginning of her preface. Provided the reader keeps it clearly and constantly in mind, the present volume will afford him both pleasure and profit. It contrives to string together — without regard either to authenticity or to the question of relevancy to the career of Don John — a large number of the most famous stories and traditions of the Spain of Philip II, unknown, for the most part, to the average English and American reader, but also thoroughly well worth knowing. The introduction of a number of contemporary letters at various points in the text may tempt the unwary to forget the manner of book with which they are dealing, and to treat it as history pure and simple; but if so, it will not be just to blame either author or translator, for both have given fair warning. Let us hope, in conclusion, that Lady Moreton un- derestimates the intelligence of English readers when she expresses the belief that they are unfamiliar with the fact that an "auto da fe consisted in hearing the sen- tences pronounced on the prisoners of the Inquisition, not in witnessing their execu- tion, and that in most cases the condemned were garroted before being burnt." Progress in India is most significantly shown in the present interest in the condi- tion of the "Untouchables," those who are regarded as so debased that the privileges of the Hindu social system and the relig- ious rights of the orthodox classes are de- nied them. According to the last census they number about eighty millions, or one- sixth of the entire population of the coun- try. This fact has excited so much atten- tion that a book has recently been publish- ed in Madras entitled "The Depressed Classes: An Inquiry into their Condition and Suggestions for their Uplift." It is described as a "progressive symposium," and consists of twenty-three articles by well-known writers including the native prince, the Gaekwar of Baroda. Two of the four European contributors are Sir Valentine Chirol and Mrs. Besant. This conviction that something is owed to these "outcasts" and that they have undevelop- ed mental powers and capacities for use- fulness is almost wholly due to the educa- tional work of the missionaries among them. Some of their children have com- peted successfully in university examina- tions with Brahmans and other privileged classes, and are to be found occupying po- sitions of honor and responsibility in most departments of the public services, as also in the learned professions of law, medicine, and theology. Science TO BETTER THE RACE. The Task of Social Hygiene. By Have- lock Ellis. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. $2.50 net. At first glance this book may seem to the reader a departure from the topics to which the author has devoted him- self. Ellis declares, however, that it has been growing slowly for about twen- ty-five years and represents the general attitude of his other work with some extension in various directions. In no way is it the outcome of a sudden im- pulse or based on any popular demand from the extended and extending move- ment which is now going on and which, we may add, manifests increasingly hys- terlcal tendencies. He purposes to con-

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150 Tlie ISTation [Vol. 97, No. 25 1 1 sidcr selected problems of progress, but With a clear perception that there is no general progress in nature, even the groups that progress paying the price of that progress by some loss. The task of this hygiene is not to make sewers, but to remake love, with the mission of bringing a new joy and a new free- dom into life; a serious scheme — to some almost a religion — but a scheme in which every man and every woman will soon be called on to take a share. The introductory chapter points out that social hygiene is really a develop- ment of that social reform of the sec- ond quarter of the nineteenth century which came when modern industrialism, grown from small beginnings in the pre- vious century, began to manifest condi- tions subversive of individuality. This reform cleaned up cities and policed them, regulated conditions of work, de- veloped national education, and finally began to safeguard the child and to ex- tend the guardianship to the prospective mother. In such an outline Ellis obvi- ously has English conditions more clear- ly in mind; but the outline will serve. The characteristic feature of the move- ment is that for the most part it dealt with an improvement of the conditions of life, concerning itself little or not at all with quantity or quality. As the movement has gone on quite a different feature has been added, or at least has come to the fore: the sense of social re- sponsibility, now growing into a sense of rac ial responsibility. Thus it is that we have come to have a widespread in- terest in eugenics in the sense of a real- ly scientific study of the influences which make for the betterment of the race and the conscious and deliberate application of our knowledge of these influences, which is a very different pro- gramme from that of some over-zealous eugenists. Some forms of eugenics are really of great age, but Ellis holds that Campanella, three centuries ago, was the real prophet of the science, without, however, for a moment wishing to de- preciate the importance of Gallon's share in arousing an indifferent public. Gal- ton clearly understood that human breeding can never be carried on in the same way as animal breeding. He rec- ognized that man needs knowledge, not legislation. Animals may be bred from the outside, compulsorily; but in the case of man, intelligence and will must work together and with a sense of re- sponsibility. The problem of the race has become one of quality, a?' tion rather than regeneration, since this invoh of a previous degenera- tion which for 1 he race is not really in evidence, Families come and go, aris- < ise and then fall, but. these are in themselves no distinct Indication of 1 aclal ii< cad' '"'''■ There is perpc 1 aal social regeneration. "The world is for dying. The world is also forever bursting with life." The diminishing birth-rate has no terrors for him, as he shows at length in a later chapter. After this introduction come eleven chapters enlarging upon these ques- tions and touching upon other matters related to the general subject. Consid- erable space is given to the woman ques- tion, which is held to be largely one with eugenics, since the breeding of man is to so great an extent in the hands of women. A portion of this is a simple reprint of a magazine article twenty-five years old. Here, in consid- ering the development of the movement, the suggestion is made that its modern advocates may well take Mary Woll- stonecraft for a model as to genuine in- sight concerning questions of the social condition of women. In the next chapter, on the newer aspects of the movement, there is some repetition, but this is more than redeemed by an account of the growth of the woman question in Germany and in some other parts of Eu- rope. The suffragette outburst is more or less condoned, or even thought to be good in awakening an interest in the movement in those who had not thought about it before. Of course, this was written before the recent manifestations which may well awaken doubts as to the ability of women to handle public affairs. This is an important practical outcome of the movement, and involves questions the seriousness of which does not seem to appeal to our author. No doubts trouble him in his advocacy be- cause he looks upon suffrage as merely incidental and has no fears that women by gaining the freedom they seek will spoil their position. The sexual instinct, he is sure, may be trusted to keep the halo bright even amid the disenchant- ment of co-education, and the indepen- dence of women will restore to sexual selection its due weight in human devel- opm< nt. On the other hand, it is fool- ish to exaggerate the expectations ot great things merely because they are new, and to talk of a new heaven and ;. new earth when it possibly may prove to In; iin rely a new purgatory and a new hell. The real gain, lie thinks, will be that woman becomes an independent factor in the racial uplift — and as to romantic love, to which an entertaining section is devoted, it is declared proba- ble that true romantic love is yet to come. The growth of its ideals must be based on facts carefully gather red, and ought to be no longer nil by an utterly mistaken com- parison with animal breeding. The waning interest in family history, inferred from the disappearance of the family Bible, furnishes the text for a discussion of records and their keeping thai there may be Information neces- sary to permit forecasts as to tin pro] able character of offspring. We feel thai thin will prove to be the greatest problem in the eugenistic programme and are skeptical of the so- lution given here; in fact, we doubt if Ellis quite fully appreciates the diffi- culty. The eugenic ideal can be estab- lished only by a gradual absorption, and when effective will act unconsciously. Coming to the education of the child, Ellis points out that here we deal with an uncompromising rationalist and realist who accepts only what answers his needs. The usual religious teach- ing has little value, and early piety is almost certainly pathological. As to sex hygiene, the teaching has been and still is unqualifiedly bad. Ancient half-truths are taught dogmatically. The teaching has been bad because partial; it re- mains bad because there are no quali- fied teachers, not even the parents hav- ing the proper knowledge or fitness. The obvious inference that it might be well to begin at the top and educate down- wards does not seem to be drawn, but stress is laid upon the dangers involved and the desirability of taking time in these matters and going slowly, small comfort to some enthusiasts on this side the ocean who wish to do things, and that overnight. And in the next chapter, in a very helpful consideration of the futility of expecting a regulation of general morality by rigid laws and hasty legislation, short cuts to the mil- lennium, the point is well made again that training in sex hygiene will ac- complish little if there go with it no training in moral responsibility. The remaining chapters deal with questions which are a little more re- mote, and the discussion of them, al- though highly entertaining, calls for less comment. First comes the removal of war, the war against war, and Ellis points out at length the conditions which in time may bring this about, but he reminds the reader that, even if some union of the greater nations should be made to this end, there will always be the possibility of war behind it all, that ultima ratio concerning whii h otherwise as far apart in time and thought as William Penn and Jules de Gaulthier are in accord. The possibility of an international language is consid- ered at some length, with an admirable summary of the efforts thus far made. The philologists would probably com- plain that their side of the problem gets no adequate statement. Although lo Ellis (here i:; no longer any proba- bility I!. I isll Will b en,,. i | ; , • world language, he urges thai if that clicl happen il would he a great detri- ment to English people, because they would then have lint one l.e no 1 1 1 ei' compulsion '" learn another, lition winch lead to the clefeet el' tile Kim.l i:',h mind b( Insularity. Se might have added that ihe American mind from this point of

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Aug. 14, 1913 J The ISTation 151 view is oven more insular. The final Chapter deals with Individualism and Socialism and deserves attention par- ticularly from those that are taking a first plunge into the deeper waters of Socialism. To be hrief, Ellis holds out that after all in their modern forms these ;n> largely matters of tempera- ment, and in practice are by no means so far apart as the leaders and shouters would have us believe. Socialists and individualists are liorn, not made, and inmon man is both without any practical difficulty. "No one needs In- dividualism in his water supply, and no one needs Socialism in his religion," and, as Bills has elsewhere pointed out, marriage is individualistic and the con- cern of individuals, but procreation is very much the concern of society. "Intensive Farming," by L. C. Corbett; "Pigeon Raising," by Alii e MacLeod, and "Taxidermy," by L. L. Pray, are forthcom- ing additions to the Outing Publishing Co.'s Handbooks. Forthcoming publications of McBride. Nast &. Co. include: "Practical Tree Re- pair." by Elbert Peets; "Making Fences, Walls and Hedges," by F. C. Hallard; "Making Built-in Furniture," by Abbott Mc- Clure, and "The Lighting Book," by F. Lau- rent Godinez. The following are science books in Holt's autumn list: "The Wonder of Life," by Prof. J. Arthur Thomson; "The Living Plant," by Prof. William F. Ganong ; "Si i. nee from an Easy Chair," by Sir E. Ray Lankester, and "Popular Botany," by A. E. Knight and Edward Step, 2 vols. "The Adventures of an Elephant Hunt- er" (Macmillan), by James Sutherland, is the narrative neither of a sportsman nor a scientist, but of one whose primary aim was the money value of the tusks of the elephants slain. If this imparts to the book something of the odor of the sham- bles, it is nevertheless true that the au- thor gives a very interesting presenta- tion of certain features of African jungle life, with which his serious business has brought him into close and prolonged con- tact. Against sportsmen who are dull in their perception of the ethical requirements of sport. Mr. Sutherland occasionally de- fends his own position with some spirit. For instance, "When an old hunter chances, in his reading, to come across an account of three white men all helping each other to kill one poor lion, he feels his gorge rise, and, after making every possible al- lowance for the state of modern civilized nerves, is disgusted to think that such a wretched farce should masquerade under the name of sport." He does not agree with the view that big game in Africa is in process of rapid extermination. Taking in- to consideration the many game reserva- tions in the Congo State, in German. Por- tuguese, and British East Africa, and I'ganda, the thousands of square miles of uninhabited territory in different places where the hunter rarely appears, and the recent promulgation of laws for the pro- tection of big game by all civilized coun- tries having African possessions, he pre- dicts a decided increase in the numbers of such game. Such an outcome he regards as a serious calamity, since the tse-tse fly, so deadly to domestic animals, follows j the big game, breeds in its droppings, and varies with its increase or diminution, thus materially affecting the possibility of suc- cessful colonization by Europeans. "The 1 matter reduces itself to the simple ques- tion— is Africa going to serve as a colony for surplus European populations, or as a j collection of big game preserves?" Possi- bly modern science and the intelligent con- servationist may be able to avoid so harsh an alternative. The author has for many | years maintained his health and spirits in the jungle with a success for which his j specific is. a fundamentally sound physi- 1 cal constitution, ability to get along with- I out the "good things" of this life, a men- tal balance that can withstand moral temp- tation in its worst form, and that equable temperament which refuses to be worried by the petty disappointments and discom- forts of a pioneer's life. Mr. Sutherland adds to his other qualities something of the [ sly humorist, as when he puts into the [mouths of his native trackers language of a complicated sentence structure and ses- quipedalian diction sufficient to set a civ- iNtencr to looking over their scanty clothing for a Phi Beta Kappa key. Music As the Verdi centenary approaches, all Italy is preparing to honor her greatest master. Milan, the country's musical me- tropolis, will have not only a series of Verdi performances, but . a parade, on Oc- I tober 10, in which Italy's leading musical organizations will be represented, and I many eminent artists will march person- ally. The parade will stop at Verdi's tomb, in the Casa di Riposo per Musicisti. Professor Humperdinck is engaged on the orchestration of a new work for the stage which, it is announced, will surely be pro- duced before the end of the year. It is not stated whether it is an opera or a play with incidental music. The text is by Robert Misch, and Adolph Fiirstner in Berlin is the publisher. The hero of the work is Field-Marshal Blucher. Dittersdorf in his day was accounted a greater man than Mozart. To-day his name j is known only to students of the history j of music. An orchestral serenade com- posed by him was played at a concert of I ancient music in Baden-Baden last month. I The programme included also a symphony in D major by Haydn, which had never before been played in public. The manu- script came from Prince Fiirstenberg's li- brary at Donaueschingen. ell's music makes an ap the American public that nothing else •-ays the Chicago pianist, Harold Henry, in Musical America. He is particu- larly enthusiastic about the "Keltic" so- nata. He has played the MacDowell sona- tas in his recitals through the Middle West, and has found that even in communities which were not particularly devoted to music, the works of America's foremost composer are always received with enthu- siasm. More and more the conviction is gaining ground that, while music is often a blessing, it is quite as often, if not oftener, a plague. A plague it certainly is in restaurants, and between the acts in theatres, and on the streets, which surely are quite noisy enough without bands or organ-grinders. As re- gards summer resorts, a writer in the Frankfurter ZciUniq complains that bands have become a great nuisance at the fa- mous "Kurorte," to which tens of thousands resort for rest and recuperation. Not only is it no longer possible to eat, or to read a newspaper, or to chat in peace, but one cannot any longer take a walk in the woods without being molested: for, with diabolical ingenuity, band-stands have been erected in the most romantic and formerly secluded spots, and often they are so close together that one can hear simultaneously two bands playing different pieces. For most patients bird song and the voices of forest trees would be infinitely more agreeable and soothing than the band music; wherefore, the writer referred to implores the physi- cians, whose word is law, to banish the bands altogether, or, at least, to restrict their activity. The Austrian dramatic soprano, Lucy Wcidt has been engaged to sing the part of Kundry at the production of Wagner's "Parsifal" in Milan on January 1, 1914. Probably no feature of the past musical season abroad attracted more admiring at- tention than the series of concerts Ossip Gabrilowitsch gave in some of the cities of Germany. Since Rubinstein's historic concerts, nothing quite so big had been undertaken. What this other Russian pian- ist did was to illustrate in six concerts the development of the pianoforte con- certo from Bach to the present day. Be- sides Bach, his list included Mozart, Beet- hoven, Mendelssohn, Chopin, Schumann, Rubinstein, Liszt, Tchaikovsky, Brahms, Saint-Saens, Rachmaninoff. In addition to playing these pieces, Mr. Ga- brilowitsch also appeared as conductor of some of the works on the programmes. In both capacities he got glowing tributes from the critics of the leading newspapers of Berlin, Munich, Dresden, and other ci- ties. One of the epithets bestowed on him was: "the most many-sided of living pian- ists." Paderewski's piano concerto will 1 cd in this country next season by Kath- erine Goodson. who has been at Morgcs this summer to get his ideas as to its in- terpretation. The neglect of this work by concert pianists has been a detriment to Ives, as well as to the public, for it is one of the most inspir viinelv pianistic works of its kind. Mme. Goodson's revival of it will probably lead to its general adoption by the professional rt.-givers. Arthur Xikisch. after receiving ovations in London as conductor of I larden, returned I lin to arrange the Philharmonic programmes for next season. Among the Intends to conduct are a sln- fonietta by B. W. Korngold. Richard Ftrauss's "Festlicb.es Praeludium," Schumann's Variations on the choral "Wer nur den lieben Qott l&sst w-alten." and a symphony by Heinrlcb Zollner, presumably

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1 52 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 25 1 1 the third, in D minor (opus 130), which is to be printed in Bremen this month, and the first performance of which will be at a Gurzenich concert in Cologne. Profes- sor Nikisch has also placed on his list Strauss's "Domestica," Elgar's "Cockaigne" overture, and a serenade by Dvorak. One-act operas are to be the fashion in Italy next season. Puccini, Mascagni, Leon- cavallo, Giordano, Franchetti, and others are said to be at work on them. Concern- ing Puccini's, it is reported in Italian jour- nals that its name will be "II Tabarro," and that it is based on a French play by Gold — a play which evidently took "Cavalleria" and "Pagliacci" for models. It is "ver- ism" at its worst. The mantle, after which the opera is named, belongs to a fisher- man who folds it about his wife's lover, after murdering him on a boat; and when the wife comes to embrace him, he re- moves the mantle, and bids her embrace the corpse. ± Irt GASTON LA TOUCHE. Paris, July 15. A painter has died whose work was purely for the pleasure of the eye and of the imagination, which is the mind's eye. Before our late painters began put- ting doctrines into their work, his paint- ing would have been accepted with no after-thought as Art. But the Devil whoops as he whooped of old: It's clever, but is it art? The painting of Gaston La Touche is art, negatively and positively. It is a re- birth of Watteau when Watteau's world is forever dead; but La Touche has seen it through magic casements where his winged fancy has been let loose to roam. His friend Rostand describes such art in verses like itself, written for a cata- logue of La Touche's work five years ago: 'Tis a dream and holiday Fairer far than we can say. A Court carriage here he brushes, Mirrored in a fording place; And its red reflection rushes Exploding o'er the water's face— An umbelliferous fusee Such as he can make us see. And he hangs his lamps of gold To the blue of the forest old, While higher far than we can handle Up he sends his Roman candle. There is all this and much more in the art of Gaston La Touche. With all apology to the poet for the translation of his lines, his poetry does for the imag- ination what the painter's colors do. Cyrano with echoes of real loves and battles, and La Touche's ladies and gal- lants from a still more real Versailles, have alike been planted by their artists Amid a world how different from this! The painter's slumberous yellows, for ■ in' h in' has been criticised, do but add the gleam, The light that never was on sea or land. And so we might go on from Keats to Wordsworth, capping verses to express the sane heart's gratitude, in the pres- ent drought of school-mastering science and in grooves of change down which the world now spins to machine music, for these visions of fresh life — Beside a sea that could not cease to smile, On tranquil land, beneath a sky of bliss. So long as art ranges from puzzles to physiology, no insistence can be too great on the salutary fact that an artist has been found in Gaston La Touche who painted for pleasure — his own first, and the beholder's afterward. And all his art was in the pleasant land where he was born. This was at Saint-Cloud. He was six- teen years old when the German inva- sion came to burn and destroy the pal- ace in which the Second Empire had shown him an authentic imitation of Versailles just beyond, with its shadows of grand ladies and gentlemen leading their lives of lasting ease among the trees and statues and fountains of the glorious park. The vision got into his head and it would never out. In vain his family struggled against such a vo- cation. First, he would paint. He found his way to Manet, who was the terror of art authorities of that day, and, to tell the truth, is answerable for much of the Art Terror which is imposed on our suf- fering eyes to-day. From him the un- trained youth learned never to admit to his palette any pigment of bituminous black — and he has never done so. Then he found his way across the forest to the engraver Bracquemond, who made him see the necessity of line-drawing, which new Art vituperates like the fox who cried that the grapes were sour. Gaston La Touche was all his life a be- liever, and he recognized when his col- ors ran ahead of his drawing. To a critic who made the remark, he sent half his visiting card with the words scrib- bled on it: "Half thanks for half a com- pliment." He found out for himself the sunny capabilities of water colors; and his solitary, unpatronized hard work forced a way for him into the high and dry 01- ficial Salons. In 1884, at thirty, he won a third medal and a second four years later, and the silver medal — never quite the highest official honor — at. the Paris Exposition of 1889. Next year he join- ed the secession of the Champ de Mars which is now the semi-official Society Na- tionale. He lived to see himself elected president of its painting section — a su- preme honor. To tell the truth, Gaston La Touche's life was solitary like his art. A lov- ing wife stood between him and the pet- ty cares and annoyances ot life.; ;mbo1 MoClure an,! H. i». Eberleln; "Symbolism in Archlb tare," by Arthur 11 Collins, and " \ Hli tory of KiiKllsh (Mass Painting," by Man- 11, s Dral Elizabeth Eiaig, in "Moral Symbolism of 1 a, Qreai Ma: ters" < 1 lutton, Musi 1 ated 1.

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Aug. 14, 1913] The Nation 153 ..sen an attractive theme, and has- carried out her task with considerable dili- gence and enthusiasm. Besides the flowers ttbolic meaning— chiefly the lily, the rose, the carnation, and violet— the palm is treated, and also the symbolism of fruit. Perhaps the most interesting features of the symbolistic process are the extension of the use of the lily, to signify purity, and the consecration of the rose, Venus's flower, to indicate celestial love. The cu- cumber, which appears so often in pictures of the early Paduan school, is interpreted as Jonah's gourd, the symbol of death and resurrection. A study of Gentile da Fabri- ano's pictures, particularly on the flower- decked frame of the great Adoration, would have supplied our author with excellent ex- amples. In general, one may cavil only at an unnecessary profusion of misprints and at a few misleading statements. That Siena, the City of the Virgin, preferred the cult of the Christ Child to that of his Mother needs demonstration. Schbngauer's prints are erroneously called drawings. Botticelli's Santo Spirito altar-piece is not lost, but is a chief ornament of the Berlin Gallery. The best modern opinion accepts Giotto's authorship of the Dante portrait in the Bargello. The Virgin's Adoration of the Child is not of fifteenth century inven- tion, but may be traced far back into the fourteenth. It is drawn from the "Medi- tations" ascribed to St. Bonaventura. Such minor corrections could be multiplied, but it is enough to say that this unpretentious essay is interesting to read and adequate a:; a popular presentation of the theme. David C. Preyer, art critic, met his death in New York on Tuesday by falling from a window of his apartment. He was sixty years old and a native of Holland. Be- sides articles contributed to the publica- tions of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in which institution he was actively inter- ested, he wrote books on works in foreign museums. It is said that he had visited every important museum in the world. Finance FORTUNES AND MISFORTUNES OF THE HARVESTS. Not often has the outcome of the great agricultural harvests of the United States been awaited with greater inter- est than this year, and not often has the result, as thus far indicated, promised contrasts so remarkable. The Depart- ment of Agriculture's monthly estimate, on the condition and promise of the va- rious grain crops, was published last Friday afternoon. Comparison of its report with that of a month before was certain to give a broad view of what had happened to the erops, for good or ill, during July. That month, as it hap- pened, was a period when prolonged and severe drought in the Southwestern corn belt beyond the Mississippi, was known to have injured the corn crop very seriously, but when, at the same time, the harvesting of the winter-sown wheat crop and the growth of the spring- sown wheat were known to have pro- gressed most favorably. Summed up, the report cut down the corn crop's "average condition" as com- pared with the opening of July, by 11 per cent. It showed a loss of 299,000,000 bushels for the country from expecta- tions of a month ago; a shrinkage of almost exactly 10 per cent. The esti- mated loss in Kansas— 98,000,000 bush- els— is sensational; it amounts virtually to a crop failure, the condition being only 30 per cent, of normal, and the in- dicated yield only 62,000,000, as against 174,000,000 last year. But the Govern- ment report also showed winter wheat to be an absolute high record. It raised the estimate on winter wheat 27,000,000 bushels above the June forecast, and in- creased the spring wheat estimate 15,- 000,000. The indicated total wheat crop is only 4,000,000 bushels under the rec- ord-breaking harvest of 1901. In partic- ular, the three soft winter wheat States — Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio — whose wheat crop failed last year, have raised 86,000,000 bushels more than they then produced, and have harvested a normal crop. The unpleasant fact in regard to the corn crop is that last Friday's Govern- ment estimate, large as is the reduction in the crop's condition from a month ago, does not by any means represent the full measure of damage done. The Government based its estimate on re- turns sent in at the close of July; but the fierce heat and drought have con- tinued, especially in Kansas, Nebraska, and Oklahoma, ever since, and the dam- age has necessarily been progressive. The grain trade believes that, if the actual present status were translated into figures, the condition percentage would be 5 to 10 points below the Gov- ernment's; some private estimates of this week have figured up total loss of 300,000,000 bushels thus far in August, on top of July's 299,000,000 loss. If we take the Department figures as they stand, the showing is not so disas- trous. The Department's actual estimate of the country's probable yield of corn, though falling 450,000,000 bushels be- low the record-breaking harvest of 1912, nevertheless exceeded the final yield of such other recent years as 1911, 1909, 1908, and 1907. But all these compari- sons were necessarily superseded by the fact that the destructive drought and heat, in the Southwestern corn States, continued uninterruptedly up to the present week. Therefore the question came up for fair consideration, what was to be the bearing of this agricul- tural misfortune on the industrial wel- fare of the country as a whole, this com- ing twelvemonth. 'i'li" famous years of "corn crop short- age" have left a somewhat varied record. The older generation would remember, as possibly the most calamitous of all, the year 1881, when the country's corn yield decreased half a billion bushels, to by far the lowest figure since the rail- ways had brought the trans-Missouri corn fields into close touch with Eastern markets. It was so, however, because the drought which burned up the coun- try's corn destroyed a great part of its other crops as well. The year's wheat output of the United States dropped off a hundred million bushels; its cotton crop was hurt. A blow was dealt to the extravagant Stock Exchange speculation of the period, and to general business. For a quite different reason, the still more famous corn crop shortage of 1894 was long remembered. It came in an unlucky year. The country was just emerging from a great financial panic; it was confronted with widespread in- solvency of firms and corporations, and with a labor uprising which went so far as to seize almost the entire transporta- tion facilities of Chicago. Under such circumstances, the 400,000,000-bushel loss in corn seemed like a finishing stroke to all prospects of revival, even though the year's harvest of other crops was fair. There is left, in the list for the past three or four decades, the "corn crop failure" of 1901. The most singular fact about that event is that people seldom recall or think of it — this notwithstand- ing that the actual shrinkage, from the by no means "bumper" yield of the pre- ceding year, was greater than that of either 1894 or 1881. The reason for this attitude towards that latest sweeping corn crop disaster lay no doubt partly in the fact that surrounding and visible prosperity was so great as to obscure the incident. Prosperity did in fact con- tinue after 1901, on an extensive scale. But economic students would probably give another answer to the question why the shortage in corn, that year, was felt so little. Except for that one crop, it was a year of "bumper harvests." The country's wheat yield then touched the maximum of our history, before or since; the cot- ton crop ran close to the previous maxi- mum. In other words, the agricultural outcome, taken as a whole, was such as to leave the failure of the corn crop a minor event of an undoubtedly prosper- ous twelvemonth. Perhaps the greatest interest in these three comparisons lies in the fact that, even granting far more disastrous re- sults to the corn harvest than were in- dicated in last week's Government re- port, the harvested winter wheat crop and the present promise for spring wheat and cotton are repeating the story of 1901. It is a ease, in other words, for the balancing of anex] ly good agricultural results against the unexpectedly bad. Kven the Stoek Ex- change has not yet int news from the corn belt as a formidable obstacle to the progress of financial ery.

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i 5 I The Nation | Vol. 97, No. 25 1 1 BOOKS OK Til 10 WEEK. Allen, I', s. Opus Eplstolaruin Dv York JVST PUBLISHED PAUL ELMER MORE'S THE DRIFT OF ROMANTICISM An admirable group of papers on Bueh authors as William Bed tord, Cardinal New- man, Walter Pater, Fiona Viae I, Nietzsche, and other leaders of tUe ro- no vi - <i' S1.2e net. Postpaid, $1.87. Boston HOUGHTON MirftlN CO., NewYork E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY All the new books and standard books ; country-house boxes of se- lected books for summer reading 681 Fifth Ave., nr. 54th St. Now Ready JULIUS CAESAR Be\ entei ol b Volume In a ' ii Shake oeare tedlted bj 1 1 ii.. ■ an in ■ Ir Oloth, (4.00. Half mo- , .in i',, bage e tra .1. ll. LIFPINOOTT .v COMPANY, Publisher*, Philadelphia 10 WEEKS IN EUROPE 1 OR $300 BOOK ABOUT IT, 11.10 PORI PAID, iiiiiin, till \l» A COMPANY, FOURTH AVE. AND 801 n STREET, man yORK a CATALOGUE ol books and pamphleti 1 1 mi.i polll ".ii clei ;i. WILLI \ MS. LOB I i . N. V.

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The Nation VOL. XCVII— NO. 2512 THURSDAY, AUGUST 21, 1913 p!?: office. PRICE TEN CENTS LETTERS AND MEMORIALS OF Wendell Phillips Garrison Editor of the Nation (1865-1906) In one volume, crozvn 8vo, 300 pages, with photogravure portrait. Price $1.50 net, postpaid. During the forty-one years in which he edited the Nation, with a thoroughness, ability, and conscientious devotion unsurpassed in the records of American journalism, Mr. Garrison was an indefatigable correspondent, never employing an amanuensis, but writing tens of thousands of letters with his own hand to his contributors, who embraced practically all the leading American scholars and critics of the period. From a dozen groups of these, which have been kindly loaned by the recipients, a sufficient number of selections has been made to illustrate the relations between Mr. Garrison and his great corps of contributors, the frankness and tact which he exercised towards them, and the wide range of his interests, tastes and sympathies. The volume also contains a brief sketch of his life, a dozen of his best poems, and several of his characteristic editorials, reviews and essays, besides a fine photogravure portrait. It likewise preserves the notable letter of appreciation addressed to Mr. Garrison by more than two hundred contributors to the Nation on the completion of his fortieth year of service, and his acknowl- edgment thereof. HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY. Boston and New York SEPTEMBER 11th THE NATION WILL PUBLISH An Educational Number The leading article will deal with Professor Kittredge's Anniversary and the Teaching of English. There will be other special features, as well as reviews of recent text-books. 5,000 extra copies will be mailed to Professors in the Univer- sities and Colleges throughout the United States. ■ Usual rates for advertising.

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11 Th N ;i I ion | \ ol. 97, No. 2512 rr The Nation ./ WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. ■ at the Vew York City Post Office u« mail matter.] i piil ii hi .i and •>« ned by the Now Sork Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllard, President; William j. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer Mure, Editor; Harold deWolf Fuller, As- advance, postpaid, in i. i problems in t h 1 V n i t e 1 I 1 1 lorn . . . 1 I ol which I within tin last hall' dozen J car;;. cons! ' : 1 i : i prompted them, and what the 1 approved them, will find all that he 5 single vol- ume, drawn from authoi and absoli — 7 /k Living Agi . Educational . GINN AND COMPANY, Publishers n Xew York Chicago London .lUlilMinvil 3U1UUI lege Preparatory Board- il i' r Boj 1. Sin ii 1 1 iBKes. I sports; new gymnasium. Lower School f r boys 10 t" 14. Advisory Board ['resident lllbben, l'i iin i hi : Dean Hurltmt, Harvard : la ol Yale Di ' pel. °; Co.. Proprietors. :>a Park St., Boston in-17 t: St.. Washington 156FifthAv., New York 316JournalBd., Portland 814StegerBd., net; three-quarter levant, $15.00 net; additional. A book which tai.es Its place at once ns the miisi Important arl hunk in years. it covers practically the whole range ol art, ami abounds in memorable analyses of the works of tlic masters of painting and sculpture, am modern. Bend f*>r descriptive oirculai Small, Rljiynarrt & Co., Publishers, Hoslon For immediate publication: Strindberg's By the Open Sea \ novel that dues not insult your intelligence . Authorized translation b 1 tier; 81.25 net B.W.Huebsch.Publisher, 225 Fifth avenue, NewYork LIBRARY RESEARCH Researches made In Boston and Harvard Llbra- rien. indent and modern languages, Tran latlon, m i lie i.r manuscripts, etc, Miss M. 11. BUCKINGHAM, 96 ( lies t Street, Boston, Muss ANCIENT HISTORY By HUTTON WEBSTER, PhD. Professor in the University ot Nebraska. GIVES especial prominence to the social, industrial, and commercial life of the Ancients. Art, literature, religion, and po- litical development are not neglected. Cloth, 698 pages. 219 iff us. 53 maps. $1.50. D.C.Heath&Co., Publishers, Boston,NewYork,Chicago 10 WEEKS IN EUROPE FOR $300 BOOR ABOUT IT. 11.10 POSH PAID, noun, MEAD .V COMPANY, FOURTH AVI':. AM) 80TH STREET, NEW YORE 83,000 YEARLY BUSINESS OP YOUR OWN: mall order; success sure; honest, legdtlmni all capital; original methods, Write M. CLEMENT MOORE, Specialist, New Egypt, N. J. THE AMERICAN YEAR BOOK FOB 1918 IS NOW READY. Cloth, I8.B0 net D. Al'PI.ETON & COIirANY "TO LIBRARIANS" I 1 is ol Inten si and Impoi tam UNIVERSITIES A. C. McCLURG A CO., CHICAGO a CATALOGUE of books and pamphlets on economic, social and political science now ready, 11. WILLIAMS, L06 B, 2 2d St,, N. Y. th Six Months Subscription Free ■THE NATION will extend SIX VfONTHS the term of any sub- ,criber who sends a name not al- ready on our list with remittance for the new subscription for one year. NATION, BO \ «•*«■» St., V If. .

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The Nation wit YORK, THURSDAY, AVOV81 21, 1913. The Week peached. To this form of espionage no- body objects. But if what Senator Eorah alleged, on his official responsibil- ity, is true, there has been a far graver | interference with the courts by Federal authorities: I have no doubt of the fact myself that for the last several years there has been such action upon the part of the depart- ment, through special agents and otherwise, as was calculated to influence judges in their decisions and in their conduct where tin Government was interested. In differ- Occurrences In Washington have serv- ed to bring out again in a strong light the glaring defects of the Senate as a body for the dispatch of public bus- iness. On Thursday of last week Sena- tor Simmons, in behalf of the Demo- cratic majority, sought to get the Re- publicans to agree to take a vote on the j <"t w*ys and by different methods other than by the usual practice, judges are given Appeals are to sit with the Senate when cases of impeachment are tried. tariff bill at a day fixed. Consent was l. And there is no way, under the Senate rules, by which this or any other contested bill can be brought to a vote, so long as a single Senator objects and is prepared to take and hold the floor against it. If Senator La Follette insists upon speaking for a week, there is no power in the Senate to stop him, even though all its members and the v bole country are infinitely weary and disgusted. Yet this admission and per- petuation of futility and impotu supposed to be consonant with the dig- nitv of "the most august assembly on earth"! Thoughtful Senators know that this cannot go on. The Senate must, With mixed feelings sober-minded show that it can be a reasonably prompt | people of New York read that the As- and business-like body, under its exist- sembly had voted articles of impeach- ing rules, or else those rules will have i ment of Gov. Sulzer. Impeachment is to understand the views of the Government as to what the law is and what the de- cision should be, and in different ways and by different methods judges are relieved and others whose views of the law are more satisfactory are substituted. I The Attorney-General specifically de- nied having knowledge of anything of this kind, and it is nowhere asserted ♦hat the present Administration has been guilty of it. If Senator Borah can ! show that Roosevelt was or Taft was, i i* will be a public duty for him to do so when the matter comes again before the Senate. to be changed. The theory of the present system was that a house of Congress in which business can be transacted vir- tually by unanimous consent alone would always be made up of fair-mind- ed gentlemen. But if a handful of pre- judiced and unscrupulous men have got their clutch on the throat of the Senate, it is perfectly obvious that the old theory has broken down. When the Attorney-General of the United States made his reply to the Senate inquiry concerning espionage uiion Federal judges, and attempts by the Government to influence their deci- sion in certain cases, the matter was the final high recourse of the represen- tatives of the people. It is a weapon which should be seized only in dire need, and never should be grasped by hands not themselves clean. It is stag- gering to think of this great instru- ment of the Constitution, laid up with awe, as it were, for use against cor- ' ruption or oppression, employed by men notoriously corrupt to glut their vengeance. Whatever the faults and follies of William Sulzer, he might have steeped himself in corruption, for all that Tammany would have cared, had , he been willing to do in all respects as ' he was bid by Murphy. The trial must now go on; and it is a satisfaction to believe that, whatever the enmities or Meanwhile the political downfall of Gov. Sulzer is one of the most wholesome things that have occurred in this genera- tion. Whatever the result of his impeach- ment, he is ruined as a public man. In this fact there is a certain consolation, not so much because it will be a terror to evil-doers, as because it will be a re- minder to muddled thinkers. Since last October William Sulzer has been the occasion of an enormous amount of in- tellectual obfuscation on the part of many people ordinarily clear-eyed. De- spite the warning of the proverb, they thought it possible to make a silk purse out of a sow's ear. Sulzer 's public ca- reer was perfectly well known. That he was a cheap man, of a vanity so co- lossal as to be a joke, a charlatan, a shallow-pate — all this was as well Known as anything can be known in politics. It was not suspected generally that he was not straight, but the fact that he was a flighty and insincere and untrustworthy man he himself had dem- onstrated in a thousand ways. Yet mere- ly because he chanced to be nominated and elected Governor of Xew York, we were assured by men whose sanity had never been called in question that Sul- zer had suffered a sea-change and was no longer the man everybody had known him to be. We fancy that some of these rash endorsers of Gov. Sulzer would now give anything to recall their words. It is possible that even President Wil- son might be glad to expunge his state- ment of last October, in which he spoke of Sulzer's nomination as that of "a man whose reputation for Integrity and Independence is unquestionable, a man Of high principle, devoted to the public, interest." discussed only briefly. Mr. McReynolds denied that there had been any investi- j malice entering into the framing and gation of judges by secret agents of the j voting of the articles of impeachment, Department of Justice, except in the two they will be argued before a tribunal -r three instances where charges had | which may be expected to do serene Ven filed, and where it was desirable and Impartial justice. We shall realize to have them looked into. One of those now the value of the Constitutional pro- Judges was Archbald, afterwards im- vision that the Judges of the Court of As the devil can quote Scripture to his own ends, so the voting-machine scandal in Chicago shows that corruption may avail itself of reform measures. The city's million-dollar purchase was not only declared honest at the time, but welcomed as a step towards pur< tions. Now it seems probable that it was neither. Suspicion that the price paid was exorbitant is followed by all*?-

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156 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2512 gations that the manufacturers offered, and newspaper men accepted, bribes for the support of the contract, and proof that the machine may actually facilitate fraud. Exhaustive tests show that by a slight manipulation a particular can- didate or party will receive an ostensi- ble majority, and not a vestige of evi- dence will be left. Whether the manu- facturers of such devices are required to guarantee honest election officials may be doubted. At any rate, for a city to pay huge sums, involving apparent peculations, for the means of corrupting its own elections, is something to have left even Hogarth's electioneers wonder- ing. It is to be hoped that between ex- Uov. Deneen's energetic investigation and a rather unsavory newspaper feud, the whole truth may be brought to light. To indict a whole nation is impossi- ble, but to indict an entire press is easy — in Chicago. Promising to "wage a fight on the venal newspapers to the end of the campaign," Commodore W. H. Thompson, "one of the deepseagoing- est men" that ever signed checks on the bridge of the Chicago Yacht Club, recently announced himself for Mayor before the Lorimer Republican Club. "The mentioning of my name," he is reported as saying at a dry-land picnic, "means a bitter political battle between the people and the crooked Trust press.' The Lorimerites have long breathed the asides of a heavy stage villain concern- ing the Chicago newspapers. But note the difference in the real Tartarin. Two days later, the Commodore mailed to the venal Trust press nine columns of water-carnival press-agent matter. "The Associated Yacht Clubs offer all these articles for publication," he remarked; "the cooperation of the press is requir- ed to make Chicago's second water car- nival a success." Nor was he treated resentfully. "The newspapers are doom- ed, of course," said the Record-Herald. "But can't we save the naval pageant? Can't the Yacht Club's Mr. Thompson prevail on the Lorimer Club's Mr. Thompson to postpone their destruction until after the water carnival?" Smashing the Democratic machi Baltimore is a job that is seldom un- d seriously, but the new pri- law has stirred the progressive members of the party to renewed efforts. The provision that any candidate may have the ballot-boxes opened and the ballots recounted is relied upon to in- sure a fair count in the first place. Then, although not much is said about it, the character of the national Admin- istration must have some effect upon the situation. At all events, the Pro- gressive Democratic Organization is planning a fight for control of the party machinery. To this end it has obtained the nomination of candidates for the State Central Committee in each of the four legislative districts in Baltimore City. It further intends to name a full legislative ticket in these districts. The magnitude of the task before it, how- ever, is shown by the fact that this or- ganization does not think it advisable to enter the lists for sheriff, judge, clerk of courts, or Congressman. It will have candidates for delegates to the State Convention in all of the city districts, and be quite satisfied to win places on the State Committee and in the Legis- lature. As usual, the financial sinews of war are mainly on the side of the existing organization. the evolution thus recorded is a warn- ing to reformers not to be sure that old ideas of government have suddenly become archaic, and that by the simple process of discarding them we can have the millennium. The noteworthy thing about the new charter adopted by Dayton, O., is its break with the theory of commission government as it has been understood hitherto. For Dayton, while declaring by a vote of two to one in favor of a commission, declares at the same time for that separation of legislative and executive functions which has been de- cried by advocates of commission gov- ernment as a relic of an outworn sys- tem. Dayton's commission will do what any city council does, pass ordinances. Its Mayor will have the honor of being the "political head" of the city, and of presiding at commission meetings. But the man who will loom large in the city government will be the "city manager." Appointed by the so-called .Mayor, de- pendent for his salary upon the com- mission, he will exercise control, through appointments and removals, and subject to civil service regulations, of the entire administration, exclusive of 1 In- courts and schools. In other words, commission government hat- swung around to the point of u tin- office of Mayor, hut « it h 1 in- differ- ence that he is appointed by tie- Coun- cil Instead or elected by the voters, Tins is Cabinet govei nment In little 1 1 ma} be a v. opment, m anj rate, This may be a wealthy country, hut it will have to be a good deal wealthier before its Legislatures can make both ends meet, at least with their present free and easy way of spending money. Illinois was reported a few days ago as facing bankruptcy, and Georgia is now on the verge of the same precipice. Her Legislature is informed by the Governor that of the $75,000 now in the treasury, $25,000 will be required for its own ex- penses, $20,000 for the State Sanitarium twice a month, and no taxes are in sight until autumn. The teachers of the State, for the first time in thirty years, are having to go without pay. The Georgia Constitution was amended in 1911 so as to limit the borrowing power of the State to a deficit created by delay in the collection of taxes, but the force of this amendment was lost upon the first Legislature to meet after its adop- tion. As the Governor says in his mes- sage: "If, by reason of excessive appro- priations, the taxes shall have been ex- hausted in the fall of the year, the Gov- ernor cannot borrow for the purpose ot running the government." Recourse must be had, accordingly, to "patriotic financiers" who have confidence in the intention of the Legislature to put the finances of the State upon a sound basis. The National Association of Manufac- turers is not the only body which be- lieves that through its powerful influ- ence the political stars move in their courses. Another modest organization is the Grange, a branch of which in Massachusetts has been enlightening the world as to its great achievi Thus we learn that the Grange, and the Grange alone, "has done more good for ountry than any other organiza- tion, or all other organizations together. and has done more to Wring about great and 1 iied reforms than all 1 1 Tie- Grange brought about the ecret ballot, the initiative ami referendum, rural free delh ery, 1 in' pan el post 1 ai popular election ot United Slates Sena toi i, anil win <\ entuallj in tng aboul ti o- ma 11 suffrage." Tin name ol thi

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Aug. 21, 1913I The ISTation 157 er was not Mulhall, but Odlin, William Odlin, of Andover, and he was never in doubt for a moment as to what the facts arc He is certain, for example, that 11 and Roosevelt, in advocating certain reforms, including woman ■ have simply been picking bouquets from the kitchen garden of nige." I The impossible has taken place. Un- doubtedly, the present situation is very delicate, but every reason exists for a continuation of. the policy of patience and caution to which President Wilson has so resolutely adhered. Such uncer- tainty and vacillation as have character- ized the relations between the two Gov- ernments have been all on Huerta's side. A new use has been devised for the 88ional accord by a Representa- tive from Oklahoma. He discovered in a magazine an article by a colleague. explained to the House, it teemed with brilliancy, pathos, and a devotion to the church. "It deserves to be read and referred to," he said, "in every 1 lunch and Sunday school in the United States." The quickest way to get it read, of course, was to have it reprinted in the Record, where, in addition, it would "be preserved for those who come after us." Consent was given, and American literature was officially en- riched by an essay on "Why I Attend Church." The first paragraph is suf- ficient illustration of the brilliancy and pathos which the Oklahoma Representa- tive vouched for: It is sweet on a summer's morning, when the air is aquiver with the love songs of the birds and fragrant with the odor of roses blown, to hear the music of the church-going bells, an invitation to the world-wearied to enter God's temple and find peace, because the instinct of worship is in the heart of man, and the church is the temple of the living God. The report of Huerta's ultimatum, inherently improbable on the face of things, has been officially contradicted by the Mexican Foreign Office. On the con- trary, Mr. Lind is now declared to be in direct consultation with Huerta, and thus a distinct gain emerges out of what appeared to be a very grave situation. Even if we assume that Huerta was behind the so-called ultimatum, the fact that he has so speedily decided to re- pudiate it is an exceedingly reassuring circumstance. Step by step Mr. Lind has made his way. At first he was to be expelled from the country. He was not expelled. Then he was to be denied all means of communication with the Foreign Office. He did not find it dif- ficult to get into touch with the Mexi- 1 an Foreign Office. Personal commu- nication between Mr. Lind and Presi- dent Huerta was declared impossible. That Parliament should have been pro- rogued, not to meet again till next Feb- ruary, and the Liberals left undisturbed in office, must both enrage and de- press their Conservative opponents. For the latter have been frantically demand- ing that an appeal to the country be taken at once; and their shouts and prophecies must have deceived many of the rank and file of the party into think- ing that there would be a speedy disso- lution and a general election. As it is, the Asquith Ministry will have time to recuperate and to compose differences in preparation for the session of next year, when the Parliament Act will come into automatic operation, and all the critical bills of the Liberals can be made law without the consent of the Lords. It is, indeed, a Coalition Government, and Coalition Governments have been historically the easiest to defeat and break up. But it is the Tories them- selves who have supplied the cohesive power to the present Coalition. By re- fusing to let any of its measures get through the Lords, they have simply compelled its differing members to stand together for at least three years, until they could each attain their desir- ed legislation in the teeth of Conserva- tive opposition. That was all along the obvious logic of the English political situation, to any one who looked at it dispassionately; and the foolish attempts of the Conservatives in the past few weeks to beat the Government on some "snap" division — even concealing mem- bers in a Commons bathroom to effect their surprise — show that they are be- ginning to perceive this. and she cannot give all her attention to her ally's quarrels. Austria, on the other hand, has good reason to press for a revision of the Treaty of Bucharest in which Bulgaria has been so thorough- ly humiliated. That treaty marks the second check administered to Austrian ambitions in the Balkans within a year. The first came with the emphatic vic- tory of the Balkan allies over the Turks. The appearance of a new mili- tary Power in the Balkans shut off the Austrian drift towards the ^Egean. Still, it was some consolation that the leader- ship in the Balkans should be with Bul- garia, whose relations to the Triple Al- liance were much more friendly than those of Servia or Greece. Indeed, it seemed that the rise of a Balkan Con- federacy under Bulgarian dominance would not prove altogether unfavorable to Teuton influence. But then came the crushing defeat of Bulgaria by Servia and the Greeks; and wnat Servian sen- timent is with regard to Austria has been made plain to the Government at Vienna. Tne Kaiser's reported objection to hav- ing Austria borrow his rattling sabre and his mailed glove for the purpose of frightening the obstreperous Slav of the Balkans is natural. German influ- ence is bound to profit, of course, by the increase of Austrian prestige in the Near East. But, after all, Germany has interests of her own in the North Sea, It is usually held that the difficulty in combining high art with money-mak- ing lies in pleasing the public; but the case of Mile. Moisse, this year's "first" at the Conservatoire in comedy and tragedy, shows the usefulness in Paris of making a second-rate impression. State training is conditioned on an agreement that all laureates shall give two years at low pay to the Comedie or Odeon. If outside theatres make glittering offers, the ransom from the subventioned stage is their $3,000 tui- tion. Mile. Moisse decided to serve her country; but others have not. Where clever students see their weaker fel- lows sure to outstrip them professional- ly, a premium seems placed on feigned d ulncss. Moreover, the prestige of "firsts" is lessened by the frequent com- ment that Conservatoire prize-winners seldom reach celebrity. But as college men here go on striving for Phi Beta Kappa in spite of dismal reports of the alumni, in Paris there is still sharp competition within the Conservatoire. It is not only that Daudet's "Man with the Golden Brain" finds recreancy to his talents hard, or that the prize is still of great honor. The Conservatoire in- stils a healthful ideal of public si and there is attraction in the high stan- dards of the stat

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1 58 The ]STation [Vol. 97, No. 2512 WHERE IT LEAVES MURPHY. One tiling stands out in all the mani- festations in favor of Gov. Sulzer. They are Intensely anti-Murphy. It is not that Sulzer is admired or trusted, but that .Murphy is detested and feared. In the face of the grave charges against Gov. Sulzer, which are so strongly evidenced and which he has not met in a way at all satisfactory, he could hardly have a friend — or, at any rate, a defender — in the State, were it not for one circum- stance. That circumstance is named .Murphy. Hatred of him almost takes on the guise of love of Sulzer. It is an ex- traordinary phenomenon. Men are writ- ing letters to the press and talking to each other in the street who completely admit the worst that is alleged against Sulzer, yet who, in the same breath, declare that he ought to be supported simply because Murphy is fighting him. "If you would rise," was the advice of an old politician to a beginner, "make for yourself enemies." But the most skilled practitioner in politics could scarcely have been prepared for the re- markable demonstration of the value to William Sulzer, at this political June ture, of Charles F. Murphy's implacable enmity. The explanation lies deep in human nature. .Men believe in fair play, and are nauseated by hypocrisy; and in all the Sulzer affair they are convinced that Murphy is neither square nor hon- est. They know that the Tammany Boss would have supported, without a scruple, the crookedest Governor on earth, if only he could have used him. As for Murphy exposing and punishing corruption, that is a spectacle to give the whole State what Lloyd George call- ed a "cross-Channel" feeling. It is cast- ing out a devil by the prince of devils. This is unquestionably the sentiment which moves so many to take the posi- tion that it makes no difference how guilty Gov. Sulzer is, since it is Mur- phy who is trying to pull him down. They are appalled, and no wonder, at the thought of Tammany laying unclean hands upon that great emergency wea- pon of the Constitution — impeachment, And confused as is their reasoning and mixed their morals, the fact remains, and must be reckoned with, that they Bpeak by the thousand in witness of the I hatred in which Murphy is held pi ople of New York. Taking all these outbursts as not pro- Sulzer, but anti-Murphy, where do they leave the Tammany Boss? "What effect will they have on his political power in the State and in this city? How will those in office, and those who hope to be there, be influenced by all the proof that the greatest political sinner is re- garded as not so black as Murphy? One remark may be confidently made. The popular feeling that has been shown will not be lost on the Acting Governor. Even if Mr. Glynn found no promptings of decency in his own heart, he could not be such a fool as openly to lend himself to Murphy, and sink him- self in a common destestation. A test case may come soon. Tammany people have put it about that one of the early acts of Gov. Glynn would be to revoke the commission of Mr. Hennessy, whom Gov. Sulzer has set to work, under the provisions of the Moreland law, inves- tigating conditions in various depart- ments of the State Government. Now, it is immaterial whether Hennessy has found or could find anything damaging to Murphy. The mere fact that Tam- many is afraid of him and wants him called off is a compelling reason why he should be kept on. If Mr. Glynn were to order him to drop his probe, the darkest suspicions would be confirmed. The whole movement to impeach Gov. Sulzer would then be declared through- out the State a Tammany conspiracy, and if the Acting Governor were to help it out, he would in the act damn himself as deep as Murphy. In the coming municipal campaign, it is possible to take two lines of argu- ment about the effect of this State-wide disclosure of hostility to Murphy. It may be said that terror of him has in- creased along with hatred of him. Poli- ticians thinking of a break with him will tremble as they see Sulzer's fate. In a way, the power of the Tammany Boss has never appeared so tyrannical, brooking no opposition. But on the otle r hand, there must he a smoulder- ing resentment even vaster than the one that is manifesting itself. It is not a question of Sulzer's friends seeking to take vengeance on Murphy. There will be multitudes quietly prepar ing to make their ballots speak their mind about him. It is not impossible that, the very moment which seems to mark his exaltation to the pitch of ef- 1 1 ont( 1 -. and 01 power, may he tie- one at which he is to he cast down. Cer- tainly, the motives and the occasion for striking hard at Murphy exist to-day as never before. Standing before the peo- ple as the most loathed figure in public life — revealed as such in the very hour of his imagined triumph over Sulzer — there ought to be fibre enough and fire enough in the community to keep his foul grasp off the throat of New York city. GERMANY'S "RED POPE:' Readers who are interested in the notable career which closed with the death of August Bebel, the leader of the German Social-Democracy, can do no better than turn to Bebel's own story, "My Life," which appeared in this coun- try last spring and has been reviewed in the Nation. The narrative is carried only to the year 1878, when Bebel was less than forty, but by that time the Socialist movement in Germany had passed its formative period, and Bebel's own life had been cast into its perma- nent mould. Simply, forcibly, without egotism and without the affectation of modesty, he has set down the facts of a courageous and busy life whose details justify the characterization of him in the Socialist press as the "proletarian champion of the German proletariat. His childhood was one of privation, His? father, a non-commissioned officer ill the Prussian army, died of consumption wlnn the boy was four years old. His mother died of consumption when the boy was thirteen, ii-i began to ep-rn. his living as a turner's apprentice. For many years thereafter, so he has writ- ten, one of his unrealized ambitions was "just once to eat my fill of bread and butter." Before he was twenty-one he was taking an active part in the work- ingmen's movement in Saxony. Our ultra-revolutionists of to-day in politics, in art, in social philo made it a habit to sneer at the parochialism and the timidity of the age that goes by the name Victorian. What our arch rel look is not only the fact that in this Victorian age were laid the beginnings of the great revolutionary movements of to-day — Darwin, Ibsen, and Karl Marx were <on- t.i mpcirani oils with the antimacassar ami 1 he Friendship's Garland but thai the revolutionists of that day fOUghl 11 :.i renuousl < th things they in hi s e,t in ami brought greater sacri- In 1 B lo the cause than the hold radical epigi ammal lets of to .lay. The mi □ ol

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Aug. 21, 1913] The Nation 159 time wen 1 with ideas, also, and distinctively, , action. Tiny were robust and single-hearted. Their economic and po- litical not overlaid — and ticisme and m As in the ca had to 1'uild up their own lives v bile I building up social nts. Bebel ! tlon, toll, i- ions. It was in ble ell at I tubi 1 tsburg 1 worked out his o*n education. For two and a balf . tuiied, read, us the formidable list of books In his autobiography. That by to the last he held ;'• of the party firm against sudden innovations in revolutionary and practice He knew, from hat it had cost in labor and sacrifice to lay the founda- tions of the Socialist party structure. After the death of Liebknccht Bebel was the only survivor of the notable group , I with the birth of the German Social-Democracy — Karl Marx, aand Lassalle, Friedrich Engels, and himself. But he had personality as well as prestige. He was a stirring orator, a brilliant tactician, j and a man of unsullied private life, gen- erous, sympathetic, eminently approach- 1 able. He needed all his resources. On the one hand there had grown up a school, of which Eduard Bernstein is the best-known exponent, which rejected some of the fundamental conceptions ol the Marxian economics and advocated cooperation between the Social Democ- racy and the non Socialist democratic elements in the Reichstag. On the oth- er hand he had to combat the influence of the revolutionary extremists who, under the stimulus of the late upheaval in Russia, advocated the general strike and other forms of direct action which are now associated with Syndicalism. Bebel was afraid that a policy of oppor- tunism might lead to party disintegra- tion, and he had before him the exam- ple of the French and Italian Socialists. He was afraid that a general strike, by precipitating a direct trial of strength with the armed forces of the Empire, would lead only to reaction. He recog- nized the argument of hard facts. He was aware, for instance, of the growth of the national spirit in Germany, fos- tered in part by Imperial militarism and the traditional rivalry with France, and he went so far as to declare that in case of a defensive war with France he should be among the first to shoulder a nmskc t and march to the frontier. Bebel was called the "Red Pope" by the opponents of Socialism in sneering allusion to his unquestioned persona! authority in a great move- ment. But tin re is peculiar appropri in the nicknami 0 sd upon him when we consider that he regarded it as his principal duty to maintain a broad Catholicism of Socialist doctrine and organization, so as to allow for di- it opinion within the party while -ing its unity A party counting than four million votes, or one- third of the entire electorate, is bound under inaction. 1 1 iionents stand ready to borrow from its programme and win the credit for innovations forced upon them. But Bebel's belief that the Socialist party, like the Catholic Church, can wait. The highly interesting question is whether the German Social-Democ- racy can produce a successor to Bebel capable of continuing his work, 01 whether the Kaiser's Socialists are im- mediately to become a prey to the con- flicting tendencies that have character- ized the Socialist movement in other countries and are, indeed, inherent in the radical temper. AGAIN THE CHANNEL TUNNEL: Once more the old question of a tun- nel between France and England has been revived. The British Prime Minis- ter has again solemnly received a depu- tation of prominent men who favor its construction, and to them he gave the time-honored answer. He w-as glad to promise them full consideration of their proposal, and happy to admit that new factors had arisen which warranted a review of the Government's historic op- position to the scheme. Indeed, it had already been receiving the attention of his Government and of some of the de- partments, whit h he v as sure would approach the matter with unbiassed minds. But, of course, the adverse de- cision reached in 1883 and endorsed by every successive Government could not be lightly set aside. There must be proper deference to the "long chain of authorities.'* The Government must se- cure "absolute strategic safety"; on the other hand, it was naturally deeply in- terested in improving means of commu- nication between England and the Con- tinent. In other words, the answer unpromising as was to be expected from a Prime Minister striving to be judicial and non- committal. The committee which appeared be- r. Asquith was an unusual one in that it represented -all sections of the House of Commons and included no representatives of any railway company or of the old Channel tunnel company. Its sole purpose, its speakers declared, was to benefit the commerce of the two countries, France and England. They brought up a new point, the question of the food supply of England in ease of war with any other country than France. If the Channel should be closed to the British fleet by reason of mines. submarines, and airships, the proposed tunnel would make it possible for Eng- land to draw in all the foodstuffs which could be obtained from France, or by shipment of neutrals into French ports. Mr. Asquith was, like every other states- man, deeply concerned in procuring "the 1 freest outlet for food," and, of course, inlet, too. But the thing that weighed upon him chiefly was the mili- tary consideration. He could not get away from the fact that Lord Wolseley — a very substantial British military au- thority— had pronounced against the scheme, and he professed to be much disappointed that the committee had not brought evidence with it to show that there had been a change in the British military point of view — as if that point of view could change under a hundred years on any question. It is precis, ly on this military rock that the tunnel project has been wrecked so many times. The British army cannot think of a tunnel without seeing hordes of French soldiers pour- ing through its mouth and shouting with glee over the final fruition of the Napoleonic plan for an invasion of the British Isles. To a lay mind, it should seem as if a couple of tons of dyna- mite, or even the deft use of a couple of batteries of artillery, would b ficient to make the tunnel unusable should war arise between France and England. Moreover, that phase of the question seems never to have Imp the French imagination as it has the English. Thus the Manchester <Umr- •Is that "the mouth of a tunnel'' is "the least promising of all avenue.

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1GO The ]ST a t i o ii [Vol. 97, No. 2512 of invaBion," yet it believes that a con- clusive argument against the tunnel is that it would increase "our liability to panics, great enough as it is." This constitutes surely another reason for revising the belief that John Bull is a purely stolid, phlegmatic person, not to be compared with his volatile and ex- citable neighbor across the Channel. When so liberal a newspaper as the Manchester Guardian condemns a great project like this on a purely psychologi- cal ground it must be admitted that the difficulties in the way of the tunnel are almost insurmountable. To a foreigner it should seem as if a real statesman could easily find his way out of this dilemma, by a joint un- dertaking between France and England that in the event of hostilities the tun- nel would be neutralized, or by engi- neering devices which would permit the flooding of the tunnel on twenty-four hours' notice, or by the construction of sufficient fortifications at the ends to make invasion impossible. But this is one of those military problems, like the matter of armament, in the face of which statesmanship is always ready to announce that it can find no solution. This is the more singular in view of the fact that there actually was signed in 1876 an agreement between France and England for this very tunnel. Had the English company then had the money in hand, the tunnel would have been built. But by 1883 the militarists got control of the situation, and since that time the Government has not only been not friendly, but actually hostile, to the plan. Now, the militarists fear not only France, but Germany. Preposter- ous as it may seem, it is actually ar- gued that Germany might conquer France again, and then, looking for fresh fields, might march her soldiers into England. Could this imminent menace to Great Britain's freedom be disposed of by some fortunate turn in Continental politics, such as the estab- lishment of a Triple Entente, compris- ing England, France, and Germany, we venture to assert that the militarists would produce a Russian danger, and still have in reserve a Chinese peril, to urge against what would unquestionably be a most beneficent commercial under- taking. In one aspect there has been a dis- gain witli tlie passage of time. No one doubts now that either a tunnel or a bridge is practical. Indeed, when the Government interfered in 1882 with the operations then in progress, a seven- foot driftway had been driven for 2,300 yards under the sea. A French com- pany also sunk a shaft and started a heading. Since then the success in driv- ing tunnels under the North and East Rivers in New York shows that a Chan- nel tunnel could be built with much less money than had been estimated — the contractors for the Pennsylvania tubes are known to have made enormous prof- its. Nor does the distance, thirty miles, present great difficulties. But so long as British soldiers assert that you can- not block the mouth of a tunnel or guard it against a treacherous over- night raid of 500,000 Germans, French- men, or Russians, so long, apparently, will this great enterprise languish. IMPROVING THE COUNTRY FAIR. An "experiment in cooperative rec- reation" was the sub-title given to the fourth annual field day held at Amenia, New York, on Saturday. The time-hon- ored name of fair has been abandoned and with it have gone the vulgar side- show, the shell-game fakir, the roaring "barker," and many another feature that has distinguished the old-fashioned fair of late. Even pink lemonade is reported to have been absent, and a dearth of peanuts is said to have caused wonderment whether the drought in Kansas had not affected other sections. Not a single professional "fat lady" was on the grounds, nor a living skeleton; and most careful search is declared to have produced no trace of a midget or of any bedizened short-skirted dancer "straight from the Casino on Broadway, New York.' Altogether, it was a hygien- ically sterilized and novel entertain- ment which lured by the thousand the dwellers in the Harlem Valley from their usual Saturday occupations. By this it must not be thought that all interest leaves the country fair when its old name and everything which suggests a touch of wickedness disap- pear. It is merely a wholesale substi- tution which has gone on — birch beer in sanitary bottles drunk through steriliz- ed straws in place of denatured pink lemonade in dirty glasses, automobiles by the Hundred tor farmers' wagons, and safe and aatie athletic sports in lieu of carefully "pulled" or prearranged trotting races. Trap-shooting, tug-of- war, broad and high jumping, sack, ob- stacle, and three-legged races — these are some of the attractions of the modern field day, together with folk dancing (on Saturday, "by girls and boys from Amenia, Wassaic, Sharon, and Pawl- ing"). Between the dancing and the tug-of-war at Amenia were fifteen-min- ute speeches by a real United States Senator and a genuine suffragist leader in the big tent by the road, and these, like all the other attractions, were free. Money, so runs the report, was the least useful article on the grounds. Even the ten most beautiful girls in Dutchess County, in suffrage tableaux, were to be seen without any expense whatever. For those more studiously inclined there were agricultural demonstrations by farm experts and State employees, in- cluding alfalfa planting, and, lest it be thought that there was a lack of patriot- ism, the national game was not neglect- ed. Philmont and Pine Plains fought for the Harlem "Valley championship. Altogether, this is a serious and im- portant effort to put the spirit of play into rural life, which a city man, Prof. Joel E. Spingarn, has started in Amenia because he, like so many others, feels that the country must be made as at- tractive socially as the city If the young folks are to be kept on the farms. Their doctrine is that there is a "good deal of work in the country, but most of our boys and girls have forgotten how to play," and that all such recrea- tion plans should be carried out by the natives themselves, and not by irre-. sponsible showmen from the Bowerj with a train of card sharpers and gam- bling touts. The continuing success of the experiment is demonstrated by the plan to organize at Amenia to-daj 8 permanent body to carry it on. Indeed, it will soon pass out of the experimental stage, after another year or two of trial, when it will probably no longer depend on tne initiative of one public-spirited man. That something must be done to organize country workers along social lines has lom; been recognized; this as much as the needs of the cities was a compelling reason (or tb ganizatlon ol the Playground Associati 1 Amei lea in 1906. The country man lias tak en his pleasures not only sadly and se- riously, but altogether too mui b by him- self; his spin i:. bave bees the 1 olltai

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Aug. 21, 1913J The N" a t i o n 161 hunting and fishing. From this in the country town the reaction has been to the bar-room, the lodge-room, the billiard-table, and, latterly, the mov- ing-picture show. But open-air meeting- witli opportunities for harmless, healthful, stimulating recreation — these intiyside has only begun to have. ENGLISH AND BASEBALL. One of the most puzzling problems of this puzzling era is the effect wrought upon our native speech by contact with the national game. Why is it that when it essays to tell what happened at the Polo Grounds or Ebbets Field between the hours of 3:30 and 6 P. M., the English language stands on its head and tries to convey its meaning by waving its and feet, instead of speaking like one sane man to another? Surely, here la material worthy the attention of the philologist, not to say the psychopath; and yet up to the present moment no one has undertaken a scientific investi- gation of the case. Its difficulties, in- deed, are enough to daunt the boldest. The Supreme Court may muster up courage to attempt the unscrambling of Trust eggs, but who will unscramble the conglomerate that decorates the sport- ing pages of our greatest newspapers — pages which, in the West and South, ac- tually have to be of a different color from the rest of the edition in order to stand the strain of the verbal whirl- wind which daily strews them with lin- guistic wreckage? A step towards the solution of this question has been taken by the Chicago Record-Herald. Almost any one would say that, whatever the ideal may be, to write an account of a baseball game in anything resembling ordinary English would be an impossible feat. You might as well ask Henry James to write a novel in the same elusive medium. But nothing is too stupendous for a Chi- cago sporting editor to tackle, and ac- cordingly the Record-Herald actually prints the story of a game in a style which it describes as "less boisterous" than the customary manner. In order to make the account intelligible to fol- lowers of the game, it prints alongside of it a story written in "baseballese." It asks its readers to express themselves with regard to the comparative merits of the two styles. As might be expected, these readers display an irreconcilable difference of opinion. "When you quit slang," writes one, tersely, "I quit the paper." The cogency of this argument is manifest. "Slang by all means," votes another. "Slang and baseball go hand in hand." "One is nearer the park,' comments a third, "when Schulte 'slams the pill' than when he merely 'hits the ball.* " The critic who writes, "Elimi- nate slang from baseball accounts and you will kill the joy of thousands of fans," seems to mean the same thing as his fellow who exclaims: "Can the high- brow stuff. It isn't baseball. Sounds like croquet or authors. Come across with the real dope." But those on the other side are just as earnest and vigorous. "A little mus- tard on a sandwich gives it snap," re- marks one philosopher, "but who wants a mustard sandwich?" Rather surpris- ingly, the owner of the Chicago "White Sox," that "old Roman," Charles A. Comiskey, comes out decidedly for Eng- lish. What readers wish to know first, he thinks, is who won the game, and, secondly, how it was won or lost. The University of Chicago, however, with that ultra-modern spirit which one ex- pects of great educational institutions nowadays, does not vote for English un- adorned. One professor thinks it would be "pretty tame" to report baseball in "plain, ordinary English." Yet unin- telligibility is not desirable, either. "The real genius is the man who can introduce all the enjoyable piquancy possible within limits which will ena- ble the ordinary reader to know what he is talking about. We want the pic- turesque." Presumably, this is what is meant by other writers who say: "Base- ball slang is more clever and twice as interesting as the plain English." "The slang part is just as good as the base- ball." "Puts life into the reading of games, and that's about all we see of the games out here." How high an ideal one may have in this respect is revealed by the statement: "I prefer to read a baseball story that can only be expressed in slang." The distinction that needs to be drawn is that between graphic description and hysterical slang. To be asked to choose between dulness, posing as "plain Eng- lish," and intoxication, calling itself pic- turesqueness, is to be confronted with a false dilemma. Slangy distortions and inventions, diction gone mad, and metaphor that o'erleaps itself, are not essential to an account which shall re- flect the tension it reports. Here is a passage or two from the Record-Her- ald's "less boisterous" story: By hitting three Cub pitchers to every corner of the field, Philadelphia yesterday defeated the Cubs, 16 to 3, at the West Side Park. . . . Going slightly more into detail, it was apparent at the start that Lavender was not at his best — no, not against a team which can garner fifteen hits for twenty- eight bases during nine sweltering innings. He seemed to be shaky, but Paskert con- nected with one, a ball which floated near the corner, for a single. Knabe sacrificed him to second, and Lobert was the next out, Bridwell to Saier. Here Becker step- ped into the glare with a two-base smash over second, and Cravath followed with a single. Not wishing Lavender any bad luck, but at the same time being compassionate of Cravath resting on first, Luderus, next up, put the ball into the right-field bleach- ers for a screeching home-run drive. That was all, as Doolan flew out to Evers. Is it accurate to characterize a narra- tive written in this fashion as "a swell little obituary notice"? The trouble is that in rhetorical dissipation, as in any other, it takes a superhuman will to hold one's self back from the utmost verge. Why baseball should be more addicted to this vice than golf, tennis, or even football, is part of the general mystery in the case. Perhaps the great- er attention devoted to it has turned its head and upset its moral equilibrium. Certainly there is no reason why the language in which an account of it is written should so far outdo the feats of the players whom it glorifies. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. Old and obscure periodicals are some- thing of a Tom Tiddler's ground where amidst rubbish heaps there are occasional pieces of the gold and silver of literature to be picked up. The Sunbeam is an un- known weekly magazine. Its first number is dated for Saturday, February 3, 1838; its last issue was that for December 28, 1839. These 100 numbers make two vol- umes and with title-pages and indexes were published "complete in one volume £1.8.0." "Devoted to science, literature, and music," each number had an original piece of mu- sic— some of them by well-known com- posers. In the last volume of the Sunbeam there is an announcement that it would be continued in a new and improved series as the Sylph, but whether this ever came out 1 know not. Neither Sunbeam nor Sylph Is in the British Museum Catalogue of Pe- riodicals. The unknown editor was a great admirer ol Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and this may have induced Mr. Thomas Curnick, of Bris- tol, to send him in 1838 a letter he had re- ceived from the poet in 1814. Mr. Curnick was a worshipper, though not, it may be 1 priest, of the Muses, and not satisfied with the opinions, or lack of opin-

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162 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2512 'i "his is iian friends" abi -hi io s. T. C. a copy of an : bj iii" allied omma ad of Lord Wel- lington," and with it a letter in which "a 3 oung tnd trdent mind nat u ra Ilj t tions on the chilling ami destructive apathy with which tli generally re- To 1111.i1 ■ reply of S. T. c, it is necessary to quol rse from 1 ion : 1 i string ; 'In W for bou sing ; Than In erful hand i 3 state? tor; ei him tand Ami hurl upon fate ! thee birth, Britannic Mars: rejoicing nature smil'd; Cherubic forms declar'd thj future worth, And mark'd thee conq'ror In the dreadful field. -'mm wove a chaplet for iliy brow; Justice thy manly bosom 6way'd; While, like the moon, thy acts conspic grow, Till to the full they rise In majesty array'd. Hark: the brazen trumpet swells; See where the god in terror rolls bis car; Swift as a wintry flood its course impels. The rattling wheels resound, and thunder through the war. Mark his helm ami pond'rous spear; Mark how his falchion fires the dusky air; His si,., .,is win, ufeteor-manes, ami eyes that wildly glare ! "lis past— the flend of slaughter flies; in murmurs low the clam'rous battle 0 A.s distant billows from the shore n And hear what strains harmonious rise; Strains which alone from seraph harps proceed, Expansive through the skies. Peace, behold on downy wings descending; Cm umber 'd joys her heavenly form attending; Her accents everj grief assuage : And calm the dauntless warrior's rage. The poet's reply is one that does credit to his kindly feeling, and may now be given in full: Mr. t. Cubnick— Deah Sin: I have been much affected by your letter, and have perused, with considerable plea- sure, the poems which accompanied it. But how can 1 serve you? Gold and silver have 1 none; but, on the contrary, I am myself sorely embarrassed. Mr. Southey and I married sisters; and I am on terms of intimacy with him. But it was not to Kirke White, but to his family, that South- ey could make himself serviceable, by be- coming his biographer and editor, after his prematura death. Many thoughts crowded irlng the perusal of your letter, which pressing en- gagements prevent me communicating at present; but within a short tin il to perform that most arduous duty of one sympathizing Christian to another, that of telling what appears to him to be the truth. O that I could convey to you, In all its liveliness, the anguish of regret which 1 have a thousand times felt (while the bread of the day, to be ncies which in the most 1 natures require health illlity, and genial feelings), thai 1 re, if my fingers were my heart and brain at least were at rest! 1 of Pope's translation of countless have been e1 Ic metamorphoses of almt and connections of . that it is scarcely praci Icable lur 11 nieii style on I without finding his poem, vill and without I Oi lines I hat had I'd in other works; and this it Is which makes poetry so very difficult, In- day. I mysell have for manj eai pasl given it up in despair. There is much Are and spirit in your ode on Lord Wellington; and the chief de- 1 COnfUl Ion Of mythology. 1 have no connection with Mars; and the firs! Stan a is Obscure, because the reader does not know whether you mean Lord Welling- ton or an imaginary god of war. If the latter, the after introduction of the Al- mighty is irreverent; or (as the ] i: I, "out in keeping." 1 1 1 he former, the ponderous s/inir, etc., is not translat- able Into sense and fact. Poetry must be "ore than Rood sense, or it is not poetry; but it dare not be less, or discrepant. Good sense is not, indeed, the superstructure; is the rock, not only on which the edifice is raised, but likewise the rock- quarry from which all its stones have been. !', patient toil, dug out. The whole of next week I am unfortu- nately proengaged, day after day, and the whole of each day; but, after that, you will generally find me at No. 2. Queen Square, any time from seven in the eve- ning to ten; and if you can point out any mode in which I can be really useful to you, he assured I shall be most ready to at- tempt it. Will you forgive a man who has had repeated occasions for mourning that he had not himself pursued the profession of the law. (a profession which needs only to be considered in the light of a manly phi- losophy to present many charms to a think- ing mind, and which, beyond all others, gives an insight into the real state of so- ciety, the hearts, morals, and passions of our fellow-creatures. 1 to ask you whv a man of genius should despair of making genius effective and illustrious in the pur- suit of the profession in which it has pleased Providence to place him? I do not know your age, but you inform me that you are an attorney's clerk. Even such was Garrow — such was Dunning. Do I advise you to desert the Muses? No! T give no advice. which, I know, would be vain: but my experience does warrant me, "with a warning and dolorous blast." fas Milton savs.l to exhort all men of ge- nius to take care that they should rely on literature only for private pleasure and solace; or, at most, for the dessert to their dinner, not for the dinner itself. I beg your acceptance of the enclosed ticket, which, should you have leisure or inclination, will admit yourself and a friend to my course of lectures. With sincere good wishes, yours, dear sir, S. T. Coleridge. Bristol, 9 April. ISI I Two volumes are known from the pen of Curnick. One is "Jehosaphat, with other poems," printed at Bristol in 1x15, and the other is "lie El lentia Sacra," a poem, fo which is prefixed a translation of George Hi" iia nan's "llynmus 111:1 1 ut inns ad Chris- tum," issued at the same place In erhaps tamed Mr. Curnick's Muse, for he writes, ''As to the ode, the ex- perience of (' of life during the tarter of a century has quite eradi cated any morbid sensibility in my mind, as to the censure or the approbation with which it may now be read." o Coleridge wrote this letter, In wai in Bristol on a lecturing expedition, which 1 appear to have be 1 n very b isi ful. His discourses on Milton were "indif- attended." The poet was not in good physical condition. "An erysipelatous complaint," he writes to Cottle, "of an alt i" oa i "i e. I 1 barely able to ai lend and go I hi ough w Ith □ of Which have almost paid hi, expenses ol the r 1, ndvertlse- ments, stc, win 1 her 1 his be to my dis- credit or i" 1 hat of 1 he good bich I should like in touch, namely, thai ol etlquettt when 1 write for Information to a Euro- pean library, [general] st 1 reply from 1 he libra rlan 1 11 01 his .assistant . and the reply is to the- point 1 1 1 one is likely to gel a letter Of an 1 ii ■ flippancy, smacking ni half-education and signed away. Some 1 hi" ago one ol I he best II brarles ' I d I" I I ad I ipll t«

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Aug. 21, 1913] The Nation 163 edition ol Straparola's novels. An abridged edition lulj received the next day. J 11 tact, most of the librarians do not bether 1 1 1 r • editions In the library ridged or not, unless it is specified In ol an Inch size on the title. The nf the American notion ol mi the titles alot apparent. Joai ■ u . 12. THE CHURCH AND THE POPE. MEMORIALS TO KING EDWARD. op Tin: Nation: Maj 1 ask for the hospitality of me to state that, • ni her Majesty Queen Alexandra, 11 to collect particulars, for publication !n due course, of all me- , of whatever description, at home, in tlie colonics, and abroad, to his late Majesty King Edward, as also of any events ted with the Kin;? during his life, of which there has been any record. I shall be much obliged, therefore, to in those who may be connected with ■ucb memorials, or events, when I shall be glad iticulars of the informa- tion reqt James Gildea, Colonel. II riogarth Road, London, 9 W., Angnst 7. if Tut: Nation: A correspondent of yours writes -ing of the papacy," as though ; be an inestimable blessing for bolic community on earth." n is a strange confusion of Catholic truth. Papacy removed, ipso facto the becomes reduced to zero. Is the divine hi Ihurch is body mystical: Holy Spirit its i ; on earth is represented ly till tin e by the Pope, • 1 vice-regenl ; else, Cal bolic can be. dies the Church organism on a par with the primll i - t 1 ntecostal mira< le, ind seal; encyclicals of to-day have and authority for Catholics now as the Apostles' letters to rly Church. Your correspondent ut- rudiments of the Catho- lic faith if he dreams that one true Catho- lic in till Christendom has an atom or shred of Catholic identity minus the "Pa- pacy." wi i.i.iam Price. P ni.. Pa . August 1. CATHOLICS AND LIBERTY OF OPINION'. To the Editor ok Tut: Nation: ' In your issue of August 7, "T. V .." writing a letter on "Catholicism and the Roman Hierarchy," says I made an "amaz- ing statement," when I said, in the Nation of July 24, that I, a Catholic, had not been forbidden to believe in our public ami to disbelieve in a union of Church and state. He advises certain paragraphs of the Syllabus of Er- rors in the Pope's Encyclical of Dei 8, 1864. where, he says, my opinions are proscribed. I have read them. They apply to educational and governmental conditions which are inimical to the Catholic religion. They are not fairly applicable to a school 1 in which Catholics have a voice equal with others, nor to a government over people of many sects which treats all alike. If "T. V." will read, in the Catholic En- cyclopedia, the article on "Schools" by the Rev. William Turner, professor of philoso- phy in the Catholic University at vVa h- ington, and that on "Church and State" by the Rev. Charles Macksey, professor of ethics in the Gregorian University at Rome, he will see that my statement was nothing amazing. I am sorry that I cannot at this find a recent strong statement of C Gibbons, on church and state, printed in the Baltimore Sun, but the following from him of an earlier date will serve: I see no contradiction between lo Christ and allegiance to our civil rulers, nothing in the Constitution • I to the Gospel, and 1 sic nothing in the Gospel that is at variance with t lie- Constitution. And this: I do not wish to see the day when the church will invoke or receive any ee i.t aid to build our churchi ^iry of our clergy, for tin nay then begin to dictate to us what e are to preach. r; h Angnst 11. "OF THE PEOPLE." To THE 1 if The Nation: Sir: In a letter to the Boston Herald seme two weeks since, Mr. C. H. Collester made the same point about Lincoln's nhrase that Mr! Eckels makes in his communication to the Nation of Au- gust 8. Surely they are right. Lin- coln's thought is: We are resolved that t government — i. c, government, not only for the people fas benevolent despo- | iism might be), but also 01/ the people (which representative government alone is), shall not perish. In the shallow elo- of careless speakers, the three prep- ositions are emphasized; I have, however, one intelligent and accomplished . Dr. Charles Fleischer, of Boston, quote it understanding^' : "... govern- ment of the people — by the people and for the people." H. L. Seaver. ■ Institute ol August 14. THE UPLIFT OF THE STAGE. •Tn the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Green Meadows has beco of interest: the eyes of the world, we are I, are upon us; we are mentii the press; our stock company is pictured ip tin ten-cent magazines— because 1 in that rather modern feat of ele- vating the public by means of the stage. We take our theatric solemnity. Going to the theal upon us as a duty, as the "Friday mi n the days of my youth. The Ighter" is hailed as a philanthropist like a martyr. No revivalist mng minister ever searched the and hedges more eagerly to bring th 11 we hunt for sir- of our local theatre. The laborer is pur- bls lair; die working girl to her club of a Sunday afternoon; and — nut the joy — but the duty of theatre-going Is upon them. The clergy appear in th I' hiring in huge headlines: 'Not - k company but Green Met ■ on Trial"; "If we fail our ait. demnatii world will fall on us." run to earth in our offices by eager and voluble young men ; besought to go down into our reluctant Yankee pockets and puri is which we cannot use; to "buy up the gallery," and throw it open to that public we are so anxious to uplift. And the lever of educational and spiritual uplift? the moral boot-strap by which wo are lifting ourselves to higher levels? That really is one of the most in ing phases of the situation. Sometimes the "uplifter" is a Broadway success of some seasons back; again a barnyard and kitchen drama. We elevated the most with "Forty Minutes from Broadway" and "Are You ;i but we have had marked effects — ie. attendance — with "Madame X," "Get- Rich-Quick Wallingford," "Paid in Full," "Going Some," "The Gamblers," "Mrs. Teni- legram," "The Deep Purple," and two Orphans." .\nd yet, in spite of these ennobling of- ferings, the curious fact remains that we iparently merely elevating the ele- vated, after all. The laboring man and tin factory girl continue to haunt the "movies," the vaudeville, and even that in- ferior— and cheaper — company that plays "Romeo" with "a punch that gets over the footlights." There is a rumor that one for- eigner has had a ten-cent seat in the upper gallery since the season opened, and I have heard that "a really quite shabbily dressed woman was seen at a matinee," but in gen- 11 al we are elevating the "old families," the society folk, and the prosperous manu- facturers in the intervals of their descents upon New York, and we are — oh, thoroughly in earnest about it. It will continue to be worth while to watch Green Meadows. L. D. THOMSON. Plttsfleld, Mass.. Angnst 7. Literature EVOLUTIOXARY PHILOSOPHY. Development and Purpose: An Towards <i Philosophy of Bin By L. T. Hobhouse. New York: The Macmillan Co. $4 net. With this volume Professor Hobhouse presents the concluding and unifying part of one of the most considerable and impressive pieces of British philo- sophical construction which our 1 tion has Been. It is the work of a quar- ter-century of exceptionally patient, cir- cumspect, and fair-minded reflection. The principal conclusions of t. thor*s three earlier philosophical books now appear partly as "trans- standpoints," but chiefly as includi and of the main general t cies of reflection during the book is in a high degree repp tive — though charactt For to be broadly laracterlstic of most of tin celebrated recent philosophers; have ral given to exploiting to tli" utmost single and 0 If bril- liant, apercut. Mr. Hobhouse is noth- ing if not judicious and sober-mit which is not to say that he is dull; and,

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164 The JNT a t i o n [Voi. 97, No. 2512 though scarcely one contemporary phi- losopher is mentioned by name, the book gives constant evidence of a very hon- est and impartial pondering of nearly all the characteristic, speculative ideas Of our time. The author's enterprise, like Berg- son's in bis best-known book, is that of taking np the task prematurely essayed by Spencer — the interpretation of evo- lution. In treating this as the essential task of philosophy in general, Mr. Hob- house writes himself down as one of the school of "temporalists" — to use a con- venient term now coming into use. To the entire series of British and Ameri- can post-Kantian idealists the temporal order and the sequences and causes of the events in it were the province of science, but not at all of metaphysics. They took this order, with whatever it happened to contain, and "reinterpret- ed'' it in its "eternal aspect." The con- crete content of the world made little difference to such philosophers; one set of empirical facts was no more — or no less — refractory to inclusion within a time-transcending Absolute or "spiritual principle" than another set. But Mr. Hobhouse — and here he is representa- tive of the prevailing movement among contemporary philosophers — finds such a philosophy neither legitimate nor impor- tant. "I could," he writes, "never ac- cept the view that the whole work of science was of secondary importance, that it could go on constructing its world as it chose, but that whatever its results, a metaphysical analysis would always be able to reinterpret the entire scientific scheme on its own lines." To his philosophy, therefore, the facts of the temporal order are the essential data of philosophy. Were they other than what science apparently shows them to be, the resultant philosophy would be essentially different. And the service which philosophy in the end is to render is to enable us to understand what sort of temporal process is going on here, how we stand related to it, and what our expectations of it may be. On the other hand, philosophy is not merely an abridgment or compend of the results of the special sciences. It uses those results, but it applies both to them and to the presuppositions of the sciences the method of logical analysis. It is by using both instruments that it may gain a generalized acquaintance with the fac- tors, the larger sequences, and the ra- tional meaning of the cosmic process. Of this general problem, the essential question, for Mr. Hobhouse, is that con- cerning the role of mind in evolution. Is the mode of action which we call conscious and, in its higher stages, pur- posive and rational, irreducible to me- chanistic categories? Is it an ac- tual causal factor, both In the physical behavior Of the individual and in the dilution of the course of organic development? Is it a factor which be- comes so increasingly dominant as evo- lution continues that it may be regard- ed as the principal key to the interpre- tation of the whole process? And are there reasons for affirming the existence, over and above particular human and animal intelligences, of a Central Mind, gradually coming to a fuller realization of itself and progressively fulfilling through the cosmic history purposes themselves progressively expansive? The questions are well chosen; for they con- stitute, assuredly, the issues which to a temporalist philosophy must appear of greatest human significance. And to all four of them Mr. Hobhouse returns af- firmative answers. He is — to use, for brevity's sake, the conventional labels for the classification of philosophers — in essentials a psychophysical interac- tionist; he is a "psycho-vitalist," con- ceiving it to be "the simplest hypothesis that all true organic actions are guided by some psychic element" (p. 328); and his doctrine culminates in a sort of evo- lutionary theism. His God is, of course, frankly "a God in the making"; "we must regard the Central Mind itself as undergoing development," and "the pur- pose operating in evolution" as "itself not fully defined in the beginning." The total world-picture which results is a sort of dualism: The Mind that we are led to contemplate must neither be confused with the whole of things nor with an Omnipotent Creator of things. It is not the whole, for mech- anism — the antithesis of purpose — runs through the structure of the whole, and, in dependence on mechanism, discord and evil (p. 367). . . . Our account will yield us a picture of Mind neither as the Lord of All, nor as the casual by-product of the clash of forces, but as the impulse to- wards organic harmony working under lim- iting conditions which it gradually sub- dues; and in such an impulse on a still vaster scale we shall find . . . the most reasonable interpretation of the vital pro- cess of the cosmic order (p. 17). This residual dualism of mechanism and mind has some resemblance to that struggle between the clan vital and an inert and refractory matter which lends c. sort of dramatic interest to Bergson's "Creative Evolution." But one of the two antagonists here is quite unlike its Bergsonian counterpart. The antithesis to mechanism in Mr. Hobhouse's cosmos is not an irrational vital impulse with which we best become acquainted by di- vesting ourselves of the categories of "the intellect"; it is, on the contrary, a tendency towards rationality, mak- ing for "correlation" and "harmony" through ever wider circles of existence. These are conclusions which most of us, no doubt, would gladly see demon- strated. For all of them Mr. Hobhouse offers extended and careful, and some- times effective, argument. To have giv- en an irrefragable philosophy proof of them all would have been a very great achievement. But it seems doubtful whether the rigorous logician will find Mr. Hobhouse's reasoning unimpeach- able at all the critical points. The mat- ter of greatest difficulty is, of course, the extension of the conclusions reached concerning the place of mind in past terrestrial evolution, so as to give them a cosmic bearing and to derive from them a "melioristic" anticipation of the future of the universe and of man. The history of a single planet or solar- system, during the brief span of a few hundreds of millions of years, can scarce- ly yield a cogent inductive inference re- specting the disposition of so large a thing as a universe, or the tendency running through all time. On the other hand, the widest generalization which natural science has yet reached concern- ing, not the recurrent individual phe- nomena, but the prevailing direction, of the processes of the physical world — the so-called law of the degradation of ener- gy— does not afford a favorable basis for a cosmic meliorism. Mr. Hobhouse rec- ognizes these facts, and accordingly rests his larger affirmations not upon an analysis of empirical evidences, but upon an original and ingenious dialecti- cal argument, constituting his conclud- ing two chapters. Unfortunately, this argument is the most obscure and log- ically the weakest part of the book. The author, however, since he is a genuine evolutionist also in his theory of know- ledge, makes no pretension to having reached "demonstrative certainty." He professes only to have shown that "on a complete and impartial review of a vast mass of evidence," his conclusions are "probably true"; and that accordingly we have definite and preponderant rea- sons for answering in an affirmative spirit all "the fundamental questions" — the questions: Whether the life of man is full of hope- ful purpose or void of meaning, whether he can recognize in the constitution of things something that meets his hopes and answers his aspirations, whether he can make for himself a religion without self- deceit, whether ho can finally improve the condition of his race by effort, or is doom- ed always to fall back from every forward step, whether he can trust to his reason or must admit the ultimate futility of thought, whether the spirit of human love is justi- fied of her children, or blood and iron must continue to rule the world. CURRENT FICTION. Works of (HVbert "Parker, imperial Edi- tion. New York: Charles Bcribner's Sous. In IS volumes. $2 each, by subscription, for a novelist, at fifty, to attain tO a lull and "definitive" edition of bis works, is sufficient proof, at the verj least, that bis market value possesses |a certain stability. If any one cares lor

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Aug. 21, 1913 The Nation 165 further proof in the present instance, let him apply at a public library for any dozen novels by this writer, and see how many of them are "in." It is safe as well 1 nt tor Sir Gilbert Parker to waive the use of bis title on his title- An author's advance in popu- lai esteem is marked by the dropping Of prefixes, not by the taking of them. It is an edition of "Parker" which the publishers are now adding to their sim- ilar editions of Kipling and Stevenson mhI Meredith and [bsen. I. Gilbert Parker was born in Canada in and iiis most popular stories have Die Canadian setting. But he has chosen ., subject of the British Empire rather than a Canadian; a fact suggest- ed by the title of "Imperial Edition" given to the present collection of his works. From Trinity College, Toronto, it to Australia, and at twenty was ite editor of a newspaper in Syd- ney. Seven years later he was in Lon- don, seeking his literary fortune. He bad brought with him some twenty tales Of Canadian lite, a few of which bad bet n published in Australia. He meant to make a book of them, and showed them to Archibald Forbes, the war cor- respondent. After reading them, Forbes said: "You have the best collection of titles I have ever known"; and offered ;, letter to a publisher. But the author got the force of the unspoken criticism, took the stories back to his lodgings, read them carefully, and burned them, one by one. The next day he happened to pass a second-hand shop in Covent Garden: "In the window there was the uniform of an officer of the time of Wellington, and beside it — the leather coat and fur cap of a trapper of the Hudson's Bay Company! At that win- dow I commenced to build again upon the ashes of last night's fire. Pretty Pierre, the French half-breed, or rather the original of him as I knew him when a child, looked out of the window at me. So I went home, and, sitting in front of the fire which had received my manu- script the night before, with a pad upon my knee, I began to write the 'Patrol of the Cypress Hills,' which opens 'Pierre and His People.' " These stories found immediate favor with editors (especial- ly with the late W. E. Henley) and a large public. Thereafter it was plain sailing for the young adventurer. Things "came his way" and have not ceased to come. II. In reading the special introductions prepared by the author for this edition, we are chiefly impressed with the evi- dences of his satisfaction in his own work. It is seldom that an artist, liter- ary or other, is able to look at what he has done with such unalloyed pleasure as this. Some measure of discontent, divine or human, is the lot of most workmen as they survey their work. However keen the zest of labor may have been, the product, surveyed in cold after-mood, seems painfully defective, if not paltry altogether. The best .to be got from the experience is a rueful les- son or two, and an impulse to try again. Sir Gilbert has had no such uncomfort- able experience in acting as his own editor. He looks upon the world he has created and finds it good. Each of his books has, he perceives, its own place in the scheme of tilings. Work which critics have slighted as crude or infe- rior, he regards with generous enthusi- asm, with reverence, even, as marking some characteristic of an early mood, or some phase in his development. To ex- plain this attitude we have his firm and confessed belief in popularity as the test of merit. From such a test he emerges triumphant, with the highest possible marks. Hence the well-nigh Boswellian ardor with which he dwells upon the details of his upward course. Hence, instead of suppressing his first long story, "Mrs. Falchion," a juvenile and absurd performance, he reprints it witli a full and kindly commentary. He admits that it is faulty in construction, superficial as to incident, and crude of plot, but imagines that it is "in the main a study of character." That he is notably a student of char- acter, that his persona are living, breathing beings, rather than effective types, is a conviction of his. He cannot let it alone, is always returning to it, "rubbing it in," in the course of these introductions. Even in the Pierre tales, he recalls that characterization was to him the main thing. "The truth is, that while the episode, which is the first essential of the short story, was always in the forefront of my imagination, the character or characters in the episode meant infinitely more to me. To my mind the episode was always the con- sequence of character. That almost seems a paradox; but apart from the phenomena of nature, as possible inci- dents in a book, the episodes which make what are called 'human situa- tions' are, in most instances, the se- quence of character and incidental to the law of character set in motion. As I realize it now, subconsciously my mind and imagination were controlled by this point of view in the days of the writing of 'Pierre and His People.'" To speak of being "controlled by a point of view" is characteristic of this writer. Accuracy of phrase is nothing to him. His effects are the effects of a rapid eloquence. He prides himself quite as much on the painless delivery of his work as upon its slow gestation. He esteems "When Valmond Came to Pontiac" partly because it was written at a heat. He exults in recalling the details of the feat: The manuscript of the book was com- plete within four weeks. It possessed me. I wrote night and day. There were times when I went to bed and, unable to sleep, I would get up at two o'clock or three o'clock in the morning and write till break- fast time. A couple of hours' walk after breakfast, and I would write again until nearly two o'clock. Then luncheon; after- wards a couple of hours in the open air, and I would again write till eight o'clock in the evening. The world was shut out. I moved in a dream. III. The theory of the possession, or ob- session, of the author by his work, is a favorite; it is often recurred to in these introductions. The reader will find it most fully stated in the preface to "The Seats of the Mighty": . . . I have strong views upon this business of compulsion in the mind of the writer. Unless a thing has seized a man, has obsessed him, and he feels that it excludes all other temptations to his talent or his genius, his book will not convince. Before all else he must himself be over- powered by the insistence of his subject, then intoxicated with his idea, and, being still possessed, become master of his ma- terial while remaining the slave of his subject . I believe that every book which has taken hold of the public has represented a kind of self-hypnotism on the part of the writer. I am further convinced that the book which absorbs the author, which possesses him as he writes it, has the effect of isolating him into an atmosphere which is not sleep, and which is not absolute wakefulness, but a place between the two, where the working world is indistinct and the mind is swept along a flood submerging the self-conscious but not drowning into unconsciousness. Atmosphere and individuality are words of which this writer makes much in connection with his work. "The at- mosphere of a story or novel is what temperament is to a man. Atmosphere cannot be created; it is not a matter of skill; it is a matter of personality, of the power of visualization, of feeling for the thing which the mind sees. It has often been said that my books possess atmosphere." And his success in achiev- ing atmosphere for his fiction he per- ceives to be an effect of personality. Therefore, in introducing his South Sea stories, he finds that, "whatever their degree of merit, they possess freshness and individuality of outlook' : Others could no doubt have written them better, but none could have written them with quite the same turn or touch or in- dividuality; and. alter all. what, wo want in the art of fiction is not a story alone, not an Incident of life or soul simply as an incident, but the Incident as seen with and that eye as truthful and direct as possible— of one individual personality. George Meredith and Robert Louis E son might each have chosen the same suh- ]ect and the same story, and each have 1 a masterpiece, and yet thi 01 difference between the way it was pre- .>-< Qted I'V each was the world of difference between the eyes that saw. So I am con-

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!(>(> T li e Nation |\ ol. 97, No. 2512 : ['mi ; .11 in speak fur inc. IV. In a general way it is fair to say that Parker 1ms done lor Canada [ng like what Bret Harte did for early California and Kipling lor the India of the eighties. But so far as atmosphere is concerned, he is more akin to the American than to his fellow-colonial. His atmosphere is local color, heightened and illumined with ro- Like Kipling, however, he has refused to be content with a single atmosphere. He has travelled all over the world and lived all over the Empire, everywhere finding materials, not so much for .im- mediate copy, as for future reference. A certain remoteness in time and place to have been necessary to the free exercise of his fancy. The stories of the South Seas were most of them written in England. "When Valmond Came to Pontiac" was composed partly in Virginia and partly in New York city; "The Translation of a Savage," at Hampstead Heath, "The Trespasser" (a sort of companion piece), in Brittany. The author of "Donovan Pasha" and "The Weavers," first visited Egypt in 1889, but there were to be three more visits, and many years were to pass be- fore he finally undertook the interpre- tation of what he had seen. Only the Jersey stories seem to have been written on the spot. "The Battle of the Strong" was under- taken in a mood of defiance. The large public won by "Pierre and His People" had been held by other stories of the Far North: "It looked as though I should be writing of the Far North all my life. Editors had begun to take that view. ... I was determined that I should not be cabined, cribbed, and con- fined in one field; that I should not, as some other men have done, wind in upon myself until each succeeding book would be but a variation of some pre- vious book and I should end by imitat- ing myself, become the sacrifice to the god of the pin-hole." Therefore he be- took himself, "with his teeth set," to Jersey, determined to prove, to himself at least, that he could write of some- thing besides Canada. It was, he says, the beginning of his wider fame. He saw before him fields for future quering— the Channel Islands, Egypt, South Africa, and India. "In all fields, save India," he says, looking back, "I have given my Pegasus its bridle-rein, and, so far, I have no rea- son to feel that my conviction false." He particularly prides hie .■ of his local color. I Le bas "not yet met a Jerseyman who denl it ["The Battle of the Strong"] lie ,,1 mosphere ol the place." "Donovan Pa Bha," before publication, "passed I the- hands of an Englishman who bad done over twenty years' service in Hie' i'i iii Egypt and in official ms in the Egyptian administra- tion, and I do not think that he made six corrections in the whole tin dred pa; cteristic quality of his work s to be a. peculiar blend of ro- manticism and realism first seen in "Mrs. Falchion," first strongly developed in "The Right of Way." The story of Charley Steele marked, he says, "the beginning of a new epoch in my literary life. I had got into subtler methods, reached more intimate understandings, had come to a place where analysis or character had shaken itself free — but certainly not quite free — from a natural yet rather dangerous eloquence." Cer- tainly not quite free, either then or later. The fact made quite clear by these introductions is that their author misunderstands his function. The great and continued popularity of his work stands for something, but does not prove that it is the work of a serious artist. Gilbert Parker belongs to the same or- der as the late XIarion Crawford. He is a natural story-teller, a born entertainer, with a gusto for his job. He loves to bave things happen, to play upon such nerves and sensibilities as the reader of romance puts at the disposal of romanc- ers. He does not go very deep into hu- man life and character. He bas atmo- sphere and pieturesqueness, and a good stage presence of his own. His latest fiction does not differ In essence from his earliest. Crudities of manner have been outgrown, in large part, but the matter -remains crude, or, it would be fairer to say, elemental. There is less eloquence in "The Weavers" and "The Judgment House" than in the Pretty stories; but they are equally based upon that conventionalized treat- ment of incident and character for which the word "melodrama" is a con- venient tag. BOOKS ON WAR. The Human Slaughter House: Scenes from tin War which is sure to Come. Translated from the German of Wil- ie 1 1 1 1 Lamszus. New York: Frei A Stokes Co. 50 cents net. Pickett inn/ JJis Men. By LaSalle Cor- bell Pickett. Philadelphia: .1. B. I.ippineott Co. 1899, re-issue 1913. 1 net. The Bugles of Oettysourg. ISy LaSalle Corbell Pickett. Chicago: F.G.Browne & Co. $1 net. The Hunt of n Soldier. By LaSalle Cor- bell I'i. k( It. Nl W V01K: (Incorporated 1. $1.80 net. Tie- nary of 1863, th leal yeai Ivil War, 1 est in our memories of that time, and this is shown abundantly in the pub- lists. With the.- a notewor- thy book from Germany in "The Human iter Mouse" of Wilhelm Lamszus, which reflects the apprehension felt in Europe of an imminent catastrophe. s is by profession a man humane, accomplished, of strong imagination, and good power of descrip- tion, and his work is of set purpose in the highest degree shocking. The title is repulsive, the binding is of the color of blood, and set off with a human skull, v. bile the contents are an unshrinking al of the worst horrors. The au- thor well knows the improvements, so- called, of military art, and paints relent- lessly in minute detail such a battle as is "sure to come." No intelligent reader will feel that the forecast is exaggerated. We have mastered rapidly in our day the forces of earth, air, and sea, and when these are applied, as in future war- fare they will be, to devastation and homicide, how can the result be mea- sured? Here is a presentment of the very naked truth. What good result can be looked for from such a book? The author himself has no hope of averting or even mitigating the horrors he de- picts. The war is "sure to come." We rank ourselves definitely among paci- ficists, but we question the wisdom of our brother peacemen who see in such books a means for making our bad case better. After all, the dreadful features of this warfare of the future cannot be worse than those of the warfare of the past. The process will be quicker, but it cannot go further. Heretofore smil- ing lands have been made deserts and whole races exterminated. Better per- haps that it should be done in a day than that the agony should be protract- ed. Nor do the imaginary horrors of Lamszus surpass the recitals, based on fact, of Tolstoy, relating to the Russian Campaign of 1S12, or the Erckmann- Chatrian descriptions of the Napoleonic downfall, or the narratives of the Thir- ty Years' War. Heretofore such ac- counts have not availed to hold men hack from battle, nor will the anticipa- tion of Lamszus hold them back now. From the beginning of the world man- kind has stood faci to ' e with the grim visage of war. Its lineaments are upon the ! (he Napola 3 ol e was broken even 1 1 gb it must be bj force Of ai ms. As to our ow n Civil \\ ai'. we

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Aug. 21, [913 T h e N" a t i o n 167 the North did well to j and tin- misguided hosts that ! would have given over our continent to particularism, to that granulation of na- ! tions which brings paralysis to all good ■ The humane have long wished that irbitrament than that of the found for our differ- past did not find, nor has lund it, though we may at the hearts of men slowly grow toward ss and reason. Civili- is still threatened from the out- ;igery, and pervaded within stition, ignorance, class and racfal prejudice, and anarchic bru- tality. Tie se evil powers are militant, and in the last resort can be met only with weapons. Hoping and working for must make the best of what is, and if there are alleviations for our sad lot, it is right to bring them to bear. knightly soldier has always been for men and women a beloved image, irrior Whom neither shape of danger can dismay Nor thought of sinful happiness betray. Such figures (harm and inspire us, standing out though they do in the midst of ghastly environments which are the conditions of their appearance; and such an one in our time of trial was Gen. George E. Pickett, champion though he was of a cause which, had he lived, he would probably have believed to have been fortunately lost. Though sent to West Point through influence of Abraham Lincoln, he was from first to last an ardent soldier of the South, in sincere loyalty recognizing as sovereign not the nation, but Virginia, the State of his birth. That his devotedness was honestly misdirected hardly abates the attractiveness of his manhood. He had the light traits of a trouba- dour, carrying his guitar at his belt as well as his sword, a singer' of ditties, sensitive to bird songs and flowers, a slender, elegant figure in the dance, with locks curling towards his shoul- ders, soulful eyes, and passionate sigh- ings towards his lady-love. With all this he was the most virile of combat- ants, the conspicuous hero in a hundred fierce encounters, according to McClel- lan the best leader of infantry develop- ed on either side during the Civil War. No figure of the time is revealed to us more clearly. His wife sets him forth in three books, largely a reprinting of what has heretofore appeared. Among these books, "Pickett and his Men, though the largest, has the least value. This is a formal history of the events in which her husband played a part, reasonably correct, and magnanimous in tone, marred, however, by efflorescent rhetoric and sometimes silent when a full utterance was needed. As to the famous charge, for instance, on the third day at Gettysburg, the most memorable event with which her husband's name is linked, Mrs. Pickett abandons her prac- tice of revealing everything and sup- 3 what her husband wrote about the conception of the attack and the conduct of those who were appointed to sustain it. What Pickett really thought is withheld from a desire to avoid ani- mosities and heart-burnings. That \as probably the most critical incident of the war, and the full opinion of its leader as to the wis- dom of his commander and the acts of his associates is important to military history. The "Bugles of Gettysburg" is in form a novel, a slight work, though it has vivid pictures of the contested fields and the homes behind them. In partic- ular the negro and his relations with his masters has good illustration. Much the most interesting of the se- ries is "The Heart of a Soldier, as Re- vealed in the Intimate Letters." The wife consents "with reluctance" to the publication of these letters, and it seems indeed hardly delicate to give to the world communications so intimate; we, however, are the gainers. As love- letters they are charming, and always kind and chivalrous, not vainglorious in the time of triumph, nor cast down in defeat, just alike to enemies and friends. He was a soldier among the knightliest, and a lover to make glad the life of any woman. War is dread- ful. Lamszus does not exaggerate its terrors. Here was a man whose career from first to last was warfare. There are traits in his story which illuminate and in some measure offset the gloom. Some of Mrs. Pickett's stories are very pleasant to read. Of Lincoln, who had helped Pickett to enter West Point, she relates: It was in Richmond (April, 1865), the day after the fire. The servants had all run away. With my baby on my arm, I answered a knock at the door, and looked up at a tall, gaunt, sad-faced man, in ill- fitting clothes, who with the accent of the North asked, "Is this George Pickett's place?" "Yes, sir, but he's not here." "I know that, marm," he replied, " but I just wanted to see the place. I'm Abraham Lincoln." "The President!" I gasped. The stranger shook his head and said, "No, marm. No, marm. Just Abraham Lincoln, George's old friend." "1 am George Pickett's wife, and this is his baby," was all I could say. My baby reached out his hands to him. He took him in his arms with an ex- pression of rapt, almost divine tenderness and love, which lighted up the sad face, by opened his mouth wide and in- sisted on giving his father's friend a dewy, infantile kiss. Shaking his finger at him playfully, Mr. Lincoln gave the little one back to me, and said, "Tell your father, the rascal! that I forgive him for the sake of that kiss and those bright eyes." He turned and went down the steps, and passed out of my sight forever. Grant, too, had been Pickett's friend. "On the occasion of my son's birth bon- fires were lighted all along Pickett's line. Grant saw them and sent scouts to learn the cause. When they report- ed, he said to Gen. Ingalls: 'Haven't we some kindling on this side of the line?' Bonfires were soon flaming from the Federal line. A few clays later there was taken through the lines a baby's silver service engraved, 'To George E. Pickett, jr., from his father's friends, U. S. Grant, Rufus Ingalls, George Suckley.' " As a soldier Pickett was most widely known for the charge at Gettysburg, though his supreme achievement, no doubt, was at Five Forks, a losing bat- tle, fought against desperate odds, but with matchless skill -and valor. In these books he stands extraordinarily revealed even in his inmost life, a man high-minded, strong, and lovable. The heart of this soldier was sweet and wholesome, and he evoked from his en- vironment, whether friendly or hostile, a response in kind: Such brave fidelity in death! Such strength and loving will ! These are the holy balsam drops that woful wars distil. England and the Orleans Monarchy. By Major John Hall. New York: E. P. Button & Co. $4 net. Major Hall, author of "The Bourbon Restoration," is thoroughly at home in nineteenth-century diplomatic history, and for the present work he has made extensive researches in the archives of London and Paris. The result is an or- derly and detailed narrative of the ne- gotiations— primarily between England and France, but necessarily involving much attention to Russian and Austrian relations also — concerning the establish- ment of Belgium, the Spanish and the Eastern questions, and the revolution- ary movement in Switzerland in 1847 and 1848. The work contains the most satisfactory account of these subjects in English; incidentally it throws some new light on certain aspects of the Bel- gian question, and it presents a new in- terpretation— not altogether convincing — of Palmerston's policy in respect to the formation of the Quadruple of 1840. In r 1th Eng- land, felt that the July Revolution made the alii ' atial; that neither tin; t of gaining additional terri- tory in Belgium, nor the suppo- sing to the propagandist spirit, newly aroused in France by the overthrow of the Bour- bons, should be allowed to prejud:

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L68 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2512 attempl to obtain the support of Eng- land. Louis Philippe, on the other hand, while be never seriously contem- plated accepting the Belgian crown for his son, hoped to find some way out which would at once satisfy the discon- tented radicals at home and retain the friendship of the English Government — ' Some scheme was on foot whereby France was to acquire a part of Bel- gium, and, in return, England was to have the right of garrisoning Antwerp, which was (o be declared a free port." And the same opposition between Tal- leyrand and the home Government ap- pears in respect to the withdrawal of the troops from Belgium. The negotiations leading up to the Quadruple Treaty of 1840 are examined in great detail, and the story is skil- fully told. French historians general- ly maintain that in this affair Palmers- ton was actuated by the deliberate pur- pose of isolating France. Some able English historians, such as Spencer Wal- pole, have taken much the same ground; and have, in addition, siding with the "Whig friends" of Palmers- ton in the Cabinet and at Holland House, condemned him for neglecting the "greater good," namely, the French alliance, for the temporary advantage of winning a point in Egypt. Major Hall defends Palmerston from both charges. Palmerston, he says, already saw that the Egyptian question was of vital importance for the future inter- ests of England in India: this, and not the French alliance, was the greater good. In any case, he thinks, Palmers- ton was not responsible for the exclu- sion of France from the treaty. He sincerely desired to bring France in; the mistaken and foolish policy of Thiers — a policy based upon his be- lief that it would prove wholly imprac- ticable to attempt to dislodge Mehemmet from Syria, and that the Powers would never act without France — was really re- sponsible for the isolation of France. That Palmerston's primary motive was to isolate France is certainly not true. Major Hall makes it clear that he would have been content if France had joined with the Powers. Yet it does not appear that he was ready to make any important concession in order to achieve that result. The decisive event in the whole affair was Russia's un- looked-for abandonment of the policy involved in the treaty of Unkiar Ske- lessi. Once certain of Russian support, Palmerston certainly cared little what Prance might do; his correspondence with Thiers amounts substantially to this: "These are our terms; take them or leave them, it is all one to me." With something of the conciliatory spirit of Aberdeen, mere friendly relatione be- tween the two countries might have been preserved, although it is not at all certain that France, even in that case, would have been induced to adopt the policy of tlii! Quadruple Treaty. Whether the French Alliance was in truth the greater good, for which Eng- land might well have sacrificed much, involves the whole question of English and French relations in the nineteenth century. During the century and a quarter which elapsed between the ac- cession of William III and the over- throw of Napoleon, England and France were always rivals, and during approx- imately half that time were actually at war with each other. During the cen- tury since 1815, on the contrary, no war has disturbed the peace between them; in spite of serious opposition of inter- ests in Egypt and elsewhere, often bring- ing them to the verge of hostilities, they have always avoided a rupture; they fought together in the Crimea, and at present are united in an entente cordiale. It must have been some per- sistent influence that turned the ancient enmity of France and England into an armed truce, and the armed truce into a quasi-alliance. The motives which have directed the diplomacy of France are clear enougn. It was fitting, indeed, that Talleyrand should advocate the English alliance; for the effect of his policy at the Con- gress of Vienna was to make Prussia the guardian of the Rhine, and it is hardly an exaggeration to say that the sequel of his success in 1815 was the disaster of 1870. At all events, after 1815 the thing which the French were most interested in, apart from the main- tenance of the Revolution at home, was the desire to recover lost prestige abroad, to wipe out the humiliation of the second Restoration and the second Treaty of Paris — a desire which, after 1870, took the form of la Revanche, the determination to recover Alsace and Lorraine. Generally speaking, France has always felt that the English alli- ance was essential to the success of this policy, and she has conceded much in order to maintain friendly relations with England. But until recently, England has seem- ed not greatly to need the support of France, or indeed the support of any one. I'pon English sentiment, a strik- ing effect of the overthrow of Napoleon was the tremendous accentuation of the spirit of insular self-sufficiency. And the crass conceit and vulgar provin- cialism which so irritated Byron and helped to make him the prophet of revo- lutionary Europe, which Inspired Nie- buhr, a great admirer of English insti- tutions, to say that England was dying of the cancer of egoism, profoundly af- fected English diplomacy for half a century. The spirit, of the time was perfectly expressed in Canning's jingo- istic phrase — "Every nation for itself, and Cod for all." Now, Palmerston, as Major- Hall remarks, was a true Can- ningite. He was neither Whig nor Tory, but pure opportunist. With striking ability and unrivalled resourcefulness he pushed the immediate interests of England, regardless whether he thereby served liberalism or reaction, careless of any principle of permanent balance or settled alliance. England, he thought, could guard its own interests; let France guard hers. However successful such a policy might be in the hands of a Palmers- ton, it could only lead, in the end, to a splendid isolation. Even in 1871 there was some point in the characteristically exaggerated statement of Ruskin that England was "in much bodily fear; that is to say, afraid of the Russians; afraid of the Prussians; afraid of the Ameri- cans; afraid of the Hindus; afraid of the Chinese; afraid of the Japanese; afraid of the New Zealanders; and afraid of the Caff res: and very justly so, being conscious that our only real desire respecting any of these nations has been to get as much out of them as we could." In recent years the wisdom of the opportunist policy of Palmerston has seemed less and less apparent; and England, watching with apprehension the growth of the military and naval power of Germany, and feeling the pinch of her industrial competition, has at last recognized that the permanent good will of France may have its value. The result is the entente cordiale — an entente which might have been much more cordial than it is on the part »i France, if English statesmen had been less self-satisfied, during the period from 1830 to 1875. It is certainly pos- sible to maintain, with much show of reason, that in 1840 the "greater good" was after all the French alliance, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centur- ies England did much to prevent France from gaining Alsace and Lorraine; if she had done more to enable France to keep them in 1870, it might not now be so uncertain whether, in case of a war with Germany, the entente cor- diale would prove to have been worth while. Daniel Oookin, 1612-1687: His Life and Letters and Some Account of His An- cestry. By Frederic William Gookin. Chicago: Privately printed. To most students of American history Daniel Gookin is known, we imagine, only as the devoted and indefatigable superintendent of the Praying Indians in Massachusetts, and as the author oi two invaluable works on the early his- tory of the Indians in New England, The present volume, the fruit of more than sixty years of painstaking reBean b, first by John Wingate Thornton, and later by 1 be author, brings together for the first time ail the known facta ol Oookln'B life, and enables us to Bee Hie

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Aug. 21, 1913J The Nation 169 notable part which he played in the co- lonial history of the seventeenth cen- tury. Gookin was of Irish descent. In 1641, at the age of twenty-nine, he came to America and settled in Virginia, where Ik had already obtained a grant of land. The next year he joined with other Pur- itans in a letter to the Massachusetts elders, known as the "Nansemond peti- tion," praying for a minister; but the hostility of Gov. Berkeley, who procur- ed irom the Assembly the passage of an act of conformity, drove out two of the three ministers who were sent. Per- haps because of this incident Gookin, in 1643, removed to Maryland, and in 1644 to Boston, where he was cordially received, and at once made a church member and a freeman. In 1648 1 tied at Cambridge. Public hon- ors came rapidly. He was made captain of militia, an office which he retained for nearly forty years; was repeatedly elected a member of the General Court; and in 1651 was Speaker. In 1654, being in England on private business, he was prevailed upon by Cromwell to take charge of an enter- prise for the transplantation of New England settlers to Jamaica. The ill-con- sidered project failed, however. He was back in Boston in 1656, in England again in 1658, and in 1660 returned to Boston on the ship which brought Whal- ley and Goffe, the fugitive regicides. Meantime, he was actively engaged in the coastwise trade, and later carried on a controversy with Rhode Island over a land grant. The negotiations with Gorges for the purchase of Maine were begun by him, and he drew up the final report on the matter for the General Court, in 1678. In the long struggle with the Crown over the Massachusetts charter he was a leader. In 1673 he be- came one of the proprietors ot the town of Worcester, but continued to reside at Cambridge until his death, in 1687. Gookin was first appointed Superin- tendent of Praying Indians in 1656, and held the office continuously from 1661 to 1684. With Eliot he maintained a lifelong friendship, repeatedly travel- ling with him on his visits to the In- dian settlements in Massachusetts and Connecticut. He was the first to learn of the impending outbreak of King Philip's war, but only by the greatest exertions was he able to save the Chris- tian Indians from extermination at the hands of the excited colonists. For his noble conduct during the war he re- ceived much popular denunciation, and in 1676 failed of election to the General Court; but the Court stood by him and bestowed upon him enhanced military honors, and in 1677 he regained his seat. Save for this episode, public opinion throughout his life held him to be, as Samuel Sewall declared on the day of Gookin's death, "a right good man." The author's work has been well done. The chapters on Gookin's ancestry are excellent examples of genealogical study, and the text is enriched by numerous documents hitherto unpublished. Me- chanically, the volume is a handsome piece of book-making. Notes A collected edition of Leonard Merrick's novels is to be issued in London, with in- troductions contributed by various novel- ists. We trust some New York publisher will import the edition for this country. The Klondike country will be the sub- ject of Howard V. Sutherland's "Out of the North," announced by Desmond FitzGerald. "My Voyage in the U. S. Frigate Congress, 1845-1846," by Elizabeth D. Van Denburgh, will be published by the same house in September. The Thomas Y. Crowell Company will offer in the autumn "The New Man," by Jane Stone; "The Quest of the Best," on the training of boys, by William De Witt Hyde; and a fifth edition of "The Journal of a Recluse." New books announced by Sampson, Low, Marston & Company are "My Somali Book," by A. H. E. Mosse ; "Where He Dwelt, or Mind Pictures of Palestine," by Alfred T. Schofield; "The Great Mystery Solved (Ed- win Drood)," by Gillan Vase, and "The Honourable Mr. Tawnish," by Jeffery Far- no], to be illustrated in color by C. E. Brock. Paul Elder & Company will shortly pub- lish a new manual by Virginia M. Meyer on "How to Become a Good Card Player," also a set of six manuals on popular card games by Mrs. Meyers, the size to corre- spond to that of a pack of cards. A volume of illustrations and decorations in color, by Elsinore R. Crowell, entitled "Behind the Garden Wall," will also be on the fall list of children's books. The Macmillan Company announces for publication in November "Theodore Roose- velt: An Autobiography." Other announce- ments include Feodor Dostoievsky's "The Idiot: A Novel in Four Parts"; "Peeps at Many Lands," by Frank Elias; "Mechan- ics and Heat," by J. Duncan; a new edition of Wilfrid Wilson Gibson's "Daily Bread"; a fifth edition of Medley's "Student's Manu- al of English Constitutional History"; "Corn Crops," by E. G. Montgomery, and Vol. V of The Correspondence of Jonathan Swift. In an article entitled "The Ascent of Mont Blanc," in the National GeograpMo Magazine for August, Mr. W. W. Hyde, of the University of Pennsylvania, describes not only his own experiences, but those of many other mountaineers, including the peasant Jacques Balmat, who in 1786 was the first to reach the summit. The 69 illus- trations are of the Mont Blanc region and many of the most notable Alpine peaks, as well as of Swiss villages and peasant wo- men In their quaint and attractive cos- tumes. A brief account of the Italian lakes. with thirteen charming pictures, is given by Mr. Arthur E. Mayer. Columbia University has issued a fif- teenth edition of its "Catalogue of Officers and Graduates," the first edition having appeared as early as 1774. Particular care has been given in the present publication to the locality index, in order that it may serve as a directory for non-resident alum- ni. Other classifications make this a con- venient work of reference. Wordsworth's "Poems, in Two Volumes" has been reproduced at the Oxford Uni- versity Press from the edition of 1807. Ex- cept for the addition of line numbers and a few typographical corrections, duly noted, this is a reprint, verbatim, literatim, and page for page. The two volumes are bound together in one in the admirable green- and-gold series. It is pleasant to see that the "Collected Poems," by Austin Dobson, have reached a ninth edition (Dutton). How unusual and exquisite the note of his verse begins al- ready to sound, and what a wholesome trea- sure these pages contain. Jean Ingelow is remembered more for her novels, especially for the beautiful story of "Off the Skelligs," than for her verse, but there will be not a few readers pre- pared to welcome the volume of her "Poems" just issued by Henry Frowde. A number of magazine articles and re- views have been gathered by Edwin Bjorkman and published by Mitchell Ken- nerley in a volume, with the title "Voices of To-morrow." The voices are such as come from Strindberg, Bjornson, Francis Grierson, Maeterlinck, Bergson, Gissing, Jo- seph Conrad, Robert Herrick, and Mrs. Wharton. It may not be easy at first to understand in what way the disillusioned utterances of a Gissing may be harmonized with the hot-house mysticism of a Mae- terlinck, and so with the others, and as a matter of fact, these names are more associated by a community of revolt than by any unanimity of purpose. Mr. Bjorkman's own faith is perhaps best in- dicated by quoting some of his words on Bergson : It is nothing less than a new religious formulation that seems to shape itself be- fore our rapt vision when Bergson says that God, as defined in the light of the life-urge theory, "has nothing of the al- ready made," but is "unceasing Hi tion, freedom." ... A divine principle, lying ahead and not behind us; an immor- tality not miraculously conferred, but log- ically attained : these appear to be some of the possibilities contained in Bergson's audacious conclusions. Mrs. Pio/.zi died in 1821, yet the six folio volumes of Thraliana in which she carried out Johnson's advice "to get a little book, and write in it all tlv might hear, all the observations I might make, all the ver likely to be published, and, In fine everything which struck me." remain in ms, but tor such as were given in the biographical works of Hayward a Now Charles Hughes, In "Mrs. Pio/.zi's Thraliana" (Simp- kin. Marshall, Hamilton, Kent . eels out some further samples from what is evidently an extraordinary storehouse of anecdotes. The reason given by the p OWn< 1 Ol Thraliana. a Mr. SaluSDUry, who is. a direct descendant of the Piozzis, for the

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170 The JNT a (ion | Vol. 97, No. 2512 1 leal Ion ol 1 lu manuscript as a whole is thai "il c-ontai I deal ol mat ter 1 hat is iii too i'ii- ate and delicate 1 - ha i.i' ter to bi ubmitted to si ra agers And, indeed 1 .t racts no one may see that the w al least rained in her statements. She oni hal it was strange (or a woman to p olume, to "put do of her heart, and call it Thraliana, :■. ' to de troy it." ber re tors will burn t : Mr. In. him by their < Qtirelj under irn iponsible charm. A remarkal Mrs. Piozzi's estimate of tl rsonages she met, Scoring them all 0 lie nf twenty, under nil as religion, schol- arship, manners, wit. and good humor. Dr. Johnson was 9 ith twenty in re- ligion, morality, and general knowledge, and with nineteen in scholarship, but in person and voice, manners and good humor, he got only a flat zero. The only person, indeed, who had any good humor was Bos- well, with nineteen points, and Evelina Bur- ner's father, with eighteen. The best rec- ord in person and voice and manners was, of course. Garrick's, with eighteen and seventeen poil ively, although Mrs. Thrale was dutiful enough to rate her husband a close second. Burke excelled in 1 knowledge and religion, but had neither wit nor trumor; in person ami voice his mark was twelve, or about the aver- age. Garrick's wit was allotted the best, and next to Dr. Johnson. Dr. Beattie's re- ligion and morality. Baretti and Seward were evident! ad mips, for they had no religion whatever, and very little mo- rality. Sir Joshua Reynolds is left out of account, because Mrs. Piozzi was never able to make up In 1 mind as to his real character. Among the interesting bits of scandal in the book one is inimitably told, in her own words, of a statesman for whom she had little liking : 'Tis now time to turn over a new leaf for the great orator. Mr. Edmund Burke, win,, after 1 bad ran all over Wales in 1774, was the first man I had ever seen drunk or heard talk obscenely, when 1 lived with him and his Lady at Beacons- field, among dirt, cobwebs, pictures, and statues that would not have disgraced the city of Paris itself, where misery and magnificence reign in all their splendor and in perfect amity. (.Vote: Irish Roman Catholics are always like the foreigners somehow, dirty and dressy with all their clothes hanging as if upon peg.) That Mrs. Burke drinks as well as her husband, and that their blackamoor carries tea about with a cut finger wrapped in rags, must help to apologize for the severity with which 1 have treated so distinguished a character. Perhaps in view of the tolerated vaga- ries of title-pages, it would be unreason- able to complain because one's curiosity as to what a moving-picture of democracy ■ ould i"' lik< 1 - i'. ill tin it 1 tfled after one ■ : 1 Gerald Stanley Lee's book, "Crowds : A Mi 1 of Den (Doubledaj Perhaps, too, one ought not to complain at thi of democracy shadowed forth in 11 Is view of the fact that "demo come to 1 te of tl ; rms app] li d to a] I 'ii ol human relations which the user of the term ap- 1 : in approve. • therefore merely mile lis an interesting fact thai although one division of thi is beaded "Letting the Crowd Be Beauti ful," democracy as Mr. Lee conceives it wholly concerned with the efficient production of goods, the ef- and equitable distribution of the mil the rendering to one another by the membi rs of society, in a spirit of mutual helpfulness, of officicnt economic service. "Crowds" is, in fact, not an easy book to describe. Broadly speaking, its theme may be said to be modern industrial and com- mercial life, especially as seen in England and the United States; and its central <■ at least the one most frequently i on, in one way or another, is that most of the trouble in this world has its root in inefficiency, and that this, in turn, is due to the tired-mindedness and short sight of a very large proportion of those who are attempting to do the world's work. The book ultimately develops into a glori- fication of ex-President Roosevelt. Indeed. on page 47S, and following, Mr. Roosevelt is formally presented to us as the real theme of it, in language that is some- times almost dithyrambic, and not always in good taste. The Progressive party ia nowhere mentioned, but some of its char- acteristic doctrines find expression, as, for example, on page 487, where it is insisted that the right sort of men shall be allowed to have a monopoly in their business when they say they need it for greater efficiency ; but the wrong sort are to be told that they may not have such monopoly, and are to be told why. "'Telling them why," says Mr. Lee, with delightful naivete "will be governing them." But how, the doubt- er asks, shall the Government distinguish between the two kinds of men? "The Gov- ernment." says the author, "will deal with each man according to the facts, the scientific facts that he has proved about himself." We have been hearing a good deal of late about the science of human con- duet. Here is a novel but sufficiently im- portant task waiting for that science when Mr. Lee and those who think with him get their way in the handling of society. There is a good deal that suggests Car- lyle in "Crowds," and notably those chap- ters in book five which pour out contempt upon the House of Commons, and by im- plication upon all legislative assemblies, Perfectly Carlylean is the comparison made 11 Oxford Street, which hums, in the author's picturesque phraseology, ami the House of Commons, Which hems. It would be doing less than justice to Mr. Lee, however, to suggest that his book is pri- marily an imitative Thi re are passages of first tin ad 1 at in ra 1 Ion in it . and read - Ing that is both wholesome and stimulal Ing; and this one may say even thOUgfa most ol the idea:-: in il I I lie way with I lie ,i those who in Hie modern world a ..nine the robes of the prophet , ari littli likely to afford very definite guidance In the wor 1 renovation and lnvig- oi al ion. ytinot" (London: Arnold), edited by B, M. Hart- Synnot, will be of slight interest to most The letters, which were prepared for his wife, constitute a kind of jour- nal kept by the general dining his several ,us in Afrii .1 1872 and 1902. Me writes for the most part about the ma- terial objects seen on Ins journeys, and tails with which, as a military offi- cial, be was immediately occupied. Of the 1 characteristics of the countries he visited we learn a good deal: of the and their customs much less; of of general interest, virtually noth- ing. On one occasion only does he break through his habitual reserve in respect to the political issues involved. He devotes a page to the causes of the Boer war of 1881, which he explains with charming naive- te; Boer independence "means the right 01 carrying on slavery," whereas "England will not tolerate slavery; this is the Boer's great grievance." In the outcome of that struggle he was keenly disappointed, and lie permits himself the following criticism of the policy of the Government: "When it comes to taking two or three blows and then being told to cry 'make friends' in- stead of fight it out, I see conduct not only unfit for men, but what would be con- demned with kicks and jeers in the play- ground of every school in Britain." We have been told of battles won on the fields ol Eton and Harrow, but it is perhaps just as well that political issues are not always brought to the test of schoolboy ethics. A new edition of the journal of that ob- servant but somewhat censorious traveller, Jasper Danckaerts, formerly known as Hankers, who as a Labadist missionary ed through the colonies in America from New York to the Chesapeake and in Albany and Boston, has been is- tied as the latest volume in the series of Original Narratives of Early American History (Scribner). Even if nothing more 1 ail I n done than to reprint the Murphy text of 1867, a very real benefit would have I 11 n conferred upon students and readers 01 colonial history in this country. The Murphy edition has alwa: [accessi- ble, printed as it was in the memoirs of a little-known historical society where few were likelj to see it and fewer still to read it. while the brief extracts in Hart's "Con- tempories," though fairly well selected, gave no adequate idea of the value and in- terest of the whole narrative. Dr. Jameson has done much more than reprint the Mur- phy ver ion . be hai - m-rected the text, 1 ,ai, in- ii from the original :h manu- script found by Mr. Murphy in an old book- shop in Amsterdam in 1864 : discovered the real name of Hankers to have been aerts, through an autograph note In a copy of tin Old Testament in the Indian lan- guage given by John Eliot to Danckaert 1 in 1680 and, wonderful to relate, still in e\- Istenci in the library ol the Zeeland Vi ad emj of Sciences at Middlebui 1 In the Neth- , . land . Identified ball a bundi ed n persons and places Which are almost unliv- ii lllglble in tin- 1. nth 1 'ui. I. 1." in ■ ad ,.,i bj the writer; added largelj to the know ledi 1 1 id of 1 !"■ 1 1 1 eera ol .,,,. 1 aei i and bl

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Aug. 21, 1913] T lie Nation 171 facts obtained from Dutcb sources; and tarnished many valuable annotations thai explain genealogical and topographical dif- ficulties met with in the text. The Rev. B. ii. James, who had already qualified liini- m If for the task by the publication of a n the LabadiSi colony in Maryland. has contributed a general introduction set- ting forth the main facts regarding Labad- imii and the Labadlsts and the history, as far as known, of the settlement on Bohe- t DanckaertS'S pen-and- ink sketches, of which a number have been iduced in facsimile as a in the volume, and as show- ing New York in 1679 is of great interest. being (as Dr. Jameson says), "topographi- cally accurate, and drawn with no slight 'jf skill." To illustrate the journal, two maps or portions of maps have been photographically presented, one the north- east corner of the celebrated map of Mary- land which Augustine Herrman made for Lord Baltimore, and the other of New York and New England, a Visscher map of 1655- 56, altered to suit the date 1671 and pub- lished in Ogilby's "America." Altogethet ult is a definitive edition of a unique historical document, prepared with scrupu- >" and rendered easily accessible in Nil- popular use. Of tie numi rous hooks about Gettysburg inniversary of the battle lias called out. Jesse Bowman Young's "Bat- tle of Gettysburg" (Harpers) is. for the lay the most readable and generally tory. The' author, himself a Union Officer, knows the ground intimately; he I and weighed the voluminous lit- of the campaign, including a num- works published within a few months; and he writes clearly and inter- estingly. His judgments of men and move- ments are. on the whole, such as have come ■I I'V ii ' 'ill I-'.' I 11 hi lion ties; while on controverted points he for- tifies his own conclusions by an adequate presentation of the evidence. Extended ap- pendices give the rosters of the two armies, together with the record of West Point graduates who served on the two sides. The illustrations reproduce a number of con- temporary prints. Volume XXI of the "Journals of the Con- tinental Congress," edited bv Gaillard Hunt (Government Printing Office), completes the record for 1781. Although the Articles of Confederation had gone into effect only in March, the Governmental machinery was already working badly. The responses of the States to requisitions for money were slow and inadequate, the attendance of members fell off, and twice, in August and November, the States had to be urged to keep their representation full. The exigen- cies of the war in the South made it neces- sary, in July, for Congress to advance money to the delegates from North Caro- lina, South Carolina, and Georgia, pending remittances from those States, and to per- mit Maryland and Virginia, in August, to import salt. An elaborate report on the defects of the Articles was submitted Au- gust 22. In spite of these embarrassments, however, Congress stuck manfully to its task. Consular representatives of France were officially recognized, although the rati- fication of a consular convention was de- layed. The exchange of Burgoyne and his officers was at last agreed to. American captives confined in prison ships at New York were ordered to be supplied with clothing and provisions, at the same time that retaliation for the barbarous treat- ment of prisoners of war by the British was seriously urged by members. The con- between New Hampshire and New York over Vermont was submitted to Con- gress, and a committee appointed to con- sider it. The reorganization of the Treas- ury, in September, was followed in De- cember by the incorporation of the Bank of North America. The principal military event of the period was, of course, the surrender of Cornwallis, the news of which reached Congress on October 24, five days after the event, and only a few days after the report of Greene's victory at Eutaw Springs. For both of these successes Con- gress voted warm and unfeigned thanks. Beginning November 5 there is a slight formal change in the "Journals,'' the cre- dentials of members and the committee ap- pointments being omitted. The volume has the usual appendices, including a careful bibliography, and an index for the year. lnis Nelson Larned, writer and li- brarian, died Friday in Buffalo in his sev- enty-seventh year. From 1850 to 1872 he served upon the editorial staff of the Buf- falo Express. He was Superintendent of ion from 1872 to 1873, and superin- tendent of the Buffalo Library from 1877 to 1897. From 1893 to 1894 he was president of 1 < hi Library Association. He was the author of "Talks about Labor." "His- tory for Ready Reference," "Talk about Books." "History of England for Schools," "A Multitude of Councillors," "Primer of Right and Wrong," "History of the United States for Secondary Schools," "Seventy Centuries — A Survey," "Books, Culture, and Character." He edited the Literature of Imerican History in 1902. Alumna? of Radeliffe College will be pain- ed to hear of the death of Miss Mary Coes. She was horn in Worcester in 1861,' and had been connected with Radeliffe ever since her enrolment as a student in 1883. She was assistant secretary from lS!iO to 1894, and secretary from 1894 to 1910, when she was appointed dean. Wellesley Perry Coddington, since 1891 professor of philosophy at Syracuse Uni- versity, died last week at Hamburg, Ger- many. He was born at Ossining, N. Y., in 1840, and graduated from Wesleyan Uni- versity in 1860. Prof. Henri Marion, for thirty years pro- fessor of modern languages in the United States Naval Academy, died last Thursday at Culver, Ind. Professor Marion was des- ignated by the Government as the official interpreter of the party that brought the body of John Paul Jones from Frai this country in 1906, and later he wrote a book on the subject, "Last Cruise and Final Resting Place of John Paul Jones." He was the author of several textbooks of French and Spanish. August Ferdinand Bebel, the German So- cialist, died in Zurich, Switzerland, on August 13. He was born in Cologne in L840, and, though rich at the time of his death, he had had a severe struggb with poverty as a child and young man. In i-i'T be was elected to the North Ger- man Parliament, and four years later to the new German Reichstag. In 1872 he was accused, with his friend Liebknecht, of an attempt at high treason, and was condemn- ed to two years' imprisonment, and to nine months for insult to the German Emperor. He was reelected, however, to the Reichs- tag, and maintained his place there. Among his numerous writings are the following: "Christentum und Sozialismus," "Charles Fourier," "Die Frau und der Sozialis- mus," and "Die Sozialdemokratie und das allgemeine Wahlrecht." A more ex- tended notice of Herr Bebel's career will be found in the Nation of July 10, in a review of "My Life," his last work. Science Bird- Lore for July- August opens with the account of an island, called the Old Man, on the far eastern coast of Maine, which is the home of many sea-birds, including the Eider Duck. It is about twelve acres in extent, and is covered with dense grass and bushes in which there are so many nests that it is difficult to walk without tread- ing on them. Many interesting experiences with birds in different parts of the coun- try are recorded, some of them by young observers; and there is a list of 244 different species of birds seen in eastern Massachu- setts from January 1 to December 31, 1912. Of these, 27 were seen on the first day of ii' year. Among the other contents is the Biological Survey Circular, "Proposed Regulations for the Protection of Migra- tory Birds," which is characterized as "doubtless the most important document in relat;on to bird-protection which has ever appeared in this country— possibly in any country." There is also a map showing llio two zones into which the United States i •; divided for this purpose. Prof. T. G. Bonney, th ible geolo- gist, long time in the faculty of University College, London, has brought his well- known volume, 'Volcanoes: Their Struc- ture ami Significance." abreast of much re- cent investigation, in a third edition issued by Putnams. The work is a very readable and well-prepared discussion of the sub- ject. There are, nevertheless, two sugges- ticns which the author nvght consider with profit. Professor Bonney writes in the be lief that the earth's crust is saturated with ground-wa*ter down to the limit of cavities, a belief which materially influences his conclusions regarding the causes of vol- canic action. On the other hand, increas- ing experience in d and boreholes leads to the conclusion that free ground- water rarely extends below one to two thou- sand teet from the surface— a conclusion which has 1" 1 OUt in several significant papers in Vmerica I'rofessor Bonney is also impressed with the value of the investigations recently published by M. Brun, of (nil' 'a. M. Brun has become convinced cii the of water in vol- canic emissions, not know, at the time he wrote his revised book, that the work of Messrs. Day and 1, of the Carnegl leal in- stitution, performed at Kllauea, Hawaii, and only announ< • r, has shown so much water in the as to v.i- rious questions regard- ing the accuracy of M. Brun's determina-

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172 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2512 lion*. 1 tot li these matters will need con- sideration in a future edition of this other- u lse excellent manual. in science, as elsewhere, the fashions change, and the natural sciences are usual- ly the leaders of fashion. No change of fashion is more Interesting than the transi- tion from the static category of "matter," which prevailed from Newton to Darwin, when even the human mind was an aggrega- tion of atomic mental "states," to the dyna- mic category of "energy," the fashion of recent years, during which nothing has been real but action. In "The Dynamic Foundation of Knowledge" (Dutton), Alex- ander Philip undertakes to show in some detail how the conceptions of science have their origin and meaning in the "dynamic" implications of action. Apparently he is not aware that his thesis has already been broadly elaborated under the name of prag- matism; his reading appears to have been more in science than in philosophy. His book is none the less worth while, if some- what amateurish, and if, in the end, like Ostwald and others, he leaves us wonder- ing what special spiritual significance is implied in the substitution of energy for matter and how far "dynamic" is not main- ly a blessed word. Charles F. Mitchell's "Building Construc- tion" (Van Nostrand) is issued in two vol- umes, an "Elementary Course" and an "Ad- vanced Course." The author is an English- man of standing in his profession, and nat- urally writes primarily for the English public. It follows therefore that many of the technical terms used, and methods of construction described, are unfamiliar to architects and builders in this country. Nevertheless the "elementary course" is well fitted to acquaint the student with the general constructional elements which he is called upon to present in small scale work- ing drawings. The "advanced course" is less than an engineering treatise, and more than a draughtsman's manual ; the author having kept in view the requirements of those engaged in designing and executing building work, endeavoring to describe the essential principles of good construction, and to illustrate them by typical examples selected from actual practice. Of interest to naturalists and breeders, though scarcely to the general reader, is R. Lydekker's "The Sheep and Its Cousins" (Dutton). The volume is written to follow "The Horse and Its Relatives" and "The Ox and Its Kindred," by the same author; it fevers a field which until now has been vacant, reviewing all breeds of sheep, both wild and domesticated. Discussion of the origin of domesticated sheep is almost mi 1 theoretical, and there are consider- able differences of opinion; but the author inclines to believe that the sheep of Eu- rope result from a cross between a domes i strain of the wild sheep of Corsica and Sardinia, Hie mouflon, with one of the strains of the Asiatic urial. The latter were first brought into Europe by the ,,. . a ol the ton beai b of 1 he Swiss lal e eilei Thi ; reat a nl iquity of domesl i Imai me I bat oui ol 1 lie i in. 11:: .mis of manuscripts submitted t 1 he managers of the New Theatre there were nnt a (lozi II wllieh by Intelligent anil patient lnlmr linehl h,i\e he, n ,i,e, eloped niin play ; pi mi b v. tilli \-;

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Aug. 21, 191 3] The Nation 173 a matter of fact, Mr. John Corbin, in a 11. ■ article, once declared that tin re were such manuscripts submitted, a, 1,1 he proceeded t show wherein these plays, in spite of inherent merit, fell short of the required standard. But Why were not pains taken to bring to 1 r ui t the promise thus recognized? In What liefer way could the New Theatre justified its existence? We speak ,,1 the New Theatre; because of the com- mercial manager it is undoubtedly true ometimes when he stands ready to purchase an idea from a young writ- er for exploitation by a trained play- w right, the author « ill refuse to sell. And tightly. In the hands of the profes- it is only too common that the original Idea perishes under the weight of mediocre stage carpentry. That is not the kind of collaboration we have in mind. We have used the word "idea, but mean thereby something more than uggestion for a play. If the author could Ceel that his "idea" in a broad sense, the spirit of his play, its purpose, and its grace, would not suf- fer execution at the hands of his col- itor, be would show le~s tear of the trained artisan of the theatre. Music The Century Opera Company, of New York, has made an arrangement with the managers of the Boston and the Chicago- Philadelphia Opera Companies for the ex- change of singers. About forty principals are included in the Century Opera Com- pany. To keep all of them busy during when they do not happen to be in the cast, the management has decided to organize a concert bureau. The opera sea- son at the Century opens on September 15, with "Aida," which will be sung every day during that week in English, and on the Monday of the following week in Italian. All the other operas will have their first performance on Tuesday night; they will be sung in English daily, including Saturday, and in their original language on the fol- lowing Monday. Novelties by Debussy and Charpentier ere included in the list of the works to be led next season in New York by the A! ac I »" well chorus of the Schola Cantorum. Kurt Schindler, who has made these con- certs- so interesting for the last three years, lias also chosen for performance next winter choral works by Borodine and Mous- sorgsky, anthems by Verdi, excerpts from by Gluck, Purcell, and Rousseau, new compositions by Percy Grainger, and folk-songs of different nations. Among the soloists will be Julia Culp and Emilio de Gogorza. The Edward MacDowell Memorial Asso- announces a music festival at Peter- borough, X. H., on August 21-24. Tt will be under the direction of Eusebius Godfrey Hood, of Nashua, who will conduct the Bos- ton Festival Orchestra and the Peterbor- ough MacDowell chorus. A feature of the I will be a programme of American music conducted by the composers. This programme includes a cantata, "The Poet and the Dryad," by Cyril Graham; two lents from the "Aladdin" suite by Edgar Stillman Kelley, some songs by Cad- man, a "Poem" for baritone and orchestra, by Mabel W. Daniels, and the Negro Rhap- sody of Henry F. Gilbert. Alfred Bruneau, whose "L'Attaque du Moulin" was p'roduced at the Century The- atre a few years ago by the Metropolitan Opera Company, is the composer of one of the operatic novelties to be produced in P; 11 next season. Its title is "Les Trois ! nees." The principal tenor role in it will be created by Rousseliere, who will also appear in another novelty, "Celeste," by Emile Trepard. The reception accorded his new opera, ".Julien," in Paris appears to have spurred Charpentier to fresh industry. He is said to have nearly completed his "Orpheus," which is to be produced next season at the Opera-Comlque. Since Frederick the Great, no Prussian ruler has shown such an interest in music as the present Kaiser. Arthur M. Abell sums up some of his achievements in the Music Courier. One of his most impor- tant was his setting a number of experts to work to gather the best German folk- songs since the days of the Minnesingers. The result was a volume of six hundred of these songs, harmonized so that they could be sung by the male choruses which abound in Germany. Another of his achievements was the reform in singing as taught to the children in common schools. For the opera in Berlin, Cassel, and Wiesbaden the Fmperor has spent many millions of marks; no other man in the world gives as much as he does for the support of music. It is owing to the Kaiser's support, also, that it has been possible to publish the fifty vol- umes of "Denkmaler Deutscher Tonkunst," from the years 1400 to 1750, most of the ex- pense being paid out of the monarch's purse. Americans abroad will have an opportu- nity this summer of hearing "Parsifal" in Switzerland. Six performances of it will be given at Zurich; the first on Au- gust 31, the last on September 11. At Bay- reuth there are no performances this year, nor will "Parsifal" be heard in Munich. A German musical paper has been print- ing a series of articles on the many dif- ferent editions of Bach's "Well-Tempered Clavichord." When Bach was living, the only way he could get even one edition oi some of his greatest works was to print them with his own hands. It cannot be said that even now Bach receives the attention due him as the greatest musical thinker the world has ever known. His works, so far as they were preserved, are now ;,il printed in the great Breitkopf & Hartel edition; but most of them are very seldom iere. Ruskin once said that pos- terity would not read his bool Hi 11 too many. Bach also composed ! too much, but his collected works are mines with many veins of pure gold. From Eon- don con: ih. announcement that some of the lesser-known works of Bach will be performed, at popular prices, under Dr. K. R. Terry with the cooperation of the of Women Musicians. Familiar works will be avoided. It is proposed to give cantatas, chamber-music, concertos, and other orchestral works, preference be- ing given to those least known in England. French operas make up the bulk of the offerings of the Brussels Opera House for next season. The list includes Debussy's "L'Enfant Prodigue," "Faure's "Penelope," Charpentier's "Julien," D'Indy's "Istar" and "L'Etranger," Saint-Saens's "Timbre d'Argent," and an opera named "Cacha- pres," by Casadessus. Art WATTS AND HIS ART.— I. Towards the art of Watts it is difficult for me to maintain anything like criti- cal detachment. My mind goes back too vividly to that winter of the New York exhibition of 1884, when, as a lad, I first caught the truth that great paint- ing may arouse and calm one as great poetry does or noble music. After nearly thirty years I still recall the fragile form of Life heartened to the next hesitant step upward by the strong hand of Love, and Love himself with wings broken against a door into which Death must pass. I retain, too, a general sense of grave, shrewd, and magnanimous faces set between the larger canvases. The Matthew Arnold is still clear to me, and the massive head of that great Christian warrior, Lawrence of India. Eight years later it was my privilege to confirm these admirations by a visit to the studio in Melbury Road. Even since, the question of Watts's symbolism, its legitimacy and its limits, has been occasionally present to me. It is, nat- urally, the central critical issue, and the answers are confusingly various. Among English artists and men of let- ters it is common enough to hear Watts spoken of as an admirable landscapist and portrait painter, unhappily warped by a fad for allegory. Others laud the elevation and copiousness of his inven- tion while regretting the inadequacy ot his technique. Some count him the greatest technician of the century, while more or less averse from his tran- scendental themes. Such wide differences of intelligent opinion show how exceptional was the man's genius. He recked little of our artistic standards; he (-scapes our cate- he set ins Irreducibly flic indi- vidualist. Yet an individualist with a baffling difference, for there never was a soul more socially minded than Watts. Nations were his beneficiaries France, . Australia, the United Stat s. above all his own England, which now by gift or bequest possesses the hulk of his work. To do public decoration tor the actual cost was almost habitual with him. He put away wealth in the desire to serve his times and p His very looks and habits suggested odd-

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174 The ISTation | Vol. 97, No. 2512 ly a reincarnation of the older artists he adored. His resemblance to the aged Titian was striking, and he followed Titian's way of painting slowly upon many canvases, gradually perfecting them through years. The forms of the mountain chains, made up of prone titans, in the design for Chaos, he took from the stains on a crumbling plaster wall. It was one of Leonardo da Vinci's devices for stimulating invention. Watts's habit of painting from small modelled figures had earlier been Tinto- retto's. Thus in all respects he seems an anachronism in London of the nine- teenth century, and his own requirement that a painter must be of his times seems ironic. Yet in the child-like se- riousness and persistency of the man was no taint of irony. He was, I be- lieve, not merely one of the greatest artists of his time, but in all essentials one of the most representative. If he differs irom most successful painters of his day, it is precisely because they rep- resent next to nothing — individual ca- price, trick of trade, nutter of the mar- ket whereas he represents almost alone among painters the deeper currents of life and thought that mark the Vic- torian age. In gratitude for the first great impression of art I ever received, let me no .v endeavor to analyze his genius. I. My task is the easier that Watts's pur- pose was single and fully expressed not merely in his pictures, but also in his letters, recorded talk, and published writings. The difficulty, indeed, is the of material. Shortly after his (hath a neighbor, Mis. Harrington, pub- lished a bulky and lormless Life. Now, Mrs. Wats exceeds the standard mea- sure of two volumes by adding an en- tire volume of her late husband's liter- ary works.*. The tone of her biography is excellent; she preserves many say- ings that one would be sorry to miss; she gives the general sense of that pur- poseful yet carefully sheltered life, of the coming and going of grave men and fair women, of an atmosphere of cheer- ful reverence and love. And yet the pic- ture is sadly obscured by the details. Nor can Watts himself be said to be in- teresting through so many pages. Could the Prophet Isaiah himself bear expan- sion to three-volume scale? In the con- siderable task of sifting much ill-assort- ed material, I shall be helped by Robert Sizeranne, who has admirably analyzed the art, and by G. K. Chester- ton, whose little biography leaves noth- ing to add on the topic of Watts as a : ive Victorian, What is remarkable about Watts is his absolutely dedicated life. Had lie ', to those fine amateurs Lord and Lady Holland, and he remained their guest for the four Italian years. Tins meant a spacious life, now in the Palazzo Fe- roni, now at the Medici villa of Can now at Naples; II meant, too, the very hi si society the world afforded. Watts bi 1 ame the friend of the brilliant Dutf- Goi dons; Etistorl sal to him, and Verdi and Princess Mathllde Buonaparte Thi 1 e was space and leisure foi gn il canvases. Italian history and legend supplied the themes Buondelmontl, ' aolo and Franceeca, Fata Morgana, Boccaccio's story-tellers. In the Casa Feroni and at Careggi he made his first attempts at fresco. Rome supplied the great sensation of the Sistine Chapel. With the Parthenon marbles it was henceforth ever present to him as the test of the elevation of his own work. Michelangelo's influence is plain in the historical painting, completed in 1846 for a new Government competition, and later bought by the nation, Alfred Incit- ing the Saxons to Resist the Danes by Sea; but in the main the leading in- fluence in the early as in the later paint- ing is that of the Venetians. The same year Watts begged the Greek merchant Constantine Ionides to commission him "to paint a picture to send to Greece. Some patriotic subject, something that shall carry a moral lesson." The pub- licist is making itself felt in the detach- ed artist. In a letter he describes his Alfred as "dedicated to patriotism and posterity." In every way the idyllic guest-friendship with the Hollands was fruitful. Young Watts, like Delacroix, had definitely rooted his art in that of the High Renaissance. Moreover, it seemed as if he were to realize the pre- cepts of Sir Joshua and the ambitions of the unhappy Haydon in founding an historical school of painting. For such work the monumental gravity of the Caractacus cartoon and the fire of the Alfred show that he had every qualifica- tion, and his increasing devotion to sym- bolism bears a little the look of thwart- ed development — a question that must later occupy us. Meanwhile it is interesting to note now circumstance plays into the hands of a steadfast purpose. For three after he left the Hollands in Florence, until 1850, Watts, in invalid fashion, fought it out alone in London. Then Mr. and Mrs. Thoby Prinsep took him in at Little Holland House, near his old i atrons, and Signor, as they called him, « as resident elder brother to that (harming family for more than thirty years, inheriting, when the Prinseps moved out, their excellent housekeeper. And when Little Holland House was re- placi (I by its namesake in Melbury Road, the master, in his old age, was cherish- ed first by an adopted daughter, then by the young wife who is now his biogra- pher. I lis homes at London and at the Surrey studio, Limnerslease, became places of pilgrimage tor wise, good, and merry people. The very hack work of portraiture seldom brought to him a pel son he did not value, and led to him many of the fairest women and ahlest men of his time. And (his necessary toil was much lessened through die I ait h of a. constant patron, Mr. Charles II. Rli I 11 lis, of Manchester, who e collei 1 inn beci ■ 1 lie nucleus of those exhibi- tions thai in the eighties broughi the master tardy funic. Thus he p much on his own terms, as a pOBl id Gladstone concerning ;i sitting will

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Aug. 21, 1913J The Nation 175 sot a word to be lining to tn • spai .. hi n fa aily regarded as England's 'I he colossal equestrian group. Energy, which had been 1 1 of his later years, was east by the state for London, and a replica a 1 up as a memorial to Cecil Rhodis on the Matoppo Hills. ion Watts maintained aanimous public spirit, s of portraits and hich he reserved for the he gave away seores of his besl pictures to public galleries, offered to Euston Station for the costs, vol- a rifleman, established a 1 mrial to the obscurely he- roic, wrote on the Imperial destinies ot England, instructed the villagers near Llmni rslease in arts and crafts, gave his tithe to Ruakin's ill-fated St. Q ild— in general, showed him- self the most socially-minded of men, yet keeping these activities strictly in line with ! as an artist. Day by day throughout his life he rose at day- break, grudging the necessary hours of Almost alone among modern painters he studied with utmost care color and vehicles with regard to their permam my. Every great composition was repeatedly amended and frequently put through several versions. So the long and stainless life was rounded out in gentle persistency, in kindliness, in high endeavor, and in a strange imper- turbability. Mr. John D. Crace, the author of "The Art of Colour Decoration" (Scribner), who is a leading English decorative artist, gives us in this book, as is indicated in the sub- title, an explanation of the purposes to be kept in view by the decorative painter and the means of attaining them. He treats in several short chapters of the distribution of values, the scheme of color, the expla- nation of surface and contour, the treat- ment by great masters, the decorative pic- ture and imitations, closing with a short reference to modern work and certain hints on practice. Throughout the book we find valid reasoning, sound criticism, and valu- able suggestions. The text is fully illus- trated with photographic reproductions and with twenty plates, most of which are beau- tifully executed in color from sketches made by the artist-author in the course of his studies of the work of the great masters of decorative painting. The author is a strong and convincing advocate of the emphasis of structural value* and of the principle that the deco- ration of a building should always con- duce to. and should never lessen, the beauty architectural form of which it must an essential part. In this lie will appeal to architects, who all too often find tin' decorative painter igno- rant of architecture and recklesslj ■ t features, aiming onlv to place on tin- wall surfaces clever cop es lies, which may be meritori- in their studios, but thorough ;is reproduced and enlai their final execution. It may perhaps he ; our author is almost too strong- lv impressed with the importance of this emphasis of structural value, forgetting that, important though it be, it is but one of many elements which go to give nobility ork of decorative art. This appears in his somewhat hesitant appreciation of decorations left to us by the mas Middle Ages. Such points of weakness are. however, rare, and the book is to be commended to all decorative nil to ;ill architects whose practice entails the cooperation of the decorative painter. From Vrom 1 I ■ examples of their new series de la Bib- ie Koyale de Belgique." More ex- actly, these are excellent colloty] similes of famous miniatures, very con- veniently arranged on separate sheets, in us with ties. Editorial supplied by I£ather Van den honorary librarian of the Royal Li- The format is small quarto. The two issues before us are "L'Ystoire de He- el pictured in 1448 for Philip the Good. It contains twen- ty-six miniatures, and costs ten francs. The second manuscript, Jean Mielot's ampliflea.- tion of Christine de Pisan's "Epitre d'Othea de la Prudence, a Hector, Chief des ," is of slightly later workmanship and also destined for the Good Duke. The illustrations cover virtually the entire field of classic mythology and hero legend as known to the fourteenth century. The pic- tures are rude but spirited, and of l&com- larable nai'vetS. There are no less than a hundred plates, and the price of the port- folio is only twenty francs. These excel- lent and inexpensive facsimiles of entire pictorial series may be strongly recom- mended to students and bibliophiles. Finance THE RISE IX STOCKS, AND ITS MEANING. As usual, a great variety of specific causes may be enumerated to explain the upward sweep of prices on the Stock Exchange, which began fully a month ago, which did not come to a halt until last week Wednesday, and which, during the interval, carried up prices 10 to 16 per cent, from the low level of last June, in many of the ac- tive shares. On such occasions any ob- server is at liberty to select his own special explanation. It may have been the final solution of the Southern Pa- cific imbroglio; the signing, by the quar- lelsome Balkan States, of the peace of . st; the offer 01 $50, 1,000 Gov- ernment deposits to interior banks, by the Treasury Department; the building up of the Loudon and Paris bank re- si rves, through receipt ol 1 om South Amei m a. In a more general v.;.. ii ir explana- ■ a ided to suit ail tasl may be merely the progressi under growing financial confiden id-year interest money." Ifniay simply mean that people who looked for "a panic in the autumn, worse than the other one," have become convinced that ill be no panic. Coming down to Wall Street's exclusively anthropomor- phic point of view, the rise in prices may have embodied the retreat of the "bear crow a" from an "oversold mar- ket," or the skilful efforts of the Union Pacific managers to "make a market" for theii 100 Southern Pacific of- fering. Any one of these theories is plausible, or all of them together. No tradition is better established, on the -lock Exchange, than the tradition that, market has been moving aggres- sively in either direction, there seems no end to the specific reasons for that movement. It sometimes simplifies matters, how- ever, to accept the stock market in its historic role of index to a coming fun- damental change, for better or wo the general situation. That such a change has been at least in sight — cer- tainly as long as the recent aggressive rise in stocks has lasted — every 0 ant person should be aware. What the condition of things would have been in our own and other money markets if "the Balkans" were still cut- ting one another's throats, and the Treasury still sitting on its surplus, and the Southern Pacific shares in the hands of a court receiver to dispose of, may be interesting matters of conjec- ture. The probability is that, even so, financial communities would have dis- covered in the autumn that they had over-prepared for the coming strin- gency. Berlin found it so, at tie settlements" of July, when none of these cheerful special Influences was yet in operation. In reality, the two main tacts of the year, with a bearing on the financial future, have been the preser- vation of absolute harmony among the" European neutral Powers, ami t bargo placed by the world's great bank- ers on the prodigiously reckless under- writing of any and all new security is- sues. Granting those two achievement-. a turn from the gloom and doubt of the past six months was entirely assured. How far and how continuously | COVery will proceed, in the money mar- ket, on the stock market, or in _ trade, is naturally a different qu

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176 The ]ST a t i o 11 [Vol. 97, No. 2512 The pause and reaction on the StocK Exchange, alter the rise in prices had culminated, last week, on the news of the Union Pacific's successful under- writing of its stock sale, reflected a feeling of reserve in which all WaH Street shared. For one thing, it was to ln> remembered that, even under ordi- nary circumstances, the last half of Au- gust is not a usual period for aggres- sively rising markets. The normal autumn requirements of the money market are immediately ahead. The very trade revival, which the recent Stock Exchange movement is assumed to have foreshadowed, must be provided for, and the recourse of other years — the drawing on London's capital for Wall Street's purposes — would this year, for obvious reasons, be a doubtful reliance. Lombard Street ! will finance our "crop movement," as usual; but it would be singular if the London market were to countenance ex- tensive loans to New York on American ; Stock Exchange collateral. We shall also have to straighten out the as yet unsettled problem, just what effect the damage to the corn crop is to have on the general business out- look. That phase of the situation is pe- culiar, in that certain large sections of the country have to face a ruined har- vest, whereas the rest of the corn belt promises to come through the season fairly well. The prevalent estimate of yield, since rain fell last week in other sections than the unlucky Southwest, has been for a crop of 2,500,000,000 bushels. That would be 625,000,000 bushels under last year's harvest, and nearly as much below this year's early June forecasts. But it would not ma- terially differ from the corn harvests of such recent years as 1911, 1909, 1907, and 1904, when the crop was regarded as a serious disappointment, but not as a disaster. Furthermore, this year will apparent- ly produce, as none of those four years did, a quite unprecedented wheat yield. In 1904, in fact, the trade recovery got under way in the later autumn, in the face not only of a corn crop smaller than last week's estimates for the pr s- ent season, but of the smallest wheat crop in nearly half-a-dozen years. This is but one aspect of the general prob- lem of next autumn. Against the possi- bilities of renewed political unsettle- ment at home, and of slowness in the European recovery, there may also prop- erly be set the facts that the country's money markets are already relaxing their tension, and that stocks of goods in merchants' hands are exceptionally small. When the tariff schedules are finally determined, and the money situ- ation clears, those supplies must inevit- ably be replenished. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Arnold, T. W. The Preaching o£ Islam, Second edition. Scribner. Avalon, Arthur. Tantra of the Great Lib- eration : A Translation from the Sanskrit London: Luzac. Avalon, A. and E. Hymns to the Goddess Translated from the Sanskrit. London: Luzac & Co. Ayscough, John. Grace Church. Longmans. $1.75 net. Benedict, Julius. Weber. New edition. Scribner. Caine, Hall. The Woman Thou Gavest Me. Phila. : Lippincott. $1.35 net. Callaway, Morgan, jr. The Infinitive in Anglo-Saxor. Carnegie Institution of Washington. Cleveland, F. A. Organized Democracy. Longmans. $2.50 net. Cole, J. L. Wheel-Chair Philosophy. Baton & Mains. 75 cents net. Dawson, Coningsby. The Garden Without Walls. Holt. $1.35 net. Gregory, Julia. Catalogue of Early Books on Music (Before L800). Washington: Ubrary of Congress. Hough, L. H. The Men o£ the Gospels. Eaton & Mains. 50 cents net. Irvine, Alexander. My Lady of the Chim- ney Corner. Century. $1.20 net. Johnson, Owen. Murder in Any Degree, and Other Stories. Century. $1.30 net. Krall, Emil. The Art of Tone-Production on the Violoncello. Scribner. Lattey, C, and Keating, J. The New Tes- tament. Vol. Ill, Part I, Epistles to the Thessalonians. (Westminster Version of the Sacred Scriptures.) Longmans. 40 cents net. Legros, C. V. Fabre, Poet of Science. Trans, by B. Miall. Century. LUtle Tots' Ten Minute Stories; Little Tots' Sand Man Stories. Piatt & Peck. 40 cents. London, Jack. John Barleycorn. Century Co. $1.30 net. Macdonald, John. Czar Ferdinand and his People. Stokes. Maitland, J. A. F. Schumann. New edi- tion. Scribner. Mariett, Paul. Poems. Kennerley. Mearns, E. A. Description of Four New African Thrushes. Washington: Smith- sonian Institution. Noyes, A. G. How I Kept My Baby Well. Baltimore: Warwick & York. $1.25. Philips, G. M., and Anderson, R. F. Sil- ver-Burdett Arithmetics. Book Three. Silver, Burdett. Poor's Manual of Industrials, 1913. Poor s Railroad Manual Co. Photiades, Constantin. George Meredith: His Life Genius, and Teaching. Rendered into English by A. Price. Scribner. Research in China. Vol. 3, The Cambrian Faunas of China, by C. D. Walcott ; Fos- sils Collected in Eastern Asia, by S. Weller- Paleozoic Fossils Collected in China, by G. H. Girty. Carnegie Institu- tion of Washington. Reichert E T. The Differentiation and Specificity of Starches in Relation to Genera-Species, etc. Two Parts. Carne- gie Institution of Washington. Smith A. L. Church and State in the Mid- dle Ages. (Ford Lectures, 1905.) Oxford Univ. Press. Winch W. H. Inductive versus Deductive Methods of Teaching. Baltimore: War- wick & York. $1.25. Wise B R. The Making of the Australian Commonwealth, 1889-1900. Longmans. $2.50 net. . . . , Wcodward, F. E. Line Lost Limericks. Piatt & Peck. 50 cents net. Wren, P. C. Father Gregory: A Tale of Hindostan. Longmans. $1.35 net. Marxism vs. Socialism By V. G. SIMKHOVITCH "A very frank, and, we think, true examination of modern socialistic tendencies. The most important study of an all-absorbing question." — Boston Transcript. $1.50 net, by mail $1.62 , Henry Holt&Co.,N 34 W. 33 St. ew York Columbia ®iiibersttj> fetubies in ?l)istorp, (Ccoiiomics. .nib JJiiIjIic ILitu Vol. I IV. No. 3. INDIAN SLAVERY IN COLONIAL TIMESWITHINTHE PRESENT LIMITS OFTHE UNITED STATES. /',/,,i. are perhaps the si Important conl rlbut Ion 1 1 education of ■ day, If not of = » ■ 1 time." \ , u in ii ana Plod vuni STURGIS & WALTON CO. :ti-:::s Boat -~Mi Street, f\<-»\ Ifprk By the author of "The Fa mily," etc. The Old-Fashioned Woman Primitive Fancies About the Sex By ELSIE CLEWS PARSONS 12mo. $1. SO net. By mail, $1.66 The author presents an arresting survey of the quaint notions tained by primitive as wi II advanced peoples regarding Bex cus- ta privileges, limitations, Inhibi- tions, and differentiations with the view of showing to what a large ex- tent these notions still affect, through their modified survival, our own atti- tude toward « " and their place in social, Industrial, and political relal ions. New York G. P. Putnam's Sons London Voir Itctuln JULIUS CAESAR Being the Beve entb Volume In a \.» \ u lorum Edition of Shakespeare. IMIti J bj I ' Howard Curness, Jr. 0 , *4. oil "■■■ focco. «6.00 i'" tag* ■ slv"- .1. H. LIPPINCOTT A OOMPAjn ■ 1 Publishers, Philadelphia

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The Nation ^ VOL. XCVII— NO. 2513 THURSDAY, AUGUST 28, 1913 &!:&&. PRICE TEN CENTS Hall Caine's First Novel in Four Years and His Greatest The Woman JKou Qavest ^f e "Being the Story of Mary O'Neill Hall Caine has possibly the largest audience of any and in the startling revelations of Mary O'Neill has conceived heart. Tt is the story, told in autobiographical form, of a of the most terrible tests which the responsibilities of marri thrilling story of what a woman's life may be in the world depths." Hall Caine has presented here the most thought- church, state, and society that has ever been written. No everything else it is a wonderful human romance that will living English author. He writes for the whole of humanity, a wonderful romance that will strike to the core of every beautiful, pure, and exquisite woman who goes through some age bring into life. An eminent English divine said, "This to-day will stir the conscience of the whole country to the arousing analysis of marriage and divorce in relation to thinking man and woman can afford to miss it, but above appeal to people in every walk of life. Price. $1.35 net. Postpaid, $1.50 This is one of those vital stories of real life that will be talked about among all classes of people. Order a copy at once and be one of the first readers. IMVO'RTAJSfT AJSfT) TIMELY tOO^RKS THE MAKERS OF MODERN GERMANY Men Around the Kaiser By Frederick William Wile With numerous portraits. Small 8vo. Cloth. SI. 75 net "Such a book as this is of real value to all who are interested in German affairs, and derives a certain au- thority from the position held by Mr. Wile at Berlin. For the last seven years he has been the German correspondent of the 'New York Times' (also the 'Chicago Tribune' and the 'Philadelphia Ledger'), and his collection of character studies gives an admirable idea of the variety of the life of the great Empire, the source of its strength, and the dif- ferent ideals which inspire it." — New York Times. THE BOOK OF THE YEAR ON MEXICO Mexico: The Land of Unrest By Henry Ba.erlein About 75 plates and colored map. 8vo. Cloth. $3.75 net "There have been many books about Mexico and her revolution, but none that is quite so ample, vivid, and in- clusive as this one. The author, .Mr. Henry Baerleln, was special correspondent of the London 'Times,' and already a writer of distinction. He seems to have been not only well versed in the history ami affairs "!' Mexico, but to have that enviable capacity so useful to the special correspondent of entering Into intimate relationships with the greater and the lesser actors of the drama unfolded before our eyes." — San Francisco Argonaut. J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANYKSh^

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11 The Nation Vol. 97, No. 2513 The Nation -/ WEEKLY JOURNAL FOUNDED IN 1863. '"' the \ ew York I I. j car opens October 2, 1013. • '"Kins in r year in •:,/, ance, pi stpaid, in """ Part nf iin 1 mi,, 1 states ■ Mexico; to Canada '■ml in foreign countries comprised in the Postal 1 iiimi s 1. on. Address THE .\ ITJON, Box 794, Hew York. Publication Office, 20 Yesey Street CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week Editorial Articles : The Bankers' Conference and the Banking Bill Fixed Things in a Mixed Situation.'.' Good Roads While You Wait Changes in the Legal Profession. A Diagnosis of War Special Articles: News for Bibliophiles Correspondence : TheWOLCOTT SCHOOL, DENVER, COL Superior climate. Accredited with Eastern Col'.eges lei girls. Fine music advantages. Gymnasium. nETHLEHEM PREPARATORY SCHOOL, J_J Bethlehem, Pa. Prepares for leading colleges. Catalogue. II. A. EOERIXG, B. S., Principal. rrHE FJSK TEACHERS' AGENCIES, 1 Evekett O. Fisk & Co.. Proprietors. 2a Park St., Huston 1SI7 0 St.. Washington loOFifthAv.,Newl'ork 316JournalBd., Portland 814StegerBd.. Chicago. ?.4:;D.mt;lasP>il..LosAngeles 31T Mas. Tern., Denver 34S WrightBlk. , Berkeley Send lo any address above for Agency Manual. 180 180 : lsi 182 183 184 Travelling in Greece Mr. Bok on College English. Query 185 185 186 Harlan I>. French, Pres. Vincent B. Fisk, Sec'y. THE ALBANY TEACHERS' VGEMV li" iws how. Twenty-two years of successful c\- perience in bringing together good schools ami good teachers. Send for Bulletin, SI Chapel St., Albany. N. Y. Literature : The Franco-Prussian War and Its Hidden Causes The Jumping-Off Place Pity the Poor Blind.— The Ffolliots of Redmarley Little Mamselle of the Wilderness.. The Land of the Spirit The Positive Evolution of Religion.. Tales of the Mermaid Tavern Notes Science: The Childhood of Animals Drama and Music: A Democratic Art 190 102 198 Art: Watts and His Art.— II Finance: The Relaxing Financial Strain Abroad Books op the Week L94 THE AUGUST ISSUE OF THE Quarterly Journal of Economics Includes the following articles 1 MARGINAL UTILITY AND MARGINAL DISUTILITY as ULTIMATE STAND- ARDS of value ....Charles E, Persons PHI I OMMODI n 1 'I USE LEGISLA- TION AM) THE ANTHRACn I. RAIL ROADS Eliot Join ORIGINAL COST VERSUS REPLACE- HE 1 I'UST AS A BASIS FOB RATE REGULATION Il, mm,,, ml I ll,,ih. THE MARGINAL PRODI ai covers practlcall; the whole ranot fa and ni... noils in memorable 0 as lyse tin vorl the masters of painting and sculp in l?nl and modern Send fot iu.> mi iii:vi>a nnii'i.vi, \\ 1: IND BOTH STRBBT, new YORK

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The Nation A/ . ir 1 ORK, 'I ill BSD U The Week If the late William James were alive, he could find in the utterances of cer- tain Republican newspapers the best possible example of the will to believe. The Ohio State Journal, for instance, sees the now shattered party resuming its former sway "under brighter and happier auspices than for many years past." By the disappearance of the Progressives? Not at all. Of course, this thorn in the Republican flesh "will never make a party. It is simply a protest against the old leadership which will disappear when the Republican party comes back, rejuvenated, refresh- ed, and born again." The great event now in process is the destruction of the Democratic party. President Wilson is the only force that keeps it together. That is, it may have survived the Civil War and the free-silver blunder, but it cannot be expected to live through so distressing an occurrence as its enemy's almost mortal illness. But logic is log- ic. The President's party "is maintain- ing the boss system, while the Republi- can party is making a strong fight against it," and in a few' brief moons the Opposition will be centred in the Re- publican party, "with Aldrich, Cannon, Penrose, Gallinger, et al., promoted to the rank of voters." This would leave us with only one party, which ought to get all the offices back; but who would be so cruel as to prick so rosy a bubble? halcyon days who would not have been overcome with humiliation if he had been unable to put his finger upon a dozen able and willing professors of pharmacology in every township in his district. Xo village would have been too poor to furnish a few applicants for any forty-five-hundred-dollar job that the Government could list. But all this talent has vanished at the wave of the Commission's wand. "Broad training, " this body demands, and "extensive prac- tical experience in various branches of pharmacology, physiology, physiological and pharmaceutical chemistry, and chemotherapy." Is it any wonder that the job is driven to seek the man? The blighting effect of the merit sys- tem, dimly foreseen by the politicians, is now plainly apparent. It has become necessary to coax men to apply for posi- tions. The Civil Service Commission frankly confesses its inability to get the right sort of appointees for certain places. One of these is described as a "real prize," being the post of professor of pharmacology in the Public Health Service. It pays $4,500 a year. Yet no one asks for it — no one, that is, whom the Commission is willing to accept. Would such a condition have been con- ceivable a decade or two ago? Why, there was not a Congressman in those In the San Francisco Journal of Corn- Robert Dollar, himself an owner of merchant steamers, has thrown con- siderable light on the failure of even a single shipowner to register under the American flag foreign ships owned ex- clusively by Americans engaged in the foreign trade of the United States. It had confidently been expected that this provision of the recent Panama Canal Act would bring a number of fine steam- ships under the American flag. Mr. Dollar contrasts the cost of maintaining a British and American steamer: British Stmr. M. 8. Dollar: Cost to op- erate per day, $100.81; deadweight capacity, 660©; lumber carrying capacity, 3,200,000 feec. American Stmr. Grace Dollar: Cost to op- erate per day, $133.15 ; deadweight capacity, 2300; lumber carrying capacity, 1,100,000 fee;. Some of the disadvantages of the Ameri- can steamer are as follows: The Ameri- can measurement of cargo steamers is 30 per cent, larger than foreign measure- ment, and this governs the sums to be paid out for tonnage tax, dry-docking, pilotage, etc. Foreign steamers do not usually carry quartermasters, while the American must carry four. In the en- gine-room the American steamer carries an extra engineer "and three water ten- ders, men who do nothing but draw the pay they do not earn. No foreign cargo ships carry them. . . . Then, by the new law just enforced, one extra mate is added; and still another wrinkle, if your crew exceeds fifty you must put up a wireless plant on the vessel and carry two wireless operators." According to Mr. Dollar, the cost of these extra hands on an American , steamer amounts in one year to $8,220, ' or 4 per cent, on an investment of $200,- 000 — a heavy handicap at the very out- set for the American owner. Mr. Dol- lar also complains of the severe test to which American boilers are annually subjected when the Government inspec- tor applies a hydrostatic pressure of one and a half times the working pres- sure. This, he thinks, has much to do with our frequent boiler explosions. American inspectors are, moreover, less considerate than foreigners in taking up a ship's time and interfering with her loading and unloading. One of our new regulations requires that at the ex- piration of the year for which the ship has been passed by the Government, she must be reinspected at the first Ameri- can port at which she calls, instead of being permitted to return to her home port and thus save money for her own- ers and the Government. Finally, it is gratifying to note that Mr. Dollar asks only that in the foreign trade American owners be allowed to operate under the same conditions as their competitors. He would have Congress stop passing bills whose sole purpose seems to him to be "to restrict and restrain the oper- ation of American-owned vessels." The pamphlet Mr. Sulzer is sending out in order to convince people that the real animus of his impeachment is resentment against him for uncovering Tammany frauds through his special investigator, John A. Hennessy, is in- dubitably impressive as to the Tam- many rascality, particularly as it is able to cite as proof the indictment of Bart Dunn, a Tammany Hall member of the State Committee, and of William H. Whegand, one of the Democratic bosses of Rockland County. Mr. Hennessy charges that a contractors' ring has since 1908 crowded out honest builders of roads and specifically affirms that the State's inspectors and were, to the extent of two-thirds of their number, "O. K.'d by Thomas F. Smith for Tammany, by John F. Mc- Cooey, by Fitzpatrick, of Buffalo, and by Kelley, of Syracuse. Sot were barbers, some of them were liquor- dealers. Som" of them had no k

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178 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2513 vocation. The remainder wore appoint- ed i>\ members of the state Committee in their respective districts. . . . Some Of these fellows rarely saw the roads, but cheerfully signed estimates every month upon which bills were paid." That is precisely the Tammany method of doing things; it is the Hall's idea of doing the people's business. But as proot that Sulzer should not have been im- peached, it is ridiculous. A notable reform in the Appellate practice in New York has at last been accomplished. The Court of Appeals, in Barnett against Malloy, has approved the bills passed last year at the in- stance of the Bar Association's Law Re- form Committee. This brings New York abreast of what has been the English practice since 1875, and abolishes an abuse that crept into the law in 1830. In 1912 the Code of Civil Procedure was amended so as to give the Appellate Di- vision power, in reviewing a judgment, to render a judgment of affirmance or reversal and final judgment on the rights of the parties, or to modify the judgment below, instead of requiring the granting of a new trial. And this has been sustained by the Court of Ap- peals in the case above mentioned. It applies only to equity eases and cases where the court below could have di- rected a verdict. The Constitution of New York guarantees a right to a jury trial in other cases, and this prevents the reform from being extended to them. The Law Reform Committee of the Bar Association deserves credit for its work in bringing about reforms in our procedure. Since 1909 substantial- ly fifty recommendations made by this Committee for the simplification of our procedure and the expedition of trials have been enacted into law. It is so seldom possible to say a hearty good word for the work of a State Legislature that the record of Georgia's deserves notice. It assembled June 25 and adjourned August 14, be- ing limited by law to fifty days. Al- though it began in the usual way of Legislatures, uncertainly and with lit- tle promise of effectiveness, it. closed with a week of solid accomplishment. It found the State treasury, in Gov. Slaton's words, sick and steadily on the d< cline. This condition it met by a tax- equalization bill, supplemented by an Inheritance tax and other tax provi- sions. Among laws dealing with so- cial betterment, none is of greater in- terest than the "Mothers' Rights" bill, which does away with a gross discrim- ination by placing a mother upon an equality with the father in cases involv- ing the custody of minor children. In the background of all this work stands the Governor, concerning whom the Macon Telegraph remarks: Those who feared that Gov. Slaton would fail to measure up in the respect of get- ting things done are now convinced that the present Executive, who, by tempera- ment, is opposed to the spectacular, and is somewhat non-combative, does "do things," and does them with the least possible friction. There are probably several thousand schools in the United States that boast somewhere the motto on the Horace Mann building in this city — miens sana in corpore sano; and there are certain- ly 20,000,000 school children to whom it should apply. Every newspaper brings home the importance of school hygiene. England is digesting the estimate that 200,000 of her school children are tu- bercular— that being, after all, but 2 per cent, of the whole; that 80 per cent, have bad teeth, and nearly half as many defective throats or noses; and that an appalling number are in some definite way deformed, or have faulty eyesight or hearing. In America there is a large proportion suffering even from the American disease of neurasthenia. But neglect or ignorance of the machinery that alone can effect an improvement — including not merely good buildings and good educational programmes, but socially efficient teachers, medical in- spection, doctors, nurses, and public- spirited school authorities — is more or less deep-rooted. Its persistence, as well as the recent great inroads upon it, is emphasized by the International Congress on School Hygiene, at Buffalo. In English, French, German, Spanish, and Italian, teachers, investigators, phy- sicians, and sanitarians will read papers to the bewildering number of 300. Given: what exhibit a boy would to visit first at a great exposi- tion, and the name of a. booh thai ■'sounds good" to him. Required: the occupation or profession he should en ter. This is the problem thai puzzled the Boston Vocation Bureau just two days. The exhibit which appealed to the boy — he was eighteen — was housed in Machinery Hall, St. Louis. The book was familiar to him only by title, "A Trip to the Moon." Out of these con- fessions the Bureau drew two infer- ences: a love of machinery and a rov- ing disposition. Its problem then be- came: what occupation combines these two elements? Aeroplaning is still new and perilous. Automobile and motor- cycle racing is hardly to be recommend- ed as a steady pursuit. The Bureau asked the boy how he should like to be a locomotive engineer. He should like it immensely. And so, after a period of probation as fireman, he is now said to be one of the most expert and trust- worthy engineers on one of our great railway systems. Clearly, not all of the brains in Boston goes into business; the Vocation Bureau has its share. Those who object to the lavish pag- eantry that is coming to mark histori- cal anniversaries in this country, as abroad, may find gratification in last Saturday's simple observance of the 150th anniversary of St. Albans, Vt. A place founded in 1763 between Lake Champlain and the Green Mountains might be expected to mark the occasion with reminders of Sir William Johnson, or Ethan Allen, or the heroic days of Lundy's Lane. It might even have gone back to the founder of its English coun- terpart, whose martyrdom occurred in 303. But in the grand parade there was not even the counterfeit presentment of a red aborigine. Instead, enthusiasm waxed warm over a line of three medley bands, fifty commercial floats, forty au- tomobiles, "a few cows, lambs, poultry, and a bear." History appeared only on a "float of plants one hundred years old," sandwiched between one of a har- ness-maker and another of a clothier. JSven the City Hall's exhibit of "an- tiques" consisted largely of articles late- ly brought from India. The basis and aims of the celebration should be noted by Western towns increasingly Jealous of their few scraps of history. Accord- ing to the St. Albans Messenger, it showed that the place was not dead lo "the spirit of united effort and enter- prise that marks the I m towns of the West," and that material industries "still eniiste.i red blood among the St. Albanians." 4 The best thai can lie said about Fran eis Burton Harrison's appointment as

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28, [913J The Nation 179 ioi Oi n. 1 ;ii of Hi" Philippines is 1 consistent anti-Imperialist and thoroughly in sympathy with the Democratic policy of independence at an early data He has never, so far as we are aware, held any executive posi- tion in which his administrative capac- ity might be tested. He faces one of th" most remarkable opportunities to the United States which have come to any one in recent years. The very magnitude of the problem of evacuation 1. however, to call for a man of first-class ability, whose name and ex- ould certify his competency to the country as a whole. This we cannot feel to be the case with Mr. Har- rison. He is young, ambitious, possess- ed of great wealth and of considerable talent, and he will, doubtless, devote himself to the task whole-heartedly. But it remains surprising that Mr. Wilson should have chosen for this place one of the rich young men who have so long li hi respectability to Tammany Hall. To Mr. Harrison the report of Dean C. Worcester on slavery in the Philippines will be a warning of difficulties. Its most serious part, as in the reports of 1910 and 1912, constitutes not so much an indictment of a government as of a social condition. The statement that peonage, which Mr. Worcester clearly distinguishes from slavery, "prevails in every municipality in the islands," is qualified only by the admission of a dif- ficulty of defining the word. As for slavery itself, it is hard to stamp out, because laws dealing with it will inter- fere with the lesser, more general evil. Those who profit by the operation of the old debtor system are naturally reluc- tant to end it. The tenor of the report shows that, had Mr. Worcester wished, he might have emphasized improvement in conditions, rather than their still grave aspect. As the islanders have gained in self-government, so the prim- itive agriculture that fostered the old labor abuses has slowly improved. No one will, we presume, waste much, if any, sympathy upon Maury I. Diggs, who has just been convicted of the charge of being a "white slaver," in the sensational trial at San Francisco. There will be great rejoicing that the country has thus received a valuable object-lesson as to the effec- tiveness of the Federal white-slave stat- ute. Tli is should have a widely deter- n nl effect. Yet when all is said and done, it is a curious fact that by cross- ing the State line Diggs committed a crime, when the same actions within the State of California would not have rendered him liable in any way save on the charge of adultery. This fact and the apparent absence of conclusive proof that the object in taking the girls to Reno was to use them for white- slave "traffic" makes the verdict some- what surprising. To Mr„ Wilson's skill in straightening out the imbroglio in the Attorney-General's office is now added the verdict which decent Cali- fornians hoped for. This leaves Con- gressman Kahn and his kind, who sought to make it appear that the Fed- eral Government was actually concern- ed in shielding a moral degenerate, looking particularly silly. Canada, with Thaw, begins a decade of great prosperity. We say a decade, because Canadian legal procedure thus far has shown itself so startlingly like our own that we are safe in supposing it will be ten years before the question of Mr. Thaw's deportation is decided. Already the legal profession and the al- lied profession of criminal psychiatry are booming. In Canadian private-de- tective circles an exceptional harvest is confidently predicted. The suggestion that Mr. Thaw become a Canadian land- holder in order to frustrate deportation has mobilized an army of real-estate agents who have been idle since the slackening of the boom in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Because of Mr. Thaw's announced intention to enter upon a campaign of publicity, the leading Ca- nadian newspapers have placed orders for additional sextuple presses. One can only touch upon the fertilizing in- fluence of the Thaw money in the minor industries — the moving-picture indus- try, the jail-delivery industry, the auto- mobile industry, the florist industry, which would never be what it is if as- sassins and degenerates were not to have their cells brightened with a daily bunch of sweet peas. How Mr. Lloyd George must be wishing himself to be Canadian Chancellor of the Exchequer with power to clap a super-tax on all in- comes derived from Thaw! Sir Wilfrid Laurier's recent speech at St. Hyacinthe has not set the Cana- dian political pot to boiling furiously, uur cousins across the border are not going to cross bridges before they come to them. The long obstruction of the naval plans was covertly welcome to many. And in the face of the Japanese war-scare, and . the example of Aus- tralia, the independent Toronto Sun still finds in a newspaper poll many communities not enthusiastic for "put- ting the profit on a $35,000,000 contract into British shipowners' pockets, or building a home navy for which they see no excuse." There is none of the scenting of a fray from afar, as over the reciprocity issue. And that last question, Sir Wilfrid himself pointed out, relates now to the future only. The eyes of the Canadians are fixed on our Senate. As the Liberal leader put it: "At the last Canadian election, many said, 'The Americans need both our mar- kets and our products. The new Demo- cratic tariff will let our products in, whatever our course.' That prediction has not yet come true. If it does, well and good; if not, the Liberals will open the fight again for broader markets and reciprocity." It is evident, even in Can- ada, that the new tariff will pass, and that its effect there must be tested by time. Even though Hungarian affairs of honor are quite as consistently harm- less as French, Count Tisza's third duel for the year suggests that there is still force in Mark Twain's recommendation that Austria-Hungary should provide herself with a Minister of Etiquette. At the same time, the exploits of the son of Andrassy's old political comrade tes- tify to a certain parliamentary and so- cial advance in the dual monarchy. When the American humorist visited Vienna in 1897, it was the matter-of- course tone in the epithets inter- changed by Majority and Opposition members that seemed remarkable. If they had been schoolboys or sailors, their language would have been more in keeping, but the nonchalance with which they accepted insults and slander was absolutely incomprehensibl gentlemen, they showed a callousness unknown to the pugnacious proletariat — so Mark Twain thought. If there were uger in such duels of losing a stat smanlike figure — as a 1 Western republic once did — publi tine ut might end th<

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ISO Ttie Nation | Vol. 97, No. 2513 THE BANKERS' CONFERENCE AND THE BANKING BILL. The action of the Bankers' Confer- 1 nee at Chicago, in adopting, towards the pending hanking legislation, an at- titude of friendly cooperation and crit- icism rather than one of sweeping and hostile opposition, we esteem a happy augury. We so regard it, from a point of view which recognizes the force of many of the objections raised in the report of the conference against certain proposals of the measure as it stands. At the outset, a possibility seemed to exist that the bankers' gathering might adopt the uncompromisingly hostile pol- icy expressed in the comment of one delegate that the bill is "unworkable, impractical, and fundamentally bad, and cannot be remedied by amendment." Adoption of a resolution along such lines might or might not have been economically warranted; that, as was j and as a consequence, in forcing such shown by the discussion in the confer- 1 regional institutions into dependence ence itself, is a matter on which opin- j on New York; thirdly, in creating g-eat ions differ widely. But that it would pressure on the national board, to fa- have been a grave political blunder, and I vor, in its general policies, one section that it would have gone far towards de- 1 at the unjustifiable expense of anothe-. priving the bankers' recommendations | The remedy, Mr. Warburg thinks, is of any practical efficacy, no one can the establishment of banking groups "so Congress might have to stand or fall by ractical success or failure of their experiment in banking reform. The changes recommended in the pending bill are numerous. Some of them affect the general framework of the plan as it now stands; some affect its technical provisions. Of the first class, the objection that twelve region- al banks would be too many is the most important. The conference gives its general judgment in favor of a single central bank; .but proposes as an al- ternative that not more than five shall be created. This second suggestion has behind it the high practical judgment of Mr. Paul Warburg, who has stated his opinion that too great a number of such banks would result, first, in weak- ening the efficiency of all of them out- side the district containing the coun- try's largest money centre; secondly, doubt who has observed the actual sit- uation at Washington. The assembled bankers recognized this plainly. The remark of Mr. Wade, that "if we cannot agree among ourselves in regard to the kind of currency law that is needed, what can we expect of Congress? " was evidence of the wiser spirit which in the end prevailed. Neither the Administration nor the Congressional committees could reason- ably refuse at least to give considera- tion to criticisms temperately present- ed by experienced bankers, and accom- panied by valid reasons against any existing provision. To ignore such coun- sel, merely because it came from bank- ers, would be as sensible as to ignore the criticisms of trained engineers on a tentative plan for an isthmian canal. The engineers' objections might be well or ill founded, but if their authors were responsible men, they could not be over- looked. The banks and their officers have much individually at stake in the result of the currency legislation; the business community of tie good deal more. But it is also not at all impossible that the political pres- tige and success ol the Wilson Admin- istration and the present majority in large that the divergent influences of the various component parts would in themselves eliminate any provincial col- or." He places the minimum of such regional banks at six. Without passing judgment on all aspects of the matter, we believe that this criticism demands the broadest and most careful consider- ation. The bankers further propose thar. the national board of seven, instead of con- sisting, as the present bill provides, of two Cabinet officers, the Controller of the Currency, and four Presidential ap- pointees (one at least an experienced banker), shall be made up of three Presidential appointees, three directors chosen by the member banks, with the Secretary of the Treasury as the sev- enth. This proposal must be judged In the light of the actual situation; we doubt its political practicability. We have said from the first, in considering the Administration plan, that the real crux of controversy in this national supervisory board (which the system Ol regional banks makes essential) is the and limitation of its powers, ra- th r thi What the I 1 ence bad to say regarding thi m lystem touched an important point. Their re- port recommends that the notes should he made the obligation, not of the Gov- ernment, but of the regional central banks through which the member banks obtain them. It further advises that such notes should be redeemed in gold; not, as the pending bill provides, in "gold or lawful money," and it proposes that a progressive tax shall be imposed on notes when the gold reserve held against them shall have fallen below a stated minimum. Each of these proposed amendments is absolutely sound in principle; each deals with a provision in the pending bill which is a very grave defect. The pending measure refers to these note issues — secured by bank collateral, and protected by a reserve in the vaults of the regional central banks — as "obliga- tions of the United States" and "ad- vances" to banks by the Government; describes the tax imposed on them as the "rate of interest" paid by banks to Government, and makes that rate dis- cretionary with the national board. These clauses we have from the first referred to as vicious — not because they really create a Government paper mon- ey, for they do nothing of the kind; but because the use of such language and inference distinctly encourages false economic notions in the people's mind. Mr. Bryan's enthusiasm, in his letter of Friday last to Chairman Glass, over what he describes as the "Government issue of the notes," will only emphasize this fact. Whether political exigencies will or will not necessitate the retain- ing in the bill of these empty forms with unsound suggestions, it is impos- sible now to say. FIXED THINGS IN A MIXED SITUA- TION. We scarcely needed Hearst telegraph- ing his orders to New York virtually to repudiate the Fusion ticket, in order to make the municipal campaign in this City appear extraordinarily confused. If the mere preliminaries bring so much uncertainty and acrimony, what shall we have when the lines are finally drawn and the battle is joined'.' II they 1!.. i in e 1 hings in ii" green 1 1 ee, what will they tie in the dry? Already we have three, and possibly four, candi- dates tor the Mayoralty, no1 counting the Socialists and the Prohibitionists. And the hand ol each ol thi m

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Aug. 28, 191 3] The Nation 181 every other. It is not steam they are accumulating while they wait, but vitriol. When Mayor Gaynor gets fairly going, a vial of bitterness will be brok- ■ r somebody's head every day. What will be the effect of his candidacy, or of Hearst's irruption, or of Tam- many's proposal to endorse Whitman, politicians are eagerly debating. But, despite their oracular airs, they evident- ly have no more wit than an ordinary Christian in forecasting the outcome. We have had three-corner fights for the Mayoralty, but here is one not only of many corners, but of nooks and lurk- ing-places whence men will sally to do we know not what. The situation is terribly mixed. Its underlying principles, however, are not in a state of flux. The city knows that some things are fixed. These can really be seen all the more clearly on account of the existing confusion in out- ward appearances. And any man at this time in want of a moral and politi- cal guide, cannot do better than to turn away, for the moment, from the things that fluctuate to the things which stand firm; from what is guesswork to what the experience of New York has demon- strated to be securely known. As a first item of this established knowledge may be written down the fact that no man can serve the two mas- ters, Tammany and the city. If he at- tempts to do so, he is certain to be charged with betraying one or the oth- er. And Tammany demands undivided allegiance. Any official, no matter how high, who does not give it will be ruth- lessly thrown overboard. The remorse- less pitching into the water of Mayor Gaynor is the most signal proof of this that Tammany has ever given. He did not openly attack Murphy. He tried to get on with him — even to please him. It is evident that he would have been glad to take a renomination from Murphy. But he would not permit the Boss to set his foot on the neck of the Mayor. He would not throw all the offices to Tammany. And that was enough for Murphy. Nothing of the good work the Mayor has done was allowed to count; his distinct personality and original and picturesque way of expressing himself weighed not so much as a grain of dust. He had put the city before Tammany, and that meant a death sentence. All or nothing, is Tammany's motto; and it was never writ so large as upon the cool and contemptuous abandonment of Mayor Gaynor. With this example glaring in the eyes of all voters, with what face can the Murphy nominee now step forward to talk about plans for the city's wel- fare? Mr. McCall is confessedly a man of ability. But has he anything like the independent vigor and initiative of Mayor Gaynor? The latter was taken by Tammany four years ago because Tam- many was sick, and, for the nonce, a saint would be. He was outside the or- ganization. But Judge McCall has long been in it. On his own showing, he now takes the nomination for Mayor, against his own inclination, and on Murphy's orders. But will he not also take them after the election? The whole argu- ment for choosing him lay in the ex- pectation that he would. In the Tam- many speeches lauding him on Satur- day, the one triumphant note was that, in Mr. McCall, Tammany would have "a true and tried Democrat." What was meant by that, everybody knows. It meant an end of the nonsense about non-partisan city government. It meant that Murphy hoped to have a man in the City Hall who would appoint to of- fice as he was bid. Mayor Gaynor would not do that, and we see what happened to him. How can Mr. McCall hope to escape the plain inference that he has been selected to do what Gaynor refused to do — to be servile to Murphy and a distributer of out-of-doors relief to Tammany? By whatever door the voters of New York go in, they always come out, in the city campaigns, at the same place, and find themselves face to face with an organization of political freebooters seeking to seize New York. And this organization is now commanded by a man whom it is a mystery why anybody obeys. For C. F. Murphy is without ability either to write or speak; Bourke Cockran has explained how he used to do the Boss's political writing for him; somebody else does it now. Murphy is, moreover, that anomaly, that libel on his race, as we might almost call it, a dull Irishman. He is not an originator of force; he is only the chance medium through which political forces work. What they are, and where they reside, can be only dimly guessed. But the uni- versal belief is that somebody controls Murphy, finances his organization, and stealthily uses his mask of Tammany leadership for mercenary ends. And it is this power behind Murphy whicn makes nominations, and orders judges and Congressmen to accept them, and they do it. That is another of the fixed truths in the mixed situation. A secret political control, some fellow in the cellarage, is reaching out for the cap- ture of New York. And the problem for its citizens is to-day merely what it has been before, how best to beat off the attack. GOOD ROADS WHILE YOU WAIT. It is an inspiring spectacle that the khaki-clad Governors of Missouri and Kansas have furnished to the nation. Poor old New York does not know who her Governor is. Massachusetts is un- certain whether her chief is a Republi- can or a Democrat. Washington and Mexico City are trying to come to an agreement regarding the Chief Execu- tive of that unfortunate country. But no such troubles disturb the happy val- ley of the lower Missouri. There you have a man who is every inch a Gov- ernor. Whenever he sees that anything is needed, he issues a proclamation, puts on the pair of overalls which he brought with him when he came to the Executive Mansion, and the thing is done before nightfall. It all reads like the story of Warren Hastings and his realization of his boyish dream of some day buying back his ancestral Dayles- ford. Gov. Major, too, had his dreams. As a boy he travelled over nothing but bad roads. "I made up my mind then, he says, "if I ever got a chance, I would do all I could for better highways. " The years came and went, with vary- ing fortunes for the growing boy, but always he was attended by the vision splendid. Last November the Repub- licans were divided into two camps; the Democrats captured the State once more, and the man with the ambition to pull Missouri out of the mud became her chief. And what a glorious pulling it has been! The figures read like a census bulletin and a treasury report combined. Thousands of men wielding picks and shovels, other thousands steering road- grading machines, still other hurrying from place to place with the moving- picture cameras, thousands of women killing, preparing, and frying tens of thousands of chickens, butchered to

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182 T li e IN" a t i o ii [Vol. 97, No. 2513 make a Gubernatorial holiday, hundreds of thousands of days' work done be- tween sunrise Wednesday and sunset Thursday, millions of dollars' worth of improvement made in the same fruit- ful period— altogether, it is doubtful whether ever before in the world's his- tory human energy accomplished quite so much in so brief a time. Nor was there mere pretence of doing what their energetic Governor had set them to do. By nine o'clock, we learn, a certain mile of road near the town of Indepen- dence, called Silver's Lane, had been put in condition, and the squad of eager volunteers assigned to it were clamoring for more roads to conquer. In all this the traditional attitude of Missouri is reversed. Instead of waiting to be shown, she does the show- ing. For Gov. Major has a vision of every State pouring out its whole happy popu- lation two days in every year to do something for its roads. He sees "the entire republic working upon the high- ways of the nation during the same two days." Surely no such elevating pic- ture has been drawn for mankind since it was proposed that everybody should shout at a given signal, and hear the hugest noise ever made. We think no objection could be offered to New York's emulation of Missouri. The sight of Govs. Sulzer and Glynn working side by side upon the roads that Tammany has builded wisely, but not too well, would go far to reconcile the citizens of a distressed commonwealth to their fate. But, however it may be with his proposal for a national road-working fiesta, Gov. Major is doubtless correct in his metaphor-defying contention that a good-roads spirit has been kindled which will bring rich fruitage through- out many years. Jealous critics of the Missouri Exec- utive will hint that this is the only real gain from the tremendous exertion of these two memorable days. To make or remake a road, they will say, and then go away and leave it to the tender mercies of traffic and the elements, is the most uneconomical method of do- ing it. Some States still allow their citizens to "work out" their road tax, but what kind of roads do they have? On the other hand, there is the want of enthusiasm with which Gov. Major's iirojfi I was greeted In St. Louis County, owing to the fact that "the county is 11 applied with rock roads, main- tained by a heavy tax." "A heavy tax" — there's the rub. What is the good of having self-government if you have taxes along with it? It is so much bet- ter to suffer losses that are not so evi- dent, such losses as the Minneapolis Civic and Commerce Association found in a farming area of 750 square miles tributary to that city. Bad roads were estimated to have cost these farmers more than $600,000 in a single year, this sum being the aggregate of losses caused by slow travel, extra trips, in- ability to reach the best markets, and so on. Scientific road-making takes ac- count of continual repairing. But away with such unwelcome considerations. This is the age of direct government. One day in the year we all turn out to celebrate our independence. One day we vote. One day our more advanced communities spend in pulling up the weeds that have been permitted to grow, and clearing off the rubbish that has been permitted to gather, during the preceding twelvemonth. And shall we not take two days to make passable the roads that our neglect has ruined in the other 363? CHANGES IN THE LEGAL PROFES- SION. Is the legal profession passing? Mr. George W. Bristol, of the local Bar, is sure of it in an article which he has just reprinted from the Yale Law Journal. Needless to say, the state of affairs he interprets is not due to a new birth of humanity and the coming of an era of good will and charity among men. The litigious spirit has not been exorcised. What worries him is that the business of lawyers is slipping out of their grasp into the hands of corporations. That the practice of the law has become commer- cialized is no new plaint; but the drift, according to Mr. Bristol, has gone far beyond commercializing individual law- yers. "The great bulk of litigation," tie He, lares, "while it may be actually done by a lawyer or a man who has been ad- mitted to the Bar and is entitled to call himself a lawyer, is conducted by cor- porations which have neither soul nor conscience, and owe allegiance to no code of ethics or morals, and which ao other cause tor existence than the accumulation of wealth for direc- tors and Stockholm —Mr7~ Bristol is abounding In specifics tions. The real-estate lawyer, he finds, is a thing of the past. A man who buys a house goes to a title company, which does the work and insures the title, and, either itself or through a mortgage com- pany, places a mortgage on the property. Mr. Bristol believes that approximately ten millions of dollars are paid annual- ly to insurance and mortgage compa- nies, of which but a small part goes to the clerks known as lawyers, who do the legal work for the corporations. No code of ethics governs their soliciting business, and one title company in New York has gone so far as to advertise that it will draw wills without cost if it is made executor of the estates. A lawyer who offered money in order to obtain business could be disbarred in this State, and would be guilty of a misde- meanor; no such penalty deters a com- pany from seeking business in any way it can. This license may sometimes be useful when it comes, for instance, to obtaining business in connection witn condemnation proceedings. One of these companies was reported in 1910 as hav- ing as an asset the sum of $736,316.97, "representing the estimated value of condemnation-proceeding contracts." An- other item in this report reads: "Con- demnation proceedings, drawing papers, examining titles, recording fees, and surveys . . . $183,902.45." And yet there is a statute in New York forbid- ding corporations to practice law. The defence of negligence cases is still another branch of the lawyer's prac- tice captured by corporations under the guise of liability insurance in a com- pany which is pledged to defend liti- gation and to pay an adverse judgment up to a given amount. As the company cannot be an attorney of record, it usu- ally appears in court through some member of the bar employed by it at an annual salary. This liability insurance contract, Mr. Bristol insists, "is a con- tract primarily to practice law, to de- fend litigation, and the insurance fea- ture of it is simply an incident to the litigation." Mr. Bristol cites an ad- juster of one of these c panies assay- ing, when rebuked tor unethical and un- professional conduct in going to a client directly, against the wishes of the client's attorney: "To - ■ with ethics. We are not. law vers: we are a 1 orpoi B tion practicing lav tor the 1 tej then is in it, ami we are going tq settle the cheapeal way." Again, thei 8 is the

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Aug. 28, 1913I The Nation 183 organization of corporations; this, too, has now been taken over by companies with branch offices in those States which are blessed with easy incorporation laws. These corporations not only aid in organizing companies, but for a fee Oi (25 furnish a "resident director and the year's rent of an office of a size, grandeur, and furniture display to com- ply with the law." Needless to say, Mr. Bristol is very clear in his mind that litigation by these companies is abso- lutely illegal, and he cites opinions to prove it. It is obviously a matter which calls (or the most serious thought, and one likely to be touched upon at the annual meeting of the American Bar Association next week. It is, however, only fair to ask whether there are not some redeeming features about the tendencies and prac- tices against which Mr. Bristol exclaims. Thus, it would be interesting to know if the layman has not actually profited by the rise of the company which deals with title insurance. The corporation with its large assets, which is able to insure the title and meet the damages if it makes an error, is better for the client than a lawyer who is responsible only for negligence in searching titles. Moreover, only a few lawyers would be able to respond in damages if negli- gence were proved against them. The layman may question, too, whether the percentage of error is not greatly reduc- ed when the work is done by a corpora- tion whose employees do nothing else, and are therefore unusually qualified. The use of trust companies, whether with or without an insurance attach- ment, as executors and trustees, is proD- ably a great advantage over the old practice of having a private individual as trustee or executor, provided that those companies are held by the courts to a rigid accountability for the proper management of the funds placed in their hands. This the courts in this State are doing. And is the profession not actually bet- tered by having negligence cases taken out of the hands of the individual? We remember to have read of "ambulance chasers" long before the rise of the lia- bility corporation, and they are yet to be found. The injured person is still the easy victim of shyster lawyers; on the other side, defence by corporations has ended many an abuse from which the employer formerly suffered. There are still plenty of wrongs and frauds in negligence litigation, but a strong case could be made out to prove that these are fewer than before the corporation arose. Finally, it should seem as if the taking of commercial business from the lawyer might check to some extent his own commercialization, and leave him free to enter the many other fields of litigation into which no corporation has yet entered. That we are witnessing a readjustment of the legal profession in many ways, and that its standards have suffered during the process of readjust- ment, is perfectly evident. But few law- yers, we think, could be found to agree with Mr. Bristol that the profession is disappearing; indeed, the need of the old-fashioned solicitor who was guide, philosopher, and friend is as great to- day as it ever was, even though that type of lawyer is now so scarce. A DIAGNOSIS OF WAR. The investigation which has been proposed by the International Peace En- dowment into the cause and circum- stances of the war between the Balkan Allies is an excellent bit of enterprise. Events in the Balkans during the ten months that have elapsed since Monte- negro gave the signal for battle have impressed themselves powerfully on the world's imagination. All war is dra- matic, but we must go far back in his- tory before we find an instance involv- ing such broad issues, such complexity of motives, such fierce passions, such extraordinary vicissitudes of situation, such a succession of dramatic climaxes. International peace is a subject that leaves a great many people cold, but in the present instance the investigators need not fear that their report will re- main unread. What the ordinary man will desire to know above all other things is just how a war which had its causes deep in history and which was regarded generally as the manifestation of the higher forces of civilization, should have ended in a shocking re- lapse towards barbarism. The war against Turkey was described, with par- donable rhetoric, as a conflict between the Cross and the Crescent. But the crusade degenerated into a saturnalia of evil passions. What have the teachings of Cross or Crescent to do with the Walpurgis night of hatreds, treachery, and bestial slaughter that settled down upon the unhappy Balkans? We re- peat, the peace investigators will find their public ready. If ever there was an opportunity to win the world's seri- ous attention to the nature and implica- tions of war, one is now presented. Of the topics for inquiry announced by President Butler — the responsibility for the outbreak of war between the allies, the truth about the outrages com- mitted upon non-combatants, and the economic waste caused by the war — the one to which public attention is most sharply directed is not, in our minds, the most important. The Bulgarian people may feel it necessary, for the sake of the national honor and the na- tional future, to disprove what they describe as the calumnies of the Greek and Servian press. We know in ad- vance where the responsibility for mas- sacre rests; not with Bulgaria, or Ser- via, or Greece, or Turkey. It is War that is responsible. But recognizing this, we believe that there is compara- tively little to gain by laying stress on the atrocities of battlefield or massacre, just as there is little to gain by insist- ing on the enormous destruction of wealth through war. The horrors of war have always been a favorite sub- ject with the novelists. The ruinous economic effects of war are continually emphasized. But to both arguments the reply is always forthcoming that men will not hesitate to give their wealth or their lives for a cause they believe in. No; the point of attack lies in the direction of ascertaining who or what is responsible for war. Is it fought for a worthy cause, or is it fought because certain leaders or certain interests de- sire war? It makes all the difference in the world whether the mangled bodies on the hillsides in Thrace and Macedonia are the price paid for the liberation of the Balkans from Turkish misrule, or whether those dead bodies and shattered limbs are incidents in the ambitions of a king or a commander- in-chief, and a testimonial to the skill of travelling salesmen from the gun factories at Essen and Creusot. That is the essential difference be- tween the Bulgarian dead who lay at Lule Burgas and Tchatalja, and the Bulgarians who fell by the tens of thou- sands in the ten days' fighting against the Servians at Bregelnitza in M nia. At Lule Burgas a nation was rea- lizing its destinies. But even the apolo-

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1S4: The ]STation | Vol. 97, No. 2513 gists of Bulgaria admit that it wa Savoff's unwise and unauthorized ac- tion that precip ar in Ionia. The will of the Bulgarian nation was for war with Turkey, but ation was not consulted bi was plunged into the disastrous conflict with Servia. Upon this point the advo- cate of peace can lay stress; not the heavy cost of war in lives and money, but the fact that this fearful price is frequently paid without the clear con- sent of those who pay it, without their even knowing why it is paid. The con- duct of war is an enterprise in which the fate of nations and the lives of unnumbered thousands are placed in the hands of a few men. An error of judgment on the part of a leader in the field is paid for in terms of brigades and divisions annihilated; that is in- evitable. But precisely because war must be carried on under such tremen- dous risks and at such fearful cost, it becomes an enterprise upon which a na- tion may enter only after it has weigh- ed risks and cost against the object to be attained. From their Balkan investigations the delegates of the International Peace Endowment may easily derive material for a text-book against war. But the chapters dealing with war's horrors will be secondary in interest and effect to the chapters dealing with the ma- chinery for making wars, with the in- fluence of court cabals and Ministerial cliques and Stock Exchange groups, with the nefarious intrigues of the gun and armor-makers. The jingo and the financial incendiary can be frustrated by showing, not that war is terrible, but that war is often wanton. What passes for national interest or the na- tional honor is too often the will of individuals and groups to whom the lives and fortunes of the masses are but pawns in a highly profitable or highly exciting game. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. Since the love of adventure exists so uni- versally in the heart of man, it is not strange that the "Travels" of Capt. Jona- than Carver sprang into immediate popu- larity upon its first appearance in 1778. His account of campaigns in the French and Indian War and of his travels among the Indians of the lake and upper Mississippi region was not only widely read by the next generation, but became the popular manual of information on its sub- ject. It was issued again and again in English and was translated into most of the languagi 1 - It: mlarity was by its excellence, which has been a well h 1: ' ,\ n hii toria □ oJ Amer- ican literature in the following words: Besides its worth for instruction, is its worth lor delight; wre have no other "In- dian book" more captivating than this. Here i> the charm of a sincere, powerful, pud generous personality — the charm of significant facts, of noble ideas, of humane sentiments, all uttered in English well-or- dered and pure. From the book of this New England traveller, Schiller drew the language and thought for his "Nadowessiers Totenlied," and many of the passages on the Indians in Chateaubriand's "Voyage en Amerique" were derived from the same source. After Carver's travels had ceased to be the foun- tain for popular information, it became the historical source book for historians of the older school, who were ready to ac- cept their printed material without ques- tioning carefully the reliability of the au- thor. Occasionally Western travellers and writ- ers of a later date ventured to criticise the accounts of Carver, and even to charge that he could not have been in the countries he claimed to have visited; or, if he had, that his ignorance was such as to have made the composition of the volume impossible. These sporadic attacks gained no general recognition, however, until a well-equipped and acute historian of the modern school turned on the work all the light of histori- cal criticism. One of the most fascinating studies for the critical historian is the attempt to prove his suspicion that the purported au- thor of a document or book could not pos- sibly have written it; and many most valu- able and interesting services to the science of history have been performed by students who have been successful in establishing their opinion by means of the canons of in- ternal and external criticism. The late Prof. Edward G. Bourne, of Yale Univer- sity, published, in 1906, in the January num- ber of the American Historical Review a study of this character on "The Travels of Jonathan Carver." The well-deserved repu- tation for accuracy of the critic added such weight to his reasoning that his final judg- ment was almost universally accepted. From the time of the appearance of Pro- fessor Bourne's essay there was a general agreement among the historical fraternity that Carver was an impostor with no right to the title of captain, that he was too igno- rant to have written the book that bears his name, and that, although the first part, con- taining an account of his travels, was de- rived from his information, the second and more important part, which describes the Indians, was a mere compilation from French sources by some hack writer. Pro- fessor Bourne summed up his final judg- ment in these words : It is clear from the evidence here pre- sented that the "Travels" of Jonathan Car- ver can no longer be ranked as an authen- tic record of the observations of the sup- posed author. ... In any case, Carver's "Travels" must now take its place beside listory of the New World" and "The Book of Sir John Mandevllle." This judgment, so Bweeping and caustic, appeared to be amply justified by the evi- prod I a ad thi cl< « ei an excellent ex- ample of ci no al anal I but It is no less an excellent example of the fallacy committed bj historians, when they ignore that first and most important law of his- torical criticism, namely, "Thou Shalt gath- er every scrap of information, lest thou thyself fall into the hands of the hostile critic." Scholars in the State of Wisconsin, where the name of Jonathan Carver had long been held in reverence as that of the first English explorer of the State, were not satisfied with this final judgment; and, af- ter several years of quiet investigation, Mr. John T. Lee has just published in the Pro- ceedings of the Wisconsin Historical Socie- ty an essay entitled "Captain Jonathan Car- ver; Additional Data," which is a real jus- tification of the doughty captain. First of all, Mr. Lee takes up the ques- tions : Was Carver a captain of the pro- vincial troops during the French and In- dian War? Was he at the siege and capit- ulation of Fort William Henry in 1757, which event he describes so graphically? A little search among the archives of Mas- sachusetts and elsewhere has given abun- dant evidence of Carver's service and rank. In fact, one is overwhelmed with the evi- dence and wonders how any charge that the captain was an impostor was ever se- riously entertained. It is only necessary to cite here a passage from the certificate of Gen. Gage, written in 1768: "These are to certify, that Mr. Jonathan Carver served as Captain in the Provincials during the late war, with Reputation, and has ever bore the Character of a very Good Man." The charge of ignorance and lack of edu- cation is also easily disproved. The fact that Carver was an officer cannot, of course, be taken as proof of his education, as there were officers among the provincials with little or no schooling. In the case of Carver, however, there is abundant evi- dence of his education. Before the appear- ance of his volume, he had acquired an enviable reputation as a map maker, as is shown by the following facts: the best con- temporary map of the Province of Quebec bears his name ; the De Costa map of Boston (1775) was largely his work; Carver was called upon to "improve" the "Map of the British Empire in North America" pub- lished in the "American Atlas." In this con- nection the statement of the present keeper of manuscripts in the British Museum should be quoted. After examining the Carver documents under his custody, he writes: Carver "must have been a man of very considerable education; his style and writing are as good (say) as Captain Cook's." Mr. Lee has printed with his essay the petitions by Carver to the British Gov- ernment for reimbursement of his exp and one report of the Board of Trade. These contain earlier information concern- ing his claims to have made important dis- coveries in the West than that in his book. In the report of the Board of Trade of July 10, 1769, it is asserted that Carver took and performed a journey of great ex- tent thro' the interior and unfrequented parts of the Continent of North \l travelling to the westward of Mlchllll- mackinac as far as the Heads u Uiver Mississippi, directing his COUMI CrOBB thence westward almost to the South Sea, and In his turn exploring the whole of the Great Lake BuperlOl this is an exaggei 1 1 ' " ward join in ij ingi . bui it is Inter

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Aug. 28, 191 3 J T li e Is ation 185 nod, on account of the repeated denials hat the Board 1 1 linn Cai . journal, and conversation a distinct impression of a jouru' 1 01 the Mississippi. er was chosen for this exploratory 1 1 ion l>y Major Robert Rogers, com- mandant of Mackii time. The ma- jor had been appointed to his post by po- litical Influence In spite of the opposition ! Sir William .Johnson, iind Immediately inaugurated far-reaching plans, tlu purpose of which cannot be very certainly ascertained. For his acts he was charged with treason and upon trial at Montreal wai Although 1 - I us are very obscure. li is purpose in Bending out Carver is more under.1-' I aving England, he Ions of exploring the and it seems evident that he hoped not only to find a route to the Pacific but also to extend the fur trade. A third purpose may have been the search for mines, and this may have been the reason for Carver's exploration of Lake Superior. It is reported that Charles Townshend sent an agent for this purpose to Lake Superior at about the same time that Carver was there, and possibly Carver and the agent were the same. At any rate, shortly after the return of Rogers and Carver to London, there was formed a Lake Superior Mining Company, composed of influential men, who obtained the King's consent to carry on their operations in that region. Although the connection between Carver and the com- pany is not established, yet the circum- stantial evidence is such as to make it ex- tremely probable. From Mr. Lee's study of Carver and from my own investigation of the same subject, it seems to me certain that Professor Bourne's contentions are unproven, except as regards plagiarism in that part of the vol- ume devoted to the description of the In- dians, a fact known long before Professor Bourne wrote. Instead of rejecting the vol- ume as of no more worth than that of Sir John Mandeville, the history of his cam- paigns and travels may be used by histo- rians in the same way as they would use a similar work by any intelligent and rela- tively cultivated man, for such Carver evi- dently was. C. W. Alvord. Correspondence TRAVELLING IN GREECE. To the Editor of The Nation : Sir: In your issue of July 24, Mr. Joseph Pennell disputes the correctness of some remarks of Professor D'Ooge's about the management of antiquities in Greece, ac- cuses the American School at Athens of having allowed the storage museum at Corinth to be put in an unsuitable place. and, In general, gives such a mistaken idea of what a traveller in Greece may expect as his portion, that a word of protest seems in order. I assume that Mr. Pennell must be com- paratively unfamiliar with conditions in Greece. He certainly writes as one who has little conception of the problems which have confronted the Greeks during the last fifty years of their development. The difficulties he had with money matti very likely due to the war, for a little more thi ago gold could be had by the traveller at fair ratei 1 am, how- formed by one who has just come in' found no difficulty, even now, in procuring such gold as he ible figures. As to Greek being refused anywhere in Greece, to many an experienced r in the country. Of course any . when engaged in a war which strains its resources to the utmost, will lamp taxes and other taxes to the of its ability. Under such circum- it is common-sense to pay the eerfully or stay at home, to Mr. Pennell's experience in being larged, an experience which he says is typical, one can only say that such in- are not confined to Greece. The foreigner generally pays more than the native everywhere, and our own country and Great Britain are no exceptions to the rule. Perhaps in Italy one has the fact illustrated as completely and openly as anywhere else. For that excursion to Epidaurus, which so tried Mr. Pennell, I paid for my carriage last year about twen- tj-five francs, nothing to the man who got it for me (one need not be too guile- less), a reasonable fee to the driver and to the very courteous guardian at the Thea- tre. If this year, with the existing short- age of men and horses, forty francs was paid for a carriage, the high charge was scarcely extortionate; and the drive is nearly forty miles, there and back. Per- haps I may offset Mr. Pennell's experience with one of my own. A year ago I spent a night with a party of friends in a small mountain village near Sparta. We were lodged in a peasant's house who, by the j v ay, had two married daughters living in Sioux City. I had made up my mind about what I ought to pay, and misunderstanding I the man's figures when I was settling the account, I took from my purse the sum I had determined upon. I soon found my mistake, and discovered that he was ask- ing me less than I was about to pay, and he saw my money, too. The bill was then paid in accordance with his figures. Greece i~, of course, still to some extent in the stage of commercial development when few prices are really fixed. Bargaining is the rule, and if a person occasionally pays a pretty good price, he may still not be cheated in a true sense. Another grievance of Mr. Pennell's is the 'artless vulgarity" displayed in fixing the position of the storage museum at Old Corinth. And forsooth the American School is as responsible as any one else! Here again Mr. Pennell speaks without knowledge. The American School is in no way responsible. Such buildings are put where the Greek authorities think best, and their decision is affected by all sorts o; considerations, among which the village conditions of land-holding may enter in. In Year Book Xo. 7 of the Carnegi. tution an excellent panoramic view of the excavations may be found. The m is the low building at the right. It is certainly not a beautiful structure, but to that it utterly hides the "historic view" of the temple is, to say thi a gross exaggeration. Mr. Pennell's prophecy that some day, wben it pays, the Greeks will charge an e fee to the museums and monu- lay perhaps be correct, and few would blame them if they did. They tried it in Athens a couple of years ago, and soon gave it up, because, I believe, 1 fee checked their own people in visit- ! ing such places, and it was felt that there was an educational loss. I have often wondered that the Greeks did not make travellers buy a general ticket to all antiquities, as is done in Egypt; but they have a rather fine, if perhaps almost Quixotic, pride in making such things free to all, and it is not always easy to make separate regulations for natives and for- eigners. Moreover, the people have not yet lost the charming and traditional 4>iSo^fvia, which to the foreigner who stays any time in Greece is a source of constant delight. Contrast the attitude of the Italians, who ere not willing that foreigners should con- duct excavations on Italian soil. As a whole, in spite of occasional faults, such as may enter into any human undertaking, the record of the management of Greek an- tiquarian work has been large-minded and efficient. J- R- Wheeler, Chairman of the Managing Committee of the School at Athens. Burlington, Vermont, August 15. MR. BOK ON COLLEGE ENGLISH. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Mr. Edward Bok contributes to the Outlook of August 16 an article ("Is the College Making Good?") which deserves the consideration of teachers in college. Some points about his indictment of the ignor- ance of students, however, are manifestly unfair. In the first place, one may fairly accuse Mr. Bok of a breach of courtesy in thus publishing, in so unfriendly a way, the grammatical errors of those who in good faith sought to answer his questionnaire. In the second place, there is no breach of courtesy in the fact that some students failed to answer Mr. Bok's questionnaire. I suppose that Mr. Bok's acquaintance with the seniors in the colleges selected for ex- amination came only from an inspection of catalogues. This does not accredit him, nor place his inquiry in the category of "business letters." His idea that the mere enclosure of a stamp demands an answer is absurd. The enclosure of a hundred stamps would not require an answer, un- less some other interest than mere curiosity or gain prompted the writer's request. In the third place, one may doubt, and T as an Instructor, in one of the institutions criticised by Mr. Bok, take the liberty of so doubting, whether Mr. Bok is at all a fit person to discuss good grammar or style. Let me clti some phrases of his own art "If. added to these testimonies, we should secure the opinions ... we would get a fair line on the college and its work." Now, quite apart from the journal* " it is obvious that Mr. Bok cannot distinguish between "would" hould." Again: "Of course one salient fact that n. borne in mind is" . . . Bearing in mind a salient (act must be as hard as carrying a kicking pig! Again: most minor

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186 r_T li e 1ST a t i o ri | Vol. 97, No. 2513 iinu much more minor, Mr. Bok, is one practical rule than another? Again: "A stamped, addressed envelope was en- closed In each inter so as to simplify its answer." What Mr. Bok means is "to ensure a re- ply." The answer is not simplified by an envelope. Purists would object, too, to the ambiguity o£ "its." Again: "The basic defect that underlies all these furious kinds of slips." . . . Here is the pleonasm that is the bane of all such glibness as Mr. Bok's. Again: "Bach prospective graduate" . . . There is no such thing as a "prospective" graduate. Fourthly, Mr. Bok's indictment of college men's vagueness is exploded by one little sentence of his own : "There is a wearying recurrence of . . . the self-evident 'increases your knowledge.' " I had thought that the increase of know- ledge was the one use of college; that, in fact, there was no other. It appears, then, that the students who took the pains— with what thanks we have seen — to answer Mr. Bok wearied him by giving him — the correct answer. Finally, the defects which appear in the letters used by Mr. Bok for exploitation of ignorance do not prove the poor training in college, unless the inquiry of Mr. Bok plainly stated that the answers would be regarded as tests in spelling and grammar. They prove, on the contrary, that parents have not taught their children to desire good use. A boy who does not habitually spell correctly is a disgrace, not to his col- lege, but to his mother and his father. From five years of experience I know that nine out of ten "bad spellers" can spell right when they must, but lapse into error from the mere habit of years of parental neglect. Let the blame be set upon the right shoulders. The college has the boy for training in composition only an hour a week for thirty weeks. What was the mother doing when the boy was from eight to twelve years old, the period at which spelling should be taught? H. X. M.\( Cr.u'ken. Y.ile Cnlverslty, August 20. Literature QUERY. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In reading "The French Revolution: A Political History, 1789-1804," by A. Au- lard, translated by Bernard Miall (Scrib- ners, 1910), I am at a loss to understand the following paragraph : The most important fact of all in the history of republican ideas is that twenty m liefore the French Revolution all enlightened Frenchmen had read, either in 1 Iginal (for a knowledge of the Eng- lish language was then very general in France) or in one of the numerous French tions, the text of the Constitution of the United States. (Volume I, p. 113.) The Constitution of the United States was not, of course, In existence before 1787, so that, in view of M. Aulard's words "twenty years before the French Revolu- tion," it is impossible that he should be re- ferring to this document, To lie refer? s H. Holt. We 1 Point, August 22. THE WAR OF 1870. The Franco-Prussian War and its Hid- den Causes. By Emile Ollivier. Trans- lated from the French, with an In- troduction and Notes by George Burn- harn Ives. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. $2.50 net. For some years after Louis Napoleon established the Second Empire there was no opposition in the Legislative Body; but in 1857 five men of liberal views were returned. Of these five — les Cinq, as they were known — one was an able and eloquent lawyer, M. Emile Ollivier, who became, after 1866, the leader of those moderates who coun- selled the Emperor to grant a Parlia- mentary regime as the most effective bulwark against the rising tide of So- cialistic and Radical Republican agita- tion. The new regime was proclaimed in 1869, and in December of that year M. Ollivier was entrusted with the for- mation of a "homogeneous Cabinet," which, not in fact very homogeneous af- ter all, took office on January 2, 1870. The policy of the new Ministry was to strengthen the empire by making rea- sonable concessions at home and reso- lutely pursuing peace abroad. Never- theless, on July 19 war was declared against Prussia, and in less than two months the Liberal Ministry had fallen, Napoleon was a prisoner, and the em- pire at an end. Those extremists, Imperialists of the Right and Republicans of the Left, who had done what they could to drive France into war, wished not to bear the responsibility for so overwhelming a disaster. They therefore laid the blame on the Ministry, and particularly on the chief Minister, M. Ollivier. Meantime, M. Ollivier, living in retirement since his fall, August 8, 1870, has given much careful study to the history of the Sec- ond Empire, and particularly to the closing years, which marked at once the culmination of his political career and the tragedy of his life. The re- sults of his study began to appear about twenty years ago in the Revue des Deux Mondes, in a series of articles which, with some revision, have been printed in book form under the title of "L'Em- pire liberal." The first volume came out in 1894, and the sixteenth is proba- bly now in press, if not already pub- lished. The work is, in the best sense, an apologia pro vita sua — an apology in the original sense of a valiant Justifica- tion, and a justification, moreover, in the present case, based upon very full knowledge and inspired by a resolute desire to extenuate nothing and to set down naught in malice. The gist of M. Olllvier's defence is contained in the book now done into English by Mr. Ives. The text is made up of extracts, chosen by M. Ollivier himself, from the larger work, "L'Em- pire liberal," to which the translator has added, in the form of notes, many quotations from Gorce, Sorel, Oe Gra- mont, and other secondary authorities, and an occasional extract from "L'Em- pire liberal," which M. Ollivier did not think necessary to include. As the title indicates, the book deals with the events, particularly with the diplomatic negotia- tions, that led up to the Franco-Prussian War. It is a fascinating story, highly dramatic in itself, and well told; that it is told by one of the chief actors, whose bias is obvious, and whose interest in the theme remains fresh and vital af- ter forty years, makes the present nar- rative none the less important and all the more interesting. Wishing to drive France into war, Bis- marck induced the Spanish Government to offer the crown of Spain to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern, who signified his willingness to accept the crown in case the offer should be confirmed by a majority of the Cortes. France could not submit to any such arrangement, and M. Ollivier exhausted the resources of diplomacy in the effort to avoid war by procuring either a withdrawal of the offer or an abandonment of the candi- dacy. Representations at Madrid and at London were fruitless, while the Prussian Government professed to re- gard the question as a private affair of the Hohenzollern family with which it had nothing to do. King William him- self, when approached in his private character by Benedetti at Ems, replied that he could not interfere: he had sanctioned Leopold's conduct when he accepted the offer; he would likewise sanction his conduct if he should deter- mine to withdraw. Meantime, Prince Anthony, father of Leopold, influenced by the representations of the Rumanian agent, Strat, on July 11 commanded Leopold to withdraw, which the latter did under protest. The withdrawal so obtained was confirmed by the King. The affair seemed now at an end. France had achieved a great diplomatic victory — "the finest," said Guizot, "which has been won in my Lifetime." Bismarck was in despair and thought of resigning. M. Ollivier was overjoyed. At three o'clock on July 12 the Minis- ters agreed with Napoleon that nothing should be decided until the next day. Yet at seven o'clock in the evening Gramont sent off the famous dispatch embodying the demand for "future guar- anty s" a dispatch instructing Bene- detti to request the King not only to confirm the withdrawal of Leopold, bul to give "assurance that Lie « in noi again lanction that candidacy." Benedetti presented this request, which the King refused. Even so, the matter might have ended, for on the following day

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Aug. 28, 1913J The Nation 187 the Cabinet decided not to press the de- mand for guaranties. lint the unfortunate Benedetti had not Been lit to remain content with the re- ply which the King sent him: he insist- ed once, and a second time, upon a per- -i.n.i l Interview, it only "to hear his 1 repeat what he had said to him." This passed the bounds of royal patience, and King William sent to Bis- marck the famous telegram in which he left it to the Chancellor to determine "whether Count Benedetti's latest de- mand, and the refusal with which it. was met, should be communicated at once to our .Ministers, to foreign na- tions, and to the press." Bismarck, who had already resigned himself to failure, the opportunity which fate thus provided, and published the telegram in a modified form — a form which made it appear that the Prussian King had in- sulted the French Ambassador by refus- ing to receive him." The edited telegram, published throughout the world on the morning of July 14, had precisely the effect intended: July 19 the French Government declared war against Prussia. M. Ollivier's main thesis is that the Ministry did all that was humanly pos- sible to avoid war. That M. Ollivier sin- cerely desired peace, no one doubts; that his Ministry achieved a great dip- lomatic victory by procuring the with- drawal of the candidacy, is conceded. But why, then, many historians ask, did the Government imperil this splendid victory by making the foolish demand for future guaranties? And why did M. Ollivier, forgetting the main issue and falling at last into Bismarck's trap, de- clare war because the King had re- fused to receive Benedetti? Having se- cured the essential interests of France, the Ministry should not, it is said, have plunged the country into war merely to avenge a diplomatic indiscretion. With respect to the demand for guar- anties, the defence of M. Ollivier is ade- quate. The famous dispatch was sent off by Gramont, on the Emperor's sole authority and without the knowledge of M. Ollivier or the other Ministers, at seven o'clock, after what Gramont calls a "conscientious discussion" at St. Cloud. "Who took part in that discus- sion?" M. Ollivier asks. "I know only those who were not invited — they were: the Minister of War, . . . the Keep- er of the Seals, . . . the Minister of the Interior, . . . the Minister of Fi- nance; in a word, no member of the Cabinet save the Minister of Foreign Affairs." As Gorce believed, it was the Empress who dominated the conference and won over the vacillating Emperor; and M. Ollivier did not learn until "af- ter eleven o'clock at night, and by mere chance, that a momentous decision had been reached and put into execution." Moreover, on the following day the Cab- inet did what it could to rectify the blunder. But if M. Ollivier did nothing to bring on the war, he accepted it when it came; and he accepted it, it is said, "with a light heart." This phrase, which oc- curs in the speech before the Chamber in favor of the declaration of war, has been quoted a thousand times, and is quoted even to this day in reputable his- tories as evidence that the Minister was neither very strongly attached to peace nor aware of the heavy responsibility of war. Taken in its context, this scrip- tural paraphrase, as Gorce long ago pointed out, bears no such meaning. For M. Ollivier immediately added: "I mean, with a heart that is not made heavy by remorse, because the war that we shall wage we are forced into, because we have done all that was humanly and honorably possible to avoid it." Nevertheless, with light heart or heavy, M. Ollivier did accept the war. Should he not have endeavored, even af- ter the publication of the Ems tele- gram, to maintain peace? No, M. Ol- livier says; the act of Bismarck was a studied insult not to be passed over with honor by any nation; to have ac- cepted it would have meant a loss of prestige from which France could never have recovered. The point is debatable, but one is inclined to think that if M. Ollivier could have kept the patriotic Paris sentiment in check, France might have recovered from the victory of peace as splendidly as she did from the humiliation of war. However, it is ad- mitted that M. Ollivier could not have combated the war sentiment successful- ly. His only alternative to declaring war was to resign; and had he resign- ed the result would have been the same in every respect: the war would have occurred; France would have been de- feated; and M. Ollivier himself, instead of being denounced for assuming respon- sibility, would have been denounced for not assuming it. Responsibility for the war, from which the Ministry is thus cleared, is put upon Bismarck: no Bismarck, no war. From the point of view of human motive, Bismarck is clearly the respon- sible agent. He alone, among the per- sons holding positions of authority, de- sired the war; he alone deliberately set himself, by fair means or foul, to bring it about. But regarding the war as the result of a connected series of events, the thing that strikes one, the very thing that was so maddening to Bis- marck himself, is that the Chancellor had to sit quietly by, waiting for others to act, and wondering what they would do. And, after all, on M. Ollivier's own showing, there would have been no tele- gram to edit if Benedetti had not been indiscreet. In this sense the acts of Bismarck are no more important, as causes of the war, than those of the Em- peror, or of Benedetti, and the question of responsibility disappears. Most readers will readily agree that Bismarck was responsible. Whether he was justified, as a German statesman, in deliberately embroiling the two coun- tries for the sake of advancing the in- terests of the Fatherland, is a quite dif- ferent question. In his final judgment of Bismarck from this point of view, M. Ollivier is more generous than one might expect him to be. The French Ambassador, Talleyrand, was on one oc- casion seeking a polite phrase in which to express his disapproval of Bismarck's conduct. "Don't put yourself out," said the Chancellor. "Nobody but my King thinks that I acted honorably." M. Ol- livier's comments are just. "/Esthetical- ly, I like him thus. As soon as he re- veals his true self, and boasts of his audacious knaveries which raised his Germany, until now divided and impo- tent, to the first rank among nations, then he is as great as Satan — a mighty statesman, of sinister but impressive grandeur. He will not thereby have opened for himself the gates of any par- adise; he will have won forever one of the most exalted places in the German Pantheon of terrestrial apotheoses." CURRENT FICTION. The Jumping-Off Place. By Ethel Shackelford. New York: George H. Doran Co. The notion of the Eastern girl, re- duced to a mess of nerves by a life of fashion, and destined to be healed by contact with the wild West, is not new. The usual method is to plunge her into the hard life of frontier or ranch, to make her use her wits and her hands. Nothing so crude is here meditated. The Camp to which the lady is sent by her physician is a camp only in name, a community in which golf and bridge and motoring have at least as large a part as hard work. Picturesque relics of a sterner age survive, but the hard- ships involved in residence are only such as inhere in remoteness from Fifth Avenue. Our Eleanor drops, with a maid, into a luxurious bungalow. A telephone puts the neighborhood at her service; and there ensues a mild, not to say silly, comedy of coquetry, engaging, in some degree, all the eligible males of the Camp. She qualifies as frontier heroine by learning to shoot, and per- forming the two favorite feats of the frontier markswoman: defend in self from a too ardent admirer, and saving the life of the man she When we say that the man is really her husband from whom, though they iach other, a honeymoon misun- derstanding has separated her, w the reader a sufficient inkling as to the course of events. The dialogue involv-

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L88 T li e j>s a t ion [Vol. 97, No. 2513 Ight" or piquant type which the 11 late disposes of as -h." Pity t) 'id. V,y !I. II. Bashford. New York: Henry Holt & Co. folliots of Redmarley. By L. Allen Harker. New York: Charles Scrib- ner's Sons. It must be said for Mr. Bashford that ays his unimportance rather later than most. His is a masterly manner and a fundamental lack of taste. He begins what promises to be a good bit of light comedy by dispatching from a London centre of high-church influence to a Dorsetshire parish, a pompous young cleric with an inflated sense of his own sanctity. To Sabbath congregations he is known as a fine pulpit presence and an ornament to the church, but to Mr. Bashford and the reader as a selfishly ambitious son who keeps an unpresent- able but doting mother well in the back- ground. The first landing of this hyper- sensitive stranger in a plain-spoken neighborhood throws him — by mistake — into the household of a loose-living coun- try squire, where a bird of his feather is welcomed as one of nature's curiosities, and his sonorous Latin grace before meat is taken as an oracular tip on the day's racing. But here Mr. Bashford drops the role of genial entertainer and takes to sermonizing. Not to bate Mal- volio in a cassock, but to reform him, is his high purpose. The chief instrument employed in this project is the squire's daughter, a maiden richly endowed with all the bovine graces — good nature, phys- ical strength, and a leisurely mind. In her presence our cleric instantly recog- nizes his own nothingness. Thougn somewhat deficient on the spiritual side, she is to him a convincing revelation of the beauty of naturalness, while he, in spite of his lack of honest sincerity, wears in her serene uncritical eyes all the beauty of holiness. With mutual as- sistance they both at last "find God.' The aspiring son of the middle class who, in presence of the gentry, suc- cumbs to a benumbing sense o*f his own inferiority, is getting to be one of the standardized subjects of British mirth. Whereas Mr. Bashford shrouded his situation in dim religious light, and cur- ed his hero's bad manners by dragging him through the depths of religious ex- perience, Mrs. Harker gives it a mildly political cast. Her hero is a shopkeep- er's son (Mr. Bashford, was sprung from a piano-tuner), and climbs into the so- cial fold as a Liberal candidate. The rhetorical finish of his speech (like Mr. Gladstone, he addresses ladies as if they were public meetings), and the contu- sion into which be falls at sight of the squire's adorable wife and daughter, con- stantly betray his base origin. So in- delibly marked is be with the habit of counti that, having put a necktie, he absentmlndedly sorts the "stoi k" into t!ie proper box- es while waiting for his change. But being at heart a blameless youth, a few lessons in simplicity and kindlin- en from the example of real gentlewo- men greatly increase his present abil- ity, and he is even permitted to make love — very respectfully — to Miss Mary, but certainly not to marry her. The au- thor discreetly explains the unsuitable- ness of such a match and consigns Mary to the safekeeping of Capt. Reggie. There are points in the story at which we could easily persuade ourselves that we were reading a Manual of Deport- ment for Young Ladies — "How to ap- proach a strange young man who has fallen into a puddle," "How to rebuke a disagreeable father without imperti- nence," "Teaching a self-conscious youth how to behave at a ball," etc. Enjoy- able, even amusing, object-lessons, but object-lessons none the less. Mrs. Harker is really more interested in the younger members of the squire's family than in Mary and the parliamentary Gallup, but even in nursery and school-day episodes, in which she is at her best, we still sus- pect her of having at heart the edifica- tion of the juvenile mind. Both these books are rich in what is known as "kindly humor." Together they contain an amount of it that is positively demoralizing, not to say smothering. "What we need in these days of politely repressed smiles is a burst of healthy, conscienceless, danger- ous laughter to clear the air. directed more to those things which lie underneath." He believes that there are signs of spiritual awakening on every hand, and gives the present title to his collection of stories "as in some sort reflecting glimpses of this new Land of the Spirit." We confess that we search in vain through these pages for any kind of novelty, whether of mind or of spirit. They seem rather a survival; theirs is the somewhat obvious piety and sentiment of the Victorian fathers. Their dealings with supernat- ural matters are upon the simplest of planes. There are two nativity stories, devoutly told, and a tale of Jesus ap- pearing in a modern church and faring ill at the hands of the fashionable par- ishioners. For the rest, the stories are much like those which Mr. Page has collected in his other volumes, such as "In Old Virginia." Part of his charm for the public lies, no doubt, in a cer- tain ingenuous stiffness of style not to be found in this day north of Mason and Dixon's line — the style of a Southerner "of the old school." Little Mamselle of tlie Wilderness: A Story of La Salle and his Pioneers. By Augusta Huiell Seaman. New York: Sturgis & Walton Co. The sub-title at least sufficiently de- scribes this book, in so far as it is to be described as anything but juvenile romance. Nobody else is likely to take its history as seriously as (to judge by the "Foreword") the author does. It is perfectly true, as she says, after Park- man, that La Salle was a great man; but that seems to be no fit cause for placing his helpless effigy in a nursery tale. Little Mamselle and her school- girl romance are the main thing. Her experiences are neither more nor less credible than the recipe calls for. That La Salle's expedition to the Mississippi should be chosen as setting for them is a purely arbitrary chance. We do not see that there is anything to be said for this sort of thing, unless that babies cry for it. The Land of tin Spirit. By Thomas Nel- son Page. New York: Charles Scrib- Sons. In his Preface Mr. Page says that most notable 01 -li our national life in the last decade is the iing of its not' . Whi ntion was given largely to things urface, of late the mind )r.< POSITIVISM. The Positive Evolution of Religion. By Frederic Harrison. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2 net. In this book the St. Paul of Positiv- ism, as Frederic Harrison might be call- ed, delivers what he evidently regards as his farewell message to the unregen- erate world. It is composed of various ' essays and addresses, many of them al- ready published elsewhere, yet put to- ' gether so as to constitute a fairly uni- fied whole. The generous appreciation which he shows of every form of relig- I ion is perhaps the most striking char- acteristic of the book. And this honest attempt to be always fair is especially notable from the fact that the author's j one aim is to make clear how superior ; the Religion of Humanity is to every j other form of faith and worship. In order, apparently, to be strictly orthodox in his presentation, Mr. Harri- | son begins his review of religions, as all good Positivists should, with "Fetich- ism." This (following Comte and dis- regarding all later authorities) he iden- tifies with nature worship, interpreting it as the direct worship of material ob- jects in themselves, with nothing ani- mistic about them. After Fetichism conies, of course. Polytheism, which, like its predecessor, has a chapter-full of For the author aims to show that both of these lower stages of relig- ion contained much tha el lent, and that all tlii:- eed in purer form by the Religion of Human- ity. Monothi ■ told, is a weak- ening as well as an ennobling of Poly- theism. Christianity is taken as the type o -in. and Catholicism ared "tin- only 1 . lurlngi

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Aug. 28, [913 I The Nation 189 organic form of Christianity.-' Except in regard to its creed, Harrison has lit- tle but praise and admiration for the Catholic Church. Three very apprecia- tive chapters are devoted to it, and he 1 al times with approval Dr. maxim to the effect that Pos- itivism itself is only Catholicism plus science. In the next two chapters the aged Positivist has a very good time unbur- dening his soul as to the varieties of re- ligious experience in England. The An- glican Establishment has a delightful chapter to itself, and is characterized as follows: The Church of England is the most com- plex and ambiguous kind of compromise in ,ill Christendom. It is a compromise with- in a compromise. It is at once Local-Catho- niritual-Temporal, Sacerdotal- Indi- vidual, Sacramental-Evangelical, Ecclesi- astical-Biblical. It combines every kind of contradictory. ... Of all Protestant communities, it is the most tolerant, the most elastic, the most large-minded. . . . It has a dummy Pope and Episcopal Con- clave, a dummy House of Convocation, a dummy Mass, and a dummy Penance and Absolution. None of these will work; nor are they made to work. For "Orthodox Dissent" our author has more respect; but both it and the Established Church have the same funda- mental weakness of being inconsistent and half-way devices. The Churchman should either return to Rome or become an out-and-out Protestant; and the lat- ter, now that the infallibility of the Bible has been given up, should go on to Neo-Christianity. And Xeo-Chris- tianity cannot be consistent till it ceases to be Christian: Christianity as a religion rests on the divinity of Christ. If there be no mir- acle, there can be no divinity. If Jesus were not God, he is a rather feeble type to imitate, and an utterly vain reed to lean upon. If he be risen from the cross, it is a miracle. If he be not risen, he is not God; and if he be not God, "then is your faith vain." If Christ be a man like Socrates, put Socrates for Christ. Talk of the Imitation of Socrates; Socrates's sacrifice for our sins, our good actions being inspired by Socrates; Socrates being cur mediator, and receiving us into Heaven. What nonsense would be this Religion of Socrates! So Christianity without the su- pernatural is nonsense also. Thus we are driven to Theism, which, in the first place, is entirely indemon- strable, in the second place "may issue in anything," and, thirdly, "is a scheme of thought so bare, so transcendental, and so alien to human interests and sympathy, that it does not offer the basis for a religion definite enough to effect great moral and social action for masses of men." Hence a man who is both re- ligious and logical should turn to the last refuge of all, the Religion of Hu- manity. This is no more atheistic than theistic. It pins its faith to natural science alone, but on the ultimate ques- J tions of the universe it has no opinion: | It neither accepts nor disputes the solu- tion of Natural Theology. It insists that j the normal object of religious reverence lies in a wholly different sphere — not in the Incomprehensible, but in the Comprehen- sible; not in the universe, but in this not in the Absolute, but in the Relative; not in the supernatural, but in the natural; not in the divine, but in the human world. In spite of its negations, it is the only complete religion, and in it "are realized all the dreams of the older faiths." Throughout the book one's attention is repeatedly drawn to the author's naive acceptance of the unlimited sway of natural science; his utter contempt for mysticism; his failure to understand the power and necessity of tradition in matters of faith; his blindness to the beauty and universality of many of the teachings of Jesus; his strange attitude towards perfectly dead mortals as if they were deathless deities. But most fundamental of all the views which the unconverted reader finds it hard to ac- cept is the view of religion for which this book stands. Religion is defined as "the state of harmony that results when man's entire life, both as an individual and as a member of society, corresponds with the real conditions — first of human nature; and, secondly, of the world around us." This is at best ambiguous. But whatever it may mean, surely a study of humanity and of religion will show that man has always insisted on pondering long and deeply over those ultimate questions which Positivism rules out of court, and that religion, in fact, consists just in the attitude which men take towards those very powers which Comte taught his followers sys- tematically to ignore. Persuade human- ity that it has nothing but itself to wor- ship, and it will soon cease worshipping. To preach good will towards men is cer- tainly a fine thing, but it is not religion; nor can you make it into religion by adding a whole calendar of "saints" and all the nine Positivist "sacraments." THE MERMAID TAVERN. Tales of the Mermaid Tavern. By Al- fred Noyes. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co. $1.35 net. Alfred Noyes, if any one, has deserv- ed well of poetry. He has done his best to raise it from the triviality into which it has gradually fallen to some- thing of its old-time elevation and splendor. In particular, he has sought to restore its ancient dignity of theme by a return from the petty personalities of a late decadence to historical and national subjects such as occupied it in the days of its glory. To say, then, that his latest undertaking is not wholly a success, is not to condemn it so s* as would be the case with a less at- tempt: in the language of one of his own Elizabethans, "suffice that great at- tempts have never shame." As his title implies, the author has been at pains to spin about the Mermaid Inn a series of stories more or less characteristic of its traditional frequenters, while he has given the whoie collection a kind of unity by putting them all into the mouth of a 'drawer'' who afterwards be- comes host of the tavern. About this device, with all its advantages for the story-teller, since the raconteur is after all a mere man of straw and mouth- piece only for the poet, there is the se- rious drawback that it frequently in- volves one narrative within another, so that the story itself finally reaches the leader at second or even third hand and as though by hearsay. As for the "tales" themselves, Mr. Noyes has shown imagination in elab- orating them — in many instances from the more or less meagre outlines of tra- dition. Nor is he less ingenious in the use of literary, biographical, and his- torical allusions, by which he seeks to give his inventions an air of plausibili- ty and to assimilate them with reality, while he has succeeded in relieving the unavoidable monotony of his narrator's blank verse by a number of lyric pas- sages in diversified measures. On the whole, however, his vein is rather epic than dramatic. The moment his greater personages begin to speak for themselves, the spell is broken. No doubt, to the idolatry of a later age such a disillusion is inevitable in the case of figures like Kit Marlowe and Ben Jonson, to say nothing of Shake- speare's self, who by the way is staged but cautiously. Nevertheless, the re- sult is the same; and the impression is strengthened rather than weakened by the poet's disposition to exaggerate the romantic legend as though in rec- ognition of the fact that success in this kind must be something of a tour de jorrr at best. In this way his principal characters come to seem bigger, brawn- ier, and more obstreperous even than tradition. They impend appallingly out of an intemperate Elizabethan Valhalla of cloud and fog, thunder and earth- quake. But unfortunately they are sometimes more suggestive of Ancient Pistol than of his creator. It is for this reason that the effect is happier when the narrative centres up- on a minor character like Will Kemp and his nine-day morris, or when the story is elicited, as it might be, from an intermediary or bystander, as is the ith the death of Marlowe or the burial of Mary Queen of Scots. 1 1 aside from incident, where Mr. Noyes is always at his best in spite of his constant temptation to surcharge his narrative, some of the best passages in the volume are bits of secondary char- a itemization of this kind, among which is the excellent portrait of John Ford,

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L90 The ]STation LVol. 97, No. 2513 "with folded arms and melancholy liat'*: For such a silent soul Was Master Ford that, when he suddenly spake, It struck the rest as dumb as if the Sphinx Had opened its cold stone lips. He would sit mute, Brooding, aloof, for hours, his cloak around him, A staff between his knees, as if prepared . For a long journey, a lonely pilgrimage To some dark tomb ; a strange and sorrow- ful soul, Yet not — as many thought him — harsh or hard, But of a most kind patience. Though he wrote In blood, they say, the blood came from his heart; And all the sufferings of the world he took To his own soul, and bade them pasture there ; Till out of his compassion, he became A monument of bitterness. He rebelled ; And so fell short of that celestial height Whereto the greatest only climb, who stand By Shakespeare, and accept the Eternal Law*. Notes For the end of this month, the Houghton Mifflin Company are offering "Happy-Go- Lucky," a story by Ian Hay; also the fol- lowing educational works: "The Nation and the Empire," by Lord Milner, consisting of his more notable speeches and addresses ; "Representative Cities of the United States: a Geographical and Industrial Reader for Grammar Schools," by Caroline W. Hotchkiss; "The Teaching of Spelling," by Henry Suzzallo; "How to Teach Read- ing," by Frances Jenkins; "Studies in For- eign Education," by Cloudesley Brereton, and "Selections from the Prose Works of Matthew Arnold," edited by W. S. Johnson. In September Funk & Wagnalls will issue a new edition of the New Standard Dic- tionary. The Century Co. announces "The Town- send Twins — Camp Directors," by W. L. El- dred; "Beaumont the Dramatist," by Charles Mills Gayley, and "Social Evolu- tion," by T. S. Chapin. Duffleld & Company's list of autumn fiction starts with Marguerite Bryant's "The Mas- ter Passion." Other novels offered are: "Circe's Daughter," by Priscilla Craven; "A Mesalliance," by Katharine Tynan; "A Run- away Ring," by Mrs. Henry Dudeney ; "Margery Fytton," by Lady Ridley; "The Sphinx in the Labyrinth," by Maude Annes- ley; "Molly Beamish." by H. de Vero Stacpoole, and "Uncle's Advice," by Wil- liam Hewlett. The same house will issue three volumes of unpublished correspondence of Napo- leon [, edited by Lieut.-Col. Ernest Picard, translated by Mrs. Louise Seymour Hough- ton; "Goldoni; a Biography," by H. C. Chatfield-Taylor, and "Footprints Beneath the Snow," by Henry Bordeaux. McBride, Nast r Fu via nchu," by Sax Kohiner, and "In Midsummer Days," by August S I'- ll 1 Ill's Modern Language Series will in- clude 1 he following, now in press: Spielha- gen's "Das Skelett im Hause," with notes and vocabulary by M. M. Skinner; Schmid- hofer's "Zweites Lesebueh" ; Stern's "Die Wiedertaufer," edited with notes, vocabulary, and questions by F. B. Sturm; "Gruss aus Deutschland," by C. H. Holzwarth; Rogge's "Der grosse Preussenkdnig," edited with notes by Professor Adams; Hauff's "Der Zwerg Nase," a new edition with oral ex- ercises, notes, and vocabulary, by O. R. Patzwald and C. W. Robson ; "La France qui travaille," consisting of chapters con- densed from Arduin-Dumazet's "Voyage en France," and "Mes Premiers Pas en Francais," by Chapuzet and Daniels, de- signed for children. Dr. Alfred Russel Wallace is to con- tinue his sociological writing with a book on "The Revolt of Democracy," which will be published by Cassell. Tables of statistics, with explanatory text, of the wheat cultivation and trade of six European nations during the years 1881-1910 are given by Mr. J. F. Unstead ia the Geographical Journal for August. The following numbers will contain simi- lar statistics of the other principal coun- tries of the world. There is shown among other things the area under cultivation, the number of bushels raised to the acre, the net imports and the amount, in bush- els, consumed per head. It is interesting to note that while the cultivated area has decreased in all the countries except the Austrian Empire, the amount raised has increased in Germany from 19 bushels to 29 bushels an acre. France leads in the amount consumed per head, 7.8 bushels, Nor- way being the lowest. The virtually un- known region on the frontier of Bolivia and Brazil is described by Lieut. H. A. Edwards, who explored it during his ser- vice on the boundary commission. Much of it is wonderfully fertile land, but in many places life is made almost unbearable by insect pests. Among these are spiders with bodies 6 inches long, whose bite is extreme- ly poisonous. A motor road has been built through a part of the forest by a Bolivian business house at a cost of $400,000 and an annual cost of maintenance of $50,000. An interesting account of the hard life of the rubber collector is given. Mr. I. N. Draco- poli tells of a trip across Juhaland in Brit- ish East Africa in order to settle a dis- puted question as to the disappearaii l"' come id' his full-blooded men, deprived of their meeting place and their symbol. lb' speaks vaguely of a substitute to be de vised; but docs not our experience with prohibition, at least In largo cities, go to SllOW that, such a. BUbBl ItUte Will haVS I" I"1 icted ami set. in running order before 1 h,. old iiisi ii hi i"M - -in safely be torn dew n? Those who have « rltten "i eai Ij 1 ni lish, Scottish, Irish, or S. ■amliii.i. cm In tory have usually d so from the lo; il

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Aug. 28, 1913] The Nation 191 point of view of the single country. In "The First Twelve Centuries of British Story" (Longmans), Mr. J. \v. Jeudwlne aims to write "a clear and readable story" of the relations and development of all these four peonies as a whole, so far as they wore ac- me British Isles between 56 b. c. and 1154 a. D, His aim is a good one, and he has road fairly widely by way of preparation for his writing. He has, how- ever, an aversion to monastic chronicles as being narrow-minded and local. Though a barrister and member of Lincoln's Inn, 0 shows a curious lack of interest in many of the more important sources for constitutional law and in such secondary authorities as Stubbs, Maitland, and Vino- gradoff. Instead, ho has drawn largely and 1 ly for picturesque material from the too-much neglected Scandinavian sagas and Irish stories. His recognition of the widely scattered Scandinavian raids and Influences in the British isles is the most distinctive, and the best part of his book. By reproducing three mediaeval maps and by inserting a score of sketch maps- of his own, ho shows that he understands the importance of geography in the study of history. He properly tries to draw his ma- terial as much as possible at first hand di- rect from the sources, and evidences much Independence of judgment. But his story is not systematic nor well rounded, and many of his explanations and suggestions are more ingenious than convincing. Never- theless, both his point of view and his nar- ratlve are simple, clear, and interesting. We have not the advantage of knowing anything of L. Penning, who has written the "Life and Times of Calvin," or tbe Rev. B. S. Berrington, B.A., who has translated the book from the Dutch; but the name of the publishers (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.) is a household word, which may gen- erally be accepted as a guarantee of value for the book they send out. They have, in fact, given to this volume the only value it possesses, namely, excellent paper and handsome type. It seems simply incredible that such fatuous stuff as this could ever have passed even the first barrier of the readers who filter the turbid streams of manuscripts that flow into the publisher's office. The author seems to have modelled his style upon a rather low type of "penny thrillers," and the translator ably seconds his endeavor. There is not a gleam of schol- arly purpose. The only books referred to are a few of the more available biographies. There is no bibliography und, naturally, no index. On the other hand, there are too many illustrations, some taken from famil- iar portraits, but others, apparently, from dramatic compositions of the cheapest sort — in the one representing Luther burning the papal bull the centre of the background shows the elector of Saxony! It would be idle to attempt specific criticism where all is beneath the level of critical comment. One has only to open the book anywhere to find one's self moved to unseemly hilarity rather than to respectful attention. The new Oxford edition of Newman's "Apologia," edited by Wilfrid Ward, is unique in one respect and very valuable. It is well known that when Newman re- printed the work in 1865 he omitted the first part, containing the crushing retort Mngslcy, and otherwise altered the work so as to relieve it of its ephemeral character. He was wise. The book as it has since always been reprinted is a bettei piece of literature without the directly and personally controversial parts. But the discarded parts have their value also as specimens of keen argument and deadly in- vective. By skilful editorial arrangement the present edition offers both the full orig- inal text of 1864 and the revision of 1865. The preliminary documents, leading to the controversy, are also given; and the editor in his Introduction relates the history of tho event. We may record two recent monographs which will be of interest to students of English. One belongs to the Wiener Bei- trage, and is a study, by Julius Wirl, of "Orpheus in der Englischen Literatur." The other is a doctoral dissertation from the University of Virginia, and is a valuable summary of "The Relations of Latin and English as Living Languages in England During the Age of Milton," by Weldon T. Myers. This is an interesting thesis, and introduces questions of literary importance. The spice of variety at least is not want- ing in "The Confessions of a Tenderfoot" (Holt), by Ralph Stock. According to the author's story he set out from his home in England a dozen years ago to find his place in the world and made his first effort as a Canadian cowboy. Here, through many vicissitudes, due partly to youthful inex- perience and partly to the unavoidable chances of the game, he learned that "life is a see-saw and one cannot always be at the upper end." His distance from the upper end during his Canadian experiences reach- ed the point, on one occasion, of "beating his way" penniless from Maple Creek to Medicine Hat, sixty miles, by clinging to the rods on the under side of a passenger coach. Drifting on westward, he tried his fortune as a saw-mill hand and as a waiter in a hotel at Fernie, and next as an itinerant photographer, in combination with a tramp piano tuner, who told him: "Between you and me and the gate-post, I'm no great shakes at the game, but down 'ere thoy only know 'ow ter play 'ims and the like, wot uses the middle of the keyboard, so I just chunes the middle register and lets the rest rip. It suits them and it suits me, so wot's the odds so long as we're both 'appy?" This soon grew irksome, as did life in a Vancouver lumber-camp, which followed it. He then went to San Francisco, where he was quickly relieved of most of his ready money through trusting to tho man who knew which horses to bet on at the races. "The San Francisco confidence man, through long and unhampered practice, has reduced his methods to a fine art." Honolulu and the Fijis furnished the next lecture-rooms in his School of Experience, and at length he reached Sydney, by dint of serving as a steward from Auckland, where the last of his money had deserted him. After trying through grim necessity the outdoor sleeping habit now so popular, he finally stumbled into a really lucrative job with a Sydney newspaper, contributing illustrated articles based on his Canadian photographs. This soon wore out, however, and after a trous effort at strawberry growing in Queensland, he at last fell into the niche for which the Fates had brought him through so many buffctings by land and sea and is now a contented pineapple grower with < very prospect of continued prosperity and happiness. It is a very interesting tale, happily too unvarnished to tempt any other young man to find his place in the world by the same method. The Proceedings of the Bostonian Society contains in addition to the annual reports of the directors and different committees the eloquent tributes to Mrs. Julia Ward Howe on the presentation of her portrait to the Society. One of the speakers, ex- Gov. John D. Long, said, "Refinement, grave eloquence, the poet's inspiration, the woman's charm were hers and she was a high priestess of humanity and of patriot- ism. Her 'Battle Hymn of the Republic' will stir its youth to loyalty and to pa- triotism as long as the Republic endures." An account of the great Boston fire of 1872, by Mr. H. Murdock, is also given. The death of Henri Quatre and the re- sulting regency of Marie de Medici brought a reversal of French foreign policy. France and Spain, which had been so con- tinually at war, became allies, and the al- liance was cemented in 1615 by the mar- riage of two fifteen-year-old children, Louis XIII and Anne of Spain — called Anne "of Austria," because she was of Hapsbi/rg blood, and to the French people of that day Hapsburg and Austria were names synonymous and equally hateful. The youthful royal pair were soon estranged by Louis's unappreciativeness and suspi- ciousness and by Anne's pride and too great familiarity with the Duke of Buckingham. For twenty-three years they were childless. Even the birth of the Dauphin in 1638, the later Louis XIV, and of a second son, who was the ancestor of Louis Philippe and the Orlesnist line, did not make happy the relations between Louis XIII and his Span- ish spouse. This whole story is told at considerable length by Martha Walker Freer in "The Married Life of Anne of Austria" (Brentano's). She rests her ac- count chiefly upon well-known contempo- rary memoirs, and of these she has made good use. But she does not appear to have gathered any new material from archives, nor Goes she show an acquaintance with some of the best recent works in this field. Her subject matter is somewhat broader than her title might seem to suggest. For it comprises an account of the intrigues of Marie de Medici and of Richelieu's nu- merous enemies and of the great Cardinal's masterly way of finally triumphing over all those that plotted against him in secret. It gives the innumerable potty details of a long unhappy situation which Louis XIII himself summed up in one of his petu- lant outbursts: "My wife is barren, and she hates me; my mother wishes to de- throne me; my brother desires to put my crown on his bead; my chief noM like me— they betray me and rebel against my powi : for M. le Cardinal I perhaps should not long keep my throne!" Ighth volume ol the Annates de la Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1 ' A. Jullien) is devoted, as befits the volume of the bicentenary, to general survey ar- ticles, c. Lanson contributes the leading arti- cle on the "Unity of Rousseau's Thought." M. Lanson attempts to explain away the contradiction that other students have found between Rousseau's conception of man in a nature. (' ad man in society ("Le Contrat So- cial"). Man, says Rousseau, naturally good.

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L92 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2513 is corrupted by society. How then from orrupt units are we going to get the ideally disinterested volonti g&ntrale of the "Contral Social"? The youth, M. Lanson re- plies, who is reared according to the prin- of the "Emile," will be fit to become a member of Rousseau's ideal common- wealth. This solution is opposed to what Rousseau himself says at the beginning of the "Emile": You must choose between forming the social man or the man of nature— there is uo middle ground— and what ho proposes to form is not I'homme de I'homme, but I'homme de la nature. The contradiction that others find in Rousseau's thought M. Lanson discovers in his character. In his theories Rousseau is a wild revolutionary dreamer, but timid and circumspect in the last degree in every- thing that relates to practice. His genius, however, appears only in the stormy or- chestration of the sentiments of revolt; and so, though "he understands the application of his most audacious doctrines in a way to reassure conservatives and satisfy op- portunists, the work, for its part, detaches itself from the author, lives its indepen- dent life, acts by its intrinsic properties; loaded with revolutionary explosives, neu- tralizing the moderate and conciliatory ele- ments Rousseau has put into it for his own satisfaction, it exasperates, inspires to re- volt, inflames enthusiasms, and irritates hatreds; it is the mother of violence, the foe of compromise; it launches simple spir- its, who give themselves up to its strange virtues, upon the desperate pursuit of the absolute, an absolute to be realized to-day by anarchy and to-morrow by socialistic despotism." The influence of Rousseau on the eigh- teenth century is studied by D. Mornet. M. Mornet is one of the new type of scholars at the Sorbonne, who shows prodigious in- dustry as an investigator, but whose power to handle ideas does not always equal his zeal in collecting facts. The most inter- esting facts that M. Mornet brings out tend to show that the taste for wild nature in the eighteenth century developed indepen- dently of the influence of Rousseau. M. Mornet would have us believe that the Ja- cobins were followers of Rousseau only in about the same sense that they were fol- lowers of the "sans-culotte Jesus." In as- serting that "between their acts and the most certain convictions of Rousseau there are only accidental coincidences," M. Mor- net reveals an inability, not merely to han- dle ideas, but to deal with facts. Few facts are more certain, for example, than that the passage in the "Contrat Social" on civil religion as interpreted by Robespierre sent many persons to the guillotine. The articles on Rousseau in the nine- teenth century by Harald Hbffding and on Rousseau's influence on German philosophy by I. Benrubi are convenient summaries of material already familiar to students of Rousseau. Both writers are very Rousseau- istic in their own point of view. New material, on the other hand, will be found in the paper on Rousseau in Switzerland by G. de Reynold. In an Interesting article on Rousseau in England in the nineteenth cen- tury Edmund Gosse contends that thesudden collapse of Roussc >a ■ • in England in 1 he early years of the nineteenth century was due In large measure to the Evangelical mi. After the great romanticists, Byron, Shelley, Hazlitt, etc., the only Eng- lish writers of the nineteenth century to receive an important impulse from Rous- seau were Ruskin and George Eliot. Paul Seippel, in a paper on the "Religious Per- sonality of J. J. Rousseau," cites a passage from he Scmcin- (the chief organ of the 11 Calvinists), exalting Rousseau as the true precursor of the modern point of view in religion. This would seem to indi- cate that not merely Calvinism, but Chris- tianity in any traditional sense of the word, is in a fair way to disappear from Geneva. The volume closes with an important study of the Pavre manuscript of the "Emile," and with the usual reviews and bibliogra- phy. John Swett, one of the founders of the California public-school system, died last Friday on his ranch at Martinez, Cal. He was born at Pittsfield, N. H., July 31, 1830, and was graduated from the Merrimack Normal Institute, Reeds Ferry, N. Y., in 1851. He received the honorary degree of A.M. from the College of California and from Dartmouth in 1866. He was editor-in- chief of the California State Educational Journal, 1864-68. Among the books pub- lished by Mr. Swett were "History of the Public-School System of California" and "Methods of Teaching." Olivier-Emile Ollivier, the French states- man, who died at Annecy, August 20, was in his eighty-ninth year, having been born in Marseilles in 1825. He became a member of the Paris bar in 1847, commissary-gen- eral of the republic at Marseilles in 18*8, and in 1857 a depute. At the time of the Franco-German War he was Prime Minis- ter. His published works include: "Demo- cratic et liberte," "19 Janvier," "L'Eglise et l'Etat au Concile du Vatican," "1789-1889," "Michel-Ange," "L'Empire liberal" (13 vol- umes), and "Marie-Magdeleine." Science The Childhood of Animals. By p. Chalmers Mitchell. New York: Fred- erick A. Stokes Co. $2.50 net. This volume at once recalls "The In- fancy of Animals," by Pycraft, publish- ed almost in the same month. In ap- pealing to the popular taste Dr. Mitch- ell has the advantage of having orig- inally prepared much of his data in the form of a series of lectures to children. As published here they are rewritten and augmented, and yet they retain something of a naive presentation which is particularly pleasing. Even so, the book is rather difficult reading, owing to the vast number of facts included, many of them necessarily accompanied with but little or no discussion. A good method for a book of this charac- ter would be to give in the text a few very striking, salient supporting facts, and to add in footnotes or appendix the scores of corroborating facts of more or less similar character. The sequence of treatment is logical, the chapters having the following heads: Childhood and Youth; Metamor- phoses; Duration of Youth; Color and Pattern; Brood-care; Food; The Tam- ing of Young Animals; The .Purpose of Youth and Education. The general ground covered is thus much the same as in Pycraft's book, but the psychology of the two men is so different, their points of view and facts so unlike, that the volumes are rather supplementary than conflicting. Young animals are divided into three great classes: first, creatures like many single-celled animals which have no youth; secondly, animals whose young more or less resemble their parents, and thirdly, where the young are wholly un- like the adults, as caterpillars and but- terflies. The second class, including the backboned animals, forms the subject of the volume. As Pycraft emphasized the class of birds, so Dr. Mitchell treats more in detail of the mammals, and has assembled a large number of keenly interesting and significant facts. His comparisons of the human child with monkeys and lower animals is notewor- thy. A single paragraph will illustrate the novel point of view which is one of the charms of the book: There is also a rough correspondence be- tween the duration of youth and the size of the creatures in the man-monkey group. A full-grown male gorilla, it is true, is larger, although not taller, than a finely built man, but the human race as a whole consists of larger and finer animals than the anthropoid apes, while these in their turn exceed the baboons, which exceed the ordinary monkeys of India and Africa, and so on down to the tiny marmosets. It is tempting to suppose that it must take long- er to grow into a big animal than into a little animal. This also is true only when nearly related creatures are compared. Mere increase of bulk tells us little. A mushroom grows much more quickly than a daisy, a gooseberry and a huge vegetable marrow take nearly the same time to swell out. A human child takes nearly two hun- dred days to double its weight at birth, while new-born mice quadruple their weight in twenty-four hours. And in the final summary of this im- portant subject, one reads, "We must draw the conclusion that the rate of growth in animals has been altered in the course of "evolution, and in such a fashion as to prolong youth in the high- er forms. This lengthening of youth is not completely explained by increase of size, nor even by increased complexity of structure. Its advantage is that it gives the opportunity for education in the widest sense of the word, a Bpace for experiment and for the replacing of instinct by intelligence." The treatment of color and pat tin; occupies about one-fifth of the text. All the well-known theories are presented, but a half-hearted acceptance of sum. of the most extreme detracts from this discussion. It is, to say the least, eon- fusing and disheartening to the lay reader to have his Interest amused in

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Aug. 2<S, 191 3 The Nation 193 theory after theory and then to read, i 'at hi ns that we think conspicuous, and brilliant colors that we have tried to explain as warning or advertising, or for purposes of recognition, or as nup- tial plumage, may really be for pro- or aggressive concealment." The subjects of basic interest are Brood- care, Food, and the Purpose of Youth, while the Taming of Young Animals carries the most popular appeal. The story of the hyrax, of monkeys, and oth- er mammals is well told, and there is a BCientiflc explanation of why the cat prefers to "walk alone." The illustrations are unusual. Those in the text of pencil are faint but diag- nostic, while those in color are both artistic and very accurate, and as strik- ing as any which have been published for a long time. An English translation of Gustav Eiffel's work. "The Resistance of the Air and Avia- tion," : by James C. Hunsaker. and Vol. II. part iv, of Charles Sprague Sargent's "Trees and Shrubs." will be is- sued by the# Houghton Mifflin Company shortly. Dr. Edwin Ellen Goldmann, professor of surgery in the University of Freiburg in has died at the age of fifty. His books deal chiefly with diphtheria, tuber- ' culosis, and malignant growths. Drama and Music A DEMOCRATIC ART. If Tolstoy were alive to-day, it is not unlikely that he would find in the "mo- vies" a close approximation to his ideal of art. A direct and universal appeal to the elementary emotions — that was the standard which Tolstoy held up in opposition to the exaggerations, the aberrations, and the obscurities of the Shakespeares, the Goethes, and the Richard Wagners. The Russian's ulti- mate test of a work of art was its ap- peal to the untutored but unspoiled peasant. The cinematograph meets this test completely. The Russian mujik is under the spell of the films. India's millions are deserting the story-tellers and the jugglers of the bazaar for the moving-picture shows. China, Peru, and Washington Heights have succumbed to the photo-play. All nations, all ages, all classes, both sexes — it is inconceiv- able how art can be more popular than that. But the moving-picture show is some- thing more than popular. It is inti- mate. To an extraordinary extent it is entering into the daily thought of the masses. The good men and women who are fond of writing on literature and life, who are devoting themselves to the task of bringing the drama into touch with the life of the people, must be amazed, and slightly chagrined, at the intensity with which the film-play has seized upon the popular imagina- tion. The crowds not only throng to the shows; they talk about them, on street corners, in the cars, and over the hoods of baby carriages. From time to time there have been plays in the regu- lar theatre which have become the theme of general discussion. There have been players whom the public has made its favorites. But the theatre as an in- stitution has hardly impressed itself upon the popular mind in this country. A show was either good or bad, and there it ended with the ordinary theatre- goer. The technique of the theatre was a subject for professionals and "high- brows." But the crowd discusses the technique of the moving-picture theatre with as much interest as literary salons in Paris or London discuss the minutiaa of the higher drama. The crowd knows how the films are made, and what it costs to make them, and who the lead- ing actors in the show are. The pro- ducers of these shows have achieved an extraordinary triumph. They have con- rheir entire audience into first- nighters. The interest of the masses in the moving-picture show is even more per- sonal than that. They are not only spectators and critics, but to a very considerable extent they are the au- thors. Everybody is writing moving-pic- ture scenarios. In part it may have been a real dearth of ideas which induced the film-producers to appeal for contribu- tions to the nation at large. In part it may be excellent business to inoculate the audiences, not excluding children of the grammar grades, with the virus of authorship. The regular theatre draws a not inconsiderable part of its revenue from "students" of the drama who go to the theatre in order to learn how to write plays. The number of those thus directly interested in the moving-picture plays must be enormous. In a very real sense the photo-play then becomes a truly popular art. The operatic com- poser will strive to give reality — and popularity — to his music by incorporat- ing folk-themes into his score. To the extent that the music of the masses en- ters into the finished product the com- poser's art is a popular art The mov- ing-picture showman goes much further than the composer can go by throwing upon the screen the very ideas supplied him by the crowd in the seats. It is not a very high art, this art of the photo-play as created for the masses and largely by them. The authors on the benches reveal the common predi- lection of the popular taste for the lurid and the fantastic. But in this the mov- ing-picture show merely takes the place of the old-fashioned melodrama. And it has the added advantage of realism. The setting of the photo-play is in- comparably more real than anything even a Belaseo can give us. It repro- duces action in real deserts, on real oceans, in real forests. The heroine walks out of a very actual cottage, down actual steps, and takes a perfectly au- thentic trolley car to a real department store. The audience knows that these things and the trees, rocks, bridges, boats, and guns are absolutely true to life, because it has often seen the man with the camera at work. To watch one of these exhibitions is like seeing an animated popular magazine without the labor of turning the pages. And like the picture magazine it requires no thought and little attention. Whereas in New York last season (as always 1 Wagner was considerably ahead of in London, during the season ended last month, these two favorites came out with equal honors. The opera which was heard most frequently, however, was "Tos- ca," which was sung eight times. Verdi received scant honor, though this is his centenary year. Apart from "Ai'da," which was sung seven times, there were only two performances of "Traviata" and one of "Rigoletto." There were two novelties, Camusse's "Du Barry" and Waltershausen's "Oberst Chabert," which were given twice. "An indefinable something that left a de- cidedly unpleasant flavor, something artis- tically almost gangrenous." characterized, according to the London Telegraph, all the new ballets introduced last season by the Russian dancers, among them Debussy's "Jeux," Florent Schmitt's "La Tragedie de Salome," and Stravinsky's "Le Sacre du Printemps." Compared with their colleagues in Lon- don, the musical critics of New York and other American cities are fortunate, since- their season extends over only seven months, after which they can loaf, travel, or change their employment, .whereas the London critic has only a few weeks to rest his tired ears. As summed up by Mr. Kalisch, the London season, including the important Promenade Concerts, lasts about forty-nine weeks out of the fifty-two. For at least forty weeks there are seven working days in the week, and for nine months there are concerts in the afternoon as well as in the evening, not to speak of operas. "The worst is that the greatest rush comes at the end, just when music-lovers and music-makers everywhere else begin to rest, and when everybody is beginning to feel that the end would be welcome; and it is inevitable, be- cause that is the time when there are the largest number of strangers in London." Italy is no longer the world's chief source of new operas. In Germany last season the enormous ■ ratic novel- ties were staged, and the great majority of ■ operas, two nun ; r thereabouts, seem to have been failure*. If is inter- esting to note that g musical as- sociations of Germany have issued a public appeal to n-aiors to <li young people from entering the musical the average Income of musicians i? less than that of common la- Th' odi i-'. who was concertmas-

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194 The ISTation | Vol. 97, No. 2513 ter of the New York Philharmonic for some years and conducted a number of concerts during the illness of Gustav Mahler, is now in Berlin, when' his latest duty is the conducting of the People's Free Stage. This society has 50,000 members, who provide the funds for twenty-five free concerts and plays during the season. one of the most interesting features of the MacDowell Festival in Peterboro, X. II., this week, is the performance of Mae Howell's "Indian Suite" in the pine forest, which is said to have acoustic quali- ties unequalled by any out-of-doors audito- rium. Tin- seating capacity of this place is about 1.200; it has a tine view of Mt. Mo- nadnoch for a background. .Michael Maybriek, English musical com- poser, who, under the name of "Stephen Adams," wrote many popular songs, is dead at the age of sixty-nine. He was a native el Liverpool, but had lived for many years in the Isle of Wight, where he devoted himself to municipal politics, serving five times as Mayor of Ryde. Some of his best- known songs are "The Holy City," "The Star of Bethlehem," "Nancy Lee," "A War- rior Bold," "The Blue Alsatian Mountains," and "The Midshipmite." Art WATTS AND HIS ART.— II. II. Rossetti once in a rare moment of af- fluence hired a hansom and took young Burne-Jones to Little Holland House to see a painter who "paints a queer sort of pictures about God and creation." The casual phrase still pretty well describes the attitude of the ordinary person to- wards Watts's symbolistic compositions. Our immediate concern is to ask why Watts quit history for his symbols. In the first place, his historical composi- tions had been very much a by-product of successful competitions. The pictures represented opportunities which chanc- ed never to recur. Then it is likely that he may already have had misgivings as to the validity of the genre. In his later years he used to insist that the only truthful historical art was portrai- ture. As early as 1848 he entertained the scheme of forming a gallery of por- traits of his great contemporaries — a purpose inflexibly maintained for more than fifty years. Aside from this new and absorbing emprise the turn-over into symbolism seems to me a natural ex- pression of a soul profoundly religious yet discontented with outworn forms of Christian mythology. Watts's task was to ascertain the essential ideals of a holy life, and to find human forms that might fitly impersonate these ideals. In the first quest, he often admitted him- self, be Invented nothing, for Love and Death and Life and Hope, and Greed and Time, and Hate and Valor, are al- a pre 'Hi I'- ' . 1 pj thinking soul. In I thai nf finding human symbols for the8e great forces, lie bad the guidance of Pheidias and Titian, and, of course, many accepted types lay ready in classical and Biblical legend; but. I lie achievement of fitting the resid- ual faith of his age with appropriate symbols must count among the supreme efforts of creative imagination. For there is nothing cold about the mythol- ogy of Watts. His heroic forms are the very antipodes of those sleek transcrip- tions from the model which grace so many public halls in France and Amer- ica. They are warm with life, porten- tous with meaning. It is easy to hate them, and a certain kind of realist or impressionist is probably bound to hate them. It is easy to mock at them, but impossible to forget them. They are as personal as a vision of Giorgione or Blake, and no artist ever needed less a signature. The double process of fram- ing a kind of theology and inventing its symbols is, so far as I know, unique in the history of art. Blake, no doubt, is the nearest parallel, and to him was de- nied the discipline of monumentality. Whether my explanation of Watts's symbolistic trend convinces or not, at least the stages of the development may quite accurately be traced. In 1848, the year of revolutions, he planned a com- prehensive scheme of decoration to be called The House of Life — a project so significant of his way of thinking that we must linger over it. Very interesting is the constant mixture of history and symbolism, and especially significant the way in which forces, ideals, and ab- stractions assume human form. This is the true mythological temper. Watts's memorandum runs: The ceiling to be covered with the uni- form blue of space, on which should be painted the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon, as it is by their several revolutions and dependence upon each other that we have a distinct notion of and are able to measure and estimate the magnitude of Time. The progress of Time and its con- sequent effect I would illustrate for the purpose of conveying a moral lesson — the design of Time and Oblivion would be ex- actly in its place. To complete the design, the Earth should be attended by two fig- ures symbolic of the antagonistic forces, Attraction and Repulsion. I would then give, perhaps, upon one-half of the celling, which might be divided with a gold band on which the Zodiac might be painted, a nearer view of Earth, and by a number of gigantic figures stretched out at full length to represent a range of mountains, typify- ing the rocky structure or skeleton. These I weiil. I make very grand and Impn 1 Id "i-ii. 1 1.1 emphasize the Insignificance "i nan. The most Important Ho us) el the constellations should shine out of tie deep ultramarine flrmi ml Silence and mighty repose should be stamped upon the chai acter and disposition of the giants, and re- \ olving cent iirie:; a ml <\\ d hoiihl glide, personified by female figures of great i" 1 mi, in mil b the 'i ags upon which 1 he mighty forms should lie, to Indli B compared w it h t he effect ui man and his works) the non -effect of time upon them. 1 inn 1 n ould begin with man bl 1 race him 1 brough hi moral and polll leal life; first the hunter stage. . . . Next the pastoral state. . . . This is the Gold- en Age, the age of poetry. . . . There would be a great, chance of exquisite sub- jects to illustrate this epoch, and here might be introduced the episode of Job. Next should be man — the tyrant — the in- sidious oppressor — the slave, a dweller in cities — the Egyptians raise the pyramids, etc. Here the manuscript becomes discon- tinuous, but there seems to have been intended a pageant of the progress of civilization, through the ages, to the preaching of Peter the Hermit. All along would have been depicted, with the mythology of each people, those heroes whom he regarded as most instru- mental in the spiritual advancement of the race. Watts later remarked that "with certain material advantages, which would have caused me by their nature to weld my thoughts into a regular form, I think my efforts might have been giv- en place as an epic." The observation shows a curious lack of understanding of what an epic is. Yet I think the mood skeptical will in a fair-minded per- son yield to the conviction that, given the "material advantages," Watts would have produced, not the epic, but a deco- rative sequence which might fully have realized his ambition "to do for mod- ern thought what Michelangelo did for theological thought." One's confidence in his power to exe- cute so grandiose a scheme must rest upon the great fresco of Justice which he executed between 1852 and 1859 for the Chapel of Lincoln's Inn. Many in- terruptions, including an archaeological trip through the Greek Islands to the site of the Mausoleum, delayed the work. In the swift and nervous transfer of his designs to the wet plaster he found the chanting of the choristers an in- spiration and solace. Always he loved to parallel his art with music, endeavor- ed himself to master the violin, even dreamt occasionally of composing solemn anthems. The Justice, with its half-cir- cle of great lawgivers, is, everything considered, the finest true fresco exe- cuted since the Renaissance. It grows, as such compositions inevitably must, out of Raphael's Disputa and School ot Alliens, but it lias fuller and more sat- isfactory color. Unlike these hemicycle compositions as a class, it is warm and appealing, without pose or frigidity. Like Raphael's philosophers, these fa- mous justiciaries move in a larger air limn ours, yet keep their credibility and retain our sympathy. In monumental ily and repose it seems lo me to excel the best decoration of Delacroix, while it iea\ 1 s the besl of Puvla looking a 111 He bh ;ik and blood less. The great fres- co for Lincoln's Inn was dune, ,al I be painter's suggestion, for the costs, bul tie benchers Insisted on adding b band

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Aug. 28, 1913] The Natiou 195 some testimonial. Watts characteristi- cally declared ins most accomplished and consistent work to be a Failure, but in in,, lati 1 (rears he valued it, and its suc- cessful cleaning and preservation from London soot, just before he died was a sonnc of great satisfaction to him. It was his single venture in that mixed t iiitn which ■' may call pedantically typological design, it suggests what the of Life might have been in its historic portions, and it. serves as the transition from history to pure sym- bolism. To the sixties belong the designs of the Court of Death; Time, Death, and Judgment; The Genius of Greek Poetry, Ariadne in Naxos, Daphne, and Pygma- lion. The still more famous composi- tions, Love and Death, Love and Life, and Hope, belong to the seventies. And next decade, as he passed three BCOre and ten, an epic of Genesis, com- prising the three Eves and the story of Cain, was partly executed, being a frag- mentary episode of the House of Life. The last twenty years of his life were largely devoted to revising and perfect- ing the old designs, to increasing the gallery of great contemporaries, and to finishing his portrait statue of Tenny- son for Lincoln, and the plaster model of the colossal horseman typifying Physical Energy. Only such general landmarks may be noted, since years often elapsed between the tracing of a composition on the canvas and its com- pletion. The older he grew the closer became his dual allegiance to portrai- ture and pure symbolism, so that if one had to represent his maturity by two pictures, one might well choose the second Hope of 1885, sounding her bro- ken harp among azure depths, and the magnificent Walter Crane of 1891. III. Concerning the critic's duty, Watts has left the following warning: Critics usually fail because they do not regard art aud literature from the same point of view, and as occupying the same level, seldom taking into account what the artist has to say, but only how he has said it. When a literary production is of- fered to the world, the first thing to be considered is, whether from a literary or historical or religious or scientific point of view it has any reason for existing at all, and after that its merits as a literary production. Until something of the kind is applied to art the critic can hardly be of service to the artist. Accepting as I do this definition of the critic's function, our chief concern is to weigh the value of the kind of thought and feeling in which Watts chose to live. But before raising this crucial matter certain technical ques- tions may properly be faced. For if it tie that what counts is the great- ness of the artist's soul, it is also true that his means of expression must be adequate. If those critics are right who assert that Watts's handling is hesitant and bad, his design extravagant, his color lurid and inharmonious, why, then, whatever the seriousness of his inspira- tion, he remains a painter of minor or- der. His devotees must undergo the reproach of insensitiveness to fine paint- ing as such, and his considerable vogue among the intellectuels of to-day may be reckoned a kind of sentimentalism. As a matter of fact, I believe Watts was one of the few notable technicians Of our day, in the sense of having a dis- tinctive personal message of an impor- tant kind and of working out an indi- vidual and appropriate rhetoric. Men who pass as great modern technicians, for example, Whistler and Manet, have frequently been mainly dexterous and have left pictures that are already per- ishing. On the basal points of design Watts habitually practiced the synco- pated forms of representation which were proper to his heroic subjects and scale, and which for that matter he found in the Parthenon marbles and Titian. But Cezanne or Degas himseli was not more scrupulous in indicating the essential differences between hard and soft, stiff and flexible. There is no uncertainty as to the movement, mass, and bony structure of a Watts figure. If he waived the modern fanatical em- phasis of mass, it was because his pur- pose was decorative and moral, and not fully pictorial. In the easy and impres- sive adjustment of heroic forms within a rhythmical design he revived convinc- ingly the grand manner of the Hign Renaissance. Certain summary indica- tions of landscape in him are unique in art. His color has distinctive and beau- tiful traits. Certain blues seem the very sign of immensity; certain reds, of the perils that beset the soul, besides glowing intrinsically with the force of sapphire and carbuncle. And these ef- fects of color in the major chord Watts obtained by setting dry color alongside of dry color without varnishing, glazing, or other hazardous and perishable ma- nipulation. Nobody commanded the col- ors as he did. The Hope is as lovely an arrangement in blue as Cazin or Whistler ever conceived, with the ad- vantage of its meaning to boot. I can think of no picture that rivals it on its own ground except another equally fa- mous subject-picture and equally pre- cious in tone, Winslow Homer's Eight Bells. In Watts's portraiture the infinity of little touches have been objected to. But each stroke makes for vitality and character and luminousness. Set a good Watts portrait beside a good Bonnat, and it will be easy to see which has been done to death by painstaking, which enriched. In fact, the general disposition to see in Watts a feeble exec- utant represents a common misunder- standing as to what fine technique in painting really is. The modern eye sets undue store by what it calls tone, mean- ing only the muted harmonies of color; and confuses fine brushwork with mere dexterity. Now, of dexterity, Watts had, as he confessed himself, very little and increasingly less. In his later years he rarely could compass the suavity and directness of the sketch of Lady Somers and the portrait of Mrs. Wyndham. It was his belief that no solemn emotion could be expressed by the swift and ner- vous handling so much in vogue. His method was consciously slow and delib- erate, but assured and progressive. Where he failed, as it seems to me he did in the more florid Eve, in the urchin called Whence-Whither? and in the more cadaverous and seer-like of the Tenny- son portraits, the fault was in concep- tion and not in execution. I can see that an eye trained to modern naturalis- tic color will resent a coloration that is conventional, decorative, and often sym- bolic, but I cannot conceive of anybody, who has fairly grasped and accepted the intention of the portraits and composi- tions, wishing them other than they are. And as to lack of dexterity, imagine our requiring it of a poet, setting him down as an incompetent because he lacks the swoop of the trained journalist. Yet some such exaction we do lay upon the paint- er, forgetting that dexterity, an excel- lent capacity in itself, is proper only to him whose subject matter lends itself to swift choice, understanding, and exe- cution. No, Watts was not dexterous, but in the resolute attack upon the fun- damental problems of form and color, and in a solution personal, meaningful, and instinct with a peculiar solemn beauty, Watts may surely be ranked with the very few great technicians of his century. IV. By his own standards this would be doubtful praise. He held that only ex- pression counted, and that methods of expression which obtrude themselves are bad. And, in fact, any fair esti- mate of Watts's art implies, as I have said, a criticism of his entire stock of ideals. He represents a kind of mys- ticism, which, while alien to the ordi- nary man of his day, was characteristic of the finest spirits of the Victorian age. .lames Drummond, the evangelist; Ten- nyson, Matthew Arnold, Gladstone, Browning, George Eliot, Frederic Har- rison, Ruskin, and less markedly Car- lyle, illustrate various phases of a com- mon tendency to Identify religion with serious contemplation of social ethics. .Most of these thinkers set a minimum value on cult and dogma and eccli cal tradition, proceeding to a kind of re- construction of values in the light or social duty. This was the mood of Watts, and on more than one occasion he spoke of his works as "ethical re- tleetions." Such a life constitutes a sort of via media between self-sufficing

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L96 The HS~ation | Vol. 97, No. 2513 taith in authority and the prevalent ma- terialism. About the only religious dis- covery of the Victorian age was this middle course. The alternati perhaps falsely, to be sheer materialism, the orthodox scientific attitude. For the materialist life is a curious chemistry, of which thought is a mechanical pro- duct and death the mere clogging. Sin and virtue are implied in physical reac- tions running back indefinitely through a widening group of ancestors. Hence, conscience is largely a morbid excess of memory. Love is simply a tardy product of sexual differentiation. Jus- tice is what has on the whole proved tolerable and convenient in restraining the individual for the common weal. Soul is the capacity for maintaining the bodily chemistry, and is virtually uni- form from the amoeba to Shakespeare. So, axiomatically, materialism explains the issues of life and death, and where it admits mystery it counsels indiffer- ence, since nothing has value for life which is not clearly knowable. Such is the orthodox scientific attitude witn which the Victorian age had to cope, and it is fair to add that on such a basis a fine stoicism is possible. But indifference, the mediaeval sin of accidia, was the most impossible vice for a true Victorian to acquire, and with few exceptions the finest spirits revolted vehemently against the simple materialistic formula for "seeing life as it is." Some, with Cardinal Newman, reacted into obscurantism, more worked out the middle road of which Tennyson and Browning are the poets and Watts is the artist champion. To hold to the essentials of Christianity while divest- ing it of outworn mythology was the task. Or rather to substitute for the edd a new, human, and valid mythology, based upon the most general ideas. A poet indeed could stop short of the mythological stage. Great words and ideas suffice him. A painter must see his ideas in clear vision or keep them out of his art. Watts saw them in exalted human form, and his gift was to be very clear in his generalities. It is significant that as convinced a Christian as he al- most never treated a Biblical theme, and then only such as are most unspecific and broadly typical — Eve, Cain, the Good Samaritan. It was as if he would not compromise his faith by linking it with disputable matter of fact, nor cheapen sacred legend itself by a merely imagin- ative adherence. With regard to classi- cal mythology, where symbolic values were overt and no issue of fact implied, he pursued a freer course. But his chief concern was to ascertain the elemental human values of his time, and to create therefor an appropriate mythology less vulnerable than the old. He conceived man as projected between the mysteries of Life and Death and sustained in his perilous transit by that summation of th remembi ance of such as ha\ 1 gr housed in a museum, which it is in- 1.11,1., 1 id build i'n Hi,- Bite of the town for this purpose. The Italian Archeeologica] Mission headed by Professor Halbh recently made some Interest Ing dl In Crete. A 1, tnple 1.. 1 gyptian dlvlnll lee was unearth- ed at < lorl in,' " 11 1' b dedlci 1 1 ',, archltra ■ b; i la Phllyra, w bo ii.ni 1 1,, building erei ted, in a cell were found statues el' Jupiter, Bi 1 Isl ""i Mer- cury ;also menti ol a coli 1,,, 1 ,,i a i' , ,1,1. in which I ol II"' toundresa "i the t, ,,,|,i, ol Hi,' bulldl

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Aug. 28, 1913J T li e Nation 197 little flight oi >• ,000 gold, which went to London, Paris, and Berlin. The outcome is somewhat remarkable. Last Thursday the Bank of England re- ported £42,297,000 gold in its reserve, an increase of £1,385,000 from a year ago, of £15. 25n,noo since the beginning of July, and the largest holding, with the exception only of a single week in 1911 and one in 1910, of any week in seventeen years. The only period in his- down to a subterranean pool, where reli- gious ceremonies of purification used to be nn the side of this si are two niches for small statues. The mis- sion also found in the interior of the island i large number of hitherto unpublished epi- graphic texts. The discovery of a large ossuary near the port of Talamone, in the province of Gros- is been announced. The discovery is on the scene of the Battle of Talamon fought in the year 225 rs. c, during the in- tory when the Bank of England has for vasion of Italy by the Gauls, when the in- vading hordes, as recorded by Polybius, were defeated by the Romans under the con- suls Papus and Regulus. The ruins of a Temple of Thanksgiving, erected by the Ro- mans in memory of this victory, were un- earthed In 1892, and further important dis- are expected as a result of the present excavations. death, at sixty-three, is announced Inter, Aim€-Nicolas Morot. He studied under Cabaivl, and in 1873 any consecutive period held an equal or greater stock of gold was the period from September 18, 1895, to September 9, 1896. The other European banks have a similar story to report, and the Euro- pean money and stock markets have at length begun to take full account of it. Just how much this new order of things will affect the general position of af- fairs, it is not wholly easy to determine, won the Prix dr. Rome with his painting, [ but the expected strain on the autumn des Cuirassiers a Reichshoffen,1 money markets has been little talked now in the Luxembourg. He decorated the j about, since the rise in these bank re- ceiling of the H6tel de Ville with a series sources. Confronted, first, with the i. -oes representing i rem b dances at building-up of the German Reichsbank's various periods of history. His portrait of ; g0,d reserve to by far the highest fig- Paul Dos.hanel was hung at the last salon. I.e -n ^ history. then with the rise in Other paintings by Aime Morot are por- , ,, „ I the Bank of England s gold supply to a traits of the Prince d Arenberg, of Mme. 1 ° ° level not approached at this date in any Aimee Morot et sa Fille. and of the paint- «r, Ernest Hubert. Finance THE RELAXING FINANCIAL STRAIN ABROAD. During the past six months, possibly the most troublesome fact in the finan- cial situation has been the strained con- dition of the European money markets and of the great European banks. This, j as every one now knows, was a conse- quence, first, of the prodigious demands on credit, through the quite unprece- dented mass of new security issues; next, of the further requisitions on bank resources, due to the Balkan War, and finally, of the depletion of Europe's bank reserves through hoarding of cash by the European people, in their fear of a general war. For many months, these great foreign institutions have been striving to build up their reserves from outside sources, while at the same time holding down home demands on credit. The Ameri- can market was drawn upon for gold, to the amount (wholly unprecedented for the first seven months of any year) of $43,000,000. This went mostly to the Bank of France, to offset the French people's hoarding. The Bank of Eng- land drew gold from the Transvaal; the Imperial Bank of Germany drew from England, from Holland, and later from the scattered reserves of Germany it- self. At length, a few weeks ago, the South American markets gave up $25,- banks were rapidly building up reserves to normal, with gold drawn from other countries. It was the sight of these new re- serves, and the inference that the Amer- ican banks would soon be indifferent to the hiding away of cash by frightened individuals, which inspired those indi- viduals all at once to give up their hoards. It has taken longer for the European banks to achieve this end in the present money -hoarding episode, but they have now achieved it. The infer- ence drawn by Europe may be judged from this week's Lombard Street predic- tion, that the present Bank of England rate — which, though very high for mid- summer, would be relatively low for an autumn market — will be raised no high- er during 1913. of the past sixteen years, and at length with the addition of $11,000,000 gold to the French Bank's holdings in two weeks — even the skeptical and incred- ulous European financial communities have now been driven to admit that the situation on the eve of autumn has been radically altered. It is quite true that much of this new gold has been obtained from South American markets, which surrendered it reluctantly, and which may find them- selves embarrassed at the loss of it. The greater part of what Germany has ob- tained has been got through substitut- ing small notes of the Reichsbank for the coin which the German people for- merly carried in their pockets — a substi- tution which may obstruct the ready re- demption of such note circulation. But, on the other hand, it is not to be for- gotten that the problem of the Euro- pean banks and money markets, for many months, has been how to get back from its hiding-places the mass of gold and silver locked up by the Continen- tal public during the period of political alarm. This hoarded cash has seemed to re- turn very slowly to the bank reserves and to general circulation, even when peace in Europe was assured. There was no such sudden outpour, from the old stockings, and the chimney corners, and the safe deposit vaults, as occurred in this country at the end of 1907. 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«, 3 Vft VOL. XCVII— NO. 2514 THURSDAY. SEPTEMBER 4, 1913 &:&&. PRICE TEN CENTS " The Most Profoundly Interesting Novel of the Times " MR. WINSTON CHURCHILL'S THE INSIDE OF THE CUP $y WINSTON CHURCHILL, Aufor of "Richard Carvel," ''The Crossing," "The Crisis," "Conisioi," "Mr. CreWe's Career," " Jl Modern Chrjnic'e," etc. What Leading Reviewers say: IN LONDON "Abounds in thoughtful delineation of character, pre- rtain salient aspects of city life with fidelity and hi. while the interwoven love story offers, in its refined and spiritual intensity, a refreshing contrast to much thai Is overheated in the fiction of the day." rii' Times {London). IN BOSTON "Bigger and broader than anything Mr. Churchill has yet written . . . this novel is destined to be of im- portance among thinking people . . . worth reading tor its pure English, for the enjoyment of a story well told, for what it teaches, and a careless world might do well to learn what it teaches." — Boston Qlobe. IN SAN FRANCISCO "A fine piece of work, palpitating with conviction . . . It is 'Robert Elsemere' from a new angle, written with the virility that we have learned to associate with Mr. Churchill." — The Argonaut. IN NEW YORK "Those who are interested in present-day currents of thought will read this book with profound interest and will be thankful that Mr. Churchill was moved to write it. . . . The stage setting and the actors are typical of American present-day civilization." — The New York Times. IN CHICAGO "Indubitably its author's greatest achievement . . . eager sincerity lends it conviction . . . strength, sim- plicity, true greatness . . . excellence of construction. It is not often that a novelist can at once induce thought and challenge and disarm controversy." Chicago Record-Herald. IN PHILADELPHIA "One of the most thoughtful, best conceived books of Mr. Churchill's career ... a keenly analytical pres- entation of American social problems ... of absorb- ing interest as a record of contemporary thought . . . a purposeful book." — Philadelphia Evening Telegraph. Illustrated. Cloth. $1.50 net * OTHER IMPORTANT NEW MACMILLAN NOVELS * MRS. WATTS' NEW NOVEL VAN CLEVE By MARY 8. WATTS, Author of "Nathan Burke:' '-The Lt gacy," t tc. A modern story of sound American life developed around an interesting plot as inviting in the intensity of its realism as this talented author's previous notable novels of historic import. Ready shortly. $1.35 net JACK LONDON'S NEW NOVEL THE VALLEY OF THE MOON By jack LONDON, with frontispiece in colors by (,i orgt llur/ji r. A love story in Mr. London's most powerful style, strik- ingly contrasted against a background of model i nomic conditions. The hero, again, is one of Mr. London's unforgettable big men. Ready short'y. $1.35 net MR. HERRICK'S NEW NOVEL MISS NETHERSOLE'S NEW NOVEL HIS GREAT ADVENTURE By ROBERT HERRICK, Author of "Together," ■■The Healer," "Ont n Oman's L f/< ■" etc. "More widely based than the work of any other Ameri- can novelist of his generation." Mr, H< nick's new book justifies Mr. W. 1). Howells' characterization. People of compelling interest, rapid action, a we I t plot, develop in all that the ti'1 Ready shirt y. $1.35 net th WILSAM By Miss 8. C. \ El HER80LE. "Miss Nethersole has more kinship with Qeorge Eliot an any of the gre;i' 'Wllsam' is one of the I Qlobe. ,\ of the i • : •'" well worth reading as 'Wilsam.' It is virile beyond al- tnything tha Co.h $1.35 net Published at 64-66 Fifth Ave., N. Y. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY On Sale at All Bookstores

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11 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2514 The Nation ./ WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. iW the Ami in.;. City Post Office as > olass mail mattei 1 The Nation la published and owned by the New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Vilhml, President; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor; Harold dcWolf Fuller, As- sistant Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any pari of the United States or Meeico; " Canada $8.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $1.00. Address THE NATION, liox 794, New York. Pubttt . 20 Tcsey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 199 Editorial Articles: Progress with the Banking Bill 202 First Class in Senatorial Logic; .... 202 Sequels of Labor Legislation 203 Anslo-Saxondom and World-Peace.. 204 Is There a "Public"? 205 Special Articles: PoincarS's Last Book 205 News for Bibliophiles 207 CORRESrONT)E.\CE : The Passing of Greek? 207 The "Yellow Peril" 208 Baseball Slang 208 Literature : History and Historians in the Nine- teenth Century 208 The Woman Thou Gavest Me 210 0 Pioneers! 210 An Unknown Lover 211 The American Business Encyclopaedia and Legal Adviser 211 Sehleiermaeher— The Theology of the Church of England 211 California: An Englishman's Impres- sions of the Golden State.— Under the Sky in California.— California Coast Trails.— Out-of-Doors Cali- fornia and Oregon 212 The Old Irish World 213 • Notes 213 Science : The Geography of New Zealand: His- torical, Physical, Political, and Commercial 216 Drama and Music 217 Art 218 Finance : Tho Autumn Markets 219 Books of the Week 219 JUST PUBLISHED THE GRANGER MOVEMENT By SOLON J. BUCK, Ph.D. ate in Hi -Jin ii, 1 mi . 11/ iihii.il The story of the rise and growth of the order of Patrons of Hu or the Grange. Of particular pres- ent-day interest is the connection of the Granger Movement with the be- oi railroad regulation, and witli IK - live movement in ■ lea. HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE-, M VSSACHUSETTS. .11' ST I'l'ISI.ISIIICl) HOADLEY'S ESSENTIALS OF PHYSICS By GEORGE A. HOADLEY, C.E., Sc.D., Professor of Physics, Swarthmore College. Price, $1.25 This is the author's popular and success- ful Elements of Physics, enriched and brought up to date. It tells only what everyone should know, and it does this In a straightforward, concise and interesting manner. It takes into consideration the character of high school needs and con- ditions, and, throughout, lays particular em- phasis upon the intimate relation between physics and everyday life. The texl, wher- ever possible, has been simplified, more than tilt .v topics having been amplified, ex- panded, or reworded. More familiar illus- trations of the topics treated are given. There have been added a number of new topics, mostly in connection with the recent in applied science. The number both of questions and problems has been greatly increased and the data In these all relate to actual, practical, physical phe- nomena. More than one-fifth of the illus- trations in the book are new, many of the pictures of apparatus having been redrawn to show modern forms. Educational Morrislown School JVTiveZ^^Urt Ing School for Boys, Small classes. Supervised sports; new gymnasium. Lower srhool (or hoys ie 1,, 11 AilvlNory Hoard — President Illbben, Princeton; Dean Hurlbut, Harvard; Rev. Anson I'helps Slukes, Jr.. Sei-relarj nl Vale; Dean Kep- pel, Columbia; President Prltchett, Carnegie Foundation. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO CBANNING, HART, AND TURNER Guide to the Study and Reading ol American History. {Revised and Augmented Edition) A REVIEW "Much might be said of the ex- cellencies of the book, but these are well known through the wide use of the first edition. It is of course not only the best, but an indispens- able manual for the student of American History, and contains an enormous amount of material skill- fully arranged." — American Historical Review. GINN AND COMPANY, Publishers Boston New York Chicago London The WOLCOTT SCHOOL, DENVER, COL. Superior climate. Accredited with Eastern Colleges for girls. Fine music advantages. Gymnasium. jDETHLEHEM PREPARATORY SCHOOL, jD Bethlehem, Pa. Prepares for leading colleges. Catalogue. H. A. FOERING, B. S., Principal. THE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES, A Everett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 2.\ Park St., Boston 1S47 U St., Washington 15t!FifthAv., New York :;i(i.TonrnalBd., Portland 814StegerBd., Chicago. 34aDougIasBd.,LosAngeles 317 .Mas. Tern., Denver 345WrightBlk., Berkeley Send to any address above for Agency Manual. Harlan P. French, Pres. Vincent B. Fisk, Sec'y. THE ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY knows how. Twenty-two years of successful ex- perience In bringing together good schools and good teachers. Send for Eulletiu, 81 Chapel St., Albany, N. Y. OARENTS desiring a home in the "Back J- Bay," Boston, for one or two boys, in the family of a physician for the coming winter from Oct. 1st, 1913, address, "BOS- TON," care The Nation, 20 Vesey St., N. Y. J 1 7 ANTED — Recent Harvard graduate as tutor Vy for young boy in classics and mathematics, every aftern i during school year. Churchman pre- ferred. Address Box 101, care Nation, New York. The PHILIPPINE PROBLEM By Frederick Cliamberlin The most up-to-date and impartial account of the American occupation and development of the Philippines yet issued. With 16 paoes of illustrations, 254 pages, 12mo, cloth, $1.50 net; by mail $1.62. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, Boston From the Cambridge University Press Life and Correspondence of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke By PHILIP «t- paid $] JUST PUBLISHED PAUL ELMER MORE'S THE DRIFT OF ROMANTICISM An admirable group of papers on such authors as William I'.eek ford. Cardinal New- man, Walter Pater, Fiona Macleod, Nietzsche, and other leaders of the ro- nianiie movement. $1.25 net. Postpaid, $1.87. Boston hoi oiiton miki. o., NewYork The University of Chicago Press CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. 93,OO0 YEARLY BUSINESS OP YOUR OWN: mail ordi ucci ■ I101 te; small capita] 01 l| Hi.ii met 1 H rlt .V COMPANY, mi kiii \\ i.. AND ::«i I'll si'KKi.r. NEW ^ ORK

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The Nation SEW 1 "UK. I HVU8D I Y. I. 1913. The Week It was to have been expected that the Income taK rate fixed originally by the s would not stand very long. Kvi ry such tax starts with a low and is then increased at the earliest opportunity, on some ground or other. We had not thought, however, that so radical a change would come be- fore the bill had even become a law, as is now contemplated as a result of the revolt of radical Democrats. The Nation does not often find itself in agreement with Senator Lodge, but it must heart- ily endorse the position he took in the debate. The bill exempts from all burden the great middle class; it dis- criminates against people of wealth whether that wealth has been acquired by industry, as a result of a Congress- granted privilege, or in some other way creditable or discreditable. It exempts from taxation the great body of our citi- zens who ought to share their fair pro- portion of the tax, if only for the sober- ing effect it would have upon them to realize that the Federal Government does not get its money out of the air, but from their pockets, and that, there- fore, it should expend the money wisely and economically. ed by pointing to the nature of the campaign which would almost inevita- bly precede such a vote. The upright judge, on the other hand, who had of- fended, not the popular sense of judicial propriety, but a popular interest or pre- judice, would be greatly handicapped in employing the very arguments upon which his case would rest most solidly. The House resolution authorizing an investigation of charges against Judge Speer, following so closely as it does the Archbald investigation and trial, is all the evidence the ordinary citizen will need to show him that the Constitution is not utterly powerless in the face ot suspected or actual delinquency in our courts. Impeachment is not a weapon which may be seized by a handful of dissatisfied men, but it has a finality, and what is more important, a dignified and judicial method of procedure, about it, that advocates of the recall might well sigh for in their rude substitute for it. Indeed, it is the unjust judge who would naturally prefer the revolu- tionary device proposed by the Progres- sives. To be put off the bench by popu- lar vote would not be pleasant, but the victim could very frequently solace him- self and confuse many of the open-mind- Mr. Morgenthau's nomination as Am- bassador to Turkey, long foreshadowed, insures for that post an incumbent of unusual ability, a clear-headed business man, who ought to repeat at Constanti- nople the successes of Oscar Straus. To do as well in every respect would rank Mr. Morgenthau one of the ablest Am- bassadors the country has ever had. At least, in Turkey, the halcyon days of Mr. Straus's two periods of service are still gratefully remembered by Ameri- cans, while most of the other Ministers are forgotten. We do not know whether Mr. W. W. Rockhill, the present Ambas- sador, leaves the service voluntarily or not. He has spent virtually all his life in the State Department, or in China, Russia, and Turkey, and Mr. Wilson ought not to let him go out of the ser- vice if it can be avoided. Apparently, however, the President is going to make a clean sweep — something that is most regrettable, particularly in one who was so long devoted to the princi- ples of civil service reform. The interest of next Monday's election in the Third Maine District will lie as* much in its indication of the perma- nent consequences of the Progressive secession as in its reflection of public sentiment upon the tariff and currency bills. Last year the district had no Progressive candidate for Congress, but Forrest Goodwin, a Republican elected by a vote of 17,221, over 16,512 for S. W. Gould, Democrat, ran ahead of Col. Roosevelt by only 4,000 votes. The present election will show how many of these 13,000 Progressive voters can be held in line in a local contest, into which the personality of their national leader does not enter. The Maine pa- pers find it difficult to regard the three- cornered fight as turning upon approval or disapproval of Democratic policies. Victor Murdock, however, tells the vot- ers "there is no national, hope in ths partisan habit, a mechanical see-saw from one party to the other." The anx- ious dispatch of Democratic Cabinet of- ficers and House leaders to the scene also reflects the sempiternal interest in Congressional elections that follow tar- iff legislation. The district was Repub- lican before 1910 by consistent majori- ties of 3,500. While municipal home rule makes steady progress in second and third-class cities, its way in the larger centres seems beset with obstacles. At the Governors' Conference last week Gov. Dunne, in the words of the Chicago pa- pers, "lamely excused" the Illinois Leg- islature's failure to pass a home-rule measure for the State metropolis. How little better off is New York, the attack by the Bureau of Municipal Research upon the laws recently passed at Albany would seem to show. Its report gains especial force from its concrete exam- ples— nearly one hundred in all — of leg- islation violative of home-rule princi- ples, fifty-three of these examples being of mandatory and forty-two of permis- sive laws. Attorney-General Carmody has already pointed out that "as a whole the present law undertakes .only to fill out imperfect grants of powers to cities by the Legislature," and leaves the city impotent in many directions. There is no want of models for an ade- quate home-rule measure for either New York or Chicago. A dozen States have granted their cities power to determine the form of their own municipal ma- chinery and their local policies, usual- ly limited, as in Ohio, upon only the financial side. In California, where lo- cal autonomy of this sort has long been an established constitutional policy, it was extended in 191 1 even to county government. For several weeks recently a negro was railway mail clerk on a train be- tween Norfolk and Raleigh, X. C. Un- der him was a white subordinate. Was this a condition that a free people would long endure? Not on the line of rail- way between Norfolk and Raleigh, X. C. The Congressman from the Raleigh dis- trict was asked to investigate and bring about a change. Mr. Small did investi-

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200 The IsTation | Vol. 97, No. 2514 He found il'a: the 01 which make it unpopular her.' and tin'!.'. The civil Sen ice 1 -iun. that is, had actually conduct bussy, Am- broise Thomas, and others; the German Nicolai's "Merry Wives" is more widely popular than the corned atlves of a university? If a lad 11 a secondary leads his (lass in the final Latin exam- ination, is there anything wrong in ■1 1 ems universities doing all th to impress him with their respective advantages? Shrewd persistence in such a course would in time redound to the great increase of the fame of a univer- sity for turning out men of rar arship. So it is one reads with pleasure that Brown has scored a triumph in the announcement of a Springfield, Mass., boy that he is going to Provi- dence this fall. For a time Dartmouth seemed to be upon the point of winning him, but the classic atmosphere of the Rhode Island university prevailed. Drew, for that is his name, is the fast- est amateur short-distance runner in the whole world. He is expected to be a thorn in the side of the sprinters from the University of Pennsylvania next year, who were thought to be sure of winning the short-distance races. Of course, one sprinter does not settle the question of relative scholarship among the universities. That must remain in doubt until we know where the cham- pion broad-jumper and pole-vaulter are going to pursue their advanced studies. ays satisfying to see merit .... 1 ore eager to hail it than rep- How sensitive public opinion has be- come towards sex-instruction, urged by Dr. Eliot at the Congress of School Hy- giene, is shown by the protests against it in Cincinnati and Chicago. Those who feel the sincerity and force in all that Dr. Eliot said will be first to de- mand caution in carrying out his prin- ciples. In the first place, great as pub- lic opposition often is to the utilization of the school for the physical welfare of society, it is especially exposed to prejudice and hostility on this point. In the second, while sex-education in the right hands may do great good, in wrong hands it can accomplish a great- er amount of harm. What seems chiefly demanded is that its administration be given over to a competent and tactful al corps. 'While the public a i offer no ground rvation, in coll [1 :i ad preparatory- scho.ol circles is acquainti d • M h poi adic, ill digested li ligious '"H! < ei ■■ in'' of debatable value, it is trie thai Catal qi e in \ iiai matters cafinol to chance correction. It is true, in Mrs. Ella Flagg Young's words, that the school now] . iial "rights" inimical to social progress. But it is equally true that oik; shudders to think of sex-instruction in the hands of the ordinary school teacher and under the control of a Mrs. Young. That the problem of enforcing local- option laws is increasingly national is shown by recent attempts in Pennsyl- vania and throughout the South to pre- vent illegal liquor shipments. In Indi- ana, by the formation of "Young Men's Independent Clubs" in nominally "dry" territory, the brewery interests seek to get round the law. Crawfordsville is making a hot campaign against "clubs whose rules permit the sale of liquor to members only — any one being a mem- ber who has the money." Strict city or- dinances and a good detective have con- victed seven such club managers with- in a few weeks. Other cities, such as Evansville, where the press laments a jury disagreement over the plainest evi- dence, are preparing to imitate Craw- fordsville. Gov. Ralston has repeatedly told the communities that in dealing with local-option enforcement "they must be their own moral agents, with- out appealing to State help." Of course, enforcement of the law is impossible without positive public opinion. But in the case of fraudulent "clubs" it would seem that officers of the law have a plain duty to perform. The emphasis of the World's M Congress upon not only the wide extent of war against disease, but its coopera- tive character, is already receiving pra< - tieal comment. The French Journal da Philanthropie points out how much even of administrative method in combating the chief evil, tuberculosis, is interna- tional. To the Germans, for example, the sanatorium long represented the sole means of defence. Lately, however, the a Central Association has borrow- ed a leaf from the book that Calmette and Waldeck-Rousseau began to write at Lille in L901, and lias - entred its at- tention upon the dispensary. The ■, ead 1 1 ' ports four of Me Berlin, and 720 in eii <:< rmanj , am 1 now aol Ive ageucle 1 . . lay down rules of .1 help tie- public ie them, Assisted lev worklngm a etii s. I I-

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Sept. 4, 1913] The Nation 201 attention to "forest dispensaries," of which in 1911 there were 98, receiving nts yearly. These stations are located near the larger cities, and with the smallest possible plant they receive the ailing daily, care for them in the open air, and send them home at night. Two suggestions used are ascribed to America — the plan of receiv- ing at these forest dispensaries night patients, busy in the daytime, and the open-air schools. Our large cities may find profit in the recommendations of a Parliamentary committee on "London's gigantic pro- blem." This is the connection between the vast development of the motor-'bus and the increase in risk to public life and limb. In 1907 the 3,700 power and 12,700 horse vehicles injured about 12,000 people; in 1912 the 13,800 power and 2,800 horse vehicles ran down more, than 20,000. This weighs gravely against the service of the omnibus in carrying two billion passengers and linking the city to its outermost sub- urbs. But, as in Paris, which also is protesting against the daily list of ( ras6s, neither speed nor weight is sin- gled out as responsible. "With its great increase in size, power, and speed," says the report, "the motor-'bus must lose its privileges of irresponsibility. It cannot be let choose its pathway unrestrained.' Nothing more. And the omnibus com- pany declares "speed has the smallest possible share in the causing of acci- dents, and has been talked of until the public are impatient." The reduction of the number of motor-'buses to the neces- sary minimum, the perfection of safety devices, and the education of the pub- lic as to the exact course of the routes, are suggestions which the company en- dorses. All these tend to give the mo- tor-'bus lines the same status as sur- face street-car systems, and to restrict or destroy the old liberty of movement of the individual vehicle. President Wilson may or may not suc- ceed in his Mexican policy, but one thing is certain, the English newspa- pers are not entitled to sneer at him for failure. Some of them are now com- placently saying that we see what comes of entrusting diplomacy to "amateurs." Well, for the past two years England has had her finest professional diplomat at work in the Balkans, and a fine mesa he has made of it. A simple enumera- tion of the successive positions taken by Sir Edward Grey, with a list of his un- fulfilled prophecies and frustrated ef- forts, ought to make his countrymen see that gibes at anybody else are just now delicious effrontery. There was to be no Balkan .war. But there was. If there was a war, no territorial changes what- ever would be permitted. But Turkey in Europe has been carved to pieces. When Turkey pressed back into Adria- nople she was instantly to be turned out. But the latest number of Punch has a cartoon in which the Turk in Adriano- ple asks Sir Edward Grey who is going to put him out, and the great English diplomatist replies that this is exactly the thing which the Concert cannot make up its mind about. An American "amateur" could not do worse than that! Two things stand out clearly in the report on rent and prices, just publish- ed by the English Board of Ti'ade, the most comprehensive and thorough of re- cent studies of the cost-of-living pro- blem. One is that the rise in prices, as has been recognized before this, is a world-wide phenomenon. The other is that, certainly in so far as Great Brit- ain is concerned, and holding true prob- ably for other countries, wages have not kept pace with prices. In Great Britain the increase in the cost of liv- ing since 1905 has been 10 per cent, whereas the increase in wages has been from 2 to 5 per cent. Here is a sim- ple explanation of the labor unrest which has marked recent years on both sides of the Atlantic. In Syndicalism we are probably not witnessing, as its prophets would have us believe, a new philosophy and tactics of social recon- struction. Under a new name and through somewhat novel methods, the old process of readjusting wages to prices is at work. There is no real reason to suppose that the foundations of society are in greater peril to-day than in preceding periods of economic readjustment. ers on affairs in Asia was first broached by the Japanese Ambassador, it was Lord Salisbury who suggested the in- clusion of Germany. The Japanese Gov- ernment, for reasons not yet made pub- lic, objected. This bit of news will be rather embarrassing to the jingo ele- ment in Germany, by whom England's policy during the last two decades has been described as one of implacable hos- tility to the Empire. British statesmen supposedly lay awake nights thinking out all the possible permutations and combinations by which the Kaiser might be isolated and encompassed. Yet here was the head of the British Gov- ernment and the leader of the party that ha3 always stood for Imperialism and a forward policy in foreign affairs, urging the inclusion of Germany in a partnership which, as events showed, ,was destined to exercise an extraordi- nary influence on the history of the last ten years. And Lord Salisbury's pro- posal came at a time when the Boer War was still under way and the Kai- ser's telegram to Kriiger was a very vivid and bitter memory. Anglo-German relations will suffer no harm from the disclosures contained in Count Hayashi's diary regarding the diplomatic history of the alli;iii tween Great Britain and Japan. The al- liance dates from 1902. When t of an agreement between the two Pow- How different the present internation- al situation in Europe might have been if Lord Salisbury's proposals had been accepted! In 1902, it will be recalled, the famous entente cordiale was not yet in being. The Anglo-French agreement came two years later, and even then it required the stress and agitation of the long controversy between France and Germany over Morocco to convert the Anglo-French marriage of convenience into an alliance of the heart. Ten years ago the advocates of a reconciliation with Germany were much more influen- tial in French public life than they are to-day. If Great Britain had entered into partnership with Germany, even if it was only for the regulation of affairs in Asia, the present entente would have been rendered difficult, if not impossi- ble, and France, because there was no one else to turn to, might have coi ed to enter into an understanding with the Kaiser. There might have ensued an era of international good feeling; or, if Kngland, regretting, in turn, an the opponents ot had set about to redress the balan should have had a European aligl ■hat it is ' and come mi armami

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SOS The 1ST a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2514 PROGRESS WITH TUN BANKING BILL. With the vote of the House Demo- cratic (aliens, approving the banking and currency bill as amended to date, the third stage in the history of that im- portant measui e is ( ompleted. Tl stage comprised the original drafting of the bill for submission to Congress. In thai process, many hands were at worK, and by no means with harmonious plans or purposes. Among those whoso handi- work was recognizable in the original bill were conservative nun who had made thorough and useful study of the subject; radicals who were eager to in- ject as much of inflation and Govern- ment paper issues as circumstances would admit; and theorists who wished to try all sorts of venturesome experi- ments at once. In its original form, the banking bill, despite many fundamental and incidental merits, was a highly de- tec live measure, containing unquestion- ably dangerous possibilities, on the side of currency issues in particular. The spirit in which these defects were taken in hand, when the second stage of the measure's history began w ith its reference to the House Banking Com- mittee, is familiar to all who have ob- served the progress of events. The changes made were radical and funda- mental; in many of the sections they transformed a bad measure with inci- dental merits into a genuinely good measure with incidental defects. Ex- cept for its misleading and inaccurate language in regard to the Government's part in what is to be purely a bank- note currency, the note-issue sections were amended into a scientifically sound and practical provision. The holdings of United States bonds, pledged by na- tional banks against their present out- standing circulation, were protected, as they had not been in the original bill. Powers of the national board, in cer- tain important directions, were restrict- ed, partly through requiring unanimity of decision, partly through the forma- tion of an Advisory Council chosen by the- banks themselves. During its third stage, now completed, in which the House Committee's amend- ed bill was placed for debate before the Democratic caucus, further progress of an equally significant character has made. Discussion being free and unreel - radicals, the hoi and the Inflationists had their day in ■ cunt. They offered and urged amend- ment after amendment embodying their ideas. On the other hand, the bank- ing community made its first formal exi- ts y into the discussion through the de- and resolutions of the Chicago banki r ■ ace, on Friday and Sat- urday el' last week. What has happened in the caucus is thi 1 1 lie changes urged excitedly by the radicals have been steadily voted down by large majorities — the one concession which they claim, the elimination of a clause which might be construed as forbidding rediscount of agricultural warehouse paper, being in fact an inef- fective alteration — while two of the amendments urged by the bankers' con- ference have been adopted. Reserve re- quirements for individual banks have been reduced as the bankers at Chicago asked, and, again in deference to their suggestion, the reserve against the pro- posed new7 note issue is now prescribed to consist of gold alone, and not of "gold or lawful money." After this rather striking attitude on amendments, the measure was adopted in the caucus by a vote of 160 to 9. Within a week the bill as thus approved goes formally to the House of Repre- sentatives, whence, after debate and vote, it will be handed over to the Sen- ate Committee and the Senate. It is not yet free from serious defects, and it is wholly reasonable to expect that its re- maining shortcomings will be a matter of serious consideration in the other house. We believe it, however, to be a thoroughly workable bill as it now stands, or at least to be a bill which may be made so by a few further chang- es which will not affect vitally its under- lying principles. Here, then, in the future stages of the discussion on the bill, is the legitimate opportunity for broad-minded bankers and business men of the country to serve a public purpose. The dele- gates who voted for the series of reso- lutions at last week's Chicago Confer- ence were perfectly well aware that all of their recommendations would not, in tin- nature of things, be accepted. But they wisely separated criticisms on gen- eral principles from criticisms based on technical experii nee. Their final atti- tude was of a sort to invito the friendly Ion v. iiieh was peremptorily nee* 1 ■• Islatoi B ami I Im bankers, if sum;: ami pitfalls in the practical operation of the bill were to be avoided. The more consistently this policy is pursued, the less of an obstruc- tive influence will arise from that vague suspicion of the bankers' motives which prevailed very largely up to last week, and for whose prevalence the bankers themselves were by no means wholly free from blame. The rest of the discussion of the bill must, in our judgment, centre to a great extent upon the powers of the national board. Those powers, as they stand in the bill to-day, and notwithstanding the House committee amendments, are too sweeping and unrestricted. We should so describe them, even if the four civil- ian appointees to the board were all, by law, to be trained bankers. That the system of separate regional banks re- quires large powers in a central board, for exercise in a possible emergency, we have heard no one question. But ours is, in more ways than one, a government of checks and balances, and the powers referred to are of a soit whose misuse, even with the best of purposes, would have immediate and serious conse- quences on the "country's welfare. It is not abolition of such powers, but re- striction on their hasty, ill-judged, or impetuous exercise, which our national experience indicates as essential to the safety of the new experiment. FIRST CLA.S.S IN SENATORIAL LOGIC One advantage of the linked sweet- ness long drawn out of the Senate de- bate on the tariff has been strangely overlooked by educators. It is the splen- did exhibition of the logical faculty in the give and take of discussion. It is a pity that every student in logic could not have been in the Senate galleries to derive instruction from the contin- ued display of the deepest principles of the art. Few have availed themselves of the great opportunity, since the event came off in the time of school ami col- lege vacations; but we wonder why no summer school or university grasped at the opportunity. To stand by and see giant minds grappling with one another and illustrating ever] phase of the art of reasoning would have bi 1 a an Invaluable privilege to any who de- sired to learn how to think clearlj ami argue soundly. Sunn I him; nl' the effect, though only a pale 11 ;i. < 1 ion, 1 an in' Kui from b pi 1 tin- | ■inmn SBional /i'e. 0) 1/. Iii

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Sept. 4, 1913] The Nation 203 it we get the cold results without the personal animation, the flashing eye, and the triumphant mien with which some logical demonstration was accom- panied. Not to neglect entirely the al- luring material, let us turn to the de- bate of Monday of last week. The cot- ton schedule was under discussion. Sen- ator Smith, of South Carolina, took the floor and read from a careful report on the Xew England mills, showing the low wages and the long hours of the operatives. This was only preliminary to the real clash of mind on mind. Sena- tor Lippitt, of Rhode Island, begged per- mission to ask a question. It was grant- ed. He said: I merely wish to ask the Senator from South Carolina if the wage paid in his State for this same occupation is not in the neighborhood of one-third less than that paid in Xew England, and if the hours the people work in his State are not more than 10 per cent, greater for that wage, and if it is not true that there is practically no age limit for the children employed in the cotton mills in his State. This was clearly a neat case of the argumentam ad homineyn. But was the South Carolina Senator staggered by it? Did he betray even a glimmering of ■noratio elenehif Not at all. Ob- serve the completely logical and crush- ing reply which he instantly made: I will reply to the Senator from Rhode Island that those we employ in my section of the country are native born, and what- ever they get goes back to an American for the work an American does, and we have not used the pauper labor of Europe tj displace him. Have the standard writers on logic ever given such an illustration as this of the effect of close and sinewy reason- ing? We should like to see them try to get Senator Smith's syllogism into any of their formal categories! It would not even come under barbara, though that word suggests certain anal- ogies in the case. As for the great na- tive reasoners, like Socrates, they would certainly be lost in wonder at the dex- terity and logical resource of Senator Smith. Of his overwhelming retort upon his questioner, Socrates could only say, as he did on a certain occasion: "Great, oh, Glaucon, is the power of contradic- tion." It certainly required a degree of au- dacity in Senator Lippitt to return to the intellectual combat after so heavy a logical blow, but he took his courage in both hands and put another question to Senator Smith. He said: I should like to ask the Senator from South Carolina if he thinks native-born Americans should be paid 33 per cent, less wages than New England is willing to pay the people who come from abroad. New England pays her native-born Americans more than she pays these people from abroad; and yet the Senator from South Carolina is boasting that in his own State, for more hours of employment, he is sat- isfied to pay 66 2-3 per cent, of the wages New England pays. There appears to be a certain plausi- bility about this, but Senator Lippitt did not know his man. He could scarce- ly have been prepared for the terrific logical "facer" which the South Caro- lina Senator at once delivered. It was this: When we take into consideration the number of millionaires there are in the New I England section and the number of million- aires we have in our section, 1 do not think I the Senator and I will find much to argue I about. There was a good deal more of this, but we have given enough to show what I a treat for the logician, and the lovers of high debate, may be got by dipping almost anywhere into the Congressional Record. It really ought to displace the text-books on logic. Not one of them could furnish so much instruction. And it is teaching which is blended with the element of constant surprise, and even amusement, which is the best thing to hold the attention of the pupil. Why should there be expensive schools to teach young men how to reason when the Senate is giving such wonderful ex- amples virtually free? Schopenhauer had an entire cynical treatise on "The Art of Reasoning," which he dealt with as a thing of trick and artifice, rather than a real intellectual process; but the most whimsical' rules that he gave for dodging the point of an argument, or evading the consequences of your own logic, along with the most fanciful ex- amples which he invented, would seem plodding and prosaic alongside the Sen- atorial reality. "Logic is logic, that's all I say." Yes; but there are more things in Senate logic than were dream- ed of in the philosophy of the one-hoss shay. 8EQI ELS OF LABOR LEGISLATION. The past fifteen or twenty years have, seen a great body of labor legislation, proposed or enacted, in all civilized countries. The United States has not been so laggard as some have asserted. In nearly all the States, as by the Fed- eral Congress, new laws have b> | on the statute-books intended to secure the rights or to improve the lot of work- ingmen. Into this movement different motives have entered, but there can be no doubt that its chief driving power has been the humane spirit of the age. This it is which has been sympathetic to the demand that the laborer in dan- gerous occupations shall be safeguard- ed, as far as possible; that child labor shall be more and more limited; that special protections shall be thrown about workingwomen; that workers disabled by accident shall have full right of re- covery of damages from negligent em- ployers, or be insured for loss of time or health. It is not necessary to extend the catalogue. The kind of legislation referred to is familiar to all. It re- sponds to the growing humanity of the age. But it is our duty to be intelli- gent as well as humane; to look ahead at consequences as well as about us at misfortune and suffering. And labor legislation has now been long enough in force in various places to give us ma- terial upon which to base a judgment concerning some sequels of it that its benevolent promoters were very far from foreseeing. An article in the last Edinburgh Re- view on "National Insurance and Na- tional Character" is said to have been written by that stout individualist among English public men, Mr. Harold Cox. Whoever the author, it is an in- structive study which he makes of some of the unexpected results, physical, men- tal, and moral, of laws insuring work- ingmen against accidents and against sickness. He turns at once to the coun- try which has had the widest experi- ence in such matters — Germany. The subject has attracted a great deal of at- tention from German physicians and students. A recent suggestive book is that of Prof. Ludwig Bernhard, wiinschte Folgen der Deutschen Sozial- politik." "The tragedy of all great re- form movements," writes Professor Bernhard, "lies in this — that the unin- tended results are more powerful than the intended results." And in the spirit of this saying, the Edinburgh R writer masses a part of the evidenca which German investigators have been getting together about the efl workingmen's insurance laws In many. Already in England, when lation of the kind has but late] embarked upon, much is heard about aim-

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204 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2514 ilar undesired consequences showing themsi In the iiiain, it is an old story. Pa- ternal legislation tends to make its ben- eflciaries childishly dependent, when ire not increasingly exigent. But Bome of the special results observable on a large scale in Germany are pecu- liarly interesting. It is not merely the general question of individual self-re- spect being impaired and initiative cut into by looking to the aid of Govern- ment. There are specific developments which are giving thoughtful Germans pause. Malingering has enormously in- creased; and the authorities have to be increasingly watchful against it. If a workingman knows that his pay is to go on while he is ill, he falls sick with wonderful ease. Nor is it all a matter of feigning. Every doctor knows the part played by the imagination in dis- ease, and it has been displayed in ex- traordinary ways in the experience of insured German workingmen while they are ill. The facts show that they fall sick quicker and stay sick longer than before the law protected them. In cer- tain forms of illness, the psychology ot this is well understood. The determina- tion to recover speedily is a help to re- covery, and without it, or the motive for it, the patient stays longer in bed. Even in cases of fractured bones, where this mental element would not be ex- pected to operate so strongly, the Ger- man experience makes a remarkable showing. Take the common accident of a broken collar-bone. In the young, med- ical statistics prove that the period of mending is from 15 to 20 days; in older persons, 20 to 40. But the average in- sured German workingman who breaks his collar-bone requires eight months to get over it! We will not dwell upon other details set forth in the Edinburgh Review, its; article but reflects the concern which German statesmen feel over these aspects of the practical working of laws which were undoubtedly beneficent in intention. Various studies of the oper- ation of the German laws for the insur- ance of workingmen show what good reason there is for doubt of their entire -, and what is the need of amend- ment and strengthening. There is some- thing in Voltaire about the light ed way in which -s, and tonishment with which tiny ob- Jll'li ill J;: This has been distinctly the case with the matter under discussion. Disappoint- ments and unforeseen results are, in- deed, no argument against attempting humane legislation; but they are a clear warning against rash lawmaking. The utmost care should be taken in the drafting of labor legislation, so as to make it as sure as is humanly possible that evils will not be created greater than those which it is designed to cure. AXGLO-SAXOXDOM AXD PEACE. WORLD- The main trend of Lord Haldane's ad- dress before the American Bar Associa- tion at Montreal was determined in ad- vance by the nature of the occasion. When the Lord Chancellor of England comes across the seas to speak in Can- ada before a gathering of lawyers, of whom a very large proportion are from the United States, it is inevitable that his subject should concern itself with the affiliations that bind this country, Great Britain, and the Dominion into what may be described as a community of nations. Speaking before lawyers, Lord Haldane was at pains to point out that the causes of Anglo-Saxon amity are independent of treaty arrangements. The Lord Chancellor is a student of phi- losophy and he went to the vocabulary of the German philosophers for a word that would adequately describe that spirit of amity. But when we have fol- lowed the speaker through his eloquent and lucid disquisition upon Sittlichkeit, we find ourselves, after all, in the pres- ence of a familiar thing. He is referring neither to legal systems nor to specific morals, but to those habitual sanctions which determine the conduct of men in a community, the way of reacting to- wards the duties of civilized citizenship, the way, in short, of looking at life. And he finds that in this country, in Great Britain, and in Canada there prevails a common Sittlichkeit, a similarity of so- cial conduct, which is the principal ba- sis of Anglo-Saxon friendship, and may become the foundation of still more intimate relations in the fu- ture. It is a scholarly way of formulat- ing the ,iii( (i I,, auch familiar phrases as "hands across th "common inheritance." Emphasis laid on An | plend ship as a factor in tin 1 Btablishmen! ot i-ii- only Bxpa ating on Anglo-Saxon unity consists in the tai lm ilble bj ot tier than

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Scp.l 4. [913 T 1 1 e N" a t i o n 205 old arguments still hold. Situated here on the Western Continent, at a remote distance from the age-old rivalries that make of Europe an armed camp, these United States are as unlikely to be the, armed enemieB of oneEuropean country as of any other. If war is to make way for reason in the settlement of international disputes, it will not be because the world will bo transformed into a single community with only one code of manners. "World- peace, if it comes, will come with the triumph of those universal ideas which are above all national habits and man- ners, the ideas of justice, of reason, and of law. We can have world-peace with world diversity. For diversity is no more an essential force for armed con- flict than uniformity is an unfailing factor for peace. Where, for instance, could Lord Haldane And a closer iden- tity of SittUchkcit than that obtaining in the two Balkan peoples that have lately been tearing at one another's throats like mad dogs? Bulgaria and Servia are two peasant populations liv- ing on the same economic level, speak- ing what is virtually two dialects of the same language, acknowledging the same faith, and held in subjection for cen- turies by the same master at Constan- tinople. What but the survival of pri- meval brute instincts is responsible for the horrors of Macedonia and Thrace? The same way of looking at life will not keep two nations at peace if both look at life with distorted vision. IS THERE A "PUBLIC"? One thing is quite certain: we are liv- ing in a highly significant age. The only question is whether this is the age of Strindberg and Brieux or of Hall Caine and Harold Bell Wright; the age of Matisse and Picasso or of Dingbat and Desperate Desmond; the age which insists on ruthless details of life in the white-slave markets or the age which insists that its heroes of fiction must be six feet six inches and more; the age of Debussy and Anna Pavlova or the age of the Temagami Rag. One thing is certain: the Public is eager for some- thing. The question is whether the pub- lic wants the red meat of John Mase- field, the cosmopolitan fare of Arnold Bennett and H. G. Wells and Theodore Dreiser, the plain home cooking of Win- ston Churchill, or the sugar and cream confections of Eleanor Hallowell Abbott and Gene Stratton-Porter. Or, after all, is nothing certain? Are we at liberty to doubt whether there is such a thing as a Public, instead of merely so many people? Is there such a thing as a spir- it of the age, instead of now this fad and now that one forging ahead in the newspapers? Not that the formulae makers are al- together at fault. The temptation to generalize at times becomes well-nigh irresistible. The current at times does seem to set steadily in one direction. The vista does seem to stretch out over new landscapes. We can hardly blame, for instance, the student of morals and manners who assures you that this country is in full revolt against the hereditary Puritanism. The old prudery of speech— and of behavior — is passing. On subjects worthy and worthless we feel and speak to-day with a freedom that ten years ago would have been in- conceivable. The habits and speech of common life have become heavily charged with the habits and speech of the intellectueh and the underworld. Tango, eugenics, the slit skirt, sex hygiene, Brieux, white slaves, Richard Strauss, John Masefield, the double stan- dard of morality — here is a conglomer- ate of things important and unimpor- tant, of age-old problems and momen- tary fads, which nevertheless have this one thing in common that they do in- volve an abandonment of the old pro- prieties and the old reticences. Neither our newspapers nor our preachers nor our college presidents can be accused of being mealy-mouthed. Take, as a single instance, the invasion of the the- atre by the crook play and the white- slave play. Is it rash to say that a revo- lution has occurred in the few years that have elapsed since the police put the ban on "Mrs. Warren's Profession"? It is rash. No such revolution has occurred in the sense of a profound transformation working itself out with- in the great mass of our people. To make a revolution it needs something more than that all of the people shall be stirred some of the time and some of the people shall be agitated all of the time. The great public, in spite of the tango and the white-slave propaganda, has not shifted its moorings. Its funda- mental tastes are very much what they have been. When we speak of every one reading Strindberg and Brieux it is only in the same sense that everybody is out of town in summer. We gener- alize from insufficient data. The asser- tion that the American reading public- is learning to view life boldly with Ben- nett and Wells and Dreiser is disproved by the fact that hundreds of thousands are viewing it in the good old romantic fashion with Hall Caine and Marie Corelli. The underworld theme may sell books by the thousands, but to sell books by the hundreds of thousands we still require such old themes as home and mother and love's devotion. The noisy few may point the .way and a goodly crowd may follow in meek imitation. But the great crowd also chooses for it- self, and its independent choice is for the broad and simple effects that have always appealed to the masses. We must still distinguish between the fluttering taste of the few who have lost their intellectual mooring by a kind of half education, and those profound changes which truly constitute a revolu- tion in the life of the people. The selt- esteemed intellectuels are terribly ex- posed to self-deception; they have neith- er the instincts of the masses nor the settled conviction of those who have felt the long judgments of time. In their hands are all the organs of pub- licity— the newspapers, the reviews, the circles and cliques which create "move- ments," and tendencies, and vistas, and revaluations. There may be a lively play of wave and spume on the surface; in the depths change works almost by imperceptible stages. POINCARE'S LAST BOOK. Pabis, Augusi - "Dernieres Pensees" (E. Flammariou, 3.50 francs) is the last book of general interest which we are to have from that lucid thinker and clear writer, Henri Poincare. It comprises late articles and lectures, some written within a few days of his death in July of last year. He intended the collection to form the fourth volume of his series of works on the philosophy of science — "Sri, lie., and Hypothesis," "The Value hi Sclem e, "Science and Method," and this one dealing with outstanding ques- tions, such as the evolution of laws; Space and Time; the logic of the I ri- nd of mathematics; Matter ana Bther; and moral systems and Bi and moral union among men. A supple- mentary lecture by him on new con- ceptions of matter baa Blnce been pub- lished in a volume by several authors. "Le Materialisme actuel" ( Flammarion,

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206 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2514 3.50 trams); and two years ago he published a brief pamphlet on another burning question, "Les Sciences et les llumanites' (A. Fayard, 1 franc). All these convey with sufficient ful- ness the message to the world of the one master who has recognized the lim- its of science and proclaimed them frankly. Other gleanings, particular applications of a method of thinking more valuable perhaps than his science or philosophy, may be found by even genera] readers in his special works. They must have the patience to skip the mathematical operations which a dozen in each generation may hope to follow; and between they must read the paragraphs where slow processes of physics merge into intuitions of the universe. These "Last Thoughts" emphasize the hard sayings which so offend those who have been dreaming of science without amits rtiling absolutely the universe of thought: Science will always be imperfect, and not only because our faculties are weak. .It will be imperfect by definition. He who speaks of science speaks of a duality be- tween the mind knowing and the object known ; and so long as this duality sub- sists, so long as mind is distinct from its object, mind will be unable to know its object perfectly, since it will never know aught of it but the exterior. Therefore, neither the question of materialism nor that of determinism — and I do not separate this from that— can be solved in last re- sort by science. The lecture from which this is taken comes in the series of "Present Material- ism" immediately after Professor Berg- son's declaration on "Soul and Body ": In philosophy we have to choose between pure reasoning, which aims at a definitive result, not to be perfected because it is judged perfect, and an empiric method which contents itself with approximate re- sults that arc capable of being corrected and completed indefinitely. . . . Between these two manners of philosophizing, my choice is made. It would be a measureless error to confound Henri Poincare's philosophy ace with Bergson's philosophy of what he thinks underlies science. Pom- e-are" mischievously reduced Bergsonian Time to a fourth dimension of Space, and he says here seriously: hological time, Bergsonian duration, from which the scientific man's time is- erves to classify phenomena which It) one and the same consciousness; but it is powerless to classify two psycho- la two dif- ses— and, a forth physical phenomena. One event pa earth, another on Sirius; how shall we whether the former is anterior to ' mis, or posterior? Of the value of science, Poihcan idj nod 'I : thai law Is only a ary relation between the present en ol th had bei a drilled In gramxnatli al analyses. ... in a class from the classical training, !d, Vactjuani ■ 1 1 : 1 1 1 itlclan 1 laid to me, nol hing ol

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!■ The 3ST a t i o n 207 the kind could have happened!" But Pol near G risrs higher: A spirit breathed of old on Greece and gave birth to poets ana thinkers. There remains in our classical education I know- not what of the old Greek soul — something, that makes us look ever upward. And this ious for the making of a man nee than the reading of many vol- i i. try. S. D. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. Bernard Quaritch, who died, on Wednes- day of last week, was without question the greatest bookseller in the world. He was a young man, not more than forty-five, had always been a hearty eater and drinker, and these habits had no doubt undermined his health. He had been ill a long time, in fact, ever since his last visit to New- York to attend the second Hoe sale in January, 1912. He was unmarried, and his property will, probably, pass to two sisters, who survive him. The elder Quaritch came to London from Germany in 1842, and after some delays established himself in the book business in a very small way near Leicester Square. Later he removed to 15 Piccadilly, and made that address well known to librarians and book-buyers the whole world over. When he died in 1899, leaving an enormous stock and heavy debts, it was generally predicted that the business, built irp with such skill, would disintegrate. His only son, who had taken little or no interest in the business, took hold, however, and showed unexpected ability. He sold, sometimes prob- ably at a loss, some of the big things that his father had carried a long time in stock, and in a year or two Quaritch was again the leading name in the auction room and in the trade, and this position it has re- tained. He left the old Piccadilly shop, took Lord Howe's old house in Grafton Street, and leaving the rooms much as they were, only installing a slow-moving "lift," he filled the house literally with books from wine-cellar to attic. The elder Quaritch was overbearing in his manner, didactic and sarcastic in his speech. The son, though gross in appear- ance, was genial and kindhearted, and with- al more politic in business than his father. He made friends and made sales, and above all else kept the name Quaritch standing for absolute honesty, with no misrepre- sentation of anything which he offered for sale. He made frequent visits to the United States, bringing a trunkful or two of his treasures, and these trips were generally successful. He sold many fine books to Mr. Morgan as well as to almost every other collector of fine books in this coun- try. Like his father before him, he was inde- pendent and generally against the combi- nation of London booksellers, which has established the "knockout" system at Eng- lish book sales. The booksellers in the "ring" do not bid against each other in the salesroom, but later at a little auc- tion of their own resell the books among themselves and divide up the profit. The father used to impress upon collec- tors the advantage of giving him their com- missions at auction sales, and if he al- lowed an important item to go to a com- petitor, the latter won a Pyrrhic victory. The son followed the same plan, but in ex- I treme cases seems to have exercised a bet- ter judgment. But while the larger part of his busi- ness was with collectors, Mr. Quaritch was equally proud of the fact that he had books for scholars and students. Books on natu- ral history, Oriental languages, and archae- ology were some of his specialties, and he was London agent for the publications of learned societies in all parts of the world. He published few books, generally scholarly monographs on special subjects, and these were, probably, seldom profitable. Mr. Quaritch did not have the wide know- ledge of books which his father, with more than sixty years' experience among them at the time of his death, possessed. In this respect, no doubt, the death some ten years ago of Michael Kerney, who since 1862 had been his father's literary adviser and chief cataloguer, was a severe blow. Kerney, one of the most erudite of modern Englishmen, published almost nothing over his own name and is already all but forgotten. Mr. F. S. Ferguson, a quiet-mannered scholar, and an authority on early Scottish printing, who came to New York to attend all four of the Hoe sales, now fills the position of chief cataloguer. It is to be hoped that an arrangement will be made so that the business will be carried on, with Mr. E. H. Dring, who has been Mr. Quaritch's man- ager for many years, as its head. Correspondence THE PASSING OF GREEK? To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: A few days ago I was searching for a certain edition of the Iliad, in the origi- nal text. Requisition upon one of the large repositories of educational works in my own city having failed to bring to light the desired book, the brisk young salesman who waited upon me explained apologetical- ly, "We don't keep up our stock of such things nowadays. Greek's gone by!" I meekly withdrew, pondering whether it were really true that the study of that mar- vellous language of the past, the delight in the literature of ancient Greece, in the works of Homer and Plato and JSschylus, of Bion and Moschus, of Herodotus and Xenophon and Thucydides, were extinct, or nearly so. Thackeray, who himself loved to be- sprinkle his writings with phrases from the ancient poets, once lamented that Wal- ter Scott, with his "modern troop of gal- lant young Scotch adventurers, merry out- laws, valiant knights, and savage Highland- ers," had overcome the heroes and demigods of Greece and Rome. "See! Robin Hood twangs his bow, and the heathen gods fly, howling. Down goes Ajax under the mace ; of Dunois!" Must we add that in their turn the mighty deeds recorded by the Wizard of the North have now paled before the ex- ploits of the cowboy and mining prospector? [ That Ivanhoe's shout of battle is drowned by yells and revolver shots of the modern offspring of Jack London and Rex Beach? It is true that just now we are experienc- ing a sort of "wave" of interest In Greek— the smug young bookseller's pronuncia- mento to the contrary. Our leading literary magazine has recently yielded several of its closely guarded pages to an extended and ex- tremely interesting dissertation upon Greek metres and rhythm. Here and there, in the other periodicals of the day, there have been sporadic attempts by professional ex- perts in the language to revive an evidently flagging interest in Greek, and fresh trans- lations of Homer still find a sure, if limit- ed, market. In spite of this revival, or pseudo-revival, of interest in Greek literature, it cannot be denied that strong forces of modernism, the tremendous and clamitant "progressive" spirit of the day, are arrayed against it. Many schools and colleges are seriously considering the omission of Greek from their curriculum; others have already dropped it. It is moreover undeniable that even a slight knowledge of the language is far more rare, among well-educated people, than in Thackeray's day, when schoolboys were required to commit to memory long, passages, and, as the great English novelist has implied, were as familiar with the ex- ploits of the heroes of Homer as are those of to-day with the various "boy aviators," detectives, scouts, and what not. The practice of memorizing page after page of the Latin or Greek textbook has long since been abandoned. There was much to be said, after all, in favor of that method. Its thoroughness, at any rate, was commendable. It gave the student a certain firmness of footing, a solid foundation, that was pretty sure to remain unshaken throughout his life. At our class reunions those of us who were brought up on An- drews & Stoddard, or Harkness, or Soph- ocles, are fond of calling upon one another for the list of prepositions governing the accusative; or the principal parts of cer- tain Greek verbs that seemed to us, in. our boyhood days, the result of deliberate and ingenious malice on the part of the an- cients : forms invented to entrap the un- wary lad, nodding over his humdrum reci- tation. No wonder the Greek grammar was the pet aversion of every healthy boy In school ! The trouble undoubtedly was that the sys- tem then in vogue, with all Its merits, gave the student no broad view of the language or its literature. The fact that it was a dead language was driven home to him by its constantly repeated dissection. His at- tention was, so to speak, of necessity con- centrated upon its morphology and chemi- cal analysis. Homer, the grand old poet and story-teller, was to him but an In- ventor of out-of-the-w-ay forms and phrases, each of which must be studied and classi- fied. It was as if a party of boys were taken to the Grand CaBon— that Iliad of landscapes, with its- deep and shadowy gorges, its records of the strife of the ele- ments for untold ffions, its marvellous glow of color, its low, far-off murmur of many waters, its lurking-places for strange and awful Powers of the Air, its drifting clouds and wondrous radiance of each coming of "rosy- fingered Dawn, the child of Light"; lacking only the wide and mysterious ex- panse of the "wine-dark sea"— as If, I say, a class of young students were taken to Colorado, and upon the brink of this won- drous chasm were set to geologizing, scan- ning the storm-beaten cliffs with dactylic strokes of their little hammers: Clinkety- i link' tii-clink! What marvel that "their

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208 The 1ST a t i o n [Vol. v7, No. 2514 are holden," ana that only in later do 1 heir hearts burn within 1 1 egin to rea lize thi ion they 1) ions missed. We return to our first question in the onrush and novelty of modern life varied Interests, has the stud} of Greek! really "gone by"? A few weeks ago a body 1 i id educators met at Richmond, Ya., iii a "National Conference for Education in I h." In the coun 1 one ol imbers urgently demanded "the com- plete abandonment of effet iclsm in the public schools." "I icism!" poor and ill-considered, how futile, tlcal, and weakly sentiment;', under the glow of these impressive words, deliv- white heat by the learned doctor from Mississippi, seem the memories of Rugby and Eton, of Oxford and Cambridge, of the old Boston Latin School, of Colum- bia. Vale, and Harvard! Doubtless there are many among our statesmen and professional men who, like Rufus Choate, find their truest recreation in their classical library, softening the memory of the asperities of competition and slander and forensic passages-at-arms by the mellow phrases of Cicero's "De Ami- citia," or the tales of Homer and Ovid, so om the wearisome subjeetiveness of the literature and conversation of the twen- tieth century. An old friend of mine was recently stopping at my house. As I showed him to his bedroom, I asked, "Shall I not bring in some books, in case you are wake- ful in the night?" "Thank you, no," he re- plied; "I have my New Testament and Ho- mer." There was the genuine lover of Greek, as against the restful charm of which the modern "best seller" had no at- tractions. This brings me to one branch of my theme which I approach with reverence, and upon which I may not linger. To one who reads Greek, even slowly and with frequent reference to his lexicon, the Scriptures be- come as never before a treasure-house. To read the original text for the first time is to come upon an entirely fresh revelation. It is indeed a New Testament. The effect it produces is like that of the first visit to Palestine, for him who reveres the sacred story of old, and who now treads in the actual footsteps of the Carpenter of Naza- reth. Whatever a man's religious belief, or non-belief, the study of the New Testa- ment in the original is well worth all the time and trouble expended upon the lan- guage. Willis Boyd Ali.ex. B -'".1, August 2S. THE "YELLOW PERIL" To the Editcr of The Nation: Sir: The California newspapers are ring- ing the changes on the alleged danger of "Asiatic invasion," as did Hobson in the years agone. the yellow peoples of the Far East are said to "menace this continent to- day as they menaced Europe centuries ago." Tbat such fears are groundless is made plain by a study of the relations of America and eastern Asia from the visit of Perry to the present, also by a study of the Orien- tal spirit. Instead of war, the prospects of con- tinued peace between the Orient and the Occident were never brighter. The increas- ing importance of the Asiatie pi the economic life of the world should ncM be lost sight of. The interests of com- 1 - tee, a do change oi Idea by means of books and pa- pers printed in the English language, which i studied in the schools of China and Japan, so that a better understanding is possible now than ever before between the yellow and white races. Increased fa- miliarity is bringing an enhanced regard lor the Orientals, especially the educated classes of Nippon and the "Middle King- dom." There are, too, financial obstacles. The Chinese lack the sinews of war, and the Japanese are staggering under a heavy load of debt. War is out of the question and will be for a long time to come. The in- heritance of acquired character in the Ori- entals is against aggression. Their hori- zon has been broadened by travel in the United States and by the spread of Chris- tianity in the Far East. Motives of self- interest make for continued peace. The folly of war is apparent to the men who shape public policy in these ancient coun- tries; they are not to be classed with the Mongol and Tartar chiefs such as Tamer- lane and Genghis Khan. In view of these considerations, it is no time for intem- perate language. "Fiery talk fans the flame of war." Japan had its anti-foreign demonstra- tions in the '50's and the '60's. Then came the era of enlightenment (under Mutsu- hito, which might be well named the era of toleration). The moral sense of the na- tion asserted itself. For thirty years or more Christian missionaries in Nippon have not been molested, and the native converts have enjoyed religious freedom. Christian- ity is the faith of a minority in Japan, but a very influential minority. The influence of the Christians outweighs that of the jingoes. Notwithstanding the disturbances of the first decade of the regime of pro- gress and the conflicts of recent times, New Japan is rightly called "The Land of Great Peace." The wars with China and Russia were really defensive wars, because of Ja- pan's intimate relations with Korea. Is it not a reasonable hope that Tenny- son's dream will be realized at no distant day, that the time is not far off when "East and West will meet and be merged into a higher form of existence, a Federa- tion of the World, perhaps, in which men shall learn war no more"? Eugene Parsons. Denver, August 25. BASEBALL SLANG. xo the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In an article on "English and Base- ball," in the Xution for August 21, you say, "Why baseball should be more addicted to this vice [referring, of course, to the use of distorted slang in the reports of baseball games] than golf, tennis, or even football, is part of the general mystery of the case." Two reasons, perhaps, operate in the use of extraordinary slang in reports ol baseball games. Golf, tennis, and football are games that have few terms peculiar to themselves, as a comparison of the rules of these games with those of baseball will show. Naturally, there is more opportunity offered in 1 > for a quick-and-ready synonym. And this opportunity is eagerly seized by porl lag v iii the readers , ,\ I'll iiiL.'. I'm It: I .. ha I I ■■ ■ ■ orally, to a different crowd from that which is interested in golf, tennis, or football. Whatever objections one may have to pro- fessionalism in any sport, he must at least recognize the fact that for recreation many people go to see baseball games who have no opportunity to play golf, tennis, or foot- ball, or to see them played. That a base- ball crowd is a cosmopolitan crowd is evi- dent to any one who ever saw a profes- sional baseball game. Furthermore, the greater part of this crowd is everywhere as democratic and careless as it is at a baseball game. These people use slang. With some of them it is part of their habitual method of talking, and they understand it and appreciate it when used by any one else. Consequently the "great American daily," w-ith its avowed intention of giving the people what they want rather than what is best for them, writes its reports of baseball games in such slang as its readers understand and like, even though they don't use it. James Gregg. 1 ■ re insbui g, Pa., August 27. Literature THE WRITING OP HISTORY. History and Historians in the Nine- teenth Century. By G. P. Gooch. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. $3 50 net. "The object of this book," says the author, "is to summarize and assess the manifold achievements of historical re- search and production during the last hundred years, to portray the masters of the craft, to trace the development of scientific method, to measure the po- litical, religious, and social influences that have contributed to the making of celebrated books, and to analyze their effect on the life and thought of their time." An author whose ambition is so inclusive may achieve much and yet fall short of the goal. One feels that it is so with Mr. Gooch. He has written an excellent book, and a useful one: useful, especially, because there is no book in English, and no book of similar scope in any language, which covers the field; and excellent because what the author has done has for the most part been extraordinarily well done. And yet what he has done is something less than he professes, in the preface, to have aimed at. If one may distinguish, as Mr. Gooch himself seems to do in the title, between history and historians, it may fairly be said thai the book is far more concerned with his- torians that it is with history: it is rather a collection of appraisals of many historians than an ordered presentation of the evolution of historical research and interpretation as a phase of Intel- lectual history. Mr. Gooch's plan would almost of it- self preclude any serious attempt to traee the eY.olutiOB of historical inter-

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Sept. 4, [913] Tlie Nation 209 on as a phase of Intellectual his- 1 lory, lie lias grouped his historians partly according to their nationality, partly according to the countries whose history tin y studied, partly according to .,11 ol history which inspired their work. To the synthetic mind it is a lit Me Irritating to find Xiebuhr, a Dane, who wrote Roman history, placed with the j Germans because he feared the French1 Revolution and was an inspiration to although Mommsen, who was j a German, is placed elsewhere because he was engaged in Roman studies, while Lamprecht, who wrote a "Deutsche Ge- schichte," is not classed with Treitschke, who wrote one also, but with Burckhardt, because, like Burckhardt, he had faith in the socialpsychc. -Mr. Gooch probably has not the synthetic mind. There is no harm in that; but his classification is clearly not well suited to measuring "the political, religious, and social In- fill) nces that have contributed to the making of celebrated books," or to analyzing "their effects on the life and thought of their time." In this respect, therefore, one feels that Mr. Gooch has not been altogether successful. It is true, we learn what were the particular influences which di- rected Savigny, for example, or Ranke, Thierry or Michelet, Macaulay or Guizot to the study of the past; and the point of view from which they regarded it, as well as the conclusions which they ar- rived at and set down in their books. But their work is nowhere related to the "political, religious, and social influ- ences of the time" in which they lived. Mr. Gooch does not tell us whether there was any philosophy of history common to these men, or what the connection was, or whether there was any connec- tion at all, between this philosophy and the general ideas that lay at the basis of liberalism in politics, romanticism in literature, and idealism in philosophy proper. Similarly, although the reader understands that the ideals and meth- ods of natural science had a great ef- fect on the work of Taine, he will lay down the book with no clear notion of the profound influence which the posi- tivist and materialistic tendencies in the third quarter of the century had upon the formation of the modern conception of "scientific history." That Mr. Gooch is not much interest- ed in such questions is partly due, no doubt, to his own attitude towards his- tory— to his loyalty, if one may so ex- press it, to the current orthodox concep- tion. Manifestly, he approaches the subject from the point of view of a devo- tee of "scientific history." At the close of the Introduction, he tells us why there was, as he thinks, so little genuine historical work done before the last cen- tury. "The conditions which rendered it possible to set forth the truth with- out fear or favor were as rare as the will to learn it, and the critical equip- ment required for its discovery. For the of thought and expression, the insight into different ages, and the ju- dicial temper on which historical science depends, the world had to wait till the nineteenth century." Again, in connection with Froude: "The main duty of the historian is . . . inter- pretation of the complex processes and conflicting ideals which have built up the chequered life of humanity." And at the very close of the book: "While historical science is thus extending its conquests in every direction, the phi- losophy of history lags behind. But though it is not yet possible to formu- late the laws explaining the purpose and the plan of human evolution, every true historian contributes equally with the 6tudent of science and psychology to the progress of our knowledge of man." The salient characteristic of this some- what naive and altogether pleasant con- ception of history — a conception which is neither so complacently nor so gener- ally held to-day as it was twenty years ago — is in supposing that the past can be known in some ultimately true and final manner: once determine what ac- tually occurred in any part of it, how- ever small, and so much of the his- torian's task is done for all time — a "per- manent contribution to knowledge" has been made. And what is chiefly essen- tial to such discovery is the proper way to go about it, the "true scientific meth- od." This, unhappily, did not exist, was not, as it were, invented, till the nine- teenth century; but, happily, does now exist; and, being every day more faith- fully applied, and applied by more work- ers, will one day bring all the past with- in the category of the definitely known; so that the historian, having finished his predestined task, may give way to the philosopher, who will "formulate the laws explaining the purpose and the plan of human evolution." If this indicates, doubtless with some exaggeration, Mr. Gooch's general point of view, it at the same time helps to explain his lack of interest in the sort of synthetic treatment suggested above. For if one already possesses, in the "scientific method," a standard of value for measuring and assessing historical work, it matters little in what order the masters of the craft are presented for the test, or whether they are seen in their proper social setting. The social setting is all important if one seeks an explanation rather than a judgment. But Mr. Gooch seeks, incidentally, to explain it is true, but fundamentally to judge, or, as he says, to "assess," the historians of the century: his primary interest is in determining to what ex- tent any actual historian has approach- ed to a kind of ideal historian — an his- torian whose research is based upor, methods abstractly and universally valid, whose interpretation, precisely be- cause he has withdrawn himself from the social setting, is untainted by pre- judice or bias, and whose work is per- fect because the facts which he declares, and the meaning he attaches to them, will prove a permanent possession. As a matter of course, therefore, it is pos- sible to say which historian is "great- er" and which "less" — and which is greatest: Ranke is "beyond comparison, the greatest historical writer of modern times; ... no one has ever ap- proximated so closely to the ideal his- torian." These remarks are offered, not in dis- paragement of Mr. Gooch's book, but in order to define it, to place it in its set- ting. One has but to accept the au- thor's point of view, in respect to his- tory, to find that there is singularly lit- tle to object to in his judgment of his- torians. He is at his best in portray- ing the masters of the craft, the great writers of Germany, France, and Eng- land, in summarizing their works, in balancing their merits against their de- fects. Not infrequently the gist of the matter is put in a striking sentence: Schlosser, he says, was a "child of the Aufklarung, who had learned the Cate- gorical Imperative from Kant." Occa- sionally, perhaps, the just measure is sacrificed to the crisp phrase, as where it is said of Lamartine's "Girondins": "The most worthless and the most elo- quent of books had done its work; the constitutional monarchy had been suc- ceeded by the Second Empire." Many- readers will not agree that the "literary ability of the massive prefaces [of Stubbs] was as striking as their erudi- tion"; and some will think that Carlyle gets scant justice in the matter of style, while Ranke gets more than his due. But on the whole Mr. Gooch's judgments are remarkably fair-minded; and nota- bly so in the case of certain writers whom the scientific historian too often dismisses as of slight worth — half-for- gotten men like Gervinus, or men whose works will be long remembered, such as Froude and Taine. No judgment, of course, would please at once the ardent admirers of Taine and of Aulard, or ot Froude and of Freeman; and no just judgment, it may be added, would -please either. Mr. Gooch's knowledge of the subject is remarkably accurate and detailed. It need scarcely be said that it is not de- rived exclusively from the sourc. a matter of course, he has read in the books which he describes, and his summaries and estimates of the principal historical works of the cen- tury are his own. Yet he is thoroughly familiar with the secondary literature, of which he makes discriminating use, so that his conclusions do not often dif- fer widely from accepted views. In deal- ing with the Germans, for example, Mr.

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£10 T li e JS" a t i o n |Vo\. 97, No. 2514 Gooch follows rather closely (as who would not?), sometimes even to phrase- ology, tlic profoundly penetrating es- says of Lord Acton; but it is precisely an evidence of his independence that he has not embodied in his own work those judgments, often so original and illu- minating and sometimes rather cryptic, which may be said to be peculiarly Ac- ton ian. The nineteenth century is doubtless still too recent to be seen in right per- ve. In the eyes of the future his- torian, one feels sure, the stature of this "historical century," even in the mat- ter of historical research and interpre- tation, will appear much reduced. No doubt the student of historiography will always have much to say about our "scientific history"; but he will proba- bly be interested in it less as a measure of value than as a phenomenon to be evaluated, less as an explanation than as something to be itself explained. And tor those who seek below the surface for an explanation of the historical work of the century, it may be worth while to quote, as pointing the way, two sen- tences of Lord Acton. The notion that "the state does not exist for the pur- poses of men, and is not governed by laws of their devising, but by the Cosmic forces above," he pronounces to be "the strongest of all the agencies that have directed German effort towards history, 1 it wed as a remedy for the eighteenth century and the malady of vain specu- lation." And again: "All the successions of thought during three generations con- stitute the shaft whose shining point is made by the Berlin interpreters of en- lightened and triumphant Germany. They are the legitimate dynasty, reign- ing by right as well as by force, inheri- tors of the line that came down from Burke to the last stage of evolution and selection, who have set up the reign of imperishable moral forces for an inter- mittent Providence, the play of passion, and the blind will of man." CURRENT FICTION. The Woman Thou Gavest Me. Being the Story of Mary O'Neill written by Hall Caine. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. Blazoned on the fly-leaf of this ab- surd book is a list of translations which are ready or in the making. We do not s<e that the story is likely to lose any- thing of importance in any of them. It has the sort of sensational mediocrity which is bound to appeal to the vulgar of any speech. Mary O'Neill and her Martin Conrad bid fair to be quite as convincing in Bohemian or Yiddish as in the tongue of Miss Marie Corelli and .Mr. Hall Caine. The theme is as threadbare as possi- ble. A fair and Innocent maiden is snatched from her convent to be mar- ried to a wicked lord. Her father, of course, is a millionaire of lowly origin. The maiden, having changed her name, wakes on her wedding night to the evil of the world, and refuses to change her estate. Wicked lord, furious but help- less, goes his wicked way and presently finds a fit companion, formerly the naughty girl of the convent. Maiden wife still does not love lord, but is jeal- ous, and tries to lure him back to her side by painting her face and other fashionable wiles. He laughs at her, and she is on the eve of desperate action, when Martin Conrad, an old playmate, reappears, and Mary and he soon dis- cover that they have always loved each other. Martin is an Antarctic explorer, about to make a dash for the pole; but he is ready to give up all for her if she will fly with him. This she will not do, partly because it would not be right, and partly because it would ruin his career. But the wicked lord sets a trap for them, and at the last moment she gives herself to Conrad. The upshot is that while he is pushing towards the pole, she is bearing him a child. She flies to London with a few pounds, is confined in a hospital, puts her child out to nurse, and slaves in a sweat-shop to provide for it. The third elaborately sensational moment in the book is that at which she brings herself to street- walking to keep her child from starva- tion, and the first man she approaches is Conrad! The moving conclusion is to the effect that although she does not re- gret having given herself to Conrad mo- mentarily, or having meant to sell her- self for bread, and though the wicked lord has divorced her, she will not marry Conrad. The utter muddlement and fuddlement of her mind (and ap- parently of the author's) are sufficiently shown in these adjacent passages from the woman's last message to the man: Don't think 1 regret that night at Castle Raa. If I have to answer to God for that, I will <lo so without fear, because t know He will know that, when the cruelty and self-seeking of others were trying to control my most sacred impulses, I was only claiming the right. He gave me to be i sovereign of my soul. . . . All the same, my darling, to marry aga in is 1 I took my vow before the altar, dear, and, however i rantl - it, or under v. hatever per- Int, it is 1 heaven. 0 Pioneers! By Willa S. Cather. Bos- ton: Houghton Mifflin Co. Few American novels of recent years have impressed us so strongly as thii There are two perils by which our fic- tion on the larger scale is beset- oil the one hand a self-conscious cultivation of the "literary" Quality, and on the other an equally self-conscious avoidance of it. The point may be Illustrated by the work of two "late" novelists of native Frank Norris and David Graham Phillips. There was no doubt about the Americanism of either of them, so far as their subject-matter was concerned. It was the newer Americanism which has displaced the New Englandism of our nineteenth-century fiction. These men saw American life on a larger scale. Its scope and variety, its prom- ise rather than its accomplishment, ab- sorbed them. The big spaces and big emotions of Western life seemed to them far more interesting and more sig- nificant than the snug theory and lan- guid practice of society in the smaller sense of the word. But Norris could not forget the books he had admired, and died before he had outgrown the influ- ence of the French masters of "real- ism." Phillips, on the other hand, fail- ed to shake off the pose of the plain blunt man, who thinks that the ameni- ties of life are symptoms of weakness and that all Harvard men are snobs. Now (in writing this story at least) it is the same big primitive fecund America which engages Miss Cather's imagination. She dwells with unforced emotion upon the suffering and the glory of those who have taught a desert to feed the world. The scene is laid in the prairie land of thirty years ago. The settlement to which we are taken is of some years' standing. The rough work has been done, the land cleared and broken up, sod homesteads built, crops planted — and then (the great test of cour- age and faith in that land) a succession of dry seasons. The weaker have already abandoned their claims, or lost them by mortgage. Only here and there a strong heart, like that of the heroine of the story, refuses to be discouraged, per- sists in believing that the country has a future. Her father, though defeated, has died in this faith, bequeathing it to her; so that when the stupid brothers wish to give up the fight, it is she who insists not only upon holding the land they have, but upon buying every acre they can in the thinning neighborhood. The years justify her, bringing wealth to her and to her beloved country. She prospers beyond her dull and penny-wise elder brothers, who nurse a grudge against her accordingly. Her heart she is upon her younger brother, the baby of the family, and she procures for him the advantages of education which shall give him a larger horizon, more flexible interests, than her own. lie is a fine lad, manly and responsive, bul youth and circumstance prepare a dread ful end for him and for the hapless ob- ject of his love. Tho familiar matter Of "rural tragedy" is here. Whether its d( tail is dwelt upon too ruthlessly is a question which readers will decide according to temperament and individ- ual taste. To us th" treatment of the episode seems justified by the mood ol tragic emotion which underlies It, As lor the bereaved sister, If loneliness has shadow cil her youth and tragedy dark-

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Sept. 4, 1913] Tlie Nation 211 ened her maturity, there still remains the quiet fulfilment of a long-dreamt- of liappiness. The sureness of feeling and touch, the power without strain, which mark this book, lift it far above dinary product of contemporary lists. An Unknown lover. By Mrs. George de Home Vaizey. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. agreeably irrepressible Grizel who blithely renounces a fortune to wed a modest novelist, and the scrupu- lously conscientious Katrine who hesi- tatingly permits herself the luxury of being wooed by correspondence, share equal honors. First there is the novel- ist's superannuated loyalty to the long dead bride of his youth to be dispelled, then the conscientious girl's cherish- ed delusions as to the duties of a widower's sister. Grizel makes short work of both difficulties. She has no respect for tiresome duties. She in- sists upon making the novelist happy in her own way, and packs the chron- ically self-sacrificing sister off to India and the up-country station where the romantic correspondence took its rise. The voyage considerably enlarges Ka- trine's experience. Symptoms of the "Cranford cramp," contracted in twen- ty-six years of provincial English life, completely disappear. She arrives in Bombay horrified by her own sudden loss of principle, for even while the epistolary Jim awaits her she has fallen hopelessly in love with his brother-of- ficer deputed to escort her from Port Said — a dilemma more apt to nonplus a heroine than a reader. The story contrives to include a deathbed scene, a suicide at sea, and a shipwreck, without ever losing for more than a moment at a time its prevailing light-heartedness. BUSINESS AND LAW. The American Business Encyclopadia and Legal Adviser. Editors-in-Chief: John D. Long and William P. Wilson. Five volumes. Boston: J. B. Millett Co. If we had not examined this volumi- nous publication with considerable care, we might have been tempted to adopt the typewritten estimate of the work with which the publishers have favored us. In one of the publishers' declara- tions we concur: "There are no other publications of this sort in the country." We do not hesitate to go further, and to declare that there ought not to be another. "Our main object," say the publishers, "has been to produce a work that is entirely devoted to such subjects as are of value to business men." Per- sons "just starting their business ca- reers" are advised what industries are "back numbers," and, on the other hand, what vocational "lines have a big future for all the efficient and energetic people connected with them." Opening the initial volume, we find that the editors inaugurate the "bold emprise'' of the publishers with a four- page article on Abbreviations, beginning thus: "When in doubt about a business abbreviation, the best rule is to spell it out." Spell what out, we are moved to ask? Apparently the abbreviation. The reader is adjured never to employ the abbreviation "Gents." There is al- ways time enough, he is told, to write out "Gentlemen," which is preferred to "Dear Sirs." Again, he is advised to use "Doctor" and "Professor" in full, "remembering, however, that professors in our leading universities usually pre- fer to be addressed as Mr." Sensible advice, undoubtedly. After giving the usual abbreviations of the names of the States, the contributor adds: "Note, however, that Cal. is often mistaken for Col.; Pa. for Philadelphia; Miss, for Missouri. It is wTell to spell out Cali- fornia, Mississippi, Missouri, Maine, Iowa, Ohio, Utah, Alaska, and Idaho; and to use Penn. or Penna. That care in adopting such abbreviations is a mat- ter of dollars and cents, every mail- order house understands." The matter of dollars and cents occu- pies a prominent place in the thought of the editors throughout these five vol- umes. If any one doubts this, let him ex- amine such articles as Accountancy, Advertising, Banks, and Department Stores, with their accompanying bibli- ographies. Much interesting informa- tion is contained in this class of arti- cles, and many of their suggestions should prove useful to the business man. Some of them remind one of the primer of one's boyhood. This is true especially of the discourse on correspondence, which rambles along disconnectedly through more than thirty pages and as- sures the reader, among other things, "that the pronoun I should always be capitalized." It seems to have been "a matter of dollars and cents" that induced the pub- lishers to furnish a generous supply of articles on legal problems. "Charges for legal services," to quote from their type- written statement, "are regarded as among the important charges on most businesses of importance." The reduc- tion of such charges by supplying the owner of this work with legal informa- tion which will enable him to solve or to avoid "the difficulties which are found in the path of every-day work," is one of the altruistic purposes of the publish- ers. And with ex-Secretary Long as edi- tor-in-chief, many a person maj duced to expect that this purpose has been achieved. Alas! After reading many of these legal-problem dissertations, we are forced to wonder how much ex-Sec- retary Long could have written or re- vised of them. Certainly, he is not responsible for the following: "Stare Decisis. — Under the doctrine of Stare Decisis, i. e„ to abide by the principle of the decisions made by it, a court makes but few exceptions to this rule, and whenever it overrules or qualifies one of the earlier cases, it is called upon to show good cause for it. The public act under the law laid down by its high- est court, make bargains, buy and sell, and do whatever the court decides it may." Nor do we believe that he is re- sponsible for the definition of a check. as "a bill of exchange drawn on a na- tional bank on demand." It would be interesting to learn the source of the legal contributor's misinformation on this point. Most laymen and all lawyers know that a check may be draw n on a State bank or a private bank or bank- er as well as on a national bank. The article on Sales consists of a re- print of much of the Uniform Sales Act, but without any commentary. That the contributor is not perfect master of his topic is indicated by his statement that the act was codified by "the committee on uniform laws of the American Bar Association," whereas it originated with the Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, a body wholly distinct from the American Bar Association. The imperfections in the legal articles did not surprise us, for we had read the "editor's introduction to legal top- ics," and had found him asserting that the decisions of the New York Court ot Appeals are reported in Cowin (mis- spelling for Cowen), Denio, Duer, and Johnson. Apparently, he is sweetly ig- norant of the fact that the Court of Ap- peals was not in existence while John- son, Cowen, and Denio were editing their reports, as well as of the further fact that Duer's reports are confined to cases in the Superior Court of thi of New York. Schleiermacher : A Critical and Histori- cal Study. By \Y. 13. Selbie, Princi- pal of Mansfield College, Oxford. Ne • York: E. P. Dutton & Co. ?2,25. The Theology of the Chv By F. W. Worsley, M.A., B.D. The same. ■ volumes belong to a ne logical series entitled the Great tian Theologies, edited by thi Henry W. Clark, M.A.; and according to their statement they "are not contro- versial, except incidentally, but ai marily careful expositions of the theo- logical systems dealt with." The volume on Schleiermacher at a most appropriate time. For just now, when we are in the midst of ro- ism, it is worth while to Schleiermacher, whose significa; theology lies in his relation to the ro- mantic school. Although he was never dominated by that movement, and would warded its excesses with horror,

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i-^ _l_ rw Tli e INT a t i o 11 [Vol. 97, No. 2514 yet his first and in 30ine respects most important bi den iiber die Re- ligion," was written under its influence, and within that school won great popu- larity. That influence, and his .Mo- ravian training, led him to give most emphasis to the immediacy of feeling as the ultimate element in the religious consciousness, especially the feeling of dependence on God. On the other hand, his studies in Plato, his loyalty to Kant, his practical experiences as a great preacher, enabled him to avoid extreme individualism. He tried to stei 1 be twi en rationalism and crude supernat- uralism. Principal Selbie has given a clear ex- position of Schleiermacher's philosophy of religion, doctrine of God, the person of Christ, the Christian life, and the church. His criticism is just and dis- criminating. He recognizes the strength and weakness in Schleiermacher, "a man of his day, governed by its ante- cedents," and yet a man of the century, profoundly important in the history of serious thought. Considering the excel- lence of the work, and the fact that we have comparatively little in English about Schleiermacher, we heartily rec- ommend this volume. "The Theology of the Church of Eng- land," by F. W. Worsley, is in reality a commentary on the Thirty-nine Articles. The method is that of the Proof-text. Definitions are found in the Articles, and satisfactory explanations in quota- tions from the Book of Common Pray- er. The depth and originality of this treatment may be judged by the state- ment: "These quotations need no com- ment; they demonstrate with perfect clearness the teaching of the church on the subject." Its reach of thought may be observed in its attitude towards the Atonement. Perhaps no question in theology is more difficult; yet this, hav- ing been defined as in the Articles, with a prayer from the Prayer Book as a gloss, is dismissed with the remark: It may be said at once that the Church of England does not discuss the many mi- nor points and questions which may arise in connection with the Atonement Proba- bly many different theories are held in re- gard to them. The church is content with the broad outline in the statement quoted above, and indeed nothing further is really required. One short chapter is given to the Be- ing and Nature of God. The principal part of the book is devoted to creeds and sacraments. The former are au- thoritative; the latter are vehicles of grace. The style of the book is scholas- tic, the atmosphere ecclesiastical. The readers of the "Apologia" will remem- ber the question which so seriously dis- turbed Newman. "What will you make of the Articles?" Evidently that quei tion is still a troubler In the Anglican r rael. California'. in Englishman's Impres- sions m the Qolden titatc. By Arthur T. Johnson. New York: Duffield & Co. $3.50 net. 1 'nder the Sky in California. By Charles Francis Saunders. New York: Mc- Bride, Nast & Co. $2 net. California Coast Trails. By J. Smeaton Chase. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. $2 net. Out-of-Doors California ami Oregon. By J. A. Graves. Los Angeles: Graf- ton Publishing Co. $1.50. Eggs in California are so bad that it has become a custom never to serve one which has not had its contents first examined by the cook; consequently, if you ask for a boiled egg in a restau- rant, the waiter brings it to the table with its contents turned into a glass — a most uninviting dish. This is one of the brilliant observations of an Eng- lishman, Arthur T. Johnson, who has just honored the Golden State by add- ing another to the countless books writ- ten about it. And be it said at once, those bad eggs are merely a sample of the general rottenness of that over- praised State. It is overrated even as a fruit-growing and agricultural region; "hence the struggle for the tourist's money." It is the alien who makes most out of the soil; the Western American is never satisfied with anything, any- where. He is a born gypsy, always eager to move on, after selling out to a tenderfoot from the East. And how they do misrepresent and cheat! Lying pamphlets are sent broadcast, and many ore the victims; "but no one who has ever lived three weeks in California with his eyes open will hazard his money on that great gaming-table of earth, unless he does so in a spirit of sport and devil-may-care." To add in- sult to injury, the Californian has a most irritating way of laughing con- tempt uously if you happen to mispro- nounce one of the many Spanish names on his maps and real-estate circulars, al- though those names are almost the only things he himself speaks correctly. In short, Mr. Johnson appears to have had a sad time of it in California, es- pecially in the mosquito-infected irri- gated regions, where everybody had "the shakes." In moving on from Sacramento towards Mount Shasta, he pitied the herds of sheep, defenceless against the merciless heat. The poor birds, with drooping wings, took refuge in the slen- der shade of the telegraph poles— the only available shade — keeping pace with it as it slowly moved; but. for the weary traveller there was not even thai <••<<< fort. At last he was cheered by the sight of snowy Shasta. That mountain be liked; in fact, there wore several things in the stale he managed to enjoy, among them the salmon and the i;i i nhow trout, "the finest, gamest, loveliest fish that swims," the native redwood (he lovely exotic plants that adorn Cali- fornia, He" was impressed by Los An- geles; her "splendid streets and- great business blocks were a revelation"; and he was sorry to leave Catalina Island and, later, Santa Barbara and Monterey; also, he admits that the electric trolley system of Los Angeles is the best he has ever seen in any land. In conclu- sion, he gives Californians a bit of ad- vice they need badly: They must not, he says, expect wealthy European tour- ists to submit to their habit of having only three meals a day and those at fixed and limited hours. Furthermore: California may have the climate of Para- dise, but she will never get the European winter visitors — as Nice and Mentone get them — or the wealthy Eastern American visitor either, until she more closely studies the desires of others, until she puts Mrs. Grundy in the cupboard and prepares to resolutely defend her liberties against those universal pests, the so-called reformers, female orators, meddling Sabbatarians, and other faddists. Opposed to Mr. Johnson is the author of "Under the Sky in California," to whom everything is couleur de rose, even the desert. One reason why Mr. Saun- ders liked the desert so much better than Mr. Johnson did was that he did not go to see it at random, but when it had on its holiday attire. His object in visiting the desert regions was chiefly to study flowers and paint them, an',' he went at the right time to each sec- tion, knowing that, to be seen in tho glory of its spring, the Mojave should not be visited till early May, whereas the Colorado Desert offers its best in March, although those who are heat- proof may linger till May or even June to enjoy the gloriqus display of cactus blossoms, of the purple tree-dalea, and the gold-bespangled palo verde. Useful hints to those who would see the deserts at their best are given by Mr. Saunders. But the deserts are only a detail in his general scheme. He travelled many hundreds of miles, in all parts of the State, and while there is a chapter on the Tourist Towns from San Diego to Monterey, the greater part of his book is devoted to the immensity of almost unexplored mountains, canons, and flowery plains, of which the ordi- nary tourist at most gets a glimpse from the car window. The California known to hunters and anglers, to pros- pectors and cowboys, to miners and In- dians, is the California we learn to know better in this delightfully Bympathetlt and entertaining volume. The author is an expert in camping, which is a recrea- tion most Californians Indulge In pas- sionately at least once a year. He has much to sa.\ al 1 desirable equipment . and some of his cooking recipes tin worth trying at home; but In counsel: "Never attempt to camp at

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Sept. 4, 191 3 J The Nation 213 all. unless some one of your number un- indfl how to cook and thoroughly enjoys it." He found the cost of camp- ing no more per week than it is to live in a hotel a day. The Yosemite is seen to best advantage by campers, who have better opportunities to enjoy the sights by day and the "nights of the gods," tenta being usually superfluous in this climate. On this climate Mr. Saunders has one of the most informing and un- biassed chapters we have ever seen; nor has any one given a better answer than he (pp. 246-56) to the question so many- Easterners ask themselves: "Could I make a living in California?" J. Smeaton Chase is another enthusi- ast to whom California is "by much the most beautiful, interesting, and attrac- tive of all the States of the Union." In this opinion he was more than confirm- ed by two trips he took, one south from Los Angeles, the other north to the Oregon boundary, aggregating together some 2,000 miles. They were leisurely horseback journeys through the coast regions, and he particularly emphasizes itokes Company will shortly issue the following novels : "The Way of Ambition," by Robert Hichens; "The Heart of the Desert." by Honore YVillsie; "Anne, Actress," by Juliet G. Sager ; "Dave's Daughter," by P. E. Cole; "A Modern Eve," by May Edginton; a volume of short sto- ries by Richard Dehan, under the title "The Headquarter Recruit," and a romance entitled "The Soul of Melkent," by James Branch Cabell. novel by Meredith Nicholson, en- titled ' ■ Phyllis," is am. by the Houghton Mifflin also the following: "Midshipman Handy Book," < a new edition of Hawthn and a number of looks In the pany ii -ion: "Tl,

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214 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2514 Dominie of Harlem," by Arnold Mulder; "A Master's Degree," by M. 11. McCarter; "The Great Plan," by E. 11. .Mason; "The [gland of the Stairs," by c. T. Brady; "Captain Protheroe's Fortune," by Oswald Kendall; "The Coining of Cassldy," by C. E. Mulford. — History and travel: "The Odys- sej of the Philippine Commission," by i>. R. Williams; "The Story of the Pony Ex- press," by G. D. Bradley; "Kit Carson Days," by E. L. Sabin; "The Coming Can- ada." by J. K. Goodrich: "The Story of 'da," by H. K. Norton. — Juvenile: "The Trail to Kl Dorado," by J. M. Han- son; "Will o' the Wasps," by Margaret Morley; "The Wilderness Cast- aways," bj Hillon Wallace; "Flamehair the Skald: A Talc of the Days of Hardrede," by H. Bedford- Jones ; "Billy To-Morrow's Chums," by Sarah Pratt Carr; "Storming Vlcksburg," by Byron A. Dunn; "The En- chanted House, and other Fairy Stories," by E. 0. Harrison. Miscellaneous: "The Study of Literature," by P. H. Pearson; "Myths and Legends of the Plains," by K. B. .1 u Making of an Oration," by Clark Mills Brink; "Choice Readings," by Robert McLean Cumnock; "Early Eng- lish Water Color," by C. E. Hughes; "How- to Imp: Memory," by Edwin G. American Irrigation Farming," by W. H. Olin: "The New Competition," by Arthur Jerome Eddy; "Daly's Billiard Book," by Maurice Daly and W. W. Har- ris; "Dame Curtsey's Book of Candy Mak- ing," by Ellye Howell Glover; "Free Trade vs. Protection," by Amasa M. Eaton, and eight new works in the National Social Sci- ence Series, edited by Frank L. McVey. The Seldcn Society has issued and sent to its members in America the regular and also an extra volume of its publica- tions for the year 1913. The volume for 1911, however, is still delayed in the hands of its editor. One of the volumes for 1913 is of the Year Book series, Volume VIII, being Volume III of, and completing, the Eyre of Kent, 6 and 7 Edw. II, 1313-1314. The secretary and treasurer of the Selden Sorioty for the United States is Mr. Rich- ard W. Hale, whose new address is No. 16 Central Street, Boston. If the Society should have the additional support which it endeavors to deserve, it might be able to carry out its ambition to give an extra volume every year, publishing one Year Book and one volume of more vain acter. Mr. Wilfrid Meynell, with whom the name and fame of Francis Thompson are a kind of sacred deposit, has made a careful edi- tion of his works which Scribners publish in this country in three substanti umes. In dealing with the verse Mr. Mey- nell lias had at 1.: id the last, re- visions of the poet, which " render tin edi tion definitive. Some readers will prefer to have "The Hound of Heaven," "To the i iardinal of Westminster," and hit te a other really great lyrics in a small volume of selections, and it may be said pi that the difficulty of reading Tim poems increases by a sort of gene ratio with their bulk. But we have a taste for i ompl son wrote li ban many a leBSi I The quality of his verse Art Inn 1 not la It beauty; others have put more of their hearts into their! gong; but no one has been a torch waved with bo iiiini i splendor over the gulfs ofj mil- darkness." The third volume of this edition contains the prose— the essay on Shelley (a miracle of criti- cal nonius to some; to others a piece > i blown enthusiasm), "Health and Holiness" (a subtle study of spirituality and asceticism), and a group of literary reviews and brief critical articles. These last one naturally compares with the simi- lar remains of Lionel Johnson recently published. They are not a match for John- : son's work in learning, penetration, or I judgment, but they are well worth read- I ing. There are three portraits of Thomp- son at various ages. Mr. Meynell is to be , thanked for executing so well a task of piety. The personality of Salisbury Plain, with | its cathedral, Stonehenge, the Saxon and Roman camps at Old Sarum, and its roll- ing chalk downs, diversified by occasional I quaint villages, Ella Noyes has tried to ex- volume ("Salisbury Plain," j Dutton), to which Dora Noyes contributes a number of illustrations. Some scholar- i ship has gone into an attempt to trace the historical background of the more impor- | tant localities, and literary and architec- tural attractions have their space; but the I best portions of the book are the descrip- tions of agricultural life and village cus- j toms, reminiscent in their way of Jefferies himself, who is buried in Salisbury- With the northern and eastern parts of the plain' invaded by military camps, and the vicin- | ity of Salisbury overrun by tourists, it is a pity more space was not given such places ! as Longford, Bemerton (where Herbert had his charge, "appearing twice every day at the church prayers," as Izaak Walton tells us), Durrington, and Bulford. Even such a seat as the wooded demesne of Fonthill, where the Nadder skirts the plain, and Beckford held extravagant sway, is dis- missed with a footnote reference. Books of the type of Lady Macdonell's "Reminiscences of a Diplomatic Life," im- ported by Macmillan, can hardly be pro- duced in America, though they are common enough on the other side. Lady Macdonell j is more consciously the person of quality i than the diplomat's wife. Least of all would he wish to lie regarded as a writingwoman. These are merely "stray memories," the idle product of certain convalescent hours, tor the amusement of her family and published only at their request. Her dis- claimer of literary pretensions is somewhat quaintly borne out by the attribution to Matthew Arnold of the single quotation in the book, the line "Allured to brighter woidds and led the way," and her style has the good-humored inaccuracy which, roman- ii action to the contrary, belongs to the speech of the upper world. But that is neither here nor then Bit i thi book is [OCU i 'lit and not. as of art. Lady Macdonell's Father was a younger son o! ;, [ad In lee ■ OQadl ' tOI'tUHC Here, met li and in ought up a family. Pn I.M.I II I . reta .en. British legation I H,a i I. d ■ " ■ .I bea u - a splendid rate horseman"; and promptly fell in love with one of the beautiful Misses Lumb. Not long after their marriage he was appoint- ed to Madrid; and in the years that fol- lowed he served as attach^ successively in Berlin, Rome, and Munich. In 1885 he pro- cured his promotion as Minister to Rio de Janeiro, and later held the same post at Copenhagen and at Lisbon, retiring in 1902. To these various scenes Lady Macdonell brought an unaffected enjoyment of so- ciety, and a warm interest In the great people with whom she was thrown. When the shift was made to Berlin, she was al- ready the mother of three children, but had lost nothing of her childlike zest for "a good time." The old Emperor was very attentive to her, and the Crown Prince (the present Emperor) became a sort of play- mate: "then a fine young man, with a strong sense of fun and fond of teasing." She records how he swung her off her feet in dancing; and how when, to tease her, he once accused her of cheating at draughts, she leaned over and boxed his ears. It is this sort of experience which pretty frank- ly means to the author of these reminis- cences "a diplomatic life." It might have been unsafe for Hugh Macdonell to practice the same kind of diplomacy! In "London Streets" (London: T. N. Foulis), Mr. Arthur H. Adams has made himself the singer of the great metropoli- tan thoroughfares. The Strand, Fleet Street, Hyde Park, Cheyne Walk, among others, are celebrated in a modification of the rather inflexible stanza of FitzGerald's "Omar Khayyam." Whether a varying verse would not have lent itself better to the multifarious aspects of the city, is a fair question. But that Mr. Adams has by no means failed in eliciting poetry from a subject which seems to strike the modern imagination with particular force, is evi- dent from the following lines on the Temple : About its feet the city brawls; But deep within high sheltering walls. The shadows dawdle listlessly, Reluctantly the fountain falls. For this an Isle of silence seems, A cloistered! place between two streams, Fot Fleet Sheet here goes BWil'llDg I B e Ami here the Thames remembering dreams . . . Se the load citv leu ii 9 deepi (If solitude, as though it keeps The silence of the count i Abui! Ismlt Tho publishers of the useful and inex- pensive little books collectively entitled "A History of the Sciences" (I'utnam) have included in the series two volumes on the history of ancient and modern philos- ophy by A. W. Bonn. Mr. Benn writes from a lifelong study of the philosophical la e and lie has the art ol be! dry; so that, though o en to critl- i in, I,. ba "ii I he u hole (old I he lull.;,' ad ■> idably than it b mall i ompai Hi I pei bap i more at borne among I be a dm I ba o the • , ad i 1 1, i. bi i. ■ ol i lie i b II . in ., earlier pe> if the serlei i , . I. ted a

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Sept. 4, 1913] The Nation 01 ^ 1 1 1 ion of the history of philosophy with that of natural science than is attempted. In the seven consecutive and closely co- herent essays which make up Sir Francis Tounghusband'8 "Within" (Duffleld), the au- thor has attempt''. 1 what can hardly be bet- ter described than by calling it a philo- sophical view of the essentials of human life. Though the theme is therefore a somewhat tremendous one, the treatment is modest and unpedantic; and though some of the views expressed may seem to many readers, even in H <tremely rad- ical, few into Whose hands the book is likely to fall will find it other than de- lightful rending, so well written is it, on the whole, so fin u-tempered in The subtitle, "Thoughts During Con- nee," is explained in the first essay. There the fact is brought out that the book result of a very painful and all but fatal motor accident of which the author was the virtim some time in 1912. During the long days of his slow recovery, his thoughts were directed more insistently than they had ever been before to the enigma of suffering in a world commonly supposed to be under the dominion of a being at once kind and benevolent, and omnipotent. Consideration of this enigma leads Sir Francis to the conclusion that there can be no such being, and then to an attempt at the formulation of views con- sistent with the known facts of existence. These views have some kinship to those of English Positivists like Mr. Frederic Harrison; but they are the product of markedly independent thinking, and cannot profitably be placed in any familiar cate- gory. Orthodox Christianity itself would doubtless claim for its own the conclusion of the author that love is the fundamental and final good in human life; but it would be very far from approving his handling of love, particularly in reference to marriage and the domestic relations. Even here, how- ever, what he has to say is both strikingly and graciously put. "The Bliss Book" (Hartford: privately printed), by Charles Arthur Hoppin, is one of the best of the newer, readable type of genealogies. In connection with the ac- count of the early Blisses, considerable in- formation is given concerning the life and customs of feudal and Tudor England. Full copies of ancient records and attractive half-tones of the churches and towns men- tioned in the text add greatly to the value and character of the volume. Mr. Hoppin's comment on the R'.iss arms and their use is interesting and suggestive, even if purpose- ly vague. Historical accuracy seems to have been kept constantly in mind, with the result that the American pedigree extends only to 1460 rather than to that too popular 1066. The volume is a large quarto of 184 pages, and many illustrations. There seems but little excuse for the pub- lication in this country of a book like Edward Thomas's "The Icknield Way" (Dut- ton). The first general chapter, On Roads and Footpaths, is interesting and promises well ; the second chapter contains a suc- cinct and painstaking account of the history and traditions of the. Icknield Way, the tl road that crossed England from east to west and is still traceable over the greater part of its course. These two chap- ters would make an acceptable pamphlet i issued under the auspices of an English logical or topographical society. Later chapters record details of the au- thor's tramp over a portion of the road and include extracts from his philosophy of life and snatches of conversation with chance acquaintances of the way. Borrow could make this sort of thing extraordinar- ily fascinating, but Mr. Thomas, although ssed Borrovian, is by no means a Borrow, and the reader who must follow his peregrinations finds himself limping in spirit no less than did the author on his blistered feet. Wc are not optimistic enough to think that many American readers will be inspired by this book to spend their next European vacation on Shanks's mare trac- ing the course of the Icknield Way. The illustrations, some in color, by A. L. Col- lins, are attractive. There is one State in the Union, at least, that has so organized its activities in his- torical research as to promote the greatest industry in publication; and that State is Iowa. Under the general superintendence' of Prof. Benamin F. Shambaugh, the State Historical Society turns off volume after volume, series after series, in the greatest profusion; and the most amazing fact is that a relatively high standard is main- tained. The two latest volumes are intended to supply the need of the Legislature of the State with facts for their guidance in future legislation. The Society is devel- oping into a kind of historical reference bureau. Mr. John E. Brindley, in his "His- tory of Road Legislation in Iowa." treats his subject chronologically, from the time when plank roads were popular down to the present-day movement for good roads. The second volume is the "History of Work Ac- cident Indemnity in Iowa," by E. H. Dow- ney. This is a general treatise on the law and economics of the subject and is well done. As is the case with all the volumes from the Iowa Historical" Society, the printing and binding are excellent. Each volume has an analytical index; but the arrangement of the notes and references at the end of the volumes is most inconvenient for the reader, and should be abandoned in future publications. The small volume on contemporary Ger- man philosophy by Professor Kiilpe, of Bonn, which now appears in an English version by M. L. and G. T. W. Patrick ("The Philosophy of the Present in Germany," Macmillan), is designed for the general reader, and has for a decade had a wide circulation in its original form; it was therefore a book which clearly called for translation. The reader will not, indeed, find in it all that the title seems to prom- ise. It attempts no synoptic view of the present state of the German mind in rela- tion to philosophical issues; and of the individual teachers whose opinions it ex- pounds, several were in their prime more than half a century ago; while numerous I living philosophical writers of consecpn n e are unmentioned or but briefly touched upon. The book is chiefly a concise presen- tation, with some slight criticism, of the doctrines of Mach, Diihring, Haeckel. Nietz- sche, Fechner, Lotze, Hartmann, and Wundt, The translation is occasionally happy as well as faithful; but more often it fol- lows Kiilpe's Herman too closely to be agreeable, or even always intelligible, .Eng- lish. The original, it is true, is written in the sort of blurred, circumlocutory, pro- fessorial German which, to be truly Eng- lished, needs to be translated into another intellectual as well as another verbal idiom. But not all the faults of the trans- lation are explicable on this ground. For example, "reale Disziplinen" does not sig- nify "real sciences," but sciences of empiri- cal facts, in contrast with the sciences of formal relations. When the author says that to logic and mathematics the "reale Eedeutung" of their objects is unimpor- tant, he means that it is indifferent to those sciences whether their objects exist or not — not that "the question of the real signifi- cance of their objects" is unimportant for them. The phrase "just as little is it iden- tical with the conscious reality of the facts expressed" (p. 135) makes the entire pas- sage meaningless; the sense is; "just as little is it identical with the actual con- tent of consciousness." "Die achtziger Jahre des 10. Jahrhunderts" were not "the eighth decade" of the century — though this is rather an arithmetical than a linguistic blunder. Proper names are printed through- | out in italics — a disagreeable typographical 1 lation which it is to be hoped will not 1 bo imitated. Black's "Guide to Ireland" (Macmillan) has now appeared in its twenty-fifth edi- tion. In the absence of a Baedeker for Ireland, Black's book has long been used as the best available substitute, and while it. does not quite measure up to the standard set by Baedeker, it nevertheless deserves high praise as a digest of practical in- formation for tourists. The accounts of routes of travel, hotels, and local institu- tions of all sorts are full and trustworthy. The book is conveniently arranged and well indexed, and supplied with plenty of maps. But on the side of history, archaeology, and the fine arts, the reader will miss the sys- tematic essays, usually the work of learned experts, which Baedeker's guidebooks con- tain. Black's introductory notes on the Irish language, and to a less degree those on art and archaeology, seem very meagre by contrast. They have been somewhat ex- panded since earlier editions, but to be of any real value they ought to be rewritten at greater length by competent scholars. Considerable information of an historical character, we ought to add, is given in the body of the work, in the accounts of va- rious places, and the compilers seem in gen- eral to have drawn upon good sources. The new volume of "The English Fac- tories in India" (The Clarendon Press), carefully edited like its predecessors, with an introduction, by Mr. William Foster, calendars documents in the India Office for the years 1642-1645. As this is the period corresponding with the beginning of the Civil War, from the raising of the royal standard at Nottingham to the battle of one naturally wonders how the strife affected the East India Company. Apparently the war interfered with the company less than might li" sure, the market for Indian silks fell off sharply, and one of the company's ships was d into the hands of the royalists by her jealous and cantankerous captain, who tricked his superiors into landing on a barren shore and then sailed a England without them. Otherwise the Civil War was without serious effect on trade in the East. Much more serious was

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216 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2514 1 he conl Imious compel 11 Ion 0 li 1 .1 H'l 1 11 "The a 1 hese parts," sa English le on prosper and Sourish by their indu ace, and indefatigable paines and unalterable reso- obtain \\ hat they plea tempts of the English to open • tiina al Macao ana in the Philippi which arc described in picturesque letters In this volume, met with less suc- m they des Through the generosil • ol om of idenl members, the Colonial Society of ausetts lias been able to issue the second volume of its Collections (Boston: Published by the ontaining the royal commission granted to cer- tain of the crown officials of Massachu- om 1681 to 1774. both dates in- cluded. The material for this volume has been in preparation for many years, ever since In 1893 Mbnei C. Goodell presented to the Society copies of certain commis- sions and instructions that were in his hands, with permission to print. Lack of funds and a growing realization that fur- ther and more prolonged search wa sary before printing should be begun led to continued postponements, until in 1910, when pecuniary support had finally sured, it was found that enough material had accumulated to fill two volumi accumulation was due to the decision reach- ed by the Society to print not only the royal commissions, but the royal instructions al- so; and the same member having placed the Society under additional obligations by offering to pay for the printing of the new material, a second volume will be issued in the near future. The documents here ited number fifty-eight in all and in- all the royal commissions thai the editor has been able to discover, either him- self in Boston or through agents in Lon- don. The series is not complete, as five of the commissions have eluded the editor's iri ii bul the loss is not great, for these mid havi added nothing of value to the historian, being duplicates in all essential particulars of similar commissions already obtained. The collec- tion as a whole is unique, none of th inal thirteen colonies having printed any- thing like a complete series ol documents; the best that has been done hitherto is the issue, here and there, with- out any pretence at systematic presenta- tion, of an occasional instrument. The So- ciety, therefore, is to be heartily commend- ed for its enterprise, and the anonymous member who furnished the funds di thanks not only of the Society, but of all inn nsted in colonial history. The work aai been done With great care, and the Ubert Matthews, has demon as so often bi to per- b.e work that he ha been ca I] to do. Aid in compiling the seem ume will be furnished in the forth report of the Ami M t ion, which u c recommi itor toi bis guidance Italian Immlgral ion pia omi Iji \ tin Ihiliiinii al, azine, hii uary. It consists of eighty pages a number, 1 1 in condition of the Italians in Its editor, Dr. Gio much time in this coun- trj and is the author of the best book on 11 in situation here. His journal nat- urally pays gnat, attention to the hardships tigrants, and pular 1 ia lian opinion on supposed abuses ami injustice; but it aim; al Eair- ness. In the July number, for instai Piacentini gives a temperate account of the Ettor-Giovannitti case, showing that they were not tried merely becau thej were Italians, as was the Current supposi- tion in Italy, but because they were sus- pected of statutory crimes. He adds that it is praiseworthy that the responsibility of the strike leaders towards society should be increased, so that strikes may be con- ducted with dignity instead of with vio- iii.- 1 ita Italiana is published at Via Due Macelli, 9, Rome; its annual sub- scription is 12 lire. "Italy To-day," by Bolton King and Thomas Okey, was first issued in 1901. in 1909 a "new'' edition appeared. Now ■ ■ receive a "new and enlarged edition" (Scribner), but we fail to discover any statistics or references to public events later than 11109. This is unfortunate, be- cause during the past four years Italy has witnessed the close of an old epoch and the opening of a new. For better or for worse, the Italians have assumed the role of world power; so that the "To-day" of Messrs. King and Okey, which takes no note of this, seems already antiquated. Nevertheless, the more fundamental con- ditions described by them have not wholly changed, and their work may still be con- sulted with profit, although their strong socialist bias and their generally pessi- mistic view of Italy and the Italians color, do not sometimes vitiate, their Si a i 1 incuts. The Rev. Dr. Marvin Davis Bisbee, for many years librarian of Dartmouth Col- lege, is dead al Portland, Me. Dr. Bisbee n in 1 bester, Yt., June 23, 1 was gradual id from Dartmouth in 1871, and prepared for the ministry at tic \n Theological Seminary. He entered the Congregational ministry in 1874. In 1881 h associate editor of the Boston CongregaMonaUst. He wa pointed professor of divinity and librarian «i Dartmouth in 1886, and professor of bibliography in 1893. In 1910 Dr. Bisbee ie Fund pension. Science The (i<i'ttinii)iiii nf New Zealand: Histor- ical, Physical, Political, and Commer- cial. By i'. Marshall. Melbourne; Whitcombe & Tombs. On October 10 last, three works en the geography of Australia wed in 1 olumns. They ti ere treated as applications of the doctrines of the new Mm! of pi. The I Zealand I 1 its, and it is worthy of its place in the series. It owes not a little of its merit to the luminous introduction by Professor Gregory, now of Glasgow, to the chapter on geysers by the same writ- er, and to the chapter on earthquakes by Mr. George Hogben. On all the top- its there discussed, and, indeed, on all that are connected with physiography, Xew Zealand has something to teach. While Xew Zealand consists of two large, one smaller, and many small isl- ands, its structure is continental. Its rock-sequence is as complete as that of Australia, which is thirty times as large. It is still immature. While Australia is comparatively stable, Xew Zealand is still rising and falling, and great earth- movements are yet in progress. The im- portant physicgraphical agents are un- usually active, and powerful forces are wearing the country down. Hence the variety and freshness of its land-forms. The rivers are still undergoing develop- ment. Valleys and mountains are equal- ly immature. The planing down of an- cient mountain ranges and the dissec- tion of old plateaus can be plainly dis- cerned. Here fan-shaped deltas and there fan-shaped hills betray their com- mon origin. Here, too, the river that forms the fan is observed to have been captured and destroyed. It is illuminat- ing to know- that the great Hauraki Gulf, with its magic clusters of islands — emeralds set in a sapphire sea — is a drowned river-valley. Beaches that have not yet lost their freshness mark the recent elevation of the coast. Every- where we perceive the tool-marks of the demiurgic powers. The flora and the fauna are alike archaic. And we may add that, in many parts of the coun- try, the very soil is too unripe to carry cereals, because it has never been en- riched by decayed foliage. Xot a little of the book is new, and in parts the authors are at variance with one another. In opposition to Pro- fessor Gregory the view of Professor Marshall is that the features of New Zealand have been formed by extensive glacial erosion, though in other respects he would limit the action of huge glaciers. Peculiar facts are often eluci- dated. Thus, the abundant hanging val- leys are found in districts where glacia- tion lias been most severe, and arc lai Ic- ing in others that have never been glaci- ated. Professor Gregory shows how the theory of gej sers due to the obi tions of 1 tesclolseaux ami th Bunsen ami T3 adall is confirmed bs 1 lie geysers of New Zealand, which for four short ycai 1 Had 1 tii greatei t gej Ber in the world, as it still has tin 1 waterfall. .Mr. I [Ogben'B chapter mi mi! I" i: In id nil .... I nimbly . [button mi the

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Sept. 4, 1913] The [NTatioia 21? •v firmatory evidence Of the theory that j to either ocean; nor in the south, where the I King John': Being the Original of Shake- earthquakes are connected with fault- 1 crest Lin ily cut down by valleys movements and repacking processes. Most of that evidence, though still onnected, bears in fa- vor of that the floor of the Western Pacific is gradually elevating. But much of Now Zealand remains unexplored. Meanwhile, it appears cer- tain that, with its immeasurable water- it will resemble the Scandinavian countries that are almost antipodal, by becoming the centre of the electro-chem- ical industrii s of the southern hemi- sphere. of The first number of the University California Publications in Geography is an account 0! Ian River, a Char- acteristi of the California Coast ," by Prof. Rufus S. Holway. The re discussed is the de- parture of the river from an open valley, which it follows southeastward for fifty | ters on w©rry, obesity, and drugging speare's 'Life and Deatli of King John.' " Dr. Furnivall's share of the editing runs to only a few pages, but we may be sure that his plans have been carefully followed. The difficult literary history of this old play is gone into minutely and its service to Shake- speare is fully stated. It is interesting to note that Mr. Munro, catching up a hint of Sir Sidney Lee's, makes out a fairly plausible case for the common authorship of "The Troublesome Reign" and the much- utilized in magazines. A goodly! discussed "Leir." The present volume ap- nf diseases are discussed in such ! ')ears as a member of the Shakespeare Li- whieh drain lakes lying at the eastern base of the mountains, the divide between the liere lying on the pampas far- thi ompromise decision made late King Edward VII was accepted by the two countries, and the line thus de- termined is well displayed in the atlas. The "Common Diseases" (Houghton Mif- flin) of Woods Hutchinson is, as usual, a collection of his articles, nineteen in all, already number a way as to enlighten the ordinary reader en the vague dread of many of them. We have often found this author somewhat wild in his gen- tions and given to too much loose- ness ot In this book these de- no means altogether absent, but they seem much less obnoxious than usual. Those to whom the Hutehinsonian less is not wearisome may read him with comfort and profit, not least his chap- Con- miles and which continues to San Fran- cisco Bay, by flowing westward for twenty miles through a rugged canon cut in a highland a thousand feet in altitude. The corning obesity we miss the illuminating dictum of Mr. Dooley that "when a man is in the prime of life he should be pro- visioned," leanness being the proper por- manner of discussion is one that is often ' tion of only Vl'r>' 5-oung and very old men. ed in modern geographical investi- gations, in that it is chiefly concerned with the discovery of past conditions as an end in itself, and that it does not proceed suf- • ficiently to the systematic generalization of those conditions, whereby they may be used in the explanatory description of existing features. The essay is illustrated by a number of excellent photo-plates, but the direction in which the views are taken is unfortunately indicated only on the accom- panying map, and not in the explanatory legend. An atlas, or "Mapa escolar," of the Re- public of Chili on a scale of 1:1,500,000 has lately been issued. It was prepared by order of the Minister of Public Instruction, Don Domingo Amunategui Solar, during the Presidency of his Excellency, Sr. Don Pedro Montt, constructed under the direction of Chief Engineer Don Jose del G. Fuensalida, and printed in ten or more colors by Justus Perthes, of Gotha. The long north-south- ward extent of nearly 3,000 miles requires the subdivision of the country into nine double-page sections, each of which in- cludes an area of the Pacific on the west and a liberal extension eastward into Ar- gentina. The three strikingly unlike divi- sions of the republic are well brought out : in the north, the arid or desert district, with salt basins in the highlands and scanty population on the barren coastal lowlands; in the middle, the fertile and well-occupied belt between the lofty Andes and the discontinuous coast ranges; and in the south, the region of glaciers on the higher mountains, lakes in the inner val are also entertaining and instruc- i hapters on insomnia and imaginary which ought to be helpful to any one who suffers from them. "Necator Amer- icana" (p. 3171 is a bad slip in proof- reading, but the correct form appears ir the index. Drama and Music The publication of the Tudor "Hamlet," Sonnets, and the second part of "Henry VI," which have now reached us, leaves but two : in this series (Macmillan) forth- coming—"The Tempest" and "Antony and Cleopatra." Prof. George P. Baker, who edits "Hamlet." offers no new theories, yet sifts the evidence of previous judgments, both as to text and interpretation, with the care to be expected of him. The only important omission we have noted is his failure to summarize Prof. A. C. Bradley's masterly analysis of this perplexing char- acter. On page x "1554" should read 1594. Prof. Raymond M. Alden presents the time- honored problems connected with the Son- nets, but is careful not to register his own opinions. From the hasty conclusion that because sonnet sequences were the fashion Shakespeare must throughout have main- tained a conventional impersonal attitude, we are duly warned, etc. Nor even at this day can we safely decide between the Earl of Southampton and the Earl of Pembroke] thcm for his own '' as the person addressed; though the bias of I l'1 " the general editors is betray. I ll> which was ridiculously Inappr. brary, published by Duffield, of which Prof. I. Gollancz is general editor. It is evident that both money and pains have been expended upon the production of "Much Ado About Nothing," which Charles Frohman has just made at the Em- pire Theatre — and for these acknowledg- ment is due — but the general result is a performance which cannot be ranked above the second rate. And this is in accoi 1- ance with what might naturally have been expected. It is virtually impossible now to collect at will a company capa- ble of dealing satisfactorily with either Elizabethan prose or blank verse. In the company assembled by Mr. Frohman there are many modern actors of more than common ability, but they proved abso- lutely incapable of giving to the text the life and color which properly belong to it. Innumerable passages were robbed of point and force by slovenly delivery. Moi the romantic spirit of the piece found no expression in the tameness and invariable- ness of the stage action of the modern school. John Drew, by far the greater part of whose professional life has been de- voted to modern and semi-farcical social drama, was utterly unable to give to Bene- dick the authority, the brilliancy, or the distinction brought to it by actors of the calibre of Lester Wallack or Henry Ir- ving. He n as in the chun challenge scenes — where he emphasized the soldierly side of the character, but else- where indulged far too freely in hi mannerisms and the tricks of low cc In some respects his impersonation was in- ferior to that of E. II. Sol hern. Nor was Laura Hope Crews equal to the part of Beatrice. She had nothing of the great lady about her, and her wit, ever sugges- tive of the carefully calculated impromptu, lacked fire "and spontaneity. Her "Kill Claudio!" was but a feeble manifestation of outraged womanhood. The part yet, too large for her In every way, but her attempt was intelligent. The Dogberry of Hubert Druce was not a bad embodiment, but the actor made the mistake of putting an excessive stress upon his verbal blun- ders, as if the constable were in leys, and long fiords and channels between ' lusion as frontispiece of the Earl of '" the countless islands of the coast. The ! Southampton's portrait. "A Lover's Cc atlas is especially interesting in connec- tion with the Chilian-Argentine boundary and the dispute of some years ago regard- ing the interpretation of its definition as plaint," which was issued in the Thorpe edition of the Sonnets in 1609 and there ascribed to SI forms a part ot the present voltin , VI," part ist of the And Prof. Charles H Barnwell. the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific." , The last work to which the late Dr. Fur- This definition could not be appln north, because the crest 111 iple, Mr. John Munro, York Phllharmoni. double, enclosing basins that do not drain with the title "The Troublesome Reign a illustration of the fallacy of this device was afforded in the ease of t! John, the Bastard, who uttered hi atlments with e placidity of I uic if they had no

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2 1 8 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2514 Strauss' I irk, a "Festival Prelude," 111 ami onh. Ira This BCOre will Inauguration ert hall on October in. ria' bouse in which Wagner 1 "Lohengrin" is mil ti> be turned into a distillery after all. The King of Saxony, on hearing thai, this was 1,, be done, ex- pressed his disapproval, and the young Crown Prince, who is an enthusiastic Wag- prompl ly took up 1 hi hi itter, about which la' conferred with prominent artists. Purthern lener, « ho lias given I; in artistic projects, lias announced his intention to purchase the "Lohengrin" house and conyert it exclu- sively into a Wagner .Museum. The most important product of the Verdi rj will bi the publication of his pondence. For sixty years (1840-1900) ho habitually made sketches of the more important letters he wrote. These sketches, bound in live volumes, have been in the Mine. Carrara, since his death. She has also placed at the disposal of the publishers thousands of letters, tel- egrams, ami cards sent to Verdi, including many by famous contemporaries. Among the treasures hoarded by Mme. Carrara is a "King Lear" libretto. During the last years of Verdi's life, there were occasional rumors that he was writing a "Lear" opera; but in truth he never got beyond the libret- to, which he arranged himself. The old- est among the Verdi manuscripts is a "His- tory of the Popes." Verdi's Requiem Mass and three of his operas will be heard at Milan the coming season, the operas being "Falstaff" (with Scotti), the juvenile "Nabuco," and his first great success, "Ernani." The conductors will be Toscanini, Mancinelli, Mugnone, and Serafin. The last-named will have the hon- or of conducting "Parsifal." Operatic competition does not seem to result in disaster in Paris. The manage- ment of the Grand Opera reports an ex- eeptionally favorable season, in spite of the rivalry not only of the Opera-Comique, but of the newly founded Champs Llysees, the manager of which boasts of hav- ing taken in 1, 213,020 francs at seventy performances. It is said that this manager, M. Astrue, has his eyes on the Grand Opera when the seven-year lease of MM. Messager and Broussan has expired. Other eandidates for the place are'Gailhard and ourg. M. Astrue promises "Parsifal" in German, next January, with leading Ger- man artists. The Grand Opera made a special arrangement with the German pub- lishers, whereby it is enabled to use the orchestral parts four months before the copyright expires. The Opera-Comique has also promised a "Parsifal," but it is not likely that this promise will be kept. liusoni will leave Berlin in a few weeks to assume the directorship of the Bologna Conservatory of Music. lie will also conduct the Bologna Symphony Orchestra, which consists of ninety players. Maud !'■! • ■ 1 1 bell omen should play in symphony and other orchestras if .' I ork. Hut "11 tbi tumid bi pi ■ pa red to ac- cept no privilege: I of women should be In New Vork with Maud Powell as conductor. Such an orchestra would not he a new thing. Women ensemble players ari rapidly com- ing to I Gustav Mahler's version of Weber's "Oberon" has been produced successfully In Cologne. Weber wrote this opera hastily hi order to keep bis promise to a London r. Ho intended to rewrite it, but died before he could begin the task. There Is much entrancing melody in the opera, hut the spoken dialogue marred it. Mahler 1 this dialogue into recitative and melody, using Weber motives throughout. He wished to produce it in Xew York while he was one of the conductors of the Metro- politan, but got no encouragement. The majority of the actors and actresses of the theatres in Germany have an in- come not exceeding $500 a year, while more than one-third of them earn only half that sum. Among the singers connected with the opera houses, there are a few stars who earn up to $10,000, or even more: but $1,500 is reckoned a very good income, even for those who take the leading parts. Chorus singers get at best $450 a year, but most of them earn much less than that. Dancers average about the same as the choristers, and, like them, they are kept busy eight or nine hours a day. Even solo dancers get only $500 to $750 a year. These figures are based on careful investigations by the Hi leha-Aroeitsblatt. Debussy's "Pelleas et Melisande," which is an example of modern harmony without melody, will have its first production in an English version next season in the Eng- lish provinces by Ernst Denhof's opera company. Strauss's "Rosenkavalier" also will be done in English. Six of Wagner's operas are included in Mr. Denhof's scheme, besides Gluck's "Orfeo," Mozart's "Magic Flute," and Strauss's "Elektra." Thomas Beecham will conduct some of these operas. Art "Symbolism of Animals and Birds Repre- sented in English Church Architecture," by Arthur H. Collins, is to be published by McBride, Nast & Co. The fourth volume of Lamiani's "Storia degli Scavi di Roma" (Rome: Loescher), covers the period from 1566 to 1605, and the reign of six Popes, Pius V, Gregory XIII, Sixtus V, Gregory XIV, Innocent IX, and 1 VIII. From the standpoint of gen- eral history this was a half-century of un- usual significance, for in it the position of the Papacy as a great temporal power was solidified, and the old regime of family Popes, who used their elevation to aggran- dize their relations, was definitely super- seded. From the standpoint of the archse- ologically Inclined the period is less viv- idly interesting than those that preceded it Only one work of ancient art of prime im- portance was then brought to light, the fres- co of "the Aldobrandiiii marriage." But the Investigation of the catacombs was Inaugu- rated under Gregory XIII (1578) by the discover! on the Via Salarla of the first nib known to modern limes, and many of the most prominent Features ol the Rome B 1 e .lie 1,, I h. 1 -.Ins V. To him we 0 " like arrt imeni of ' ■ radiate from S. Maria Mag- gie-] e, I h. bu 1 1 1 Acqua Fellci I hi erection of obelisks, the placing of statues of Sts. Peter and Paul on the columns of Aurelius and Trajan, tin re stablishment of the statues of the Dioscuri before the Quirinal Palace. Against him, besides much else, must be reckoned the wanton di tion of the magnificent remains of the Septizonium of Septimius Severus at the southeast of the Palatine, and the removal of the ancient structures of the patriarchal palace by St. John Lateran. Sixtus cared much for his city, but little for antiquity. The municipal council voted him a statue for his services in the restoration of pros- perity and public security; but when he died (1590), the magistrates announced the fact thus: "On this day our holy Lord Pope Sixtus V, amid universal joy and gratifica- tion, has ended his life"! The collection of ancient material for new building projects went merrily forward during this half-cen- tury, as it had done before, but the vis- ible ruins of antiquity had already assumed by this time substantially their present as- pect. Only the Baths of Caracalla, appar- ently on account of their remote and iso- lated situation, continued to be exposed to piratical devastation till a time within the memory of men yet living. The runic crosses of Bewcastle and Ruth- well have been fertile matter of contro- versy. Especially the Ruthwell Cross bear- ing a portion of a poem on the legend of the cross has with many passed for one of the oldest monuments of the English lan- guage and decoration. Prof. Albert S. Cook devotes an elaborate monograph to the subject, "The Date of the Ruthwell and Bewcastle Crosses," separately reprinted from The Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences by the Yale University Press. Professor Cook's con- clusion is that the inscriptions, though ar- chaic in form, contain also very late spell- ings, and can point to no early date. The figure sculpture and ornamentation suggest a date about the middle of the twelfth cen- tury. He supposes we have to do with monastic columns of Continental derivation set up by David I of Scotland. About the time of publication, Rivoira, in the Bur- lington Miuimiiir, arrived at an Identical conclusion on grounds solely archaeological. His opinion has since been contested by Mr. Lethaby and Sir Martin Conway, both of whom assume the existence of an accom- plished school of sculpture in Anglia in the seventh century. The existence of such a school is most doubtful, and nothing that these critics have advanced seems to us to offset the evidently late and Romanesque look of these crosses. Professor Cook seems to us to have made out his ease. In tact, much additional evidence for his dating might have been got from paging over OOd's facsimiles of manuscript minl- ..'"'' There are I id exact parallels l"i tin figures and for the "" n ting com- i. ! ideal and mil HI ami "i bich w a find on 1 be Bev 1 1 I Cross. Furthermore, it Is hard te ih 1 that the riiirrmi.r on both , 1 0 ari peclflcallj Roma net ana and French, Wit b 1 hi 1 lopt It 1 - ample cited by Li 1 baby and 1 ion? aj th aave only the ' •■' ■ ill bo knows 1:1. ' i I,, I '., Hill ' 'II el.il ion

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Sept. 4^ 1913] T h. e Nation 219 ot familiar motives in these two crosses. No reversal of the conclusion reached by Professor Cook with fairly appalling thor- oughness is to be expected. To the Country House Library (McBride, Nast) are added two new volumes. Charles Edward Hooper, in his "Reclaiming the Old House," gives a great deal of sound advice to those who, with moderate means and some antiquarian taste, wish to estab- j lish themselves in modest country homes. He Is probably justified in assuming, as he. does, that people of this type are, as a rule, J ignorant of methods of construction and have little knowledge of country life. His book contains a large number of plates, j showing old, and -often abandoned, houses, that may be suitable for, or that have been , so altered as to become, comfortable and attractive places of residence. Aymar Em- 1 bury, 2d, in his "The Dutch Colonial House," gives us an attractive survey of the modes of construction, and the archi- tectural forms, if they may be thus dig- nified, employed by the early Dutch farm- er who settled in this country, illustrat- j lng his text with many good plates. Quaint and interesting as these examples are, we surely cannot afford to take them very se- , riously. Those of us who find the antique attractive are all too likely to overlook cru<litk's, and even ugliness, in construe-; tions which are old; and are thus pre-; vented from the cultivation of good taste without which we Cin have no hope of ad- vance in architectural design. James Wall Finn, mural painter, died Wednesday in Giverny, near Paris. He was born in New York about forty- five years ago, and studied art here and in Paris. He worked for a while as an interior decorator for McKim, Mead & White, and for Carrere & Hastings. He decorated the Public Li- brary, the Hotel Astor, the Knickerbocker Hotel, and the Century Theatre. Finance THE AUTUMN MARKETS. This week the financial markets, here and abroad, entered on what is perhaps the most interesting period of the year. This is particularly true of the Ameri- can markets, for the interior now be- gins to draw heavily on its New York balances. Last year the surplus re- serve of New York banks, which had al- ready been falling at the end of August, almost disappeared by September 7, and was raised to a respectable figure only by reducing loans $46,000,000 in three weeks. Call money rose in 1912 from Zy2 per cent, at the end of August to 7 per cent, at the end of September. In 1906, September brought a deficit in New York bank reserves; in 1905, a Sep- tember deficit was avoided only by a $73,000,000 loan reduction. Call money went to 7 per cent, at the end of Sep- tember, 1905, and to 40 per cent, at the beginning of the month in 1906. Four or five months ago it was very generally believed that a strain of great violence would be witnessed in the pe- riod now immediately before us. To take the most extreme predictions: Ger- many was, by autumn, to be in the grasp not only of extremely tight mon- ey, but of paralyzing industrial reaction. Paris was to be witnessing serious fail- ures and defaults. London was to be fighting to keep its gold from being de- pleted by the demands of the other Eu- ropean markets. New York, and the United States as a whole, were to be drifting into some sort of financial panic. Nobody pays attention to any of these predictions, now that we have really en- tered the period when they were to be fulfilled. But at just this particular juncture it should be interesting to point out why the predictions went astray, what has happened to change the situation from what it was in the first quarter of the year, and, not least of all, just what the financial history of the coming season is likely to be. The predictions of the pessimists went astray, partly because they ignored some underlying elements of strength in the situation, partly because the fear of a general European war was not realiz- ed, partly because the progressive in- crease in certain burdens on credit was checked, and partly because outlying markets (in North and South America especially) were able to provide the gold which Europe needed to replenish its bank reserves. Several things have hap- pened in line with these influences for good. It has turned out that general trade conditions, in America especially, but in Europe also, were much sounder than many people had supposed. Rela- tions of the great neutral Powers in Eu- rope have come out of the severest of tests more strongly harmonious than they were before. London and, in a less degree, New York have laid a heavy repressive hand on the mass of new securities which, six months ago, were choking the mar- kets; underwriters have consequently been getting rid of their holdings, and new issues have begun, even at London, to sell at a premium instead of a heavy discount, after their issue. Not only has the United States been able to spare $43,000,000 gold for Europe without in- convenience, but Brazil and Argentina have sent thirty to forty millions. As for the coming "American panic," the past few months have shown that pan- ics do not come on a business commu- nity doing a conservative business, with merchants' shelves stocked only for im- mediate and peremptory needs. On the contrary, such a state of things means repeated quickening of legitimate indus- try. When one comes down to prediction, the first fact of interest is that money rates were going lower, especially in New York, through the very month of August That usually means a relax- ing strain, a full preparation for au tumn needs, and vanishing expecta- tion of money stringency. Money should normally go higher in the autumn, even in an ordinary year. But London is now beginning to predict that the Bank of England rate will not rise this sea- son above its present 4% per cent.; it was 5 at the beginning of the year. Paris will probably continue to hunt for gold (unless the past year's money- hoarders solve the problem) ; in Lon- don and Berlin, however, the central banks are unusually strong. The fact appears to be that nearly all of the world's great markets have pre- pared for autumn on the basis of the worst apprehensions of last spring. To a large extent, this would warrant the inference that they have overprepared The first test of how far this overprep- aration has gone should occur with this week's completion of the "quarterly set- tlements" at Berlin and elsewhere. The second should be witnessed when the traditional season for New York's heav- iest shipments of currency to the in- terior begins — say a week or ten days hence. We shall then know how far the Treasury deposits have helped the situation. The third test possibly may come through a legitimate demand for gold imports to New York from Europe. It would be important to see how Eu- rope would meet such a demand. If we have really easy money, and if our Gov- ernment deposits find their proper lodg- ing-place, we may need none of Eu- rope's gold. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Bindloss, Harold. Prescott of Saskatche- wan. Stokes. $1.30 net. Boylan, G. D. The Supplanter. Boston: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard. $1.25 net. Brooke, S. A. Ten More Plays of Shake- speare. Holt. $2.25 net. Cantrell, J. A. Pleasure and Work. Fenno & Co. $1 net. Carlyle on Heroes, Hero-Worship. Edited, with notes, by H. S. Murch. Heath. Clarke, J. M. The Heart of Gaspe: Sketches in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Macmillan. $2 net. Cohan, G. M. Broadway Jones, Novelized from the play by Edward Marshall. Dil- lingham. $1.25 net. Dudley, A. T. The Half-Miler. Boston: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard. $1.25. P. J. Colombia. Scribner. Edgar, George. The Red Colonel. I pleton. $1.30 net. Edwardes, George. The Count of Luxem- bourg. Novelized by Harold Simpson. $1.25 net. Farmer, P. M. The Dinner Calendar for 1914. Sully & Klein* Foord, John. Life and i'ubli Andrew H. Green. Doubleday, Page. Grimmelshausen, Hans von. The turous Simplicissimus. Dutton. $2 Hale, E. E. The Man Without a Country, and Other Stories. (Pocket Edltlonj Crowell. Hay, Ian. Happy-Go-Lucky. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $1.25 net. Jefferies, Richard. The Story of My Heart. Dutton. $2.50 net. 'liver. The Heart's Gift Dilling- ham. $1.25 net. Lloyd, Nelson. David Malcolm. Scribner. $1.35 net. Lodge, William. Rules of Management. ill Book Co. $2 im Strong, Boy-Captain. $1.25 net.

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). ) () T li e Nation | Vol. 97, No. 2514 Ullli 1 . William. The Ottoman Empire, 1801 1:11;:. (Cambridge Historical Scries. I Putnam. $2.50 net. \ Lord. The Nal Ion ami the Empire : \ 1 Collection (>! Speechi a ad Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $3. Montague, C. E, The Morning's War: A Romance. Hull. $1.85 net. Miinsterberg, Margarets. Anna Borden's i' D, \|>|.letun. $1.30 net. Nicholson, Meredith. Otherwise Phyllis. m Houghton Mifflin. $1.35 net. I Ella Salisbury Plain: Its Stones, d Polk. Dut- ton. $3 net. Reed, C. ■• Thi Thebar od Other Poem Sherman, French. $1.2.", net. Rittenberg, Max. Swirling Waters. Dil- lingham. $1.25 net, Sabatier, Paul, France To-day : it. Re- ligious Orientation. Trans, from the sec- ond French edition by H. B. Binns. Dut- ton. $2 net. Si ott, G. F, Ji an Cabol In thi Bi itish 1 -il tie- masters of painting and sculpture, ancient and i „,/ foi desci iviii c ciroular. Small, Maynard A. •. Publishers, Boston THE NATION WILL PUBLISH An Educational Number NEXT WEEK

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AUTUMN EDUCATIONAL NUMBER The a^on VOL. XCVM— NO. 2515 THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 11. 1913 SfomS. PRICEiTEN CENTS IMPORTANT NEW AND FORTHCOMING EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS labor within social organization ship, and administrative efficiency. which are prominent utilitarian idealism, A SHORT HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES By JOHN SPENCER BASSETT, Ph.D., Professor of American History in Smith College. A well-balanced, accurate, and scholarly work, simple in style, sane in proportion, impartial in point of view, by one of America's foremost historians. Valuable alike as a college text or for the general reader. $2.50 net. HISTORY OF EDUCATION IN MODERN TIMES By FRANK P. GRAVES, Professor of the History of Education in Ohio State University. This volume, with the author's previous volumes, "History of Education Before the Middle Ages" and "The History of Education During the Middle Ages and the Transition to Modern Times," makes available a continuous text in courses on the History of Education. Ready shortly. INSURANCE AND THE STATE By W. F. GEPHART, Professor of Economics in Washington University, Author of "The Principles of Insurance." An important work, presenting a comprehensive and impartial discussion of the various relations of insurance to the body politic. $1.25 net. LABOR AND ADMINISTRATION By JOHN R. COMMONS, Professor of Political Economy in the University of Wisconsin. A book dealing with the awakening questions of the past decade and outlining a programme of progressive constructive research, class partner- Ready shortly. THE ECONOMICS OF ENTERPRISE By HERBERT J. DAVENPORT, Professor of Economics in the University of Missouri. A valuable work which in simple terms and in compact, orderly treatment makes accessible to the wide economic public the issues, the controversies, and the conclusions, which, together, sum up the subject of modern economics. Ready shortly. SHELTER AND CLOTHING A Text Book of the Household Arts By HELEN KINNE and ANNA M. COOLEY, Professors of Household Arts Education in Teachers College, Columbia University. A work based on wide and successful experience in the teaching of household management. The book cultivates the spirit of the home, and is replete with the most helpful suggestions and practical information. $1.10 net. CHEMISTRY AND ITS RELATIONS TO DAILY LIFE By LOUIS KAHLENBERG, Professor of Chemistry, and EDWIN B. HART, Professor of Agricultural Chem- istry, in the University of Wisconsin. Thoroughly practical in character and presented in a simple, interesting manner, the subject matter is scien- tifically accurate, and of a special value to all students of agriculture and home economics. $1.25 net. INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY By Prof. M. A. BIGELOW, of Teachers College, Columbia University, and ANNA N. BIGELOW, Teacher of Biology in Secondary Schools. An elementary practical treatise based upon the conception of biology as a simple science, which uses both plant and animal materials, as occasion demands, for the development of biological principles. Ready shortly. PRACTICAL PHYSICS FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS By N. HEXRY BLACK, Science Master in the Roxbury Latin School, Boston, Mass., and Prof. HARVEY N. DAVIS, of Harvard University. A manual with illustrative material drawn largely from the interesting, practical devices used In modern life. The subject treated in a simple, direct method that indicates thorough knowledge of the needs of the classroom. *1.25 net. Published by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64-66 5th Ave. N. Y.

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11 Tlie Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2515 The Nation Educational A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered tit the New York City l'ost Oflice as second-cluss mail mutter.] The Nation Is published and owned by tbe New Yurie Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Villaril, President; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor; Harold deWoK Fuller, As- sistant Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United Slates or Mexico; i Canada $3.50, and to foreign countries comprises in the Postal l nn, 11. $4.00. Address THE NATION, Box 704, New York. Publication Office, ~0 Vesey titrcet. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 221 Editorial Articles: The Lopsided Income Ta.i .: 224 Patient with Mexico 224 Thirty Years of an Empire 225 Changing Journalism 226 Fashions in Smiles 227 Special Articles: Professor Kittredge and the Teaching of English 227 The French University Conflict 230 News for Bibliophiles 232 Correspondence : The Scholar and the Libraries 232 "Hereos" 233 Rural Schools 233 MR. SARGENT'S TRAVEL SCHOOL FOR BOYS It's not what YOIIK BOY (;ets from liis school curriculum thai determines the man be is to be. H'h ivhnl lie does with his time ou schoolroom thai determines his tastes, li habits and future achievements. The World is Our Schoolroom Usual school hours arc spent on usual studios, but the boy is learning at first-hand EVERT 1 WAKING .MINUTE. This is true EDUCATION,1 not BOOK-LEABNINQ. Che LABORATORY METHOD is AITLIED TO THE HUMANITIES, — we studv History an* Lan- guages on tbe Spot. An ENVIRONMENTAL METHOD of Education. 10th Year ROUND THEWORLD 1913-14, 5th time 11th Year EUROPE 1914-15, 6th time Illustrated booklet tells how over a hundred boys have in the past nine years enjoyed the broaden- ing, stimulating advantages of Travel, without sacntice of school time. PORTER E. SARGENT, Room 811. 50 Congress Street, Boston The Misses Kirk'sCoIlege Preparatory School PENNSYLVANIA, BRYN MAWR. Prepares for Bryn Mawr and other colleges. Cer- tificate privileges. Number of pupils limited. Special schedule arranged for each. Percentage of pupils who have entered Bryn Mawr College unusually large. Gymnastics. Outdoor sports, loth year opens October 2, 1913. Textbooks 233 Literature : The Windham Papers 237 The House of Thane 238 Courtin' Christina 238 WO, 238 Murder in Any Degree 238 London in English Literature 238 Concordanza delle Rime di Francesco Petrarca 239 Ellen Key 239 Tibullus: The Corpus Tibullianum .. 240 History of the People of the United States 240 A Preface to Politics 241 The Life of Sir Henry Vane the Younger 242 Notes 242 Ecience: Mind and Health 244 Drama : Filth on the Stage 246 Plays of Old Japan: The NO 246 247 Art: A Shorl Cril lea 1 1 tlstory of Archi- ure 248 Finani The Question of Railway Pates 249 Books 0 1 the Week 249 Mnrrfctnu/I1 Schnfll Morrlstown, N. J. Col- 1HUII1MUW1I 3UIUUI lege preparatory Board- ing School for boys. Small classes. Supervised sports; new gymnasium. Lower school for boys 10 to 14. Advisory Board- — President Hlbben, Princeton ; Dean Hurluut, Harvard ; Rev. Anson Phelps Stokes, Jr., Secretary of Yale; Dean Kep- pel, Columbia ; President Pritchett, Carnegie Foundation. The WOLCOTT SCHOOL, DENVER, COL. upcrior climate. Accredited with Eastern Colleges for girls. Fine music advantages. Gymnasium. DETHLEHEM PREPARATORY SCHOOL, J_J Bethlehem, Pa. Prepares for leading colleges. Catalogue. II. A. FOERING, B. S., Principal. TI^RENCH university family having particular ■* villa near Bois de Boulogne asks for pupils or paying guests. Day 14 frs., including lessons, bath room, garden. Parent, 8 rue Pierret, Neuilly, Paris. '-pHE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES, JL Evekett O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 2a Part St., Boston 1S47 U St.. Washington ISCFlfthAv., New York 316JournalBd., Portland 814StegerBd., Chicago. " 18DouglasBd.,LosAngele« 817 Mas. Xem., Denver 34P Wright Blk., Berkeley Send to any address above for Agency Manual. Harlan P. French, Pres. Vincent B. Fisk, Sec'y. THE AbDtNV TEACHERS' AGENCY how. Twenty-two years of successful ex- perience in bringing together good BChools and good teachers, Send for. Bulletin, si Chapel Bt., Albany, N. Y. f) A HUNTS desiring a home in the "Back J- Bay," Boston, for one or two boys, in the family of a physician for the coming winter from Oct. 1st, 1913, address, "BOS- TON," care The Nation,, 20 Vesey St., N. Y. YOU WILL READ EVERY WORD tells of "The Airi' 01 LflviNfl Lono " ii"- new English edit E 1 I-" fl ro'i 1 mini it mended Italian work on Health and lorn- life, "l.ii Vita Bobrta," written at 11 It . all 1, letters Ol COD 1 ZOO " rtl I U"". I" Card ■ i' i inn. General Miles, etc, 1 I* will *<■< yon i» thinking) 11 Is free t" all. Addn WILLIAM F. BUTLER, 100 Loan & Trust Building, MlllwaukM, Wis. ,. • • -.., "i, I The Novel of the Year I in London Round the Corner*-^ Gilbert Cannon The story of Francis Folyat, his wife and children, who drift through life the "easiest way," lack- ing the courage to face the essential truths of life. The New York Tribune says: "An excellent book for lovers of serious fiction, a strikingly true study Aof I life, admir- ably well written." $1.35 net. By mail, $1.47 D. APPLETON & COMPANY Publishers New York I TBE ENGLISH JOURNAL Hditcd by JAML:S FLEMING HOS1C a monthly magazine for Instructor! Is English. De tments : Leading Articles. The Bound Table, Editorial News ami Notes, Reviews and Bonk Notices, Request! for Sample 1 Soples « 111 i"1 1 ored. ptlon $2.50. Single numom 10 1 Si THE ENGLISH JOURNAL 88th St. and Stewarl Ave. Chicago, 111. LIBRARY RESEARCH ..h in Bo ton and Harvard Ubn ii " ii and 1 li 1 a i'i n 11 i| si 1 1 anslatlon, revision Ol n.i mi crlptB, t'le. MISS M. 11. BD0K1NQH Wl. B0 ( bi

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Sept. II, [913 i The ^sTation 111 PROFESSOR KITTREDGE'S ANNIVERSARY BOOK At the end of the past academic year Professor Kittredge completed twenty-five years of teaching in Harvard University. A number of his colleagues, desiring to celebrate this date in a term of service which has been unusually significant for the advancement of American learning, planned the publication of a congratulatory volume, "Anniversary Papers." A review of the book will be found on another page of this issue of the Nation. A limited edition of "Anniversary Papers" was printed and copies may be procured from Ginn and Company, Trade Department, 29A Beacon Street, Boston, until the edition is exhaust- ed. "Anniversary Papers" is a quarto volume of 470 pages, bound in green cloth, stamped with gold. The price is #5.00 net. The publishers reserve the right to return any remittances that are received after the present edition is exhausted, as no subsequent impression will be made. RECENT BOOKS OF NOTE An Advanced English Grammar By GEORGE LYMAN KITTREDGE and FRANK C. FARLEY 80 cents This grammar is distinguished by a thorough and careful treatment of the advanced problems of syntax and analysis. Constructions are ex- plained in accordance with the historical facts, as well as with the laws of thought. As a reference book for work in English literature and com- position it is easily the leading book in its field. Essentials in Journalism By HARRY FRANKLIN HARRINGTON and THEODORE T. FRANKENBERG $1.75 A practical and comprehensive discussion by men of wide experience in actual newspaper work, taking up both the practice and the philoso- phy of every phase of their profession. As a textbook in journalism it is unsurpassed. History of Modern Elementary Education By SAMUEL CHESTER PARKER $1.50 The development of the elementary school is here traced from the first vernacular schools of mediaeval cities to the present. The author shows how educational practice has been influ- enced by changing social conditions and by the theories of the foremost educational reformers. Schiller By EUGEN KUHNEMANN. Translated by KATHERINE ROYCE. Introduction by JOSIAH ROYCE $3.00 The most adequate treatment of the poet's personality and life work is here made available for American readers. The author carefully traces Schiller's mental and spiritual develop- ment and shows his relation to predecessors and successors. British Social Politics By CARLTON HAYES $1.75 The most Important acts in the Liberal programme of the last seven years — such as the Lloyd George Budget, the defeat of the House of Lords, and National Workmen's Insurance — are here treated at length. The text of each act is given, its historical setting explained, and ex- tracts inserted from the liveliest speeches in Parliament for and against it. History as Past Ethics By PHILIP VAN NESS MYERS $1.50 A distinct contribution to historical litera- ture and the historical viewpoint. History is treated in its ethical significance, and there is a detailed study of moral life in all the stages of historic evolution. Aristotle on the Art of Poetry Translated and adapted by LANE COOPER 80 cents This amplified version of the "Poetics" aims to make Aristotle's treatise immediately intelli- gible to the general reader through interpolated comments after obscure passages. In particular, Aristotle's examples are expanded, and additional examples from Shakespeare, Milton, and other familiar sources given. Social Forces in Modern Literature By PHILO M. BUCK, Jr $1.00 A study of the attitude of the six leading European writers of the past century towards the problems arising from our complex social life. The authors discussed are Montesquieu, Rousseau, Lessing, Goethe, Wordsworth, and Shelley. BOSTON GINN AND COMPANY, Publishers NEW YORK CHICAGO LONDON

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IV The ]STation [Vol. 97, No. 2515 SELECTED LIST OF NEW BOOKS, 1912-13 Railroads: Rates an Regulation By William z. Ripley. 677 pp. By mail $3.2C, Net $3.00. The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century By R. H. Tawney. 476 pp. Net $3.00 Organized Democracy: An Introduction to the Study of American Politics By Frederick A. Cleveland. 515 pp. By mail $2.06; Net $2.5U. Experiments in Industrial Organization By Edward Cadbury. 318 pp. Net $1.60 Chapters from Modern Psychology By James Rowland Angell. 316 pp By mail $1.48; Net $1.35. Present Philosophical Tendencies By Ralph Barton Perry. 399 pp. By mail $2.76; Net $2.60. Handbook cf the History of Philosophy Volume I By Dr. Albert Stockl. 451 pp Net $3.75. Questions of the Day in Philosophy and Psychology By Herbert L. Stewart 296 pp. Net $3.00. Introductory Philosophy By Charles A. Dubray. 645 pp. $2.60. Science and the Human Mind By William C. D. Whetham and Catherine D. Whetham. 31R pp. Net $1.60. Practical Geometry and Graphics By David Allan Low. 456 pp. Net $2.50. Geometrical Optics By A. S. Percival. 140 pp. Net $1.50. A First Course in Algebra By Frederick C. Kent. 270 pp. $1.00. Monographs on Topics of Modern Mathematics Relevant to the Elementary Field Edited by J. W. A. Young. 424 pp. $3.00. Advanced Textile Design By William Watson. 374 pp. Net $4.00. Elements of Plane Trigonometry By Daniel A. Murray. 247 pp. 75 cents. Differential and Integral Calculus By Lorrain S. Hulburt, Johns Hop- kins University. 499 pp. $2.25. Magnetism and Electricity By E. E. Brooks and A. W. Potser. 641 pp. Net $2.00. Theory and Calculation of Electric Currents By J. L. La Cour and O. S. Bragstad. 500 pp. Net $5.00. Electricity and Magnetism By Sidney G. Starling. 529 pp. Net $2.25. General Physics By William Watson. 551 pp. $2.10. Researches in Color Vision and the Trichromatic Theory By Sir William Abney. 432 pp. Net $6.00. Steam Turbines, Their Theory and Ccnstructicn By H. M. Martin. 380 pp. Net $8.50. Theory of Structures By Arthur Morley. 586 pp. Net $2.50. Elementary Internal Combustion Engines By J. W. Kershaw. 182 pp. Net 90 cents. Liquid Steel, Its Manu- facture and Cost By David Carnegie and S. C. Glad- wyn. 530 pp. Net $7.50. Principles of Setting-Out, Securing and Tool- ing Operations By Alfred Parr. 302 pp. Net $2.50. Coal and the Prevention of Explosions and Fires in Mines By John Harger. 192 pp. Net $1.25. Textile Design and Color By William Watson. 372 pp. Net $2.50. Practical Bacteriology, Microbiology and Serum Therapy By Dr. A. Besson. 922 pp. Net $10.50. Organic Chemistry for Advanced Students Volume II By Julius B. Cohen, University of Leeds. 434 pp. Net $4.50. A Foundation Course in Chemistry for Students of Agriculture and Technology By J. W. Dodgson and J. Alan Mur- ray. 254 pp. Net $1.10. Osmotic Pressure By Alexander Findlay. 90 pp. Net $1.00. Chemistry of Plant Products By Paul Hass and T. G. Hill. 416 pp. Net $2.25. A Dictionary of Applied Chemistry By Sir Edward Thorpe. Volume I. 766 pp. Net $13.50. Volume II. 794 pp. Net $'3.50. Volume III. 797 pp. Net $13.50. Volume IV. 735 pp. Net $13.50. Volume V. Ready in November. The Chemistry of Bread-Making By James Grant. 323 pp. Net $1.40. Practical Chemistry for Engineering Students By Arthur J. Hale. 211 pp. Net $1.00. Modern Inorganic Chemistry By J. W. Mellor. 878 pp. $2.20. Soil Conditions and Plant Growth By E. J. Russell. 176 pp. Net $1.50. Per-Acids and Their Salts By T. Slater Price. 130 pp. Net $1.00. Mental and Physical Life of School Children By P. SANDiKonn. Net $1.35. Moral Instruction: Its Theory and Practice By F. J. Gould. 208 pp. Net 90 cents. Experimental Education By Robert R. Rusk. 312 pp. Net $1.40. Published by Xongmans, (Brcen, & Go, Fourth Ave. and 30th St. New York

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Sept. ii, 1913] The Nation NEW BOOKS WORTH KNOWING ENGLISH BROWN AND BARNES'S ART OF WRITING ENGLISH Nearly Ready 1; ROLLO U\i;nOK BROWN, Professor of Rhetoric and Composition in Wabash College; and NATHANIEL WARING BARNES, Professor of English Composition in De Pauw University. HALLECK'S NEW ENGLISH LITERATURE $1.30 By REUBEN POST HALLECK, M.A., LL.D., author of History of English Literature, History of American Lit- erature, and Psychology and Psychic Culture. STEEVES AND RISTINE'S REPRESENTATIVE ESSAYS IN MODERN THOUGHT, A BASIS FOR COMPOSITION $1.50 Edited by HARRISON ROSS STEEVES, A.M., Instruc- tor in English. Columbia University; and FRANK HUM- PHREY HIST1NE, Ph.D., Acting Professor of English Literature, Hamilton College, sometime Instructor in Columbia University. WATKINS'S PUBLIC SPEAKING FOR HIGH SCHOOLS $0.75 By DWIGHT EVERETT WATKINS, A.M., Professor of Public Speaking and Instructor in English Literature, Knox College; formerly Instructor in Public Speaking, Akron, Ohio, High School ; Knox College Exchange Pro- fessor, Harvard University, 1912-1913. WEBSTER'S SECONDARY- SCHOOL DICTIONARY $1.50 Abridged from Webster's NEW INTERNATIONAL Dic- tionary. Buckram, 8vo, 864 pp. 70,000 words and phrases. 1,000 illustrations. Indexed, $1.80. HISTORY AND CIVICS FISH'S DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN NATIONALITY Nearly Ready By CARL RUSSELL FISH, Professor of American His- tory, University of Wisconsin. HARDING'S NEW MEDIEVAL AND MODERN HISTORY $1.50 By SAMUEL BANNISTER HARDING, Ph.D., Professor of European History, Indiana University. WOLFSON'S OUTLINE FOR REVIEW IN CIVICS $0.25 By ARTHUR MAYER WOLFSON, Ph.D., Principal, Julia Richman High School, New York City. LATIN AND GREEK GALLUP'S LATIN READER $0.50 By FRANK A. GALLUP, Principal, High School, Albany, N. Y. HUMPHREYS'S DEMOSTHENES ON THE CROWN Smyth's Greek Series $1.25 Edited by MILTON W. HUMPHREYS, Professor of Greek, University of Virginia. SMITH'S TIBULLUS (Morris and Morgan's Latin Series) $1.50 By KIRBY FLOWER SMITH, Professor of Latin, Johns Hopkins University. YOUNG'S PERCEPTION CARDS FOR PEARSON'S ESSENTIALS OF LATIN $2.00 Arranged by WALTER H. YOUNG, Superintendent, Drum Hill School, Peekskill, N. Y. SCIENCE COULTER'S PLANT LIFE AND PLANT USES $1.20 By JOHN G. COULTER, Ph.D. GANNETT, GARRISON, AND HOUSTON'S COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY New Edition $1.25 By HENRY GANNETT, formerly Geographer, U. S. Geo- logical Survey, and Twelfth Census; CARL L. GARRI- SON, Principal, Morgan School, Washington, D. C; and EDWIN J. HOUSTON, A.M., Ph.D.; Emeritus Professor of Physical Geography and Physics, Central High School, Philadelphia, Pa. HOADLEY'S ESSENTIALS OF PHYSICS $1.25 By GEORGE A. HOADLEY, C.E., Sc.D., Professor of Physics, Swarthmore College. MAYNE AND HATCH'S HIGH SCHOOL AGRICULTURE $1.00 By D. D. MAYNE, Principal of School of Agriculture, and Professor of Agricultural Pedagogics, University of Min- nesota; and K. L. HATCH, Professor of Agricultural Education, University of Wisconsin. REEVE'S PHYSICAL LABORATORY GUIDE $0.60 By FREDERICK C. REEVE, E.E., Master in Physics, Newark Academy, Newark, N. J. MODERN LANGUAGES CRAMER'S CA ET LA EN FRANCE Nearly Ready By J. GRANT CRAMER, formerly Instructor in Modern Languages, Lehigh University, and Instructor of French and German, De Witt Clinton High School, New York City. DOWLING'S READING, WRITING, AND SPEAKING SPANISH Nearly Ready By MARGARET CAROLINE DOWLING, B.L., Instructor in Spanish, Mission High Schools, San Francisco. FONTAINE'S FRENCH PROSE COMPOSITION Nearly Ready By C. FONTAINE, Assistant Professor of the Romance Languages and Literatures, Columbia University. GRIMM'S DIE SIEBEN REISEN SINBADS Nearly Ready Edited by K. C. H. DRECHSEL, A.M., Master of German, Episcopal Academy, Philadelphia, Pa. GYP'S PETIT BLEU Nearly Ready Edited by F. TH. MEYLAN, Head of the Department of French, St. Agatha School. New York. MATHEMATICS COLLINS'S ADVANCED ALGEBRA $1.00 By JOSEPH V. COLLINS, Ph.D., Professor of Mathe- matics, State Normal School, Stevens Point, Wis. SMITH'S PLANE and SOLID GEOMETRY $1.25 SOLID GEOMETRY $0.75 By EUGENE RANDOLPH SMITH, A.M., Headmaster, Park School, Baltimore, Md. SNYDER AND HUTCHINSON'S ELEMENTARY TEXTBOOK ON THE CALCULUS $2.20 By VIRGIL SNYDER, Ph.D., and JOHN IRWIN HUT- CHINSON, Ph.D., Professors of Mathematics, Cornell University. Our 1913 Catalogue of High School and College Textbooks Sent to Any Address on Request AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO

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VI The ]ST a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2515 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AMERICAN BRANCH erieg Edited by H. L. Hutton, M.A. Fcap, 8vo, stiff cloth, pp. 96, with questionnaire, direct method exercises, short notes in French, and French-English vocabulary. NEW VOLUMES. L'HISTOIRE DES DEUX FRERES DU BARBIER Et Autres Contes Tires des 'Mille et une Nulls' Par Galland. Adapted and edited by F. W. M. Draper, B.A., L.esL. 25 cents. SIX CONTES-Tires des Souvenirs d'Enlant et des Contes de Bonne Perrette Par Rene Bazin. Edition autoris^e. Edited by G. H. Clarke, M.A. 50 cents. INNOCENT AU COLLEGE- Episode tire de 'Les Deux NIgauds' Par Madame de Segub. Adapted and edited by R. W. Hallows. 25 cents. PLAUTUS: Aulularia Edited by E. J. Thomas. Crown, 8vo. $1.10. TACITUS: Annals, Book V, VI, XI, XII With introduction and notes. Abridged from the larger work of Henry Furneaux, by H. Pitman. 90 cents. CHURCH AND STATE IN THE MIDDLE AGES- The Ford Lectures delivered at Oxlord in 1905 By A. L. Smith. 8vo, cloth. $2.50. THE CLARENDON GEOGRAPHY. Vol. II, Asia, Africa and Australasia, America By F. D. Herbertson. 75 cents. HANDIWORK AND ITS PLACE IN EARLY EDUCATION By Laika L. Plaisted. Crown 8vo, cloth. $1.35. THE PHYSICAL AND POLITICAL SCHOOL ATLAS By J. G. Bartholomew, LL.D., F.R.G.S. 4to. 35 cents. ATLAS NOTES By J. C. Chute, M.A. 25 cents. ANIMAL GEOGRAPHY The Faunas of the Natural Regions of the Globe liy M UHON 1. Newbioin. Crown 8vo. $1.10. THE CROWN OF HINDUISM By J. N. Fabquhab, M.A. 8vo, cloth. $3.00. THE FUTURE OF CHRISTIANITY By D. Maodonaid, I) I) Ciown 8vo, cloth. $2.50. THE EARLY LIFE OF MARK RUTHERFORD (W. Hale White) liy Himself. $1.00. LIFE AND LETTERS IN ROMAN AFRICA By K. S. BOUOHTBB, M.A. $1.40. SEND FOR CATALOGUE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, AMERICAN BRANCH 35 West 32nd Street, New York

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Sept. ii, 1913J The Nation Vll Economics Texts By Members of the Department of Political Economy, University of Chicago OUTLINES OF ECONOMICS DEVELOPED IN A SERIES OF PROBLEMS 160 pages, interleaved, 12mo., cloth; price, $1.00; postpaid, $1.13. MATERIALS FOR THE STUDY OF ELEMENTARY ECONOMICS 900 pages, 8vo, cloth; price, $2.75; postpaid, $3.00. The "Outlines of Economics Developed in a Series of Problems" consists of a careful analytical syllabus of the subjects usually covered in the introductory economics course, accompanied by some 1,200 questions and problems. The student is enabled through the use of the inductive method embodied in this book to compre- hend the subject clearly, and to construct in outline the entire system. The ".Materials for the Study of Elementary Economics" contains a wealth of illustrative material gath- ered from the entire field of economic literature, both scholastic and commercial, which has been thoroughly tried out during the past three years in the economic classes of the University of Chicago. Brief explanatory notes will serve to guide the student in an understanding of selections set before him. Biological Laboratory Manuals ANIMAL M1CROLOQY: Practical Exercises in Microscopical Methods By MICHAEL F. OUTER, Professor of Zoology, University of Wisconsin. 250 pages, 8vo, cloth; price, $1.75; postpaid, $1.88. METHODS IN PLANT HISTOLOGY By CHARLES J. CHAMBERLAIN, Associate Professor of Bot- any, University of Chicago. Second edition, revised and much enlarged; 272 pages, with 88 illustrations, 8vo, cloth; price, $2.25; postpaid, $2.39. A LABORATORY GUIDE BACTERIOLOGY IN By PAUL G. HE1NEMANN, Instructor in Bacteriology, Uni- versity of Chicago. Second edition revised and enlarged, 158 pages, interleaved, with 37 illustrations, 12mo, cloth; price, $1.50; postpaid, $1.59. FOR Mathematics Texts FIRST=YEAR MATHEMATICS SECONDARY SCHOOLS 378 pages, 12mo, cloth; price, $1.00; postpaid, $1.15. SECOND=YEAR MATHEMATICS FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS 296 pages, 12mo, cloth; price, $1.50; postpaid, $1.63. TEACHER'S MANUAL FOR FIRST= YEAR MATHEMATICS 176 pages, 12mo, cloth; price, 80 cents; postpaid, 89 cents. By GEORGE W. MYERS, Professor of the Teaching of Mathe- matics and Astronomy, College of Education, University of Chicago, and the Instructors in Mathematics in the University High School. The most striking departure from the old method of teaching consists in the fusing of arithmetic, algebra, and geometry into a single study. To confine the student to the handling of symbols for one year and to the study of forms for another is to shut out all possibility of natural develop- ment. Instead he is now led to express geometrical facts by algebra, and to illustrate algebraic ones by geometry, and thus to grasp the essential facts that underlie both. English Literature Texts ENGLISH POEMS Selected and Edited with Illustrative and Explanatory Notes and Bibliographies By WALTER C. BRONSON, Professor of English Litera- ture, Brown University. OLD ENGLISH AND MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIODS 424 pages, 12mo, cloth; price, $1.00; postpaid, $1.15. THE ELIZABETHAN AGE AND THE PURITAN PERIOD 543 pages, 12mo, cloth; price, $1.00; postpaid, $1.15. THE RESTORATION AND THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 538 pages, 12mo, cloth; price, $1.00; postpaid, $1.15. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 619 pages, 12mo, cloth; price, $1.00; postpaid, $1.15. This series of four volumes is intended primarily to afford college classes in English literature a convenient, inexpensive, and scholarly collection of the most important English poetry. AMERICAN POEMS By W. C. BRONSON. Presents in survey the best poetry of all the significant poets so as to show the development of American literature. 669 pages, 12mo, cloth; price, $1.50; postpaid, $1.68. QUESTIONS ON SHAKESPEARE By ALBERT H. TOLMAN, Associate Professor of English, University of Chicago. A plan of study intended to de- velop the student's personal judgment. Part I, an introduction to the study of Shakespeare, contains a study of his language and verse, and also a gen- eral biography. 220 pages, 16mo, cloth; price, 75 cents; postpaid, 81 cents. Part II contains detailed questions on the first his- tories, poems, and comedies. 364 pages, 16mo, cloth ; price, $1.00; postpaid, $1.09. In pamphlet form, "Questions" on eight of the plays have been published at 17 cents each, postpaid. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS AGENTS The linker &. Taylor Company, New York: The Cambridge Onlver»ltr l'n's*. London and Edinburgh | Karl \v. Illersciiin n 11, Leipslgj The Ma imiach-KuImimIi iUi-K a islm. Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto,

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Vlll The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2515 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS JOHN WILEY & SONS, inc. 432 Fourth Avenue, New York City London: CHAPMAN & HALL, Ltd. Montreal, Canada: RENOUF PUB. CO. The Theory and Practice of Working Plans (Forest Organization). By A. B. RECKNAGEL, B.A., M.P., Professor of Forestry, Cornell University. 8vo, ix+235 pages, 6 half-tone plates. Cloth, $2.00 net. Heat A Manual for Technical and Industrial Students. By J. A. Randall, Instructor in Physics, School of Science and Technology, Pratt Institute. Small 8vo, xiv+331 pages, 80 figures. Cloth, $1.50 net. The Gas, Petrol and Oil Engine Volume II. The Gas, Petrol and Oil Engine in Practice. By Dugald Clerk, D.Sc, F.R.S., M.Inst. C.E., Member of Council of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers; and G. A. Burls, M.Inst.C.E., Member of Council of the Institu- tion of Automobile Engineers. 8vo, ix+838 pages, 481 fig- ures. Cloth, $7.50 net. Dairy Technology A Treatise on the City Milk Supply, Milk as a Food, Ice Cream Making, By-products of the Creamery and Cheesery, Fermented Milks, Condensed and Evaporated Milks, Milk Powder, Renovated Butter, and Oleomargarine. By C. Larsen, M.S. A., Professor of Dairy Husbandry, South Dakota State College, Brookings, S. D., and Wm. White, B.S. Small 8vo, xiii+298 pages, 46 figures. Cloth, $1.50 net. Chloride of Lime in Sanitation By Albert H. Hooker, Technical Director of the Hooker Electrochemical Company. 8vo, v+231 pages. Cloth, $3.00. Gas Power By C. F. Hirrhfeld, M.M.E., Professor of Power Engineer- ing, Sibley College, Cornell University, and T. C. Ulbricht, M.M.E., Instructor, Department of Power Engineering, Sib- ley College, Cornell University. Small 8vo, x+209 pages, 60 figures. Cloth, $1.25 net. Electric Furnaces in the Iron and Steel Industry By Dipl. Ing. W. Rodenhauser, E.E., and I. Schoenawa. From Advance Sheets of the Second German Edition. Au- thorized Translation with additions by C. H. V011 Baur, E. E. 8vo, xvi+419 pages, 146 figures. Cloth, $3.50 net. Textbook on Highway Engineering By Arthur H. Blanchard, C.E., A.M., Professor of Highway Engineering in Columbia University, and Henry B. Drowne, C.E., Instructor in Highway Engineering in Colum- bia University. 8vo, xiii+762 pages, 234 figures, and 4 charts. Cloth, $4.50 net. Studies of Trees The Loose Leaf Field and Laboratory Manual of the Wiley Technical Series, An Elementary Manual for High Schools, Agricultural Schools, Colleges, and Private Schools. By J. J. Levison, M.F., Lecturer on Ornamental and Shade Trees, Yale University Forest School; Forester to the Department of Parks, Brooklyn, N. Y. (A booklet giving the titles and prices of the pamphlets now ready and in preparation, will be forwarded upon appli- cation.) Computations for Marine Engines By C. H. Peabody, Professor of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 8vo, iv+209 pages, 52 figures. Cloth, $2.50 net. The Catskill Water Supply of New York City History, Location, Sub-surface Investigations and Con- struction. By Lazartis White, Assoc. Member, American Society of Civil Engineers, Division Engineer, Board of Water Supply. 8vo, xxxii + 755 pages, profusely illustrated with 239 cuts, including figures in the text and full-page illustrations. Cloth, $6.00 net. The Volatile Oils Bv E. GILDBMEISTEE anil Fr. HOFFMANN. Fir: I Volume. S r • - • 1 Kirbt, < I.E., Profesi or of I Eni ring I olli " Iet3 for the Promotii 1 HlduoaMon, Bvo Cloth, $1.25 oel

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Sept. ii, 1913] The ]NTation IX YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS New Haven, Conn. 225 Fifth Avenue, New York City THE COLLEGE CHAUCER Edited by Henry Noble MacCracken, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of English, Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University. With notes, glossary, etc. The College Chaucer provides with due regard to the moderate size, attractive page, and readable print required in a modern textbook, as much of Chaucer as can be given in a single volume. The teacher may welcome the opportunity offered here of varying his course from year to year without change of text, and the possi- bilities presented of full cross-reference and helpful "outside" readings. The editorial apparatus has been compressed within the smallest possible compass, while a glossary of greater than average fullness supplies the place of the usual notes. The Appendix contains only such additional matter as the beginner absolutely needs before attempting to read Middle English. Confusion in morphology and pronunciation is greatly lessened in this edition by etymologies given in the glossary, which supply source-materials for correction of manuscript peculiarities. On the other hand, the student has not been relieved of his proper labor by any device of friendly dots or italics. Footnotes are reserved for the indication of necessary variation from manuscript readings. 12mo. 650 pages. Cloth binding. Price $1.50 net; postage 20 cents extra. ENGLISH LYRICAL POETRY From Its Origins to the Present Time By Edward Bliss Reed, Assistant Professor of Eng- lish, Yale University. "He has brought to his task the necessary knowledge of the scholar and student of literature, and, what is much rarer — taste, judgment, and a broad perspective." — The Athenwum. "Well balanced historical study of the whole field of English lyrical poetry." — American Library Association Book List. "Professor Reed's new history of English lyrical poetry fills a long-felt want. Professor Reed has a genius for reconstructing a period, and a quick eye for essentials. English Lyrical Poetry will undoubtedly be useful in college courses, but it can also be heartily recommended to the gentle 'general reader.' " — H. M. Boynton in the New York Times Saturday Review. 8vo. Cloth binding. Gilt top. 616 pages. Price $2.25 net; postage 20 cents extra. STELLAR MOTIONS With Special Reference to Motions Deter- mined by Means of the Spectrograph By William Wallace Campbell, Sc.D., LL.D., Director of the Lick Observatory, University of California. (Six- liman Memorial Lectures.) Svo. 325 pages. Diagrams and illustrations. Index. Price $4.00 net; postage 25 cents extra. SOME INFLUENCES IN MOD- ERN PHILOSOPHIC THOUGHT By Arthur T. Hadley, Ph.D., LL.D., President of Yale University. Being the fifth series of John Calvin McNair Lectures before the University of North Caro- lina. (Second printing.) 12mo. Cloth binding. 146 pages. Index. Price $1.00 net; postage 10 cents extra. 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Edited with ax Introduction by Albert Galloway Ki.i.ler, Ph.D., Professor of the Science of Society, Yale University. (Second printing.) 8vo. Cloth binding. Gilt top. 381 pages. Price $2.25 net; postage 22 cents extra.

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X T he 3ST a t i o n [Vol.97, No. 2515 HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY'S IMPORTANT BOOKS OF THE EARLY FALL Letters and Recollections OF ALEXANDER AGASSIZ With a Sketch of His Work and Life by George R. Agassiz In the annals of American science, the work of Alexander Agassiz is quite as notable as . that of his father, Louis Agassiz. No less remarkable than the definite advances in science due to his energy and ability was the effectiveness and charm of his personality. His Letters and Recollections, arranged and compiled by his son, with a sketch of his work and life, present him to the reader fully and adequately. Dealing, as they do, with his explorations in many fields, with his steady constructive work in the building of a great museum, they present a story of a life of fascinating interest. Illustrated. $3.50 net. Postage 21 cents. GREEK IMPERIALISM By William Sc-Stt Ferguson. 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The Nation xbw YORK, rm rbday, bbptbmbbr ii, 1913. ; i0r it was the least defensible of all ; of recall of judges, adopt towards that = taxes — a tax on learning. Fortunately, ! scheme, he referred to it, in his Amer- The Week those protests were so successful, al- ; ican Bar Association address, as "the The special Congressional election in tho Third District of Maine was fought over with peculiar intensity. It was the first test of party strength, on tradition- ally debatable fighting-ground, since Roosevelt finished his meteoric cam- paign, since the Republican party re- ceived the stunning blow of being plac- ed third in the popular vote of the na- tion, since the beginning of President Wilson's Administration, and especially since the absolute identification of the Democratic party with a sharp reduc- tion of the tariff, now on the eve of go- ing into effect. The Republican candi- date has been elected by a plurality of about five hundred, being a little less than the Republican plurality in the Congressional election of last Novem- ber; but as the Progressives had no can- didate in that election, this must be ac- counted a distinct gain for the Republi- cans. The Progressives polled a vote of only about 6,500, as against 13,236 for Roosevelt last year; and this in spite of a most strenuous campaign on their part — an outcome that falls in line with a long series of indications all over the country of the want of stay- ing power in the Progressive ranks. As for tho relation of the vote to Presi- dent Wilson and the Democratic tariff policy, inasmuch as the number of vot- ers in this Maine district who cast their ballots for the Democratic candidate for Congress on Monday was about 14,600, while the total number of votes cast for Wilson for President was 14,692, it is evidently impossible — in spite of the Democrats' disappointment in not carry- ing the district — to find in the result any trustworthy sign of that anti-tar- iff-reform reaction upon which the Re- publicans are counting. though made at the last moment, that no one can doubt, hereafter, that it pays to oppose unyieldingly a deliberately planned injustice. With reason triumph- ing in this case, there is no ground tion. Mr. Taft urged, what it seems im- why anybody should despair of yet get- possible that any person who has ting tho similarly incomprehensible tax thought seriously on the subject can on art removed when the conferrees of | doubt, that not subjection to removal by preposterous innovation of judicial re- call." And the reasons for its prepos- terousness were clearly indicated in the address, both directly and by implica- the two houses meet. We again urge every one interested to make it clear to Mr. Underwood how widespread is an irresponsible majority of voters, but independence of passing clamors and assurance of permanent tenure are need- the feeling of disgust at so backward ed to raise the quality of the adminis- "Foreign books were returned to the free list as originally provided in the House." Thus ran a brief but impor- tant item in the Washington dispatches reporting Monday's happenings in the Senate. By foreign books is meant, of course, books in foreign languages. The proposal to put a tariff on them led to the most vigorous protests on all sides, and anti-democratic a proposal. The House of Representatives did the expected thing in passing the Hetch- Hetchy bill. The Committee on Public Lands had unanimously approved the scheme, and had submitted a report pil- ing up all the pleas that could possibly be made in its favor, while giving ex- tremely scant attention to the protests of those who are earnestly opposing the project as one that will destroy the dis- tinctive character of a wonderful na- tional park. Upon many readers of this report, it will doubtless make the im- pression of having shown that the pos- ! for "full defence, hearing, and argu- session of the Hetch-Hetchy water sup- ment." And he might have added, what ply is indispensable to the welfare of is no less important, that the vote for San Francisco. This, however, is by no j removal is the recorded action of a means the fact. Not only does the re- 1 small and definite number of conspicu- port fail to show that the Hetch-Hetchy ' ous men, whereas in the proposed recall tration of justice by American judges. That accessibility to some process less difficult than that of impeachment may be desirable, Mr. Taft does not deny; but he refers with fully justified scorn to the loose and ignorant identification of the recall nostrum, by some of its advocates, with the method of removal "by joint resolution of the House and Senate, in analogy to the method of re- moving judges in England through an address of both houses to the king." This method, which has long existed in some of our States, manifestly provides, as the ex-President says, an opportunity supply is indispensable; it does not even assert that such is the case. All that is contended, in the repeated references made to the matter throughout the re- port, is that the Hetch-Hetchy supply is the most accessible or the most eco- nomical source available to San Fran- cisco; and very little indication is even given of the degree of this advantage. We have no doubt that a large part of the favorable vote was due to the false impression, conveyed not by the specific statements of fact, but by the tone and temper of the report, that the San Fran- ciscans have no other practical re- course. by popular vote the odium of an un- just vote cannot be brought home to any of the thousands who deposit their ballot in secrecy against a judge who may have incurred, whether through merit or through fault, the immediate dislike of a majority. We cannot sympathize with the posi- tion of Secretary Daniels in refusing to accept the resignations of naval officers who wish to return to civil life, or to grant the applications of those who wish to go on the retired list volun- tarily. Mr. Daniel9 is of the opinion that an officer educated for the navy at Government expense has no right to Mr. Taft has the courage of his con- resign when he can get a better oppor- victions on the subject of the judiciary, tunity in civil life. But the contrary So far from assuming that "good Lord, has been the policy of the Navy Depart- good devil" attitude which some per- ment since the beginning of this Gov- sons, even though they dislike the idea i ernment, with the exception of war-

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2 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2515 time. It has always been felt that these resignations were of benefit to the whole service by accelerating the flow of promotion, and by increasing the number of trained officers available in war time. It was conclusively shown during the war with Spain that officers who had resigned were only too willing to volunteer for war service, unless pre- vented by reasons of health. They have always felt themselves under a moral obligation to rejoin the navy in a na- tional emergency. At this very moment, the House Naval Committee is consid- ering testimony with a view to reliev- ing the stagnation in promotion now existing in the navy's personnel. Yet the Secretary of the Navy is deliberate- ly increasing that stagnation by refus- ing to permit men to resign or to re- tire voluntarily. In the matter of permitting officers of thirty and forty years' service to retire, Secretary Garrison has taken with the army the same rigid position. The Nation has always been opposed to the unnecessary increase of the retired list, repeatedly calling attention, during the Spanish and Philippine war, to an abuse which Congress finally stopped — the loading up of the retired list with offi- cers who merely served for a day or two as brigadier-generals. It has also urged that there be stricter physical ex- aminations, on entrance into the ser- vice, to prevent the breaking down of young officers. But we cannot feel that there would be any grave danger to the Treasury of the United States, or to the services themselves, if Secretary Garri- son and Secretary Daniels should per- mit every officer above the rank of ma- jor or commander to retire who so desir- ed. There were twelve such army retire- ments in 1910, 24 in 1911, 27 in 1912, and there have been only 12 thus far in 1913. Moreover, the officer who wants to get out of the service, or is unhappy because he cannot retire, is not apt to add to the contentment of his com- rades, or to be himself at the high-wa- ter mark of efficiency. Candor compels one to say that the Polo Grounds, in their dingy surround- ings of railway trestles and factory chimneys, are not the ideal setting for the brilliant display that has made Franklin Field in late November a very fair approach to the jousting places or European knighthood in its flower. But the poetry of color and motion is one thing, and the increased receipts avail- able at the Polo Grounds is another. It may very well be that the Army-Navy game will set a fashion. The people of New York have had no chance to see first-class football since the big college teams ceased dropping in on Colum- bia's, which means that the people of this city have been deprived of the most stirring of all athletic spectacles. The Army-Navy football game at the Polo Grounds in November will bring to New York a welcome touch of color. For a city of its size, New York has very little of the brave pageantry of gold lace and epaulets. Even the fra- ternal, benevolent, and protective or- ders do not parade as they used to do. Chicago taxpayers are having an op- portunity of comparing the cost of ad- ministration under the merit system with that under the spoils system. For two years the county offices were filled by appointment following examination. Then, a few months ago, the State Su- preme Court declared the County Civil Service law unconstitutional because of the careless failure of the Legislature to print amendments to the bill. The consequence was to reopen these places to the politicians. Now the County Civil Service Commission estimates that an annual saving of more than a million dollars would be possible by the restor- ation of civil service rules. Heads of departments managed in some instances to retain a few positions for their per- sonal disposal, and it was absolutely necessary to keep some of the old em- ployees, but "there was an agreement that the great bulk of the county posi- tions should be pooled in the hands of the County Committee." This Commit- tee proceeded to allot the places to par- ty leaders, according to the vote polled in their districts. Thirty of the result- ing appointees are "pluralists," being on the pay-rolls of the State, city, and park districts. Nine of these are mem- bers of the Legislature! Not only is in- competence the rule in offices so filled, but the only limit to the number of em- ployees "needed" is the tax limit. bond issue of $3,500,000 for the exten- sion of the municipal railway system, and 13,000 were cast against it. The total vote was less than half of the reg- istration. Yet the issue cannot be called an unimportant one. Nor were the vot- ers without a basis for deciding it. For a year the city has operated a short stretch of road. Had it been sufficient- ly successful with it to be entrusted with more? All that the election set- tled was that a large majority of a considerable minority of the voters thought that it had. To the country at large this experiment in municipal own- ership will be of great interest, owing to its scale. It is to be tried, too, un- der conditions which ought to make it comparatively easy for the citizens to judge of its success, for the city will be a competitor with the present private system. The duplication of tracks in- volved is unfortunate, but is an inci- dent in the failure of the city and the company to effect an agreement regard- ing extension of the latter's franchises. The familiar habit of staying at home and letting somebody else do the vot- ing was conspicuous in an election in San Francisco the other day, in which 51,000 ballots were cast in favor of a Among the sweet uses found in the agricultural adversity of Kansas is the impulse it has given to the employment of county advisers. This new profes- sion, in the words of a Topeka official, offers a golden opportunity to country lads who now "go in for business and professional clerkships at pay that rare- ly reaches an appreciable figure." Five Illinois counties, with the assistance of Chicago firms, have already hired grad- uates in agriculture to give their farm- ers counsel in planting, reaping, and maintaining the fertility of their land. For $3,000 they can have a soil analyst and crop and stock expert who, when duties crowd upon him, commands the aid of the whole State University corps. It seems likely that in time only the number of counties will limit the pro- fession. As one way of making the ag- ricultural college come to the people, and overcoming the handicap under which untrained farmers labor, the In- novation is said to appeal even to those who think illiberally of higher educa- tion. In Illinois, to see your schooled neighbor getting ahead of you; in Kan- sas, to watch the inroads of the drought — is a potent argument for procuring the public services of a "demonstrator" of advanced farming Ideas. The acclamation of Harry K. Thaw

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Sept. II, 1913] The IsTation 223 by the people of Sherbrooke may be ex- plained more precisely than by saying that human nature is queer. The latest Thaw episode shows that human nature is amazingly persistent. After several thousand years of civilization the prim- itive instincts reassert themselves. There is the primitive hostility to law, and there is the primitive hostility to fact. The crowd pays respect to law in the abstract, but is inclined to make an exception of every specific violation of the law. The crowd acknowledges the authority of fact in the abstract, but, in the specific instance, is too often tempt- ed to assert that what is so is really not so. The Tichborne claimant was proved to be an impostor; therefore he was the rightful heir. Dr. Cook has been Bhown to be a liar; therefore a good many people shake their heads pro- foundly and assert that there must be something behind it all, the apparent conclusion being that behind Cook the liar is Cook the man who told the truth. Harry K. Thaw killed Stanford White; but he is not a murderer. He has been an inmate of a lunatic asy- lum; therefore he is not insane. He is a fugitive from justice; therefore he ought not to be handed back into cus- tody. To an extraordinary extent hu- man nature rejects the work of human progress. We have built up society and retain the anti-social habits. We have celebrated the triumph of science and retain the superstitious frame of mind which rejects evidence and fact. Little by little they are taking the schoolboy's long vacation from him. The time when the schoolhouse and yard were let severely alone for three full months, except for occasional visits from the conscientious janitor, has passed away in many communities, and is rap- idly passing in most of the rest. If this development adds a new touch of bit- terness to the coming of the fateful month of September, the same stoicism that has stood the pupil in good stead heretofore must sustain him still. In many instances, however, the work that is invading his former period of leisure has a novelty that cannot fail to com- mend it. There is agriculture, for ex- ample. Even boys and girls with a keen appreciation of unmortgaged time will be reluctant to hand over to the tender mercies of weeds and parasites the acre of corn and potatoes which they have planted and tended in accordance with the latest principles of scientific farm- ing. To stiffen this interest, an inspec- tor will appear at intervals during the summer, with words of praise or cen- sure for the way in which the crop has been looked after. In an article in the London Econo- mist, entitled "The Revival of the Piano Trade," President Wilson might find interesting confirmation of his favorite view on the wholesomeness of vigorous competition. It appears that some fif- teen or twenty years ago British mak- ers of pianos allowed themselves to be completely outdistanced by their Ger- man competitors. The Germans had been quicker than the British in adopt- ing a number of improvements in piano construction, "with the natural result," says the Economist, "that they steadily gained ground while we lost it, and even our home market ultimately was flooded with the German article." In this country, under the good old pro- tectionist rule which we are now shak- ing off, a flood of this nature would, as a matter of course, have called for the building up of a higher tariff dike to keep it out; but in free-trade England no such thing was possible. Well, what happened? Was the British piano in- dustry ruined? Not at all. The pessi- mists who thought it would be, says the Economist, "reasoned without an adequate knowledge of the grit and dog- gedness which characterizes the cap- tains of most British industries." The British piano-makers had a hard task in making head against the prestige which, through their want of quickness, they had allowed the Germans to obtain; but they stuck to the job and have now fully turned the tide. They have stop- ped the German inroad on the home market, and have regained in large mea- sure their old place in foreign mar- kets. The number of foreign pianos im- ported is less now than it was eight years ago, while the number of British pianos exported has more than doubled in the same time. The affair is not one of world-shaking importance, but it is an excellent object-lesson on the basic elements of wholesome economic policy. Since Theodor Herzl first brought for- ward the idea of a Jewish autonomous state in Palestine under Turkish suze- rainty, the Zionist movement has grown in strength, but the drift has been stead- ily away from Herzl's ambitious plan. The overthrow of Abdul Hamid II and the advent of the Young Turks were serious checks to Zionist aspirations. The new regime at Constantinople aim- ed at bringing the various provinces of the Turkish Empire into closer co- ordination. A self-governing Jewish state in Palestine was necessarily at variance with the new ideas of Turkish nationalism. The recent crushing de- feat of the Turks raises an additional obstacle. With five-sixths of its Euro- pean possessions lost, the Porte is less likely than ever to consent to a scheme which would threaten the dismember- ment of its territory in Asia. The lead- ers of the Zionist movement have rec- ognized the logic of facts. The political phase of the movement has fallen into the background, and greater stress has been laid upon the economic conquest of Palestine through the establishment of a large Jewish agricultural popula- tion. The break with the original idea of Zionism is marked at the congress meeting by the formal secession of Max Nordau, the foremost supporter of Theo- dor Herzl's views. Either the loyalty and discipline of the Japanese people have been exagger- ated or else the population of Tokio is not typical of Japan. The frequent re- currence of rioting in the Mikado's cap- ital certainly betrays no inclination on the part of a considerable number of his subjects to accept witnout protest whatever governmental policy is impos- ed upon them in the Mikado's name. It is a changing Japan, with Parliament defying the Elder Statesmen and wo- men haranguing the crowds. It is a Japan experiencing the growing pains of a mere nation that is becoming a Power. The country is torn betweea imperialistic dreams and a crying need for peace and retrenchment. Those in- timately acquainted with present condi- tions in Japan declare that we have no conception of how crushing is the bur- den of taxation upon the people, and how fierce is the struggle for economic existence. Poverty brings discontent, and the people of Tokio riot. That they should be rioting in favor of a stronger foreign policy, more soldiers, more bat- tleships, in other words, more poverty, is not an unknown phase of crowd psy- chology. ts unit

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2 24: The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 25 is THE LOPSIDED INCOME TAX. Senator Root was in a strong posi- tion to make his speech in the Senate last week, in protest against excessive discrimination in the levying of the in- come tax. Just where he would draw the line, he did not say; like many of Mr. Root's utterances, his speech dealt with the broad principles of the ques- tion rather than with details. And he was in a strong position to say what he did, first because he had firmly advocat- ed the approval of the income-tax amendment by the State of New York, and secondly because he admits the pro- priety of a graded tax. There are objec- tions to a Federal income tax, and there are objections to a graded income tax; but in the face of these objections, Mr. Root, like many others, is convinc- ed that the argument in favor of these things outweighs the argument against them. He falls back, as thoughtful men in general fall back, upon the hope that the representatives of the people will exercise their powers in these matters with sobriety, and in a spirit of fairness and good will. The bill as originally reported ex- empted all incomes up to $4,000. The modifications since made in this regard have not altered the character of this exemption, indeed they have rather in- tensified it; for the $3,000 limit applies only to men without wife or child, while a married man with two children has an exemption of $5,000. The effect of an exemption of this sort is to give to all but a small fraction of the people of the country the feeling that their only personal interest in the tax is that of getting its benefits while bearing no share in its burdens. That this is a most undesirable condition, in a demo- cratic republic, ought to require no in- sistence. With the exception of those who have a hard struggle for the neces- sities of bare subsistence, every citizen ought to feel that in the contributions towards the maintenance of the govern- ment he bears his share, however mod- est, in some sort of fair proportion, along with the wealthiest. What that fair proportion ought to be, there is no scientific rule for determining, but at least it is not zero. And a like consid- eration applies to the question of graded rates. The signal advantage of a tax at a uniform percentage of income is that it does not open the door to exploi- tation that is limited by no principle, and is dependent for its reasonableness solely upon the good sense and good will of the majority. The best thought of the time undoubtedly approves the levying of taxes on those who have a great superfluity at higher rates than on those in moderate circumstances; but the process is not without grave dangers in a democracy. Combining the total exemption of all but a small fraction of the people with the levying of discriminatory rates within that fraction, we have a situation calculated to put the temper of the nation to a severe and critical test. Now what Mr. Root's speech brings to the fore is a consideration over and above all this, a consideration peculiar to our own system of States united into a nation. Over and above the personal discrimination is the fact that the sec- tional distribution will be even more lopsided, and that, consequently, many of our States, as States, will be tempted to look upon the tax as solely a thing to be got, and not a thing to be paid. And, since it happens that, through the equal representation of all the States in the Senate, those States which will do nearly all the paying are grossly un- der-represented in the upper branch of the national Legislature, it is plain that all the danger inherent in a system of high exemption and graded rates is most seriously aggravated under our system of government. It is plain enough, therefore, that Mr. Root's appeal to what may be called the national conscience of the Senators who represent the more thinly settled and less wealthy States is fully needed. The idea of many of them is evidently that the inequality with which the tax will bear on the various States is not only no objection to it, but a positive recom- mendation. In point of fact, such in- equality, in so far as it fairly corre- sponds to the ability of the various States to pay, cannot justly be urged as an objection; but there is a point to which the one-sidedness of a scheme of this kind can be carried which offends not only the instinct of equity, but the instinct of sound politics. An object lesson in the exploitation of the wealthy States, light-heartedly given at the very inception of the income-tax regime, and given with many indications of special pleasure in the perl 0 finance, is calcu- lated to stimulate a spirit which it is not pleasant to see introduced into our national legislation. The Constitution- al prohibition of direct taxes except on the basis of apportionment by popula- tion was designed as a defence against the possible manifestation of such a spirit. That defence, so far as income taxes are concerned, has been removed; and it will not be a gratifying spectacle to find in the first fruits of that remov- al an emphatic argument for those who believed in the need of the Constitution- al protection. PATIENT WITH MEXICO. In quarters where President Wilson's Mexican policy has been regarded with disfavor from the beginning, the at- tempt is now made to stigmatize that policy as one of failure and humilia- tion From Vera Cruz we have had dis- patches recounting the indignities to which those Americans have been sub- jected who have made up their minds to comply with the Administration's ad- vice to leave the country. American residents in Mexico City are described as growing restless under the taunts of foreigners — Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans — who say, "What, still here?" There is pungent criticism of Mr. Bry- an, upon whom responsibility has pre- sumably been laid for the "weak" fea- tures of Washington's diplomacy. On reading these dispatches we at home are expected to share with Americans in Mexico the sense of shame and re- sentment at a policy of abandonment and scuttle. Whatever may be the orig- inal merits of President Wilson's case, we are asked to concur in the simple proposition that no reasons of state and no moral considerations will excuse the sacrifice of this nation's prestige and dignity. This summary is so clearly false to the sober truth of the Mexican situa- tion, that it would scarcely deserve con- sideration if it were not for the fact that when argument touches upon the question of national pride some men are apt to grow insensitive both to log- ic and to facts. Too much stress, there- fore, cannot be laid on the truth, plain to all thinking men, that if the pres- tiee and dignity of this Government have indeed been affected, it is an Injury which the Government has voluntarily and with open eyes inflicted on itself. It is not fear that has forced us into a policy which its opponents are at liber- ty to characterize as cowardly, but a

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Sept. ii, 1913] The N" a t i o n 225 rigorous limitation which we have im- posed upon ourselves. With regard to Mexico our Government has been act- ing under a self-denying ordinance. President Taft began the policy of for- bearance, and President Wilson has con- tinued it. We have been en guard not so much against Mexico as against our- selves. We have risked a possible tempo- rary impainiK nt of our national pres- tige out of consideration for that true national honor and dignity which de- that this great nation shall be faithful to its own permanent democrat- ic traditions, to its own fair name, and to the dictates of international justice and ]> Critics of President Wilson's policy may cry scuttje if they will. But they must forbear from sneering at the same time, as they have been doing, at the idea of a foreign policy based on purely ethical considerations. They have been arguing that it is no concern of ours by what reprehensible means Huerta has made himself the ruler of Mexico. This Government is not called upon to play the role of international censor of morals. Possibly we are not. But it is plain that the Administration at Washington cannot be accused at the same time of being cowardly and of being unduly sensitive to ethical consid- erations. The second accusation kills the first. It may be an unwise policy, but it is not a cowardly policy. Don Quixote was hardly a poltroon. A pow- erful nation confronted by a nation much weaker than itself can afford to be accused of a policy of scuttle. What it cannot afford is to be accused of playing the bully. How long is it since the outside world was grumbling at our Big Stick diplomacy and our shirt- sleeve diplomacy with regard to Latin America? It is possible to imagine an American citizen in Mexico feeling vex- ed under the taunts of his European fel- low-residents. It is not so easy to imagine him feeling ashamed. Once for all, then, it is well to put aside all discussion of President Wil- son's tactics from the point of view that Mr. Hearst likes to assume. We are making temporary sacrifices in Mexico; but we are doing it out of considera- tion for our own best interests in the final result and the best interests of the Mexican people. Whether our efforts have been tending in that direction is the real question to be answered. It is the belief of the Administration that its work has not failed, and public opin- ion in this country is predominantly with the Administration in this belief. It is all very well to argue that the first result of the Lind mission has been to strengthen Huerta's position in the country. We still await evidence on this point. As a result of our interven- tion Huerta may be a little more liked by the kind of people who liked Huerta before. The Constitutionalists have not rallied to him; and they are all the less likely to submit because of the assur- ance that armed intervention by this country is not forthcoming. It is the opponents of Mr. Wilson's "weak-kneed" policy who would have united Mexico against us by this time. THIRTY YEARS OF AN EMPIRE. Thirty years ago there was driven the last spike of the Northern Pacific Rail- road, a simple rusty iron nail, which had also been the first used. With that act there was thrown open to rapid set- tlement the great Northwestern Empire of this country, for the Northern Pa- cific was the first rail connection be- tween Oregon, Washington, Montana, and the East. The ceremony took place in the open country in western Mon- tana, and the presence, among hundreds of distinguished visitors from abroad and the United States, of a number of Indian chiefs was particularly signifi- cant. The day before, the excursionists had passed a Sioux encampment of more than 2,000 persons, among them many warriors who were present seven years before when Custer was killed and his battalion of cavalry exterminat- ed on the Little Big Horn. Almost up to the last year of construction the ad- vance workers on the Northern Pacific had to be protected by United States troops; but after the opening of this railway there was only one more seri- ous Indian outbreak in the Northwest. The driving of the last spike momen- tously affected seven great States and Territories, but none so much as the original owners of the land, for it mark- ed the beginning of the end of the old frontier, as it marked the disappearance of the transcontinental mail-coach. The speeches at the opening of the railway, and at the great celebrations held all along the line from St. Paul to Portland, were not lacking in glowing visions of the future. Here was a stretch of three thousand miles sudden- ly brought into touch with the outside world. Its broad acres contained un- told mineral wealth, and its prairie crops were to feed the entire globe. One had only to scratch the surface to reap the golden harvest, and as for its wa- ter powers and forests, why, in them alone were wealth and happiness for millions of the unborn. The gigantic task just completed of running a rail- way across a little-charted Continent, through hundreds of miles of prairie, desert, "bad lands," and almost pri- meval forest, stirred men not a little, but it was the future that thrilled them more. Lust for the conquest of nature was strong upon them, and their great victory against seemingly insuperable natural obstacles, which they were cele- brating September 3, 1883, was merely to be the prelude to vastly greater con- quests. Not Pizarro nor Balboa, nor Lewis and Clarke themselves at the cli- max of their adventures, were more elated by the new worlds they discov- ered than were the men of the North- west when the Northern Pacific's iron rails bound them to the East and gave them access to the markets of England and Europe. As we look back now it is easy to see that these visions and prophetic fore- casts were warranted enough at the time. But the first few years brought only disappointments. The expectations of immediate prosperity were utterly dispelled by the world-wide depression ot 1883-1886, which checked the looked- for immigration. Thus, the railway, which had earned $12,603,575 gross in 1884, was earning $900,000 less in 1886, with 250 additional miles of track. The farm products of Montana increased in value by only four million- dollars be- tween 1880 and 1890, and in Minne- sota the increase was only 22 millions in that decade, as contrasted with no less than 90 millions of dollars in the next. But the time came when the ex- pected prosperity did not come about. The three Northern Pacific Territories, Dakota, Montana, and Washington, were admitted as States in 1889, and their total population of 250,000 in 1880 had become in 1910 2,095,000, while Minne- sota grew in the same period from 780,- 773 souls to 2,075,708. The Northern Pacific itself earned $72,676,138 in 1912 on a mileage of 6,313, and its net prof-

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3 3<; The ISTatiori [Vol. 97, No. 2515 its were $24,312,632. Who shall say what the next thirty years will bring forth in the same section of the United States? But these material changes are not the only ones that have taken place. Even the disappearance of the buffalo and other big game, the passing of the redskins and the many little army posts whose soldiers kept them in bounds or pursued them when the rapacity of the whites drove them to the warpath — in short, the almost complete transforma- tion of that "West which Theodore Roose- velt, the ranchman, described in the eighties is no more striking than the absolute change in the attitude of this Western empire towards the railways themselves. In 1883 the railway builder was the greatest benefactor in the com- munity; to-day he is forgotten, and his successors are too often regarded mere- ly as enemies of society, to be con- trolled, taxed, and regulated within an inch of their lives. In place of being the greatest asset of the States along its lines, the railway is made an object of suspicion and of hatred — the oppressor of communities, instead of the advance agent of prosperity. In 1870 the States and the Federal Government were ready to make any sacrifice to obtain a Pa- cific railway. It could have all the land it wanted. Was there not abundance? To-day it is the habit to refer to the land grant of such a line as the North- ern Pacific as a "theft of the people's property," without stopping to ask if without it such a road could have main- tained itself in its early days, or if its originators, like Jay Cooke, could have been induced to undertake what seem- ed the impossible task of penetrating the wilderness. With the passing of the pioneer has thus gone a clear un- derstanding of the pioneer's problems. That this great change in the rela- tions of the railway corporation to the community it serves is in part due to the mistakes or actual wrongdoing of railway managers no one can deny. All the more is it a pity that out of that old feeling of enthusiastic acclaim which marked the running of the "first train from St. Paul to Portland there has come the present state of tension and mutual misunderstanding. That was one thing which the orators at the opening of the Northern Pacific did not" see in their justified visions of the coming grandeur of their Northwestern empire — just as they did not know that the finding of gold in Alaska would enor- mously hasten the development of such cities as Tacoma and Seattle. The greater part that was proposed then di- vine Providence has disposed as they wished. Towns, cities, commonwealths flourish to greatness, as their agricul- tural lands blossom into riches, and their mines and forests yield up their treasure. It is the human element itself which has proved incalculable. CHANGING JOURNALISM. From the point of view of the reading public, the newer journalism is preferable to the old. There has, on the whole, been a general improvement in the daily press in the last twenty years — an all-round speeding up. Newspapers of all classes are better written, more readable, more enter- taining, and more attractive than ever they were, and are quite as well informed. Even the greatest of them all, the Times, has been touched with the spirit of modern enterprise at every point, and never reach- ed a higher level of journalistic excellence. These are the words of Mr. Robert Don- ald, the president of the British Insti- tute of Journalists, in his recent ad- dress at the annual conference of that organization. Himself managing edi- tor of the Daily Chronicle, he speaks with the intimate knowledge of the working journalist, and sketches with vivid pen the many startling changes in the British press. But if he records what he chiefly and sanguinely regards as progress, he also admits the growth of far-reaching changes of a less desir- able kind, akin to those that have tak- en place in journalism on this side of the water. He does not, for instance, deny that commercialization has gone on apace. The "proprietorial system" has almost disappeared, the corporation having taken the place of the individ- ual owner, to the extent that nine- tenths of the leading daily newspapers "belong to limited companies"; twelve such, listed on the Stock Exchange, fig- ure in its daily quotations. Naturally, he finds that under this corporate own- ership "the main concern of sharehold- ers, who are investors and not journal- ists, is their dividends, and dividends must be earned even if principle has to suffer in the process." Ride by side with this development has come a distinct check to the in- crease of the number of newspapers in England. That increase has been only 6 per cent, in the morning and evening field for the past twenty years, in which the population has grown 24 per cent., and the reading public at an even faster rate. The explanation of this is not far to seek. It costs large sums nowadays to found newspapers, and the aggressive reaching out into the prov- inces of the London dailies makes the lot of the small-town newspaper less and less secure and inviting. This com- petition is accentuated by the simul- taneous publication of several newspa- pers in two centres. If this has stimu- lated the provincial press to greater ef- forts, it has damaged the advertising of the press as a whole, the advertiser feel- ing that the newspapers of great metro- politan and provincial circulation fill all his needs. The more or less sensational methods of the successful London half- penny papers "make it impossible," Mr. Donald declares, "for papers run on old- fashioned lines to survive." He is sure that the immediate future will see this fierce competition intensified, and more and more of the old-fashioned kind of journals go to the wall. It is the day of the newspaper with tremendous means for special trains, motor-car de- livery services, publicity campaigns, and endless billboard and poster advertis- ing, and Mr. Donald prophesies that twenty years hence an English newspa- per which has not at least a half-mil- lion readers "will not be seriously con- sidered as an organ of the people." The political and social power of these journalistic Dreadnoughts will not be any less, Mr. Donald feels; and then, to console the small journalist who may see himself finally put out of business by the coming use of the aeroplane, airship, "motorplanes run- ning on special tracks," the merging of morning and evening newspapers, with hourly editions by day or by night, which our authority foresees, he adds that there will be a revival of the pure- ly local country newspapers, "much im- proved in form and style." But all newspapers, it appears, will have to fear not so much competition from one another as from new methods of deliv- ering news by cinematograph, tele- phone, or phonograph. This is indubita- bly looking a little far into the future. Hut what we do not get from Mr. Don- ald is some assoranoc dial under the wonderful new condition! the character of newspapers will continue as high and their sense* of reipectablllty to the

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Sept. II, 1913 The Nation 227 public as keen. That is the question which deeply concerns everybody. We wish the omen were more favor- able on this side of the water, or at least clearer. Our worst specimens of the yellow type combine all the bad fea- tures of unscrupulous, irresponsible pro- prietorship and of corporation manage- ment The only thing certain is that the day of the old-fashioned type of newspaper is rendered more difficult by the journal which is the counterpart of the British halfpenny shrieker. There is striking proof of this in a remarka- ble editorial article that has just ap- peared in the Chicago Inter Ocean, which that veteran journalist, Mr. H. H. Kohlsaat, purchased about a year ago. He declares that "from being the purveyors of news and opinions in due perspective for the public, the daily and periodical press have become very large- ly the muckrakers of the universe, the distorters of facts, and the debauchers of thought for the masses, in whom eventually abides the fate of the repub- lic." In his crusade to combat this he has been producing in the Inter Ocean a newspaper according to the ideals of St. Paul in his epistle to the Philip- pians. He has made gratifying pro- gress, but here is the warning which is the real keynote of the editorial: So long as its present editor retains con- trol of the Inter Ocean it will continue faithful to Chicago, true to the higher traditions of journalism, alert and fair in printing the decent news of each day, sane and fearless in discussing the questions of the hour as they arise. But if the business men of Chicago, who have more at stake than the Inter Ocean, fail to accord it steady and generous support, the tempta- tion to stand from under may prove irre- sistible. And then journalism of the "itch- ing palm and wanton eyes" will have its way. It is the problem of every sane jour- nalist which Mr. Kohlsaat confronts, but it is still more the problem of the intelligent public. Over decent and in- decent journalism alike the public has the power of life and death. The ques- tion is simply how far it will utilize this power — whether it will guide to- wards good ends the rapidly changing currents of journalistic activity, or let them be directed solely by the will-o'- the-wisp of individual or corporation gain. FASHIONS IX SMILES. This is the heyday of the twisted smile. Unless you can smile crookedly, you are lost. Time was when a "bitter" smile might finely "wreathe your lips," and all be well. There were also the "cynical," "quiet," "gentle," "excited," "faint," "grim," and ghastly" varieties, formerly regarded as effective. But the latest note from Paris is the "crooked," or "wry," smile. Except your heroine wear it, she might as well wear nothing. Illustrators, it must be admitted, are still afraid of the new fashion. A virgin field, indeed, awaits the bold artist who will at- tempt its portrayal. But it must come. The very best literary modistes have adopted the "crooked" smile, to the exclusion of all others. It is, to begin with, the hall-mark of a perfect lady. Since the days of Van Bibber and The Girl, we have had no more lady- like characters than those of Julian Street. So, when we read in McClure's for August, "Then with a rather crooked little smile, Mrs. Railey asked," we sigh with satis- faction, just as when we inspect pictures of Newport ladies. That's what they're wearing this season, "a rather crooked little smile." The "crooked smile" is effective in many modes. It may be touched up with irony, paradox, or fatalism. Suffrage leaders are wearing it this season, when dismissing their forlorn suitors. Thus the militant discarded the man in Miss Alice Brown's story, in the August Atlantic: "She smiled, a little wry, old smile." What could a mere Man do against a "wry smile"? Especially when the "wry" was a "little old"? All the men are mad over the new style. Ever since sentimental Tommy noticed Grizel's crooked smile, the male idiots have been daft over it. Mrs. Gerould sets us right about this, in the September Har- per's: "She smiled her sweet, crooked smile, that came out so well in life, and so badly in photographs." And again: "She smiled for the first time as she said it — her crook- ed smile, that we had all so liked from the beginning." The girls like it equally well. Samuel Hopkins Adams's hero, in the August Ev- erybody's, knew this: "The firm mouth smiled a little awry and unfailingly won 1-er response." The "crooked smile" is also cynical, and they're all wearing cynicism now. It's the new color. Thus Mr. E. W. Hornung, in the same copy of Everybody's: " 'A new relig- ion, in which you'll never believe any more,' said Dollar, with a wry smile." One can use the crooked smile for em- phasis, too; for the faint flavor of sug- gestion so necessary now. Thus, to quote Mrs. Gerould again: "'Sidney, you see' — her crooked smile accentuated the words — 'will let me off, on one condition.' " Some of the modes are, of course, ex- treme, and hard to imitate. Authors them- selves are often not quite sure it is a smile. This makes it all the more di.stin- 01(6. "Some spasm of expression, that was intended for a smile." Mr. Hugh Johnson in the September Cen- tury is responsible for the above mode. Corra Harris, in the August Harper's, Is equally striking: "A slow, crawling worm of wit, showing slyly In his eyes." The "crooked smile," however, is undoubt- edly most effective when trimmed with in- trospection and a little spice of morbid- ity. This style is adapted from the Rus- sian ballet, which, McClure's tells us, is the one great dramatic influence of our time. It is interesting to trace its in- fluence on the smile of heroines. Fan- nie Stearns Davis, in the June Atlantic, has best achieved the mode; and, not to weary you, her words shall close our illustrations: "In her heart she would whisper, even while the swift, crooked smile danced across her lips, 'O God, make me remember !' " These snapshots, taken from the very lat- est cry in story-forms, prove the popular- ity of the "wry," or "crooked," style of wearing one's lips. One may see every- where heroines at practice under the dictate of Fashion, and yet, one may ask, why the "crooked" smile? Are our modern heroines too fond of bitter and forbidden fruit? Is it the Cult of the Ugly that has set this form? Or is the microbe of crookedness in the air, affecting politics, railway signals, and smiles? PROFESSOR KITTREDGE AND THE TEACHING OP ENGLISH. The distinguished scholar whose scientific curiosity burns its way through no man knows what thorny tan- gles of contemporary research, and who, according to common report, in his he- roic vigils nightly outwatches the Bear, very possibly sat down some summer evening to the congratulatory volume marking his twenty-fifth anniversary at Harvard,* and between curfew and cock- crow digested it all, formulated his opin- ion on the point of each of the forty- five contributions, and slept the sleep of the just. We others, who are but "men of mould," may well content our- selves on this occasion with merely a cursory glance at the stones of this mon- ument of honor and pass on to a con- sideration of its general significance. Briefly, then, let it be said that in bulk and quality it is comparable with per- haps three or four numbers of the Pub- lications of the Modern Language As- sociation, and that the individual arti- cles, though for the most part of no concern to the non-professional reader, will be perused with interest by those who have reached divergent conclu- sions upon such points as the date of Hegetor, swan-maidens, Celtic caul- drons of plenty, the priority of the A or B versions of the prologue to the "Legend of Good Women," mediaeval lives of Judas Iscariot, Vegetius in Eng- lish, or Caiaphas as a Palm Sunday prophet. Let it be added that the forty- five contributors are but chosen repre- sentatives from Professor Kittredge's great following, that perhaps scores ot others are chagrined that their names 'Annivertorp /'«;» 1 • oei and pupils tbredge. P restated on tbe • ■ tily-flfth yiar In Harvard M< MXIII. I!. .-1. .n: (;inn * Co.

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228 The Nation | Vol. 97, No. 2515 do not appear In the table of contents, that uncounted young Doctors of Phi- losophy would gladly have come bring- ing similar gifts with them, who, should they fall in their spring, would be pleased with the simple Grevillian ipitaph — "He was a pupil of Kit- tredge's." Let it be noted, finally, that the entire cost of issuing the volume has been handsomely contributed by the publishers, and that the proceeds of the sale are to constitute a special book fund for the Harvard Library, to De expended under the direction of the Master. Had it been only what some famous wit has called "a mere damned profes- sor" lapsing Quietly into the retiring age, had it been any but he, one would have been inclined to murmur, sunt hie etiam sua prwrnia laudi — a tolerably adequate testimonial, as academic dis- tinctions go, to a quarter of a century spent in the self-effacing life of a schol- ar. But Professor Kittredge's has not been precisely a self-effacing life, he is not so far as we know about to retire, and we cannot imagine him "quietly lapsing" into anything. He has written learned books and articles on subjects ranging from "Arthur and Gorlagon" to "The Old Farmer and his Almanack,' but one wonders whether his reputation would have been perceptibly less to-day if he had not written a line. He has not dulled his palm by the entertainment, of newspaper reporters, nor popularized his science for the magazines, nor been a delegate to a national political con- vention, nor even, we believe, been presented to the Kaiser. He has kept his name austerely within professional circles. Yet he has had his way in his profession. If a ballot were taken, among those qualified to vote, on the most eminent and influential professor of English in America, who would head the list if it were not he? He has ex- ercised, indeed, a kind of overlordship upon English instruction in this coun- try. But whether by virtue of his offi- cial position, or his erudition, or the merit of his ideas, or by his organizing power and the singularly dynamic force of his personality, the big con- gratulatory volume does not indicate — is as inarticulate as a cairn on a bat- tlefield. The occasion demands a tab- let and an inscription, arid perhaps the unveiling of a portrait. First of all, let us declare that Pro- fessor Kittredge belongs to that genera- tion of great college teachers which well-informed observers tell us is rap- idly giving" place to a later undergrowth of special investigators. There are, to be sure, a few small colleges left in the land, which, without much regard for "productive scholarship," still bestow th< ii pudding and praise upon the man who can master his classroom, stab the laggards broad awake, and by the ven- orable inquisitorial methods discover and develop the young men of parts. But generally nowadays the word is passed round among the rising genera- tion of instructors that the way to get on in the academic walk is not to waste time on one's pupils, but to pub- lish— it matters not what. Whatever indirect responsibility Professor Kit- tredge may share in the propagation of this notion, it is undeniable that his own example has not sanctioned it. When the "efficiency" experts began last spring their abortive inquiries into the time spent by members of the instruc- tional staff in preparation for each lec- ture, Professor Kittredge said, as it is reported, "I shall refuse to answer; it is my trade secret." A thoroughly char- acteristic mot, and it helped reveal the Philistine futility of the investigation. The special flavor of it lay in one's cer- tainty that the questionnaire would, as a matter of fact, be dropped by him summarily and with perfect impunity into the waste-basket, and in the uni- versal recognition that as a teacher, pure and simple, Professor Kittredge is, as they say in Cambridge, "one of the glories of the University." We are thinking now particularly of that fa- mous course in Shakespeare which for many years has been one of the good reasons for going to Harvard. There is a persistent tradition that Professor Kittredge formed what we may call his undergraduate manner in his preliminary pedagogic experiments long ago at the Phillips Exeter Acad- emy. It is a manner primarily adapted to young, resistant, "tough-minded" per- sons, and it is perhaps not unconscious- ly reminiscent of Dr. Boyer of immor- tal memory and of that older school- master at whose hands John Dryden received, as he gratefully testified, the only thrashing that he ever deserved. Exponents of the new style of teaching salute their assembled pupils in the French fashion with a courteous "Gen- tlemen," deliver an essay spiced with epigrams, or twitter extemporaneously through the hour, bow, and disappear. Or — of another type — enter the lecture room, weary, dreary from their private i;ons, explain that they are but fellow-workers with their pupils in the vineyard, pull out a sheaf of ill- digested notes, and drone away till the welcome bell. The new style is based not merely on the assumption that the student is "interested in his own intel- lectual welfare," but also on the far wider assumption that he is interested in his teacher's intricate "special pro- In dealing with undergraduates, Professor Kittredge is an educational realist. lie assumes nothing but the general ignorance, indolence, and inat- tentiveness of undisciplined youth. He sees congregated tim, in that curious mixture fostered by the Har- vard system, boys of eighteen and men with hair as white as his own, hard students and loafers from the "Gold Coast," keen-eyed freshmen from the Cambridge and Boston Latin Schools and untrained bachelors from the soft Southern colleges, stiff-necked elderly schoolmasters who wish to "brush up a bit," and opinionated, unlicked cub pro- fessors on leave from the exuberant West. He does not cast a farewell glance about the room and dive into a manu- script. He envisages the situation. Be- fore instruction proper can begin this unequal conglomeration of alertness and dulness, humility and conceit, must be subjugated, must be terrorized, must be welded by common apprehension into one homogeneous whole. Perhaps the technique of terror is a "trade secret," too, but it is also a rich legend recited by every group of men that have studied English at Harvard. After the lapse of a good many years we can call up with perfect distinctness some of the Black Fridays when there was great slaughter of the Innocents. A pretty abrupt hush follows his rapid footsteps up the aisle, deepens as he seats himself sidewise and menaces us thunderously from behind the formida- ble blue glasses, becomes painfully in- tense as he rises to stride to and fro the length of the platform in a kind of tiger-tread, and the blackboard pointer, overstrained by his nervous fingers, breaks with an electrifying snap. We are about to enjoy a bad quarter of an hour. "Mr. A! How does a play be- gin?" "With dialogue," hazards Mr. A. "Mr. B! How does a play begin?" "With the introduction of the charac- ters," stammers Mr. B anxiously. "Mr. C! How does a play begin?" Mr. C, who is from the Gold Coast, quietly mumbles, "I don't know." The hunt is afoot. The next dozen men go down amid derisive snickers — no one dares to laugh aloud — like clay pipes before a crack marksman. Panic spreads. Half of us refuse to answer to our names. The other half, in desperate agitation between an attempt to conjure up any sort of reply and a passionate desire to sink through the floor, shudderingly wait for the next victim, till the pur- suer, at last weary of the sport, cries out, "A play begins in mediis rebus!" e turn to the text. " 'We would not die in that man's company that fears his fellowship to die with us.' Mr. X! Explain 'that fears his fellowship to die with us.'" Mr. X proffers something very elaborato and very confused. "Somebody explain that explanation! ' — this with the true Johnsonian shout. "Mr. Y!" Mr. Y moistens his lips, staits, hems, hesitates, fumbles tor words. "Conic! Come! Mr. v. flies! Hell threats! EJeaven Im Mr. Y shuns salvation and bangs silent in Limbo. Mr. v, ventures on a surly i.ii ;i. antry and is greeted with an invi-

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Sept. ii, 1913] The ]STatioii 229 tation to "come over and swap jests with me at 2:30 this afternoon." We all envy Mr. Z as we should envy a man invited to take supper in a lion's den. Like many other of the great experi- ences of life, it was a rigorous ordeal while one was undergoing it, but it was pleasant to look back upon years after- wards, and, like Purgatory, it was very salutary. The instruction proper had, also, as we recall it, a powerful purgatorial qual- ity. What has subsequently seemed to us to be Professor Kittredge's guiding spirit is happily embodied in one of the "golden sayings," to use his own phrase, of Josh Billings: "It ain't the things we don't know that makes such fools of us, but a whole lot of things that we know that ain't so." This, despite the vernacular dress, is the spirit of science, and for at least once in a lifetime it was «n entirely wholesome spirit to en- counter amid the bogs and fens of Shakespearean "interpretation." "War to the death," was the cry in that course, "on gushing Mrs. Jamesons, moralizing clergymen, and fantastic Teutonic meta- physicians." "There are many ways ot studying Shakespeare," he told us, "but the object of this course is to ascertain what Shakespeare said and what he meant when he said it." The session or- dinarily began with five or ten minutes during which we called out questions on difficult points in the previous day's reading. These he answered instantly, always without consulting the book, and succinctly or copiously as the case re- quired. For the next ten or fifteen min- utes he subjected us in our turn to a grilling examination on whatever we had prepared for the day. For the rest of the hour he commented with racy phrase and startling illustration, and left the room at the last minute, talking all the way down the aisle and hall way down the stairs. II. For graduate students there was an- other manner. Jupiter Tonans gave way to benignant Jove, a being of equal or greater fascination, but with his terrors laid by, alert, omniscient as it seemed, a hawk-eyed critic still, but of prince- ly amenity, tireless helpfulness, and the cordialest interest in one's personal des- tiny. This is the Kittredge of the disci- ples— the candidates for the doctorate — who hand down his obiter dicta from year to year, and speak of his chance commendation of some former pupil or pupil's work, as one speaks of the conferring of an Order of Merit. There was nothing lethargic in the atmosphere of those meetings. When tne analysis and destruction of a great piece of German interpretation was completed one felt such a glow of sat- isfaction as must have thrilled the blood of a red-handed Saxon churl when he had assisted good King Al- fred in flaying off a Dane skin and nail- ing it up on a church door. Nor, under that leadership, did one's interest flag when occasion failed for noble rage and cannibalistic enterprise. Fired by that unrelenting ardor, one fixed one's at- tention with as intense a concern upon a disputed comma in a Canterbury tale as one could have felt for the most momentous crisis in the affairs of a nation. One could sit for week after wel: copying down under that dynamic dictation an endless ballad bibliography that one never used, nor ever hoped to use, and yet maintain through it all the spellbound gravity of one heark- ening to a seraphic discussion of fate and foreknowledge absolute. Best of all were the ever-memorable individual conferences, when the candi- date, now going heavily with his dis- sertation, visited the arbiter of his fate by special appointment at some hour not far from midnight, and came upon him, in the midst of his study, seated at the centre of a great half- moon of romes and treatises, and en- veloped and clouded, like a god, in in- finite smoke. You began the interview with a half-hour of wizardry, during which, while you helped thicken the smoke, he told you of the smoking cus- toms of barbarians or poured out odd stories of witchcraft and alchemy in New England. Then you explained your difficulties and he cleared them up, or you told him what you were hunt- ing for, and he pulled out of some re- cess or other a box full of references bearing exactly upon the point, and filed away months or years before, when he was working upon the same topic. You returned to your labors with a per- suasion that there was no topic which had not, on one occasion or another, en- gaged his attention. You returned with a feeling, also, that your academic for- tune was insured. For it may be said of Professor Kittredge, as it was said of the old Germanic chiefs, who never forgot their friends nor forgave their enemies, he has been a good "Ring- Giver." III. We have spoken with some fulness of the more personal side of Professor Kittredge's teaching, because it is only by dwelling upon his daemonic energy, his relentlessly positive temper, and his passion for domination that we can make wholly credible, even to 011 the nature and extent of the influence that he has exercised upon the teach- ing and the study of English at Har- vard and throughout the country. For it must he frankly admitted that he has wielded his authority against a good deal of bitter opposition, and that many who have been constrained to submit to it have been rather subju- gated than pacified. There is a current story that a cer- tain student, hankering vaguely in his uncorrected youth for the divine ela- tion and finding himself out of the way of experiencing it, admitted to Profes- sor Kittredge that he was not inter- ested in "mere facts." "I am interest- ed," was the withering response, "in nothing but facts." Doubtless the word "facts" had a wider meaning in the retort than in the provocation, and per- haps the whole incident is apocryphal. It is none the less suggestive. It hints at a type of pitcher, not empty nor en- tirely worthless, that is not readily filled at that well. It is a curious matter that though for years we have heard wit- nesses testifying various indebtedness to their guide, philosopher, and friend, we do not recall that any one has ac- knowledged indebtedness to him for a "love of good literature." We are in- clined to doubt whether he considers it any part of his function to impart to his students a love of literature. We are certain that they receive little en- couragement from him to form opinions upon the aesthetic or other merits of the pieces w ith which they are engaged. Pos- sibly an early abhorrence of elegant lecturers and uninformed enthusiasms has hardened with time into an uncon- cealed, somewhat contemptuous anti- pathy for "literary fellows," concerned with the ideas and emotions which con- stitute the spirit of letters. "What did you learn in those graduate seminars that was permanently useful to you?" the writer once inquired of a favorite pupil, who was teaching modern Eng- lish literature. "To verify my refer- ences," was the reply, "and to tran- scribe quoted passages with punctilious accuracy." That was, of course, a jest. What the speaker meant was that he had carried away the technique and the ideal of scientific research. That, as we take it, is what Professor Kittredge has principally desired to impart to grad- uate students. Now, it is impossible to make the study of literature a rigorously scien- tific pursuit without terribly impover- ishing it. You cannot give it the stand- ing of a science unless you deliberately choose to ignore those scientifically im- ponderable elements of thought and feel- ing which essentially and permanently distinguish the field of humane letters from the field of science. In the ap- proach to these elements the scientific spirit is, as every one would admit, an indispensable lamp to the feet, but in dealing with them one must use a head- light filled with another oil. The mo- ment that you touch upon them, you have passed the boundaries of the un- varnished verifiable fact. You are in the Debatable Land; you are in the mor- al world. Philosophy and religion lie before you, and ethics and aesthetics — which is not a science outside of Qer-

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r3;U) The ]STation [Vol. 97, No. 2515 many — encompass you around. You must proceed with tradition, authority, and a seasoned judgment to guide you, yet walking mainly by the "inner light.' You are shoulder to shoulder with the thrice accursed "literary fellows" in the demesne of the man of letters. You are in imminent peril of becoming a literary dilettante, and there is one chance in a thousand that you may be- come a great critic or literary his- torian. Professor Kittredge has taken few chances at making great literary his- torians or critics. Hating the literary dilettante with a perfect hatred, he has probably never paused to consider whether the odds are not equally heavy against the production of a great philol- ogist, nor whether, for the service to which he is called, the literary dilet- tante is not on the whole about as use- ful a kind of humbug or mediocrity as the linguistic dilettante. Pausing, we may suspect, to meditate neither of these important questions, he has squarely turned his back upon the Debatable Land and has led his followers by forc- ed marches into the opposite quarter ot the English field, where he has taught them the elements of textual criticism and linguistic science, interested them in the editing of unpublished manu- scripts and the collection of folklore, and made them all zealous bibliogra- phers and compilers of card indexes. In short, he has been a potent force in bringing about the present sterilizing divorce of philology from general ideas. If his school has not been very prolific in important books, it should be remem- bered that one of its maxims is, "Any one can write a book; the difficult thing is to write an article." This appears to be a veiled way of saying that the digestion of facts, however weighty, sinks into insignificance in comparison with the discovery of facts, however trifling. The great field for the discovery of facts, memorable chiefly because they have been forgotten, has long been the Middle Ages, and Professor Kittredge is a mediaevalist. To a mind in which the master impulse is a wide-ranging curios- ity this tract of literature is endlessly fascinating, by virtue of just those quali- ties which, to a mind with ulterior pur- poses like Matthew Arnold's, for exam- ple, make it seem almost negligible — its prolixity, its formlessness, its naive su- perstitions, its lack of high seriousness, its insolidity of substance. We are not so foolish as to object that an eminent mediaevalist has followed his bent. Our objection is only that he has, in no very indirect way, prevented other men from pursuing their bents. There should certainly be room and following 1 vard for a distinguished1 scholar Id the mediaeval period. But there 0 be room and following for 1 to deal in a real tinguished fashion with the vital ideas and movements of English literature since the Renaissance. We will not speak for the present year of grace — conditions vary somewhat from year to year. But within, say, the last fifteen years, there have been long intervals when, barring the drama, there was al- most no instruction in English offered at Harvard that an intelligent graduate student could take seriously in the per- iod from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. There were popular "snap" lecture courses for miscellaneous good- natured auditors; but for the student who had got beyond that, neither guid- ance nor encouragement. When, in con- formity with the printed invitation, the candidate for the higher degree un- folded to the Department his plans and desires for work in modern literature, a majestic figure waved him to a more re- moved ground. There was nothing on paper to indicate objection to his enter- prise, but after a few weeks he began to perceive that the modern period was not, so to speak, in good odor with those in authority. There was the system which incorporated the leading ideas of the Chairman of the Division of Modern Languages, and which prepared one for research in the Middle Ages. The core of the course was prescribed and the rind very strongly intimated — Germanic Philology, Romance Philology, Histori- cal Grammar, Old Norse, Anglo-Saxon Grammar, Beowulf, Lynewulf, Old Irish perhaps, Ballads and Metrical Romances, Chaucer, Shakespeare, another course in the Drama also desirable. It was no- torious that in the grand ordeal of the far-dreaded final examination serious in- quisition into your scholarship would, in nine cases out of ten, end with the four- teenth century. Without drawing too closely the links between cause and effect we may say that the conditions prevailing at Har- vard at the period which we have been describing have affected more or less seriously the teaching of English throughout the country. Departments in the older institutions with establish- ed and more humane traditions of their own have, of course, been less subject to the influence, and at least one great department has gained in prestige in proportion as it has reacted against it. It is in the small colleges and in the younger universities with rapidly grow- ing faculties that the new generation of English teachers have been planted and have had their way. And it is when you see the newly-fledged philologist at work, teaching composition (an art he has never practiced) and eigh- teenth-century prose (a sea which lor him has never been charted), It is then that you begin to recognize that some- is out of joint in the State "l Denmark. It is when you h ;i dozen aspiring Instructors pub- lishing in the learned journals first- hand comments on mediaeval syntax, etymology, and beast fable, and utter- ing in their classrooms third and fourth- hand comments on Milton, Dryden, and Tennyson — it is then that you under- stand the vogue of the teachers who "vitalize" literature by the use of the magic lantern. It is when you have at- tended the annual advertising picnic of the "scientific investigators" and have compared the quality of the papers and discussions at a convention of the Mod- ern Language Association with those of the historical and philosophical socie- ties— it is then that you wonder why it is that, wherever English scholarship is taken seriously, from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico and from the James River to the Golden Gate, all America mediaevalizes. It is when you have lived for some years in an Eng- lish department, and have watched your colleagues settling into the role of rou- tine teachers, losing their zest for dis- covery or taking it as a recreation like golf, abandoning the hunt for subjects and letting the dust gather on their card catalogues — it is then that you feel what Professor Grandgent, in his Anniversary contribution, has describ- ed as "the necessity of self-deception regarding the futility of human en- deavor." You feel in this "fellowship of scholars" an almost tragical lack of common interests and ideas. You feel as one wandering in an intellectual Sa- hara in a silence unbroken save by an investigating sparrow chirping from time to time over a kernel of musty wheat in the shroud of Ptolemy the Great. THE FRENCH UNIVERSITY CON- FLICT. (Formation versus Information.) PABIS, August 27. For two years and more, a campaign has been waging against the Univer- sity of France in its spirit and its offi- cial teaching, and in its pretension to form the mind and will of the French people. The foreigner who wishes to understand independently even the state of the question has to confront a liter- ature comparable to that of some his- torical epoch. It is only in the light of a first fact of the collective life of France that any understanding at all of the case can be reached. This fact Is that, in France, the University is in politics; and that politics is religion, just as religion too often— and anti-re- ligion always — is politics. The 1 In the campaign has been taken by Young France. The de- fence, it tnusl be said, has ;iii tin' marks of a generation already pa: sing, a Cter much rumbling discontent, Hi'' aot< of defianoe to Unlversltj authority was raised in the publication of "L BJsprll de ia Nouvelle Sot bonne'

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Sept. II, 1913] The ]ST a t i o n 231 (Mercure de France), signed "Agathon." It was the joint work of two sons of the 1 "niversity, Alfred de Tarde and Henri Massis. They have continued their campaign by publishing in the present year "Les Jeunes Gens d'au- jourd'hui" (Plon). Among the more de- cisive books which have come to em- phasize their attack or give it another direction are "La Doctrine offlcielle de I 1 iiiv. rsiti" (Mercure de France), by an avowed philosopher of Reaction, Pierre Lasserre; and "Aux Ecoutes de la Fiance qui vient" (Grasset), by Gas- ton Rion, who prophesies of the coming generation and looks to the Geneva or Calvin for guidance, but has Emile Faguet, of the Academy, to introduce him. A "symposium" investigating the literary youth of France — "A quoi revent les Jeunes Gens" (Champion), by Emile Henriot— adds a number of representative personal letters. For it is the formation of French youth which is at stake. These combat- ants, who are newly men, come forth to fight that the national genius may still be trained to aspiration and to ac- tion by the traditional Humanities, and not be immolated to materialism and the ideals of internationalism by new science. The "new Sorbonne" which is the oc- casion of the campaign dates formally from the revolutionary University pro- grammes of 1902, in which the classics were cast into the sea of elective wreck- age, while modern and historical meth- ods—the latter, it is charged, "made in Germany" — take their place. In real- ity, it is said, this plan of studies con- tinues the policy of the Jacobins of the Revolution, of the ideologues suppressed by Napoleon, and of late intellectuels ot Socialism and internationalism. A peo- ple like the French naturally react strongly against such a transformation imposed on them by politics. For it must be remembered that the various French universities all merge in the one State University of France, which conveys official teaching of every grade to the French people and is as much a government service as the civil admin- istration, the machinery of justice, or army and navy. The campaign against the University reform of 1902 was not begun in the cause of religion, although religious ex- asperation has gou so far as to accuse the University auti rities of suppress- ing Latin in order . discourage voca- tions to the priesthood, which requires a knowledge of Latin. The League for French Culture has in its Committee of Honor thirty-three of the forty Im- mortals of the French Academy; twen- ty of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres; thirty-one of the Acad- emy of Sciences; twenty -six of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, and twenty-six of the Acad- emy of Fine Arts. The manifesto to which they have given their names speaks for them: On every side there is verified the weak- ening of general culture, with forgetfulness of our qualities of clearness and logic. There is talk of a crisis of French. This uneasiness coincides with the abandonment of classical studies, the discredit of Latin and Greek, and the abuse of specialization which a series of reforms has introduced in the higher as well as the secondary teaching. Above all, the reform of 1902, which was carpied through with a utili- tarian aim, has broken the unity and in- tegrlty of our system of studies. Experience has condemned these new ten- dencies. It is not men of letters and dilet- tanti who have proved the insufficiency of modern teaching; it is men of science, physicians, engineers, manufacturers. The League for French Culture has for its purpose to group together all who be» liove in the superiority of classical edu- cation. Defence of the Humanities — that is, not only of Latin and Greek studies, but of general and disinterested cultivation of the mind — such is the precise meaning of its action. Henri Poincare led the campaign of this League for Culture with an expla- nation of the necessity of training in the Humanities for the study of the sciences: There might be a serious objection to classical studies. If it is to be desired that nine out of ten Frenchmen become good merchants and business men, is it not dangerous to disgust them beforehand with that which is to fill their lives? No doubt, it would not be impossible to refute such an objection; but that is no business of mine. ... I seek what must be done to form men of science. ' And here all is clear. The man of science ought not to tarry in the realization of practical aims; these, no doubt, he will obtain, but he must obtain them over and above. . . . Sci- ence has wonderful applications ; but the science which would have in view only the applications would no longer be science — it would be only the kitchen. There is no science but disinterested science. . . . The spirit which should animate the man of science is that which breathed of old on Greece and brought there to birth poets and thinkers. There remains in our clas- sical teaching I know not what of the old Greek soul ; I know not what that makes us look ever upward. And that is more precious for the making of a man of sci- ence than the reading of many volumes of geometry. Pierre Lasserre, who fights for other causes than French culture, defines the "accusation": It Is said that philosophy, history, and letters no longer exist, are cultivated only by name In the new Sorbonne. That which takes their place and figures in their stead is reduced to a purely material labor of bibliography, classifying, numbering, and ticketing, of documentation and erudition blind and without thought. . . . [In the secondary education] it sacrifices that which is the object itself, the reason for existing, of the Zycee or college — that is, the general formation of the mind, the for- mation of the man— to the fallacious utili- tarianism of premature specialization. . . . With the pretext of bringing school and life as near together as possible, it asks the school to furnish data and les- sons and influence and maturity which only life itself, with its experience and practice and business undertakings, can make alive— and which will live then only in minds and hearts that are prepared. Now, it is this preparation which is compromised. Here we are on ground familiar to Americans who remember the opening of Cornell University and the early re- forms of President Eliot of Harvard. It is rather the extremity of French University controversies that perplexes us. Professor Lanson, of the Sorbonne, answers back: Classical culture was general culture— a formal, brilliant, superficial education, a training to speak of everything without knowing anything exactly. Teaching was mainly oratorical and formal. It was a question of drilling minds to the rhetoric of the salon and the tribune; ... to give the mind a pretty form. While he does not judge the "forma- tion of mind" so bitterly, Professor La- visse does sum up the traditional classi- cal education as aiming at the forma- tion of the man comme il faut. He as- serts that Colbert and great Frenchmen like him came from colleges where they learned nothing but Latin. The. asser- tion is not in accord with what we know of the routine work of such col- leges, and still less with the immediate mastery of life shown by Colbert and other students issuing from them. Eng- lishmen fondly repeat that India was conquered to their country on the benches of Eton, where, besides Latin, there was little taught but Greek. Or was it on the Eton cricket field? One of these new Frenchmen, writing to "Agathon" on the revolution which is turning French youth from their Uni- versity, has hit on this: My first criticism is that you seem to me not to attribute to athletic sport the part it really plays. I believe this part essential. It is not because the young men of to-day are anli-intellectualiste that they give themselves up to sports. On the con- trary, in my opinion, it is because they go in for sport that they are anti-intellec- tualiste. ... By accepting the value of sport, they have come forth from that ni- hilism which, you say, was peculiar to the preceding generation. It must not be thought that we are here running up a side alley in this labyrinth of University disputes and revolutions of Young France. Automo- biles and Latin, Catholic renaissance and minds formed to the higher mathe- matics, all turn and wind in this maze where theory is at conflict with life. For, from the whole controversy, there is one thing certain — the ultra-modern reforms of the University of France have excited not only the opposition ot the older masters of French learning

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Q Q Q The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2515 and science. They are diametrically opposed to the evolution of that part of Young Frame which seems likely to count most for the future. Whether this wave of reaction will be sufficient to bring back classical educa- tion is another question. And whether, as Henri Poincare, with others like hi"\ thought, French science is to suf- fer from the less of tbe Humanities, is yet another. A foreign observer, in an ingenious anecdote, puts the case as it is hero and now — for the benefit of "Agathon": A notable American, who prided himself on sociology, came lately to study France. H6 asked to be shown the tomb of Napo- leon, the Moulin Rouge, and a French peasant. . . . Most foreigners would have asked to see the Sorbonne, for the France they love and admire, though with a shadow of disdain, is rationalist, humanitarian, and decadent France— that which the young gen- eration repudiates so violently. What is outside of that France generally escapes their notice. S. D. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. No translation of Boswell's "Life of John- son" was known to Birkbeck Hill, most inquisitive of Johnsonians. Lord Rosebery in his address at the Lichfield commemo- ration in 1&09 said that he had heard only of an abstract in Russian. To Hill Dr. Johnson appeared "so English that for- eigners could neither understand him nor relish his Life." Even a less enthusiastic reader might vary the application of cer- tain words of Dr. Johnson's to express the opinion that a translation "would be im- possible if it were endeavored, and would be foolish if it were possible." And, in- deed, the French, the Italians, the Span- iards, and the Danes seem, so far as my inquiries have gone, to have been thor- oughly intimidated all these 122 years. But Dr. Hill or Lord Rosebery could have dis- covered from such accessible sources of in- formation as Brockhaus's or Meyer's Kon- versationslexikon that once upon a time there was one, bolder than the rest, who did not shrink from the high emprise of translating the great Biography. This one was a German, and a woman. Her Boswell is a scarce little book. There is apparently no copy in the British Museum; it is not mentioned under "Bos- well" in the catalogue of printed books of the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris; nei- ther the Rothschild nor the Municipal Li- brary at Frankfort nor the Royal Library at Munich has it; and German booksellers in a large way do not regard with con- fidence the prospects of procuring a copy. Cut one may be seen at the Royal Library tt Berlin. Its title is "Denkwurdigkeiten aus dem Leben Samuel Johnson's von James Boswell Esq." The translation was made from the second edition and was published at K6- nigsberg in 1797 by Friedrich Nicolovius, who, by the way, must have presumed a liberal taste among the Germans for trans- lations from the English, for he issued about the same time one of Butler's "Hudl- bras." The name of the translator does not ap- pear on the title page, nor, in full, else- where In the book. A dedication to some 1 1 ol rat It is signed "M. L.," the designation etzerin" under a footnote shows the sex, and a little bibliographic research soon disclosed her to have been one Dorothea Mathilde Llebeskind. More research re- vealed nothing further about her. Of her version only a part was published. It is contained in a small volume of 532 pages, and extends to the letter which Johnson wrote to Boswell on March 15, 1772. The intention is expressed in a preface to conclude the last volume with a list of all the writings acknowledged by, or ascribed to, Johnson, the titles of which were, how- ever, to be reproduced in the original lan- guage. As nothing further could be learned about the translator, it is not known why she did not finish her work. It is still true that a complete translation of Bos- well's "Life of Johnson" does not exist in any language. What manner of performance is this Ger- man Boswell, as far as it goes? The translator flattered herself that she had given an exact reproduction of the picture of Johnson in respect of the drawing as well as the coloring; but, while a degree of fidelity bordering on literalness will not be denied, the product is far from Bos- well's "Flemish picture." To use an ex- pression of Dr. Johnson's borrowed from another art, the tune is there, but not the tone. Boswell himself with delightful ingenuousness branded as "cold-blooded and morose mortals" those "who dislike this Book" ; we should be less severe towards the Germans if their indifference discour- aged the completion of this translation. Leo Nbwmark. Correspondence THE SCHOLAR AND THE LIBRARIES. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: Mr. Joseph De Perott expressed in your issue of August 21 what was evi- dently heart- felt exasperation with our public libraries. Although I have no hope of convincing him by my reply, I should, being at present a librarian and formerly having been a college instructor, and so knowing something of his kind, like to say a few words in answer to his points of criticism. His first grievance is that he was sup- plied with no list of Spanish novels of chivalry printed before 1G50 when he asked for a list of such of these as were in the possession of the libraries of Boston, New York, and Washington. Either the libraries possessed none of the novels, or, through what was to him inexcusable ignorance of Spanish novels of chivalry, they were un- able to answer his question. In the first place, I should like to call attention to his unwillingness to give all the help he could have given in answering his question, be- cause this is a characteristic attitude on the part of library users, and I regret to say more especially on the part of college professors and other "scholars" who are the very ones who should realize the value of precision. In, this case, Mr. De Perott evi- dently had at hand a complete list of the novels he wished, namely, that in the "Bib- lioteca de Autores Espafioles." It would have made his question easier to answer, and would have saved probably hours of search on the part of some underpaid li- brary assistant, if he had sent a copy of this list to the libraries in question, asking them to check off those books in their possession ; for then a few minutes' consul- tation of the catalogue would have given him a precise answer. Or if he could not take the time from his scholarly activities to copy this list, he might at least have given the reference to the "Biblioteca," for the chances are a thousand to one that the Boston and New York libraries at least have this bibliography. To be sure, the ideal reference librarian would have con- sulted his Spanish bibliographies, but even the best are not ideal, and demands are many. Furthermore, if the gentleman had taken the pains to consult Mr. Whitney's catalogue of the Ticknor collection in the Boston Public Library, he could have an- swered his own question as far as one li- brary was concerned. I have no doubt he could have found this catalogue in the Worcester Public Library or in the library of Clark University. Apropos of novels of chivalry and roguery, it might be interest- ing to know, shocking as the knowledge would prove, how many college graduates could tell what a picaresque novel is. At least I congratulate Mr. De Perott and the ignorantworld of librarians and others that, in spite of American libraries, the recent article in the "Archiv fur das Studium der neueren Sprachen" was not still-born. Alas for the Athens of America! The next point of criticism is that books are bought by libraries only when there is a demand for them, and that many rare books useful to scholars are not in our public libraries even when they might have been bought by the alert librarian at a merely nominal price. If the gentleman is speaking of public libraries supported by public taxation for the use and education of the masses, I am inclined to think that the consensus of unscholarly opinion would be that the public cause might be farther ad- vanced by the purchase of other books than an Italian translation of the Greek novels or than a copy of "II Sacrificio degli In- tronati." Aside from wise appropriation of public funds, mere physical limitations make it sensibly clear that public librarians should be careful not to load their shelves with books which would be used rarely or almost never by a very limited class, when by so doing they must exclude books that would be of use and benefit to many read- ers with needs which are vitally real if not scholarly. One has a right to expect Har- vard or Columbia or libraries that have primarily scholarly aims to have such books as Mr. De Perott speaks of, but even in the case of a huge university library such as that of Harvard, the mere storage of little-used books is a serious problem and will continue to be so even with its new building. Not long ago, if I remember ac- curately, President Eliot spoke quite strongly on this point and advocated sep- arate storehouses of books which a uni- versity library should have, but could not afford to Shelve with Its books moi < orally used. From personal experience, I can say that this criticism that libraries buy only books demanded Is unjust, for 1 know that 11- _

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Sept. II, I913 The N at ion 233 DA of college and reference libraries are on a constant lookout for books of this very sort. Recently several of the refer- ml university libraries of Chicago have combined to send a representative to Europe for this purpose, and this present r this representative is in South America searching for rare and valuable books. Consequently, from only a slight 1 the matter, 1 am very sure that, although Mr. De Perott has been dis- appointed in several eases, his general crit- icism is not well founded in the case of libraries which might reasonably be ex- pected to cater to scholars. Also he must ■ r that general libraries cover the whole field of human knowledge, and that the specialist in any particular subject must, expect to find a proper balance among the various branches. As for the "American notion of cata- loguing books from the title alone," an examination of one of the printed cata- logue cards of the Library of Congress, the John Crerar Library, Harvard College Li- brary, or the Boston Public Library — say a card for one of the incunabula — will make one wonder if the present critic is entirely familiar with all the methods of American cataloguing. A lack of courtesy is always to be de- plored, and the evidences "of centuries of half-education" are extremely irritating to those bearing the weight of centuries of culture, but what are we to e'xpect in the letters of poor maiden library assistants, when scholars write in their letters sen- tences like the following: "Now, the late Dr. Furness had a copy of it, and I have three of them, but a person who should ask for it at an American library would prob- ably get nothing but a stare"? Henry Nichols Sanborn. Chicago, September :;. "HEREOS." To the Editor of The Nation : Sir: The word at the head of this note appears, so far as I know, in not a single dictionary, old or new, and it has dropped, as regards its real significance, into ab- solute oblivion. Yet it occurs in two of the classics of English literature, and an adjective derived from it (although this origin has never been recognized) is one of the key-words of a famous third. The well-known description in the "Knight's Tale" of the pains of love which Arcite suffered, ends with the lines: And in his gere, for al the world he ferde Not oonly lyk the loveres malaiya Of Hereos, but rather lyke iranye Engendred of humour maleneoiyk Biforcn, in ids celle fantastyk (A 1372-76). The word Hereos has puzzled Chaucerian scholars from Speght and Thynne until now, and the generally accepted explana- tion— that it is a fourteenth-century at- tempt at Eros — is wrong. Hereos is a tech- nical medical term, used by the mediaaval physicians whom Chaucer knew (among them his "Arnold of the Newe Toun" and the Bernard whom the Doctour of Phisyk had read) for a specific and well-recog- nized malady, which can be traced in the treatises on medicine from Galen and the later Greek writers through the great Ara- bic physicians and their followers straight down to Robert Burton. Moreover, it ex- plains a well-known crux in the "Philo- biblon" of Richard of Bury, and it throws an entirely new light upon the origin and significance of the adjective heroicall in the "Anatomy of Melancholy" and else- where. And finally, it has very direct bear- ing upon the paraphernalia of conventions summed up under the name of courtly love. The subject, however, is too wide even to sketch in a note, but its unusually varied interest, both human and literary, seems to warrant this brief preliminary statement. John Livingston Lowes. Cambridge, MaBS., August 29. RURAL SCHOOLS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The improvement of our country schools, especially in the Eastern States, is a most important educational duty at the present time. Until the children in our farming communities are properly instruct- ed, we cannot expect the growth of stanch and intelligent men and women, similar to those who founded our nation, and fitted properly to develop our agricultural wealth. A great difficulty is that in many country districts there is no one capable of selecting proper teachers and of supervis- ing the instruction given. Consequently, I suggest that county school committees shall be chosen, who shall appoint teach- ers for the rural schools, direct the in- struction to be given, and care for the school buildings. James M. Hubbard. Boston, M;is<., September 4. Textbooks THEORIES OF TEACHING. Among recent educational books several may be mentioned as sources of special in- formation. Since the first edition of "Medi- cal Inspection of Schools" (Survey Asso- ciates, Inc.), by Gulick and Ayres, was pub- lished by the Russell Sage Foundation In 1909 there has been a threefold increase in the number of American cities having sys- tems of medical inspection, and a new edi- tion brings the subject up to date. "The Conservation of the Child" (Lippincott), by Arthur Holmes, is a study of defective chil- dren and a description of the work done by the Psychological Clinic of the University of Pennsylvania. Prof. Frank M. McMurry's "Elementary School Standards" (World Book Co.) is an attempt to estimate the quality of the teaching, the course of study, and the supervision by the principals in the elementary schools. The investigation was part of the New York City School Inquiry, and a wealth of illustrative detail makes the book at least an instructive study. "The Kindergarten" (Houghton Mifflin) consists of three reports by Susan E. Blow, Pattie Smith Hill, and Elizabeth Harrison, ap- pointed by the International Kindergarten Union to formulate the theory and pro- gramme of the kindergarten. One gets the impression that the kindergarten is rather overloaded with Hegelian philosophy. Laura L. Plaisted's "Handwork and its Place in Elementary Education" (Frowde) is a ra- ther full and well-illustrated practical manual. W. J. Gibson's "Education in Scot- land" (Longmans) is a short and conve- nient sketch of the history of Scotch educa- tion and recent movements. For those who may be interested we mention Emma Sheri- dan Fry's little handbook of "Educational Dramatics" (Moffat, Yard). It is a good deal of a question whether formal instruction in morals can be made effective in the schools ; and in any case it is a question where to begin. The second question is treated sensibly and clearly by Prof. E. Hershey Sneath, of Yale, and Dean George Hodges, of the Episcopal Theological School, Cambridge, in a read- able manual entitled "Moral Training in the School and Home" (Macmillan), which also points the way to a quantity of use- ful material in the form of illustrated stories. It is worth noting that stress is laid upon the nearly forgotten household virtues as a point of departure. As a specimen of the noisy and pugna- cious in pedagogical literature, we recom- mend "Youth and the Race" (Scribner), by Edgar James Swift, professor of psychology and education in Washington University. The one thesis that emerges from this "study of the psychology of adolescence," with its ram- ble of edifying illustrations, including dia- lect stories and newspaper quotations, is that, where school and child disagree, the truth lies with the child; and for dramatic effect the tension of the disagreement is greatly exaggerated. By virtue of the spe- cial illumination afforded by primitive ra- cial instincts (such as those manifested in "the spirit of the gang"), the child knows much better than the teacher what is good for him; and, as everybody knows, it is the bad boys that have the real stuff in them. Everybody knows, too, that teach- ers as a class are a set of blockheads; "it is no idle charge that teachers do not know what they are trying to do." "The racial and social instincts are exhaustless storage-batteries of nervous energy, and" — but this should be enough. "Problems of Educational Readjustment" (Houghton Mifflin), by Dr. David Snedden, Massachusetts Commissioner of Education, is a clear and effective presentation main- ly of the problems of liberal versus voca- tional education. Dr. Snedden knows what he means and has the gift of stating the issues simply. The distinction between the logical and natural methods of introducing a subject is neatly put by saying that the logical method is that of the adult mind. Hence, the logical method is not rejected as pedagogically meaningless. His position is that, while the "fundamental principles" of grammar or science, or what not, are barren as a method of approach — which must be based upon some concrete and nat- ural interest — they represent the form of organization at which we must aim. Edu- cation is then a gradual substitution of logical and scientific categories for natu- ral. This Aristotelian compromise reflects his general educational attitude. The es- sence of liberal education is to be found in the conception of man as a user; voca- tional education looks only to the producer. Much that he points out In this connection is instructive — for example, the contrast between the relatively barren results of the conventional musical education, which alms at proficiency of execution in the few, and the neglected possibilities of musical appre- ciation in the many. Yet we may wonder whether, in his emphasis upon "democracy" and "citizenship" as fields of life and en-

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2S4r The N" a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2515 joyment, he has appreciated the full scope and import of the citizenship implied In a truly liberal culture. Otherwise, why ques- tion the importance of Greek life and lite- rature? In the matter of liberal and vo- cational education Dr. Snedden again seeks the best possible combination, but his main point is that, however combined, the two forms of education are In idea and method radically different and should never be confused. Manual training and like things have indeed a place in liberal culture; they stand for a broadening of experience and of sympathies; hence, they should be taught from this point of view rather than from that of technical proficiency. But in voca- tional training the academic point of view should be replaced by that of the workshop, with workshop hours, rules, and clothes. Above all, the work should be actually pro- ductive and the product as far as possible salable. Otherwise we miss the most im- portant element in vocational training, which, as Dr. Snedden thinks, is the disci- pline of really productive work. We may doubt if the point has been better stated. ENGLISH. By all means the most significant con- tribution to rhetorical study in a great while is Prof. W. T. Brewster's addition to the Home University Library, entitled "Writing English Prose" (Holt). Indeed, it would be hard to imagine anything more illuminating — so perfectly does it mirror the vices and follies inherent in the pres- ent system of teaching rhetoric as a prac- tical art, or, one might say, handicraft. In the ingratiating tone commonly assumed by writers on the subject, Professor Brew- ster begins by assuring the anxious reader that there "is no cause for alarm," since the study of literary composition is "simply the human process of making more intel- ligible or more interesting or more per- suasive what you are going to write or what you have written." Alas, that it should be impossible in anything short of the original compass to do justice to the manner in which Professor Brewster ad- dresses himself to the solution of this sim- ple problem ! All that can be done is to illustrate his exemplary perspicuity of statement and charm of style. "Narra- tion," we are told among other matters, "is engaged in salting down what has hap- pened or is imagined to have happened and is primarily engaged in looking for new events to salt down," while "exposition is striving to place new ideas, concepts, in- ventions, etc., in the cold storage of real- ity." Nor shall we readily forget the touching and beautiful figure of the Re- naissance "as having turned up its toes and being laid out for decent burial," or of the thesis of a composition as "the fork or spit which toasts the facts before the fire of genius." These, however, are but minor graces. The most characteristic thing about Pro- fessor Brewster's book is the absence of anything like a solid Intellectual • Take a subject like argumentation, which has been thoroughly systematized in the of centuries and whose classifica- tions might be made an occasion of men- tal discipline. And the same remark is true of figures of speech. And yet under ner bead there is nothing more than a loose and rambling discussion; while this latter does not even appear In the But why continue? The book Is a sad one; what value it has is due to the reflections it suggests. There Is one, in- d.ril, which seems vital to this whole mat- ter. After all, the basis of expression is the sentence; that is fundamental. But of the other units of discourse so called, which modern composition has spent so much of its time working up, it may be questioned whether they are not more or less artificial and factitious in the form in which they have come to be presented to- day. At all events, it is in sentences that we actually write. Now a sentence is only the formulation of a judgment, and as a result the "art" of writing consists at bot- tom in the ability to form judgments. There is no way of getting around this difficulty; a piece of writing is worth just as much as the judgments included in it — no more. No amount of talk about language or compo- sition, no amount of exhortation or in- gratiation on the part of the instructor can take the place of judgment in the writ- er. Hence the absurdity of the modern rhetoric, which light-heartedly engages to make writers, regardless of mental imma- turity and indiscipline. And not only the college student — almost everybody is in that plight nowadays. Wherefore this pother about composition, since in an abey- ance of thought expression must always be- come a matter of tremendous anxiety. On the other hand, this was the advantage of what we have come to speak of as the old education; it had very little to say about original production, but it did do some- thing for the student's judgment finally; it knew nothing about composition, but it had some notion of intellectual discipline, and in training the student's judgment it did at the same time prepare him to write. Among recent reading books and texts there are several which deserve attention. "The Golden Deed Book" (Macmillan) is a rather interesting volume, from the fact that its selections are chosen, first of all, for the moral instruction they are sup- posed to convey more or less indirectly. As in so many of these readers, the range of choice is rather broad, embracing such titles as Wordsworth's "The World Is Too Much with Us," Markham's "The Man with the Hoe." and William Finnemore's "The Boy and the Cigarette." But on the whole, ir. is instructive to see how representative the collection is of the best modern Eng- lish literature and how persistently that literature seems to have founded itself on moral ideas. "The Riverside Readers" (Houghton Mifflin), the seventh and the eighth of which are now issued, have a certain originality of plan. Besides the ordinary reading matter, they include a "study of authors," which consists of a bio- graphical sketch of some writer by the editors, followed by a set of character- istic and appropriate extracts. In this man- ner each volume introduces the pupil to the life and the work of six or more impor- tant authors, American and English. For advanced reading. H. S. Murch's edi- tion of Carlyle's "Hero-Worship'' (Heath) is a conscientious piece of work. It con- tains a sufficient introduction with ,,r 1 in ordina ry crii li a] comment for its and adequatelj provided wll i> Itlon of "Robinson Cru- i), W. T. Hastings -in to have tal with the text for this sort of work and hai published In the bai 1. a collation of sev- eral of the early editions. The volume is Introduced by a life of Defoe, together with some remarks on his place as a writer. The cppendlx contains Steele's account of Sel- kirk and Capt. Rogers's narrative of hlf» rescue. "Matter, Form, and Style" (Dutton), by Hardress O'Grady, is an interesting little book for several reasons. It is designed as "a manual of practice in the writing of English composition," and is aimed in the first instance at a British audience. To what lengths the teaching of original ex- pression is now carried, abroad as at home, becomes evident from a few of the exercises in the handbook. In his own instruction Mr. O'Grady believes it "more human and humane to get first the creative act and then shape the thing created." To this end presumably he recommends, among other things, as admirable practice for the stu- dent the making of sonnets on set subjects ; such as, "a wave coming in and rising to its crest (octave) and then breaking smooth- ly round (sestet)." He also assigns a se- ries of triolets on such themes as "the dog is jumping up at the cat, who is furious." And yet in spite of these extravagances the book is not wanting in shrewd and sugges- tive remarks. Style, for example, is de- fined as sincerity; and there is a certain illumination in the antithesis of classic and democratic literature. The difficulty is that such matters are incidental to the purpose and require" for their appreciation the pos- session of the very faculties that they are intended to cultivate. CLASSICS. Prof. J. C. Egbert's edition of "Livy, Book XXI, with Selections from Books XXII- XXX" (Macmillan) is an elementary col- lege textbook designed to present the most important episodes in the Second Punic war in one volume. There is a very brief in- troduction, which hardly deserves the name. The meagre commentary contains the nec- essary historical information combined with elementary syntactical and linguistical notes and a large amount of translation. On the assumption that a college freshman needs a very elementary book, this edition is excellent, but if, after four years' high- school training, such an edition is still necessary, the high-school instruction must fail of its purpose. Our supply of introductory Latin books has been increased by the "Elements of Latin" (Heath), by B. C. Smith, and the "Latin Ladder" (Macmillan), by R. \V. Tunstall. Both of these books are by teachers of long experience who try to em- body here the secret of their success. Neither book shows any striking novelties of method, and both ignore the recent agi- tation in favor of more "direct" tee in the "Elements of Latin" wo find the or- der of the grammar followed in the pre- sentation of the forma, as Professor Ben- iiclt, advocates, and almost all syni elude, 1 until the forma nave been m , ,1. The 1 1 ' 1 ies consist of detached i, 1 ,, md entences nearly equally divided i,;ii mi uni English.whlle oatln Ladder," on the ol hi 1 hand, we have the pleoemeal presentation ,1 . with verbs and nouns alternat- ing, only (In and accusative, being given In the M'sl twentj one lessons. Byal

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Sept. ii, 1913] The !NT ation 235 early and systematically developed, while connected stories of the history of Rome are Introduced as early as the tenth lesson. a r i< •;» t device of review questions at fre- quent intervals keeps the student stimulat- ed, and a great deal of attention is paid to the mastery of vocabulary, the words be- ing assembled in convenient lists. In ex- ternal appearance the books differ radical- ly. The "Klements of Latin" shows an open, pleasing page, while the "Latin Lad- der" is closely printed, and encumbered with footnotes. This packed appearance is due largely to the presence of much un- necessary "talk" to the pupil. This is whol- ly lacking in the other book. Both books are good, but the "Latin Ladder" shows a Barer grasp of recent theories of teaching :is well as a more exact acquaintance with syntactical progress. A "Latin Reader for Beginners" (Ameri- can Book Company), by P. A. Gallup, com- prises the familiar old fables, a few sim- plified short stories, also well known, with tales of early Rome adapted from Livy and a few odds and ends. The very itary notes are at the bottom of the page, While a vocabulary gives further as- sistance. The collection is not uninteresting and may serve a useful purpose. A more advanced book, "Sight Reading in Latin" (Ginn), has been prepared by H. H. Bice. The pupil is supposed to have read two books of Caesar and the mate- rial here offered is somewhat more than the equivalent of books iii and iv, required by the New York State syllabus. Some in- troductory selections from Gellius, Pliny, Cicero, Livy, and Nepos lead up to the se- lections from Caesar, which are chosen from the "Civil War" and books iii-vii of the "Gallic War." A serious attempt is made to teach vocabulary systematically, as well as the peculiarities of word-order, and the absence of a vocabulary emphasizes the word "sight" in the title. The book is carefully planned and ought to be wel- comed by teachers as a rational attempt to develop systematically the power to read at sight. Messrs. H. P. Scott and C. H. Van Tuyl have followed up their "Caesar Composition Book" (1910) with a "Cicero Composition Book" (Scott, Foresman & Co.). This is, like the former, frankly a drill-book, the exercises consisting of detached sentences based on the Latin read, but grouped to illustrate particular syntactical construc- tions. The explanations show in general the influence of Professor Hale and often err on the side of minute distinction, but the plan is good and the material well chosen. A selection of recent college en- trance examinations is added for testing purposes. MODERN LANGUAGES. In his "Graded French Method" (Holt) Prof. W. F. Giese, of the University of Wis- consin, starts from the principle that in the study of foreign languages reading should from the beginning hold the central place instead of grammar. His own particular way of fusing reading and grammar is a highly original application of the old peda- gogic maxim: repetitio mater memorial. In each of the twenty-two graded chapters he begins by an effective statement of a certain amount of grammatical theory, and then illustrates this theory, not by disconnected sentences, but by three "readings," in very fluent and idiomatic French (the first two narratives, the third usually a dialogue), in all of which the same vocabulary appears. This is followed in turn by a "drill" for oral as well as written use, and by pas- sages for rendering into French, also con- nected and based in vocabulary on parts of the previous "readings." "Thus," says Pro- fessor Giese. "in the reading-matter of the fourth chapter, the student will meet near- ly two hundred regular present-tense' verb- forms, in the fifth chapter as many imper- fects, in the twelfth as many partitives, etc. ... In combining this insistent repetition of given elements of grammar with the equally insistent repetition of a given vocabulary, I have had to reproduce, not once but several dozen times, the per- formance of the ingenious Arab who ar- ranged overnight a thousand random words so as to impose on them meaning and log- ical sequence (it is added that his hair turned white in the process)." The remark- able fact is that in spite of the formidable obstacles imposed by his system of multiple repetition the author contrives to be light and entertaining. One is inclined, indeed, to wonder that a person capable of so much wit and ingenuity should deign to write grammars at all. The staider type of teacher and student will no doubt be disconcerted by the constant irony with which Professor Giese treats persons and things usually accounted respectable — for example, German doctoral dissertations, wo- men's clubs, humanitarians, and Victor Hugo — and will set him down as a cynic; but even they can scarcely fail to be amused. On the whole, the book strikes one as an unusually successful attempt to sugarcoat the grammatical pill, and should receive careful trial, especially in first-year college classes. Martin Schmidhofer's "Erstes Lesebuch fur amerikanische Schulen" (Heath) is in- tended for children who are fortunate enough to begin the study of German early. Those who come naturally by some know- ledge of the language can presumably use the book to the best advantage. An ad- mirable spirit pervades it. Besides appro- priate anecdotes, it includes many riddles and poems and some well-selected songs with music. "German for Beginners" (Holt), by Ed- uard Prokosch, is a manual in three parts: Texts, Exercises and Lessons, and a Synop- sis of Grammar — the whole preceded by a good Introduction on pronunciation. The Exercises and Lessons, printed concurrent- ly on opposite pages, are based upon the Texts, and furnish material for practice in German and for drill in grammatical forms; in other words, for inductive teach- ing, supplemented by the learning of para- digms. The Synopsis serves the purposes of reference and review. The texts are intelligently chosen, and the pedagogical elaboration of them is thorough. The book contains sufficient material for at least a year. It is to be regretted that E. C. Hills and S. G. Morley, in compiling their anthology of "Modern Spanish Lyrics" (Holt), did not limit their field to the nineteenth century; for if they have aimed at providing a handbook enabling the student to trace the history of the Spanish lyric from the fif- teenth century down, they have failed of their purpose. Obviously, the twenty pages devoted to the period prior to the eigh- teenth century give the student no ade- quate conception of the development of the lyric through the ages, and might better have been omitted. One notes with sur- prise the omission of names like Boscan, Garcilaso de la Vega, and Gongora in a collection which includes a Cancidn of the Portuguese Gil Vicente, a writer principal- ly noted as a dramatist. Certainly Gar- cilaso is the greatest lyric poet of the period in question; and while the editors may be justified in their hostility to Gon- gorism from the aesthetic point of view, the historic importance of the euphuistic movement is so great that at least one specimen of a poem written in that manner should have been included. The criterion of selection seems to have been a desire to include only those poems which would be likely to interest the student. But it may well be questioned whether modern mediocrities should be preferred to classiu authors, merely to humor indifferent stu- dents. The nineteenth century is fully and adequately treated. The foremost Spanish poets of the century just past are all well represented. In addition, selections are given from the leading poets of Argentina, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Nica- ragua, and Venezuela. The highest praise that can be meted out to these facile rhymesters is that their output compares favorably with that of the mother country. There is to be noted the same melodious flow of words expressing the same shallow - ness of thought. In their notes, the edit- ors have been accurate, scholarly, and as copious as space permitted. The introduc- tory treatise is superior to any similar study in English. The history of Spanish lyric poetry is a short, convenient guide for the beginner, and remarkably free from error. The publishers deserve especial credit for the handsome form in which trey have issued this textbook. Teachers of Spanish grammar will wel- come Prof. E. S. Ingraham's excellent "Brief Spanish Grammar" (Heath), a re- vision of Edgren's once popular, but now almost obsolete, textbook. Professor In- graham, while retaining many excellent features of the original, has wisely omit- ted much superfluous philological material which only served to bewilder the begin- ner. His aim has been practical and peda- gogic. The whole course is comprised in thirty-eight lessons, and the study of verb forms is completed in lesson eleven. The vocabulary is well chosen rather than ex- tensive; the exercises consist of simple sentences. While in no sense a grammar of reference, the book is a valuable first aid to beginners. HISTORY. Most American histories have been writ- ten from the political and constitutional point of view, a large proportion have shown strong national or sectional bias, and a considerable number, especially In recent years, have attempted to tr Rational annala as a confirmation of par- ticular schools of the philosophy of his- Prof. J. )'. Bassetfs "Short History of the ! very small minority whir). D under any one of these He has given just and well-proportioned emphasis to social, economic, and military (acton as well as to political. A Southern man with Northern education and

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236 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2515 he has hold the ba lac 1 1 markably even between the sections. He has delib- crately and successfully avoided the ex- treme and the doctrinaire. Keeping In mind his purpose to explain the early his- tory of the United States, he has not al- lowed himself, in describing the colonial period, to be over-influenced by the recent 1 ters who stress the theory that colonial history should be regarded pri niarily as a part of English history. The difficult problem of selection and elimina- tion of super-abundant material has been skilfully handled. The writer has pre- terred to give adequate accounts of the topics chosen lor treatment rather than to Include all items for which frequent mention in earlier works has created a tradition of historical importance. Accu- racy of a high degree characterizes the book. The style, though not brilliant, is and terse, occasionally a little stilted: but on the whole well adapted to historical narrative. It is perhaps asking too much in a work which frankly relies upon other investigations for much of its material to expect satisfactory treatment of the first half of the eighteenth century. Its his- tory has not been adequately written by earlier historians, and it remains in this work the neglected period. The national period is, on the whole, handled with a surer and a firmer grasp than the colo- nial. Prof. Hutton Webster's "Ancient History" (Heath) will be acceptable to the teachers who think that military and political affairs have had too large, and social and cultural affairs too small, a place in our historical textbooks. It draws liberally from the wealth of information which recent ex- cavations in Oriental and classical lands have made available. Of the 639 pages of text, fully 300 are given to describing manners, institutions, art, literature, and other phases of civilization. Archaeology is explained, both as to methods and as to results, and there is a wholesome critical spirit in the treatment of tradition, wheth- er it be Oriental, Hebraic, or classic. The style is pleasing, as it should be in an elementary textbook, and the narrative is not overburdened with details. There are many useful illustrations, and the index is adequate. Much praise must be given, also, to the bibliographical suggestions. The large amount of attention given to antiqui- ties and life necessarily shortens that which can be devoted to history in the older sense. If we must have in one textbook all that the author has felt impelled to treat in this book, probably no better distribution of space could be made; but it is a question if the pupil would not have a more vivid, and consequently a more permanent, mental pic- ture of what he is expected to know if the subject-matter were taken in smaller as- signments treated on a larger scale. It is not essential that a high-school student should acquire a knowledge of all history from its beginning to the death of Charle- magne, even in outline. It would be better if he knew the significance of Greece and contributors to later history, and knew them so fully that he would have a reasonably clear and warm consciousness of the Grecian and Roman spirit. A new edition of Professor McLoughlin's lh lory of the American Nation" (Apple- ton) brings the narrative down to the lnau- 11 of Woodrow Wilson. Much of the original text has been changed. The au- thor's facility of clear presentation, which has made his book a favorite in many schools, is maintained, spite of much con- densation in the recent period of his his- tory. SCIENCE. The rapidity in the change of attitude towards the teaching of mathematics is em- phasized by the "Calculus" (privately print- ed) of Professors Franklin, MacNutt, and Charles, of Lehigh University. The cal- culus, as here treated, is a means to express the principles of physics and engineering. Little effort is made to develop the subject as a branch of pure mathematics, to insist on rigorous deductions, or to train the stu- dent to solve formal problems. The au- thors are convinced "that it is a peda- gogical mistake, in a textbook on calculus for young men, to break the thread of the textual discussion by unnecessary al- gebraic developments and by large and fre- quent groups of purely formal problems." So the formal problems are collected in an appendix waiere some ingenuity will be re- quired to find them. A textbook by Pro- fessor Franklin is sure to be original and interesting. He has also the faculty of seeing problems clearly and solving them simply. As an aid to students who desire to know the applications of the calculus to physics, no better text could be found, but we cannot help wondering how they will get the ability to solve problems after they understand the principles. Mathematicians have rather stubbornly refused to teach mathematics except as an end in itself, or t" shorten their courses by fusing more or less together such related subjects as ge- ometry, trigonometry, and algebra. Whether their method is the best is open to ques- tion, but they are correct when they main- tain that a rigid course in mathematics, with persistent practice in the art of solv- ing problems, is essential to the training of the physicist and the engineer. We have never been able to develop a school of theoretical physics and engineering in this country, largely because our students do not have a training which puts the tech- nique of mathematics at their fingers' ends. It is still to be proved that it is not better U let mathematicians teach the theory and art of their subject and to require the physicist and the engineer to teach its ap- plications. With the present scheme, our college students seem increasingly unable to deal with mathematical problems. A rather useful book on "Electric Arcs" (Van Nostrand) has been prepared by Prof. Clement D. Child. The treatment is ele- mentary, but a fairly good descriptive text of the theory and applications of the arc is given. The third and concluding book of "The Silver-Burdett Arithmetics" has been issued by the press of that company. The plan of this arithmetic is similar to that of the first two parts, which have been reviewed in these columns. Two new books, "School Algebra" and "Academic Algebra" (Ginn), have been add- ed to the well-known and popular Went- worth-Smith Mathematical Series. Prof. Alfred Monroe Konyon and Louis Ingold have written a "Trigonometry" (Mac- millan). The book follows the modern method of teaching mathematics by its practical applications, The text is short, but the tables are unusually full and are conveniently arranged. Whenever Prof. J. M. Coulter, of the University of Chicago, prepares a treatise for the use of students of botany, he is sure to make it well proportioned and clear. Careful examination of his latest venture, "Elementary Studies in Botany" (Apple- ton), shows that he has kept both of these points constantly in mind. But let no pur- chaser be misled by the title into thinking that this volume is a primer in words of one syllable. It is a comprehensive and straightforward statement of the essen- tials of modern botany, with a definite ob- ject kept constantly in view, namely, of in- troducing the beginner without loss of time into that part of the field of botany which borders upon horticulture and agri- culture. This introduction to what may be called practical botany is accomplished without the employment of unnecessary technical terms or conceptions. Therefore the volume is not only useful, but is read- able and interesting. "Agronomy" (Ginn), by Willard N. Clute, is an excellent treatment of this depart- ment of farming. Being limited to the study of plant production, it can be used to advantage in city or town as well as in country schools. It is adapted to high- school pupils, but has the advantage of being simple in both language and plan. Many of its illustrations are new, which is not always the case with textbooks, and all of them are to the point. The book is practical, and can be recommended. Animal husbandry, the complementary department of farming, is treated in "Ani- mal Husbandry for Schools" (Macmillan), by Merritt W. Harper. The extent of this subject, the need of many tables of figures for the study of rations, and the widely different animals that must be included, make the writing of such a book difficult. Mr. Harper's is compact and clear, is thor- oughly illustrated, and by its laboratory and class exercises is properly fitted for use in high or agricultural schools. In the same Rural Textbook series, pub- lished by Macmillan, "Farm Management," by G. F. Warren, offers to farmers a com- plete and very timely handbook on a sub- ject which in future must be more and more considered. The problem of success- ful farming was never more pressing or more difficult than now, and every aid which science offers should be at the ser- vice of our agriculturists. Whether to farm at all, and, if so, how, where, and by means of what equipment, how to market, and how to keep accounts, are questions ex- amined by Mr. Warren in an interesting and suggestive, but also a very trust- worthy, book. In "Animal Geography, the Faunas of the Natural Regions of the Globe" (Frowde), Marion I. Newbigin attempts to set before the geographical Btudent tin' main facts which relate to the distribution of animals. This subject is in direct line with the trend of modern evolutionary study, and offer b larg field of intensely interc-st- earch. The present volume is evi- dently intended for the uninformed layman in- tne beginning student, The (acta are obviously given at second hand, but line been drawn from trustworthy sources. The ipl 1 deal :i" cessively with 1 be of t nihil as, "ii tores! t\ mountain: I 1 opil 8 I I I I

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Sept. II, 1913J 1? h. e N" a t i o 11 237 t] 1 lakes, rivers, and caves. No effort has been made to reproduce any realism or the atmosphere of the respective zones, mparativcly little correlation among the facts themselves, so that steady read- ing is but dull work. The best sec- tions are those dealing with the tundras and the tropical forests. If something of 1 rit of Gosse or Renshaw had per- the text, the "student" would take moro joy in his work and the subject would appeal to a much wider circle of general readers. A wholesome innovation is the correction of wronK popular names, as prong-bucK for prong-horned "antelope," and prairie marmot for prairie "dog." It is a case of the mote in the brother's eye, however, for in the European names such nomenclatu- ral purity is not always maintained. The title of the chapter on steppes is mislead- ing, as it treats in addition of prairies, pampas, and deserts. The paragraphs on arboreal adaptation of organisms to life In the tropical forest are excellent and should have been tho pattern of treatment held to throughout. Most of the illustrations are photographs of mounted museum speci- mens which show the structural adapta- tions fairly well; there are in addition Himalayan and other views. It is diffi- cult to speculate why such impressionistic paintings as that of the snow leopard were admitted. A brief outline classification of animals forms an appendix for "readers who are not well acquainted with modern zoology," but such an audience should have been attracted by more entertainment in the main body of the book. The index is inadequate and of use only for referring to ih' various organisms as such, and not in relation to their distribution. As en- cyclopaedia articles theso chapters would be admirable, but as a bound animal geography tli( y leave much to be desired, and for either comprehensive views or detailed ref- erence one had better turn to Wallace or to Scharff. Literature STATESMAN AND GENTLEMAN. The Windham Papers: The Life and Correspondence of the Rt. Hon. Wil- liam Windham, 1750-1810. With an Introduction by the Earl of Rosebery. 33 portraits. Two vols. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. $10 net. "Why may not the life of Windham be written by his letters?" asked a writer in 1831. To-day, a century after the statesman's death, a conscientious edi- tor, whose identity is not evident, shows that a life can be so written very suc- cessfully. The editor has limited him- self to the briefest kind of explanatory comment, mostly relegated to footnotes and not always quite accurate. Wind- ham is an especially good subject for a biography of this kind, for he himself was a writer of very unusual charm and he was the constant recipient of fa- miliar letters from such eminent and interesting persons as George III, Burke, Fox, Pitt, the Grenvilles, Cobbett, Haz- litt, Dr. Johnson, Dr. Burney, Mrs. Sid- dons, and many others. The Windham Papers, which were ac- quired by purchase by the British Mu- seum in 1909, and from which the bulk of the material here published is drawn, comprise ninety-four volumes, almost all of which, with the exception of the Windham-Burke letters, have never be- lore been printed. They are of consid- erable historical value, not only as a mine of information concerning Wind- r.am himself, but also as throwing light upon English domestic politics and for- eign policy during the French Revolu- tion and Empire. About 1782, when past thirty, Windham also began to keep a somewhat sentimental and introspec- tive diary — "My confidential book; in this will be contained all those thoughts, memorandums, notes, reflexions, &c, which no eye must see but my own." By the time of his death this intimate jour- nal swelled to fourteen large volumes, and affords an exact, though painful, picture of Windham's character. It elso reveals why it was that he did not achieve more in public life. It is full of vacillation and endless agitations on the smallest activities of daily life. He seemed to worry himself with his pen. Lord Rosebery thinks it would have been better for Windham's reputation if some judicious friend had put the whole diary behind the fire. Lord Holland and Charles Greville have intimated that parts of it could not with decorum be made public. All this may be true; but if the editor was wise to publish any of it — and we think he was — he would have been wiser to publish more. William Windham was, according to the universal testimony of all those who knew him, a man of very unusual per- sonal charm. In conversation, where he was at his best, be could be earnest, playful, and eloquent. He had the at- tractive faculty of appearing to give his very best to the persons with whom be was conversing, and the spell of his fascination was complete. Even Dr. Johnson admitted him, when a mere country gentleman of twenty-eight, to his famous club, and, in his declining days, to his bedside. "Such conversa- tion," wrote the dying sage, "I shall not bave again till I come back to the re- gions of literature; and there Windham is inter stellas luna minores." On Wind- ham he bestowed a Greek Testament, with his views on religion and with in- junctions for the protection of his faith- ful servant, Frank. Windham was a man of bodily vigor. Like the Greeks he loved youth, beauty, and manly exercises. His own many-sid- edness was Greek-like, and quite in har- mony with his genuine love and know- ledge of the classics. He had the robust eld English liking for boxing, and was known in his youth as "Fighting Wind- bam." In advanced years, when he could no longer put on the gloves himself, he often attended the matches of others, and the technical comments in his diary show that he looked on with the eye of an expert as well as of an enthusiast. He once started on a voyage to discover the North-West Passage, but at Bergen gave it over on account of sea-sickness. In 1785 he wrote: "From the moment of my hearing of balloons" — which were as much a novelty and a danger in his age as monoplanes in our own — "I felt, in common I believe with every other man of the smallest imagination, the wish of adventuring in one." He there- fore speedily made his will, wrote out a confession of his religious faith, and t.rocured his balloon. Burke wrote ban- teringly: Adieu, Star triumphant, and some pity show On us poor battlers militant below. I think you are the first rational being that has taken flight. What time will you receive the congratulations of your Ter- restrial Friends on your return to Mor- tality? Windham's own comment in his diary is very characteristic: Much satisfied with myself; and, in con- sequence of that satisfaction, dissatisfied with my adventure. Could I have foreseen that danger or apprehension would have made so little impression on me, I would have deferred going till we had a wind favourable for crossing the Channel. We quite agree with Lord Rosebery in hazarding the opinion that Windham was a flirt. He gave young ladies vol- umes with dedications in pedestrian verse of his own making. He chided his friend Cholmondeley for lightly en- gaging the affections of Miss Cecilia Forrest, whom he married himself witn singular secrecy thirteen years later, and yet he himself had been similarly engaging the affections of a daughter of Sir Philip Francis; a lady endeavor- ing to console the unhappy girl told her that Windham had long hesitated between Miss Forrest and a devoted widow. He was also welcome in the evening by the fireside of the beautiful Mrs. Siddons, and he wrote intimate and affectionate letters to Mrs. Crewe; he even records his agitation on meeting her the first time after his own mar- riage. But his flirtations were rather the result of his conversational fascina- tion and whimsical nature; they were, in Lord Roscbery's phrase, "unconscious, innocent, and honorable." In public life Windham was "not a strict party man," not a very hard work- er, and not very ambitious — three seri- ous defects in any one who wishes to attain leadership in politics. H" en- tered Parliament from Norwich in 1784 as a Whig; accepted an office in Pitt's Tory Cabinet from 1794 to 1801; went into the Opposition and was intimate with Radicals like Fox and Cobbi tt un-

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238 ^ The N a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2515 til in 1806 he again accepted office under Lord (in nville as Secretary of State for War, in the Administration de- risively known as t lie "Ministry of All the Talents." This apparent political fickleness, which led him to be called by turns a Poxite, a Pittite, and a Gren- vlllite, was, however, more apparent than real, and more creditable than cen- surable. It sprang from his strong inde- pendence of mind, and the fact that he preferred freedom of opinion and action to party regularity. As an independent, and as a follower of Burke, who exer- cised a great influence on his mind, Windham naturally favored many things in the programme of each of the two great parties, and he made no secret of his opinions. He was the enthusiastic advocate of Roman Catholic Emancipa- tion, but the bitter enemy of the French Republic and the unflinching opponent cf parliamentary reform; he slew one Reform Bill, as with a smooth stone from a brook, by saying effectively: "No one would select the hurricane season in which to begin repairing his house." As Secretary for War for seven years under Pitt, sharing the duties of the of- fice with Dundas, Windham exercised an important influence upon England's con- duct of the war against France, for Pitt was not a military man; "I distrust ex- tremely any ideas of my own on mili- tary subjects," he wrote to Windham in 1794. Windham was personally present for a time with the English army in the Netherlands, and had the courage to write Pitt firmly of his own conviction of the utter incompetence of the Duke of York as commander-in-chief. This was a difficult and delicate duty, for he was fond of the Duke and had received much kindness and confidence from him. It was an especially embarrassing mat- ter to recall the Duke just at this time, as he had been forced to a series of re- treats, and recall would look like offi- cial censure for failure. Pitt, however, took the hint, and the recall was soon arranged in a way which hurt no feel- ings, but which relieved the army of the incubus of an inept commander. Windham carried on an extensive corre- spondence with the French royalists, and was the man chiefly responsible for the sending of the ill-fated expedition to Quiberon. But in fairness to him it should be added that it was not Wind- ham's plan which was responsible for this failure, but the folly and cowardice of the French emigres, to whom he en- trusted the execution of the plan. Dur- ing his years at the War Office he at- tempted some reforms in the service, "but the few pebbles which he left on the shore of military history scarcely constitute a memorial cairn." Of the letters to Windham which are h< re printed perhaps the most interest- ing to American readers is the sixteen- page letter of June 1, 1793, written ii'im Philadelphia by some unidentified French royalist. It is a survey of the political men, parties, and conditions in the "Unitate States" from the point of view of an intelligent foreigner, writ- ten "in English to prevent you to read a bad French hand." CURRENT FICTION. The House of Thane. By Elizabeth Dejeans. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippin- cott Co. "Missouri's my State, and I don't want a better," declares this hero who had found money in oil in half a dozen Western States, but who could never fulfil his dream of founding his house and perpetuating his name outside of St. Louis. The author is equally free from any dread of provinciality, and her story of the American money-mak- er, his wife, his mistress, and the wo- man he should have married gains im- measurably by its flavor of local speech (something very distinct from dialect), and from the unpremeditated snatches of description in which she communi- cates her familiarity with the Missouri metropolis and the California oil fields. The plot contains many situations that are tritely sensational and senti- mental; an adored son is proved ille- gitimate and an unselfish mistress dis- embarrasses her lover by going off to die alone. Yet the story puts in a clear light many of the wrongs that men and women do each other in unions not founded on mutual love and respect. The extent to which the barbarous as- sumption that money can purchase the rights of love still persists in the mind and common practice of "the money- making animal" is disclosed with con- siderable shrewdness, though without any trace of cynical intention. For many reasons the book is more likely to appeal to the untutored appetite for fiction than to a highly cultivated taste. For one thing, it is carelessly written, and many of its clumsily con- trived phrases make rough reading for those who value verbal niceties. For another, the characters might almost be dismissed as conventionalized types, were it not for the perspective of emo- tional history that opens up behind each of these figures. Courtin' Christina. By J. J. Bell. New York: George II. Doran Co. Those popular favorites, Wee Mac- Greegor and Christina, now appear in conjunction. MacGreegor has been at till chosen trade of "pentin"' for some ,\ ears; Christina is the assistant and mainstay of a vague old-maid dealer in "stationery and fancy goods." Mac- Oreegor has had his youthful amours, but the sight of Christina in a red blots them out forever. The courtship which 1 nsuee Is as quaint as would be expected of the amusing pair. Christina is a canny soul, and the means by which she causes him to aban- don his pentin' for a career of greater promise are as old and as solid as the hills. The atmosphere of Caledonian hu- mor in which the narrative is steeped need not be analyzed for readers who are familiar with this author's knack. WO . By Maurice Drake. New York: E^ P. Dutton & Co. The mysterious letters that form the title of this book the reader guesses at once to be a chemical formula, but he guesses many times before he discov- ers what the strange mercantile com- pany is doing with the material thus designated, which it is importing from Holland to England. In fact, this is a detective story in which the amateur sleuth is a character whom Mr. Locke might have created, and in which the events unroll with a zest of ludicrous surprise worthy, almost, of Mr. Bir- mingham's "Spanish Gold." Most of the action takes place on the sea, and the talk is of a salty flavor wondrously learned and quite delightful to a lands- man. It is not often that detective work, vagabond adventure, and love- making are more pleasantly mingled. Murder in Any Degree. By Owen John- son. New York: The Century Co. Mr. Johnson, whose "Stover at Yale" brought him into the field, is making hay while the sun shines — hay of some- what uneven quality. The tales in this collection show more versatility than seriousness. The title story is the best of the lot, from the serious point of view, a study of marriage versus art. "One Hundred in the Dark" handles a confessedly trite situation in a novel way; it is the kind of yarn which stands or falls by its "thrill." "A Comedy for Wives" deals with another ancient sit- uation in a forced and vulgar fashion. Mr. Johnson's humor is not his strong point. He should reserve it for such material as that of "Even Threes," a golfing tale of unusual merit. LITERARY LONDON. London in English Literature. By Per- cy II. Boynton. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. $2 net. "No, sir," declared Dr. Johnson, "when a man is tired of London, he is tired of life; for there is in London all that life can afford." Mr. Percy Boynton, Ameri- can though he is, would, we fancy, be tempted to subscribe to the Doctor's axiom. At any rate, his interest in Lon- don is so keen that he has been aide to find, if not a new, at least a different angle from which to view and describe lie city. While, as he says in his pref- ace, "nothing is Included In 1 be \ olume ■a hi. b ■ annol be easily traced bj refer-

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Sept. ii, 1913] The Nation 239 ence to standard works on London and obvious sources of literature," we hate to admit his claim that the exact method and purpose of the present hook have, so far as we can recall, never been anticipated, Mr. Boynton has set him- self to reproduce, in chronological order, the contemporary atmosphere of succes- sive literary periods in the history of London, and the principal value of his achievement, as he intended it should be, is in its suggestiveness. The book is written primarily for the student of English literature— doubtless it is the outcome of Mr. Boynton's ex- periences with his own students — and we shall be guilty of no disrespect to- wards the author if we liken his work to the tempting hois d'oeuvre that whets the appetite for the more solid repast. There are a dozen topics touched on and passed by concerning which we would desire more information, or would wish to join issue; but it is atmosphere with which Mr. Boynton is concerned, and when with a few bold strokes he has indicated how men lived and moved and thought in a given period he is ready to pass on to the next picture. As a sop to our curiosity, or more probably as an ingenious bait for those students at whom he is constantly looking out of the tail of his eye, to each chapter he appends a brief catalogue of "illustra- tive readings," works, modern and con- temporary, which will throw further light upon the figures and events whicn he has only adumbrated. Mr. Boynton has done what he set out to do so extremely well that one is tempted to wish that the limitations he imposed on himself had not been quite so rigid. Even at the cost of slightly in- creasing the scope of the book, the topography of the city in the various periods described might advantageously have been dealt with in greater detail. In this connection, too, it is unfortunate that the maps and plans included in the volume are reproduced on too small a scale to be of great value. On the other hand, it must be recorded that Mr. Boynton has been singularly success- ful in avoiding the "sketchiness" and lack of cohesion which are liable to be the faults of a book of limited dimen- sions dealing with a wide subject. At the same time that he is directing our attention to particular aspects of his subject he never allows us to miss the synoptic view or to lose sight of the continuity of London in letters, in his- tory, and even in topography. The tran- sitions from one period to another, their co-relations and their contrasts, are very deftly suggested. It is perhaps to be regretted that Mr. Boynton did not elect to close his book with the excellent chapter on "Victorian London." In writing in the final chap- ter of "Contemporary London" his per- spective, as was perhaps inevitable, seems for the first time to be faulty, and in some of his observations he comes perilously near to the platitudinous. Cu- rious mistakes on the part of an author usually extremely careful occur on page 199, where the Prince of Wales is de- scribed as the "Crown Prince," and on page 275, where Charles II is "represent- ed as the monarch who was condemned to death. The value of the book is en- hanced by a discriminating selection of illustrations, ancient and modern, and by an excellent appendix of "illustra- tive novels." Concordanza (Idle Rime di Francesco Pctrarca. Compilata da Kenneth Mc- Kenzie. New Haven: Yale University Press. $10 net. The completion of this volume, upon which Professor McKenzie has been en- gaged for several years, will be regard- ed as something of an event in scholar- ship, not only in this country but abroad. Italy, in particular, has reason to be grateful for the interest which Americans have shown in her best liter- ature; for owing to their labors we now have concordances to the minor Italian works and the Latin works of Dante, to the "Divine Comedy," and to Petrarch's "Rime" — truly a notable achievement. Although the influence of Petrarch has been known for a century and more to have been enormous, the use of Pro- fessor McKenzie's systematic lists can scarcely fail to add much which has escaped detection. Not only did Petrarch's language largely shape the procedure of Renaissance lyrics, it en- tered, in one way or another, into near- ly every literary type which was used in that period; and his analysis of de- tached moments of life had its effect — indirectly, if we mistake not, even on the Romanticists. His relation to the lyric is in some ways more vital than that of Seneca to the drama, for not only did he catch up and hand on themes and attitudes of classic Greeks and Latins, but opened to art what must seem to moderns the closed systems of the troubadours and the dolce stil nuovo. So that through him, if allow- ance be made for a few later borrow- ings from ancient times, in particular a revival- of Anacreontics and of Horace's calm reflective mood, the modern lyric appears like the outcome of a steady unbroken stream starting in antiquity. To grasp fully what Petrarch's writings meant to Europe is an important work for future scholarship, the preliminaries of which have been admirably accom- plished by Professor McKenzie. As the basis of his concordance Pro- fessor McKenzie has taken the text of Salvo-Cozzo (Florence, 1904), but he has constantly consulted the manu- scripts of the Canzoniere in the Vatican Library which were rediscovered in 1886 and part of which proved to be in Petrarch's own hand. The absence un- til recently of a definitive edition has given rise among editors to great varia- tions of arrangement and numbering of the poems; and to make his concord- ance widely serviceable, Professor Mc- Kenzie furnishes a comparative table of first lines, as recorded in such edi- tions as those of Salvo-Cozzo, Mestica, Carducci and Ferrari, Soave, and Mar- sand. In a preface written in Italian the author fully explains the details of his system, which need not be describ- ed here more than to say that in gen- eral he has followed the methods adopt- ed by Sheldon in the concordance to Dante's minor Italian works. All words, except the commonest particles, etc., are recorded, progressively, as they occur in the text; verbs are grouped under the infinitive, adjectives under the mas- culine singular, after the manner of a dictionary. In the case of the Trionfi the excellent text of Carl Appel (1901) has naturally been followed. Only frequent use of this work can fully test its accuracy, but a somewhat searching experiment with it here and there by the reviewer has failed to dis- close any mistakes of numbering or ot printing. Ellen Key. By Louise Nystrom-Hamil- ton. Translated by A. E. B. Fries. With an Introduction by Havelock Ellis. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25 net. Mrs. Nystrom-Hamilton's biograpny of Ellen Key throws some desired light upon the personality of this interesting woman, though as a whole it is rather unsatisfactory as a study of character and in information meagre and vague. Of external events, as a matter of fact, there is little to record. Ellen Key (the name was originally the Scotch "Mac Kay") was born in 1849, of a race of squires and statesmen, and passed her childhood in the wholesome atmosphere of a country home. Later she spent her winters in Stockholm as the companion and secretary of her father, Emil Key, who was a member of the Riksdag. By 1880 Emil Key had spent his fortune in the interest of the Liberal party, and Ellen began a career of nineteen yeare as a high-school teacher. She had al- ways been a student, and in 1882 she began to give public lectures, embracing a variety of subjects in history, sociol- ogy, and literature, before the People's Institute of Stockholm, which had beeo founded by the husband of her biog- rapher. From this point dates her lit- erary output, of which, it should be said, the discussion of sex relations torms a rather small part. It seems clear that she had no special ambition for publicity, and her prominence as a critic of the institution of marriage was in a measure provoked by the action of the authorities when, in 1889, four young men who had given expression to some crudely radical views concern-

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2 4=0 r_T h e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2515 ing the marriage relation were Impri- soned under an old statute against blas- phemy. With no sympathy for their manner of expressing themselves, Ellen Key Celt that their imprisonment was nevertheless a crime against freedom of speech; and in view of a general indif- ference she felt called to their defence. Ellen Key is a single woman, and her biography records not so much as one "affair." Apparently, the philoso- pher of love has been too busy. Her biographer resents indignantly the "slanders" that have been heaped upon her; and her resentment is so far jus- tifled that no one who reads Ellen Key carefully could associate her with any- thing vulgar, however unconventional, though vulgar episodes may plausibly be referred to her for authority. Yet it is scarcely fair to scold an unenlight- ened public for supposing that "Miss Key lived as she preached," and on the other hand a defence of the champion of love's freedom by the standards of Mrs. Grundy seems a trifle irre- levant. Her biographer also resents the imputation that Ellen Key's in- sistence upon freedom in marriage represents the morbid preoccupation of an old maid. Rather, should we say — in spite of sixty years and a well-seasoned intellect — the uncalculat- ing idealism of youth. For the practi- cal fact about marriage seems to oe that every marriage, however well founded in mutual sympathy, presents a problem. There are always some dif- ferences of temperament, become impor- tant through close association, between which compatibility is still to be effect- ed. In Ellen Key's philosophy the pos- sibility of creating compatibility plays no part, as, indeed, her biographer notes. Marriages are made in Heaven. Men and women are either compatible or incompatible, once for all; and when they are incompatible the marriage is to be dissolved. It is then no surprise to learn from Mrs. Nystrom-Hamilton that Ellen Keys writing is the fruit of intuition rather than of logic, and that she is even somewhat baffled by the requirements of grammatical construction. Her work is a curious combination of the naive and the profound. It contains many pas- sages hardly to be surpassed for virility and nobility of conception and for pene- trating insight; and then again pas- sages which, taken in themselves, seem to countenance a scandalous frivolity and libertinism. It seems clear that when Ellen Key writes she is absorbed in the thought of the moment and in the aspect of the Question which is im- mediately before her, and it is left for the reader to find "the complementary contradiction and restriction" which would give her exact meaning. The ef- fect of this upon the thoughtless and dissatisfied is likely to be demoralizing; but this will not permit us to deny that the writer herself is a high-minded wo- man whose personal sympathies are sound and wholesome. Tibullus: The Corpus Tibvllianum. Edit- ed, with" Introduction and Notes on Books 1, II, and IV, ii-xiv, by Kirby Flower Smith. New York: American Book Co. $1.50. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the debt which American classical scholar- ship owes to Professor Smith for this edition. We have here not only the first commentary in English upon the whole text of Tibullus, Sulpicia, and the anonymous elegies of the fourth book, but we have an edition which in min- uteness of scholarship, sympathy and acutencss of interpretation, and extend- ed knowledge of similar literature in other languages combines the excel- lencies of Earle's editions of Sophocles and Shorey's edition of Horace. The most obvious criticism is on the form. As one of a series of school and college textbooks, it is restricted by various limitations of space and style, notably evident in the Introduction, which, though extensive (94 pages), still of necessity omits many important details of discussion. However, Profes- sor Smith always sets forth his own views clearly and adequately, and the ample footnotes supply the bibliogra- phy necessary for verification. Then, too, the text, embracing the whole corpus Tibullianum, is printed solid (66 pages), while the critical variations are rele- gated to the Appendix. These should be more extensive and should appear at the bottom of the page. The same lim- itations of space have probably caused the omission of a commentary on the third book and the "Encomium Messal- lae" (IV, i). It is true that these elegies are distinctly inferior to the genuine work, but the addition of a brief commentary on them would have made the book complete. Professor Smith is not so much a tex- tual critic, as a student of language and literature. These two characteristics dominate in the extensive commentary (344 pages). This is written for the uni- versity student and the student of com- parative literature. Here are no futile "grammatical" notes int< nded for the young collegian, who still finds it dif- ficult to construe, but such grammati- cal notes as find place are elaborate and exhaustive treatments of word meaning and syntactical phenomena, in which every available bit of Information is cited and weighed. Many of these notes remind one of Mayor's commen- tary on Juvenal, without its irreh van- Parallels in ancient and modern literatures are lavishly quoted, as a rule in the language in which they are written, and to get the full benefit of the notes the reader must be familiar with French, German, and Italian, in addition to Latin and Greek. While Tibullus has had no such Influence upon later literature as Horace and Virgil, it is remarkable how many real paral- lels are here collected. Great interest centres in the Introduc- tion, which treats of the Development oi the lOlegy, the Life of Tibullus, Later Tradition and Imitation, Criticism and Discussion, etc. The most important chapters are the first two. In the first the editor sketches the history of this most fascinating but elusive department of literature from its. earliest appear- ance, when it seems already fully devel- oped in all its moods, down to and beyond Tibullus, "to whom belongs the distinction of having given artistic per- fection to the department on Roman ground." Owing to the many uncer- tainties due to the almost total loss of early Greek elegy, this discussion should have been much longer, for many stu- dents will not have ready access to many works cited in the footnotes. The chapter on the life of Tibullus furnishes an excellent example of literary crit- icism. Our external information regard- ing Tibullus is extremely scanty, while the references to himself in his poems are so vague and so inextricably inter- woven with the inherited literary ma- chinery of the elegy that nothing posi- tive can be deduced. Here Professor Smith is at his best. His extensive studies in this department, his delicate humor, and his power of divination have enabled him to reconstruct a charming personality who, while a prominent figure in the literary circle of Messalla, was at the same time a much loved companion of Virgil and Horace. History of the People of the United States. Volume VIII. By John Bach McMaster. New York: D. Appleton & Co. $2.50 net. Thirty years have passed since Mr. McMaster began his "History of the People of the United States," the final volume of which now appears. He ends abruptly with the inauguration of Lin- coln as President. The volumes of Rhodes continue the story, though after quite another method; and thus, for the first time, we have an elaborate history of [he United States from 1789 to 1884. Channing has already covered the Co- lonial period, but with nothing like the same detail. A final chapter by McMas- ter, describing the general situation in 1860, and in the same form as iiis first chapter in the first volume, would have been Interesting, if only to furnisb a mi ai ur< of his dei elopment during the progri bs of bis wot b In that time a. new school of hi ;luri cal writers has been trained. Mr, Mo- !m gan to write soon ai ter spei lal departments in history and economic! were 1 stablished In our leading uni\ ei sifies, the first effect of which was to

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Sept. ii, 1913] T h. e Nation 241 show the essential defect in the work of the accepted writers of the time. He has been quite consistent in his meth- ods, and from the beginning has placed his main reliance upon contemporary newspapers. From these he summariz- ed state papers, political declarations, and the more obvious symptoms of so- cial movement, selecting with judgment and combining with skill, so as to form narratives of special incidents. The tion may be of the slightest, chief- ly chronological; but the result brings into relief a number of almost forgot- ten social facts, abortive or fruitful in later improvement — early evidences of movements still in action. As an open field for social development and experi- mentation, the United States offered an opportunity for appreciating social forces. Without training in economics Mr. McMaster is on this matter at once suggestive and weak. The ten years covered by this volume marked the fullest development of slavery in the South; but no attempt is made to show its evils and its supposed advantages. That the year 1860 should have found the people willing to enter into extreme protection, even under cover of a war necessity, receives no explanation, and his treatment of the wages question carefully avoids any connection with the tariff. Nor while describing the , growth of cities docs he suggest the beginnings of the political "boss," sure- ly a distinctive creation of municipal opportunity. He is strong in collecting a large number of items on a certain subject; but too often these elaborate compilations lead to no conclusion. Names and incidents, called into activ- ity by a special occasion and exerting only local influence, might judiciously have been pruned so as to permit the introduction of matters of permanent importance. If the filibusters against Cuba and Nicaragua deserve notice, would not commercial reciprocity with Canada, ot strong and lasting influence on the economic development of the Dominion, demand at least mention? The opinions on Lincoln's capacity expressed by in- dividuals of all parties were even more remarkable than those cited from the Democratic press. The economic de- pendence of the South on cotton, which led to a political assurance of its pow- er to coerce foreign nations as well as the North, is only casually mentioned; while the intensely bitter sectional hatred of the South against New Eng- land escapes attention. The paraphrasing of newspapers in- volves dangers which Mr. McMaster has not escaped — those of monotony and prolixity. Contemporary opinion needs to be tested by severe analysis, for it suffers from all forms of distortion. In biography this distortion is an advan- tage; it gives the personal equation of the subject, and the frame or setting of the biography corrects the most marked ] defects. But Mr. McMaster is the most impersonal of historians. He rarely expresses an opinion beyond the adjec- tive he uses in the narrative, and no- where has he sought to outline the char- acter of a leader. Lincoln, Buchanan, and Brown are no more to him than a steamboat, a railway, or an anonymous writer in a village newspaper. These well-known names appear and disappear as occasioii offers, but the cause of their existence and the result of their agency are equally ill-defined. With a style which lends itself to the picturesque, the volume is singularly lacking in that quality. The trial of John Brown and the Mountain Meadows Massacre are related in the same terms as a political convention; and to the summary of the Lincoln-Douglas debate, though called in the chapter heading "the great de- bate," is assigned no more space than is given to the visit of Kossuth. In paraphrasing from a number of sources confusion is created. Many of the paragraphs read as if made up by the "clippings editor." In drawing his material from many sources, without regard to the standing or influence of the source, skill in piecing cannot avoid this confusion. In a paragraph on North Carolina in 1860 a single sen- tence is taken from each of seven jour- nals. In an attempt to estimate public opinion in one State this is justifiable; but the method fails when public opin- ion on the repeal of the Missouri Com- promise is to be defined. On pages 267- 268 a part of the paragraph is taken from D. D. Field; but the relation con- tinues in the same tone without credit given to any source. The reader must decide if it is Field who is still speak- ing, or some unnoted authority. Then, too, in drawing from those who have made special studies in the same pe- riod Mr. McMaster might have been more liberal of credit. In this case crit- icism of style and method is in place, because much more is demanded of this last volume than of the first. Not only has the subject broadened, but the read- er is more critical. He looks for some- thing beyond a compilation from print- ed sources. Mr. McMaster does use manuscripts, but haltingly and unskil- fully. He has dipped into the Webster, Buchanan, Stanton, Hammond, and Dreer collections, but the results are not striking and show the author to be out of his true element. Nor has he done what was needful in some in- stances. Injustice is done to Col. Hig- ginson in making him remain at Wor- cester after the failure of Brown's raid. He wrote letters to his colleagues cry- ing out against the cowardice of desert- ing Brown in his extremity, for which they were in a measure responsible; and, in disguise, he went to Harper's Ferry to see what could be done to aid the doomed man. A request would have obtained from the Department of State the instructions given to McLane (p. 437); the name of the Tennessee pa- per of divided political allegiance might nave been given. Of positive errors a few may be noted for correction: It was Daniel S. Dickinson, not Daniel A. (p. 168); Troup, not Troupe, of Georgia (p. 178); Amory Laurence, not Amos (p. 203); and Donelson, not Donaldson (p. 265). After all is said in criticism of meth- ods and results, Mr. McMaster has shown great industry and no little dis- crimination during the progress of his extensive undertaking. Others will find his volumes a great storehouse of facts, presented in an attractive manner. He is not to be compared with Henry Adams; he has not the breadth, cer- tainty and sweep of Channing; he lacks the poise and personal element of Rhodes. He must stand as a highly trained compiler, possessed of a style which sometimes betrays him into un- expected weaknesses. A Preface to Politics. By Walter Lipp- mann. New York: Mitchell Kenner- ley. $1.50 net. Cleverness, cynicism, humor, and common-sense, together with a liberal infusion of that curious credulity that is so distinguishing a feature of mod- ern "advanced" thought, all expressed with a liberal sprinkling of epigram, make of Mr. Lippmann's book pleasant reading and a gentle stimulant to thought. He has read his Chesterton to some purpose, at least so far as style is concerned, and he has yielded his philosophic soul to the allurements of Bergson and the Pragmatists of the most ultra school. He has made his act of faith in that "modern philosophy" which in its vigorous revolt from the deadening mechanistic theories of Spen- cer and his day has placed the will in its new found "freedom" on the throne of the universe, wholly autonomous, wholly creative, wholly loosed from the trammels of a past which concerns it not, and wholly lord of a future which lies at its feet. Without following him in subscribing to this somewhat por- tentous and highly dogmatic creed, one may cheerfully assent to some of hlB suggestions and criticisms upon present tendencies. His view of the business ot politics is that of an intelligent social- ist. "It is perfectly true that that gov- ernment is best which governs least. It is equally true that that government Is best which provides most" (p. 266). In these phrases he seems to sum up the fundamental idea of his system — if, in- deed, he would allow that he has a "system," and he probably would not! And when we come to ask what govern- ment is to "provide" we get the idea that, instead of a mechanical repression of "evil" by police power (what he

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243 The USTation [Vol. 97, No. 2515 calls the "taboo"), the statesman will 1 work which lies before us; but he has strive to find a "moral equivalent" for found enough new material, and been that evil (in the manner of James in the case of war) and will furnish an innocent or even useful expression for the impulses and desires which in their perversion give birth to wrongdoing. (It is not clear that Mr. Lippmann be- lieves in the existence of any wrong- doing which has not "social" conse- quences; if he does he has not said so, and one gets the impression from his book that he does not.) But it is not in his constructive sug- gestions that he is most profitable or most entertaining; it is rather his re- marks upon things as they are and his criticisms of men as they live that are stimulating. His characterizations of Roosevelt, Wilson, Bryan, and Tam- many Hall are penetrating, and there are occasional vignettes that are worth while. For instance: "From Senator Lodge, for example, we do not expect any new perception of popular need. We know that probably his deepest sincer- ity is an attempt to reproduce the at- mosphere of the Senate a hundred years ago. The manners of Mr. Lodge have that immobility which comes from too much gazing at bad statues of dead statesmen" (p. 6). For the sake of this kind of thing one can easily pardon his rather juvenile and cocksure pronounce- ments on such things as art, morals, and religion, with the feeling that he will probably outgrow most of them. The Life of Sir Henry Vane the Younger. By John Willcock, M.A., D.D. With 13 portraits. London: St. Catherine Press. The lives of those seventeenth-cen- tury Englishmen who for one reason or another emigrated to America and sub- sequently returned to participate in the great religious and constitutional strug- gles that were raging in their native land, are fraught with unusual inter- est for readers on both sides of the At- lantic. The most important of them was unquestionably the founder of Pennsyl- vania. Another, less known than he de- serves to be, was Sir George Downing, a graduate of Harvard College in the class of 1642, who went back to Eng- land during the Civil War to become Ambassador to the Netherlands under Cromwell and Charles II, and a stanch upholder of the doctrine of appropria- tion of supplies. The career of Sir Hen- ry Vane the Younger, however, surpasses both of these in human interest and dramatic climax; indeed, it would be hard to find a more attractive subject in a period which teems with great men. Four formal lives of him had already been written in England and America when Mr. Willcock (who, by the way, is the author of three other recent sev- enteenth-century biographies) began the able to present old facts in sufficiently new lights, amply to justify him in his latest undertaking. Born in 1613, the eldest son of a fa- ther prominent in the Parliaments and councils of the first two Stuart Kings, educated at Westminster and Oxford, Sir Henry Vane the Younger emigrated in 1635 to Massachusetts, in order to be able to enjoy the free exercise of his strong Puritan beliefs. Elected Gover- nor of the colony, the year after his ar- rival, at the age of twenty-three, he was obliged to yield his office to Win- throp in 1637 on account of the un- popularity of Mrs. Hutchinson and the Antinomians, whose cause he had warm- ly espoused; and in August of that year he returned to England. He sat as a member of the Short and Long Par- liaments, accidentally discovered and permitted Pym to copy the notes taken by his father on Strafford's famous speech at the fatal Council meeting of May 5, 1540, and thus furnished the evidence which ultimately was to send "Black Tom Tyrant" to the block; he was an ardent supporter of the "Root and Branch" bill, and gave his whole-hearted allegiance to the popular cause. An en- thusiastic champion of liberty of con- science, he bitterly opposed the tyranny of the Presbyterian system, and until the year 1647 was one of the dearest and most intimate friends of Oliver Cromwell. His desire to reach some compromise which should save the King and settle religion on the basis of mod- erate episcopacy and toleration led, however, to a divergence between the two men, which became a permanent breach on the occasion of Cromwell's forcible dissolution of the Long Par- liament in April, 1653, which Vane bit- terly opposed. The scene enacted there is familiar to all students of English history. Perhaps the most difficult question vhich confronts the biographer of a man like Vane is to decide how much general history of the period to in- clude. Certainly, no one can com- plain that Mr. Willcock has neglected his background; some of his readers will probably feel that he has overdone it, especially as he is by no means uni- formly accurate in his delineations of current events or constitutional pro- blems; his statements about "tonnage and poundage" on p. 20 are a case in point. The somewhat wandering ac- counts of the early lives of Laud and Wentworth could also, in our opinion, have been omitted, or at least cut down. There is a misprint on page 9. Narra- gansett is not, as Mr. Willcock (p. 28) 3eems to think, the name of a river. These details, however, do not seriously diminish the value of Mr. Willcock's work. And it is gratifying to note that he has resisted the temptation to hero- worship (would that all the other biog- raphers of Vane had done the same!), that he writes pleasingly and for the most part convincingly, and that he knows his subject sufficiently well to be entitled to speak with authority. His life of Vane is by far the best that has yet been produced. Notes Volumes I and II of the "History of England in the Eighteenth Century," are soon to appear in Longmans* popular edi- tion of Lecky's works. "Greek Imperialism," by W. S. Ferguson; "The Publisher," by Robert S. Yard; "New Letters of an Idle Man," by H. J. War- ner, and a uniform edition of the writings of James B. Perkins, comprising six vol- umes, on French history, are among the new books listed by the Houghton Mif- flin Company. Autumn offerings for children listed by Duffleld & Company include "Imagina," by Julia Ellisworth Ford, illustrated in color by Arthur Rackham; "Hoistah: An Indian Girl," by S. M. Barrett; a new edition of Carove's "Story Without an End"; "The Peekaboo Book" and "A Spartan Primer," by Grace G. Drayton, and "Festival Plays," a new volume in the Play series by Mar- guerite Merington. The Cambridge University Press will is- sue through G. P. Putnam's Sons "Der Zuave," adapted from the German and edit- ed by G. T. Ungold, designed for pupils who have completed their first course in Ger- man, and "The Little Schools of Port- Royal," by H. C. Barnard, a detailed study of the theories and practice of the Port- Royalists. G. P. Putnam's Sons are about to publish "The Married Life of Queen Victoria," by Clare Jerrold ; "The New Agrarianism," by C. W. Dahlinger; "The Quest of the Dream," by E. K. Wallace ; "A Little Green World: A Village Comedy," by J. E. Buck- rose; "The Belief in Personal Immortal- ity," by E. S. P. Haynes; "Which Temple Ye Are," by A. H. W. The story of "A Fool and His Money," by George Barr McCutcheon, heads the list of Dodd, Mead & Co.'s autumn publications, followed by novelizations of "Peg o' My Heart" and "Years of Discretion"; "The Taste of Apples," by Jennette Lee; "The Destroyer," by B. E. Stevenson; "The Hon- our of the House," by Mrs. Hugh Fraser; "The Honour of the Clintons," by Archi- bald Marshall. Other books listed by the same firm are: "Religion in Social Action," by Graham Taylor; Maeterlinck's "Our Eternity," ted by A. T. de Mattos; Fabre's "Lifo of the Fly"; "The Tourists' Spain and Portugal," by Ruth K. Wood ; "Travels In the Pyrenees," by C. Scott-O'Connor, and the story of tip dltlon, under Itle "Scott's Last Expedition." Autumn and winter publications scheduled Columbia University Press Inoludt

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Sept. II, 1913] The Nation 243 ••Learned Societies and English Literary | activities of the English in the Mississippi ' valley in the seventeenth century. The Scholarships," by H. R. Steeves ; "Gnomic Poetry in Anglo-Saxon," by Blanche C. | editors provide an introduction of eighty Williams; "Aaron Hill: Poet, Dramatist, Projector," by Dorothy Brewster; "Chaucer and the Roman de la Rose," by Dean Spruill Fansler; "Wieland and Shaftes- bury," by Charles Elson ; "The Dative of Agency," by Alexander Green; "Diderot as a Disciple of English Thought," by R. L. Cru; "Uncle and Nephew in the Old French Chansons de Geste," by VV. O. Farnsworth; "Sumerian Records from Drehem," by W. M. Nesbit; "Root Determinatives in Semi- tic Speech," by S. T. H. Hurwitz, and Vols. I, III, IV, Studies in Cancer and Allied Subjects. The twenty-fifth edition of Baedeker's "Switzerland, and the Adjacent Portions of Italy, Savoy, and Tyrol" (Scribner) comes out at a time when the heavy travel to that country has closed for the year, but the book will be ready for the spring exodus and will need no recommendation. The American Book Company, in con- junction with G. & C. Merriam Co., has brought out a new "Webster's Secondary- School Dictionary," which, as it is abridg- ed from the "New International," has the stamp of authenticity and authority. It con- tains above 70,000 words and some 1,000 il- lustrations. It is sold at the low price of $1.50. A new edition of "The Family" (Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Company), by Charles F. and Carrie F. Butler Thwing, has been issued. The first edition was published in 1885 and is widely and favorably known. The changes in this edition include a re- vision of the chapter on the teachings of Christ on the family, corrections of sta- tistics respecting divorce, and a discus- sion of the probable effects on the family of possible changes in the direction of So- cialism. The new edition of Dr. Wilfred T. Gren- fell's "Labrador: the Country and the Peo- ple" (Macmillan) is a reprint of the edition of 1909, with two additional chapters on "Animal Life in Labrador" and "Conserva- tion and Exploration," and brief bibliogra- phies. It is too bad that the original text has not been revised : the account of the present condition of the Moravian missions and the Eskimo, for example, needs re- casting, and chapter ii, on travelled routes to Labrador, is quite out of date. The work of the Grenfell mission, also, has expanded a good deal since the book first appeared. In his new chapter on conservation and ex- ploration, Dr. Grenfell makes an earnest plea for the scientific utilization of Labra- dor as a game preserve, a study of the fisheries with a view to their preservation, and the development of the mineral and timber resources of the country. "The First Explorations of the Trans- Allegheny Region by the Virginians" (A. H. Clark), by C. W. Alvord and Lee Bid- good, is an edition of the sources relating to English exploration west of the moun- tains between 1650 and 1670. The chief sources are Bland's pamphlet o*n the "Dis- covery of New Britain begun in 1650," the "Discoveries of John Lederer begun In 1669," Clayton's "Transcript of the Journal of Robert Fallam," a letter of Abraham Wood relating the journey of Needham and Arthur, and Daniel Coxe's account of the four pages, presenting in great detail all that is known of the expeditions and much biographical material of the men connected with them. The motives of the explorations were "Asiatic commerce, mines of gold and silver, and the fur trade." The material here published corrects the impression con- veyed by Parkman and Winsor, that the French had the better claim to the West by discovery. On the contrary, "Englishmen were among the first to see the waters that How westward and southward. They knew the region of the upper Ohio years before the French had any record of the river's course." These fapts are well established, but a much briefer introduction would have answered every purpose. The belief of the editors that Wood, Batts, Fallam, and Need- ham are deserving of fame as well as Joliet, Marquette, and LaSalle, doubtless accounts for the length of the introduction. But there is one striking difference be- tween the explorations of the former and those of the latter: the discoveries of the French were followed up by the establish- ment of trading posts and forts, while the discoveries of the English were without practical effect, so far as English occupa- tion is concerned, for nearly half a century. It is difficult for historians to confer fame on men whose actions were little noted by their contemporaries. "France" (Macmillan), by Cecil Headlam, is one of The Making of the Nations series. It is certainly difficult to write a good history of the French nation in 400 pages. Besides accurate knowledge, the au- thor should have a firm grasp of the larger movements, the decisive tendencies; and the literary skill which is essential for bring- ing them into proper relation. Mr. Head- lam has accurate knowledge, for the most part, but the narrative is little more than a concise, clear summary of facts, mainly political, in chronological sequence — a se- ries of events presented on a dead level, without relief or relative emphasis. The author is probably better equipped for the earlier than for the later part of French history. At all events the least satisfactory part of the book is that which deals with the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The period from 1815 to 1870 is dispatched in fourteen pages, which is less space than is given to Philip IV and his three successors. Thirty-six pages are given to the aneien regime and the Revolution, nei- ther of which is adequately presented, even allowing for the limitation of space. The reader will not understand very well why the king was executed, or what was the difference between Girondin and Jacobin, or what was the essential meaning of the Terror. It can scarcely be maintained without qualification that Voltaire was one of those who believed human nature to be naturally good, certainly not that the Con- stituante was mainly concerned with the agrarian revolution, or that It was domi- nated by the ideas of Rousseau. Montes- quieu, not Rousseau, inspired the Deputies of the First Assembly. Those who wish to form a first-hand im- pression of the character and work of Francisco Ferrer will welcome Joseph Mc- Cabe's translation of "The Origin and Ideals of the Modern School" (Putnam). The "Modern School," it should be noted, was the school established by Ferrer. The book was found among the papers restored to Ferrer's trustees. It was his only book, and, as Mr. McCabe says, it is a frank por- trayal of the character of the man and a description of his aims. The proceedings of the Second National Conference on Housing, held in Philadel- phia last December, have been published In admirable form as Volume II of "Housing Problems in America." The first volume of that name, a year or so ago, signalized the auspicious beginning of a movement to bring together in one organization persons in all parts of the country who are thinking and working on the vital problems of hous- ing. The second volume marks a grati- fying advance in the number of those who assembled to participate in the Conference, and in the range and interest of the pro- ceedings. Following an address by Mr. Bryce on "The Menace of Great Cities," the leading papers, ten in number, deal with sanitary inspection of lodgings, tene- ment and building laws, overcrowding and the lodger evil, the best types of working- men's houses, the possibility of moving fac- tories and the homes of workers to the outskirts of cities, garden cities, the financ- ing of house-building projects, etc. Dis- cussion of the papers and reports by dele- gates on what has been accomplished in their several communities occupy some 200 pages. The discussion is full of en- thusiasm, suggestion, and practical ex- perience. Four years ago the Nation (September 9, 1909) noted the appearance of Prof. C. H. Grandgent's edition of the "Inferno" (Heath). A companion volume containing the "Purgatorio" was published in 1911. A third volume, the "Paradiso," and a large volume containing the entire "Divine Com- edy" have now been issued simultaneously. The large volume is printed from the plates used for the smaller ones, and the three cantiche, in consequence, are separately paged. A few errors found in the separate issues of the "Inferno" and the "Purgato- rio" are corrected in the complete form. The work thus finished is the first Ameri- can annotated edition of the Italian text cf "The Divine Comedy." The comment, appearing in footnotes and in arguments prefixed to the several cantos, is notable both for its thorough and alert scholar- ship and for its skilful adaptation, in mate- rial and in arrangement, to the needs of the American student. The open page gives the impression that the text's the thing, and the notes seem what they are, instead of presenting a formidable mass scholastic in proportions. The translations of difficult phrases are particularly good ; they have something of the finality of the original. The mature reader will find, among many satisfactions, a style of delightful vigor and finish in the introductions and arguments. The book- will stimulate American study of Dante both in quantity and in quality. In its importance and in its excellence this edition Is worthy to rank with the Dante translations of Longfellow and Norton. J. G. Robertson's "The Literature of Ger- many" (Holt) gives within a small com- pass an excellent connected narrative of the salient facts in the history of German literature from the earliest times down to the present day. It Is a popular book and

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•J I I T li e ]ST a t ion [Vol. 97, No. 2515 lightly over many things v, h lies might seem to deserve more Hi. 111 mention. Naturally, the Middle Ages only scant attention. The period oi the Reformation, however, is made to appear more barren Of real literature than The Age of Classic Achievement is most fully and adequately treated. Ro- manticism does not fare so well, and we should have expected such a figure as Hein- ri'ch von Kleist to stand out much more prominently. The multifarious nineteenth century is, on the whole, presented in or- derly and skilful fashion. We may ques- tion Professor Robertson's judgment in the matter of omissions, but seldom in the mat- ter of evaluation or the indication of re- lationships. The little book is interest- ingly written and is of a kind to inspire respect for both subject and author. The career of Sigma Xi is so closely identified with the development of scien- tific study in America that its "Quarter Century History and Record, 188G-1911," compiled by the Secretary, Henry Baldwin Ward, and published by the University o£ Illinois, 'is a valuable document in the his- tory of education. It is strange that, with the society's rapid growth in scope and dig- nity, embracing every section but the South, this is the first formal account of its activities to be published, and its first catalogue since 1893. It numbered, in 1911, twenty-eight active chapters, with 4,498 members distributed through all the im- portant colleges and every scientific pro- fession; and its influence on undergraduate •scholarship is held second only to that of Phi Beta Kappa, founded more than a hun- dred years earlier: By stamping as the primary factor in scientific pursuits the power to investigate, Sigma Xi has laid the emphasis on the general good, and freed itself from self- centred tendencies. Locally it has often led in the discussion of educational values: and it has put on an equal basis with re- search in pure science that pursuit of applied science which has prolonged human life and made it in a thousand ways worth living. The emphasis thus laid upon ser- vice is a worthy contribution to national advancement. Besides historical matter connected with Sigma Xi, which the reader must wish had been amplified, the publication con- tains statistical tables, lists of members by chapters, a general name-index, a geo- graphical name-index, lists of officers, and the constitution and by-laws. The only il- lustrations are reproductions of early pro- grammes and minute-sheets. The task of compilation was obviously onerous, and the secretary records that chapter negligence complicated the difficulty of procuring docu- mentary materials, and at times made ab- solute accuracy impossible. Henry Billings Brown, formerly Asso- ciate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, died last Thursday at the age of seventy-seven. He was born in South Lee, Mass. He was appointed Federal Judge for t of Michigan by Presi- dent Grant, and was raised to the Supreme Court, in 1890 In 1906. He was the compiler of "Brown's Admiralty Reports." Eugene Lemoine Didier has just died in Baltimore at the age of seventy-five. He was educated at Loyola College. He en- on a commercial career, but gave it up in 1807 to accept a pi <,f Southern Society, a weekly periodical. Later he waa appointed Deputy Marshal of ! 1 lilted States Supreme Court at Balti- more. Ho was the author of "Life of Ed- gar Allan Poe," "Life and Letters of Mad- ame Bonaparte," "Primer of Criticism," and "The Political Adventures of James G. Blaine." William Carew Hazlitt. man of letters, bibliographer, and numismatist, died on Monday in London. He was the son of the late Registrar Hazlitt, of the Court of Bankruptcy, and grandson of William Haz- litt, essayist. He was born in London in 1834 and was educated at the Merchant Taylors' School. He studied civil engineer- ing under George and Sir John Rennie, but gave up that profession for literature and archaeology. Among publications by Mr. Hazlitt were: "The Venetian Republic," "Bibliographical Collections and Notes," "The Livery Companies of London," "Ten- ures of Land and Customs of Manors," and "Four Generations of a Literary Family." We find reported the death, at Lausanne, of Mile. Favre, who wrote under the well- known name of "Pierre de Coulevain." Her rovels, which have been reviewed so re- cently that they need not be named here, dealt often with English and American matters. Science Mind and Health. With an Examination of Some Systems of Divine Healing. By Edward E. Weaver, Ph.D., Some- time Fellow in Clark University. With an Introduction by G. Stanley Hall, Ph.D., LL.D., President of Clark Uni- versity. New York: The Macmillan Co. $2 net. Readers of this very interesting book, if by chance they have watched the de- velopment of psychologists, and more particularly of those of the American brand, for the past few decades, will find fresh and entertaining evidence of the cool readiness with which these per- sons take any knowledge to be in their own special field when they choose to care for it. It is with psychotherapy that Dr. Weaver wishes to deal, its development and some aspects of its application. He devotes an introductory chapter to a short and somewhat bare historical out- line which starts with Mesmer. Earlier forebears of the psychotherapeutist are briefly mentioned, but with little or no consideration of their relative impor- tance. As an outline tlie account is rather good, but the reader would never dream that certain periods had been times of most dramatic and passionate interest or that from time to time science and society were deeply agitat- ed by some of the questions that arose, questions that now cause mere ripples on the surface of opinion. Concerning Mesmer and his immediate succession Dr. Weaver quite overlooks the fact that the general question of electricity and presently the particular question ot animal electricity, as the term was then used, were, historically, most intimate- ly connected with the frame of mind that made mesmerism possible. And when the reader to whom the subject is new comes to the modern period, he will hardly see the significance of the Nancy school. Liebeault, although he did not appear in print until 1866, had there begun as early as 1860 to show that by simple suggestion sleep may be induced, or something very like sleep, and also that certain symptoms of disease may be removed; but for years he was neglected and even despis- ed by the faculty of the University and by the other physicians of the town. It was not until 1882, years after Charcot's trumpet from the Salpetriere had awak- ened popular and scientific interest in a totally different conception of the ques- tions involved, that Bernheim of Nancy began to pay attention to the healing which for many years had been done unheeded and almost at his very door, and became the prophet of Liebeault. Through Bernheim also, Liegeois and Beaunis were led to take an interest in these studies, and thus after a long delay Liebeault at last came to his own. And again concerning the last and brightest offspring of psychotherapy, psycho-analysis, it may be said that Breuer, although credited with the par- entage, hardly gets quite full credit for his share in the 'upbringing of the child, most of it being given to Freud; but in this neglect of Breuer Dr. Weaver has plenty of company. On the other hand, one may commend the care that he takes to give just and full recognition of the influence of Quimby, without whom Mrs. Eddy and some others would have been impossible. The next chapter is devoted to the- ories of mind that form a basis for psy- chotherapeutics. It cannot be said that a very deep plunge is made here, but the discussion is illuminating and prob- ably sufficient for the readers whom the author wishes to reach. After a brief consideration of the three theories char- acterized as those of dissociation, of a subliminal celf, and of the supra-mental, the first (that of modification or disso- ciation) is accepted as giving the best foundation, but with the express limita- tion that the theory must not be inter- preted too rigidly. Then follow chap- ters on what are called the principles of psychotherapy, being an account of the armentarium and technique. Here there is a lack of definiteness and the presence of much cqnfusing quotation where con- densation and li foment are much to be desired. If the reader Is looking for practical Instruction he will look in vain, as tin pages <m psycho- analysis (pp. 110, 180 *i'/.) abundantly show.

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Sept. ii, 1913J The Nation 245 Thus far it may seem that the author is seeking good psychological founda- tions to aid in the development of psy- chotherapy as a part of medicine, but the rest of the book makes clear that his real interest lies in its usefulness in the work of the church. After some ex- planation and much citation concerning leality, and particularly concerning re- ligious reality and its share in some types of healing, Dr. Weaver goes on to consider a few of the religious sys- tems of mental healing: Christian Science, the Emmanuel Movement, Di- vine Healing as exhibited in Dowieism and in the Christian Alliance of Simp- son. To each of these systems is given considerable space for the presentation of the essential doctrines and a discus- sion of their merits and defects, a dis- cussion that seems everywhere not only instructive, but also fair and just. An- other chapter is devoted to metaphysical healing, Whipple's "Mental Healing" be- ing taken as the representative of the numerous cults of "new thought." This system seems to appeal to him as the most sober and sanest of the group. Dr. Weaver evidently thinks that Whipple is on the right track, although he has far too much speculation and too little clearness "in his treatment of spiritual intelligence and its relations to con- sciousness and conceptual thinking." There is apparently just enough of truth in Whipple's metaphysical ideas of psy- chotherapy to justify the wish that they might be brought out more clearly and receive a surer foundation. The last three chapters deal with a valid religious system of healing. Of this it is demanded that it be supreme- ly good, recognize aesthetic values, and have in view the truth values; and it will misconceive the goal if it break away from scientific methods. Its aim must be to learn and apply psychothera- peutic principles, but with the recogni- tion of God as the source of power, since to know aright this ultimate reality is to open the channels by which order and harmony may be brought to man's be- ing. Such a power of healing must be exercised by ministers of religion, and this will involve a marked change in theological education with the broaden- ing of the function of the religious teacher. The scope of the system as here set forth, and this is perhaps the crux of the whole book, seems to lie in the fact that an evident increase of ills calls for psychotherapy; in the assur- ance of greater power thus to be given to the well; in the universality of its message; and finally in the emphasis which will be laid on prophylaxis. There are also practical suggestions as to the part which the church as a body may play by improvement of its service, whose value is easily and now all too frequently underrated, by actively seek- ing the help of the minister, and by co- operation with all man-saving agencies. This condensation of the ideas of the author may strike the reader as vague, but the original statement along with an undeniable grandeur of purpose is also vague. Here, as elsewhere in the book, Dr. Weaver evidently has no clear no- tion as to what the physician is and what he tries to do, and at best a very hazy conception of the danger of doing harm which a religious teacher endeav- oring to practice psychotherapy must run. This comes out clearly enougn also in his allusions to prophylaxis, with the particular stress on alcohol and venereal diseases, and in statements like this (p. 381): "Epidemics will lose their power. Contagious diseases will be effectually checked, or at least will be robbed of their malignancy" — all this and more as the result of the adoption of psychotherapy in a valid religious system of healing. It looks as though one might ride the psychotherapeutic steed with too free a rein, and there is also the much more serious danger that some readers may think him a mere hobby-horse, fit only for the wood-pile. Originally begun as a dissertation, the book has many of the earmarks of its origin and of a development in which quotations and cards of reference seem to have swamped the writer at certain points. Its completed form would be much improved by the omission of many quotations or some form of marked con- centration. The proofreading, especially with reference to umlauts and accents, leaves much to be desired, and a more careful system in the use of the names and titles of authors would improve the typography. The bibliography has evi- dently been collected with some indus- try; it has nearly three hundred titles. These are grouped in six sections and a number of subdivisions, an arrange- ment which causes much confusion if the reader seek any particular Dook, for neither the index of names nor that of subjects gives a clue. The basis for the selection of the books to be includ- ed is not evident, and the list is hardly as fundamental and exhaustive as its number would suggest. The study of insects as a hobby is much moro widespread in Europe than in this country, as is attested by the large num- ber of collectors' guides and handbooks which there find ready sale. The most re- cent of these is A. G. Scorer's "Entomolo- gist's Log-Book" (Dutton), which, as its sub-title indicates, is a "diction- ary of the life-histories and food plants of the British Macro-lepidoptera." In a single alphabetical arrangement are the host plants, and genera and species of the larger moths and butterflies. By an excellent arrangement there are recorded the more salient points regarding the life histories, time of appearance, habits, etc., of the common British species, while inter- leaving provides for private notes. The volume will be of much service to Eng- lish amateurs, but of course can be merely suggestive to students elsewhere. Illustrated books about the animal world, more or less valuable and variously ar- ranged, have poured from the press since photography and mechanical engraving have made printed pictures cheap and ex- cellent, but the plant-world has been far less favored. Two English botanists, Messrs A. E. Knight and Edward Step, F.L.S., have entered this field in their "Popular Botany" (Holt, 2 vols.), offering an encyclopaedic book well worth having for its illustrations if for nothing else. These number no less than 721, besides 18 colored plates; and most of them are from unusually good photographs of living plants, trees, growing fruits, etc. These are supplemented by many excellent draw' ings of structural details, making clear the anatomy and physiology of representative species or groups, and their specific adap- tations. While the text is mainly descrip- tive of typical or interesting plants in va- rious parts of the world, the general ar- rangement of the matter is botanical, in the sense that the chapters follow the nat- ural course of plant development from seed to fruitage, and the various pictures and descriptions are of illustrative examples. Thus the attentive reader learns as he pro- ceeds the composition of plants, how they obtain food, of what it consists, and how it is assimilated; the characteristics of plant- growth; the adaptations of plants to their environment, how they protect themselves against adversity, and so on. It is evident that the authors have read widely in their field, and the many citations made from the writings of botanists and scientific travellers add much to the value as well as to the readability of the volumes; yet America seems to have hardly a fair share of attention. On the whole, the work may be recommended, especially to school li- braries. The small book "On Alcoholism, its Clin- ical Aspects and Treatment" (Blalciston), by Dr. Francis Hare, is based largely on the author's somewhat extended experience as superintendent of the Norwood Sana- torium in Kent (England), a private in- stitution for the treatment of alcoholism and drug habits. It is not intended pri- marily for the lay reader, and does not expound a "cure" as that term is com- monly understood; nor are the methods of treatment such that any but medical men may safely use them. Dr. Hare was for a number of years in general hospital prac- tice in the Colonies before taking up this special line of work. He is no fanatic re- garding alcohol and has many rational views concerning its harmful action. BUfl discussion of the problems belonging to the clinical side of alcoholism, particularly of true and pseudo-dipsomania and of alco- holic intolerance as the source of fll arefully to 1 from delirium tremens, may bo commended to all nre to look into these questions. The Cambri ty Press (Putnam) has been I papers of a number of British physicists. Under the editorship of Sir Joseph Lnrmor, Be of the Royal Society, the work of Fitzgerald and Sir George Stokes has been mad cessible, and now "The Papers in Physics

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246 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2515 and Engineering" of Prof. James Thomson 1 added. There is hardly any work more useful to scienee than thus to collect and publish the papers Of the men who have contributed anything of permanent value, and it should continue until all such are d. The case of James Thomson is an illustration. While he will not rank as a fust-rate physicist, yet he discovered one l;iw hi fundamental importance, the change of tin- freezing point with pressure, and in a number of his other papers there are sug- gestions which have since been developed by others. Thomson's scientific papers are classified under topics, the larger number of which relate to engineering problems. Of these, his work on pumps and the flow of fluids is the most important. In pure physics, be- sides the fundamental discovery already mentioned, which, by the way, was pub- lished when the author was only twenty- seven years old, there are important papers relating to fluid motion, air currents, and the physical laws of geology. The volume also contains a biographical sketch, which dwells particularly on Thomson's share in the interesting and beautiful family life with which we have already become ac- quainted in the biographies of his illus- trious brother, Lord Kelvin. The excellence of Thomson's English style should also be noted. It is singularly clear and exact. In fact, one of his most characteristic traits was his scrupulous conscientiousness in en- deavoring to impart to others in the least ambiguous language attainable the exact ideas he desired to convey. As a result, he apparently could not always find a word suited to his purpose, and therefore intro- duced many new scientific terms, some of which are now well established. This trait made him reluctant to express an opinion until he was certain of it, and probably accounts for a smaller amount of pub- lished work than might have been expected from one who was so constantly occupied with scientific problems. The work of edit- ing is, as always with Sir Joseph Larmor, most unobtrusive and careful, and the press-work of the book is above reproach. For school teachers the new small book on "School Hygiene" (Macmillan) in Mon- roe's Brief Course Series in Education may be much commended. It is the work of Fletcher B. Dresslar, who bears the cum- bersome title of a specialist in school hy- giene and school sanitation of the United States Bureau of Education. Pretty much every topic that bears directly on the health of children in school is touched upon, in so far as it comes under the control of the teacher. The discussion is in the main full, informing, and suggestive, although somewhat uneven. Members of school hoards and committees would derive much benefit from a perusal of the book, and not least from a consideration of the duties of good janitors — men little lower than the angels. paratory School. Professor Walt served as United States Consul at Athens in 1873. Drama Lucien Augustus Wait, professor emeri- tus at Cornell University, died Saturday at Clifton Springs. He was sixty-seven years old. He was born at Hlghgate, Vt., and shortly after his graduation at Har- vard in 1870 he became assistant profes- sor of mathematics at Cornell. He rose to the head of the department of mathe- matics in 1895, serving in that capacity un- til i:H0. He founded the Cascadllla Pre- FILTH ON THE STAGE. No other word will describe it. The theatrical season is just getting under way, and already the standards of ordi- nary decency and of honest art have been outraged by the mercenary play- wright and producer. The success of the "crook play" of former seasons has convinced the traffickers of the the- atre that a market exists for stronger meat than they have hitherto ventured to purvey. They have evidently set out to satisfy the demand, and we are now witnessing a competitive struggle in the theatre, tending towards the sur- vival of the nastiest. Under the guise of contributions towards the study of the social evil, plays have been thrown on the stage which are abominable in their theme and still more abominable in their intention. None of the factors that serve to ex- cuse, partially or totally, the introduc- tion into art of what is ugly or revolt- ing enter into the present case. Not all of us admit that high purpose or sincer- ity is sufficient excuse for any treat- ment of any theme that the artist may feel impelled to undertake; but a great many do hold that opinion. Not all of us admit that the claims of art, for its own sake, absolve its practitioners from the established restraints of decency and the recognized laws of beauty; yet there are a great many people who do say so. But what question is there, in the present invasion of the stage by the cesspool exploiters, of either high pur- pose and sincerity or high art? Brieux and Shaw, and Gorky before them, have the standing of belligerents against so- ciety. They have made it their mission to instruct or shock into self-examina- tion the supporters of a social order whose basic ideas they detest or pity. Whatever may be said about the sincer- ity of one who seems the least sincere of these leaders of revolt — Bernard Shaw — the fact remains that well through middle age he did not commit violence upon the public for profit. For this rea- son there is a certain difference between the significance of a production like "Mrs. Warren's Profession," and the foul material that is shovelled on the stage to-day by the native dramatists. The thing is so obviously done for profit and so obviously done in disre- gard both of the truth of life and the truth of art. What we have is neither satire as with Shaw, nor exhortation as with Brieux, nor wild wrath as with Gorky, nor the profound sense of the pity and terror of life as with Flaubert. It is just a trafficking in filth. In this cold-blooded, almost automat- ic, response to the appeal, or supposed appeal, of the box-office, consists the main offence. If the promise of profit to-day were brighter for plays like " 'Way Down East," these craftsmen would be turning out plays of homely pathos and platitude. If the outlook seemed to be bright for the drama of Big Business and politics, they would be lashing out at Wall Street. You are convinced that if public attention should centre next year upon the aero- plane or the model village, they will be producing aeroplane and commuter plays next year. Is this lack of con- science or lack of understanding? Are these men under the impression that putting the brothel on the stage has no worse consequences than putting a church-wedding on the stage? One is almost tempted to believe that ignor- ance is at the bottom of it all; that the men who are now dramatizing the reports of the vice commissions are not aware of the consequences of what they are doing. "White slaves" and the so- cial evil are now in the air, and what is in the air is apparently fit for dra- matic exploitation. The outcast of the streets is a novelty, just as at one time princesses of Zenda were a novelty; and the irresistible law of expediency makes the playwright forget what can be de- cently done and what must in decency be let alone. After all, behind the theatrical man who is exploiting filth for mercenary ends, we may not be wrong in laying the blame to no small degree on those sensational reformers and giddy humanitarians who, working in willing or unwilling conjunction with the yellow press, are accustoming thoughtless minds to the contempla- tion of vice in all its hideous forms, and deadening the right sensibility of the public while attempting to awak- en it. Plays of Old Japan: The No. By Marie C. Stopes. Together with translations of the dramas by M. C. Stopes and Joji Sakurai. Illustrated. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.75 net. This charming little volume embodies the hard "task of years" of a bril- liant Englishwoman. It is remarkable enough that a student of paleobotany, for such is Mrs. Stopes-Gates, should de- velop literary powers of a high class; it is altogether extraordinary that she should, as she has done, go deeply into the most difficult branch of the difficult literature of an old Oriental nation, and succeed in interpreting to the English- reading public its spirit and beauty. The No pieces, of which four are here presented in English, were products of the simple literary taste of the war- rior class of Japan In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. They are crude dramatizations of old legends, embellish-

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Sept. II, 1913] The ]STation 247 cd with numerous allusions to ancient literature and traditions well known at that time; in spirit, the No plays are, one and all, thoroughly imbued with the Buddhist idea of the transitorlness of the world. Both the language and the thought are already so remote from the present generation of Japanese that, though the singing of the No is a fash- ion of the day among certain classes, commentaries are needed to elucidate many obscure points. The place the No occupies in the literary history of Ja- pan is highly important; and, from a broader point of view, these plays are not without interest in the history ot the world's literature — for their appar- ent resemblance to Greek dramas, at least in their use of choruses, and, above all, for their poetic presentation, sometimes in a highly dramatic fashion, of the elemental, universal pathos of this fleeting life of ours, and of the pro- found human desire to rise into the spir- itual region where is neither birth nor death — which is eternity. Our author manifests a lively appre- ciation of these points; she has never lost sight of them throughout her work of translation, which must have been arduous in the extreme. The validity of her general principle regarding trans- lation, namely, to be faithful to the orig- inal sense, but not to be needlessly liter- al and unidiomatic, would seem to de- pend entirely on the personal success of the translator. In the present instance, the practice has justified the idea. It seems perfectly safe to explain the No to the Occidental reader through the medium of these translations. Such oc- casional slips as may be noticed, as, for example, mo-shu (delusion), on page 48, which is taken for mo-zhu (wild beast), are few and relatively unimportant. The only serious fault we have found arises from the fact that the various tenden- cies of Buddhist thought that are typi- fied in the original plays — the Tendai, or Zen, of the "Maiden's Tomb"; the faith that centred about the resolves and acts of Avalokitesvara as expounded in the Saddharma-pundarika, of "Tamura"; and the dependence on the saving pow- er of Amita-Budhha of the Pure Land of the West, of "Sumida River" — are not characterized by the translator with suf- ficient diversity. As a result, the chant- ing of the sutra (pp. 48, 49, 73), the re- ligious care of the departed (p. 69), and the adoration of Amita (p. 78, etc.), are alike translated as "prayers." The translations are preceded by an interestingly written introduction on the nature of the No and its performance on the stage. We venture to think that, had Mrs. Stopes-Gates read even Profes- sor Tsubouchi's brief history of the No in "Fifty Years of New Japan," edited by Count S. Okuma (II, 378-380), her own account would have been made clearer without occupying any addition- al space. Feminine touches of the translator are frequently visible (see, e. g., pp. 18, 38, and note 48 on p. 102), and add greatly to the charm of the work. The illustra- tions are by the Japanese artist Kogyo, who has also adorned Mr. Wada's tales of the No in Japanese recently published in two volumes. The Baconian business is of the stuff se- lected by the dam of all the nightmares for the construction of the ancestral nest. A late example Is Sir Edwin Durning Law- rence's discovery that a "starre-ypointed pyramid," found instead of the grammat- ically less correct "starre-ypointing" in one copy of Milton's famous epitaph, is really a beacon (pronounced Bacon, as it may have been in Elizabeth's day). Puzzles and puns we have always with us — and devotees of the cryptogram who are happily unconcerned with the facts of literary history. It is not to such that Mr. J. M. Robertson addresses his stout volume, "The Baconian Heresy" (Dutton). Mr. Greenwood and Dr. Theobald and the like are the men he attacks, and although they doubtless will remain elo- quently unconvinced, the book should be of considerable service to the large class whom Mark Twain called "Brontosaurians" ; hon- est men enough, not over learned in the ways of Elizabethan literature, who allow themselves to be puzzled by the factitious difficulties about Shakspere the player and Shakespeare the pseudonym. There are many such people, and to them Mr. Robert- son's confutation does a great kindness in making the difficulties of the Baconian heresy abundantly plain. The matter of the legal acquirements, for example, possessed by the author of the plays has been a stumbling-block to many; even Andrew Lang expressed himself entirely at a loss on the point, and Mark Twain, following his inspirer, Mr. Greenwood, is willing to let his whole case stand or fall by the question of Shakespeare's limitless famil- iarity with the law. But it is easy for Mr. Robertson to demonstrate, though the as- sembling of the data cost some patience, that Shakespeare was on the whole rather less given than many of his contemporaries to adorning his language with legalisms; it was an Elizabethan fashion, and Shake- speare, by. being in it, presents no pecu- liarity calling for an explanation, least of all the explanation thrust upon a credulous world by Lord Campbell, and supported, un- happily, by the facile guesses of some Shakespearean scholars, that he was a law- yer. Again, the myth of Shakespeare's clas- sical attainments, which rests on the blankest ignorance of the kind of literature accessible to the sixteenth-century reader, likewise fails utterly to stand the test of a comparative method. With undiminished vigor, however, Mr. Robertson continues to flog the dead corpse of heresy, showing the folly of argument from coincidence of phrase between Shakespeare and Bacon, and the world-wide contrast in their intellec- tual interests, their lives and personali- ties. Even the much vexed problem of the second-best bed is carefully discussed. Al- together the author is justified of his pains, disproportionate as they sometimes seem to the importance of the question involved, in the production of a book which renders fur- ther argument supererogatory. If after reading it the wayfaring man is still un- certain of his course, he may in all con- science be abandoned to his folly. Inci- dentally, the book contains some interesting critical asides, such as the examination of Shakespeare's prose style, which concludes that Chaucer was the greater master of the two. Music The Century Opera Weekly has made its appearance. Its 32-48 pages are to include not only the current repertory of the Cen- tury Opera Company, but a number of mag- azine features, besides news of conserva- tories, churches, and musical clubs. The first issue contains articles on "The Amer- ican Girl in Grand Opera," "The Movement for Popular Opera in New York," "The Fu- ture of Music and the Music of the Future," "Russian Opera and Ballet in London," "Preparing for an Operatic Career." The writer of the first-named article makes the astounding statement that "America has turned out not only some but a majority of the greater prima donnas of the world." Is the music teacher doomed? The opin- ion is gaining ground that he will be dis- placed by the phonograph, which shows every student how the great songs are sung by the great artists. Mr. Edison has phono- graphs which do for the ear what a micro- scope does for the eye, exaggerating every- thing, including the faults, which it is thus easier to correct. Hans von Biilow used to caricature the faults of his pupils for this purpose. His services were not without value in other respects; and perhaps some other teachers may survive in the struggle with the all-recording phonograph. One might say that teachers are needed to im- part to pupils the art of interpretation. This art, however, cannot be taught, ac- cording to Liszt, who, nevertheless, taught it, and successfully, too. The world is full of paradoxes and contradictions! The Pope's favorite among Italian com- posers of the period seems to be Don Lo- renzo Perosi. Heretofore Perosi has been known chiefly by his oratorios, one of which made its way across the Atlantic ; but it did not set the Hudson River on fire. Ital- ian journals now announce that he Is at work on an opera — not a "sacred opera," like some of Rubinstein's, but a real opera, with a worldly text. What is more, the libretto of this opera has been submitted to the Pope, who has approved of it. The opera is likely to be produced before the end of the season. Perosi was appointed director of the Sistine Chapel in 1898. The journalists, who refer to his operatic ven- ture as something new and surprising, seem to be unaware of the fact that he com- posed a real opera, "Romeo and Juliet," some years ago. Of his masses the Pope is apparently fond, for there are twenty- five of them. Is there such a thing as specifically and unmistakably Jewish music? Oscar Ble puts this question in an article written for the Koneert 'I •> md translat- ed by Jacques Mayer for the Hebrew Stan- dard. After examining the peculiarities of Mendelssohn, Meyerbeer, Halevy. Offenbach, and Mahler (with a few words on the

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2 I 8 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2515 doubtful nor), lie 1. luslon that there is no or always conclusive char tic. The Jews "ha reated their own musics 1 speech." Thei r crea^i* enes is "sin: ater to music than in poetry." The operetta market is improving in Ber- lin. After a notable decline in the past tew years, the present season promises an unusual number of novelties. The compos- ers responsible tor them are Edgar Istel, 11. von Vojacek, Pi I mann, W. W. Gotze, 1.: .ird, Frledrich von Thul, K. P. Adolfl, Rudolf Baron, etc. Philip Hale expresses the wish in the New Music Review that some one who has the patience and the critical acumen of Mr. O. G. Sonneck would make a collection of the popular songs of this country. "There are collections of Foster's songs; there is a volume of the more characteris- tic songs of Harrigan and Hart, with mu- sic by Dave Braham, but there is no an- thology beginning with the Revolution." The collection might include some of the psalm tunes which in New England homes were folk-songs, and the patriotic songs of 1812. The nearest approach we have to real folk-songs are the melodies of Stephen Foster, the best of which would, of course, have to be included. Nor would it do to overlook some of the songs sung by Chris- ty's Minstrels, the Virginia Minstrels, and Wood's Minstrels. Art A Short Critical History of Architec- ture. By H. Heathcote Statham, Fel- low of the Royal Institute of British Architects. New York: Charles Scrib- ner's Sons. $3.75. If the English-speaking public is not thirsting for instruction in the history of architecture, there are evidently those who believe that it ought to be thirst- ing, and will thirst, and who are ready to provide the instruction in good sea- son for the expected demand. The house of Scribners have imported from the Batsford Press in London a new one- volume history of architecture by the author of "Architecture for General Readers," published some twenty years since; of "Modern Architecture" (1895), and of other works. The new history is a stout octavo of 544 pages of historical text with 583 illustrations of a high average of excellence, and is in the main a trustworthy, intelligent, and (with occasional lapses) a well-written compendium. The general arrangement is along epochal and stylistic lines; the geographical and national divisions are minimized. This works well for the classical and Byzantine developments, but is sometimes confusing in the mat- ter of the various provincial and natioh- al schools of the mediaeval, I sance, and Moslem developments. The curious running page-headings are dis- tracting rather than helpful; on the other hand, the chronological tables ap- □ended : ctlon are valuable aids. Apart from the confusing association Of works of widely scattered schools in the accounts of given periods, the his- torical matter is generally sound and accurate, though occasional slips may be noted, such as making the Hyksos period in Egypt last 500 years ("as long as the time from William the Conqueror to Elizabeth"), and dating the church of San Ambrogio at Milan, as a whole, in the twelfth century; but these are ten and unimportant. The analysis and criticism of styles and buildings are gen- erally fair. Roman architecture, so of- ten disparaged in other books, is treat- ed with discriminating praise and blame — the latter not wholly free from the narrow prejudices which seem to have become traditional among English and American writers in speaking of the or- ders, and especially of the arcaded or- der, which Mr. Statham thinks "has left a long legacy of falsehood to archi- tecture." Mr. Statham admires the Pantheon at Rome, but is so sure that he could have designed it better that he offers his own design in evidence (p. 153). The serene self-confidence which this reveals appears also in the sum- mary way in which he dismisses the controversy over the question of the stage in the Greek theatre. Although the best Hellenists and students of dra- matics are still divided over it, it pre- sents no difficulties for this author, who pronounces a final verdict ex cathedra against Dorpfeld and "the Americans," and in favor of the stage. So on page 158 he disposes of the mystery of the immense blocks in the podium of the Sun Temple at Baalbec; they were mere- ly the advertisement of an enterprising quarry man! The account of the mediaeval styles, in spite of its confused arrangement, is excellent, and there is none of that "pa- triotic" effort sometimes found in Eng- lish books to minimize the French achievements and influence and unduly to exalt the English contributions to the development of Gothic architecture. The Renaissance architects are acquitted of the charge of being mere copyists, and the Renaissance work of Germany and Spain is fairly treated, in contrast to its entire omission from the much larg- er treatise of Professor Simpson. Of Americans and their art Mr. Stath- am has little good to say. In footnotes and obiter dicta he repeatedly girds at especially at their writers and professors, with sarcastic asperity. The Capitol at Washington is "only an ef- fort at sublimity in cement" (sic) ; and our commercial buildings "are mostly masses of commonplace architec- ture run up with no purpose but money- .,-,." The ultra-commercial spirit, began In Yet he bat American b i - aitec ture at present "takes a very high place ' especially in our public build- ings; and as "it is superior to that of either Germany or England," he may be forgiven his cement Capitol and his slaps at the professors. A glossary and a very full index oc- cupy the last forty pages of the volume. Curtis & Cameron announce the early publication of Mr. Abbey's last work, "The of the Declaration of Independ- ence," a mural decoration for the Penn- pylvania State Capitol at Harrisburg. Okakura Kakuzo, the distinguished Jap- anese art critic, died at Tokio September 4 at the age of fifty-one. After his grad- uation from the University of Tokio, in 1S86, he was appointed in the Ministry of Education in charge of music affairs. Lat- er he was a member of a commission to study Western arts and crafts with regard to possible adoption of the Western style by Japan. The commission recommended that Japan should continue in her own artistic traditions. To conserve these the Government founded a national school, the Bijitsu Gakko, and for eleven years Oka- kura served as its head. Meanwhile he worked with the Archaeological Commis- sion to preserve the temple treasures, the movement being largely due to his initia- t've, and became director of the allied Imperial Museum of Tokio, Kioto, and Nara. Through the growing popularity of European ideals in Japan, his position as director of the art school became impos- sible. After a vain attempt to combine the foreign with the native courses, he re- signed. With him seceded the greater part cf the teachers and many of the students to form a new school, the famous and suc- cessful Nippon Bijutsuin. For many years Ckakura travelled in China, India, Eu- rope, and America, constantly observant of all the arts. His grave, and impressive figure clothed in the rich and sober robes of a Samurai was an occasional and wel- come apparition in the artistic circles of New York and Boston, where he won friends and admirers. Though singularly reticent on all matters of merely personal concern, he was a brilliant talker and lec- turer, and came to write the English lan- guage with force and grace. "Ideals of the East" and "The Book of Tea" are his most read books. For many years he had helped the Boston Museum as an occasion- al adviser, and it was but a strengthening ci vthis relation when in 1910 he was chos- en as curator of Far-Eastern art. He set himself to building up the collections in the field of primitive Chinese painting and sculpture. He was a steadfast advocate cf the selective principle of museum exhi- I believing that only the finer objects should be displayed to the public and that exhibits of merely archaeological interest should be reserved for students. In the tern galleries of the Museum he tet an example of beautiful and ll (.illation along these selects With fairly Samurai self-control, Okakura Unary vigor and fervor ol the mind, v, mi b i of manner tn a tru I ni|>l.-ir Ol I I"' Bni Si I ra.litlona of hi It 1 ,1 cosmopolli and poient personality the like of v i,nii our tim 1 fllj produce

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Sept. ii, 1913] Th.e Nation- s' Finance TI I E QUESTION' OF RAILWAY RATES In October the Interstate Commerce Commission will hear the formal appli- cation of the Eastern railways for per- mission to increase their freight rates. Some fifty roads in the territory ly- ing north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River are concerned in this application, and the magnitude of the interests involved may be gathered from the fact that the annual freight ' revenues of these roads now aggregate at least a billion dollars. The advance is ' sought on all classes of freight, com- modities as well as classified freight, and a uniform increase of 5 per cent. is desired. It is absolutely within the power of the Commission to grant or refuse the application; moreover, un- der the existing law, it is incumbent on | the carrier desiring to increase a given i rate to show that the proposed new rate is "reasonable." Consequently, it j devolves upon the Eastern railways to show the "reasonableness" of the 5 per I cent, increase. Elaborate preparations are now making, looking to this, and it is fair to assume that the Commission will have before it a great mass of tes- timony thoroughly covering the essen- 1 tial points at issue. There is, however, an abiding and fundamental difficulty in this matter of railway rates, escape from which is ap- parently impossible, unless, by means of additional court decisions on matters of broad principle, the present "twi- light zone" be more brightly illuminat- ed than it is now. This "twilight zone" was demarcated some sixteen years ago by the Supreme Court of the Unit- ed States in the famous Nebraska "max- imum rate" case, known to lawyers as "Smyth vs. Ames." The decision was handed down by Judge Harlan and has long been classic. It laid down two sets of criteria as to "reasonableness" of rates, one concerned with and de- signed to protect the carrier, the other concerned with and designed to protect the shipper. It said briefly that the carrier was entitled to a fair return on the value of the property used in public service, and that the shipper was entitled to be charged no more than the- service was reasonably worth. In the case of the carrier, the object was to prevent confiscation, and in the case of the shipper the object was to prevent exploitation. The former established a minimum and the latter a maximum, and between the two was the "twilight zone." Presumably, the "reasonable rate" could be found in given cases somewhere in this zone. The difficulty, however, has been to find it. The whole trend of thought since this case was decided has been towards elim- ination of this "twilight zone" by the simple process of recognizing but one set of criteria, and those the criteria affecting the carrier. It is not too much to say that the public mind has pro- ceeded on the basis that the Court, when it said that the carrier was en- titled to a fair return on value of prop- erty in service, really meant that it was entitled to no more than this. The language of the Interstate Commission in many decisions certainly bears this construction, and it has come to be re- garded as a more or less settled prin- ciple. In other words, where no con- fiscation can be shown by the carrier the reasonableness of the rate is con- sidered proven. Now, the fundamental difficulty above alluded to arises from precisely this thing, viz., elimination of the criteria affecting the shipper. For it can safely be said that the entire structure of rates involved in the present case has grown up under a process of competi- tion governed originally and at all times guided by factors having nothing what- ever to do with the carriers' position and having everything to do with that of the shippers. It being simply impos- sible for a carrier to determine accur- ately in advance what profit it can make on a given article or commodity carried at a given rate, the rates were made solely with reference to moving the tonnage; that is, were made by con- sideration of the shipper's capacity and necessities. A railway could determine that less than a certain rate would not give it the actual cost of hauling the freight without taking into account overhead charges of all kinds, and it could determine that more than a cer- tain rate would not move the tonnage at all. Further than this it .could not go; consequently, the rates were made somewhere between these two limits, and competition gradually stereotyped them — in classification territory at least — at a level where they have re- mained unchanged for twenty-five years. It is these rates which are now to De reviewed in the light of the carriers necessities. There is no present com- plaint on the shippers' part as to the ex- isting schedules — no general complaint, that is — and apparently the question will have to be answered solely on the decision whether or not the carriers 1 need more revenues because the present return is not a "fair" return. Obviously, a scientific solution is im- possible under the circumstances, unless it be laid down as a principle that the : rule which has governed all rate-mak- ing from time immemorial — "that which the traffic can properly bear" — is to be discarded, and unless it fur- ther be laid down as a principle that a carrier is to be limited to a fair return on value of property used in public ser- ' vice — in other words, that what Judge Harlan clearly meant as a minimum is hereafter to be regarded as the maxi- mum. And, if this principle be adopt- ed, there at once arises a practical difficulty, simple enough, but of great importance, which is that private capi- tal cannot possibly be obtained for the public service upon any such conditions, and the next inevitable step is public ownership and operation. It will be well if, at some stage of this dispute, some one will raise the question as to what Judge Harlan meant in "Smyth vs. Ames" by the phrase "what the service is reasonably worth," and get it before the Interstate Commerce Commission for discussion. For this is really the crux of the whole matter at the present stage. If there be such a thing at all as "reasonable worth of service," there must be cri- teria of this "worth" which are surely part of the matter now up for investi- gation and settlement. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Allen, James. Foundation Stones to Hap- piness and Success. Crowell. 50 cents net. Allen, James. Meditations: A Year Book. Crowell. $1 net. Baxter, L. M. Housekeeper's Handy Book. Boston : Houghton Mifflin. Birkhead, Alice. Heroes of Modern Eu- rope. Crowell. $1.50 net. Birkhead, Alice. The Story of the French Revolution. Crowell, $1.50 net. Blackmore's Lorna Doone. Illus. in color by C. Clark. Crowell. $2.50 net. Buck, S. J. The Granger Movement— 1870- 1880. Harvard Univ. Press. Burgess, Gelett. Love in a Hurry. Indian- apolis: Bobbs-Merrill. $1.25 net. City of Purple Dreams, The. (Anony- mous.) Chicago: Browne & Co. $1.30 net. Claxton, W. J. Lessons from Nature's Workshop. Crowell. $1 net. Collins, J. V. Advanced Algebra. Amer. Book Co. $1. Dawson, A. H. Stories from Dutch History. Crowell. $1.50 net. Dole. N. H. The White Duckling, and Other Tales. Translated from the Russian. Crowell. $1 net. Douglas, James. New England and New France. Putnam. $3 net. Dozv, Reinhart. Spanish Islam. Trans- lated by F. O. Stokes. Duffleld. Drake. Maurice. WO.. Dutton. $1.35 n^t. Francis. M. E. The Story of Mary Dunne. Longmans. $1.35 net. Candy. Wallace. Tn the Days of Lion- heart. 111. in color. Crowell. $1.50 npt Cask. Lilian. In the Once Upon a Time. Illustrated. Crowell. $1.50 net. Gilbert, Henry. The Conquerors of Peru. Crowell. $1.50 net. Green, S. S. The Public Library Movement in the United States, 1853-1803. Boston: Boston Book Co. Hawthorne's Tanglewood Tales. Illus. In color. Crowell. $1.50 net. Hichens, Robert. The Way of Ambition. Stokes. $1.35 net. Hodsdon. H. M. The little Window. Crow- ell. 50 cents net. Howard, John R. The Changing Year: A Book of Nature Verse. Crowell. $1 net Hull, Eleanor. The Northmen in Britain. Crowell. $1.50 net. Inn. A History of England. Put- nam. Khayyam, Omar. The Rubnlyat. Ilhis- : by Willy Pogany. Crowell. $3.50 net. Eaznrovich-Hrobelianovich, Prince. The Orient Question. Dufflrdd. $1.25 net. Pierre. India. Duffleld. $2.50 net. MacHarg, W., and Balmer, F.— The Sura- karta. Boston: Small. Maynard. $1.25 net. Hackle, R. L. The Story of Robert the Illustrated. Crowell. $1.50 net.

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35() The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2515 Miller, J. R. Glory of the Commonplace; Things that Endure; The Secret of Love. Crowell. $1, $1, 50 cents, net. Murray, Clara. Story Book Treasures. Boston: Little, Brown. 75 cents, National Museum. Report for year ending June, 1!)12. Washington: Government Printing Office. Otis, James. Airship Cruising from Silver Fox Farm. Crowell. $1.50. Otis, James. Boy Scouts in a Lumber Camp. Crowell. $1.25. Putnam, M. B. The Baptists and Slavery, —1840-1845. Ann Arbor, Mich.: George Wahr. 50 cents. Raine, W. M. The Vision Splendid. Dil- lingham. $1.25 net. Rii amond, Celia. Mexico and Peru, Amer- Ica, Canada. Boston: Glnn & Co. 45 cents. Sabln, E. L. Treasure Mountain, or the Young Prospectors. Crowell. $1.50. Saintsbury, George. The English Novel. Dutton. $1.50 net. Scott, W. W. Qualitative Chemical Analy- sis. Van Nostrand. $1.50 net. Sidgwick, Ethel. Succession. Boston: Small, Maynard. $1.50 net. Sparhawk, F. C. Dorothy Brooke Across the Sea. 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The importance of embryology as a part of the collegiate study of biology is here emphasized, since in no other connec- tion are the essential phenomena of life better illustrated. HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 34 West 33d Street NEW YORK 623 South Wabash Avenue CHICAGO The Land of the Blue Poppy Travels of a Naturalist in Eastern Tibet By F. Kingdom Ward, B.A., F.R.G.S. 8°. With Numerous Illustrations. $4.00 net. By mail, $125 The journeys here described record the experiences and observations of a naturalist in Western Ohlna and Southeastern Tibet. Tni narrative, while- Interesting to the gen- eral m.h!, 1, possesses, as the report of a naturalist of distinction, an original scien- tific value. The 89 plates are reprod d from photographs taken h.v the author. The 5 maps make cleat the route followed in a which is still very little known to Europeans or to Amerleans. 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Sept. ii, 1913I The ]STation XI In Adopting Books for Class Use Bear in Mind the Standard Series published E p DUTTON & COMPANY ESPECIALLY FOR STUDENTS THE TEMPLE SHAKESPEARE The Best I'ockct Edition One piny to a volume. The Text Is mat of the fn- mona Cambridge edition, with numbered lines. The Pniior Is strong, pure white, ami handmade. The Tyne Is very clear Did Style, with the running hi Acts ami Scenes in red. The ninilinc; Is of excellent workmanship, either In cloth nr In ilark red leather, with Bilk booh mark. Pleasant to read, light to handle. Cloth. Leather, 85 cents. I 55 ceiitn. Pottage 3 cents per volume. SHAKESPEARE LEXICON AND CONCORDANCE t'niform with the above. Cloth. cents. Leather, "5 cents. Bend for descriptive circular. EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY contains the richest, choicest, most enduring of the world's best books, edited for students' use ; sold at prices so low that any student can afford to own many of them; so attractively and strongly bound that in buying them the student is surrounding himself with a library of distinction and of lifelong value. Tor volume: in cloth In red leather. Kilt. 35c. 11c!. postpaid 43c. 70c. net, postpaid 78c. KFW VOTJnfFR TO APPEAR TniR F ' J,h Life in Mexico. By Mmo. PALDERON DE LA BARCA. In- troduction by HENRY BAERLEIN. One of the best accounts ever written of a land which does not change. Life of Gladstone. G. W. E. RUSSELL. A Centnry of Essays. An Anthology of English Essayists. Letters From the Underworld and Other Tales. P.y FEDOR DOSTOIEFFSKY. Translated by C. J. Hogarth. The Fall of Constantinople. By T. M. NEALE. Lost Illusions. P.y HONORE DE BALZAC. With an Intro- duction by George Saintsbury. Aesop's and Other Fnhles. An Anthology from all sources. The Divine Providence. By EMANUEL •SWEDENBORG. The Pretenders, Pillars of Society, etc. By HENR1CK IBSEN. A Literary and Historical Atlas of Asia and Austra- lasia. The Organon of the Rational Art of Healing. By SAMUEL HAHNEMANN. The Social Contract and Other Essays. By ROUSSEAU. Stevenson's Inland Voyage and Travels with a THE EVERYMAN ENCYCLOPEDIA Complete in 12 volumes; a tri- umph of practical bookmaking. In each volume are about 000 pages, 500,000 words, in clear, broad type, well-printed on ex- ceptionally good opaque pa|K-r. It Is unquestionably the most won- derful book of reference on the market at Jhe price. In the space of less than one-half a cubic foot the world's wisdom, compactly, clearly stated, is within the reach of any hand. Price per volume: Cloth, Leather, 35 cents. | 70 cend. Postage 8 cents per volume. TEMPLE DRAMATISTS The best works of the great playwrights of all ages. Uniform with the Temple Shakespeare. 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The author makes a powerful plea for a reconsideration and a remoulding of this Doctrine, which he maintains is an outgrown policy, a shibboleth, rather than a law, since its continuity must d !- pend on our willingness to enforce its pretensions by force of arms. The Mexi- can situation emphasizes thj need of a careful revision of the tenability of our claims under this Doctrine. Hon. William Kent said in the House of Representatives recently: "I wish to be of service to the Congress ami to the people of the United States, by bringing to their attention a remarkably thoughtful and able essay on 'The Monroe Doctrine: An Obsolete Shibboleth.'" This article, greatly amplified from its original form in the Atlantic Monthly, is now published by the Yale University Press. The Boston Herald says in an editorial: "There is probably no living American scholar better qualified by long study and experience to discuss this critical subject than Professor Bingham." 12mo. Cloth binding. 160 pages. 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Xll The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2515 THE RIVERSIDE LITERATURE SERIES NEW LIBRARY BINDING The following volumes in the Riverside Literature Series are now issued in a new attrac- tive library binding in red cloth, stamped with a simple artistic design in gilt on the back. This Edition is intended especially for College Classes, where attractive, inexpensive texts are desired. It is hoped that many students will be induced to retain these books as a part of their permanent libraries. Essays of Francis Bacon Edited by Clark S. Northup. 50 cents, net. Postpaid. English and Scottish Ballads Edited by U. Adelaide Witiiam. 50 cents, net. Postpaid. Carlyle's Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History Edited by John Chester Adams. 60 cents, net. Postpaid. Chaucer's The Prologue, The Knight's Tale, and the Nun's Priest's Tale Edited by Frank Jewett Mather. Jr. 50 cents, net. Pd. Goldsmith's The Good-Natured Man, and She Stoops to Conquer Edited by Thomas H. Dickinson. 50 cents, net. Postpaid. Huxley's Autobiography, and Selected Essays Edited by Ada L. F. Snell. 50 cents, net. Postpaid. College Life By Le Baron Briggs. 35 cents, net. Postpaid. Milton's Of Education, Areopagitica, The Commonwealth Edited by Laura E. Lockwood. 60 cents, net. Postpaid. Ralph Roister Doister Edited by Clarence Griffin Child. 50 cents, net. Pd. Selections from the Works of John Raskin Edited by Chauncey B. Tinker. 60 cents, net. Postpaid. The Second Shepherds' Play, Everyman, and Other Early Plays Edited by Clarence Griffin Child. 50 cents, net. Pd. Selected Poems of Percy Bysshe Shelley Edited by George Herbert Clarke. 60 cents, net. Pd. Spenser's Faerie Queene, Book I Edited by Martha Hale Shackford. 50 cents, net. Pd. Just Published Selections from the Prose Works of Matthew Arnold Edited by William Savage Johnson. 60 cents, net. Postpaid. HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO An important reference book in economics by Scott Nearing, Ph.D. FINANCING THE WAGE EARNERS FAMILY A survey of the facts bearing on income and expenditures in the families of American wage earners. $1.25 net; by mail, $1.35 A valuable resume bv Europe's most distinguished physiologist Yves Delage, M.D., Sc.D. THE THEORIES OF EVOLUTION $2.00 net; by mail, $2.20 An important contribution to modern thought by Norway's philosopher-statesman, Sigurd Ibsen, LL.I). HUMAN QUINTESSENCE $1.50 net; by mail, $1.60 Send for fuller information and for list of recent and forthcoming miscellaneous books, all selected for intelligent readers. B. W. HUEBSCH, Publisher, 225 Fifth avenue, New York "Now Retail y JULIUS CAESAR Being (lie Seventeenth Volume In :i Now Var- iorum Edition of Shak< Edltjd by Horace ii I .mii, I 1. on Hull' mo- rocco. $5.00. Postage extra. J. II. L.ll'1'lNCOTT COMPANY, Publisher*, Philadelphia. 10 WEEKS IN EUROPE FOR $300 BOOB ABOUT it, yi.io POSTPAID DODD, MEAD ,t COMPANY, FOURTH AVI-:. AND 80TH STREET, NEW YOKK Autograph Letters 1 Sold, pviei 1.1 Waltei It Benjamin 228 rilhAv.,N.Y. ESTABLISH ' rob. '"I in; i hi 1.1.1 TOM," $1 u jr. SAMPLE COPIES OF THE NATION will be sent to any address for several weeks WITHOUT CHARGE ADD1 THE NATION 20 V.i ;i 5 ti New York City "At McCLURG'S" It is of interest and importance to Librarians to know that the books reviewed and advertised in this magazine can be pur- chased from us at advantage- ous prices by Public Libraries, Schools, Colleges and Universities In addition to these books we have an exceptionally large stock of the books of all pub- lishers— a more complete as- sortment than can be found on the shelves of any other book- store in the entire country. We solicit correspondence from li- brarians unacquainted with our facilities. LIBRARY DEPARTMENT A. C. McClurg & Co. CHICAGO BROWNINGS COMPLETE WORKS Thin paper, Large-type Pockel Bdltlon. Edited by Charlotte Porter and Helen \ Clarke. L2 vols Cloth, $1.00 per vol.; leather, $1.50 per vol. "By far the moat desirable edition vol published " 1 The '""' THOMAS Y. CROWELL CO., New York

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Sept. ii, 1913J The jN~ a t i o 11 Xlll HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW AND FORTHCOMING PUBLICATIONS Lectures on Legal History and Miscellaneous Essays By JAMKS BARRAMKS, A.M., LL.B., LL.D., Late Dane Pro- fessor of Law aDd Dean of the Faculty of Law in Har- vard I'niversity. &vo. Cloth, hod pages. Portrait. $3.00 net. works (if Dean Amps are Included iu this volume. 'ill.- book contains a number of lectures on legal history, many of which have never before been published, eighteen essays collected rlOdlcalSi and a memoir. The Government of the Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent By A. H. LYBYER, Ph.D., Professor of European History in Oberlin College. 8vo. Cloth. 402 pages. $2.00 net. A timely study of the organization "f the Ottoman Turks in the period of their greatest power and prestige. The author do the vast energies and activities, the magnificent undertakings and that Characterized (lie Constantinople of tin' sixteenth century, in the effort to reveal tile secrets of Ottoman success. The Cotton Manufacturing Industry of the United States By M. T. COPELAND, Ph.D., Instructor in Commercial Or- ganization, Harvard University. Svo. Cloth. 415 pages. $2 net. The American cotton manufacturing industry. Including the spin- Dlflg alshlng and knitting branches, is described in detail volume i he i u also Includes a comparison of the natural advantages, equipment, labor cost, and Industrial and commercial organization of the cotton industry in Europe anil America to-day. The Granger Movement A study of Agricultural Organization and Its Political. Eco- nomic, and Social Manifestations, 1870-1880. by SOLON J. K, Pli.l)., Research Associate in History, University of Illinois. Svo. 384 pages. $2.00 net. The tory of the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry, or the Grange. Of particular present-da^ interest Is the connection of the Granger Movement 1th the beginnings of railroad regulation and with the itive movement in v A List of References on the History of the West By F. J. TURNER, Ph.D., LL.D., Litt.D., Professor of History in Harvard University. Svo. Paper cover. 130 pp. 75c. A comprehensive bibliography, grouped according to relate, i periods and subjects, covering the historical, economic and social development of the West. The Works of Vitruvius Translated by the late MORRIS H. MORGAN, Ph.D.. LL.D., Professor of Classical Philology in Harvard University. Prepared tor pabj es,tion by A. a. Howard, I'h.n.. Professor of I^ttin iu Harranl Bniverslty. Plans and draVlngs prepared by H. L. Warren, A.M., Professor of Architecture in Flarvard University. Ready in December. 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XIV The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2515 APPLETON'S IMPORTANT NEW BOOKS JOHN BACH McMASTER'S A HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES From the Revolution to the Civil War VOLUME 8, just published, marks the completion of this treasure of American history. It represents the in- telligent and laborious research of thirty years, and is a monu- ment to the author's extraordi- nary industry. McMaster's work is a history of the people in the strict sense, rather than a mere history of the govern- ment. It deals with social quite as much as with political activities. So intimate is this history, so vivid and readable, that its pages often read like records of contemporaneous events. The work shows skill, animation, brightness, force and charm and is unquestionably the most important history of the people of the United States ever written. Complete in 8 volumes Illustrated with Maps, etc. Pr.ce $2.50 net per volume $20.00 net per set August Strindberg By L. LIND-AF-HAGEBY. A thoughtful monograph combining a critical estimate with a sufficiently full and searching biography, the whole presenting a clear picture of this elusive author in his re- lation to modern thought. 21 Portraits. $2.00 net. By mail $2.14 The Philosophy of Nietzsche By CHATTERTON HILL The best and most readable exposition of the teachings of the philosopher that has yet been available for the gen- eral reader. Nothing is omitted and all is made plain. $2.50 net. By mail $2.66 All the Days of My Life An Autobiography by AMELIA E. BARR Dr. Henry Van Dyke says of Mrs. Barr's book : " It is full of human nature; it tells your own story as a woman who has earned her living and her place in the world by faithful loving and by good work. It is de- lightful." Illustrated. $3.50 net. By mail $3.70 The Psychology of Laughter By BORIS SIDIS, M.D., Ph.D., Author of "Multiple Personality," etc. A popular exposition of the basic principles and the general factors of laughter, ridicule, fun and allied condi- tions. $2.00 net. By mail $2.14 The Flowery Republic By FREDERICK McCORMICK This well-known war correspondent tells the story of the Chinese revolution as it was unfolded to his eyes. It is a graphic story, leading up to the conclusion that China is now herself the Chinese Question, undisguised and un- governed. The best book on the New China. 1 Many illustrations. $2.50 net. By mail $2.70 Woman in Science By H. J. MOZANS, Ph.D After outlining woman's capacity for scientific pur- poses, Dr. Mozans takes up, step by step, her achievements in all the departments of pure science from the earliest times to the present. A fountain of inspiration for those inter- ested in the cause of women. Frontispiece. $2.50 net. By mail $2.70 The Unrest of Women By EDWARD SANDFORD MARTIN Whether or not you may agree with Mr. Martin on the suffrage question, his essays are well worth reading. His style is clear and crisp, and throughout the discussion he is invariably entertaining. $1.00 net. By mail $1.08 35 W. 32d St. D. APPLETON & COMPANY, Publishers New York I

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Wellesls j Free Library, Wellesley, Mass. The VOL. XCVII— NO. 2516 THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, 1913 gg&S. PRICE TEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO, 1821-1848 The Mont Valuable Chapter of Onr History at This Moment to an Alert Citizen, Presented In n Clear, Scholarly Work by a Great Authority. GEORGE L. RIVES Former Assistant Secretary of Sliitc, recounts "The Relations Between the Two Countries from the Independence of Mexico to the Close of the War With the United States." He says: "The events which led up to the war between the United States and Mexico, with all its momentous con- sequences to both nations, have been very generally misapprehended. . . . "It has been my object to present a consecutive narrative of the events which culminated in war in 1846 and peace in 1848. . . . ". . . it is not doubtful that some lessons of extreme importance may be drawn from a study of our dealings with the nearest of our Latin-American neighbors." Two volumes toith maps. $8.00 net; post- age extra THEODORE ROOSEVELT Writes Upon Important Topics, Lit- erary, Historical, Scientific, in His New Book. HISTORY AS LITERATURE AND OTHER ESSAYS Combines the Attitude of a Deep Scholar with That of a Man in Vital Touch with National Life. "In these addresses and essays," he says, "I have discussed not merely lit- erary but also historical and scientific subjects, for my thesis is that the do- main of history must be ever more wide- ly extended over the domains of history and science." Here are some of the titles of these essays: "The World Movement," "Citizenship in a Republic," "Productive Scholar- ship," "Dante and the Bowery," "The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century," "The Ancient Irish Sagas," "An Art Ex- hibition." $1.50 net; postage extra THE PANAMA GATEWAY The Entire Story of the Canal from Conception to Completion Told by the Highest Authority in a Popu- lar but Exact Manner. JOSEPH BUCKLIN BISHOP As Secretary to the Isthmian Canal Commission Had a Unique Oppor- tunity to Prepare This Book Just Published To-day. The book is divided into five parts. And the first is historical. It begins with Columbus, who sought a hidden strait; tells how Balboa crossed the isthmus to gaze on the Pacific, and car- ries up to the conception of the present canal. The second presents the tragedy, that of de Lesseps, and is called "The French Effort and Failure." The next part deals with the Ameri- can Purchase and Control, and carries to the year 1904; and the last, "The Period of Construction, 1904-1915," tells the story of building the great "Bridge of Water." Fully illustrated. $2.50 net; by mail $2.69 CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS MAURICE HEWLETT Turns Light Upon a Character of Great Interest in His New Novel BENDISH A Colorful Romance of Late Georg- ian England. Identity of the Handsome and Talented Young Nobleman Will Excite Curiosity. Early in the story you get this glimpse of the singular personality of Lord Bendish : "A marble- faced young man with a dark head of curly hair and intensely dark eyes lay absorbed upon the sofa Every feature of him was as sharp and still as statuary; if he assumed rapture in his work, he assumed it well. En- veloped in a white Turkish gown, he was writing, with his knees for desk. Open books were strewn about him ; he blew and sucked at a water-pipe which stood in visible commotion upon the floor beside him. He was very handsome; and sublimely uninterested in his visitor, although at the same time acutely aware of him." $1.35 net; by mail $1.46 ADMIRAL DEWEY The Great American Sea-Fighter, Tells the Story of His Life in THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF GEORGE DEWEY, ADMI- RAL OF THE NAVY His Active Career Began Under Fnrrngnt and Culminated in the Capture of Manila. The Most Im- portant and Interesting American Biography in Years. Admiral Dewey tells a simple, forth- right story of his career from Vermont boyhood through two wars, to his re- tirement as one of three ever to attain the grade of Admiral in our navy. His account is, first, a graphic narrative of adventure:— he fought through the Civil War — was at Mobile and New Orleans— and of course through the War with Spain. Second: — A revelation of a large, brave, simple character. And third: — An uncovering of the plain facts of many obscure but sig- nificant events; a first-hand account of important episodes of our history. Fully illustrated. $2.50 net ; postage extra E. ALEXANDER POWELL Raises From Oblivion Some of America's Greatest Heroes, the Men Who Won Us Half Our Ter- 'GENTLEMEN ROVERS Describes the Brilliant Careers of Eaton, Reed, Smith, Ward, Walk- er, Boyd, Etc., Great Conquerors. The author in preface names several typical episodes: "Eaton and his motley army marched across six hundred miles of African des- ert, and by bringing the Barbary despots to their knees accomplished that which had been unsuccessfully attempted by every naval power in Europe. Captain Reed, of the General Armstrong, after holding off a British force twenty times the strength of his own, sunk his rather than surrender. William Walker came within an ace of changing the map of Middle America, and made the name of American a synonym for courage from the Rio Grande to Panama, while on the other side of the world another American, Frederick Townsend Ward, raised and led that over-victorious army whose exploits were General Gordon's chief claim to fame." Illustrated by mail $1.65 Fifth Avenue, at 48th St., New York

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11 T h. e N" a t i o ii [Vol. 97, No. 2516 The Nation A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. \Entercd at the New York City Post Office as second-class mail matter.] The Nation Is published and owned by the New York Evening Tost Co. Oswald Garrison Villard, President; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor; Harold deWolf Fuller, As- sistant Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada ?3.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $4.00. Address THE NATION, Box 794, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 251 Editorial Articles: A Splendid Achievement 254 The West and the New Agriculture.. 254 The Consuls Safeguarded 255 The Bryan Scandal 256 William J. Gaynor 257 Special Articles: Changes in Pronunciation 258 News for Bibliophiles 259 Correspondence : Professor Kittredge as Teacher of Literature 259 The Ideal Republic of Learning 260 Mrs. Young and the Chicago Schools. 260 The Catholic Press 260 Wordsworth Misquoted 261 Literature : Speeches, Correspondence, and Po- litical Papers of Carl Schurz 261 The Way of Ambition 263 Round the Corner 263 Father Gregory; or, Lures and Fail- ures 263 Discovering Evelina 263 Companion to Roman History. — The Grandeur that Was Rome 264 The Life of Octavia Hill 265 Histoire des Seleucides 265 To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Disguise 266 Notes 266 Science 269 Music and Drama: Experiment in Popular Opera 270 Art: Japan and Its Art 271 Finance : Union Pacific and Its Investments.. 272 Books op the Week 272 JUST PUBLISHED A LIST OF REFERENCES ON THE HISTORY OF THE WEST By FREDERICK J. TURNER Professor of History in Harvard University 8vo. Paper. 130 pages, 75c. A comprehensive bibliography, ar- ranged according to related periods and subjects covering the historical, economic, and social development of the West. HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDfJK, MASSACHUSETTS. AN ELEMENTARY PSYCHOLOGY By D. 13. Phillips, Head of the Depart- mi hi of Psychology and Education In the University of Denver. "To undertake a new method of treatment in this day of numerous publications upon the subject of psy- chology is a most difficult task. Pro- fessor Phillips seems successfully to have accomplished it. His treatment is novel and suggestive, dealing with psychic phenomena from a different viewpoint than they have been treated heretofore. It is well adapted to the needs of the beginner. With its graphic treatment and lucid style the student is almost sure to comprehend the meaning of the author." Professor J. C. ZELLER, University of Puget Sound Tacoma, Washington. GINN AND COMPANY, Publishers Boston New York Chicago London Atlanta Dallas Columbus San Francisco Educational Morrislown School SS^SSRtSr'&Sft ing .School for Boys. Small classes. Suimi-rlmd sports; new gymnasium. Lower school for hoyp 10 to 14. Advlnory Board — President Illbuen, Princeton; Dean Ilurlbnt, Harvard; Rev. Anson Phelps Stokes, Jr., Secretary of Yale; Dean Kep- pel, Columbia; President Prltcbett, Carnegie Foundation. The WOLCOTT SCHOOL, DENVER, COL Superior climate. Accredited with Eastern Colleges for girls. Pins music Ldvantages. Gymnasium. 7DETHLEHEM PREPARATORY SCHOOL, JD Bethlehem, Pa. Prepares for leading college*. Catalogue. H. A. FOERING, B. S., Principal. TI^RENCH university family hating particular villa near Bois de Boulogne asks for pupils or paying guests.^ Day 14frs., including lessons, bath room, garden. Parent, 8 rue Pierret, Neuilly, Paris. JUST PUBLISHED COULTER'S PLANT LIFE AND PLANT USES $1.20 A high school book about the fun- damentals of plant life and about the relation between plants and man. It aims to present only those large facts about plants which form the present basis of the science of botany, and which are essential to every high school botanist. The illustrations are abundant and excellent. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO ^pHE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES, J. Evbbbtt O. Fisk & Co., Proprietor*. 2a Park St., Boston 1847 U St., Washington loCFifthAv., New York 31GJournalBd., Portland 814StegerBd., Chicago. 34;jDouglasBd.,LosAngele« 317 Mas. Tern., Denver 345WrightBlk., Berkeley Send to any address above for Agency Manual. Harlan P. French, Pres. Vincent B. Fisk, Sec'y. THE ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY i knows how. Twenty-two years of successful ex- perience In bringing together good schools and good teachers. Send for Bulletin, 81 Chapel St., Albany, N. Y. PARENTS desiring a home in the "Back ■L Bay," Boston, for one or two boys. In the family of a physician for the coming winter from Oct. 1st, 1913, address, "BOS- TON," care The Nation, 20 Vesey St., N. Y. DANTE'S DIVINA C0MMEDIA First American Edition. Edited with introduction, arguments to each canto, and footnotes by Professor C. H. Grandgent, of Harvard University. Cloth. 886 pages. Price, $2.25. D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO SHAKESPEARE'S WORKS First Folio Edition. Edited by Char- lotte Porter. 40 vols. Cloth, 75c. per vol.; leather, $1.00 per vol. "By all odds the best edition now accessible." — [The Living Age. THOMAS Y. CROWELL CO., New York "TO LIBRARIANS" It is of interest and importance to know that the hooks reviewed and advertised in this mag- azine can be purchased from us at advanta- geous prices by PUBLIC LIBRARIES, schools, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES A. 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From a dozen groups of these, which have been kindly loaned by the recipients, a sufficient number of selections has been made to illustrate the relations between Mr. Garrison and his great corps of contributors, the frankness and tact which he exercised towards them, and the wide range of his interests, tastes, and sympathies. The volume also con- tains a brief sketch of his life, a dozen of his best poems, and several of his characteristic editorials, re- views, and essays, besides a fine photogravure portrait. Price, $t.b~0 net, postpaid. Houghton Mifilin Company BOSTON NEW YORK

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Sept. 18, 1913] The Nation 111 From the Cambridge University Press Life and Correspondence of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke By I'llll.ll' C. YOKhK, M. A. Om, fp includes nn account of the great juice's work In Iho King's BenCb and in Chancery, and sums ap the history of the , period from itu'o to 1764, 'I'lio careen of Wain >le, New- castle, f irnrv Pelham, tin' eMer Pitt, Henry l"«.x. the Dike of Cumberland, Ceorge II ■>■ 1 1 1. and various Incident b as the full of Wnlpole, the Byng catastrophe, Btmggle between George in and tlir- Whigs — appear In a clearer light, by Iglnaj papers .-hhi manuscripts now published, or brought together and anno- ; ,r the Brat time. Kovnl 8vo. Three vols., with six 111ns- pp. liiTD. Trice fl8.60, post- pald S14.22. The University of Chicago Press CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. .If ST I'VItLISHEI) PAUL ELMER MORE'S THE DRIFT OF ROMANTICISM An admirable group of papers on such authors as William Beckford, Cardinal New- man, Walter Pater, (Fiona Maeleod, oilier leaders of the ro- mantic movement, $1.25 net. Postpaid, $1.37. Boston HOUGHTON M II r I, IN CO., NewYork THE QRBA.T ART GIFT-ROOK OF THE YEAR ART By Auguste Rodin (Translated from the French of Paul Gsell by Mix. Bomllly Bedden.) With over 100 Illustrations In photogravure and half-tone. Buckram, $7.50 net: three-quarter levant, $15.00 net; carriage additional. A book which takes its place at once as the most important art book !□ years. It covers practically the whole range of art, and abounds in memorable analyses of the works of the masters of painting and sculpture, ancient and modern. Send for descriptive circular. Small, Maynard & Co., Publishers, Ronton The Flowery Republic By FREDERICK McCORMICK is the most authoritative work on the new China. $2.50 net. By mail #2.70. D. APPLETON & COMPANY, New York Id WEEKS IN EUROPE FOR $300 BOOK ABOUT IT, $1.10 POSTPAID DODD, MEAD * COMPANY, FOURTH AVE. AND 30TH STREET, NEW YORK IN MANY Pub ic Libraries The Office Clerks are instructed to cut out the advertising columns of THE NATION as a guide for the Purchas- ing Committees. "We buy every book you advertise," writes one of the best known librarians in the U. S. To many libraries and to many individ- uals, books advertised in THE NATION are at once recommended as desirable. The Novel of the Year in London Round the Corner ^^ Gilbert Cannan The story of Francis Folyat, his wife and children, who drift through life the "easiest way," lack- ing the courage to face the essential truths of life. The New York Tribune says : "An excellent book for lovers of serious fiction, a strikingly true study of life, admir- ably well written." $1.35 net. By mail, $1.47 D. APPLETON & COMPANY Publishers New York ! ■ • ■\ For immediate publication: Strindberg's By the Open Sea A novel that does not insult your intelligence Authorized translation by EUie Schleussner: 5.1.25 net B.W.Huebsch,PubIisher, 225 Fifth avenue, NewYork | ot Celebrities Bought and Sold. Autograph Send for price lists. !„,,„.„ WalterR. Benjamin, 226 5thAv.,N.Y. Leuers i established 1887. ! Pub. "THE COLLECTOR," $1 a jrr. Six Months Subscription Free THE NATION will extend SIX MONTHS the term of any sub- scriber who sends a name not already on our list with remit- tance for the new subscription for one year. THE NATION, 20 Tnry St., N. T. City. The Open Court Publishing Co. pursuing the policy of mak- ing the principles of science bear on religion, philoso- phy, mathematics, psy- chology, and the natural sciences, is issuing, in addi- tion to its many books on religious, philosophical, and scientific subjects, two periodicals : — The Monist a quarterly ($2.00 per year), which contains original essays on the burn- ing subjects of philosophy and science, including both the world-worn problems of all times and the most recent up-to-date theories; and The Open Court an illustrated monthly ($ 1 .00 per year) especial- ly devoted to the interest- ing questions of higher criticism and comparative religion, popular expo- sitions of the philosophy of mathematics, discus- sions of anthropology and history, political and inter- national questions from the standpoint of scientific principle. Readers of The Nation are invited to send for free sample copies of both these magazines, and for a list of books issued by this company. THE OPEN COURT Publishing Co. 122 South Michigan Ave. Chicago

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IV The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2516 IMPORTANT NEW AND FORTHCOMING MACMILLAN FALL PUBLICATIONS ROOSEVELT. Theodore Roosevelt. An Autobiography. By Theodore Roosevelt. Il- lustrated. Ready Nov. 19. $2.50 net Colonel Roosevelt's own story of his life. STEFANSSON. My Life with the Eskimo. By Vilhjalmur Stefansson. Illustrated. A great explorer's story. Ready Oct. 1. *$4.00 net LA FARGE. The Gospel Story in Art. By John La Farge. Illustrated. Ready in Oct. *$5.00 net This celebrated artist's last great work. MASEFIELD. Salt Water Ballads. By John Masefield. Pub. Sept. 17. $1.00 net A collection of great sea poems. A Mainsail Haul. By John Masefield. Pub. Sept. 12. $1.25 net Vigorous prose tales of the sea. LONDON. The Valley of the Moon. By Jack London. Illustrated. Ready Oct. 29. $1.35 net A love story in Mr. London's most powerful style. BROWN. Robin Hood's Barn. By Alice Brown. Illustrated. Pub. Sept. 17. $1.25 net The charming story of a dream that came true. FURMAN. Mothering on Perilous. By Lucy Furman. Illustrated. Ready Sept. 17. *$1.50 net A Kentucky mountain story. GALE. When I Was a Little Girl. By Zona Gale. Illustrated. Ready Oct. 1. *$1.50 net A charming romance of childhood. GOLDSMITH, a Dog. By Elizabeth Goldsmith. Illustrated. Ready in Oct. *$1.50 net ROBERTS. Children of the Wild. By Charles G. D. Roberts. Illustrated. Ready Sept. 24. $1.35 net Inimitable stories about young animals. WRIGHT. The Stranger at the Gate. By Mabel Osgood Wright. Colored illustrations. Ready in Nov. *$1.25 net A modern Christmas story by the author of "The Garden of a Commuter's Wife." STIGAND. Hunting the Elephant in Africa. By Captain C. H. Sik; and. Introduction by Col- onel Roosevelt. Illustrated. Ready in Oc«.*$2.50nei. Dramatic hunting experiences graphically told. Toby: The Story of NIGHTINGALE. The Biography of Florence Nightingale. By Sir E. T. Cook. Two vols. Illustrated. Ready in Nov. An exhaustive biography of one of the greatest of modern women. EDWARDS. The Barbary Coast. By Albert Edwards. Illustrated. Ready Sept. 24. *$2.00 net An interesting account of life in Northern Africa. TWEEDIE. America As I Saw It. By E. Alec-Tweedie. Illustrated. Ready in Oct. *$3.00 net A good-humored account of American life. HERRICK. His Great Adventure. By Robeet Herrick. Illustrated. Pub. Sept. 3. $1.35 net An interesting and unusual mystery story. WATTS. Van Cleve. By Mary S. Watts. Ready Oct. 15. $1.35 net A modern story of sound American life. GRISWOLD. Deering at Princeton. By Latta Griswold. Illustrated. . Ready Oct. 24. $1.25 net. A lively story of college experiences. PEARSON. The Voyage of the Hoppergrass. By Edmund Lester Pearson. Illustrated. Ready in Oct. *$1.35 net The story of a wonderful voyage. WILLCOCKS. The Will to Live. By M. P. Willcocks. Pub. Sept. 17. $1.35 net The most mature work of the clever author of "The Wingless Victory." HILLIS. The Story of Phadrus: How We Got the Greatest Book in the World. By Newell Dwigiit Hillis. Illustrated. Ready in Oct. *$1.25 net MABIE. American Ideals, Character and Life. By Hamilton Wright Mabie. Pub. Sept. 17. *$1.50 net A candid portrayal of American life and customs. LODGE. OneHundredYearsof Peace. By the Hon. Henry Cabot Lodge. Illustrated. Ready Sept. 10. $1.2.", net SCOTT. A History of Land Mam- mals in the Western Hemisphere. By W. B. Scott. Illustrated. Ready in Oct. $.r).oo net A marvelous tale of the development of American animal life. 'Tentative prices subject to change upon publication. The Fall Announcement of New Macmillan Books (96 pages) mailed free to any address. Published by THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64-66 5th Ave, N. Y.

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The Nation SEW YORK, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, 1913. The Week Separated because of incompatibility of temper and, specifically, because ot disagreement over the question who should be boss in the house, Progressiv- ism and Republicanism are preparing to be reconciled for the sake of the child. The little one's name is, of course, Protective Tariff. The Congres- sional election in Maine and the passage of the tariff bill in the Senate have oc- curred in dramatic juxtaposition. Re- publicans and Progressives may differ on the eternal principles of social jus- tice and the spirit of constitutional gov- ernment, but on the question of high tariff duties they find it easy to agree, and, apparently, to win. Therefore, the talk of a national convention to bring about a reunion of the two factions has broken forth with renewed vigor. It is true that so far most of the talk about reunion has come from the side of the Republicans. The Bull Moose are verbally as hostile to the idea as they have ever been. But verbally; in prac- tice they have simply been flocking back to the Republican fold in the most natural way in the world. There is no need for the Progressive leaders to say anything; the registration and election returns speak for them. After all, the eternal principles of social justice, being eternal, can presumably wait; whereas the protective tariff needs all the cham- pions it can get, and needs them now. It is not necessary for the Vice-Presi- dent of the United States to be an au- thority on banking and currency ques- tions; but neither is he under any obli- gation to talk about them. It is, of course, the privilege of a newspaper re- porter to ask a Vice-President the ques- tion, "What is your opinion of the cur- rency question?" but it is quite as in- disputably the privilege of the Vice- President to decline to satisfy the re- porter's desire for "copy." Doubtless it was owing to his invincible good nature that Mr. Marshall the other day, as re- ported in the New York Times, failed to adopt that course and the result is that he indicates his idea of the pur- pose of the Banking and Currency bill J as follows: Some banking system which will pre- vent the hoarding of money until it com- mands very high interest, and which will permit sufficient elasticity to prevent re- current panics, must be devised. It is a pity that the House Committee completed its long and difficult labors without the benefit of this simple and straightforward statement, for we fear that the idea of preventing "the hoard- ing of money until it commands a high rate of interest" was sadly neglected in the deliberations of the Committee. But the reporter, evidently an enterprising young gentleman, was still unsatisfied, and so we have this further contribution to the subject: "Isn't the pending measure, with its re- serve bank provision, really the rein- statement of the old United States Bank?" he was asked. "As a Democrat inoculated Willi the prin- ciples of Jefferson and Jackson," Mr. Mar- shall answered, "I am not sure it is not going back to the old ideas of the United States Bank." Very like a whale, quoth Polonius; and Polonius, too, was a man who talked rather more than was absolutely indis- pensable. A most extraordinary thing has hap- pened in Louisiana. Its Legislature has adjourned after being in session a few minutes less than four days. Six im- portant measures proposed by the Gov- ernor were put before both houses and carried within this period of time, with but eight adverse votes in the House and two in the Senate. Not one of the mea- sures was amended in any important manner, and thousands of dollars were saved by this prompt transaction of bus- iness. The most important action taken was for the submission to the people of a proposal for a Constitutional Conven- tion in November next, which will be limited, however, to a consideration of the bonded debt of the State, and a proposed amendment to the New Or- leans Sewerage and Water Board act. This convention cannot, of course, be called unless approved at an election by the people. There is no doubt whatever that the people will approve, as the financial situation is pressing. Another important measure passed was one sug- gested by the Senatorial situation in Ala- bama. It provides that in the event of the death or resignation of a United States Senator from Louisiana the Gov- ernor shall fill the vacancy until such time as the people can elect. This is to bring the State procedure in line with the new amendment to the Constitution of the United States providing for popu- lar election of Senators. With the promise in appeals that the prosecutions under the Mann act in California will continue to arouse com- ment and feeling, it is becoming evident that the act itself is a probable subject of attack. It is already alleged that it loads upon the Federal courts duties better left to the local police courts; that it weakens suppression of the very traffic against which it was aimed, by confounding it with mere immorality; that it draws no distinction between of- fences of widely different degrees of guilt; and that the penalty for other crimes, lumped by it with so-called "white-slavery," is always, and some- times unjustly, imposed upon but one party, the man. These are criticisms that demand consideration; but it is es- sential that, if any modification of the law is to be made, it shall not be such as to impair its severity or its effi- cacy in relation to the vile and cruel traffic for the suppression of which the act was designed. President Wilson's sending of an agent to confer with the parties to the Calumet copper strike comes at the same time as intimations that Gov. Ferris was ready to call a special ses- sion to end the trouble. What the now unnecessary session would have done is of peculiar interest in a situation not unlike the recent strikes in West Vir- ginia and Colorado. The legislators re- garded the payment of the $250,000 re- quired to maintain troops in the strike district as the chief issue. Although the companies virtually own the copper counties, the repeal of a recent law leaves the protection of their property a burden on the entire State. More im- portant to the ordinary observer was a proposal for a compulsory arbitration law and the immediate appointment of an arbitration board. But little has been proposed and less done to stop the

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>>ry2 The ]STation [Vol. 97, No. 2516 sporadic rioting and shooting that have tormented the district even under mili- tia protection. There have been threats of "putting the gunmen out of the dis- trict," and several arrests of agitators for "inciting to riot"; but the clashes between patrolmen and armed miners have gone on, the press reporting that the gunmen have "kept up night firing to keep the militia on a constant search," and that the militia have at- tested by inaction that they were neu- tral in the dispute. In Michigan, as in West Virginia and elsewhere, the local papers insist that, no matter how the strike ends and its expense is distribut- ed, an investigation should determine the responsibility for its scenes of vio- lence. The true note of the new South comes to us in an editorial in the Lexington, Ky., Herald in regard to the segregation of the colored employees of the Govern- ment at Washington. "Knowing," it says, "that many will disagree with our views, and condemn bitterly our expres- sion thereof," it none the less protests against this policy of the national Gov- ernment, "the effect of which, transmit- ted to lower channels, may be most dis- astrous." "No greater calamity could befall this nation," it insists, "than to have included in its inhabitants mil- lions of people of any race in whose face the door of hope is shut, who are not permitted to aspire to free and in- dependent citizenship, and to strive for equal political, financial, and industrial reward that brawn or intellect brings to those of any race." These are brave words indeed, in shining contrast with the utterances of so many Southern Sen- ators who claim to represent their sec- tion, and who certainly do represent the reactionaries and the ignorant. and more, is effectively recited for the Blankenburg Administration in a pamphlet of the Civic Club. So long, therefore, as the specific fight turns upon a question of sanitation and at- tractiveness, with harbor and navy-yard considerations thrown in, the public is not likely to forget benefits received. The thousands of sties in South Phila- delphia, as a menace to health, contra- vene such municipal regulations as al- most, if not quite, every other large city has long since passed. It seems an anomaly that the third largest American city should be fight- ing for the removal of a whole district of unsanitary pig-farms from within its borders. But there is a deal of politi- cal hopefulness in Philadelphia's new- est issue. There cannot be much ques- tion concerning the general merits of the present Mayoralty campaign. The public health has been safeguarded; the streets have been made cleaner; a new policy of economy has been inaugurat- ed; the Police and Fire Departments have been taken out of politics. All this, The celebration of Perry's victory is of especial interest to the Great Lakes, as recalling the one affair of the kind they have ever seen, and drowning, in its salutes and fanfares, the noise of our Canadian cousins over Chrysler's farm. Its pageants and water carni- vals have given a long-extended thrill of patriotism to tie lakeside ports at which the old fleet has touched. To the country at large the centenary looms small beside the half-centenary of Get- tysburg. Its chief interest is in recall- ing a heroic deed and a heroic figure. Perry's exploit is, of all American na- val victories, the one that would best have furnished a subject for Turner to paint. The Niagara was no Temeraire, but as our single important engagement between wooden fleets, Put-in-Bay links us to the days of Nelson and Rodney in a way no one-ship duels could do. ly the Association for the Advance- ment, of Science was greatly concerned with the problem of over-population and food supply. People are still born in numbers sufficiently large to worry the scientists as to where sustenance for all of them is coming from. Or is it our duty to reconcile the findings of Bir- mingham and Colorado Springs and to look forward to a non-existent race of lunatics with nothing to eat? Two calamities are threatening the human race, according to reports from Colorado -Springs, where the American Public Health Association is now meet- ing. One is the increase of insanity, and the other is the decrease in the birth-rate. As envisaged by one head- line writer, the future presents a spec- tacle in which nobody will be born and everybody will be out of his mind. For- tunately, this condition of affairs prom- ises something of the same consolation offered to the Irishman who received three serious wounds, one of which was bound to be fatal, but from the other two of which he might recover. A "birthless" race need not shrink from the advancing cloud of insanity, and an insane race is not apt to care much whether it is born or not. Lest, how- ever, some timid person should pi fuse to see how the one evil cancels the oth- er, let him turn from Colorado Springs to Birmingham, England, where rccent- "Food Inspection Decision No. 152," just issued by the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, declares that brandy is the alcoholic distillate obtain- ed solely from the fermented juice of fruit, distilled "under such conditions that the characteristic bouquet, or vola- tile flavoring and aromatic principles, is retained in the distillate." That is sound chemistry and common-sense. It will pass unchallenged by the medical pro- fession and the consumer, however painful it may be to the compounding establishments where applejack, cognac, cherry brandy, and peach brandy are all made from the same barrel of crude spirits by the addition of flavoring ex- tracts and coloring matter. The deci- sion goes further, however, in defining grape brandy as the distillate obtained from grape wine under the conditions already set forth, in saying that other fruit brandies must be similarly pre- pared from the fermented juices of their respective fruits, and adding that "so- called brandy prepared from grain, po- tato, or other form of industrial alco- hol, or from alcohol obtained from the by-products of wine manufacture, mix- ed with more or less true brandy or other flavoring material, is adulterated and misbrandcd unless labelled to indi- cate its true composition." Here is a step forward in the enforcement of the law by the Board of Food and Drug In- spection since the Taft Administration, which never arrived at a definition of what constitutes "straight whiskey." It is true that there was difference of opin- ion between a Kentuckian and a Mary- lander, an Irishman and a Scot, as to the best ingredients for whiskey, but all were virtually agreed as to labels until the compounders mado it possible, by obtaining a favorable ruling from tho earlier Food and Drug Board, to mix the alcoholic products of grain as they are now forbidden to mis the alcoholic products of fruit Whatever injury re-

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Sept. 1 8, 191 3 J The Nation 253 suits to public health and morals from the abuse of alcoholic stimulants is in part due to the adulteration of these products by the manufacturer. A statistician of Indiana University has recently studied the qualifications, salary, and tenure of the high-school is of his State, with the usual startling results. On the surface, the outstanding and conventional fact would seem to be the low salaries. Out of 657 teachers, only one received a stipend of $2,000; less than 10 got |1,600; and 299 received less than $800. But there are other figures that prompt a doubt as to how many really were worth more pay. Of the 657 more than half held no degree, whether' from nor- mal school, college, or university; and even in cities of above 50,000, out of 281 high-school teachers, 120 had no special training. These facts are typi- cal of many more States than Indiana. Even in the teaching world a natural law governs the relation between pay and ability. One hardly knows whether to feel indignation at the parents, or pity for the children, of backward com- munities; for in the words of the statis- tician, "school boards can secure any kind of teacher they wish if they de- mand the preparation and pay the price." The complaint that our public schools have neglected the teaching of funda- mentals for the teaching of fads and frills no longer holds against Chicago's school authorities. Mrs. Ella Flagg Young is going back to something more fundamental even than the three R's. She has begun to impart instruction in the law of self-preservation which is the first law of life. Time must hence- forth be taken by the school principals from the regular curriculum for class- room talks, illustrated with motion pic- tures, on how to avoid accidents due to street traffic. There is a long list of cautions for children: Cross the street at regular crossings, not in the middle of the block. Obey the police signals at crossings. Look in all directions before crossing the street. Do not cross in front of a moving vehicle. Danger signals from automobiles and cars should be heeded by every one. Roller-skating in the roadway is forbid- den by city ordinance. Children should not hitch on to moving vehicles. The majority of accidents to children do not happen when they are going to school or returning from school. There is great danger in playing backward and forward across the street, running across the street in the evening, hurrying to the show or the store, trying to overtake companions, running after a hat. Is the number of mothers increasing who send their children into the streets without any injunction to be careful? Or is the number of children increasing to whom it matters very little what mother says but to whom Teacher em- bodies prestige and authority? It is the vicious circle again. The schools, as a type of social effort, are continually stepping in to make good the derelic- tions of the individual; and the indi- vidual is lulled into securer indiffer- ence. Because careless or ignorant par- ents have proved recreant to the gospel of the toothbrush, the schools are now exacting written pledges on the sub- ject. And if a pledge of clean teeth falls within the province of the school, then why not a pledge against green ap- ples, and a pledge against sleeping late, and a pledge against telling lies? Will the parenthood of the future develop into a sort of foremanship under school supervision? And in the case of a street fatality, will the mother of the child victim have a just grievance against the child's teacher? yond doubt a policy of wisdom. But the animus behind some of the labor out- breaks seems to be taken as warning that in a well-armed country, divided between Nationalists and Anti-Nation- alists, the passage of Home Rule may be followed by sporadic rioting. Re- ports to the London Times show that in two days last week, $15,000,000 insur- ance was written in Ulster; that the pre- vious week showed approximately $35,- 000,000 written; and that insurance com- panies, as in South Africa before the Johannesburg troubles, were attempting to secure as wide a distribution of risks as possible, to lessen the chance of concentrated losses. Although every party attempt to read a political significance into the labor riots at Belfast has failed, it is nota- ble that they have given a marked im- petus to the insurance business, based upon an apprehension which looks to the political future. The English atti- tude towards Ulster has always been that it takes two to make a quarrel, and that as truculent drills and blustering speeches increase in the province, im- perturbable good nature offers the best opposition to them. Even the latest programme of the Ulster Union, for September mass-meetings from Belfast to Derry, and the formation of a Pro- visional Government against the Home Rule bill's third reading, does not dis- turb British phlegm. The Government's disregard of technical treason and riotous rhetoric in the mouth of Sir Ed- ward Carson, and its determination, in the face of the exaggerated temper of North Ireland, to let the Provisional Government, if it is ever formed, sit un- til it becomes a laughing stock, is be- In perhaps no journal in Europe would one be more justified in looking for a mature and intelligent judgment on the Administration's dealings with Mexico than in the London Economist. The leading article in its issue for Au- gust 30 is devoted to "Mexico and Presi- dent Wilson's Message." In it there is no trace of the patronizing toleration or of the supercilious criticism which has been the note of a number of Eu- ropean newspapers less weighty and less well informed. On the contrary, the Economist acclaims the President's message as "the sincere attempt of a Constitutional ruler and trained jurist to insure that the Government of Mexico shall be based on a legal foundation beyond question." While the Economist recognizes that the contentions of those who argue in favor of the immediate recognition of the Huerta Government are plausible, it declares that President Wilson "may claim to have taken a longer and a broader view." As for the view of some "observers on the Con- tinent" that the message was but "an ingenious move towards the annexation of Mexico," the Economist dismisses that as superficial. "But armed inter- vention," it adds, "might lead to a war beside which the Boer War would seem simple and short; and it could hardly end in the harmony which has happily been the outcome in South Africa." For- tunately, the people of this country are thoroughly aware that such is the case; and neither the public at large nor the Administration at Washington contem- plates armed intervention in any other light than as one of the greatest of pos- sible calamities.

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254= The ]ST ation [Vol. 97, No. 2516 A SPLENDID ACHIEVEMENT. With ranks unbroken except for the vote of the two Louisiana members, the Democrats of the Senate have set the seal of their approval upon the great work of tariff reform in which their fel- lows in the House had so faithfully done their part Even the defection of the Louisiana members has not in it any- thing of a sinister character. One can sympathize with the feeling expressed by Senator Thornton when he declared that he voted against the bill only be- cause he regarded it as a death-blow at the greatest agricultural interest of his State, however much one may feel that the radical measure of putting sugar on the free list is justified by the largest considerations of national policy. Apart from this extreme case, the party has presented, not only in the final vote, but in the whole character of its deal- ing with the many crucial questions that have arisen, a spirit which it is hardly going too far to characterize as heroic. The notion that, when it comes down to a practical test, the tariff is, after all, a "local issue," has been magnificently repudiated. The differ- ences between Senate and House are not such as in the least to affect the character of the bill as a truly national measure of reform, a measure fulfilling completely the promises which, from the time of Cleveland's memorable mes- sage of 1887 to the present day, have embodied the clear purpose of all the true leaders of the party. The words in which President Wilson acclaimed the result are fully justified by the facts — "a fight for the people and for free business, which has lasted a long gen- eration through, has at last been won, handsomely and completely." For the clean-cut way in which the result has been accomplished, for hold- ing together the forces in the case of many causes of dissension — and this without any debilitating compromise — the chief credit must be assigned to the President. That he was able to achieve this in spite of its entailing the protrac- tion of the extra session throughout the trials of a Washington summer, would of itself be signal evidence of rare pow- ers of leadership; but the achievement was made the more extraordinary by the circumstance that, almost from the start, Mr. Wilson's purpose was clearly to insist also on the passage at the ex- tra session of a banking and currency bill. His complete success in the first undertaking cannot fail to increase greatly the strength of his position in regard to the second; and if he shall achieve both, he will have made a rec- ord of constructive leadership rarely matched in the annals of parties. How great is his indebtedness, and that of the nation, to the ability and steadfast- ness of Mr. Underwood, the whole na- tion recognizes; and the tribute he pays also to the faithful and efficient work of Senator Simmons is likewise deserv- ed. While the first place in distribution of credit belongs to the President, a large share is due to the whole party as represented in Congress, and espe- cially to the leaders in the two houses. Of the changes made in the bill by the Senate which will presumably form the subject of serious consideration in con- ference, there are three of more gener- al interest than any others. The intro- duction into the bill of the proposed tax on cotton "futures" is thoroughly vi- cious. It is, in itself, a bit of ignorant or demagogic interference with a legiti- mate and, on the whole, decidedly wholesome and beneficial part of the mechanism of business. It was adhered to by the Senate caucus in the face of earnest opposition by eight Southern Democratic Senators who did not speak in behalf of "Wall Street," and who were specially qualified to speak in be- half of the interests of the growers of cotton. And in addition to its inherent injuriousness, it is open to the gravest objection as being essentially of the na- ture of a "rider" — a provision of pecu- liar and highly controversial character tacked on to a general revenue bill in the hope of its being accepted because it cannot be separated from the bill as a whole. It ought to be firmly resisted by the House conferrees; and the same is true of the increased tax on works of art, for which there is not a shadow of respectable justification. The third change we have in mind relates to the income tax. The increases in the rates on incomes above $50,000 will probably be compromised in conference; the change in the lower limit — the exemp- tion limit — will probably stand. But it ought to be clearly understood that, while the discrimination in favor of men with families is quite justified, the change by the Senate does not at all diminish — indeed it increases — the ob- jection lying against the exemption as being too high. From this point of view, the raising of the $4,000 exemp- tion to $5,000 in the case of married men with two children far more than counterbalances the lowering of the ex- emption to $3,000 in the case of single men. But the conspicuous thing is not the differences between Senate and House, but their agreement. Nor is this con- cord remarkable only because item after item, hotly debated, has stood the test. It is far more remarkable because of the firmness with which a general prin- ciple, a general attitude, has been ad- hered to. That wonderful solution of the tariff question which, hardly more than a year or two ago, was acclaimed with such naive delight in high quar- ters, has cut but a sorry figure. Not difference in cost of production, but the reasonable claims of the American peo- ple, has been the touchstone by which the rates have been determined. There has been no blind and sweeping reduc- tion of duties, regardless of a just con- sideration for existing industries; but the doctrine that the manufacturer has a vested right in the home market, whatever it may cost his fellow-citizens, has been absolutely cast out. And all this has happened without any commo- tion or disturbance — almost without any protest in the public press except of the most perfunctory kind. To those whose memory is not hopelessly defective, we recommend the exercise of recalling how general, eight or ten years ago, was the notion that the American people had decided, for good and all, upon a policy of high protection, and that to reopen the question was merely to dis- turb business without the slightest pros- pect of accomplishing anything. The contrast between this state of mind and that shown by the passing of the pres- ent tariff bill with the general acqui- escence of the nation affords a valuable illustration of the delusions of "mani- fest destiny." THE WEST AND THE NEW AQRl- OULTURE. The drought which week after week hung over the West this summer, with corn shrivelling and meadows browning under its sway, ponds contracting, and cattle being rushed to market, awakened a variety of comment. Sympathy found, as in former years, ready utterance by press and tongue. A ripple of appre-

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Sept. 1 8, 1913] The Nation 255 hension spread over the country and in- to urban centres, where men had learn- ed that failure of the sort quickly dif- fused its effects into the high cost of meat and cereals. There was a harking back to the years when drought was a grimly constant reality to Kansas and Nebraska, and when in the train 01 agricultural depression stalked spectral political and economic heresies. But when rain ended the suspense, and even those who appraised the damage highest admitted that various factors left the eituation still bright, the public voice went to the other extreme. The resil- iency with which the West shook off its load of disaster pointed to a new agri- cultural independence. The new agri- culture was a magician's wand to stop the rising of plague, a force to conquer the elements when defeat was once pas- sively accepted. Thus the Outlook said: The truth is that Western farmers have learned to get the most out of their soil. . . . This is due to the better methods of tillage. Agricultural college education and special trains giving practical instruction on right systems of planting and cultiva- tion have had their effect. The modern farmer is a business man, and the drought has demonstrated that he now meets re- verses, not in distress, but as one of the exigencies of his affairs. At the same time, and in triumphant confirmation, was widely quoted the Government statement that wheat show- ed the highest acre-average — 16.2 bush- els— since the large wheat-planting era began. But is it true that seeming disaster has twitched away the curtain that hid a great agricultural transformation? It should seem but too easy to confute or discount the fact alleged. Is the West thus energized because the despondent, short-sighted farmers of Willa Sibert Cather's "O, Pioneers!" have given way to a sturdier, more enlightened race? Rather because in a decade of fair wea- ther and fair economic conditions the farmers have saved for a time of stress. Because crops which this year antedat- ed the drought had so thriven that Gov. Hodges could say: "We raised a big wheat crop, a big oats crop, a big po- tato crop. Two cuttings of alfalfa were the best ever. And our bank deposits show $42,000,000 more than a year ago." Because the consciousness of high prices and increasing land values gave birth to a feeling of economic stability. Cer- tainly there was no advanced agricul- tural knowledge to save the corn, or any great part of it; and a want of preparation was evident in the failure of stored water for beast and even man. As for the wheat record, it could be pointed out that, if the United States has never before reaped 16.2 bushels per acre, it has repeatedly risen near that figure, and repeatedly fallen from it; and that in the uneven line which re- cords our crop-average, one year's re- sult can no more serve as the index of a fixed tendency than can a single swal- low of seasonal change. The average yield of corn in 1899 was 28.1 bushels; in 1909, 25.9. The average yield of oats in 1899 was nearly 30 bushels; in 1909, barely 28. And even if a study of dec- ades showed a consistent improvement, allowance would still have to be made for such factors as the growth of in- tensive farming in the wake of a crowd- ing population, and the abandonment in exhausted portions of the East of the crops staple to the West. But while the notion that the new agriculture is to be credited with every favorable turn that may be noted in the crop situation is an illusion, the im- pression at the bottom of the notion is not wide of the truth. The new agri- culture is making a new earth; it is only an exaggeration of its powers that streaks this truth with error. The pub- lic sees that the rural West is prosper- ous as no rural section has been since Washington first experimented with crop rotation on his Virginia farm. From this prosperity it turns to the great machinery of agricultural better- ment that Western society has built up. At its centre is the State university; as radiating agencies are extension classes, demonstration farms and trains, the ex- periment station, bulletins, seeds, trav- elling soil analysts and dairy testers, the lecturer, and the adviser. Apart from these official agencies are the ac- tivities of the farmers' institute, the State fair, the farm paper, the commer- cial houses that flourish only when the farmer flourishes, and the rural centre of every sort. Advancement is infec- tious where one farmer plants a new variety of fruit with which the State has succeeded, and his neighbors in turn copy him. A rural life thus intelligent, into which professionally trained men are constantly infused, and to the im- provement of which every communal as- sistance is given, is a guild for the prosecution of its calling that history will find it hard to match. Many farm- ers yet are skeptical, unprogressive, in- clined rather to trust in labor than in science or thought. But, for all that, the face of the farm States is changing in a way not unsuggestive of what is taking place in the modern city itself. How is the face of the West chang- ing? In Illinois, says one newspaper, "silos and alfalfa are the solvers of the dried-up-pasture problem. A few more years and these cylindrical storehouses will dot the prairies as corncribs do now. And steadily the green fields of alfalfa are creeping over the black soil of Illinois, making a stand where once the farmer thought it would be impossi- ble." The same correspondent of a Kan- sas City paper who found western Kan- sas filled with disgusted men — land speculators who came out to pick up bargains, and found none — also found the country transformed by crops un- dreamed of a few years before, the dairy and the poultry farm where once grain reigned alone, trees and orchards break- ing the prairie winds. The writer for a Nebraska paper, who went to the State fair, learned that the whole State grew crops unknown anywhere in it a quarter of a century ago, that wholly new varieties of corn, oats, and wheat had been devised, and that a newer tillage was changing even the soil. He saw, too, much new machinery; but it is no longer invention, but science, that is transforming the farm. For that rea- son, much of the change is invisible. It is the change from farms productive in their ill-kept virginity to a farm pro- duction that rests on scientific cultiva- tion, careful conservation, and the ener- getic utilization of every discovery, from Pasteur's fifty years ago to Babcock's and Hopkins's to-day. This general im- provement of a fundamental calling is one of the most impressive facts of the generation. THE CONSULS SAFEGUARDED. Most gratifying news comes out of Washington in regard to the consular service. On Wednesday of last week President Wilson sent to the Senate the nominations of thirty men for high consular posts, of whom no less than twenty-eight are already in the ser- vice, while the other two have passed examinations entitling them to appoint- ment. This should end much anxiety, both in and out of the consular service.

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25e The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2516 Within, the consuls have complained that they had no inkling as to whether they should be retained or have to seek naployments. Outside of it, too, :u- has been that, as in the diplo- matic offices, there would be a more or less clean Bweep, with a consequent un- doing of the good accomplished since John Hay laid the foundations of a per- manent consular service. Instead of this we have the promotion of a number of men originally appoint- ed by Republican Administrations. Chief of these is Alexander M. Thackara, w ho has heen sixteen years in the service at Havre and Berlin; he now goes to the vacancy in Paris caused by the volun- tary resignation of Frank H. Mason, a veteran consul of thirty-three years of consecutive service. To Dresden is sent Mr. Leo Bergholz, who has thirty-one years to his credit as a consular offi- cial, while to Calcutta is promoted James A. Smith, of Vermont, now at Genoa, whose first appointment bears date of 1897. It is men of experience like these who must form the backbone of any consular service, either of this country or of any other great nation. If the others have not had so many years of official life, they are all men who have been tried and not found wanting. They are eager permanently to repre- sent the country abroad, and most ot them have risen from the lower grades of deputy or vice-consul. Their political affiliations have obviously not been in- quired into. Best of all is the leaving undisturbed of the present satisfactory Consul-General in London, John L. Grif- fiths. It is to be hoped that this fore- shadows his permanent retention there, just as the appointment of two men who have passed examinations is good ground for believing that the vacancies created by the advancement of these thirty men will be filled only after ad- vancement, on John Hay's plan, of sub- ordinates now connected with consul- ates, or the appointment of others se- lected after passing prescribed tests. Any other course would be deplorable retrogression, and would not be to the credit of the Wilson Administration. Whatever lapses there may have been, the last two Republican Presidents have steadily sought to establish precedents ag towards permanent consular of- ficers. By Executive order they have sought to do what Congress itself should have done long ago. But the Congres- sional spoilsman dies hard, as witness the rage of Senator John Sharp Wil- liams and others at the refusal of the new Secretary of War, Mr. Garrison, to consider tin- udations of Congressmen and Senators in the mat- ter of promotions and assignments or army officers. Just as Congress cannot make up its mind to appropriate reason- able sums for the acquirement of prop- er residences for our Ambassadors on the Continent and in England, so it has always refused to create a permanent graded consular service, and every ad- vance in that direction has had to come from the State Department itself. But the present action is the more gratifying, if we are correct in believ- ing it to be a clear indication of Presi- dent Wilson's policy in regard to the consular service, by reason of its con- trast with his treatment of the diplo- matic posts. He had an unequalled op- portunity to retain in service Minis- ters and Ambassadors of long experi- ence, for he owed nothing to the poli- ticians in the matter of his own elec- tion, and he had long been a civil-ser- vice reformer. But the pressure of the office-seekers was too strong to be re- sisted. While some of his appointments have been excellent, others have been the reverse. Thus it must have galled the President to read of the farewell dinner given to his Ambassador to Ber- lin by fifty Tammany men. In honoring Mr. Gerard, as in selecting Mr. Harri- son for Governor-General of the Philip- pines, Mr. Wilson, wittingly or unwit- tingly, went to Tammany for two of its rich young men, ever ready with their campaign contributions to help keep alivo that band of political pirates known as Tammany Hall. The minor diplomatic offices are now going to the ordinary hack politicians. Why, for in- stance, should William J. Price, of Dan- ville, Ky., be sent as Minister to Pana- ma? We have been unable to ascertain that he has had previous diplomatic ser- vile, or been anything else at home but a "prominent" local officeholder of medi- ocre abilities; and the same is true of others recently selected. Most disap- pointing has been Mr. Wilson's appoint- ment of men like Mr. Penfield and Mr. Gerard, who contributed largely to his campaign fund. We have before us a vigorous protest from a reader Mr. Morgcnthau's selection for Turkey, on the same ground, and also b of his handling of the campaign funds. Anything that in any way connects diplomatic posts with money payments to a candidate or party is wholly re- grettable, and Mr. Wilson cannot escape just criticism for this reason for sev- eral of his appointments. THE BRYAN SCANDAL. In his statement to the press on Sun- day Mr. Bryan showed plainly that the continued criticisms of the newspapers, and particularly the foreign ones, on his lecturing for pay on Chautauqua cir- cuits are beginning to make him wince. He felt that his foreign critics ought to know more about the facts before find- ing fault. It was not true that the Mex- ican and Japanese crises wrere so grave as rightfully to demand his full time. As for his home critics, he varied the usual answer of the Rooseveltian type of politician by substituting the epithet Tory for that of Wall Street, thus: "The domestic newspapers that have attacked me are all of the Tory stripe. Such at- tacks are to be expected. In the Tory newspapers the facts are distorted, and are twisted to suit the writers. There are reasons for those attacks." And he ssked why it was that reporters who would not take $1,000 for the crime of murdering a man were willing to assas- sinate his reputation by misrepresent- ing facts. Now, with Mr. Bryan's indignation at deliberate misrepresentation we have all sympathy. But we respectfully submit that nothing conscienceless yellow-jour- nals have said about him could do him more harm than the simple fact that he is billed in circus style to appear be- tween Swiss yodlers, bell-ringers, and sleight-of-hand performers. Mr. Bryan must have heard of William Allen White's Emporia, Kansas, Gazette, which is certainly not open to the charge of be- ing a tool of Wall Street, or of tx Tory organ. We reprint the juxtaposi- tion of names which we took from a page advertisement of that paper: New York City Marine Hand V\on Sketch Club English Opera Quintet Neapolitan Troubadours William Jennings Bryan Billot A. Boy] Sen is, (lie Tatty Man Lorenso Zwlokey Bd. \ nihilist on

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Sept. 18, 1913] The Nation 257 "And to think," adds the advertisement, "that all the supreme pleasure of this royal feast is yours for the mere pay- ment of a few pennies a session under the season-ticket plan." And all of this is further cracked up to be "literary, 1. entertaining, instructive, devo- tional, inspirational, and life-building" —with the Secretary of State of the United States, holding the third office in rank in the country, as the special drawing card. Now, the Nation, being published in the vicinity of Wall Street, has to ad- mit its geographical damnation and to confess that it has been one of those journals which feel seriously concerned over the extra-official activities of Mr. Bryan. But there are no hidden mo- tives for this, and there are no old scores it would even up. It simply has a deep respect for the office of Secre- tary of State, which transcends its in- terest in any given Secretary. It was not altogether displeased at Mr. Bryan s selection for his position, because it knew him to be a sincere devotee ot peace. It has found much to admire in his conduct of his office, both in the Mexican and Japanese entanglements, and in his international peace-proposals. We, moreover, have not quarrelled with the idea that the Secretary of State or any other Cabinet offioial may from time to time accept pay for giving a lecture. We have no prejudice against the Chautauqua itself, and do not dis- pute that Mr. Bryan's discourses are all that he advertises them to be. He admirably expounds the homely virtues, the gospel of peace and human brother- hood, and probably gives to many of those who hear him better preaching and ethical teaching than otherwise falls to their lot. We are even willing to accept without question a Washing- ton journalist's assertion that Mr. Bry- an has actually spent more hours at his office than did his immediate predeces- sors in the same amount of time, and that when in Washington he works un- tiringly, often until late at night. Despite all this we are deeply out- raged by the spectacle of the Secre- tary of State appearing nightly under canvas for pay, or a part of the gate- receipts, in company with acrobats and vaudeville performers of every kind. We can most sincerely assure Mr. Bryan that in this part of the country our feel- ing is shared by all those who reverence our institutions and believe in their be- ing dignified by those entrusted with the duty of governing. Into this feeling nothing enters which could properly be termed anti-democratic. When Mr. Wil- son as Governor proposed to talk to his constituents annually from the steps of every county court house, it seemed to us an admirable plan. But no money consideration entered into it, and no jugglers or xylophone artists were in- cluded in the programme. We have no quarrel because the Secretary of State wishes to meet crowds of his fellow-citi- zens and draw inspiration from them. But we do protest emphatically at what is now going on — a Secretary of State cutting short conferences with foreign Ambassadors to rush off to a little town in West Virginia or Maryland to earn his $250; then returning to Washing- ton by sleeper for a few hours at his office, and finally dashing off again for a wild night ride by auto or a train jour- ney to some obscure hamlet. There, it is obvious, he appears not before a real old-fashioned Chautauqua — which was a dignified university extension type of movement — but before a vaudeville au- dience, with Sears, the Taffy Man, and Howard Jones's trained seals preceding or succeeding him in the limelight. If Mr. Bryan will take our advice he will cease defending these performances and either resign his position forth- with, if he cannot live within his offi- cial means, or rest his case squarely upon his having the President's sanc- tion for his performances. No other course appears to us to be possible. If that puts the responsibility for what seems to us nothing less than a scan- dal directly upon President Wilson, it is merely placing it where it already be- longs. The President is charged with the duty of controlling his Cabinet, and the task of keeping its members in boundc when they exceed the proprie- ties, and that duty cannot be shirked even when the relationship is such as to call for most tactful and diplomatic procedure on the President's side. WILLIAM J. OAYNOR. Death has suddenly removed from the whirl of city life the most striking and extraordinary figure in New York; and he was snatched away at a moment when his part in the city's affairs was at its maximum of distinctiveness and perhaps of importance. If any one had been asked why there was any pros- pect of Mr. Gaynor's election as Mayor next November, the best short answer would have been that it was because he was the most interesting man in New York. The nature of the interest he excited was not simple; it was com- pounded of many elements. There wa» admiration for his courage; there wan appreciation of his originality; there was delight in his wit and his almost unparalleled power of terse and pun- gent expression; there was wonder at the comprehensive range of his inter- ests and sympathies, the readiness of his response to anything that smacked of genuine human interest, from the plaints of a strap-hanger or a push-cart man to the dreams of a Tolstoy or the theories of a Henry George. In his public career, whatever its faults — and in our judgment they were many and grave — the dominant note was courage. It was his courage and success in fighting Boss McKane, at a time when bosses were far more diffi- cult to fight than they are now, that first brought Mr. Gaynor into public notice; and we believe it can be said without qualification that from that day to his death he never flinched from at- tacking what he wished to attack, or defending what he wished to defend. Whatever position he made up his mind to maintain on any subject, that posi- tion he was never deterred from main- taining by fear either of criticism or of consequences. Signal examples of this will easily occur to any one. Among them are instances which we do not count to his credit, but which, in spite of the condemnation they justly aroused, undoubtedly served with many only to emphasize the identification of his per- sonality with the idea of audacious cour- age. Of this his course in the Rosen- thai-Becker police scandal and its se- quels is the most remarkable example. But his career abounded with manifes- tations of courage and firmness for which unalloyed praise is due him. No politician, or group of politicians, dic- tated his policy; and he was afraid neither of labor organizations nor of newspapers. His masterful dealing with the garbage-men's strike was a signal proof of the former; and, though his sw- eping denunciations of newspaper* in general often overshot the mark, thb predominant feature in them was a

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i ) 58 The USTation [Vol. 97, No. 2516 ag contempt for yellow journal- ism. His undeviating and unstinted hostility to Hearst is deserving of spe- cial recognition and gratitude. That this rare courage, this unusual independence of mind, and the remark- able powers both of thought and of ex- pression with which Mr. Gaynor was gifted, did not result in such a career in the Mayoralty as might have been hoped from these qualities was due to elements of character into which it is not necessary now to enter. But while his faults were such as sufficed to jus- tify most serious criticism, they were far from being such as, in the heat ot the present campaign, were by some imputed to him. No appeal to the con- sideration due the dead is needed for the rejection of any such view of Mr. Gaynor, or for the acknowledgment of much faithful and valuable service ren- dered by him to the city. That he would have been unable to render that service had his Tammany associates been elect- ed with him four years ago, as he wish- ed, we feel quite certain; but none the less must it be acknowledged that he set his face firmly against the Tammany idea of city government, stood stanchly by the merit system in subordinate of- fices, and from the first stamped upon the city's affairs as a whole the mark of a business administration. How pro- foundly the city was impressed with this when it was fresh was amply mani- fested in the unqualified praise he re- ceived from newspapers that had oppos- ed him, throughout the first year of his Mayoralty — praise which reached its climax when he lay wounded, and in peril of death, three years ago. His death now is, in all human probabil- ity, a consequence of that shot; and that shot would, in all human proba- bility, never have been fired but for the Mayor's firm and defiant refusal to conduct his office on the spoils princi- ple. Mr. Gaynor's entry into the present Mayoralty contest was a public misfor- tune. The prospect of his being a can- didate brought confusion into the sit- uation, as it pointed straight to a dis- astrous division of the anti-Tammany forces. Had this factor not entered, the argument in favor of a solid front being presented by the whole Fusion ticket would have been much stronger; and with Mitchel, MeAneny, Pirendergast, and Whitman enthusiastically uniting their efforts the prospect of a great victory for good government would have been very bright. CHANGES IN PRONUNCIATION. Londo.v, September 8. As a rule, the correspondence col- umns of the London Guardian, the lead- ing Church of England paper, appeal only to the ecclesiastical mind. The outsider is merely amazed and bewil- dered as he glances over page after page devoted to animated discussions of the minutiae of liturgiology. Now and again, however, one discovers an oasis in these desert stretches of mediaeval- ism. The last five issues have contain- ed a really enlightening series of "let- ters to the editor" on changes in the pronunciation of English. The subject was started in an article by the Rev. J. E. Field, who took as his text the recent argument of the Poet Laureate in favor of spelling reform. Mr. Field's thesis is that "the correct phonetic rendering of sounds in 1913 may have become quite incorrect in 2013, and extensive changes in spelling may mean worse trouble for our great- grandchildren." Opinions will doubtless vary as to the validity of his conclu- sion. The interesting point is the evi- dence presented by him, and by other correspondents of the Guardian, as to changes now in process. Mr. Field be- gins by reminding us that when Cowper wrote the lines, "God moves in a mys- terious way. . . . He plants His footsteps in the sea," and again, "I am monarch of all I survey. . . . From the centre all round to the sea," these were good rhymes, for the English sea was sounded like the German See. So, too, the tea of our great-grandmothers was tay. Do we realize, asks Mr. Field, the extent to which similar changes are occurring at the present time? Take vowel sounds, to begin with. We have made a revolutionary change in the sound of i, which in the time of Queen Elizabeth was pronounced in Eng- lish as it still is in all other languages. One of the last survivors of Queen Vic- toria's bridesmaids always said obleeffe. The modern tendency is still gaining ground. Mr. Field has noticed a grow- ing habit among the clergy to say in- spiration, a practice which suggests the uncomfortable reflection that probably a coming generation will say spirit. The name of the Oxford saint, Frids- wide, is now commonly hardened into the harsh and inharmonious Frides- wide. Again, the present-day tendency to pronounce the first vowel in Berkshire like that in bireh illustrates how a once common sound of e, especially be- fore r, is dropping out of use. In an- cient writing Berkshire often appears as Barkshire and park as perk, show- ing that at one time er and or were re- garded as convertible. Person and par- son give further evidence of the same point. Nowadays such words as Hert- ford, Derby, and clerk are becoming victims to what Mr. Field calls "the vulgar tendency to force all syllables under a rigid rule." Forty years ago yallow was not uncommon in the upper ranks of society, but it has now "suc- cumbed to the destructive agency of education." A curious instance is Eng- lish, which we spell with an e and pro- nounce with an i, in spite of the sugges- tion of its original vowel sound given in the equivalent Angles. The letter 0 receives considerable at- tention in the Guardian discussion. The word currant indicates what our fore- fathers took to be the right way to pronounce Corinth. Among proper names the best-known survivals of the old pronunciation are London and Somerset. But Compton (correctly pro- nounced like company), Cromwell, Pon- sonby, Monmouth, and Montgomery are yielding to the desire for standardiza- tion. Foreign has long since capitulat- ed, and so has sovereign, where the vow- el once had the same sound as in cove- nant. Another correspondent remembers that, as a boy, he was caned for sound- ing the aspirate in humble, but now everybody sounds it. Possibly, Uriah Heep accelerated the change in usage. Formerly, as Mr. Field recalls, we fol- lowed the French rule of aspirating the li in our Teutonic words, but not in our Latin words. We still ignore the aspirate in pronouncing heir, hour, hon- est, and honour. The seniors among us retain this rule in the case of herb and hospital (of whose original pronuncia- tion the word ostler is also an evi- dence), but the juniors have adopted the prevailing prejudice against allow- ing written letters to be silent. In the Guardian discussion no one has called attention to the curious difference be- tween the English and the American treatment of h in unaccented syllables. An Englishman speaks of an (histori- cal treatise, ignoring the h altogether in Iuk pronunciation, but an American of a historical treatise. The explana- tion seems to be that this difference is the natural and inevitable result of the difference between the English and the American treatment of particles. An American gives the particle a the full sound of the same letter in "fate," and detaches it completely from the follow- ing word, with a distinct pause be- tween them. An Englishman, on the other hand, makes his a short, and runs it rapidly on to the next word. Thus, while the American gives equal value to each word in a religious treatise, la the Englishman's mouth this becomes almost wrrellglous treatise. Now, sup- poso the second word begins with h. If its first syllable is accented, full

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Sept. 18, 1913] The ]ST a t i o n 259 value can be given to the aspirate, how- ever rapid the pronunciation. But the attempt to pronounce an unaccented h syllable in rapid connection with the previous word produces only an un- euphonious grunt. A history can be uttered at the highest speed of which the human vocal organism is capable, but a historical is a problem. But to return to the Guardian discus- sion. Several letters note changes in popular usage with regard to accent. Balcdny has given way to balcony, and revdnue to revenue. So, too, precedence and fandtic are now frequently pro- nounced prdcedence and fdnatic. Com- plaint is made that many of the clergy nowadays say Deuteronomy instead of Deuter6nomy, although they do not fol- low out their principles consistently by saying also p<i Urography, astronomy, or geology. The general tendency thus seems to be to throw the accent fur- ther back. Mr. Field notes, and regrets, an example of the reverse process in doctrinal, which in many churches nowadays is pronounced not d6c- trinal, but doctri'nal. Somebody, ap- parently, remembered suddenly that the i in doctrina is long, and did not stop to reflect that the question is governed not by the quantity of the i in the sub- stantive, but by the accent of the ad- jectival form, doctrinalis. Will the day come, Mr. Field wonders, when we shall be told that such pronunciations as doctri'nal are entirely natu'ral? IT. W. H. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. Bernard Shaw, somewhere in one of his innumerable and interminable prefaces, has complained that critics have traced his literary relationships to Nietzsche, Ib- sen, Strindberg, and others, whereas they might have had the patriotism to discover his ancestors in his own native Britain. In fact, he suggested Charles Lever, the author of a novel which made a lasting impression upon him as a boy, a Capt. Wil- son, and a certain Mr. Stuart Glennie. Now, I purpose to do Mr. Shaw the slight courtesy he desires; yes, I shall go to an Englishman who was even educated in Ire- land—but I shall go back to the seven- teenth century. Impossible? Shaw, who made sport of Ramsden because he had not an idea later than eighteen sixty, can he be found in the sixteen hundreds? The differences between Shaw and Con- greve are many and obvious, yet it is nev- ertheless true that the Restoration Com- edy, of which I take Congreve as an ex- ample, presents many similarities to Shaw. The great abiding difference is the spirit in which these characteristics are dis- played. My comparison shall be general between Shaw and Congreve, but where I grow specific, as in quotations, I shall have reference to "The Way of the World" and "Man and Superman." Both Shaw and the drama after 1660 are reactionary. The former is a reaction against present thought and sentiment, the latter against the previous period of Pu- ritanism. But there is a difference in the character of the reaction. One is a natur ral unconscious process, the other a delib- erate antagonism. The Restoration theatre is like the unwinding of a spring just re- leased. Shaw is a gun deliberately aimed and intentionally fired. But the difference is everything. Congreve is immoral, but though we can- not accuse Shaw of immorality, we cannot approve him as moral. I confess this is a treacherous ambiguous use of the word "moral." The immorality of Congreve is a downright vulgarity; the unmorality of Shaw is only a theory of ethical conduct. But the effect of both is, in a way, the same: neither tends to uplift our moral character — though Shaw seriously means to uplift it by giving us a new basis, a new Decalogue. He desires to tear us from our moral moorings, believing them to be rotten, and to steer us for a new port. Again the diflerence in spirit is every- thing. In particular, the Restoration drama presents three phenomena — (1) an absence of the breath of nature, (2) an anti-social spirit, and (3) an abundance of wit. And Shaw likewise. Of nature as beauty, as romance, as a something, as a pulse to give feeling to the play, of this you hear nothing in Shaw or Congreve. Of nature as a philosophy of the life force in the one, and of nature in the other as a system of etiquette, of these you read. In the five acts of "The Way of the World" all the scenes, with the ex- ception of two, are within doors. In "Man and Superman" three of the four acts are in the open, in a park or among the moun- tains, but these scenes are used merely as a means of physical location, and never in any of the lines are they referred to with any poetic charm. Nature does not exist. Nature is wanting, but society is pres- ent. Both plays are anti-social; that is, both plays mock current, conventional so- ciety. Shaw attacks our mockeries seri- ously and remorselessly. Congreve Is not so genuine. Indeed, there is the feeling that society is used only as a means to show off his wit. He certainly is not as conscious of a purpose to laugh at the prccicu.c of his day as Shaw is of satiriz- ing the "respectable" people of to-day. But yet words are not merely sounds; they con- vey thought, and Congreve does mock his society. Let us hear both him and Shaw. Mirabell: I denounce against all strait lacing, squeezing for a shape, till you mould my boy's head like a sugar-loaf, and instead of a man child, make me father to a crooked billet. Lastly, to the dominion of the tea-table I submit with proviso that you exceed not in your province, but re- strain yourself to native and simple tea- table drinks, as tea, chocolate, and coffee: as likewise to genuine and authorized tea- table talk — such as mending of fashions, spoiling reputations, railing at absent friends, and so forth — but that on no ac- count you encroach upon the men's pre- rogative, and presume to drink healths or toast fellows. And Shaw: Tanner: We live in an atmosphere of shame. We are ashamed of everything that is real about us; ashamed of ourselves, of our relatives, of our incomes, of our accents, of our opinions, of our experience, just'as we are ashamed of our naked skins. Good Lord, my dear Ramsden, we are ashamed to walk, ashamed to ride in an omnibus, ashamed to hire a hansom instead of keep- ing a carriage, ashamed of keeping one horse instead of two and a groom-gardener instead of a coachu.an and footman. The more things a man is ashamed of, the more respectable he is. Both are saying what they mean, but only one of them is stirred. Here, also, perhaps, is the place to remark that neither Shaw nor Congreve is a master of charac- ter. It is not character, but manners, that they describe. As to wit, both rank high. Not humor, but wit, characterizes both Shaw and Con- greve, though occasionally there is an in- clination in both of them to a bit of horse- play, as in the superfluous third act of "Man and Superman," and Act IV of "The Way of the World." Shaw is sharp; Con- greve polished. Shaw is the keenness of a stiletto's edge; Congreve is the gleam of its polished surface. Congreve is a wit; Shaw is a wit with a purpose. Yet frequently their styles of scintillation ap- proximate each other, so that you could scarcely tell, for instance, unless you had read one of the plays, who wrote the fol- lowing: Let us never visit together, nor go to a play together ; but let us be very strange and well-bred; let us be as strange as if we had been married a great while, and as well-bred as if we were not married at all. Even the English does not betray the author. Or take this selection: Fainall: 'Tis for the honor of England that all Europe should know we have block- heads of all ages. iVirabell: I wonder there is no act of Parliament to save the credit of the na- tion, and prohibit the exportation of fools. The following lines indicate the difference in intent in the two authors: Mrs. Marwood: Faith, by marrying; if I could but find one that loved me very well, and would be thoroughly sensible of ill usage, I think I should do myself the violence of undergoing the ceremony. And Shaw: Tanner: We do the world's will, not our own. I have a frightful feeling that I shall let myself be married because it Is the world's will that you should have a husband. "Nihil novi sub sole" — not even Shaw. ISADOR EDKLMAN. Correspondence PROFESSOR KITTREDGE AS TEACHER OF LITERATURE. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir : The writer of an article on Professor Kittredge which appeared in your issue of September 11 "does not recall that any one has acknowledged indebtedness to him for a 'love of good literature,' " and is "in- clined to doubt whether he considers it any part of his function to impart to his students a love of literature"; and again: "Professor Kittredge has taken few chances at making great literary historians or crlt- tics." That many of Professor Kittredge's students will protest against these asser- tions I have no doubt; personally I cannot refrain from offering my testimony on the point. Specializing in English, I studied eight years at four institutions of repute, but from no course did I receive more illu- mination through the interpreting of lit-

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260 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2516 erature than 1 obtained from English 2 at Se'a course on e). Notably 1 itire hour given to portraying the Lady Macbeth, Introdi the words: "Lady Macbeth is one of the ungest, and greatest characters in literature." The tone of the words as they were uttered is in my cars as I write, and 11 .still seems to mo to sustain the tradition of Hazlitt, Lamb, and Coleridge. Then there was the evolu- tion of Lear's madness; the keen differen- tiation of Goncril and Regan ; Edmund, the natural son, trusting in his native villany; the submissive faithfulness of Helena and the "gentle raillery" of the Countess in "All's Well"; with, not least, the triumphant readiness of Falstaff's wit to about-face and meet a new emergency. Nor shall I forget how our attention was called to Banquo's whimsicality, to the contrasting servants who bring tidings to Macbeth in Act V, the dual phases of Kent and Edgar, etc., etc. These are separate points, but I also felt that by Professor Kittredge's magic (I use the word advisedly, though speaking of a "scientific" man) the plays we read were unfolded before us as living organic wholes of art. As to stylistic points, we were made aware of the splen- did diction of the witches at Macbeth's last interview, of Vernon's eulogy on Prince Hal, even of the "Russian" in "All's Well," concerning which our instructor said that he pitied any one who had not sufficient appreciation of nonsense to enjoy it. Be- sides, there were comparisons with Greek tragedies and citations of English poems. These instances are set down after an interval of ten years on the spur of the moment without any reference to my notes or to the plays, and I could go on almost indefinitely. I have perhaps recorded enough to indicate the spirit of the course as a whole, but I can never express the inspira- tion it was and is to me. The scientific attainments of Professor Kittredge are admired and applauded by all; let any one who has glanced over the preceding re- marks decide whether this eminent scholar "considers it any part of his function to impart to his students a love of literature." Charles Wharton Stohk. TJniversit.- of Pennsylvania, September 12. THE IDEAL REPUBLIC OF LEARNING. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: If Goethe is right in saying that we possess only what we enjoy, the intel- lectual life can hardly be accounted among the visible possessions of American under- graduates. What they learn is seldom as- similated to the extent of coloring their ways of thought and speech; what they learn they seem seldom to justify to them- selves. Passing from the classroom to the liberal air of the campus, they lapse — if lapse be necessary — by an easy descent into the undiscriminating and surface thinking, the flat and ill-articulated speech of the uneducated. Is it not clear that the col- lege community often furnishes In stimu- lating contact of mind with mind a poor substitute for the family circle that recog- nizes in table talk and fireside talk the claims of the spirit? In spite of much anxious legislation, our college authorities fall to control student life at many vital points. Students may not drink to excess, their dances may not Eter midnight — each law in its letter may be observed — but how about the au- thority of culture, which the united voice of the faculty presumably declares? Is this voice heard above the acclaim that comes from the athletic field and Is It echoed in the casual conversations of students? Even in attentive ears, of course, it may come very faintly from the professors who have been "rooting" at the big game. Surely, every one knows that what is called "keep- ing in touch with the students" amounts very often to a frank repudiation of truly academic values and preferences. With such melancholy examples, we cannot blame the students if the whole community is not of one mind upon the need of elevating and refining its common life. For if gold rust, what shall iron do? The ways and means of forming an aca- demic society that will rest firmly upon an intellectual basis and not be overgrown with a thicket of silly organizations and movements are not clear; but something might be accomplished by a more liberal classroom policy, one in which the person- ality of teacher and of student should have freer play, one that should seem less like forbidding personal discipline. Course ex- aminations, if required at all, should be of minimum importance, students being tested in broad and searching subject ex- aminations, in preparation for which they would develop the initiative and self-direc- tion of the educated mind. If they are to find themselves, they should be heartened to pursue independent studies — not neces- sarily "research" — stimulated at every turn by contact with men of light and leading. Under the existing system there is little nurture of self-respect in the case of the student who with necessarily indecent haste is trying to keep up with fussy and mul- tifarious demands of scrap reading and inevitably hasty reports. If he is a man of original mind and consecutive thought, he will find it hard to excuse an instructor for introducing him to Arnold before he has finished his study of Carlyle, for con- fronting him with Keats just when he is beginning to see something in Shelley. Little can be done without more vitaliz- ing social contact among all who make up the university society. For what does cul- ture count unless it is daily realized? And how is it realized unless it so permeates the social group that each member partakes of its beneficent power? The question is, of course, not one of generous communica- tion from professors to students of all the requisites of Cardinal Newman's gentle- man. The blunt fact is that the professors themselves have much to learn if they are to fill any better place than that which they occupy behind the classroom counter. It is not from that supposedly strategic point that they can do most towards the forma- tion of that society within college walls without which it is not likely that our col- leges will Impress their stamp deeply and clearly upon the life of our people. If the professor's competence for his post is to be tested, it must be by the words of his mouth wherever uttered and by the dally meditations of his heart. J. CTrbana, in., September 11. MRS. YOUNG AND THE CHICAGO SCHOOLS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I write to protest against such an expression as I read on page 200 of your issue of September 4, in reference to Mrs. Young, superintendent of the public schools of Chicago. Mrs. Young has demonstrated her good judgment and wisdom, and she needs no defence. Her attitude in regard to the persistent demand for instruction in sex hygiene, namely, that it shall be taught by specially qualified and approved men and women, commends itself to people of good judgment. Ellen C. Sabin. Milwaukee-Downer College, September C. THE CATHOLIC PRESS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Since you have of late permitted sev- eral contributions on the Roman Catholic Church, I take the liberty of presenting another. Last April there was delivered at my room at Harvard a sample copy of the Menace. In it was an item dealing with the atti- tude of the Philadelphia North American towards a sermon of one Father Phelan, of St. Louis. It appeared that a subscriber had written to ask why the North American had paid so much attention to the speech of Gov. Blease, but had said nothing of Phelan's utterance, "To Hell with the Gov- ernment of the United States." In reply the North American asserted that the priest had never made any such speech. Thereupon the Menace offered to prove that he had, and further offered a reward of one hundred dollars to the North American if it would publish the whole sermon. As the matter seemed to me to be one that would bear investigation, I wrote to the editor of the North American three different times, once a registered letter, but received no answer save that embodied in a return receipt. This experience, with another of more recent date, where the two local newspapers absolutely ignored a most revolting scandal connected with a priest (although one of them had not the slightest compunction about pub- lishing an outrageous bit of ill-authenticat- ed gossip regarding a recently married Protestant couple), lends an air of truth to the charge that there is a well-subsidized, carefully muzzled press In this country. Apropos of G. H.'s communication, I have in my possession a book, entitled "Christian vs. Godless Schools," by T. J. Jenkins, pub- lished in 1889. It Is endorsed by Cardinals Newman, James Gibbons, and others. From this book it is evident that In the minds of these men our schools are godless, and further that the following principle of ac- tion receives their endorsement: Neither is It expected of or designed by a Catholic, as God is our witness, that he should aid In any secret conspiracy for the bootless enterprise of suddenly overthrow- ing a public legal system, unlawful though that system be. Wo bring home to tin oon sciences of Catholics that it is their duty to continue deserting all mere schools, and building schools of their own, until public opinion itself undermine what contains the source of its own downfall, and we be relieved of unjust taxes. (Italics are mine.) On the same page we And the following: "Europe Is convulsing In the ever t! is of two serpents— the ono public

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Sept. iS, 1913] The JSTation 261 and deadly, the other secret and poisonous as the asp in the fig leaves of Cleopatra's basket. They are the public state schools and the Secret Societies of Continental Ma- sonry." This little booklet, which ran through several editions, goes on in this way gibing at our public schools for 174 pages. Such then is the attitude of Rome towards the public school; it seems to square well with its regard for the free press. C. hill. Mass., August 28. WORDSWORTH MISQUOTED. To the Editor of The Nation: Bib: I wish to call attention to a flagrant misquotation which is to be found in the review of "Pickett and his Men," in the (or August 21. The lines in question are taken from Wordsworth's poem on the "Character of the Happy Warrior," and should read : Whom neither shape of danger can dismay, Nor thought of tender happiness betray. The error lies in the substitution of the word "sinful" for "tender" as an epithet of happiness, thereby entirely transforming the meaning of the line, and making it ab- solutely foreign to the idea expressed in the rest of the poem. The thought of '•sinful happiness" has no place in the poet's conception of a man of honor, neither is it appropriate to the character of Gen. Pickett. As a lover of Wordsworth I cannot let the mistake pass unchallenged. Doubtless many other readers of the Nation have been equally offended by it. C. E. Furness. Whltefield, N. H., August 28. Literature SCHURZ, THE ORATOR AND PA- TRIOT—I. Speeches, Correspondence, and Political Papers of Carl Schurz. Selected and Edited by Frederic Bancroft, on be- half of the Carl Schurz Memorial Com- mittee. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 6 vols. $12 net. It is eminently fitting that the politi- cal life of Carl Schurz in this country, as partly told in his own "Remi- niscences," and supplemented by Freder- ic Bancroft and William A. Dunning, in their sketch of his career from 1869 to his death, should now be allowed to un- fold itself in an authoritative collection of his principal speeches, a large num- ber of his characteristic letters (some- times with the replies of his correspon- dents), and other miscellaneous writ- ings. The material placed in the hands of Mr. Bancroft was abundant. Schurz kept a careful record of all he said or wrote for publication, and the editor has selected with excellent judgment what best illustrates the qualities of the orator and statesman, though it is to be regretted that of the early speeches, de- livered between 1858-64, and published in 1S65 (now out of print), but four have been retained. Mr. Bancroft's documents are placed before us in chronological order, with no connecting thread and but few ex- planatory notes. The first letters, trans- lated from the German, deal with Mr. Schurz's impressions of America short- ly after his arrival. Of the extraordi- nary rapidity with which he mastered the political questions of the day there is proof in his early letters to Gottfried Kinkel, the German poet and professor at Bonn, whose escape from the fortress of Spandau he had so skilfully effected. He enlightens his friend as to the pro- blems that are agitating the country; he speaks of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, the Know-Nothing movement, the anti-slav- ery agitation, and the question of the annexation of Cuba. Though still deep- ly interested in the affairs of his mother country, American life has taken the strongest hold of him. "I love Amer- ica," he writes to Kinkel, in 1855. A letter written a year later contains the following striking forecast: From now on there can be only two par- ties in the Union : a Northern and a South- ern party — an anti and a pro-slavery party, and at the present moment the Democrats up here are only the outposts of the slave- power in the free States. At last the slave- ry issue has become the watchword of the day; the time for compromise has passed, and the last chance for a peaceful solu- tion has come. The next four years will decide the fate of the United States; in both camps there is firm determination. We have on our side the spirit of the age, a great inspiring idea and superior ability. The South has unanimity and brutality. I am not sure that this fight can be decided without powder. I doubt it. However, should the force of arms be resorted to as a last measure, the result cannot be doubt- ful, for the material superiority of the North is immense. During the Fremont campaign of 1856, Schurz's speeches, in botn German and English, delivered in the State of Wisconsin, established his reputation as an orator. His address on "The Irre- pressible Conflict," at Chicago (Septem- ber 25, 1858), stirred the nation to its depths. That remarkable address ought not to have been absent from these vol- umes. Schurz, the philosophical states- man, was clearly foreshadowed in his campaign speeches of that year. He was naturally attracted by the broad inclu- siveness of the ideas of our Western States. In a letter to Gerrit Smith he predicted that the Know-Nothing move- ment was doomed to failure, and that "the philosophical rather than the rad- ical wing of the Republican party" was lestined to obtain control. But he un- lerstood the East as he did the West, le paid a magnificent tribute to the ?arly spirit of New England, and ap- pealed to what is best in Anglo-Saxon iraditions, in his address on "True Americanism," delivered in Faneuil fall, April 18, 1859. We catch in his impassioned accents an echo of the su- perb eloquence of Kossuth, who, seven years previously, had appealed to Amer- ican liberty in behalf of Hungary on the same spot The Presidential campaign of 1860 found in Schurz one of the most ardent and effective supporters of Lincoln, and brought the two men into intimate con- tact. In a letter written by Lincoln, June 18, in which he heartily approved Schurz's campaign plan, he said: "I beg you to be assured- that your having supported Gov. Seward, in preference to myself, in the Convention, is not even remembered by me for any practical purpose, or the slightest unpleasant feel- ing." A month later Schurz delivered an address at a mass meeting at Spring- field, 111. His impressions of the Presi- dential candidate on that occasion are thus set down in a letter to Mrs. Schurz, which, precisely because never intended for publication, furnishes an unusually life-like portrait-sketch of Mr. Lincoln (we quote from the translation of the German original) : I was with Lincoln yesterday. He is tha same kindly old fellow, quite as unpreten- tious and ingenuous as ever. The reception committee had reserved quarters for me at the hotel, and Lincoln was one of the first to knock at my door. He wears a linen sack-coat, and a hat of doubtful age, but his appearance is neat and cleanly. We talked in my room for nearly two hours. I was lying on my bed, resting, when he came, and he insisted on my remaining so. He talked of the Presidential election with as much placid, cheerful frankness as if he were discussing the potato crop. He told me of all the letters and visits with which he was flooded, and said that he was not answering those asking for office and the like. "Men like you," he added, "who have real merit and do the work, are always too proud to ask for anything; those who do nothing are always the most clamorous for office, and very often get it, because it is the only way to get rid of them. But if I am elected, they will find a tough customer to deal with, and you may depend upon it that I shall know how to distinguish deserving men from drones." Lincoln insisted on accompanying Schurz to the Capitol, and sat directly in front of him. Schurz spoke in both English and German, and when he had finished Lincoln shook hands with him and said: "You are an awful fellow! 1 understand your power now." Perhaps the greatest of Schurz's rhetorical triumphs during the cam- paign was his address on "The Doom of Slavery" — a powerful appeal to the slave-holder — delivered at St. Louis, Au- gust 1, 1860. The eloquent young ora- tor was in demand throughout the coun- try. He spoke in Indiana and P< vania, as well as in New York city, cheered everywhere by enthusiastic crowds. After the election Schurz, as he wrote to his wife, was "swamped with letters from office seekers." Bfl confided to her that he had written to

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262 Tlie Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2516 Lincoln, giving his views of the politi- cal situation and stating that he would "never submit to a compromise, and would leave the party the moment it abandoned its principles." Nothing in the volumes before us is historically so important as the evi- dence that Presidential candidates and Presidents, from Lincoln to Roosevelt, either sought Schurz's advice, or profit- ed by the offered counsel. Schurz's opin- ions were in every instance dictated by the loftiest patriotism, and even if not invariably correct, his advice heighten- ed the respect of the recipient for the fearless adviser. Lincoln's answer to Schurz's criticism of his slowness as commander-in-chief, and of his persis- tence in placing Democrats in high mili- tary positions, is well known. Lincoln had the best of the argument, but he continued to value Schurz's judgment, just as Schurz learned to appreciate, more and more, Lincoln's wisdom. Writ- ing to a German friend, in October, 1864, Schurz said: I have criticised him often and severely, and later I found that he was right. . . . His Administration is the most representa- tive that the history of the world has ever seen. I will make a prophecy that may sound peculiar. In fifty years, per- haps much sooner, Lincoln's name will be inscribed close to Washington's on this American republic's roll of honor. And there it will remain for all time. The chil- dren of those who persecute him now will bless him. Schurz's letters to Andrew Johnson show that their relations were never cordial, though the President was suffi- ciently impressed with Schurz's person- ality to send him on a confidential mis- sion to investigate conditions in the Southern States. After his return, the 'natural antagonism between the two men became more marked. In his mem- orable address on "The Logical Results of the War," delivered at Philadelphia September 8, 1866, Schurz protested, with all the fervor of his eloquence, against the assumption of certain po- litical leaders that the policy of Andrew Johnson was but another name for the policy of Abraham Lincoln. Schurz earnestly supported Gen. Grant during the Presidential campaign of 1868, but as the newly elected Senator from Missouri he soon found himself in outspoken opposition to him. In a let- ter written to Gen. Grant in July, 1870, Schurz referred to the painful change in their relations, owing to their dif- ferences concerning the San Domingo treaty, but he asked for an interview, in order to remove the erroneous im- pression that he had attacked him per- sonally in the secret session of the Sen- ate: When we had our first conversation about the San Domingo Treaty, he wrote, I told you frankly that I was opposed to it on conscientious grounds, and would endeavor to defeat It. When the Senate had closed the first debate on the Treaty, I beseeched you to drop the matter there ; that advice sprang from patriotic motives, and subse- quent events have demonstrated its ju- diciousness so clearly that I should not hesitate to repeat it. In fighting the Treaty, I have used all the legitimate means of parliamentary warfare, and, looking back upon my conduct, I have nothing for which I should reproach myself. Schurz's independence of party ties was never more strikingly manifested than in his attitude in the Greeley cam- paign. It was this trait of his charac- ter which so many of his political ad- versaries could neither understand nor forgive. He did not conceal his disap- pointment at Greeley's nomination. "I assure you," he wrote to him, "I did not go to Cincinnati to have anybody in par- ticular nominated, and therefore I do not mourn over the defeat of a favorite. I did not advise your nomination, be- cause I foresaw certain difficulties. But these difficulties have been rendered im- measurably more grave by the manner in which your nomination was brought about." There followed an active inter- change of letters between Greeley and Schurz, the former becoming increas- ingly hopeful, the latter remaining skep- tical. Schurz's course after the disas- trous result of Greeley's campaign was clear to him. In a letter to Horace Whit3 he said: "You ask me what in my opin- ion should now be done. It is perfectly clear to my mind. We should virtually do the same thing after the reelection of Grant that we should have done af- ter the election of Greeley. We should continue to struggle for the realization of the ideas embodied in our original programme and be governed by no oth- er consideration." The relations between Schurz and Rutherford B. Hayes began with a let- ter in which, shortly after Hayes's nom- ination for the Presidency, Schurz ad- dressed him "with that confidence and frankness with which one gentleman may speak to another." It would be im- possible, he said, to conduct the cam- paign on the old war issues. "There is at present far more strength, as there is more wisdom and patriotism, in the advocacy of a policy of justice and con- ciliation than in an attempt to rake up old animosities and in a mere repeti- tion of old cries." Schurz urged that the question of civil service reform was "the most seriously sore point of the party." He advised Hayes to "substi- tute for the vague and discredited prom- ises of a platform the frank and vig- orous pledge of a man known to be a man of honor." Schurz was as candid in his corre- spondence with Hayes — offering sugges- tions of his own and criticising what Hayes submitted to him — as he was, four years later, in his dealings with Gar- field. "I consider it a duty," he wrote to Garfield after his nomination, "to say to you that your letter of acceptance has been a great disappointment to very many good men who hailed your nomi- nation with joy and hope. Especially the vagueness of your language on the financial question, and still more the positive abandonment of ground taken, and to a great extent, maintained, by the present Administration with regard to the civil service, have greatly dis- couraged many who expected to support you with enthusiasm and would have done so with effect." In season and (as it sometimes seem- ed to more than one Presidential can- didate or President) out of season, Schurz counselled and admonished. To Grover Cleveland he wrote, just before his first inauguration: "The more I think of it the more does it seem to me that your inaugural is a matter of un- common importance — that it should rise as far as possible above the perfunctory commonplace of such occasions and speak with the voice of leadership to the political forces behind you, to give them impulse and direction." Cleveland had mentioned to him the names of the men he thought of for Cabinet positions, and Schurz freely gave his opinion. Shortly after the inauguration he urged upon the President the desirability of reappointing Postmaster Pearson, of New York city, and in reply to Cleve- land's letter on the subject, Schurz wrote: "I hasten to remove a wrong impression which my letter seems to have produced. It is that it 'indicated the wishes of a friend and ally who had a right to insist upon the recognition he asks.' Nothing could be farther from my mind than to insist upon a 'recog- nition.' The practice of recognizing per- sons by the use of official trust for po- litical or personal services rendered, is, on the contrary, one of the practices I have frequently denounced as danger- ous. What I want to see recognized is not a person but the public interest." In a letter to President McKinley in October, 1897, occurs a passage which will be read with interest at the pres- ent day: I trust you have received the suggestions I took the liberty of submitting to you through Mr. McAneny, concerning the sup- posed interference of your Administration in our municipal election, in the spirit In which they were conceived; and I am ex- ceedingly glad to learn that no such ln- e on your part is intended. New York municipal politics have always been an extremely dangerous field for any Na- tional Administration to venture upon. If Tammany should be successful, the public opinion of tho country, as it has already pronounced itself, will doubtless award the responsibility to the Republican machine here; and you can certainly not desire to be involved in the disaster. The correspondence between Schurz and Roosevelt (not all of Mr. Roose- velt's replies have been published) dis- closes many interesting points of con- tact and contrast between the two men. On December 29, 1903, Schurz writes:

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Sept. 18, 1913] Tlie Nation 263 In your letter you refer to the fact that you have occasionally taken the advice of Booker Washington about the appointment to office of colored persons. Pardon me for remarking that, when I lound at the time mention of this fact in the newspapers, it caused me some anxiety — not as if I had feared that his advice might not be candid and wise, which it undoubtedly was, but because I thought that Booker Washington was so peculiarly valuable a man, and his mission so important and at the same time so delicate, that he should most carefully be kept free of all contact with politics — especially that part of politics which has to do with patronage. Do you not think so? CURRENT FICTION. The Way of Ambition. By Robert Hichens. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co. It has not often been possible in the past for readers of serious mind to take Mr. Hichens seriously as a writer of fic- tion. He has always been intense enough about his business, but intensity is not strength, and it is more common to strain at a camel and swallow a gnat than the reverse. There is something mawkish and enervating about his most popular work, and one may have been tempted to trace its popularity to its de- fects. But this, after all, is rarely true of any work which has sustained its hold on a miscellaneous audience. If "The Garden of Allah" made headway with a certain class of readers by rea- son of its appeal to prurient taste, it probably conquered its public in gener- al quite as much by virtue of its pic- turesque or atmospheric quality. His Orient was what Occidental dreams are made on — the dreams of the "average man," or, more probably, the average woman. His Garden has been easily transferred to the stage. In his present story Mr. Hichens has gone beyond his ordinary theme of the sex situation. He has retained, in some degree, the favorite atmosphere, since part of the action takes place in Al- giers. But the problem is primarily not that of East and West, or of man and woman, but of the artist and his work. Claude Heath is a young English com- poser of austere ideals and practice. Though approaching his thirties, he has attempted to publish nothing. He is conscious of a strain of weakness, a de- sire to give others what they demand 01 him, and deliberately guards himself from temptation by living as a recluse. He becomes known, however, to one or two connoisseurs in music, and through them his acquaintance is extended. He meets a widow, Mrs. Mansfield, and her daughter Charmian. The mother is thoroughly in sympathy with his aims and his work, but the daughter, wor- shipping "success," cannot understand either. Still she feels that there is some- thing great in him, and succeeds in mar- rying him. Through her he is led to turn away from his ideals and try for popularity. The opera which results is a failure because it lacks sincerity, and when we leave him he is roused to a tense of his infidelity to his real self, and determined to live once more his own life. The roles of Heath and Char- mian are too strongly marked, the for- mer too much a weakling, the latter too much a fool, to command the sympathy of which the situation is capable. Sever- al of the minor figures, Mrs. Mansfield, Susan Fleet, Crayford, the American manager, are far more credible. But certainly in this book Mr. Hichens has gone further than heretofore in the di- rection of straightforward interpreta- tion; and for the most part he has avoided the lure of the purple passage. Round the Corner. By Gilbert Cannan. New York: D. Appleton & Co. "Being of such a strange temper and vision," says Mr. Cannan, "that when I aim my pen at a man I am as likely as not to hit his grandfather, I have in this instance endeavored to forestall the treachery of my faculties and to go straight for the grandfather." That grandfather is Francis Folyat, Bachelor of Divinity and father of a large family, an admirable old man. We have had a glimpse of him (by another name) in Mr. Cannan's preceding novel, "Little Brother," and we are likely to hear of him again, for his — grandson, we almost said — his creator, is very happy in por- traits of hale and philosophic old age. But even the smiling optimism of the Rev. Francis Folyat is scarcely proof against the smoke of, say, Manchester. Whenever you see a blot of darkness as you fly, declared the late aviator, Cody, you know you are over a town. The smoke and ugliness of "our town" all but withered the wholesome juices of the good clergyman's frame. He left the soft airs of Cornwall with his many children in the hope that his daughters would find husbands; he left "our town" in the twilight of his life, taking back to his Cornish garden little except a pair of patient, good-humored eyes. For in "our town" ugliness is unmitigated and life is never fully realized; always, it is "round the corner." "Rapacity made this town what it is," observes one of the characters. "Think what it might have been, what all towns might have been, if love had made them!" Mr. Cannan lifts the curtain upon a crowd of people, and gradually, natural- ly, each one drifts down stage to the footlights of our attention. Serge and Minna, Frederic and Gertrude, the Law- ries and their son, the impassioned aco- lyte, we shall not lightly forget. Fear and unfriendliness are perpetual non- paying guests in this, and, according to Mr. Cannan, in every middle-class house, but somehow life triumphs after all. It Frederic is weak, his vagabond brother Serge returns from South Africa and Ceylon (Mr. Cannan has a passion for those places) full of ripe, warm wis- dom; if Minna marries for convenience, her little sister Annette seizes love with both hands even amid the smoke and grime of that appalling industrialism. Mi\ Cannan preaches no sermon, but the uneasiness and unrest of present- day England are in his book. Father Gregory; or, Lures and Failures. A Tale of Hindostan. By Percival Christopher Wren. New York: Long- mans, Green & Co. Not long ago we had occasion to no- tice a series of odd tales grouped under the title "Dew and Mildew." They were further described as "semi-detach- ed stories," a label appropriate to the present collection also. They are strung together by a single thread, that of consequence. "How great a matter a little fire kindleth" may be taken as Mr. Wren's motto. His imagination is both aroused and confined by the sense of minute cause and endless effect. The events in "Dew and Mildew" sprang from the curse of a fakir. If John Dur- ham had not forgotten his intention to shoot a wretched pariah-dog, his son would not have been born in a mad- house, and the Chotapettah Club would never have been founded. John Dur- ham's son is founder and manager of the club. Himself a victim of circum- stance, a born outcast by reason of his illegitimacy, he determines to found a club for men of good birth who have failed — "a harbor," as one of its mem- bers calls it, "for first-class hulks; a home for lost, strayed, stolen, and starv- ing dogs of good pedigree; an alms- house for decayed (and rotten) gentle- men." It harbors broken soldiers, civil service men, men of all the learned pro- fessions. It is an almshouse only for those who choose to make it so. There is a free list, but a paying list also for such as have been able, in some mea- sure, to "come back." The book is made up of the stories of these fail- ures, and of the diverse lures to which they have succumbed. Father Gregory is the good angel of the club, its spirit and inspiration, as Durham is its mind and practical stay. He has a story of his own, which remains untold. There is more than a touch of the grewsome in these tales, as in the former collec- tion; and the author's contempt for the native character and for the attempts of the Government to foist a European culture upon an Asiatic people is again vigorously expressed. Discovering Evelina. By F. Frankfort Moore. New York: George H. Doran Co. In "The Jessamy Bride" Mr. Moore made a love-story for Goldsmith out of the vague traditions connected with the beautiful Miss Horneck. Hero he in- vents a romance for Fanny Burncy. The

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234= The ISTation [Vol. 97, No. 2516 Invention seems to be based 011 a pas- sage in one of her letters to "Daddy Crisp" in wliieh she raves girlishlj about the beauty and charm of Rauz- zini, a young Italian tenor wh then the idol of London, and who had come to one of Dr. Burney's Sunday af- ternoons. Daddy Crisp rallied her on her enthusiasm, and there, apparently, was an end of the matter. But the hint is enough for a person bent upon finding a love story in Miss Barney's early life. She is here represented as the Cinder- ella of the Burney family, a child to be condescended to, for her shyness and her lack of musical accomplishment. She has copied out Dr. Burney's great "History of Music," and is known to be fond of scribbling; but nobody attaches any importance to the habit. When the narrative begins, she has already writ- ten "Evelina" and it is now printing; but no one knows of her guilt but a dull cousin who acts as go-between with the unsuspecting publisher. The story of the novel's amazing success and the still more amazing discovery of its authorship is told with some skill. Garrick is shown at his mimicry, Mrs. Thrale at her task of bear-leader, Dr. Johnson in his role of playful patron. But what possible need was there of go- ing to all this trouble? If any tale has been told well and for all time, it is this very tale (without the artificial injec- tion of a "heart-interest"), in that im- perishable classic, the earlier diary of "little Miss Burney." ROME. Companion to Roman History. By H. Stuart Jones, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford. With illustrations. The Clarendon Press. New York: Henry Frowde. $5 net. The Grandeur that Was Rome: A Sur- vey of Roman Culture and Civiliza- tion by J. C. Stobart, M.A... late Lec- turer in History, Trinity College, Cambridge. London: Sidgvvick & Jackson. 30 shillings net. The expression "companion to Roman history" is perhaps indefinite enough to cover almost any collection of essays on miscellaneous phases of Roman civiliza- tion, but as a title of a volume by Mr. H. Stuart Jones, it is likely to create expectations which the contents do not warrant. Of the eight chapters into which the material is divided, that on Roman architecture fills about one-third of the entire volume, beginning with materials and methods of construction and considering successively the vari- ous forms to which the genius of the architect, native or imported, was ap- plied. "Artistically speaking," Mr. Jones says, "the triumphs of the Roman ar- to be sought in the 'sym- phonies in space' which their interiors present; the exterior of these colossal buildings makes no such appeal either to the aesthetic sense or to the intel- lect as the Greek temple." And again: "Although the genius of the Romans was triumphantly shown in the solution of constructive problems, which carried them even further from the rigid sim- plicity of Greek architecture towards the subtler equilibrium of opposing stresses, and their artistic handling of space is perhaps unsurpassed, they fail- ed to grasp the true principle of decora- tion, viz., that it should emphasize and not obscure structural function." These two passages suggest sufficiently the kind. and extent of credit which the au- thor is disposed to give to Roman archi- tecture as apart from the Greek. In art, as in architecture, Mr. Jones is willing to concede to the Romans cer- tain worthy traits of their own, in spite of the fact that they "were long content to plunder rather than to produce." He admits the difficulty of determining what proportion of the individuals who satis- fied the Roman demand for works of art were of Italian origin; but, in spite of the known fact that the artists of the Augustan age were mainly Greeks, he maintains that the history of Im- perial art as a whole is that of the emergence of qualities foreign to the Hellenic world and subversive of Hel- lenic standards of taste. "It is a fresh artistic tradition which establishes it- self, having its roots in Italian soil (as the history of Etruscan art shows) and continuing unbroken until the Renais- sance." War, religion, production and distri- bution, and public amusements are each treated in a separate chapter, war receiving about twice the amount of space assigned to any of the others. The proof-reading has not been as accurate as could be wished. "Sano" for Semo has slipped through on page 71, and on page 105 the date of the burning of the Basil- ica /Emilia stands as 14 a. d. instead of 14 it. c. On page 270 the reference to "Plate" 50 should be to figure 50, and on page 279 the ashes of "unburnt" calves stored for use as a fertility-charm should, of course, be ashes of unborn calves. "Phrases" stands for phases on page 384. Mr. Jones is sometimes cen- Burably careless in his use of English, though perhaps he might set up the de- fence that we are now living under an "initiated" law of general amnesty for crimes of that sort. On the whole, the "Companion to Latin Studies," edited by Dr. J. E. Sandys for the Cambridge much better fulfils pectationa i Mr. Jones's title, in spite of the fact that all the evil genii of the ancient world 1 have conspired in the concoction of Dr. Iripartite in- dex. "The Grandeur that Was Rom Mr. stobart, will call the mind of the ally educated reader back to Quin- tilian's characterization of Seneca as "worthy to be read for this if for no oth- er reason, that he can train the judg- ment in both directions. For there are many things to be approved in him, many even worthy of admiration, pro- vided there be care in selection." To Mr. Stobart's mind, Rome has been too long the playground of satirists and pessimists. There never was any "de- cline and fall." The whole career was one of progress — progress when the re- public passed into the empire, and pro- gress again when the artificial ramparts on the Rhine and Danube broke down and let the new nations into their in- heritance. He admits that it is hard to shake the popular verdict and get Ro- man history read in the new light. "To do so you cannot follow the authorities, for they were all on the side of deteri- oration. The idea of progress was un- known to the ancient world, and above all others the Romans believed their Golden Age was behind them." After starting by discrediting all the authorities en masse, Mr. Stobart might have used the carte blanche thus acquir- ed to give us out of his own cogitations a really consistent Rome, free from all exasperating problems. One finds him, however, continually admitting from those tainted sources the same old sto- ries which have convinced people in the past that Rome really did decline. Per- haps what we need is a little sharper definition of what different people mean by the terms progress and decline. For the Roman Republic, Mr. Stobart strains a vigorous vocabulary to the limit to express his detestation. The old Roman virtue simply never existed. Admitting, though it is somewhat out of harmony with his main thesis, that e.vil tendencies did grow rapidly in Republican times, he does not find the cause in the softening effect of Greek influences. If these influ- ences had come earlier, the picture might have been less dark. "It was their starved souls, empty of ideals, devoid even of reasonable occupation for their leisure or harmless use for their wealth, which rendered the aristocracy of Rome so utterly vulgar and debased." But out of the sink of picturesquely varied iniquities which constituted the republic sprang an empire lor which Mr. Stobart cannot find praises too high. "The re- public that sucked the blood of her provinces is detestable to all right-think- ing men. The autocracy that 1 cut the canals in Egypt, planted and encouraged pottery in Gaul, irrigat- ed Africa and taught agriculture to the Moorish nomads, set the wild n to mining and weaving, built aQUedUCtl ; 1 1 , tal system and policed laud and sea so York to Palmyra, or from Trier to Mo- rocco 'with his bosom lull of gold,' may

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Sept. i 8, 191 3 J The JSTation 265 be tyranny governing in its own inter- ests, but it is an institution for which the world has every reason to be grate- ful." The author passes along the view which one meets every now and then that the younger Pliny, in his corre- spondence, pictures a Rome wholly in- consistent with that of the writings ot Tacitus. The purpose of Pliny in his let- ters naturally led to a "picture of tran- quil and cultivated leisure or of useful activity carried on in refined and ele- gant surroundings," but JMr. Stobart or any one else who has not found in those letters a full realization of the horrors of imperial rule under a Nero or a Domitian simply has not read them. The reference to Pliny is followed by a page of admissions sufficient to bolster up a Juvenal himself, "but one misconcep- tion," wc are told, "must be combated. The whole imperial period of five cen- turies should not be regarded as one slippery Gadarene slope down which the Romans were hurrying to destruction." Yes, but Mr. Stobart has not told this either first or most effectively. For more than fifty years, scholars in vari- ous lands have been working towards a truer conception of Imperial Rome, both in its virtues and in its excesses, and the best progress has been made not by tossing aside the original authorities as worthless, but by more accurately read- ing and interpreting them. Mr. Stobart is too violent in his prejudices, whether for or against, and too unguarded in his language, to serve well the interests of the careful seeker after truth. The Life of Octavia Hill. Edited by C. Edmund Maurice. New York: The Macmillan Co. $5 net. Octavia Hill was born in 1838 and died only last summer. For half a cen- tury she was one of the most benignant and beneficent figures in English soci- ety. The present volume is made up chiefly of letters to, from, and about Miss Hill. Their editor, a connection by marriage, received his commission from tier, and has done his work with skill and discretion. He professes to have made but slight original contribution to the book. The explanations which link the letters he has had printed in smaller type than the letters them- selves; and their substance is mainly derived from the statements of others. He was, however, associated with Miss Hill's work for some ten years, and ad- mits that his comments covering that period may amount to something. For the rest, the selection of such a group of letters is in itself an art, especially when many of them are printed frag- mentary. With such a method, it is possible to produce a variety of effects. Mr. Maurice frankly admits that his pur- pose has been "to emphasize the hu- man and family sympathy" which be- ] longed to Miss Hill, rather than her re- markable business ability. The danger with her, he says, is the reverse of that which has threatened the memory ot Florence Nightingale. The sentimental popular conception of the "lady with ihe lamp" has obscured Miss Nightin- gale's powers of organization and ad- ministration. The general sense of those powers in Miss Hill has almost hidden the fact that the basis of her work lay in feeling quite as much as in reason. Certainly, the letters here printed give the impression of an ardent, affection- ate, enthusiastic woman who, with all her interests and activities, remained always a lover of life and of living things. The joys and satisfactions of every-day experience are continually dwelt upon. She "thinks thankfully ot all people's kindness"; she is "quietly, splendidly happy." "Joy" is a favorite word in the later as well as the earlier letters. "It is on loving, infinitely more than on being loved, that happiness de- pends," is a phrase in a letter written at eighteen, which might be taken to have been the working motto of a na- ture which depended greatly, after all, on being loved. An interesting series by themselves might have been made of the letters con- nected with the early relation of Miss Hill and Ruskin. In the early fifties Octavia's mother had become manager of a "Ladies' Guild" in London, an early experiment in the sort of industrial philanthropy to which the daughter was to devote so much of her life. Dissen- sions arose, and. the Guild failed, where- upon Octavia applied to Ruskin with the ingenuous object of finding out whether there was any use in her trying to paint for a living. He discovered talent in her, and she became, in a way, his pupil, as well as his disciple in the larger sense. Other great men of the day, notably Kingsley and F. D. Mau- rice, had made their impression upon her, but it was Ruskin who really be- came her inspiration. For years he was her guide also; but it was impossible that this relation should endure. Differ- ences and even estrangement arose, the practical work to which she gave herself seemed to him misdirected and even wasted. "My question, a very vital one," he writes in 1876, "is, whether it really never enters your mind at all that all measures of amelioration in great cit- ies . . . may be in reality only en- couragements to the great Evil Doers in their daily accumulating sin?" And one of Miss Hill's latest letters speaks of Ruskin's political economy as of com- paratively little moment compared with his "art work." In the value of her own labors Miss Hill had unflagging belief. The problem of the proper housing and employment of the poor never ceased to be the im- portant problem for her. As for meth- ods, she recognized that they must shift with conditions, and, at the end, ex- pressed the hope that those who carried on her work would maintain its spirit without being bound to continue its pol- icy. As summing up her point of view, Mr. Maurice quotes with approval the judgment of a contemporary: "She brought the force of religion into the cause of wisdom, and gave emotion to justice." Histoire des Scleucides (323 — 64 avant J.-C), par A. Bouche-Leclercq. Paris: Leroux. The Greek classics were in the main produced before the Macedonian age. Though the Macedonians always regard- ed themselves as Hellenes, Demosthenes, whose voice reached much farther than theirs, chose to call them barbarians. Mommsen, with authority closely ap- proximating to tyranny, made the pub- lic institutions of the Romans the prod- uct of a purely Italian development. These circumstances, together with the fact that ancient history, until recently at least, was studied, not for itself and because of its own interest and value, but primarily because of the light it threw upon the literature of Greece and Rome, explain why a period so vibrant with human action as is that which Alexander the Great's conquest of Asia ushered in has been so long in coming into its due. A decade or two ago things changed. Broysen's gallant and fortunate enter- prise and Mahaffy's filibustering expedi- tions then gave way to the regular ad- vance of the army of historians. How fiercely the attack is pushed home to- day may be gauged by the appearance in the early months of 1913 of two first- rate works in this field, the "Antigonus Gonatas" of Mr. W. W. Tarn and the took now under review. The serious student of history is well aware that he has to do ordinarily witn two classes of histories. The author of a work of the first class, on publishing his book, is prepared to make an affi- davit that, to the best of his knowledge and ability, every sentence is the last word that can be said on the sub the moment. He may write well or he may write badly; he may have imagina- tion and historic sense, or he may lack them; and his work will be great or mediocre accordingly. Insignificant, however, it cannot be in any ca I the other class the author is ind to fine nuances of opinion and I What does it matter whetli happened in one year or the next? He glides smoothly over the problems that are agitating specialists. He seizes hold of the obvious materials and para- phrase his sources rapidly. He may even ignore the primary authorities al-

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k3()(> The N~a tion | Vol. 97, No. 2516 together. Such a writer can achieve a notable success, but it is bound to be a transient one. M. Bouche'-Leclercq belongs, to the first class of authors. His "Astrologie grecque" and his "Histoire des Lagides" bave won him an honored place among ancient historians; and it is probable that had his "Histoire des Seleucides" been published when it was composed — some twenty-five years ago — it would have commanded the immediate atten- tion of scholars. But "mon labeur n'aboutit alors," says M.Bouche-Leclercq, "qua'a esquisser un texte vague, flottant sur un amas de notes plus ou moins jus- tiflcatives." It is this text, however, made over to attract "d'autres lecteurs que les erudits," that we now receive: the notes and discussions are reserved for a second volume, which is cannily held back that it may take account of slips and defects noted in the first. There is a possibility that the second volume will be a large book. M. Bouche- Leclercq is not wholly blameless if that proves to be the case. For he has left out of account so many pertinent mate- rials— the yield of the Athenian and Delian inscriptions, for example — he has ignored completely topics of such first- rate importance — the land system of the Seleucids, for example — and he has made himself responsible for so many new or old errors, which we cannot enumerate here, that we have had some doubt whether his "Histoire des Seleu- cides" did not really belong to the sec- ond class of histories of which we have g'.ven the characteristics. The fact seems to be that M. Bouche- Leclercq has not added much to the stock of primary and secondary author- ities for the Hellenistic age which he used for his history of the Ptolemies. His work is, accordingly, some seven or eight years old at its birth. Its chief merit is its attractive literary form. It may do a real service to French readers, to whom no connected history of the Macedonian lords and ladies in Asia has been accessible hitherto. The English reader will find it no improvement on Bevan's "House of Seleucus." The schol- ar will continue to make the histories of Beloch, Niese, and Schiirer his funda- mental works. To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Dis- guise. By E. B. Soane. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. $4 net. Of all recent accounts of travel and description, this record of a journey from Beirut to Bagdad is one not mere- ly of the most fascinating, but also one of the most valuable. Numerous works have been written, it is true, concerning the regions here considered, but none has previously appeared — at least to the reviewer's knowledge — which can pre- tend to set forth Kurdish life from the native point of view. This is here done; and it has been rendered possible by the fact that Mr. Soane is so thoroughly versed in both Persian and Kurdish that he passed for a native. During a pre- vious sojourn in Persia he had made profession of Islam and taken a course of theological study, so that he was able to defend Shia doctrines with all the energy of the Persian true believer, thus rendering his disguise doubly impenetra- ble. The author's power of vivid descrip- tion comes to the fore in his account of his voyage down the Tigris from Diar- bekr to Mosul; but of even more real value is his picture of daily life in such Kurdish cities as Kirkuk, Halabja, and Sulaimania, in the last-named of which he engaged for a time in mercantile pur- suits. While still at Stambul, moreover, he was enabled to discover the Per- sian opinion of the Turkish Parliament, which, though unflattering, is probably correct — the Oriental, as may be gath- ered from many a passage in Mr. Soane's book, is as yet scarcely ready for the Occidental forms of government. Mr. Soane has the chief of all requi- sites of the traveller — love for the peo- ple among whom he sojourns, and lik- ing for their mode of life; he has, in- deed, some of the characteristics of a Borrow. The Kurdish character, as he sketches it, is highly attractive, and is comparable, as has been noted by others, to that of the Scottish Highlanders a few centuries ago. The contrast be- tween the brave, hospitable, loyal Kurd and the Turkish official is only too mark- ed. The bad character of the Turkish officials is equalled, in the author's opin- ion, only by that of the native Chris- tians, although he excepts from this un- flattering category the Chaldean Chris- tians. The question of Asiatic Chris- tianity unfortunately leads him to crit- icisms of Roman Catholic activity in Mesopotamia which seem to savor of strong personal bias against that relig- ion, and which, together with some fool- ish and quite irrelevant remarks upon the Biblical account of Jonah, form almost the only unpleasant feature of the volume. For his historical sources the author has drawn upon oral tradition, but in his choice of reference books he has not been altogether fortunate. There is, for instance, an undue reliance upon the "Assyria" of Ragozin (whom the author seems to believe to have been a man); and the total absence of all allusions to German researches upon the language and history of the Kurds is most n grel table — scholars like Justi, Socin, Lerch, and Mann, to mention only a few names, are far too important to be ignored. In his account of the Yezidis, or "Devil- Worshippers," he might well have prof ited by the researches of investigators like J. M6nant; and his historical sketches of Urfa (the ancient Edessa) and Erbil (the ancient Arbela) are rath- er meagre. He also exaggerates the friendship of Sasanian Persia for Chris- tianity— relatively slight acquaintance with the Pahlavi, and especially with the Syriac sources of the period, would show him that such friendship was manifest- ed by only a few monarchs, and that the general attitude of Sasanian kings was one of bitter hostility to all Christians. It is, therefore, a pity that he did not consult some such treatise as Labourt's "Le Christianisme dans l'empire perse sous la dynastie sassanide." Real value attaches to the account, which is all too brief, of the doctrines of the Ali Illahi sect found among the Guran Kurds. The interesting hypo- thesis is advanced by Mr. Soane that the Mukri dialect of Kurdish is the clos- est modern representative of the ancient Avesta, though the view more common- ly accepted assigns this place to Afghan. He regards the Kurds as the descendants of the Medes, and traces their lineage to the Carduchi of Xeno- phon's "Anabasis," the Nairi of the As- syrian inscriptions, and the inhabitants of the land which the classics call Gor- dyene. The accuracy of a number of these hypotheses is not beyond question. Yet this detracts little from the value of his book, which is authoritative on its main subject. For a man of his ex- ceptional qualifications there are many tasks still to be done. May we hope for some formal grammar of the Kurdish dialects of which he is master, and which are still so imperfectly known? Could he not became an Ali Illahi and study the syncretism of this curious sect? Might he not turn Sunni and visit Afghanistan and Baluchistan, to do for us — and for them — the service that he has just performed for Kurdistan? Notes "The Seven Seas Edition of the Works of Rudyard Kipling" is announced by Double- day, Page & Co., as the most important lit- erary plan ever undertaken by them. The edition will be limited to 1,050 sets of twen- ty-three volumes, each set signed by the author. The cost per set will be $138. The Century Company announces an elaborate, illustrated edition of Kipling's "Jungle Book," to contain sixteen full-page illustrations, In full color, by Maurice and Kdward Detmold. The same house has In press a new book, "The Brownies Many More Nights," this being the twenty-sixth printing of the original Brownies. "The Monroe Doctrine: An Obsolete Shlb- boleth," by Hiram Bingham, is published by the Yale University Press. Other note- worthy books by the same publishers are "Some Problems of Modem Government," by William H. Taft; "Politician, Party, and People," by Henrj 0, E rj . " ["ha Evolution of Modern Medicine," by William Osier. John Btuari Thorn ion, la "Oklna EUto>

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Sept. 18, 1913] Tlie ISTation 267 lutionized," looks for a vast trade under the new regime in that country, and offers information concerning the opportunities afforded men and women who seek a wide field of endeavor. The Bobbs-Merrill Com- pany issue the book. The new volumes of the Loeb Classical Library (Macmillan) promised for this Include Applan's "Roman History," Vol. IV.; "Daphnis and Chloe" ; Julian, Vol. II; Lucian, Vol. II; Menander; Plu- tarch, Twelve Lives, Vol. I; Apuleius, "Golden Ass," 2 vols.; Cicero, "De Fini- bus," "Letters to Atticus," Vol. II, and "De Offlciis"; Horace, "Odes"; Ovid, "Meta- morphoses," 2 vols.; Petronius; Seneca, "Tragedies," 2 vols.; Tacitus, "Dialogues," 'Germania," and "Agricola." Probably no news will give pleasure to more readers than the announcement that Macmillan is to bring out an edition of Macaulay's "History of England," edited by Prof. Charles H. Firth, and profusely il- lustrated. The first volume of this work, to be complete in five, will appear this autumn. The autumn list of Little, Brown & Com- pany includes under fiction: "The Eye of Dread," by Payne Erskine; "The Honour- able Mr. Tawnish," by Jeffery Farnol ; "The Joy of Youth," by Eden Phillpotts; "The Double Life of Mr. Alfred Burton," by E. Phillips Oppenheim; "Marama," by Ralph Stock; "Joan Thursday," by Louis J. Vance; "The Gringos," by B. M. Bower. — Travel and description: "Across Unknown South America," by A. Henry Savage-Lan- dor; "Athens, the Violet-Crowned," by Lilian Whiting; "Wanderings on the Ital- ian Riviera," by Frederic Lees; "Old Fran- ciscan Missions of California," by George W. James; "Shakespeare and Stratford," by Henry C. Shelley.— History and biog- raphy: "The Romance of the American Theatre," by Mary C. Crawford; "The Story of Harvard," by Arthur Stanwood Pier; "The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence," by A. T. Mahan; "The Tragedy of Mary Stuart," by Henry C. Shelley.— Miscellaneous: "Crimi- nology," by Raffaelle Garofalo; "Federal Systems of the United States and the Brit- ish Empire," by Arthur P. Poley; "Wards of the State," by Tighe Hopkins. A varied list of books for young people is offered. The most elaborate book on the autumn list of Paul Elder & Co. will be an his- torical and descriptive sketch of "The Old Spanish Missions of California," by Paul Elder. The Frederick A. Stokes Company for Optober issues "Susette," by Dion C. Calthrop; "The White Thread," by Robert Halifax; "Irishmen All," by George A. Bir- mingham; "Fletcherism," by Horace Fletch- er, and three juvenile books— "Blossoms from a Japanese Garden," by Mary Fenol- losa; "The Adventures of Akbar," by Flora A. Steel; "The Hungarian Fairy Book," by Nander Pogany, illustrated in color by Willy Pogany. T. Fisher Unwin announces a new novel by Irene Burn, with the title "The Unfor- giving Minute," depicting the everyday life of the Englishman in India, and also the "Further Reminiscences of a South African Pioneer," by W. C. Scully, a continuation, from 1876, of the work published last spring. The 109th annual report of the British and Foreign Bible Society is an unprece- dented record of both income and circula- tion. Bibles to the number of 7,899,562 in 450 languages and dialects, ten new ver- sions having been added during the year, were distributed. The accounts of the many and varied adventures of the colpor- teurs make interesting reading. The whole of the National Geographic Magaeine for September is devoted to An- cient Egypt. The principal facts, histori- cal and biographical, brought to light by recent investigations are given by the Rev. James Baikie, and these enable one, with the aid of seventy-four illustrations, to get many vivid impressions of the life of those times. A new chapter in the history of bird worship and protection is opened by the discovery a few months ago by one of the excavators of the Egyptian Explora- tion Fund of a sacred ibis cemetery, 2,700 square feet in extent, at Abydos. The birds were as carefully mummified as the royal personages. Their beneficence in destroy- ing the enemies of the growing crops led to their being worshipped as divine. The Geographical Journal for September contains the conclusion of Dr. J. F. Un- stead's statistical study of wheat cultiva- tion and trade, 1881-1910, of which the last table is a summary of the world produc- tion. The increase, in thirty years was a billion bushels, due mainly to an increased acreage, but to some extent to an increased average yield per acre. Europe still pro- duces more than half the crop, European Russia showing the greatest increase, from 241 million bushels to 461 million bushels. There was considerable difficulty in pro- curing trustworthy statistics of the United States on account of the different returns of the Department of Agriculture and the Census Bureau. For the year 1909, for in- stance, the Department reported 737 mil- lion bushels, but the Bureau only 683 mil- lion. Among the other contents are a phy- siographical description of the Middle Clarence valley of New Zealand and an ac- count of a remarkable Japanese who made the first survey of his country. A brewer of sake, he was so enamoured of the art of surveying that between the years 1800 and 1818, with instruments of his own construc- tion, a quadrant, an azimuth instrument, and a compass, he made maps so good that they were adopted as the basis of the more recent trigonometrical survey of Japan. Prof. George Saintsbury is always a charming friend and sure guide in his in- troductions to various editions of Thacke- ray and Jane Austen and other writers of fiction, and one turns with high expecta- tions of pleasure to his new volume on "The English Novel" in the Channels of English Literature series (Dutton). But the expectations are barely fulfilled. Of reading for the task undertaken Professor Saintsbury, as he himself would tell us if it were not otherwise abundantly evident, has a mighty sufficiency. One is sure that no obscure novel of the eighteenth century is named which the critic has not read and noted. Furthermore, as the criticism of fiction is chiefly a matter of immediate gusto and not of philosophic reflection, the judgments of Professor Saintsbury in this field are almost invariably sound. "The proof of the art of the novelist," he con- tends, "is that— at first hand or very short- ly— he 'enfists,' absorbs, delights you" ; and no one is more immediately enfisted, ab- sorbed, and delighted by a good story or a good style than the writer of this book. Professor Saintsbury makes strong reser- vations in praising Meredith — and he is demonstrably right. Some will object to the emphasis laid by him on Dickens's "little literature" and inability to enter into "communion with certain orders of society and classes of human creatures" — but again he is right. Of Thackeray we already know Professor Saintsbury's opin- ion; no one, not even Mr. Brownell, has praised the great Victorian with more knowledge and more seductive entrain. He is a doughty champion for Thackeray and the English school against Balzac and the Russian novelists, and his animadversions on this topic are worthy of reading and digesting. We are most in doubt of Professor Saints- bury's sanity of judgment when he deals with the great protagonists, Richardson and Fielding. In exalting the latter at the ex- pense of the former he seems never to have felt the tremendously tragic effects of the last quarter of "Clarissa," and seems, by a sort of wilful perversion, to exaggerate the merits of "Pamela," as this offers so ready a means of glorifying Field- ing through "Joseph Andrews." On the other hand, he says not a word to indicate the wordiness and flatness of a good deal of Fielding's superfluous moralizing. How- ever, though Dr. Johnson would be on our side, there are some who will stand with the professor of Edinburgh. There-are very few, we think, who will not be revolted by the loose and ungainly ease of Professor Saintsbury's style. And on the whole, though his attitude is generally right to- . wards the novelists passed in review, the book contains little that is memorable and quite misses the deeper currents of life and thought of which fiction is, so to speak, the surface indication. Mr. James Huneker has put forth a fresh volume of essays, sketches, and jottings called "The Pathos of Distance, a Book of a Thousand and One Moments" (Scribner). The sub-title honestly disclaims any at- tempt at unity of matter or point of view, and one may as honestly acknowledge the impossibility of reporting any definite im- pression of the book. Here is an original portrait of Villicrs de l'lsle Adam some- what in the manner of George Moore, a considerable amount of lively chat about George Moore himself and his recent books, much gossip of Wagner and Nietzsche based on the autobiography, tolerably circumspect consideration of "M I'icasso, and Others," Sittings among art galleries, more "browsings" among books, respects to the Neo-Celts, and a rather extended sally among the pragmatic philosophers. To the charge that he offers no "general ideas," Mr. Huneker blandly replies that he does not believe in them ; which in turn will recall to some readers a famous pronounce- ment on Goldsmith: "Sir, he knows no- thing; he has made up his mind about nothing." The application is perhaps un- just. Mr. Huneker knows how to talk light- ly, tartly, cleverly, and with an air of ancient familiarity on an abundance of topics. But he is a professional skeptic, seeking disdainfully, "in a world full of futile sounds and gestures," a new taste with a temporary relish for the slightly

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. ) 68 Tlie Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2516 ra. We ■ 1 ay, therefore, 1 ha I the Impres- ho desires to p i manenl Imp] 1 sion shou Id contrive to throw Into his work just a "shade more soul." many books dealing with the iction of the new canal, Mr. Joseph Bucklln Bishop's "Panama ■" (Scrib- ner) should stand out as an authoritative aterprise. He has sociated with the work since it be- gan, and as secretary of the Isthmian Canal Commission has undoubtedly en- is of information available to r writer. Few, if any, details, not to speak of figures, have escaped him, and the result is a complete survey of the pro- ject. Beginning with the history of Pan- ama and the futile search of ancient ex- plorers for a passage through the continent, Mr. Bishop recounts the early steps taken by individuals and the United States Gov- ernment with the view of providing an in- teroceanic canal to be controlled by this country. Then came the building of the Panama Railroad by American capitalists, and after that the effort and failure of Fer- dinand de Lesseps, builder of the Suez (anal, to dig a waterway through pestilen- tial jungle and morass. Mr. Bishop speaks highly of the courage and intelligence of the Frenchmen, who were "led to pitiful disaster by incompetent and unworthy com- manders." Lesseps he regards as a man whose head was so completely turned by his success at Suez that he brushed aside the advice of trained engineers and failed to consider the obstacles that presented them- selves. There is a vivid picture of the cor- ruption and extravagance that brought financial disaster, while the shadow of death by yellow fever lurked everywhere. Incidentally, Mr. Bishop holds that public sentiment in the United States would not have permitted the building of the canal at the cost of great loss of life, and he soys that the work was made possible by the devotion of Reed, Carroll, and Lazear, the three physicians who in Cuba proved that the stegomyia mosquito was the trans- mitter of yellow fever. Passing to the negotiations with Colombia for a treaty en- abling the United States to build and con- trol the waterway, the author describes the overnight Panama revolution and ab- solves the Washington Government of com- plicity in the plans of the revolutionists, while admitting that Washington was well aware of what was going on. To President Roosevelt much credit is given for his energy in connection with the determina- tion of the type of canal, and for turning aside the flood of hostile criticism with which the work was assailed in the begin- ning. A large part of the book is devoted to the period of construction, and the methods of sanitation and administration. "Not a shadow of scandal hovers over the IB the end approaches," writes Mr. Bishop, "nor is there audible the faintest r of 'graft' in connection with it." aluable chapter describes the com- pleted canal, and the measures which will be taken to safeguard the locks while ships are passed through. There are numerous illustrations and a map. pi OBle whom Mr. Robert H. Milligan 1 11 his "Fetish Folk of West Af- ell) live in the Gabun Colony of go, bul is now officially know] Equatorial Africa. They are divided Into two Bantu trlb gwe living in the coastland, and the "cannibal" Fang, who have for many years been coming from the far interior, "burning, killing, and even eating their way through the older coast tribes." The greater part of the book is devoted to an account of the latter, a of the author's work was done among them. The main object is to give an impression of the "humanity" of the African, his men- tal habits, and beliefs. So, while the purely savage side of his life is vividly described, stress is- laid upon his many good qualities. The love of his mother, for instance, is the deepest emotion of his heart and his best moral quality, and his most poignant grief is the loss of his children. Boys were the most trustworthy and affectionate of companions, and they were neither dull nor lacking in humor. "I have never known an American school in which there was better order and so little exercise of discipline as in my African school." No- ticeable is the African's devotion to music. Singing not only his joy, but his grief; not only his love, but his anger, revenge, and despair, he may be rightfully regarded as the most musical person living. The chief obstacle to the African's rising above his savage condition is his bondage to fetishism or charms and witchcraft. This causes mutual distrust, for he does not believe there is any such thing as a nat- ural death. When any one dies the witch- doctor is immediately called on to name the guilty person, who is killed. Cannibal- ism is the last desperate resort of fear. To eat one of his enemies in war is the strongest possible protection against them. His most powerful and sacred fetish is the skull of his father, so that "here fetishism becomes ancestor-worship." Most of the illustrations of this bondage are drawn from the author's own experiences while doing missionary work among them. He concludes a valuable account of the natives in their primitive condition with showing what Christian teaching has done for them and answering the objections of travellers, and especially Miss Mary Kingsley, to mis- nion work. The eighteen illustrations are reproductions of photographs, but we regret that in a work containing so much valuable information there is no index. It scarcely needs a long and formal in- troduction to give Lord Milner's addresses, collected in "The Nation and the Empire" (Houghton Mifflin), an outward unity, so clearly are all concerned with British im- perialism, its problems, and its opportuni- ties. At the same time, the inclusion of Lord Milner's speeches during his tenure ni office as iiish Commissioner of South Africa, at the time of tin I' - vVar, with later addi 1 es in the British [all • ad Canada, down to the pre: • ni a certain historical varlei Thi Chlei In terest of the book is likely to be In its Loue tracing of the gradual growth ide conception of an Imperial union. It is Lord Milner's oft-repeated hope that son n 1st an lm perial Con 1 li ul Ion, as a formal ment, "providing for the Reparation of those branches of public buelnasi whloh, like Foreign Affairs, Defence, and Ocean Communications, are essentially Impe- rial." In this Imperialism he sees some- Aider than An^'lo-Saxondom — the power of incorporating alien races, without trying to disintegrate them, or rob of their individuality, into an organized /'(//• Britannlca that would join together Dutch of South Africa, French of Canada, and Hindus of East India. The appearance of the first volume of a critical history of Roman comedy by a dis- tinguished French scholar ("Histoire de la Comedie romaine," par G. Michaut, Vol. I, Sur les Treteaux latins; Paris: Fonte- moing et Cie.) is a literary event of more than usual importance. The beginnings of this department of Latin literature are more obscure and uncertain than those of any other department, and during the last twenty years have occupied the greater part of the attention of Latin students. Hence a critical resume of the various theories and counter-theories which have been put forth in such numbers during this period has come to be a necessity. The author is favorably known by his careful study of Roman character ("Le Genie latin"; Paris, 1900), and he shows himself a most exact and lucid student of his subject in the present book. His method is to study the evidence of the ancients themselves, both independently and in the light of the in- terpretations set forth by other scholars. To do this he has made himself familiar With almost everything that has appeared in France and Germany, and his summaries and discussions of these various views are of great value. But he is not so much at home in English and American work. Of the former there has been very little, but especially in the last five years American scholars have been very busy. Strangely enough, although this volume was issued in 1912, the work itself seems to have been completed much earlier, for there is no reference to anything later than 1907, and but little later than 1904. M. Michaut writes a vigorous and viva- cious style, which renders him interesting even in his most minute criticisms. In temperament he is on the one hand a skep- tic of almost every conclusion thus far reached by classical scholars, as on the other he is inclined to regard the Greek influence on Latin literature and criticism as rather more important than many re- cent critics have held. In his introduc- tory chapter on Les Romains et la Come- die M. Michaut maintains that the charac- teristics traditionally ascribed to the Ro- mans of severity, sternness, and dignity, were in reality only assumed for public occasions, while the genulm Roman, like the Italian, was a frolicsome creature. given lo games, dances, and rough plays of a dra- matic type, as is shown by such am lenl rituals as those of the Arval brothers, and those concerned with the barve I and the vintage. Hence comedy Instead of being a foreign innovation was Innate In the Ro- ma n 1 he n r and life, and would have 3»vi loped naturally but tor ii" 3reel In vasion. In all this he la unqu fcblj right. Then follow various ohaptera on the Ba- the Palllata u nil a final chapter on the Roman Phi ;i n In regard to the tin ate, uc ha\c re aii.uiii material, bul the Interpretation of 1. ni' 1 1 ll bj ani assured, in Urn carllor chapl pari ol the

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Sept. [8, 1913I The Nation 269 discussion goes back to Livy's famous ac- count of the introduction of actors into Rome. All show acute criticism and sug- gestion, where imagination is held strictly within the bounds of common sense, a prac- tice which many Germans would do well to imitate. The chapters open to most criti- cism are those on the Satura. M. Micnaut believes that the so-called Dramatic-Satura inferred from Livy's sketch never existed, but that Livy's account was a fantastic attempt to parallel the Greek development. He is, however, inclined to think that there was an underlying basis of fact in that the rustic improvisations of youthful free Ro- mans must have ultimately received a more regular treatment, and thus constituted the Satura referred to. In this chapter he dis- cusses sympathetically Professor Hendrick- son's two papers in the American .Journal Of Philology in 1894 and 1898, but seems to be ignorant of the fact that in the last few years there have been articles on the same subject by at least five American scholars, including another by Professor Hendrickson himself. Recent literature up to 1912 is given in an article in the Amer- mrnal of Philology for April. 1912. Prof. Lane Cooper has done a useful piece of work in his "amplified version" of Aristotle's "Poetics" (Ginn). The book is intended primarily for students of English, but the many illustrations taken from English authors are likely to be valuable to students of the classics as well, for they direct attention in an interesting way to the fundamental and universal character of the Greek treatise. Thorough students of English ought to know the "Poetics" at first hand, but if our present tendencies to work along lines of least resistance preclude this, they will hardly find a bet- ter guide than Professor Cooper has fur- nished them. His method is to give a free translation, and then to add, unseparated from the general text, but in brackets, a miscellaneous commentary. Occasionally a little of w-hat might well be commentary gets into the text, as when in the first chapter the essential quality or function of each species of poetic art is said to be "equivalent to the proper and character- istic effect of each on the trained sensi- bilities of the judicious" — good Aristotelian doctrine, no doubt, but foreign to the Greek of this passage. In the main, how- ever, the author has made his translation follow the original without undue explana- tory interpolation, and has constructed his commentary with good sense and tact. He has made careful use of Bywater's almost final edition of the "Poetics," and of the work of other scholars, not forgetting the old, but still valuable, Commentary of Tyrwhitt. He has been careful, too, in the matter of cross-references — a very important thing for the student of this treatise. The comment on the puzzling con- tradiction in chapters xiii and xiv (very likely ultimately a textual difficulty) be- tween the two views, that the best trage- dies end unhappily, and that the horror of the tragic act is most effective when the act becomes imminent, but is not car- ried out, is fully recognized by Professor Cooper, and judiciously treated. Less ju- dicious is his statement (p. 35) that the peripety, or reversal, in the "OSdipus Rex," "as we know the play," is not brought about by the messenger, as Aristotle says it is. Bywater's words are more to the point: "It is, as Aristotle says, the natural result of the arrival of the Messenger and his disclosure in the preceding scene." The im- plication that Aristotle may have known a somewhat differently constructed play is surely unnecessary. In the matter of ty- pography, what advantage is there in print- ing Greek words and phrases in English italics? To one who knows Greek letters the practice seems a barbarism ; and what profit is it to the student of English, when he does not know them, if he is simply en- abled to mispronounce a lot of syllables he does not understand? If, however, one does print in this way, the inconsistent use of initial "K" and "C" (pages 9 and 72) needs revision. But these are small matters. The book is excellent and to be cordially recommended. In our obituary notice of John Swett (Nation, August 28) we stated that he was a graduate of the Merrimack Normal In- stitute, Reed's Ferry, N. Y. The school, now known as the McGaw Normal Institute, is in Reed's Ferry, N. H. Wayland Everett Benjamin, attorney and editor of law books, died last week at the age of fifty- four years. He was born in Boston and was graduated from Peddie In- stitute and in 1877 from Brown University. He obtained his lawyer's degree from the Boston University Law School two years later, and in 1882 was admitted to the bar. He collaborated with the late Austin Abbott in the preparation of "Abbott's Digest" and other works. He edited the Railway and Corporation Law Journal, "New York An- notated Cases," and "Benjamin's Table of Chalmers's Digest of Bills and Notes," and, with the late Justice David McAdam, pre- pared one of the editions of "McAdam on Landlord and Tenant." Prof. Arminius Vambery, one of the best known travellers and Orientalists of the nineteenth century, died in Budapest on Monday in what was said to be his eighty- second year. He was uncertain as to the date of his birth. When asked to sign Queen Victoria's Birthday Book at Wind- sor in 1889, he confessed his ignorance and, with the royal permission, entered the date of March 19. 1832. "I am quite sure," he wrote in his Memoirs, "that among the mnny guests at Windsor there was never another to whom the day and year of his entry into this world were unknown." Whenever born, Vambery was the son of a devout Jew and distinguished Talmudist named Bamberger, whose patronymic suf- fered in course of time a Magyar change into "Vambery." The son was by turns a tailor's apprentice, a pupil of Piarist Friars and of Lutheran pastors, and a pri- vate tutor of languages. A tasto for Orien- tal literature, acquired during his linguis- tic studies, and popular legends of the Asi- atic origin of the Magyars so drew him towards the East that, in the later fifties, he made his way to Constantinople, where, for a while, he eked out his penury by re- citing Turkish and Persian poems in the coffee-houses of Stambul. Having obtained from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences a subsidy of some £80 on condition that he should visit Central Asia to investigate the affinities of the Magyar tongue, he joined a caravan of mendicant pilgrims on its way back from Mecca to Persia. Afterwards he settled as University Professor of Oriental languages at Budapest in what he called "the medium state of culture of my native land." There he made of his home the centre of a campaign against Russian ex- pansion in Central Asia and in favor of an active British policy of resistance. Cor- responding in their own languages with Tartars and Turcomans, Osmanlis, Per- sians, Hindus, and Parsees, he kept himself in constant touch 'with the East, and sup- plemented his knowledge by periodical vis- its to Constantinople, where in later years he became an adviser of Sultan Abdul Hamid. Among Professor Vambery's pub- lished works are: "Wanderings and Ad- ventures in Persia," "Sketches of Central Asia," "History of Bokhara," "Manners in Oriental Countries," "The Turkish People," and "Western Culture in Eastern Lands." Science The "Life of Dr. Nathan Smith," one of the founders of the Yale Medical School, will shortly be issued by the Yale Univer- sity Press. Welcome geographical information about Spain and Portugal is to be found in a serviceable "Resumen fisiografico de la Peninsula iberica," by Juan Dantin Cere- ceda, professor in the Institute of Guada- lajara, published by the "Instituto nacion- al de ciencias fisico-naturales" as the ninth number of the "Trabajos del Museo de ciencias naturales" (Madrid: Fortanet). It opens with a nine-page bibliography, and then discusses relief, coasts, hydrography, climate, and biogeography. The method of treatment is much more explanatory than that usually found in Spanish geographical essays; yet, in connection with the relief of the peninsula, the description is still largely empirical, and the explanations giv- en are too often geological rather than physiographical, the rock-formations which make up the different districts being more definitely described than the present as- pect of their surface. Nevertheless, the text and the numerous diagrams and outline maps present a large amount of pertinent infor- mation. If later "Trabajos" take up the districts here described in general terms and present them in greater detail, the geography of the Peninsula will be much advanced. Since 1907 Sir Ray Lankester has made weekly contributions to the Daily Tele- graph, of London. These have been short papers on a great variety of subjects, largely, but by no means exclusively, top- ics of biology. Sir Ray's purpose has been to inform the reader and to awaken a de- sire to seek more detailed knowledge else- where. The execution of this purpose is most admirable in form. A couple of years ago a selection of these papers was pub- lished as a book, and now a second series of thirty-one of them, with some revision and expansion, as "Science from an Easy Chair" (Holt), is at hand. Here the inter- est is often biological, ranging from kisses und laughter to cookery, the problems of immunity, and the teeth of mammal- are also entertaining chapters on Switzer- land and glaciers, the pygmy races of man, prehistoric petticoats, the gallop of the horse and Its relation to the apparent size of the moon, and many other matters. Nu-

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270 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2516 merous plates and pictures are added to crake an attractive book well suited nol only to easy chairs, but even to hammocks not totally abandoned to frivolity. "Malaria, Cause and Control" (Macmil- lan), by William B. Hcrms, of the Univer- sity of California, is chiefly interesting in the account of the prevalence of the disease in that Stale and of the methods thus far employed to remove the cause, more par- ticularly in what are called the Penryn crusade and the Orovillc campaign. Inci- dentally much information is given about mosquitoes in general and the means avail- able for their destruction. This is done in simple language, so that the book ought to be useful in many communities where mos- quitoes are more or less of a menace. As to the history of the disease and the classi- fication of the insects, Herms leaves much to be desired. There is a very limited bib- liography. "When to Send for the Doctor" (Lippin- cott), by Frieda E. Lippert and Arthur Holmes, contains most of the conventional information concerning emergencies and the way of meeting them before the doctor comes. It deals more particularly with the care of children and, as the questions are approached from the psychological point of view, it differs from other books of its class in seeking to aid in the recognition of de- fects and conditions not commonly reck- oned as emergencies. Here much more is done than the full title indicates, and the book ought to help many parents to seek good advice early. The language is often rather too feminine in character, as in the frequent use of "tiny," a "tiny vacation" being perhaps the worst instance. It is a great satisfaction to have so ex- cellent a treatise as "The Principles and Methods of Geometrical Optics" (Macmil- lan), by Prof. James P. C. Southall, of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, reach a sec- ond edition. This book has already at- tained the place of being the standard text in English on this subject. While it is true that a large portion of the new work in geometrical optics is done by the Ger- mans, yet Professor Southall has produced a text which in many respects is the most comprehensive and lucid in existence. Be- sides giving us an accurate text, he has ac- complished much in the way of establishing a uniform notation for optics by adding a classified catalogue of symbols as an ap- pendix. The trustees of the American Medicine Gold Medal Award have bestowed on Mil- ton J. Rosenau, of the Harvard Medical School, the gold medal for 1913. Dr. Ro- senau -was one of the founders of the Milk and Baby Hygiene Association. Edward Lyman Morris, biologist and curator of Natural Science in the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences since 1907, died last week at the age of forty-two. He was born at Monson, Mass., October 23, 1870, and was educated at Monson Academy, at Amherst College, and at the Harvard Graduate School. He was laboratory assistant and instructor in botany at Amherst, 1893-95; instructor in botany at Western High School, Washing- ton, 1895-96, and later became head of the department of biology in the ■ alngl nigh Schools. He was also special id States Herbai 1 the United States Department of Agricul- ture, and field assistant of the United I I -u Commission. Music and Drama EXPERIMENT IN POPULAR OPERA. Grand opera at popular prices is not a new thing in New York, but there is much that is new and interesting about the experiment which began at the Cen- tury Opera House on Monday. In the first place, it is not a mere money-mak- ing scheme, but due to a desire to fur- nish good, if not the best, opera at rea- sonable prices to those whose purses do not permit attendance at the Metropoli- tan performances. The absence of any effort to compete with these has led al- most to cooperation between the two undertakings; at any rate, there is the friendliest feeling between them, and Mr. Otto H. Kahn, the leading spirit in the Metropolitan board of directors, is also a director of the Century Com- pany. So far, the public has shown great interest in the venture, and if one may judge by the impressive subscription list, it starts with substantial promise of popular support. Whether it can suc- ceed in the long run is a question that requires the test not only of this win- ter, but of the next as well. But this is not the only important question to be answered by the new en- terprise. For several years the direc- tors of the Metropolitan have been bom- barded with requests for opera in Eng- lish, a special society having, indeed, been organized to urge that "reform," its main argument being that, just as all operas in Paris are sung in French, in Berlin in German, in Milan in Ital- ian, so should operas in New York be sung in the language of this country. The reply to this argument has been that more is lost than is gained by us- ing translated librettos, and that the operatic managers in Paris, Berlin, and Milan would be only too glad to give each opera in its original language if they could afford to engage so large a galaxy of stars as we have in New York. By this consideration the rulers of the Metropolitan have been guided. In the Century House each opera is first to be given in English, and afterwards in the original, so that the question of language will be fairly tested by com- parison. In selecting for the opening night Verdi's "Ai'da," the management showed much wisdom. It is the best and most popular opera of a composer the cen- tenary of whose birth is just no brated the world over. It is, moreover, effective opera. Thi formance, as ;i whole, was surpr good.and happily disappointed tlio e. lepared to see a merely amateur- ish exhibition, it would naturally be unfair to give a definitive opinion either of the prospects for the whole season cr of the capabilities of the individual artists, some of whom showed distinct signs of nervousness. But the sum to- tal compelled immediate respect and ad- miration for the way the great task be- fore the new company had been grap- pled with. The chorus is full of prom- ise, its costuming was brilliant, the pageantry quite impressive, and the stage-setting all that could be asked. "Ai'da" is given less well to-day in many cities abroad which pride themselves upon their opera. On the whole, the standard of enuncia- tion was high. About three-quarters of the singers engaged for the Century Company are natives of this country, while some of the others are English. Many of the American-born members of the Metropolitan have, on various past occasions, made a sorry showing in using their own language for operatic purposes, but the outcome of the present tost of English as a singing language was distinctly encouraging, though it is, no doubt, easier to project words comprehensibly into the auditorium of the Century Theatre than across the gigantic spaces of the Metropolitan, it is regrettable, however, that a better translation of the text than the clumsy version used on this occasion could not have been obtained. As for the orchestra, it was there one roticed the greatest contrast with the standards of the Metropolitan. It is lacking both in quality and in ensemble, its basses being particularly in need of the attention of the conductor, Mr. Al- fred Szendrei, a Hungarian, whose con- ducting of several Wagnerian operas in Chicago was highly praised. He has undoubted ability and great spirit, and is to be credited with much of the vigor of the performance, and can prob- ably be relied upon to put on the neces- sary finish and bring about the proper balance among his instrumentalists. One of the most interesting exhibits in Parma in connection with the Verdi cen- tenary celebration is an operatic orchestra of the time of Monteverdi, all the players (reproduced in wax) being attired in the costumes of their time, holding the pe- culiar instruments of the seventeenth cen- tury. In Verona the Verdi centenary will be celebrated next month by an open-air per- il finance of "Ai'da" in the old Roma ire. The utmost possible realism is aimed at; palms and flowers and live ani- mals peculiar to Egypt will be imported. About one thousand persons will tal 1 1., which will bo conduct- ed by the famous Milam, ■ leader, Berafln, 11. intended at first to use the recently ... 1 overture t " Alda" (aupp hi, but seems to Having composed tor all last opera omt

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Sept. 18, 1913] The Nation 271 waltzes quite in the manner of Johann Strauss, Richard Strauss has now under- taken to write the music for a pantomimic nrranged by Nijinsky for the Rus- sian dancers who have become so popular in London. "Potiphar's Wife" is the name of the ballet. Strauss, who is a great ad- mirer of these Russians, has already writ- ten half of the music; his mind is said to be "overflowing with ideas" — which, if true, ia new. Fovrier's opera, "Monna Vanna," was favorably received at its first performance In Berlin by the audience; the critics, how- ever, interlarded their praise with a num- ber of "ifs" and "buts." That Maeterlinck's play is well adapted to an operatic setting was admitted, but Fevrier's music seemed to lack the note of individuality. The greater part of the score, says the Bocrsen- Couricr, is made up of the familiar "oper- atic jargon" now generally spoken in De- bussyan Paris. There are some effective dramatic moments, but in the lyric portions lera is disappointing. It is, of course, possible that if the opera had been sung by French artists, it would have made a bet- ti .' impression on the censors. It was not i" rformed at the Royal Opera, but by the Sachso Opera Company. The most noticeable trait of contempo- rary English composers is, according to a Cerman critic, their eagerness to imitate every Continental new departure, every change in the fashion of harmonizing or orchestrating. Mahler's eighth symphony, which requires for its performance a thousand players and singers, is to be heard this season in Lon- don as well as in Paris. The latest Don Juan opera is by the Ital- ian composer Franco Alfani. It has nothing in common with Mozart's masterwork ex- cept the hero himself. Tired of the life he has been leading, he seeks refuge in a ruin- ed castle in Corsica. A young woman, sus- pecting him of being the assassin of one of her relatives, gathers a mob of peasants and enters the castle. She discovers her mistake, promptly falls in love with the professional lady-killer, and the two escape while the peasants are burning what re- mains of the castle. Granados, the "Spanish Chopin," some of whose fascinating piano pieces were played in New York last season by Ernst Schelling, is becoming known in Germany, too. Among others, the pianist Risler has put his name on his programmes. Sergius Kussewitzky, the noted double- bass player, has given up touring as a vir- tuoso. His present ambition is to make his fame as a conductor, and the inheritance of a fortune has enabled him to gratify his wishes. His concerts in Moscow are now the most important musical events in that city. A Tchaikovsky cycle was one of the features of his last season. He gives young Russian composers opportunities to conduct their own works, and also engages eminent foreigners, including Nikisch. At the present rate of progress— if it is progress— mere men will soon be crowded out of the musical profession. In Berlin, for instance, during the past season, of the 328 vocal recitals given, women contributed 232 and men only 96. In the departments of the piano and the violin, however, men still hold their own. The total number of con- certs given in Berlin during the winter season 1912-1913 was 1,210. In all German cities vocal recitals predominate over in- strumental, and everywhere more of the vocal recitals are given by women than by men. Robert Alfred Gaul, author of the ora- torio "Hezekiah." the cantatas "Ruth" and "The Holy City," is dead in London. He was born in Norwich, England, in 1837, and was graduated from Cambridge University in 1863 as Mus. Bach. He was, up to a short time before his death, a teacher and orchestra conductor. One of the new plays of the London sea- son is an adaptation by G. Constant Louns- bery of the "Dorian Gray" of Oscar Wilde. The London Times says of it: Whatever else may be said about the lit- erary character of Oscar Wilde, it cannot truthfully be said that he was dull. Yet he was turned last night on the stage of the Vaudeville Theatre into a bore, and an ex- asperating bore. The explanation is very simple. All the features of Wilde's story, "The Picture of Dorian Gray," for which it is worth reading— his characteristic wit, his intellectual curiosity, his brilliant co- ruscations of paradox, and a quite valuable little set of sound aphorisms on aesthetic criticism — are features which cannot be transferred to the stage. The features which can be so transferred — the features of violent, melodramatic action — are the worthless part of the book. The death — at his home near London- is announced of John J. Wood, who, under the pen name of Hickory Wood, wrote the Drury Lane pantomime each year from 1900 to 1910. Mr. Wood, who was fifty-five years old, was the son of Scottish parents, and was born in Manchester. His output as a writer of pantomimes was very large for a number of years. He supplied many of the leading provincial theatres with librettos for their Boxing-night entertainments; he had also written for Australian theatres, and five of his Drury Lane pantomimes were produced in America. In the major- ity of cases his work for Drury Lane was done in collaboration with Arthur Collins, but twice he was joined by Sir F. C. Bur- nand. "Mother Goose" was regarded as per- haps the most successful of a Drury Lane series which in point of numbers is thought to have ranked second only to that asso- ciated with the name of E. L. Blanchard. Art Japan and Its Art. By Marcus B. Huish. Third edition, revised and enlarged. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $5 net. Mr. Huish's experience with Japanese art is measured by decades, and has been of the most intimate character. As early as 1889, when he first publish- ed this work, his position as connoisseur and as editor of the Art Journal had been well established; he has now revis- ed and enlarged his volume for its third edition in the light of his still riper knowledge. The main object of the work was, as it still is, twofold: nam recommend the merit of Japanese art to the still largely indifferent Occiden- tal public, and to offer to the collector and the museum such practical hints gathered from the author's own experi- ence as shall enable them to make an intelligent selection from among Japa- nese works of art which are to be found in the markets of London and New York. Mr. Huish has never for a moment for- gotten this double purpose in writing and revising these chapters; and the result is that, among the many volumes on the general art of Japan that have been printed since the opening of the country, his work has maintained a unique place. The only other work comparable with the present volume for its happy com- bination of comprehensiveness and brev- ity is Otto Kiimmel's "Das Kunstge- werbe in Japan" (Berlin, 1911). Though both are concerned with what may prop- erly be termed minor forms of Japanese art, the contrast of their points of view is noteworthy, and is indicative of cer- tain limits within which the Englisn work would seem to excel the German, but beyond which Huish's interest falls short of Kiimmel's. Mr. Huish is hard- ly as strong on the more classic forms of the arts of Japan and on the influ- ences that made for their evolution, as on her recent artistic activity, say, after 1600; Herr Kiimmel's treatment, on the other hand, is largely historical. A plea that Huish had too practical a purpose in writing his book to delve into the evolution of art would scarcely be ten- able, for the volume betrays not a few proofs that his own personal interest has not been deeply cultivated along historical lines. This work has, therefore, to do almost exclusively with the ukiyo painting and color-prints, and such secondary arts as lacquer, metal-work, enamels, and tex- tiles and embroidery, and includes an ex- cellent chapter on pottery and porcelain from the pen of Mr. Charles Holme. The student of Japan's art history is aware that there are certain well-marked char- acteristics of these arts in the peaceful Edo period — the diminutive proportions of most of the products; their general spirit of cleverness and cheerfulness, the former sometimes verging on weakness and the latter on the ludicrous; their re- markable variety in design and form; the painstaking care of their authors for detail, ever with an eye for the decora- tive effect of the whole; and, more im- portant than all else, their constant ef- fort, in painting, in design, and in the use of wood, metal, or earth, to draw fresh art-motives from Xature, and, if possible, to improve on her work, not by supplanting it with human devices, but by assisting it a step further in its own direction. Instead of inquiring how these characteristics came to be oped by Tokugawa artists and artisans, Mr. Huish simpl.. plain language, and shows, in to turity of his thought

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. ) 72 The IsTation [Vol. 97, No. 2516 how the collector, be he an individual or a museum, may profit by a due appre- □ of these qualities. The author's (ions are, therefore, always direct and practical, and, as is instanced by his advice regarding the culture of orna- mental plants and the collection of the inro and sword-i'urniture, very consid- erate. No one commenting on this work will forget to refer to the extraordinarily numerous and on the whole well-chosen illustrations it contains. There are six colored plates and 226 cuts in a volume of 360 pages; almost every one of them reproduces an art object, few represent inferior workmanship, and all are han- dled by the author with remarkable skill for the elucidation of his text. Finance UNION PACIFIC AND ITS INVEST- MENTS. For some years — since 1906 — Union Pacific stockholders have received 10 per cent, dividends per annum. Of this amount 6 per cent, has come from "rail- road operations" and 4 per cent, from "investments." The company's career as an "investor" began in 1901 with the famous purchase of Northern Pacific stock which brought about the "North- ern Pacific panic." Prior to that pur- chase the Union Pacific Company had bought into Southern Pacific in order to procure the Central Pacific connection, acquiring the Huntington estate hold- ings, some 750,000 shares, for about $40,000,000. Except for this interest, Union Pacific had no large investments outside of its own subsidiary companies. The dispute arising over the North- ern Pacific purchase was settled by the formation of the Northern Securities Company, and Union Pacific found it- self in possession of a huge ownership in that company. Then came the liqui- dation as a result of the Government suit, and in place of Northern Securi- ties stock the Union Pacific Company received Great Northern stock and Northern Pacific stock. These holdings were gradually sold in the open mar- ket, and with the proceeds was pur- chased the collection of securities from which the 4 per cent, dividends above referred to have since been received. This collection comprised stocks of Il- linois Central, Chicago & Alton, Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, and New York Central, to mention only the prin- items, and the prices at which they were purchased were very high, being, in fact, about the high-water mark of a "boom time." The original interest in Southern Pacific was increas- ed by purchases at various times and prices, so as to make the total holding v. ell above one and a quarter million Prom this it is clear that Union Pa- clflc is to-day in the position of a large "investor," mainly as a result of an aocident, and not by reason of a delib- erate plan. If Mr. Hill and Mr. Morgan had not decided to buy the Burlington railway, Mr. Harriman would not have felt it to be necessary for him to buy the Northern Pacific. If the Government had not proceeded to disrupt the Northern Securities Company, it is doubtful whether Mr. Harriman would have thought it necessary to sell the Union Pacific holdings of that stock. What motives finally im- pelled the Union Pacific Company to buy the particular stocks it did at the time it did are not evident. The shrinkage in these stocks has probably offset the large profit the company made on its Northern Pacific operation. But now, by an accident — Government in- tervention again — the company is forc- ed to divest itself of its Southern Pa- cific holdings, and accordingly it has "traded off" some $40,000,000 of this stock for an equal quantity of Baltimore & Ohio, and has sold $88,000,000 for cash. On this particular holding it has made a handsome profit on original cost. Moreover, it has placed its trea- sury in a position where it has an im- mense amount of cash on hand. Pre- cisely how much this amounts to is not stated, but probably its loans receivable and cash together amount to well above cne hundred millions of dollars. South- ern Pacific is known to be largely in Union Pacific's debt. That some new disposition of the com- pany's investments — probably in the form of some distribution to stockhold- ers— is in question is natural enough. Ten or fifteen years ago a railway com- pany could do what Union Pacific did without attracting very much atten- tion, but nowadays railways as invest- ment companies seem somewhat out of date, and Union Pacific's position is suf- ficiently unique in this respect to make it a shining mark. Two questions arise in connection with the proposed or sug- gested distribution, however — one con- cerning the general propriety of the operation, and the other concerning the preferred stock. Neither question would arise should it merely be a matter of an extra cash dividend to the common stockholders, for the company has a large surplus to profit and loss account against which to charge such dividend, and the cash in hand with which to pay it. But, supposing a distribution of invest- ment assets in some form to be ci plated, the objection is made by certain people that these assets were acquired by means of capital issues in some form, and that they should be used to retire capital and not distributed. And others insist that the preferred stock must share in any assets distribution when- ever it be made. With regard to the first point, it is not easy to earmark capital as having been issued for invest- ment acquisitions, except in the case of common stock. For the original North- ern Pacific purchase in 1901 there were used $60,000,000 of convertible bonds, all of which have long been converted into stock, as was the case with the $40,000,000 convertibles used in the same year to buy Southern Pacific stock. Consequently, $100,000,000 of the pres- ent common stock represents money in- vested in the company's treasury assets and in the Southern Pacific stock now sold. Beyond this it is quite impossible to say that any particular form of Union Pacific security represents these assets, because it was issued for their purchase. On the face of it, therefore, their distribution to common stockhold- ers is apparently not inappropriate, as- suming, of course, that the Union Pa- cific Company cannot find a better use for them. As far as the preferred stock- holders' claims are concerned, it is hard to see where they "come in" as long as there is "profit and loss surplus" on the books against which a "dividend" can be charged to be distributed on the com- mon stock. If the common stock can receive 6 per cent, more than the pre- ferred, it can apparently receive 60 per cent more — if the "profit" stands on the books. These, however, are matters for the lawyers to settle. The interesting thing in the whole affair is perhaps the role played by ac- cident in determining such vast issues as those here concerned. Never before has a railway company been driven so far afield from its natural path, and it is safe to say that it is not likely to happen again. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Adams, Brooks. The Theory of Social Rev- olutions. Macmillan. $1.25 net. A. H. W. Which Temple Ye Are. Putnam. Allington, S. M. Practical Sewing and Dressmaking. Boston: Dana, Estes. $1.50 IK 1 . Anderson, A. J. The A B C of Artistic 1'iiui.ography. Dodd, Mead. $2.50 net. Barroll, M. L. Around the World Cook Century. $1.50 net. Blalsdell, A. T., and Ball, P. K. The Child's Book of American History. Bos- ton: Little, Brown. 75 cents. Boecker, Alexander. A Probable Italian Source of Shakespeare's Julius Cassar. Bryant, P. E. History of English Ballad- ry. Boston: Badger. $2 net. Buck rose, J. E. A Little Green World. Putnam. $1.25 net. Burgess, T. \v. Adventures of Johnny Chuck; Reddy Pox. Boston: Little, i 1 own. 50 cents net. Butler, kiii; Parker. The Jack-Knife Man. 1 !( nlury. $1.26 net. Cabell, J. B. The Soul ol Mellei Qt. lllus. by Howard Pyle, Stokes. $1.60 net. Came tfargaret. The Golden ltule Dol- livors. 1 [arper. $1 net. 1 ';n, 'ire Girls Manual. Rei leed. Doran 25 cents. Coir, i'. ii. Dave's Daughter. Stokes. $1 Comstoi I ;i ■'* Pine: A Camp Fire «.'i-i Stor: 1 Irowall Jl " 1. National S imacy. Holt. 1 Cn Prlscilla Ciroe's D lughter Duf Ri id $1 26 net.

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Sept. is, [913 The Nation 273 Refractory Husbands. $1 net. The New Agrarianism. Here's New One : A Caldwell Cutting, Mary S. Doubleday, Page. Dahlingcr, C. \\ . Putnam. $1 net Davidson, Adolph. Book of After-Dinner Stories. Co. De Forest, Julia B. A Short History of Art. Kdited, revised, rewritten by C. H. CafTm. Dodd, Mead. $3 net. De Lorn:, ' 11 It is Not Lawful; A Ro- mance. Eaton & Mains. $1.25 net. I . George. Autobiography. Scribner. $2.50 not. on, II. W. Robert Fulton: His Life and Works. Lane. $3 net. Dodge, M. T. Laddie's Choice. Dodd, d. $1 net. Durham, D. B. The Vocabulary of Men- ander: A Dissertation. Privately printed. Dwyer, J. F. The Spotted Panther. Double- day, Page. $1.25 net. Eaton, D. Cady. Handbook of Modern French Sculpture. Dodd, Mead. $2 net. Ferguson, W. S. ■ Greek Imperialism. Bos- ton: Houghton Mifflin. $2 net. Filon, Augustin. The Prince Imperial, 1S56-1S70. Boston: Little, Brown. $4 net. Footner, Hulbert. Jack Chanty. Double- day, Page. $1.25 net. Fox, C. 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274= The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2516 CAUGHT ON A FLOOD OF WONDERFUL SUCCESS HALL CAINE'S GREATEST NOVEL The Woman Thou Gavest Me Being the Story of Mary O'Neill Now in Its Third Large Printing This wonderful romance is being read and discussed in every community of consequence. It is the Book of the Year,— one of those rare novels which appeal to people in every walk of life. The startling revelations of Mary O'Neill form a love story for all the world and for all time, in which Hall Caine has presented a remarkable analysis of the modern marriage. It reveals the relation of Man to Woman from the Cradle to the Grave. $1.35 net. Postpaid $1.50 A New Novel by E. F. BENSON Thorley Weir 12mo. Cloth, $1.35 net. Postpaid $1.50 Mr. Benson holds an enviable position among English writers. His novels are remarkable for their lucidity of ex- pression as well as their depth of insight into human relations. This story is both grave and gay, and Mr. Benson talks well about things that really matter. Each new book from his pen finds him writing for a deservedly increasing audience. Handy Book of Curious Information By WILLIAM S. WALSH Crown 8vo. Half morocco, gilt top, $3.50 net. Postpaid $3.75. Uniform with Lippincott's Readers' Reference Library For many years Mr. Walsh has been collecting the curious and out of the way information contained in this volume. These facts, stories, and bits of knowledge have never before been presented in this form and could only be obtained by search through documents, letters, and papers not accessible to the general reader. The Elizabethan Playhouse and Other Studies Second Series Illustrated. By W. J. LAWRENCE 8vo. Half cloth, with board sides. $3.50 net This volume is uniform with the first series published in 1912, and in it the author continues his studies of the evolu- tion of the English theatre. He endeavors to throw addi- tional light on the obscurity of the Elizabethan stage and to i likable vitality of its conventions by dem- onstrating how many of them contrive to wind their tendrils around the trunk of early picture-stage dramaturgy. The edition is limited to 7G0 copi< print from type. Diana Ardway By VAN ZO POST Illustrated in color by Gayle Hoskins. 12mo. Cloth, $1.25 net. Postpaid $1.37 This strong, unconventional love-story is a tale of primi- | tive passions in modern characters. The author pictures scenes and people with startling frankness. It is a riot of life and love, bubbling over with wit, quick in action. Game Protection and Propagation in America By HENRY CHASE Author of "Powers, Duties and Work, of Game Wardens," etc. 12mo. Cloth. $1.25 net. Postpaid $1.35 Mr. Chase, whose writings on game protection and con- servation are well known, and. who has devoted practically a life time in study and labor for this cause, has here pre- pared a work of unquestionable value to all interested in the subject. It is a complete vade-mecum on the subject. ■ The Lost Language of Symbolism An Inquiry into the Origin of Certain Letters, Words, Names, Fairy Tales, Folk Lore and Mythologies. By HAROLD BAYLEY Profusely illustrated in the text. 2 volumes. 8vo. Cloth, $6.00 net per set Almost every phase of the subject is treated and the tiowa -a bal an enormi u i cl mboliam baa exer- cised on language, and to what tar reaching extent words are "fossil poel ry." h contah iward ol I i|" •■ i es ol and a n unparalleled .-i rraj "i Eacti i ela tive to ;i Qclent and modi mi symboll ma ol Eai I a ad fl J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY EfiEi&ffi

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Ley, Mass. The Nation VOL. XCVII— NO. 2517 THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 25, 1913 $Zf;EmL PRICE CENTS THE NOVELS OF PIERRE DE COULEVAIN On the Branch $1.25 net, postpaid $1.35 The Heart of Life $1.2."") net, postpaid $1.35 American Nobility $1.35 net, postpaid $1.47 Pierre de Coulevain, who died recently in Lausanne, had the distinction of writ- ing books more widely read than those of any other living Frenchwoman. She began to write for publication at the age of fifty-seven, and the secret of her success lay in a broad knowledge of life, a strong sympathy with all that is best, in human na- ture, and in a natural charm of expression, which put her in touch at once with sensitive, thinking women universally. "On the Branch" ran through 179 editions in France, "The Heart of Life" through 133,. and so forth; in addition to the translations by Alys Hal- lard, which are popular in both England and Amer- ica. "She was witty without being bitter, gay without being frivolous. . . . She was eminently the kind of personality and the kind of a writer for whom the reader feels an individual respect and affection."— The Outlook. NEW PUBLICATIONS The Jews and Modern Capitalism Bv WERNER SOMRART Translated with an oy wcrs.i'NE.is. o*jivid/\i\. l introduction *f M. EPSTEIN An English version of the brilliant study of the Jews' contribution to modern economic life which has created a sensation in Germany among Jews and Gentiles alike. Prof. Sombart, author of "Socialism and the Social Move- ment," is undoubtedly one of the most striking personalities in modern Germany, and the lucid, flowing style of his book, sparkling with epigrams, makes it piquant reading. Cloth. 8vo, $5.00 net. postpaid $5.17 Prestige By lewis Leopold A Psychological Study of Social Estimates The work deals with the action of prestige in many departments of life; in sex-love, economic life, religion, politics, brute force and other vital phenomena. It offers an interesting discussion of that elusive social force which places a higher value on one Club, or Church, or Street as compared with others appar- ently equal. Cloth, 8vo, $3.00 net, postpaid $3.15 France TO-day Its Religious Orientation By PAUL SABATIER Cloth, Cr. 8vo, $2.00 net, postpaid A study of the struggle between irreligion and the ancient faith in the heart of the French nation, which is of unquestioned authority and full of hope for those interested in the moral and social problems of France. Ravenna By edward hutton Illustrated in color and line by Harald Sund. $3.00 net, postpaid $3.17 History of the most fascinating kind, picturing the present state and past glory of this unique monument of the Dark Ages— once the key to the control of the world of that day. New Volumes of the Channels of English Literature Series The English Novel By Prof. GEORGE SAINTSBURY "Is not only delightfully readable, but is also the only complete handling of this popular and important sub- ject in English." — Times. Cloth. $1.50 net, postpaid $1.62 Lyric Poetry By ERNEST RHYS "Its outstanding excellences are its lack of academic pose, its i'i from cant, its recognition of natural law in the development of poesy." — The Sun. ci., $1.50 net, postpaid S1.62 Previously English Epic and Heroic Poetry. Prof. MAC N EI LE DIXON. issued English Philosophers and Schools of Philosophy. IV Each $1.50 net JAMES SETH. Fifty Caricatures by Max Beerbohm Sq. demy 8vo, $2.00 net. To be issued very shortly. As an artist in satire "Max" is here "at the top of his form," concisely expressing the shrewd wit which spares no personality, however great, the Spring exhibition some of these drawings are famous on both Bides of the sea, e.g., that of the German Crown Prince over the legend, "Dawn of a horrid doubt as to the Divine Risrhf." The book should be In every collection which includes the art of Du Maurier or the 18th century satirists." PUBLISHED BY E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY 681 FIFTH AVE. NEW YORK

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11 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2517 The Nation A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. / at the New York City Post Office as second-class mail matter.] The Nation I* published and owned by the New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Villard. President ; William J. Pattison. Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, EJdltor ; Harold deWolf Fuller, As- slntant I Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any port of the United States or Mexico; to Canada $3.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Pottal Union $4.00. Address THE NATION, Box 794, Neio York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. 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Sept. 25, 1913] The Nation iii Economic Prizes TENTH YEAR In order to arouse an interest in the study of topics relating to commerce and industry, and to stimulate those who have a college training to consider the problems of a business career, a committee composed of Professor J. Laurence Laughlin, University of Chicago, chairman, Professor J. B. Clark, Columbia University, , Professor Henry C. Adams, University of Michigan, Horace White, Esq., New York City, and Professor Edwin F. Gay, Harvard University, has been enabled, through the generosity of Messrs. Hart, Schaffner & Marx, of Chicage, to offer in 1914 four prizes for the best studies in the economic field. In addition to the subjects printed below, a list of available subjects proposed in past years will be sent on request. Attention is expressly called to the rule that a competitor is not confined to topics proposed in the an- nouncements of this committee, but any other subject chosen must first be approved by it. 1. The competitive relations of the Suez and Panama Canals. 2. A study of the economic conditions preceding and following the crisis of 1907. 3. Price regulation by governmental authority. 4. A theory of public expenditures. 5. A study of shipping combinations in ocean transportation and their influence on rates. 6. How far has the regulation of freight charges affected the development of railways in the United States? 7. A study on the changes of modern standards of living. 8. A study of the cost to the United States of its possession of the Philippine Islands. Class B includes only those who, at the time the papers are sent in, are undergraduates of any American college. Class A includes any other Americans without restriction; the possession of a degree is not required of any contestant in this class, nor is any age limit set. A First Prize of One Thousand Dollars, and A Second Prize of Five Hundred Dollars are offered to contestants in Class A. A First Prize of Three Hundred Dollars, and A Second Prize of Two Hundred Dollars are offered to contestants in Class B. The committee reserves to itself the right to award the two prizes of $1,000 and $500 of Class A to undergraduates in Class B, if the merits of the papers demand it. The committee also reserves the privilege of dividing the prizes offered, if justice can be best obtained thereby. The winner of a prize shall not receive the amount designated until he has prepared his manuscript for the printer to the satis- faction of the committee. The ownership of the copyright of successful studies will vest in the donors, and it is expected that, without precluding the use of these papers as theses for higher degrees, they will cause them to be issued In some permanent form. Competitors are advised that the studies should he thorough, expressed in good English, and although not limited as to length, they should not he needlessly expanded. They should be inscribed with an assumed name, the class in which they are presented, and accompanied by a sealed envelope giving the real name and address of the competitor. No paper is eligible which shall have been printed or published in a form to disclose the identity of the author before the award shall have been made. If the competitor is in CLASS B, the sealed envelope should contain the name of the Institu- tion in which he is studying. The papers should be sent on or before June 1, 1914, to J. Laurence Laughlin, Esq. The University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois

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IV The ]STation [Vol. 97, No. 2517 Some Scribner Brander Matthews Give* 11 Fascinating Study of Shak- Bpere'a Stage Craft In Shakspere as a Playwright W .ill the Help of Fresh Information About the Elizabethan Play- house lie Relates Shakspere More Closely with the The- atre of His Time Some of his topics are: "Shakspere's Theatre," "Shakspere as Editor and Imitator," "His Earliest Comedies," "His Earliest Chronicle Plays," "The Falstaff Plays," "The Ro- mantic Comedies," "Shakspere as an Actor," "The Actors in Shakspere's Plays," "The Comedy Dramas," "The Plays in Shakspere's Plays," "Shak- spere and His Audience," "The Dramatic Romances," "The Plays from Plutarch," etc. IV'i'/t colored frontispiece and illustra- tions. $3.uo net; postage extra. Beyond theOld Frontier Adventures of Indian Fighters, Hunters and Far-Traders George Bird Grinnell Lets the Early Pioneers Tell Their Own Stories by Selecting Rep- resentative Narratives The subject of this book is summar- ized in this prefatory paragraph: "Farmers from New England, busi- ness-men and clerks from the Middle States, planters and younger sons from the South; on foot and on horseback, carrying their possessions, large or scanty, in vehicles drawn by horses, mules, oxen, and cows, they struggled westward. They endured enormous toils; perpetually in fear of attacks by Indians, meeting the dangers, delays, and perplexities, of wild men, strange surroundings, rough traveling, swollen streams, and exhausted live stock." Illustrated. $150 net; by mail $1.64. 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The Nation SBW YORK, Till R8DAT, SEPTEMBER 25, 1913. The Week Every American with any feeling of pride in the intelligence of our Na- tional Legislature must rejoice at the decision of the conference committees on the Tariff bill of the two houses to strike out the Senate's restrictions upon the importation of art objects. As a result engravings and etchings go back on the free list, and the duty on paint- ings in oils, pastels, on pen-and-ink drawings and on sculpture, is reduced to 15 per cent. If one hundred years old, such articles will come in free of duty. The 15 per cent, duty on modern works is bad enough, for there should be no tariff on art objects whatsoever, but it is far better than the 25 per cent, of the Senate. Again, the Senate's con- dition that a private collector must pay duty on any works of art of antiquity, unless within five years after importa- tion they are turned over to a museum or to a public institution, was done away with. Indeed, the advocates of free art were successful on every important point, and the particular thanks of all art lovers the country over should go to Chairman Underwood for his brave and enlightened stand upon this mat- ter. The real animus of the Senate was a desire to strike at Wall Street mil- lionaires with art tastes; for this rea- son they were willing to retard the art development of the entire country. A familiar, but interesting, fallacy crops up in a letter on the banana tax which our Senate tried to put into the Tariff bill, sent all the way from Alex- andria, Egypt, to the editor of the Lon- don Economist. The writer says: The cost to the consumer would be 5c. per 100 (approximate) bananas, which is equal to l-20th of a cent each. It is, I believe, generally found that a new tax placed on articles retailed to the people as are bananas cannot in practice be obtained from the consumers unless it approximates a current coin per item; and therefore it seems to me this tax would not be felt by the actual consumers. There is no reason to believe that, in any proper sense, any such thing is "generally found." It is true enough that a twentieth of a cent cannot be added to the price of a banana; and even that, in practice, one cent cannot be added to the price of a dozen ba- nanas. But the addition of twelve-twen- tieths of a cent to the wholesale cost of a dozen bananas may be just the straw that decides the raising of the retail price by five cents. From the moment of the actual as- sembling of the court of impeachment at Albany, a new character was stamp- ed on the whole situation. Not only did it become at once evident that the out- vard behavior of the Senators would, throughout the proceedings, be such as befits a transaction of serious and sol- emn character and having behind it centuries of impressive tradition, but it became plain that in matters of law the judgment of those who are authorities on the law — and especially, of course, of the able and upright judge who presides over the trial — would have that control- ling influence to which it is entitled. That in the final vote, or even in every critical division, this spirit will be man- ifested without wavering, it would be premature to say; but no one can doubt that the Senate as a body has been rais- ed far above that plane upon which most of its individual members usually live and move and have their being. Nor is it only within the' court that there has been such a change of temper. The whole reading public — most cer- tainly all the intelligent part of the public— is thinking about the affair in a. more responsible and more rational manner. There is still, to be sure, and there will probably remain to the end, a great deal of that attitude— natural enough, perhaps, but loose-jointed and dangerous — which regards the question at issue to be a question of the relative wickedness of Murphy and Sulzer, or of the relative importance of Tammany graft and of Sulzer misdoing. But that sort of thing is now retreating steadily into the background. The feeling that the business in hand at Albany is the settlement of certain specific and defi- nite questions cannot fail to become more and more impressed upon every- body who has any capacity at all for straight thinking. The mere spectacle of the unanimity of the vote on the ex- clusion or inclusion of the four chal- lenged Senators must of itself have gone far towards sharpening the public vision, towards centring the public atten- tion upon the real thing. As the trial proceeds, it is not too much to expect the feeling to become general that the place to settle with Murphy is at the polls, and that the only legitimate ques- tion at Albany is that of the law and the facts relating to the articles of im- peachment. To be independent of one's environ- ment is not always easy, but it was ap- parently no trouble at all for the two candidates for the Democratic nomina- tion for Lieutenant-Governor of Massa- chusetts, who had a "debate" in Faneuil Hall the other evening. The inspiring associations of that auditorium bother- ed them not a whit. "He never worked for any Democrat in his life but him- self," thundered Mr. Long. "He is un- friendly to union labor," retorted Mr. Barry. "He cannot speak on the issues — tariff, currency, banks, railroads," ar- gued the first debater. "He is a million- aire," replied the second. "He couldn't get a vote outside his own bailiwick," reasoned Mr. Long. "His friends are professional lobbyists," rejoined Mr. Barry. Now and then the issues were even more closely joined between them, as when one of them accused the other of having described himself as a mem- ber of the Congregational Church and a Mason, and his opponent replied that he was injecting religion into polities. In the end, however, they found a point of agreement, each gentleman winding up his address with the declaration: "I shall be the Democratic choice by a con- vincing majority." It is said that the figure of Daniel Webster in the large canvas, depicting him when making the leply to Hayne, became tinged with green long before this forensic struggle was over. Even those who have noted the growth of interest in Australian and Argentine imports of meat into the United States may find surprise in the report of the Bureau of Foreign and Do- mestic Commerce that 3,000,000 pounds were imported in the months of June, July, and August. These figures almost

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276 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2517 equal the total imports for the entire fiscal year preceding, and are doubly sig- nificant as representing the experimen- tal attitude of foreign shippers. In view of them, and the approaching passage of the Underwood Tariff bill, the prediction of the president of the American Meat Packers' Association that we shall yet pay $1 a pound for beef seems some- what inopportune. The Canadian papers are already complaining of a local ad- vance in prices, from the expected move- ment of Northern meats to cheapen the inviting American market. Nor does much of the discontent among stock- growers with the alleged unsatisfactory state of affairs agree with the packers in tracing it to a national decline in meat growing. In the Southwest the big ranch system is still held to be at the root of the shortage, and there is a renewed demand for the division of the ranges. The summer's drought has also had its effects. Immovable pessimism seems to be confined to the ranks of the big packers. Effective as Secretary Daniels's contin- ued protests may be in obtaining cheaper armor-plate bids, they have yet shown but a slight basis of reason for his pet scheme of a Government plant. It may be quite easy to show that the Ameri- can bids are exorbitant, and even that they smell of collusion among the com- petitors. It may be demonstrable that the steel companies' prices show little relation to the known cost of produc- tion. Other countries — notably England, only a few months ago — have given complaining voice to the same condi- tions. But all this does not prove that the plan of Government manufacture of armor is justified on the ground either of economy, of national policy, or of national sentiment towards militarism. Possibly there are hidden reasons why the steel firms are not eager competi- tors. The American market is small, and the completion of the Brazilian dreadnoughts leaves a limited field in foreign shipbuilding here. But the waste- fulness of our Government in business is too glaring to justify further ven- tures, and particularly one into the realm of expert steel manufacturing. With the new spirit concerning protec- tion which the passing of the tariff bill may be supposed to inaugurate, it will perhaps not be impossible for patriot- Ism to rise to the point of admitting for- eign manufacturers to estimate upon the contracts. The election of President Hadley, of Vale University, to the board of direc- tors of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, is the most encour- aging event in years in the management of our railways. Here is a man who is not only the head of a great New Eng- land university, with a special interest in the New Haven Railroad by reason of its location, but one who at an early age made himself an authority on rail- way transportation. Railway men as well as theoretical students of our trans- portations have alike conceded his high standing, and the United States Govern- ment recognized it when Mr. Taft made President Hadley the chairman of the important and useful Railroad Securi- ties Commission. To the New Haven board has been added a skilful and prac- tical business man such as the head of almost every great university now is. But more than that, his mere presence in the directorate gives positive assur- ance to the public that there is already an end to many of the evils which have brought the New Haven Railroad to such bad times. For no one can asso- ciate Mr. Hadley with the Mellen meth- ods of doing business. In the early days of child-labor legis- lation, much opposition came from both employers and operatives, and improve- ment depended largely upon disinterest- ed reformers. It is not often recognized that this condition has not ceased to ex- ist. Yet opposition on the part of work- men to Massachusetts^ new child-labor law is so violent that a Legislative com- mittee is investigating the matter. At a hearing by this body at New Bed- lord, 500 mill workers voted in opposi- tion to the bill, with six in its favor. Their chief argument was on the once familiar ground of its painful reduc- tion of the family income. Providing that no child under fourteen should be employed at all, and none under sixteen more than eight hours, it was alleged that it threw large families into utter poverty. Employers testified that no fifteen-year-old lad was injured by mill work, and teachers that the older chil- dren thrown out of work refused to en- ter school. These Massachusetts work- ers hold that the bill should be supple- mented by State relief to wido others upon whom it works a hardship, as well as by plans for making their leisure useful to the children. Many, moreover, urge a more stringent medi- cal examination as a substitute for the high age-limit — a point that should in- terest States contemplating a similar law. "A tip is nothing else but a reward for special consideration. The question will never be solved as long as any man who asks for special service is in the habit of giving a reward for it." — One hotel man- ager. An eminently sane proposition. See, for instance, what special service and special consideration the citizen of New York or Chicago obtains by tipping the waiter. When the customer sits down, the waiter refrains from whisking the chair out from under the customer and letting him fall to the floor, as the wait- er might very easily do. When he brings in the soup, he brings it in a plate in- stead of a bottle. Who would grudge a small tip for being spared the humilia- tion of pouring soup out of a bottle? And in so many other ways, which the reader can enumerate for himself, the waiter puts himself out to make the diner comfortable. He refrains from sprinkling sugar over the roast beef and putting olive oil into the ice cream. Between courses he does not sit down to his own meal. If the diner happens to be in the company of a lady, the waiter will abstain from disparaging remarks about her complexion. As for the coat- room boy, what is to prevent him from playing football with your hat, except the special consideration due a distri- buter of tips? What Reinhardt, who was an interested spectator, has done for Shakespeare, Haupt- iiiiiiin has accomplished for Schiller. Ho has infused "Tell" with the spirit of his own naturalistic plays, like "The Weavers," and removed every element not true to life. Thus Dr. Rudolf Tombo, of Columbia University, commenting for the New York Times on a recent production of "William Tell" in a version apparently revised by Gerharl Hauptmann, What Reinhardt, of Sumurun Came, baa done for Shake speare! What Mr. I!' we hope, will some day do for "(EdipuB Rex"— take oul a lot of the guff and bluster and Insert the punch thi phocles did net always hai What' the creatoi of 1 lie "Nude 1 ii

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Sept. 25, 1913] The Nation' 277 Ing a Staircase" will do some day, let us hope, for Raphael and Rembrandt. What Mr. Irving Berlin will do some day for Beethoven. What Sheriff Har- burger may do some day for Demos- thenes and Daniel Webster— the punch, the wallop, the singer, the tabasco, the real stuff. Let us modernize, my mas- ters; let us naturalize, let us barbarize! The "loved of Heaven, whose path is the ancient green," have lost again, and the oleaster is fastened to the blade of an American deck. Miracles are plain- ly not to cease, for here is a mere Amer- ican boy, just out of his teens, beating the world's great masters at their own game. What is there left to John Bull? No wonder he talks now of withdrawing from the Olympic Games because of the professional character of their amateur- ishness. There remains, it seems, but rowing and cricket in which he can claim absolute unbroken supremacy, and who shall say now that a Harvard or Cornell crew may not soon cross the water and lead an English boat over the 'varsity course? ery in any place subject to American jurisdiction. Moreover, as Representa- tive Jones points out, since 1902 it has needed no more than Executive initia- tive to force observance of a clause in the organic law of the Philippines deal- ing with slavery. Up to 1907 the Com- missioners could have dealt directly with the practice; and even since then it has been possible for them to attack it among those tribes where it most flourishes. The truth seems to be that, in so far as Mr. Worcester's statements are especially prejudicial to the Fili- pino character and ability, they bear the obvious coloring of a desire for the in- definite continuance of American rule. He is, however, to be thanked if between himself and his opponents he can pro- cure "measures for the eradication of a disgraceful state of affairs. One has only to read the story of Ouimet's play to know that he is gifted with extraordinary nerve and courage. Where a single miss of an extremely difficult shot or putt would have cost him his chance of entering the final test as his country's representative, he in- variably came to time with the skill of the master. Neither the great gallery nor the excitement nor the responsibil- ity had any other effect than to better bis play. So he who was defeated by the champion Travers in the amateur championship attained what no other American has ever accomplished — the winning of the championship open to both amateurs and professionals. Three times English amateurs have humbled their professionals, but never before did an American walk off with the trick, with the best of the Englishmen to beat in the bargain. However just and however shocking may be the charges of Commissioner Worcester that slavery, or at least a gross form of peonage, exists in the Philippines, it is quite clear that he can- not lay conditions solely at the door of the native Assembly. Under the Thir- teenth Amendment, Congress has power to enforce the regulation against slav- If it be admitted that the Asquith Cabinet is beginning to have its qualms about Home Rule at a time when po- litically the horizon is clear, when Par- liament is adjourned, and no immediate crisis can threaten the Liberal Govern- ment, the reason may be found in the present state of labor unrest in the United Kingdom. Savage rioting has been going on in Dublin, and though the enactment of Home Rule is still some time off, it is not impossible that the discontented labor element in the Irish capital will try to take advantage of any situation that might necessitate the dispatch of troops to the north of Ireland for the enforcement of Home Rule. Sir Edward Carson and his fol- lowers in Ulster, in their turn, will un- doubtedly take advantage of the diver- sion at Dublin to assume a more mili- tant attitude than ever. In England the labor unions have been mobilizing again; and though for the moment the prospect of another general railway strike has been averted, no one can say how soon the danger may reappear. It is not difficult to see why the possi- bility of simultaneous complications in (Uster, in Dublin, and at home should impress the more timid spirits in the Liberal ranks. ity of ingenuity and skill, not to say courtesy, was attributed to the twen- tieth-century bandit that elevated him into a class by himself. This was doubt- less a mistaken estimate, but to say that burglars are altogether lacking in clev- erness seems an error in the opposite direction. Will any one assert that it is possible to pursue this calling with- out some spark of the spirit of adven- ture, some study of the complicated methods which we have adopted for the protection of our material posses- sions? Let the doubter think of him- self as forced to follow this profession for even a twelvemonth. He will be stout-hearted indeed if his courage does not recoil upon itself, and rarely endow- ed intellectually if he does not long for expert instruction before undertaking the simplest venture in this field. The Paris detective should reflect that if burglars are the stupid beings he is re- ported as representing them, the mem- bers of his profession cannot be quite the wonderful persons we have often been assured they are. Lovers of justice will be pained by the statement of a former head of the Paris detectives that scientific burglary has no existence outside of the imag- ination. For a while, it is true, the shoe was on the other foot, and a qual- Not much is left of the treaty of Lon- don, in behalf of which the united dip- lomats of Europe labored so valiantly. By the terms of the Turco-Bulgarian treaty now in the course of negotiation, Turkey retains Adrianople and Kirk- Kilisseh, and shifts the entire frontier from the Midia-Enos line, agreed upon in London, to pretty nearly the old fron- tier on the north and the Maritza River on the west. Bulgaria's gains resolve themselves into a small triangular area on the Black Sea, and a solid area of approximately five thousand square miles in Western Thrace. Thus is end- ed the great dream which rose after lAile-Burgas, when the Turks were flee- ing for the shelter of the Tchatalja forts. All the battlefields, Adrianople, Lule-Burgas, Kirk-Kilisseh, go to the vanquished. The ease with which Bul- garia has yielded to Turkish demands is not all due to the hopelessness of her military condition. Nor is it ai! to be explained by the apathy that follows upon the failure of a, great hope. In Bulgaria, one imagines, the feeling is general that it is not worth while to be haggling for bits of territory with Turkey; that nothing is of importance now except to prepare and to wait for the day of reckoning with her late Ser- vian and Greek allies.

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r378 THE BANKING BILL GOES TO THE SENATE. The Administration has scored anoth- er remarkable success in the vote by which the Banking and Currency bill was passed by the House on Thursday ct last week. The vote stood 286 to 84, and in the majority were included thir- ty-nine Republicans and Progressives. That only three Democrats were rang- ed on the negative side is perhaps less noteworthy, because of the rigor with which caucus rule has been applied to the case. But most remarkable of all, in view of the previous history of at- tempted banking and currency legisla- tion, is the expedition with which the result has been attained. To get such a bill advanced to the Senate stage at the end of barely more than six months after his inauguration is an achieve- ment by the President in shining con- trast with the paralysis of so many pre- ceding Administrations and so many preceding Congresses. It must be ac- knowledged, in justice, that the ground had been laid for such an achievement by the work of the National Monetary Commission. This had been done not only through its collection of informa- tion and through its proposals and dis- cussions, but also through the concen- tration of interest and the arousing of immediate expectation. So much of hos- tile criticism has been levelled at Sena- tor Aldrich that it is only common fair- ness to give him credit for this great service. But after all such allowance is made, it must still be recognized that there was neither general agreement as to the nature, nor any definite prospect of the actual enactment, of banking and currency legislation, until President Wilson took his determined stand. There was a stage in the history of this bill when it seemed that the Ad- ministration forces might carry their desire for expedition to a dangerous ex- treme— doubly dangerous as justly ex- citing powerful opposition, and as mak- ing the legislation itself, if enacted, a source of great potentialities of mis- chief. It soon developed, however, that the Administration and its representa- tives in Congress were not going to stick with a blind obstinacy to the bill as first drawn. Sober and well-inten- tioned criticism lias received respectful consideration, and some highly impor- tant and beneficial changes have been incorporated in the bill. In the original 'The USTation bill the power of the Federal Reserve Board to require one regional reserve bank to discount paper of another was conferred on the Board without limita- tion; as the bill now stands, it may be exercised only "in time of emergency," only by unanimous vote, with at least five of the seven members present at the meeting; and only on the basis of a high- er interest rate than that prevailing in either of the districts affected. The cre- ation of an Advisory Council, represent- ing the regional banks, is another amendment making for safety and con- servatism. And as regards currency, the effective provisions now in the bill for insuring prompt redemption of notes by the issuing banks, including the designation of them by a letter or num- ber distinctive for each regional' bank, are of the utmost importance. Nevertheless, after the bill had reach- ed a certain stage, there became pretty manifest a desire to push it through without adequate discussion, and with- out due regard for objections urged in good faith in the interest of safe bank- ing policy — objections free from hostil- ity to the purpose of the bill or to the avowed spirit of those behind it. We do not say that every one of the propo- sals we here refer to ought to be accept- ed; but we do say that they have not received such consideration as they de- serve. Among them are a number of changes of comparatively minor impor- tance; but among them, too, are some things which are of very great conse- quence, and for which the argument is extremely strong. The redemption of the notes in gold and not in "lawful money"; the regulation of the rate of the tax (the so-called "interest") on the notes to be issued; the reduction of the number of regional banks, urged not for the sake of centralization, but for the sake of effectiveness — all these are not fit subjects for the "steam-roller" process. In the Senate, these serious questions — and others, too — should re- ceive that deliberate and searching ex- amination which is warranted by their importance, and by the special nature of the considerations bearing on them. A curious but not uninstructive epi- sode was that which marked the clos- ing days of the discussion in the House. The flare-up over the question of the gold standard was not warranted by anything that was even remotely in the thoughts of the framcrs or the friends [Vol. 97, No. 2517 of the bill. But such a turn was given to the matter that it became an occa- s'on for a show of hands on the part of the silverite Bourbons. And they mus- tered no less than 69 votes out of a to- tal of 367. They are just now an absurd remnant; yet it is as true to-day as, unfortunately, it has been throughout our history that the seeds of cheap- money manias and fiat-money delusions are always among us, ready to become a source of national danger when the occasion offers. And this lesson was taught even more impressively, for those who stop to think, by a remark of no less a man than the Secretary of State. In his address before the American Institute of Banking at Rich- mond, Mr. Bryan said: It has been objected that the Government should not issue the money of the country. We hear such objection only in times of peace. In times of war there is no question who should issue the money. It must be the Government. This can mean only one thing. "The money" that Mr. Bryan has here in mind can only be irredeemable paper money. Incredible as it must seem, it is plain that he regards the issue of ir- redeemable paper money in time of war not only as desirable, but as a thing whose desirability, or necessity, nobody questions. What abysmal depths open up to the mental vision as one contem- plates the possibilities of a national Ad- ministration— past or future — presided over by a man capable of such an exhi- bition, in relation to a subject to which he devoted the most strenuous years of his life! MUST WE ALL BEAR ARMS? It is quite evident that the Wilson Administration is to differ from the last Democratic Government of the country in more ways than one. Times have changed, and the party with them. So in place of a dignified, courtly Secretary of State like Thomas F. Bayard, we bave Mr. Bryan en vaudeville; signs are visible of a disposition to magnify the paternal functions of the Federal Gov- ernment in relation to the country's business; and we now have a Democrat- ic Secretary of War who virtually tells us that we must all bear arms and learn to fight, or face the penalty of a tre- mendous standing army. To be his words are: "It is the only solution I can see by which wo may necessity of a largo standini; army,

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Sept. 25, 1913I The Nation 279 which none of us want, and at the same time keep ourselves prepared for emer- gencies that may arise." And he adds that "we must build up a trained re- serve," and to do so we must make young men feel that "military training in the regular army is good for them, and that in "taking this course in mili- tary training they will not be wasting their time, so far as their future career- in private life i3 concerned." Besides Secretary Garrison, Senator Cuamber- lair., of Oregon, also a Democrat, is out with the declaration that the time has come to arm; and there is promise of a drastic army reorganization bill by the next Congress. Now what is the basis for Mr. Garri- son's assertion that we are bound to choose the lesser evil of upbuilding a treat military reserve as the sole means of escaping the greater one of a stand- ing army "which none of us want"? Why, if none of us ninety millions ot Americans desire it, is a huge standing army in any way a menacing or possi- ble evil? Whatever change in its poli- cies or institutions this country united- ly opposes has not hitherto been re- garded as being within the realm of dis- cussion. But let us assume that it is. What changes have come over us since the last Democratic Administration to make either a reserve or a huge stand- ing army necessary? Mr. Cleveland nearly precipitated us into a most seri- ous international complication in the Venezuela matter. Yet we cannot recall that Mr. Lamont ever expressed such sentiments as Mr. Garrison's, or felt that even a large reserve was desira- ble. Since then we have built up a huge navy, besides strengthening our coast defences vastly beyond the plans of the Endicott Board, appointed during Mr. Cleveland's first Administration. This Board guaranteed that if its pro- jects were carried out, no large fleet would be necessary. Now we have far more coast artillery than was dreamed cf by the Endicott Board, as well as a tremendously costly and remarkably efficient navy, and still the cry is that we must individually arm or face a large standing army — that is, shoulder the very burden our immunity from which is the envy of European nations. We are aware, of course, that we shall be reminded of the Spanish War and of our having become a world Power in 1898. We have forgotten that needless blood-letting not at all, and we are convinced that a study of Mr. Cleve- land's first Administration would prove to any sane observer that we were a potent world Power in 1885, with but 22,000 soldiers and a single steel dis- patch boat for a navy. Nobody insulted us, nobody stole our territory or cap- tured the San Francisco Sub-Treasury. Moreover, we rejoice to-day in an Ad- ministration whose whole tone is so pa- cific, as demonstrated in the Mexican and Japanese entanglements, as to make Mr. Garrison's militaristic speeches and interviews seem as incongruous as Mr. Bryan's vaudeville career is discredita- ble to a Secretary of State. So far as the great nations of Europe are con- cerned, not a single one is on other than the friendliest terms with us, and only a few hopeless war-maniacs like Congressman Hobson still pretend to fear the Japanese fleet. Neither from Mexico nor from Japan is there the slightest reason for concern unless we ourselves go out and cause it. If trouble should come with Mexico, no ordinary amount of reserves will help; from a cjuarter to half a million of soldiers will be required. As for the reserve itself, Mr. Root, Mr. Taft, and Mr. Stimson have all pur- sued that chimera. During the last Con- gress it was triumphantly announced that the reserve was to be had by means of a seven-year enlistment, of whicn three years were to be spent with the regiments and four in a reserve from which the soldier would be called in war time or report for small pay in time cf peace. The only result was such a falling off in enlistments that the plan is already to be abandoned, and now Mr. Garrison, who is fairly overflowing with military ideas six months after leaving his lav/ practice, would have the enlistment period a fluctuating one, the soldier to be released as soon as he ob- tains a certain proficiency, whether it be a year or a year and a half, or two. Well, we see no objection to experiment- ing further along that line, if it does not lead to a legislative attempt to make a nation of reservists. If Mr. Garri- son can make the service more attrac- tive to a better class of men, he will have everybody's support. He assures us that the army was never in better shape than to-day. But has he not over- looked bis predecessor's last annual re- port, in which Mr. Stimson wrote that "the high percentage of venereal dis- ease continues to be the reproach of the American army, and the daily average number of those sick from that cause during the past calendar year was larg- er than the daily average number of those sick from all other of the more important diseases combined"; and that the "record of our army in this respect is shameful beyond that of any other civilized nation"? Is that so very invit- ing a record as to make any appeal to the "very best young men in the coun- try" whom Mr. Garrison wishes to get into the army? It is along such constructive lines as bettering this sad state of affairs and putting a stop to the frightful waste of money which goes on daily in the army that Mr. Garrison should employ his unusual abilities. He has taken politics out of the service, appointed generals on merit only, and rebuffed Senators and Congressmen with a fear- lessness that deserves high praise. But this is merely the beginning of things. There is still so great an opportunity for economizing, and yet increasing the efficiency of the service, that he might well devote himself to this and let the country be at rest from his talk of the standing army, in the effort to bring about a reserve by luring into the army the "very best young men" of the na- tion. WHAT ONE MAYOR HAS DONE. Among the numerous important city elections to be held this autumn in the United States, two — those in Philadel- phia and in Cincinnati — are notable as turning upon the struggle of reform Administrations for endorsement and reelection. In the former city, its size, its importance, the interest of its dec- ade-long fight with corruption, have drawn national attention to Mayor Blankenburg's campaign. Mayor Hunt's contest with the Cox machine in Cincin- nati has been less commented on. But both are signalized by the circui that the chief campaign document for the party to which all good citizens pin their hopes is its record of perforra- Munkipal struggles to oust a corrupt Administration, battles fought over the errors of a party, or a age of opinion upon city policies, are common enough; battles in which re- form can stand behind an impregnable

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280 The 3ST a t i o ri [Vol. 97, No. 2517 record of definite achievement are re- grettably rare. In both cities, therefore, as in other American municipalities, attention has been called to the potential usefulness of the Mayor's annual report in raising the standards of city government by furnishing a key for the comparison of different Administrations, and stimulat- ing official effort and public interest. It is proper to say that in Philadelphia the annual report has not entered into the campaign. Its place has been taken by an abstract published by the Civic Club, reciting improvements in public health, transportation, the streets, and so on. But the Cincinnati report, just issued, is at once an unanswerable argument for progressive government and an im- partially official document. Its possible political significance is nothing beside its actual civic value. Its 600 illustrat- ed pages, as a preface tells us, com- bine the departmental reports "in a more intelligible and interesting form than has heretofore prevailed, condens- ing statistical data and eliminating per- functory matter to give a comprehen- sive history of the year's government." They tell of plans for reducing Cincin- nati's death-rate below that of any Amer- ican city; how the city has procured em- ployment for 2,800 men; how it has pro- tected borrowers against loan sharks; how it has tried to settle industrial dis- putes; how in one year fire losses were reduced 33 1-3 per cent., twelve the- atres, for example, being forced to close, while twenty new and modern ones were built; how moral conditions have im- proved; how the University of Cincin- nati, the only strictly municipal univer- sity, we believe, in the country, has grown in its usefulness to 2,000 young citizens. Pictures, tables, a clear text, impress upon even the casual reader that here is a city vitally interested in its own improvement. Nor are shortcomings glossed over. Side by side with cuts showing dilapidated houses demolished, streets before and after repaving, a playground as in 1910 and in 1912, the water reservoir being cleaned, a new motor fire engine, the newest University building, are cuts of faulty sewers, un- sightly tenements, unimproved parks — conditions that cry for improvi hk nt. No citizen, irrespective of political be- whether he wishes Mayor Hunt returned to office or not, can examine the book without an elevation of civic pride, ;i new Interest in communal wel- fare, and an impulse towards alert citi- zenship that will make him critical of any succeeding Administration that does not live up to the standard therein set. Municipal reports are usually a dry vompte rendu of official routine, tire- somely compiled, and transmitted to council or aldermen, to be but leafed through by those whose duty it is to read them. The only attention they are likely to attract is in narrow discussion of the bookkeeping methods required to give them accuracy. But the wieldiness, the brightness, the attention to the king's English and to good lithography in a volume like that of Cincinnati, tes- tify to a conception of city government that is at every point as wide-awake and energetic as the older one was perfunc- tory. This new conception is born of such reform Administrations as Phila- delphia's and Cincinnati's. It regards the public welfare as an ambition in which public interest is constantly to be stimulated; it catches at opportunity, instead of resting in a placid perform- ance of prescribed duty. It would be a genuine misfortune if Mayor Hunt should not be reelected. We have frequently called attention in these columns to the great service rendered to his city by this fearless young man. As Prosecuting Attorney he bravely, if unsuccessfully, attacked Boss Cox, and did his best to land him in jail. In rec- ognition of this and of other excellent work in that office, the electorate re- warded him with the Mayoralty, and for the first time Cincinnati has had a May- or deeply concerned with beautifying it and improving its conditions of life, with the special view of making it a better city for the masses that live in it. He has been independent of machines; he, too, can say, "I have been Mayor," and Mayor during a period of extraor- dinary floods and intense industrial dis- turbances. CO-OPERATION AT HOME AND A 1! no ad: At the Ninth Annual Cooperative Congress, held at Glasgow a few days ago, then were but a handful of Amer- ican delegates to 340 British, 100 Ger- mans, and more than 100 French and Italians. Our country has been singu- larly unresponsive to the appeal of the cooperative Idea; and it will surprise Americans to find that even the most sanguine of its advocates could use lan- guage such as that of Earl Grey in his address to the delegates. It was in their power, he declared, if they were earnest, to realize a cooperative com- monwealth co-extensive with the whole civilized world. The remarkable growth of the cooperative movement justified a confident expectation that the day of a new social order was at hand. Coopera- tion meant the elimination of every un- necessary middleman, who could be con- ceived in no other light than that of a parasite. The wants of society could never be adequately met so long as the twin forces of labor and capital were warring against each other; and co- operation showed that these warring forces could be reconciled with advan- tage to all concerned, pointing the way to a social state ruled by fraternalism. Such high aspirations for what co- operation may accomplish will remind older readers of the opinions and the hopes expressed three-score years ago by economists like John Stuart Mill, rather than of views that have had re- cent currency or of experiences that are familiar on this side the Atlantic; but though even in Europe what has actual- ly been accomplished can hardly claim to be more than a faint foretaste of what Earl Grey holds forth for the fu- ture, yet cooperation in several Euro- pean countries has attained an extent and importance of which with us there is as yet no indication. The few Ameri- can communities in which cooperation exists know it only as a dubious experi- ment in the cutting off of retail prof- its on food and other commodities. As attempted in suburbs of Chicago, Phila- delphia, and New York, it consists in the subscription by a large number of householders of stock in a central depot of supplies, expertly managed, from which they can buy everything at cost Its most familiar form is in the co- operative store of many college and manufacturing communities of the Unit- ed States. Here its constituency lias a ready-made community of purpose and character; cooperation is easily organ- ized, is not liable to some of the pecu- liar vicissitudes of large stock compa- nies, and is supported by general senti- ment in such tasks as Hie Interdiction of credit buying. But elsewhere CO* ation must continue t" have ;> bard path, Americans in general bavi

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Sept. 25, 19 1 3] The Nation 281 thoroughly unsympathetic towards the communal socialism which gave the movement its first impulse. In a pros- perous and uncrowded republic, where means of production are vast and com- petition in retail business intense, the motive for distributive cooperation is less strong than elsewhere; few even 01 our rural communities have a sufficient- ly stable population long to preserve its corpus intact; and as for attacking the •parasitic middleman," the average American is careless of the saving thus to be effected. Cooperation's feeble ex- istence in the very country where a century ago Robert Owen made his most ambitious attempt to blend the inter- ests of producer and consumer, and "moralize the processes of industry," is not so inexplicable as might at first sight appear. But beside the sturdy usefulness of cooperation in other countries, this feebleness must seem regrettable. In the British Isles cooperative societies of a hundred sorts are covering the country like a network, till their overlapping spheres are a frequent cause for quar- rels; they buy lands, erect shops, cot- tages, schools, and lecture halls, write insurance, lend money, grant university scholarships, and even rival Cook in managing holiday excursions. There is no socialistic weakening of individual- ism in this, for, in the words of a Glas- gow speaker, while "idealism is held aloft," they remember that "it is the man who is passing his money over the counter for goods who is advancing the movement." In agriculture, the chief of the fields not yet annexed to capital abroad, and still boasting a workman who is his own master, Ireland in espe- cial offers a brilliant example of how the rewards of labor may be increased by combining for sale and purchase, and for the use of expensive apparatus. Few programmes of agricultural reform in Europe have been lately proposed which do not emphasize Sir Horace Plunkett's cooperative methods. Dispensing with the middleman, threatening the small towns, its federations becoming a vast farmers' union, rural cooperation has been rabidly attacked all over Europe. But even its enemies admit that in the German associations and the French and Russian communes, based on mu- tual liability and engendering mutual trust, neighborhood ideas of justice, solidarity, and unselfishness develop together with neighborhood prosperity. And in England and Germany both urban and rural cooperation are looked upon as a refuge, not merely from the socialistic philosophy that William James saw giving comfort to a "tender- foot" laboring class, but from the gov- ernmental paternalism which, in Rus- sell's famous phrase, is turning man into "a race of economic babies, their lips forever nuzzling at the nipples of the state." No doubt, when there is a more ex- igent need for cooperation in America, it will come. But it must be felt that if it had taken a firmer root when its prospects seemed so bright eauly in the last century, it might already have proved a wholesome corrective to some of the evils in the labor-and-capital or- ganization of society. What it could have done to reduce the clash between these forces, and to put a soul into soulless industrialism, is evident in the profit- sharing schemes that some advanced corporations are instituting. The de- velopment of such cooperative plans is still one of the best grounds of hope for elevating the status of the laboring masses, and a wider interest in them would be a salutary thing for the na- tion. FROM THE MEMOIRS OF A SECRE- TARY OF STATE. As I look back over my career in the State Department, I am convinced that posterity will remember me chiefly for my invention of the Absent Treatment in di- plomacy. Just how this new method dif- fered from other methods, from Pink-Tea Diplomacy, from Blood-and-Iron Diplo- macy, from Shirt-Sleeve Diplomacy, and other preceding forms, was best exempli- fied during the acute Japanese crisis which confronted our Government in the spring of 1914. On the morning of April 1 of that year, the country read with amazement that the Japanese Ambassador was about to call on me with an ultimatum, which meant war in twenty-four hours. The outlook was seemingly hopeless. To yield to the Japanese demands was out of the question. But war was a dreadful thing to contem- plate. The country's eyes were upon me. What would the Secretary of State do? The Secretary of State did what he had often done before. On the afternoon of April 1, he was at Phoenixville, Va., lecturing on "Homes and Mothers." The ultimatum was not delivered because when the Japanese Ambassador called there was nobody to receive it. He came again the next morn- ing. I was then at Parkersburg, 0., speak- ing on "Our Debt to the Past." Helpless before my policy of masterly absenteeism, the Japanese Ambassador wired for in- structions. Several minor officials at the Japanese Embassy committed hara-kiri. Riots broke out in Tokio. In the course of a week or so matters adjusted themselves. Very similar were the circumstances sur- rounding our final settlement of the Mexi- can imbroglio. We had made certain speci- fic demands upon the Mexican Government, and its Ambassador at Washington was ordered to present a note in which all our conditions were curtly rejected. The Mexi- can Ambassador was a man of mature years and exceptional intelligence. He did not call at the State Department with his note, but took a taxicab straight for the Union Station. There he found me. Still, being a diplomat of the old school, he thought it necessary to begin the conversation with a few courteous remarks on the weather, the state of my health, etc. At last he came to the subject in hand. "Mr. Secretary of State," he said, "acting under instructions from my Government " He got no fur- ther. Just at that moment I took a train for Luxor, Md., where I was billed for a speech on "The Sanctity of the Cradle." But the incident did not end as simply as all that. The Mexican Ambassador, for all his adherence to old-fashioned courtesy, was a man of infinite resource. He jumped into a touring car and chased the train. Five miles from Luxor and he was racing with us neck and neck. I confess to a thrill of anxiety. Another ten minutes, the train and the auto would be at Luxor, and war with Mexico would be staring us in the face. Just then the Mexican Ambassador blew out one of his front tires. The ma- chine leaped forward, made a half-revolu- tion in the air, and ran into a clay bank. There were no serious injuries, but for ten days the Ambassador was under the care of a surgeon, and by the time he was well again matters had adjusted themselves, The reader will now see that the princi- ple underlying my Absent-Treatment Diplo- macy, like the principle underlying all great discoveries, is a very simple one. The error of most Secretaries of State before me was that they were, without ex- ception, static Secretaries of State. I hit upon the idea of a kinetic Secretary of State. My predecessors were continually implicated in international negotiations and crises, because every foreign diplomat, impelled by a grievance, knew where to find them. Why any one before me should have failed to recognize the simple truth that the easiest way to avoid friction is to avoid contact, puzzles me. When I say "any one," I mean, of course, any man pretending to culture in general and diplo- matic training in particular. Otherwise, you will find that I was anticipated in my main idea by the Irishman who, many years before I became Secretary of State, said that the trouble with most people when they are chased by a mad bull is that they run in the same diroftion as the bull. RECENT GERMAN POETRY. Richard Dehmel, whose fiftieth birth- day is likely to be the occasion of sympa- thetic demonstrations, has never surpass- ed his early volumes which caused him to be acclaimed the most inspired lyric voice of his generation. His new book contains some admirable pages, and [ some of doubtful value. But it fairly

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The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2517 reflects his interesting and powerful personality, and even the note of In- tensity in the title, "Schone wilde Welt" (Berlin: S. Fischer), is suggestive of the poet's temperament. His emotional range is wide: he has notes for the feel- ing of oneness with nature, for the new altruism, lor all the longings and striv- ings of his time; and to the memory of his friend Detlev von Liliencron he has dedicated the most thoughtful tribute among the many poems which his death has called forth. This poem, as also "Gebet im Flugschiff" and "Verewi- gung," shows a rare spiritual ardor. The "Schbpfungsfeier," with its sub- title, "Oratorium natale," has many beautiful lines, but somehow does not seem to hang well together. "Die Musik des Mont Blanc," divided into move- ments in the manner of a symphony, would have been more effective without the refrain-like repetition of the "mel- ody," the "harmony," and the "rhythm of the mountain." A daring experiment is the poem called "Dahin," with its se- ries of similes. A young priestess is successively compared to a palm rising from a dream, a cypress swaying in the wind, a sleeping mimosa, a cedar struck by lightning, a storm-tossed vine. But the rhetorical images, far from effacing one another, suggest a dramatic story, and linger in the memory. A charming- ly quaint note is struck in the "Ballade vom Kuckuck," which is one of a num- ber of poems having the true feeling of a Volkslicd, and among the love lyrics is the original "Zweier Seelen Lied": Lieber Morgenstern, lieber Abendstern, ihr scheint zwei und seid eins; Ob der Tag beginnt, ob die Nacht beginnt, findet euer Sebein in uns Zwein die Liebe wach; Lieber Abendstern, lieber Morgenstern, hilf uns Tag fiir Tag eins sein, bis die letzte Nacht uns eint. As a satirist Dehmel presents himself in an amusing parody upon the facti- tious Orientalism and verbal artistry of some of his contemporaries, in "Der ge- storte Nachtwandler." The cacophonous onomatopoeia in the poem called "Still- leben" evokes memories of the grotesque water-sprite in Gerhart Hauptmann's "Sunken Bell," while it visually sug- gests some of the symmetrical ara- besques that greet the eye of the reader in the poetry of another "Jubilar" of the year, Arno Holz. It reads: Im Friihling wenn's zu nebeln anfiingt auf dem Dorfteich — eines Abends: raake : erster Frosch. Raake — racka — paake — zweiter. Und so weiter, bis der ganze Chor Raake — paake — racker — quacker — Pack macbt. Ueber ibnen dampft der Sonnenglanz — Gaukelt still ein Azurfalter drein — herrlich — Wilhelm Holzamer's posthumous vol- ume, "Gedichte" (Berlin: Egon Fleiscn- el & Co.), is a sad reminder of a gifted life cut short before it had bare- ly fulfilled the promise of its youth. Through his work runs the longing for the lost paradise of his childhood in the sunny vineyards of the Rhine, for the old home and the old folks. "Am Tor der Jugend," "Marchen," "Toter Traum," "Grossmutter," "In meiner Heimat," and "In der Nacht," in the earlier group of his poems, and "Alte Sehnsucht" and "Pfingsten," in the se- lections from his later years, utter this sentiment with a sincere and beau- tiful pathos. Even in poems aglow with sunshine, spring-time, and love falls a shadow of sorrow, and the lips that open to" sing a paean of life are sealed by the prescience of death. An admira- ble specimen is entitled "Nebel": Ueber die einsamen Wiesen geht leise eine weisse Frau, sie halt die Hiinde zum Gebet, sie hebt das Haupt zum letzten Blau, das uber den schweigenden Himmel webt. Ueber die Weiden und Pappeln schwebt sich hebend und bebend ihr Gewand, sie breitet die Arme iibers Land, dariiber ein letzter Laut verebbt. Und wie ihr Schleier weit und Erde und Himmel und Feme verhullt, steigt aus raunender Unendlichkeit das Schweigen, das die Welt erfullt, in seinen Traum von ewiger Zeit die miide verschmachtende Erde verhullt. The centenary of 1813 has produced an abundant crop of curious literary effusions in Germany which are doom- ed to be ephemeral. One of these is the volume of verse by Ernst Lissauer, "1813" (Jena: Eugen Diederichs). It is a cycle of poems with much of the ele- mental strength and temperamental fer- vor that distinguish the author's pre- vious work, but with not a few evi- dences that the patriotic note, forced to unusual pitch, has inflamed the imagina- tion of the poet, ordinarily so well tem- pered by good taste, until it runs riot with extravagant metaphors and hyper- boles. Carl Meissner, who is more widely known as author of "Die Kunst des 19. Jahrhunderts" and as editor of the works of Novalis than as a writer of poetry, has followed up his first book of verse, published some years ago, with two others, "Der schwere Weg" and "Im Schauen der Dinge" (Eugen Diederichs). The first is the pathetic record of a life reaching out for larger values and doomed to vegetate within the narrow confines of a business career in a provincial atmosphere. The mood changes from grim bitterness to glad acceptance, and is varied by notes of filial love. The other volume' is more ambitious, contains poems on a vari- ety of motives — nature, art, love, and life — the keynote is less melancholy, the poet's outlook more hopeful; but the book does not leave the impression of a rare and strong individuality as does "Der schwere Weg." The reader who has known Hanns Freiherr von Gumppenberg as drama- tist, critic, editor, and translator, will gladly turn to his poems, just publish- ed under the title "Schauen und Sin- nen" (Munich: Georg Miiller), for in this book the author is frankly and de- lightfully personal. It reveals a mind that has outgrown the tempestuous struggles of its time and has attained a wholesome serenity. Gumppenberg does not overcharge his verse with phil- osophical reflections, yet it holds many a thoughtful and noble message. His imagery is vivid and suggestive, and frequently, as in the following poem, surprises by a subtle meaning: VERGLIMMBNDES SCHEIT. Wie lohte die Flamme so stark und stolzl Nun irrt der letzte Funken Angstvoll durch das verkohlte Holz. Er lauft und sucht mit jagender Hast, Ob nirgend mehr Nahrung fiir ihn sei, Nirgend mehr Rast — Hab Acht, hab Acht ! Vor und wieder zuruck Versucht er sein Gliick. Jetzt trifft er mitten im Lauf Den grausamen harten Ast, Und springt hochauf Hinaus in die Nacht — Knirr knist! Ks ist Wie ein Schrei . . . Und alles vorbei. A book of very uneven value is "Ani- ma Candida" (Vienna: Hugo Heller & Co.), by Wladimir Freiherr von Hart- lieb. But the reader who is not dis- couraged by the trite pessimism and the well-worn stanzas of the "Elegie einer Kindheit," or repelled by the dis- mal notes of "Der Damon," will be am- ply rewarded by the third and last poem, which gives the book its title. For this hymn of the life force and the ego in its free rhythmic movement is a most interesting Credo expressed in an unconventional, yet irreproachable, manner. The spirit of Whitman is in this confession. The youth awakening to consciousness of himself, of his well- built body, his open senses, his search- ing mind, his yearning soul, ready to give himself and ready to take what others would give him, hears the call of friendship, of love, and perceives the rent in the veil which had hidden from his child eyes nature's supreme secret ngs a song of himself, of his com- ing into manhood, and of his OS w;th nature. He exultantly sings the joy of life and in reverent awe bows before tho mystery of its extinction. There is a powerful suggestion in his meditations on death: Du blst das Wunderwlrkende, o Tod, All Dimmit alien Dlngen die Qrenzo, du

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Sept. 25, 1913] The Nation 283 offnest den Kerker von Raum und Zelt, Du hebst das Beschrankte ins Unbe- suhriinkte; or in these lines: Im Leben stehen wir immer nur aussen, es ist nichts als Sehnsucht; im Tode slnd wir innen, er ist Erfiillung. The author of the unique story, "Briefe vom Land," which a year or two ago attracted no little attention, has published a volume of "Fruhlings- lleder" (Munich: Albert Langen), which in spite of the well-worn title, bear the stamp of a distinct individuality. The movement of Ehrler's verse is simple and liquid; his poems crave translation into music, and one can imagine that Robert Franz would have turned them into gems of song. The earth in spring is the frame that holds these love lyrics together. They are neither erotic nor sentimental, but full of a tender, deep feeling, of thoughtful lines and original images, as in the following example: Unsre Uhr hat einen Zauberschlag. Horch, sie fiillt die Stunde und den Tag. Was den anderen zerrinnt, Immerfort uns erst beginnt. The most talked-of poet in Germany to-day is a man who, until a few years ago, was living the life of an unskilled workingman, handicapped by tubercu- losis, yet eagerly taking any job that would provide for his daily wants. But from beneath the burden of toil and disease the soul of Alfons Petzold soar- ed upward towards the vision of his dreams. What difficulties he had to overcome in his hunger for knowledge and longing for beauty, he has told in a lecture recently published under the title, "Aus dem Leben und der Werk- statte eines Werdenden" (Vienna: An- zengruber Verlag). Not until a complete physical breakdown had brought with it a spiritual crisis did his craving for self-expression assert itself strongly, and Karl Henckell, whose sympathetic appreciation and friendly criticism has paved the way for not a few of the younger German poets, was one of those who stood sponsors for Petzold's debut. The three little books so far published justify their faith in the poet who rose out of the midst of the people, but does not exclusively write for the people. The book which has come from his pen this year, "Heimat Welt" (Wiener Volksbuchhandlung, Ignaz Brand & Co.), bears evidence of his genuine feeling for the essence of real poetry. There is not one line in the sixty pages that sac- rifices sense to sound; matter and man- ner are admirably balanced. Every one of the little lyrics and of the longer prose poems is an organic entity. The most remarkable feature of his book is its wholesome spirit. The man who up to his thirtieth year had known noth- ing but suffering and want, bears his fate no grudge; he sees beyond the con- fines of his own misery-laden life the wealth and the beauty of the world, and cheers his fellow-toilers with this HYMNE. Fuhlt es, ihr Briider und Schwestern, dass ihr nichts Totes streift, Was auch eure schaffende Hand ergreift. In eurer Faust wird alles lebendig, was scheinbar tot; Metalle, Gestein, Holz, Perlen, Seide wie Brot. Dort, wo Hiinde schaffen mit Stoss und Schlag, Erneut sich der Schopfung erster glorrei- cher Zeugungstag. This hopeful acceptance gives the book a constructive value. In the love of nature Petzold finds the source of joys that make up for privations. Out of this love he sings in the poem called NAECHTLICHE WEISHEIT. Bruder, der Tag ist weisheitstumm, Reden kann nur die Nacht. Der Larm des Tages, sein Stimmengesumm, Hat noch keinen zum grossen Propheten gemacht. Alle, die Gott erkor, Zu kiinden das Wort und die Tat, Reichten den heiligen Nachten das Ohr, In denen kein Ton den lauschenden Sinnen naht. In ihnen wird das Licht Der Sterne zum gottlichen Psalm, Den das Herz der wirkenden Ewigkeit spricht Zu dem Baum, dem Stein und dem schwei- genden Halm. Auch zu dir, wenn du gehst Hinein in die nachtliche Welt, Und unter der Kanzel des Himmels stehst, Lauschend dem Psalm, der die Seelen erhellt. A. von Ende. SWISS NOTES. Neuchatel, September 10. The Egyptian students at the Univer- sity of Geneva have protested because their Government proposed to send agents to supervise their studies. They declare that this means the appoint- ment of a kind of political police, and that they will not submit to such di- rection. The Swiss authorities, after in- vestigating the complaint, report that up to the present time there is no po- lice agent at Geneva. There are many Egyptians studying in Switzerland, and at the University of Lausanne an Egyp- tian Society, named Misr, has its head- quarters. Thus far, the utterances of its members have been quite harmless. They are loyal to the Khedival Govern- ment, and while some of them look for the independence of their country, there does not seem to be any revolu- tionary tendency among them. A valuable book on Egypt, "Histolre de la civilisation egyptienne," has late- ly appeared. The author is Professor Jequier, of the University of Neuchatel, who, besides being a learned Egyptol- ogist, has done important practical work in directing researches by excavation. His book is a useful introduction to the subject of which it treats. The account of Egyptian progress from the Stone Age to the time of Alexander the Great is clear and concise, representing faithful- ly and agreeably the essential features of Egyptian culture. At the village of Malvaglia, in the Canton Ticino, is a parish church of the sixteenth century which occupies the site of an ancient Christian church, and of a still older structure, probably a Roman temple. In the course of repair- ing the present building workmen have come upon some early frescoes, and in the space between the old walls and the new have been found many tombs, some pagan, some Christian. The researches still continue. A somewhat radical change in the for- eign relations of the Swiss Government has just been proposed in an initiative presented at Berne bearing 62,000 sig- natures, the object of which is to re- quire that all treaties of a permanent kind shall be submitted before their rat- ification to the referendum. Most of the signers are inhabitants of the French cantons. It is proposed to add to the Federal Constitution the following clause: International treaties concluded for an indeterminate period or for more than fif- teen years are also submitted to the people for adoption or rejection if the demand be made by 30,000 electors. The motive of this action is the un- easiness manifest in many parts of Switzerland at the increasing "German- ization" of the nation. Ever since the ratification of the St. Gothard Conven- tion by the Berne Goverment a large part of the press has been insisting that the neutrality of Switzerland was threatened. It is pointed out that the national industries and commerce are passing rapidly into the hands of Ger- mans. Germans own the principal ho- tels, where most of the employees are of that nationality. The chief organ of the Swiss Government, Der Bund, is dis- tinctly Teutonic in its sympathies. On the Federal Topographical Bureau are three Germans and two Austrians, and a Swiss publisher has been expelled, without cause, it is said, from Strass- burg. The Kaiser's visit last year was regarded with suspicion and disfavor in the French-speaking cantons. Even Italy has been accused of covetous plans, and protests were made against the presence at the manoeuvres this year of Gen. Bompiani and a large staff of Italian officers, for fear they might get a glimpse of the Alpine fortifications. The French press has done a great deal to foster this uneasiness, and the Swiss fear some further surrender on the part of their Federal Government. At pres- ent there is only one member from La Suisse Romande on the Federal Coun- cil. The time is not far distant when

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234= The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2517 Switzerland will see its territory inter- Bected by the great waterways which will unite the Rhine with the Rhone and with the Danube, giving direct traf- fic by water with Marseilles, the north- ern ports, and the Austrian commercial centres. It is doubtful whether this in- itiative will be successful, for at the time of the Gothard ratification the Swiss authorities were deaf to the pro- testations of the large Landesgemeinde held at Berne. The financing and regu- lation of these international arteries of trade undoubtedly put a burden of re- sponsibility upon the Swiss Govern- ment. It was discovered not long ago, while improving some buildings in Geneva in the Rue des Delices, that an interest- ing landmark was destroyed. This was the house which was at one time the residence of Voltaire. Surrounded by a large garden, it was called the "Cha- teau of Voltaire." Behind it was a the- atre which was afterwards converted into a dwelling. Until about thirty years ago the interior remained as it was in Voltaire's time, even to the decorations and some of the properties. M. Reber, of Geneva, who saw it in 1885, express- ed his regret that the place was not bet- ter known and better preserved. "But," lie says, "people do not ordinarily like to be told what they ought to do." Women are acquiring at least ecclesi- astical rights in the canton. of Grisons. At the last meeting of the Swiss Protes- tant ministers it was announced that the parishes of that region may grant the vote to women, provided two-thirds cf the latter demand it. The authori- ties may, if they please, ordain women to the ministry. This is progressive pol- icy for a canton which prohibits motor cars from desecrating its territory. A. A. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. There is in the Harvard Library a copy of what is evidently the only edition ot "The School for Scandal," as published in 1779, two years after the performance of Sheri- dan's play. It is characterized in the Bio- graphica Dramatica as "a paltry catch-pen- ny, intended to be imposed on the public as the genuine production of Mr. Sheridan." The play possesses no dramatic merit and would not deserve notice but for the unabashed conveying of its title and dramatis per- sons from Sheridan and for the curious nature of its contents. The text owes vir- tually nothing to the earlier comedy, and it is neither a burlesque nor an imitation. The dramatis persona; and the supposititious actors follow as in the text; I have added the real persons for whom they stand: Mr. King George 11 1 Joseph Surface Lord Thane... Bar] or Bub Lord Rubicon. Chancellor Tliurlow. .Sir BenJ ■■:.... i.on] Minden . . Germalne, Vlacounl Baekville, Sir Oliver Lord Sh-lb-ne. Lord Shelburne .... Lord Boreas, . . Lord North. Snake Slgnor Frazerlno Unidentified, The play deals with the American War of Independence and the political misman- agement and corruption in England. Charles is represented as having been completely under the influence of Joseph, but now as determined to shake off the yoke. He has just hoard of the taking of one of his "sugar houses" in his "western estate" by his "perfidious foe," apparently the cap- ture of Dominica by the French Governor of Martinique. But Joseph distracts his at- tention by showing him "a new invented chymical paper that is proof against fire and water," just as George III was actu- ally interested in the non-combustible wood of Mr. Hartley's house in Wimbleton Com- mon. While Charles is testing the paper and expressing his admiration at the in- vention, more disasters are reported: "Sir Harry Clatter [Sir Henry Clinton] is re- pulsed with great loss of men in his ex- pedition up Boreas River [North or Hudson River] on a foraging party." Since the news is not official and is only a newspaper report, Charles refuses to believe it; and as a matter of fact it was not true, for Clin- ton's marauding expeditions from New York in 1778 were all too successful. Then comes official news of the capture of St. Petite and Mignonette (St. Pierre and Miquelon, which were actually destroyed by Gov, Montague, of Newfoundland, in 1778). Jo- seph can now easily assure Charles that what Lord and General Quomodo (Lord Admiral and General Howe) could not ef- fect will be accomplished by Sir Harry Clat- ter and Admiral Boisterous (Byron), and that even if Occidentia (America) were never regained, it would be no great loss, since it "fosters a nest of hypocritical cheats and wicked incendiaries." So Charles is as much under Joseph's thumb as ever. It is "on the eve of opening the two ken- nels" (the houses of Parliament), and Moses is worried to know how to silence the "hounds of opposition." Snake, whom I cannot identify, has "dished up for the hum" (the debate) reports of murderous atrocities committed by the Gasconades (the French) at the capture of the sugar house in order that the tenants may forget their loss in their renewed hatred of the Gas- conades. Clatter's retreat is reported as a victory, and the importance of St. Petite and Mignonette is vastly magnified, both as a loss to the Gasconades and as a gain to the English. Snake also writes puffs of Moses for the newspapers, to the disparagement of Backbite, General Flourish (Burgoyne), whose surrender will "soon be sifted to the bottom in the lower kennel," and of Jemmy Twitcher (Earl of Sandwich, the Lord of the Admiralty), who was blamed for the escape of the French fleet. The prospects of success are not very bright. Joseph's only hope is in more troops, to be got from Mrs. Catherine (Catherine of Russia), from the German 'squires, and irom home. Crabtree has lost faith in military leaders; "little Tommy" (Gen. ' i ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 : '. C,;r,-f I i:i il'il to quidl t ho riol ; General Quomodo (Howe) took a couple of towns (New York and Philadelphia), and was obliged to give one of them up (Phila- delphia, as a matter of fact, was evacuated by Clinton in 1778; Boston by Howe in 177C); his brother's attempt at peace failed; Governor Insolence (Governor John- stone) used improper means to Influence the colonists to come to terms, and he was sent home in disgrace. Furthermore, there [g do money, and Twitcher (Sandwl stirred up the kennels by fomenting the fracas between Sir Hugh Splice-rope (Sir Hugh Palisser) and Admiral Handsomely (Admiral Keppel). Moses raises a million on paper by taxing, among other objects, newspapers, cats, lapdogs, gentlemen that wear their hair tied, and clergymen that have above £300 a year. Backbite seeks to exunerate himself from all blame for Flourish's disaster (Bur- goyne's surrender at Saratoga), admits that he kept Flourish from the King's pres- ence, and that he advised sending Flourish back to his imprisoned army, and writes a scurrilous attack on Moses. He and the disreputable Twitcher are partners in a league offensive and defensive. The situa- tion is deplorable, so corrupt and antago- nistic are all of Charles's advisers. Con- sequently, our author seeks to anticipate history by having Charles summon Sir Oli- ver and offer him Moses's place. This Sir Oliver accepts after assuring the King that his advisers are a "set of fools and knaves." The whole junto is discarded, and the way is opened to a "treaty with your western servants" and an immediate cessation of hostilities. The actual end was, however, different. James W. Tupper. Correspondence UNWHOLESOME FICTION. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: However old-fashioned the deadly parallel may be, I crave permission to o'. 'er one to your readers. For I seriously be- lieve that the outcome of the parallelism to which I wish to draw attention is fraught with the gravest consequences for Ameri- can boys and girls yet in their early teens. A nos moutons. Any careful reader of American magazines for the past ten years must have become aware of a growing sa- lacity in magazine fiction. It would be easy to trace the progress of this move- ment— to show how journal after journal has been swept within its vortex. The changes, perhaps, may be best understood in the light of a few illustrations. Ten years ago a friend of mine offered to Muti- ny's Magazine a story, to my mind entirely harmless; the editor, though praising it highly, rejected it with the words: "I could no more publish this in any of the Munsey magazines than I could a page of the 'De- cameron.' " What Munsey would say now might be much the same; but what an- other prominent journal did say, when I begged my friend recently to resubmit the story, was: "If you amplify certain scenes, we can probably use this." To take another case. Ten years ago a certain publication was the vehicle for interesting pseudo-scl- ontific tales; to-day its pages teem with "realistic studies." Again: Ten years ago one might have given to any child the lo- cal-color stories of a well-known Now Eng- land writer; the heroine of her most recent novel is a nymphomaniac. True, some of the authors have laudable aims — and in no ( ase are there wanting specious excuses for the "studies." Yet the reador of Defoe may recall the prefaces to "Roxann" and "Moll Flanders." One famous Journal for \ ii has awarded prizes tor "A Girl's Most Critical Experience"; if ono of the writers really hftd bar experience, she

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Sept. 25, 1913] The Nation 285 should be treated for psychopathic all- Another periodical wishes to call m to "shocking actual conditions." A third announces a campaign for "purity." One can only hope that the titillation of morbid appetites is but a subconscious rea- son for these crusades, and that mercenary motives are entirely below the threshold of consciousness. Yet, reason or no reason, salacity leers from page after page of these periodicals. Ani the parallel? In 1669 was published in France "The Letters of a Portuguese Nun," and in 1670 the "Zayde" of Madame Lafayette. These works are pure — though scarcely virginibus pucrisque. But only he who has perused the novels produced be- 1680 and 1800 by authors long for- gotten (but now being exhumed in Euro- pean reprints) can evaluate the flood of "realistic" fiction which next burst forth. Marital problems came first — for "the en- lightenment of the innocent," but from pens far removed from the delicacy of that which had indited the "Princesse de CISves." By 1690 the problem novel was in full swing; justification of marital infidelity followed hard upon the theme of marital martyrdom. By 1710 normal material — if marital infi- delity be necessarily normal — had yielded to abnormal studies; and in both France and England "memoirs, diaries, secret his- tories, confessions," paved the way for the matchless depictions of perversities and anomalies by the brilliant Cr , the shameless de S , and the analytic Br . That the literature influenced life is an secret to the alienist. Another parallel. From 1800 fiction in Fiance purified itself after the incarcera- tion of de S by Napoleon, the change lasting until the epoch of Balzac and his successors. Then again there came the treatment of marital problems ; and again, within a decade or two, the veering to the study of abnormality. Abominable works from gifted pens (geniuses are often per- verts) can easily be cited — coincident, many of them, be it noted, with reprints from the Belgian presses of eighteenth-century pornographic studies. Amid the new flood I mention only Rachilde's "Monsieur Ve- nus"; it is out of print. Is it "morbid" to see some meaning in these parallels? Berlin, Paris, and London are already paying the penalty for the new fiction; and our danger is so much the greater, because of the ease with which the magazine passes our doors. Are we to have in Chicago and New York repro- ductions of the T garden in Berlin, H Park in London, or the Promenade E in Paris? That Americans are "clean- er than men and women of other nation- alities is, even if it be no illusion, scarcely a safeguard. Let these, "realistic" studies be tolerated, and writers grow bolder and bolder. New authors, usually abnormal, see a path broken for the revelation of their unhappy secrets. Some youth or maid- en who supposes himself or herself iso- lated from all mankind by uncomprehended desires realizes, as a slave does freedom, that he is not alone. Correspondence with the author ensues. Another life which might have been a martyrdom, but not a menace to society, is wrecked and wrecks yet others. If the reader be inclined to pooh-pooh these fancies, I refer him to the fact that du B 's eighteen volumes, scarcely cold from the press, are the textbooks of the "petits jesus" of Paris. Moreover, as a matter of fact, the voicing of abnormality has already begun in America. Not only are the foreign "studies" easily to be had. X , under symbols quite clear to the alienist, contributes his poems to several daring magazines; Y has left Amer- ica, because it does not appreciate "true art" ; only yesterday the illustrated supple- ment of a Sunday newspaper contained a full account of a trial for sadism in Paris; finally, a "dying confession" printed in a popular woman's journal was obviously that of a neurasthenic lover. And so the merry race whirls on. To me, at least, it is sig- nificant that in the "Zayde" of 1670, which headed the great frenetic movement in France, there is analyzed precisely the same type of jealousy as is treated in the "dying confession" in the magazine just referred to. In an age when Havelock Ellis's sane and helpful treatments of sex problems are in our library "Infernos," is it not food for Rabelaisian mirth that some of our "real- istic" magazines are on every newsstand? Medicus. New York, September 10. DOCTORS OF DIVINITY. To the- Editor of The Nation : Sir: Some time ago (June 12) you print- ed a letter on "Bogus University Degrees." Attention should also be called to the abuse of the title of doctor of divinity. I do not refer to the charge that minis- ters buy this title outright from bogus col- leges. I doubt if anything so wicked is often done. The wrong consists in the easy fashion with which many colleges bestow this degree. The qualifications of the re- cipient are the least consideration. Often all that is necessary is to hang around some college, become acquainted with the presi- dent or some of the trustees, and suggest in various ways, directly or indirectly, that the title might be granted; and, finally, it will be done. This is the procedure in the granting of many of these titles. And as the better class of ministers are above this sort of thing, the degree of D.D., with many exceptions, of course, is anything but a badge either of ability or honor. I recall a number of men who in preparing for the ministry did not have the ability to com- plete the very moderate course of study required of ministerial candidates, yet in spite of that procured ordination and in a short time afterwards blossomed out as D.D.'s. The harm resulting from all this comes largely from the fact that laymen in their innocence take the title seriously— as stand- ing for superior ability. They very natural- ly think that this is what it means, when in fact in most cases it has no such sig- nificance whatever. Edward C. Young. Cleveland, O.. September 17. LIBRARIANS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In reply to Dr. Sanborn's letter 1 V a 1 ion, September 11), I beg to state that in my letters to the librarians I mentioned the list in the Biblioteca, but they refused — Fork librarian — to check off the books in their possession. In my letter to the Boston librarian, I distinctly stated my acquaintance with the Ticknor Library Catalogue, but asked for a list of novels of chivalry not included therein. Now I proceed to substantiate the accu- sation of flippancy by quoting the replies received from some of the best libraries in this country. A request was made for Francois-Victor Hugo's translation of Shakespeare, which brought the reply that Victor Hugo did not write a translation but only an essay on Shakespeare. It came out later that the desired translation was in the li- brary. A request for a copy of "Amadis of Greece" brought a copy of "Amadis of Gaul" by the next post. The book asked for was in the library. Another librarian, according to his own statement, did not have the Englische Studien, and only a reference to a printed list of periodicals kept in his town convinced him that he really had it. Some time ago, in an article published in the thirty-third volume of the Goethe-Jahr- buch, I surmised that Goethe made use of a novel of chivalry entitled "Le Chevalier du Soleil." So I wrote to the Wolfen- biittel librarian for information whether there was a possibility of Goethe having used their copy of the book. In reply I re- ceived a letter from him stating that he himself had examined the archives and found that there was no evidence of Goethe's having borrowed their book. The Wolfenbuttel Library has 300,000 volumes and its staff consists of the following men: 1 head librarian, 1 librarian, 2 scientific helps, 1 secretary, 1 janitor, 1 fireman, who is at the same time gardener. In conclusion, as the whole nation joined some time ago in a deliberate and system- atic abuse of the Turks, I cannot resist the malice of quoting a Turkish saying: Alitnin jamide sbztt ajy dyr, ruz qiyametta basha tajy dyr (the word of the sage in the mosque is bitter, but at the resurrection day it is a crown to the head). Joseph de Perott. Worcester, Mass., September 12. OKAKURA KAKUZO. To the Editor of The Nation : Sir: Students of the history of art will be interested in a reminiscence of the late Japanese critic, Okakura Kakuzo. The reticence of Far Eastern criticism in the discussion of European art, its rarity, and its independence of local and epochal preju- dice, give it an especial value. I was once fortunate enough to have the late Mr. Okakura as one of a small audi- ence at a private lecture on Cimabue at the end of which the distinguished Orien- tal critic expressed himself as finding in the Franciscan dramatic art of Cimabue's time one of the profoundest manifestations of European religious feeling. He spoke to me of the emotional realism of Cimabue and the Romanesque or Italo-Byzantine group of which he is the chief as com- parable in its poignancy of inner meaning with the early religious art of the critic's own Japan. He insisted upon the vigor and initiative of their form in itself as being not of decadent but rather of primitive type, nobly significant and immediately re- sponsive to the thought, in spite of external archaisms or conventions, and without re-

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286 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2517 course to material naturalistic effect. He was especially Interested to find the Cima- buesque spirit in certain works with which he was unfamiliar, as the Crucifix by Coppo at Pistoia, of which I happened to have a very line old photograph at hand. The enthusiasm of his comment seemed, at a time when the personality of Cimabue and the traditional importance of the movement represented by that artist were much as- sailed by a certain school of art historians, to confirm the opinion of Dante and other contemporary observers as to the preg- nancy of early Florentine painting before Giotto's day. W. R. Roselle Park, N. J., September 15. THE "LATIN LADDER." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In your otherwise fair review of my book (yation, September 11) there appear three errors of statement in the following language: "In the 'Latin Ladder' . . . we have the piecemeal presentation of forms, with verbs and nouns alternating, only three cases, nominative, genitive, and accusative, being given in the first twenty- one lessons." (1) A glance will show that the dative and the ablative are introduced in lesson (chapter) 11. (2) In part ii the forms are given in their entirety and in the orderly sequence of the grammars. (3) Nowhere in the book do nouns and verbs alternate except in the first few chapters of the book. With regard to error No. 2, your re- viewer was doubtless misled by the fact that in part ii every chapter on forms is followed by a chapter on syntax. This was done to avoid monotony, for, as cer- tain adults enjoy their coffee most with in- tervals between cups, so the young find their appetites whetted by a variety in tht presentation of grammatical facts. Robt. W. Tunstall. The Tome School. September 13. [For "twenty-one" should be read "ten." Piecemeal or fragmentary pre- sentation of forms is usually confined in recent textbooks to the earlier les- sons, complete paradigms appearing naturally as soon as the pupil has got well under way. While not explicitly stated, most teachers would assume this as true of this book also. — The Reviewer.] Literature SCHURZ, THE ORATOR AND PA- TRIOT.—II. Never was the reproach of inconsis- tency more unjustly levelled at a public man than at Schurz. His ideas of poli- tical liberty and liberty of conscience remained unchanged from the days of 1848 to his last hour. Again and again the note of true consistency in political ags in Schurz's public utteranci s. In a speech on Political Disabilities, de- livered in the Senate in December, 1870, he said: I am well aware that political parties are necessary, and that to make them live a certain drill and discipline are needed. I also appreciate the necessity of compro- mising on minor points inside of a party, for the purpose of securing strong and hearty cooperation in the furtherance of greater ends. A party may not satisfy me in every respect, but I may belong to it because it approaches my ideal more close- ly than any other. But I have never been able to look up to a party as a deity that bus supernatural claims upon my venera- tion. To me my party has never been anything else than an organization of men gotten up for the purpose of carrying cer- tain principles into living reality, or of promoting the execution of certain mea- sures of public good. This object of the organization has always been to my mind the first, nay, the only, thing of real im- portance, and I look upon all other so- called party interests as absolutely sec- ondary to it. "My party, right or wrong" is, therefore, a cry which I never was and never shall be able to appreciate. Schurz's mastery of financial ques- tions became manifest at an early stage of his Senatorial career. Like Alexander Hamilton and Gallatin, the only two American statesmen of foreign birth with whom he may be compared, he viewed economic problems in their con- stitutional and historical relations, and he was particularly successful in invest- ing the dry facts of finance with a pic- turesque interest. He understood the art of holding up to public ridicule the ignorant pretensions of financial quacks, as when, in his address on "Cur- rency and National Banks," delivered in the Senate, February 27, 1874, he quoted from Marco Polo's Travels, to show that Senator Morton's "progres- sive" idea of an irredeemable paper cur- rency originated in China, in the ninth century of our era. His power of sar- casm served him equally in his numer- ous addresses on Civil Service Reform. That his picture (in a speech delivered in the Senate in 1871) of the newly in- augurated President, his Cabinet Min- isters, and heads of bureaus all fran- tically busy, not in mapping out ad- ministrative policies, but in taking to pieces the whole machinery of govern- ment, and trying to stem the tide of hungry office seekers — that all this is not strictly true to-day is due in a greater measure to Schurz himself than, with the possible exception of George William Curtis, to any other man in the country. Schurz was a dangerous antagonist to provoke, as the Camerons, Mortons, and other Senators found out to their discomfiture, in debate with him. He was no less effective as a let- ter-writer. His reply, in 1897, to Sena- tor Gallinger, who had spoken of Schurz's "political obscurity," r< one of Lesslng's scornful rejoinder to Professor and Privy Councillor Klotz: Senator, Is it not cruel, on your part, to taunt me with my "obscurity"? Nature and fortune are sparing with their choicest gifts. On you they have lavished a rare combination of genius and success. The great and powerful of this world should at least be generous enough not to scoff at the feeble and insignificant. You are a genuine celebrity. Your noble defiance of President Harrison on account of a Con- sulship, of which your biographers tell us, and your valiant battles for post offices and revenue places, have carried your fame into the remotest corners of New Hampshire. The fearless statesmanship of your attack on the "hopping test" in the Senate has made your colleagues and many other people prick up their ears with amused curiosity. The stranger in the Sen- ate gallery, directory in hand, easily iden- tifies you on the floor of the Chamber as the occupant of chair No. 7. Having been a member of the Senate myself, I know what such triumphs mean. No wonder you are proud. But do not let the pride of your greatness, however just, harden your heart against ordinary mortals. Everybody loves fame. You have it in abundance. Why do you blame me for coveting a lit- tle of it? When Schurz became a citizen of New York he lent all his accustomed zeal to the betterment of municipal politics. Tammany Hall was in Schurz's eyes the sum of all the evils that afflict munici- pal government, but he never overesti- mated (as not a few good Democrats do), the power of Tammany in national politics. In 1884 Schurz wrote to Bayard: There are only two possible Democratic candidates for whom that vote [the inde- pendent] can be counted upon — you and Cleveland. The nomination of either of you would make success reasonably sure. Cleveland's enemies say that he cannot carry New York on account of the hostility of Tammany. This is nonsense. What Tammany's proclaimed hostility and friend- ship respectively effect has been seen in the cases of Tilden and of Hancock. The hostility of Tammany would very largely increase the independent vote for Cleve- land. I am sure he would carry the State by an immense majority. Your enemies say that you cannot be elected on account of your Dover speech. This is nonsense, also. The independent Republicans who have revolted against Blaine understand that speech and do not care anything about it. What begins to tell more against you is the apparent friendship of Tammany. Not the least of Schurz's services to this country was his interpreting to us what is best in German thought and feeling, just as he furnished to Ger- many a conspicuous example of the highest ideals of American citizenship. There are very few instances, in politics or literature, of German-born citizens oJ any land tnasti ping bo completely the language of their adopted country, and entering so fully into its thoughts and traditions. Not oven the encyclo] Grimm beca: mpletely a [frenchman than Schurz became an hi. But, unlike ho many other an citizens of Foreign birth, lie

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Sept. 25, 1913J Th.e ]N" ation 287 held his mother-tongue sacred, and, ex- traordinary as his command of English was, the accents of his rich voice were never more persuasive than when he spoke in the language of Schiller and Goethe. It may be admitted that Schurz's • b, when read so many years af- ter their delivery, betray at times a certain diffuseness, resulting from the Socratic method which he often em- ployed with such telling effect. He enjoyed vanquishing his opponents by first displaying their arguments and then, step by step, refuting them, as it were, out of (heir own mouths. View- ed in its purely literary aspect, this method has its faults, as has often been pointed out. Sainte-Beuve, apropos of Franklin, wittily spoke of: "Cette methode 1111 peu scotique et sophistique, a laquelle Socrate lui-meme ne me parait pas avoir entierement echappeV' That Schurz will live in our history as one of the statesmen whose personal Influence and example at critical times were far-reaching is certain. Whether his speeches, however, will be read as mere literature — as are, for instance, those of Webster in this country and of John Bright in England — is open to question. The predominant note in Schurz's speeches was argumentative and philosophic rather than imagina- tive and passionate. Only the great masters whose highest nights combine all these characteristics move later gen- erations. Among moderns, Burke alone is still potent in his influence on politi- cal thinkers. Schurz's purely literary gifts, however, were considerable, and his life of Henry Clay possesses perma- nent value of a very high order. That the inconsistency with which the shallow judgment of politicians so often reproached Schurz was really his crown- ing merit has been made sufficiently plain. Throughout his career, as ora- tor, Senator, and Cabinet officer, Carl Schurz was guided by one principle — independence of action, when to be true to the party meant to be false to the country. That his brilliant abilities did not adorn the Senate for more than one term was a matter of regret even to his political adversaries. While there he set a standard of rhetorical excellence which none of his successors approach- ed, and very few men in the entire his- tory of the Senate ever surpassed. In his fearless disregard of partisan com- mands, in his absolute candor of judg- ment, he stands alone. His retirement from the Senate bore no personal sting to him. He never had to console him- self, as Cicero did when kept from the disputes of tho Senate, with the thought: "Nam aut defendissem quod non placeret, aut defuissem quod non oporteret." If further proof were needed of what those men thought of Carl Schurz by whose judgment the world abides, let it come in the words of James Bryce. On the occasion of Schurz's attaining his seventieth year, Mr. Bryce wrote to him: Will you let me have the pleasure of adding my congratulations on your birth- day, and expressing to you my sincere admiration for the consistent courage, rec- titude, and dignity of your public career? You have been one of the few who have in politics thought always first of truth and of duty, and have never sacrificed your principles to your interests, who have al- ways pointed out high ideals to your fel- low citizens while following them your- self. Schurz's amiable personal characteris- tics, unconsciously revealed in his "Rem- iniscences," live in the memory of those who knew him best. The relentless cen- sor of political immorality was through- out life a man full of the joy of living. "It is fortunate for me, yes, for us both," Schurz wrote to his wife in 1855, "that I possess such an inexhaustible gayety of spirits"; and the editor of the volumes before us has elsewhere spoken of the cheerfulness of his old age, of "the geniality that pervaded his private life." All in all, in summing up the charac- teristics of the man, we are tempted to apply to him his own words about Ben- jamin Franklin: He was a virtuous man, earnestly, me- thodically so; but his was not that strait- laced and forbidding kind of virtue which looks with a stern and sour eye upon hu- man weakness and at every worldly enjoy- ment and pleasure. His was a thoroughly human, sympathetic, merry, lovable vir- tue— a virtue that nobody would be afraid of and that everybody would not only un- derstand and esteem, but enjoy. CURRENT FICTION. Otherwise Phyllis. By Meredith Nichol- son. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. This is a "Hoosier chronicle" of rich- er quality than Mr. Nicholson's recent story of that title. This writer is hon- estly, if somewhat self-consciously, a product of the soil; he chooses to live and write in terms of Indiana. His In- diana is not the mushroom growth of Eastern fancy, but a land with a past of which it is proud. It has its old families, its traditions, its body of lo- cal doctrine: its personality, in short, worthy to be studied and set forth in song and story. And it has, of course, its group of skilful writers, who have already done much towards sketching that personality in black and white. The most characteristic trait of the group, perhaps, is its sober intention to be realistic, and its irresistible impulse to be romantic. "The Hoosier Chron- icle,' it will be recalled, made accurate record of Hoosier social types, manners, and speech: and at bottom was a roar- ing melodrama. There is no long-lost daughter in the present narrative, and its prodigal mother is clear of stagi- ness: there is, to be sure, a villain of the old school. Mr. Nicholson's town of Montgomery is described with affectionate care, with indulgence for its foibles, with a smile of intimate understanding. Two fam- ilies have been particularly prominent there for many years: the Montgomerys of that ilk, and the Holtons. Lois Mont- gomery has married a Kirkwood, a promising lawyer and a man of serious purposes. Lois is a butterfly, not bad but irresponsible; and in search of hap- piness elopes with a Holton, the black sheep of the Holtons, leaving her baby daughter Phyllis to the care of the for- lorn Kirkwood. The narrative proper begins at the moment when Phyllis emerges from girlhood into womanhood. She has no wish so to emerge, is a crea- ture of high spirits and wide sympa- thies, is, indeed, a young person of amazing powers, a sort of dea ex ma- china for protesting but spellbound Montgomery. Frankly, whether the reader finds charm in the story as a whole will depend upon his relish for the middle Western idea of maiden- ly fascination. Phyllis is a tom-boy, u practical joker, a woman of the world. There is not a shrinking atom in her make-up; she is a relentless critic and complacent adviser of mankind, and is ready and able to do him physical in- jury as occasion may require. Her racy and slangy speech expresses the exuber- ance and effervescence of her nature. She is not quite coarse, but the notion cf restraint is foreign to her, and the real dignity of her character is not re- flected in her manner. Mr. Nicholson asserts more than once that she is not "fresh," and we can believe that she is not, to him. But one has to feel her charm in spite of her mannefs, to be- come acclimated to her. And one does feel the charm of Phyllis. The return of her mother to Montgomery, and ensuing complications, test her thoroughly, and she passes the test in no commonplace way. Phyllis, her mother, her father, Uncle Amzi, the Bartlett sisters, are all such real per- sons— and Phyllis's solid Fred Holton should not be forgotten — that the con- ventional drawing of the villain and of Phyllis's three aunts is the more con- spicuous. Phyllis herself "carries" the story. Malcolm. By Nelson Lloyd. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. David Malcolm's early history is more interesting than his later years. Up to tho time when he graduates from Mc- Graw, a poor but proud university some- where in the wilds of Pennsylvania, his life has been a succession of new hori- zons. The first of these was opened for him by the cloud-gazing Professor, who boasted no classroom but his weedy patch of ground. The Professor was the

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288 The Nation | Vol. 97, No. 2517 unpractical brother of Uufus Blight, who "never had a real idea," but went to conquer the county town, and, hav- ing done it, by giving a prize with every pound of tea, proceeded in time to Pitts- burgh and the top rounds of material success. Malcolm's next enlargement of view came from Boiler of '89, the Beau Brummel of McGraw, whom he ulti- mately out-distanced in sartorial attain- ments, and also in winning from Gladys Todd, daughter of the president of the university, the promise of her hand. It was Boiler of '89, again, who put the idea of newspaper work into Malcolm's mind. And so it was that he gave up Malcolmville, and even Harlansburg, for New York. One thread that still bound him to his native place was his mem- ory of Penelope Blight, daughter of the cloud-gazing Professor. He had not seen her since that terrible day when she became the ward of her Pittsburgh uncle, passing to affluence — and oblivion. In New York he meets her again, and from here the story tends to lapse into conventionality. Moreover, in this part of the tale it is impossible to acquit Mal- colm, who throughout is his own Bos- well, of obtuseness. It is Malcolm's and Penelope's brief -childhood friendship that impresses itself on one's imagina- tion. The Lady and the Pirate. By Emerson Hough: Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co. Granted to this novel such merit as novelty of theme may confer. A middle- aged recluse who joins the expedition of two runaway boys playing pirate is no ordinary hero. His pursuit and forci- ble capture of the lady of his dreams is not, in these days, a commonplace ex- ploit. The sober and domesticated river Mississippi is seldom, we fancy, the scene of such incidents as are here al- leged. But away with the probabilities: this is fiction, and fiction of the braver sort. Given the premises that there are still lovers so dashing, and maids so amenable, what conclusion may fairly be doubted? Put yourself in the hero's place. Admit that you have parted from the one woman in the world, that you have retired from that world, eating your heart out according to the best formula, with only such solace as un- limited wealth and leisure may afford. You are fishing your private trout- stream one day, when the pirate-urchins appear and challenge you. What do you do? — give them a lecture and send them back to their parents? By no means. Youth is re-born in you; you enter into the spirit of their enterprise. Perceiv- ing that you have lived foolishly and feebly, you resolve to be strong and piratical. In brief, you take a motor- boat and pursue the lost lady half the of the Mississippi; take posses- sion of the yacht In h is voy- aging; and, by way of kidnapping, ship- wreck, and other red-blooded experi- ences, steer her successfully into the port of wedlock. Unluckily (since this intended as a story for adults") lew readers beyond the schoolboy age will be led by the narrative to fancy themselves in the hero's place. 1 npath'd Waters. By Frank Harris. New York: Mitchell Kennerley. The suggestion of the title is borne out by a certain oddity in these tales and sketches. They have unexpected- ness, not charm. Two or three of them are even startling. "The Miracle of the Stigma" represents Jesus as surviv- ing the crucifixion, and under the name Joshua pursuing his trade of carpen- ter in Cesarea. A quiet, self-effacing man, he is tolerated for his industry, despite his indifference to religion. He marries, not unhappily, until apostles of the new Christian faith visit Cesarea. The young wife becomes a convert, but the carpenter holds aloof. At last, on the coming of Paul with his narrow zeal and fierce eloquence, she leaves her husband. He dies, and when the Holy Stigmata are found upon his hands and feet and side, Paul interprets it as a miracle that the last unbeliever in Cesarea should have been so marked, as a sign to the world, with the sacred symbols. Several other tales have to do with the type of enthusiast which is born to failure, in the worldly sense. A second group deals satirically with the tricks of finance. The longest, least agreeable, and in a way most striking story in the book is called "An English Saint," a ruthless sketch of the genesis and growth of a successful hypocrite. LEADERS OP THOUGHT IN FRANCE. French Prophets of Yesterday : A Study of Religious Thought under the Sec- ond Empire. By Albert Leon Guerard. New York: D. Appleton & Co. $4 net. Professor Guerard's volume is a wel- come example of that scholarship of ideas which must be chiefly counted on at present to give respectability to both our criticism and our teaching of litera- ture. "The work is offered," he says, "as a tribute of the author's love for France, the land of his birth; for Eng- land, where he grew to conscious man- hood, and for America, the home of his choice." As a result, no doubt, of this varied experience he joins a perfect ap- preciation of the French point of view to an unusual command of English idiom. The style of the book is throughout not merely correct, but spirited. He con- ceives of his subject so broadly as to include not only the religious thought of the Second Empire, but Its origins In the earlier romantic movement as well as its prolongal Ion In I he Third Repub- lic (low n to th« pn senl daj 1 be forma- tive influences upon the temper of the age that Professor Guerard studies espe- cially are Protestantism, Catholicism, romantic humanitarianism, and science. Among Protestants he takes Guizot as a type of the conservative, the apos- tle of impossible compromises, who would have stopped religious evolution about the middle of the sixteenth cen- tury, political evolution about 1830. "Thus his political life ended in disaster, his religious life in a victory more bit- ter than many defeats." To the majes- tic immobility of Guizot Professor Guerard opposes the painful evolution of Scherer from protestant orthodoxy, to relativism and utter disbelief. Quinet is presented as a wandering spirit, too much of a protestant bent on individual salvation, to believe in sheer romantic humanitarianism, and too much of a free-thinker to be a Christian. In gen- eral, Professor Guerard treats French Protestantism as a survival of little effective influence during the period of his survey. The French Catholicism of his period, as Professor Guerard makes clear, is saturated with romantic tendencies. The ultimate refinements of Chateaubriand's religiosity are perhaps to be found in "satanic" figures like Baudelaire and Barbey d'Aurevilly. Romantic ele- ments are also traced in Lamennais, Lacordaire, Gratry, and the mystical Hello. It is not clear whether the viru- lent polemist, Louis Veuillot, speaks as a Christian or Rousseauistic obscurant- ist when he declares that "the future belongs to the dirty nations" and augurs well from this point of view for the Rus- sians. The growth of ultramontane in- fluences during the period finally result- ed in the discomfiture of "liberal" Cath- olics like Montalembert, and led to the open break of Loyson (le pere llya- cinthe) with the Church. The total outcome was "an undeniable lowering in the character of French Catholicism, a recrudescence of materialistic supersti- tions, the uncritical acceptance of doubt- ful miracles, a tone of bitter arrogance in controversy, charity sneered at, and faith reduced to blind obedience." Among romantic humanitarians Pro- fessor Guerard pays special attention to Hugo and Michelet. Is romantic hu- manitarianism a religion or a pseudo- religion? This is the crucial question which is constantly occurring to om In reading this book, and to which it may be doubted whether the author hai en a satisfying answer. Romanti manitarianism as professed by Hugo and Michelet, says Professor Qui "has all the elements of religion— faith, hope, and charity." How about ' ity? What la there Ln common bi - faith conceived as a regi nerative prin- ciple in the life of the Individual and faith in the futun progress of human- ity? It is only bj 1 bat one can eonnei 1 1 losely the fait '1

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Sept. 25, 1913] The Nation 289 of a Hugo with that of a Paul. Profes- sor Guerard says that Hugo's poem, "The Toad," is "perfect." This poem culminates in the assertion that an ass that takes a step aside in order to avoid crushing a toad is "greater than s and greater than Plato." Those who hold that the highest thing in life is uns i mpathy, may discover perfection in such a passage. To oth- ers it will seem only the perfection of nonsense. The reason of Professor Guerard's ten- derness towards the emotionalists may appi ar in his assertion that "unless one accept a historical revelation, the only alternative to emotional religion is Vol- tairianism." In other words, there is no region of religious insight superior to botli the Intellect and the emotions and independent of historical revela- tion. If Professor Guerard errs here it is only fair to say that he errs with the whole age, not only in France, but else- where. The currents of romantic hu- manitarianism are in reality running much more strongly in America to-day than in France, and an increasing num- ber of American readers will listen to him sympathetically when he speaks of "the spiritual grandeur of Socialism at its best," and asserts that "humanitar- ianism remains the spiritual backbone of France." (How, by the way, can ex- pansive emotionalism supply a backbone to anything?) Professor Guerard is, as a matter of fact, perfectly aware of the weakness of romantic humanitarianism: it offers too large an opening for the ironist and the cynic. He points out correctly that the materialistic tone of the Second Em- pire was due even less to the spread ot Darwinism and like doctrines than to the cynicism that ensued upon the hu- manitarian fiasco of 1848. Renan is per- haps the best type of the disillusioned humanitarian who came to treat even his own faith ironically; and to him Professor Guerard devotes his longest and most carefully wrought chapter. One is struck by the leniency of his treatment of Renan as compared with the severity of his handling of Taine. He quotes with approval the saying that Taine was an esprit faux. To many the mind of Renan will seem superior in subtlety rather than in soundness to that of Taine— especially after 1870. "The publication of 'The Future ot Science' at the end of his career," says Professor Guerard, "showed that Renan's mind, unlike Taine's, had right- ed itself and that the cure was com- plete." But the extreme expressions ot the "dilettanteism" against which the younger generation in France is now reacting so briskly are found in the writings of the last ten years of Re- nan's life. (See especially his "Feuilles detachees.") The situation in France to-day, says Professor Gugrard in his closing chap- ter, has not changed materially since the end of the Second Empire: there is the same irreducible opposition be- tween naturalism and supernaturalism. The forms in which this opposition man- ifests itself would seem to the outsider to be more political than religious. Here at the end as elsewhere in the book the reviewer is haunted by the feeling that Professor Guerard has not worked out a sufficiently clear preliminary defi- nition in his own mind of the nature or true religion. Hence a certain vague- ness and inconclusiveness. To offset this fault, if it be one, the book has, in addition to its prime virtue of read- ableness, another eminent merit: it gives the facts (including the psycho- logical facts) with such fulness and accuracy that the reader is as a rule put in a position to draw his own con- clusions. The Duab of Turkestan: A Physiograph- ic Sketch and Account of Some Trav- els. By W. Rickmer Rickmers. With 207 maps, diagrams, and other illus- trations. Cambridge University Press (University of Chicago Press, agents). $9 net. A valuable book by an able scholar, and written in a style which makes its technical contributions pleasant read- ing— that, in a few words, may indicate the significance of this important vol- ume. The word "Duab" of the title denotes the land between the "two rivers" (du ab), Oxus and Jaxartes, in Central Asia. Exception might be taken to the adoption in the volume of the spelling of "Turkestan" (with an e), though it is the accepted English method of ren- dering the name of this region beyond the Caspian Sea, which philologists pre- fer to write as Turkistan as a more pre- cise orthographic representation of the designation of the Turki land. As to geographic boundaries, the au- thor rightly emphasizes the fact that "what is known as Turkestan is an at- mosphere." Yet Hamlet's cloud-com- ment to Polonius, "very like a whale, might serve to define roughly the terri- torial contour of this badly limited but physiographieally important region near the Roof of the World. A glimpse at the outline map figured on the second page of the volume — the first of many excellent sketches and scientific draw- ings that supplement the photographic illustrations — would show the whale's head as spouting into the Sea of Aral, east of the Caspian, its belly as swallow- ing the products of most of the now Russian cities of Turkestan, and its flange-like tail as spreading one fluke towards the upper borders of India, while the other sweeps eastward to- wards Tibet and China. Mr. Rickmers is a scholar qualified in high degree to represent British stan- dards of research in this Asiatic Rus- sian realm, and he shows his scientific acumen not only in the domain of physiography as a student of physical geography, geology, cartography, but also as an ethnologist and a true trav- eller, who observes and knows how to appreciate the spirit of the people whose land and customs he has made better known by his work. In every chapter lessons may be learned regarding .a sym- pathetic treatment of the native folk among whom for the time an explorer's lot may be cast; and in these different expeditions, made several years apart, he was pluckily accompanied by his wife and a lady friend of hers, besides having the comradeship of a keen sports- man, Douglas Carruthers, whose sharp sight has lent more than one point to accurate observation. The centres from which the several treks were made were the great histor- ic cities of Samarkand and Bukhara, and the range of research always covered a radius of a couple of hundred miles in different directions. Much of the region abounds in high mountains, and as the author is an expert Alpine climb- er, his mountaineer spirit plays a part in nearly every chapter. The technical results of many of the ascents of un- sealed peaks and glacier heights form a valuable part of the scientific contribu- tion of the different excursions recorded in the work. A thorough description of the physical features of the Duab leads up to a care- ful account of that life-giving artery, the River Zarafshan ("Gold-flowing" it is called), which descends from glacial elevations to water the region and lose itself in the sands round about Bukhara before reaching the Oxus. The Russian Government in Asia will doubtless take added note of the observations made in regard to problems of irrigation and the factors of desiccation involved in all this area when its officials have in hand the present volume, which their admin- istrative aid helped forward by extend- ing special courtesies to the author in his explorations. Geologically the author's eye is ever open along the route through this out- of-the-way domain, and for that reason specialists in this line will mark with interest the trend of his advance. The geographer, moreover, will not fail to observe records of altitudes, of bear- ings, and of critical comments or infer- ences, that may be used to advantage hereafter. The traveller who is tomed to caravan life in Persia an ■: tral Asia will find parallels from 1 ence in the conditions pictured on the road, though he might add the wish that the investigator's routes had been (1 in red upon one or ot the useful maps appended at tho book. Throughout this volume, of h< I five hundred and six hundred pag(

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r3() The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2517 is much of humanity, much of the com- mon-sense that is born of travel and ex- perience Id research, much of scientific Investigation that can best be appreci- ated by those who know the Realm of the Rising Sun. And to summarize, there is an immense amount of re- sourceful material stored up in the eighteen chapters of the work. It is true that the archaeologist may miss points which he would wish had not been overlooked; the antiquarian might lend lore from ancient texts to add col- or to some observations incidentally made; but both would agree that this did not come within the title and aim of the book, and would join in praise of the author's successful accomplishment of an attempt (as it is modestly called) "to combine a record of exploration with the teaching of a little elementary phys- iography." Some might find fault with the tech- nical make-up of this serviceable book. The English publishers are so skilled in turning out lightweight paper for their books that even a large tome can be easily held in the hand; but in the pres- ent volume the heavily weighted paper that was needed for combining the illus- trations and letter-press on the same page, makes a ponderous volume to hold; and it does seem that some in- vention or device might provide for making such a book more handy. Notes President A. Lawrence Lowell's "Public Opinion and Popular Government" is soon to appear; it is a number of the American Citizen series, published by Longmans, Green, & Co. The same house announces the first vol- ume of "A History of England," by Prof. Edward P. Cheney. Samuel Eliot Morison's Life of Harrison Gray Otis is in preparation by Houghton Mifflin. The Yale University Press has in prepa- ration two new historical works, "Puritan and West Indian Colonization," by Arthur P Newton, and "Studies in Taxation un- der John and Henry III," by S. K. Mitchell. The same press will issue "The Pulpit and the Pew," by Charles H. Parkhurst, and a volume of poems by.'Brian Hooker. Autumn announcements of the Oxford University Press include the following: "The Primitive Church and Reunion," by W. Sanday; "The Christian Platonists of Alexandria," by Charles Bigg, revised edi- tion, by P. E. Brightraan; "Stoics and ." by E. It. Bevan ; "A Companion : Texts," by F. W. Hall; "Hel- Oxyrhynchia," by E. M. Walker; ' The Genesis of Lancaster," in two volumes, bv Sir J. H. Ramsay; "Essays in Legal y" (The Legal Section of the His- torical Congress of 1913), edited by Paul Vinogradoff; "The King's Council in the Mi. Idle Ages," by J. F. Baldwin; "The Rise ;jnd Pall of the High Commission," by R. G. Usher; "English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century," by C. L. Kings- ford; "Maritime Enterprises, 1485-1558," by J. A. Williamson; "Life of Miguel de Cer- vantes," by J. Fitzmaurice Kelley; "Trans- atlantic Historical Solidarity," by C. F. Adams; "England's Parnassus, 1600," ed- ited by Charles Crawford; "Essays and Studies by Members of the English Asso- ciation," Vol. IV, collected by C. H. Her- ford ; "The Collected Papers of Henry Sweet," edited by H. C. Wyld ; "Oxford His- torical and Literary Studies," issued un- der the direction of C. H. Firth and Wal- ter Raleigh — I, "Elizabethan Rogues and Vagabonds and Their Representatives in Contemporary Literature," by Frank Ayde- lotte; II, "Anglo-Roman Relations, 1558- 1565," by C. G. Bayne ; III, "The House of Lords in the Reign of William III," by A. S. Turberville; "A History of Chess," by H J. R. Murray; "Les Documents chinois decouverts par Aurel Stein dans les sables du Turkestan Oriental, publies et traduits par Edouard Chavannes" ; "Roman Town Planning," by F. Haverfield ; "The Ar- chaeology of the Anglo-Saxon Settlements," by E. T. Leeds, and "Anecdota Oxoniensia," II, No. xii, "Theological Texts from Coptic Papyri," edited by W. E. Crum. November 5 is the date of issue set by the Century Co. for Miss Maria Thompson Davies's new book, "The Tinder Box." The following titles are brought out this week by Putnams: "A Short History of English Liberalism," by W. Lyon Blease ; "The Trail of Lewis and Clark, a Story 01 the Great Exploration Across the Conti- nent, 1804-1806," in two volumes, by O. D. Wheeler; "Sex Antagonism," by Walter Heapc; Georges Ohnet's "The Eagle's Talon," adapted from the French by Helen Meyer, and "The Mountains about Wil- liamstown," by George Lansing Raymond. Elkin Mathews will publish the first of two forthcoming books on Irish literature by Alfred Perceval Graves. It is a vol- ume of "Irish Literary and Musical Stud- ies." The second work is called "Harp- Strings of the Gael," being a comprehen- sive anthology of English verse transla- tions and adaptations from the Irish Gael- ic ; it will be issued by the Devin-Adair Co., of Fifth Avenue, New York. Chapman & Hall announce "A History of the French People," in three volumes, by Mr. Belloc. The first volume will carry the story to the coronation of Hugh Capet. To celebrate the attainment of his eigh- tieth year by the French Orientalist, Au- gust Barth, on March 22 next, it is pro- 10 reissue his works in collected form. Besides his "Religions de l'lnde" and "Bul religions de l'lnde," the collection will include many essays which ired in periodicals. The sub- 11 price of thirty francs may be sent to M. tiniest Leroux, 28 Rue Bona- After publication the charge will be forty francs. home country of R. L. Stevenson is d in a work to lie pub next month by Francis Wall, 1 0, The book deals largely with the of the novels and plays, and there .1 to of Stevenson and writer. 'I'll,. I.e. 1 .; .1 I 1 dll em id I In v, orlis III' , mi •■■•; nil' "nil' i,'i ley, n hich Is a nnounc id by Bobbs-Merrill, will Include, besides 220 poems, Riley's prose works and a sketch, largely in his own words, of his life and literary career. A selection from the letters of the late Edward Dowden will be published under the editorship of his widow. Mrs. Dowden would be glad to receive any letters from her husband which should, for one reason or another, form a part of such an issue. They may be sent to Rockdale, Orwell Road, Rathgar, Dublin; she will return them to their owners after using. Also, a series of one hundred and one lyrics, called "A Woman's Reliquary" and supposed to be by Dowden since he signs himself editor, will shortly come from the Cuala Press of Miss Elizabeth Yeats, sis- ter of the poet Yeats. The Lake Mohonk Conference on Interna- tional Arbitration offers a first prize of $L00 and a second prize of $100 for the best essays on "International Peace," by under- graduate women students of any college or university in the United States; and a prize of $100 for the best essay on "Inter- national Arbitration" by an undergraduate man student of any college or university in the United States or Canada. In neither instance should the essays, which must be submitted not later than March 15, 1914, ex- ceed 5,000 words. The brief autobiographical notes of W. Hale White, issued by his son as "The Early Life of Mark Rutherford" (Oxford University Press), were composed only a few years ago, and reflect the grave and sad disillusions of a mind naturally radical which mark the exquisite pages also of "Pages from a Journal" and "More Pages from a Journal." Of the early events of Mr. White's life we could already conjecture a good deal from the half-autobiographical pages of the books which gave a kind of fame to the name of "Mark Rutherford," but it is pleasant to have these franker pictures of his youth in Bedford and his early man- hood in London. Looking back on the re- sults of his expulsion from a Methodistic college for unorthodoxy, he writes these pregnant words: It would be a mistake to suppose that the creed in which I had been brought up was or could be for ever cast away like an old garment. The beliefs of childhood and youth cannot be thus dismissed. I know that in after years I found tha't in a way they revived under new forms, and that I sympathized more with the Calvin- istic Independency of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries than with the modern Christianity of church and chapel. M alter the abandonment of orthodoxy, I nat- urally thought nothing in I be old religion worth retaining, but this temper did nol last long. Many mistakes may be pai in Puritanism in view Of the earnestness with which it insists on the distinction be- tween right and wrong. This is vital. In modern religion thi Bowery. The of difficulty is a sure BigO that id is being done. How far we are from the strait gate, from tl is narrow which lead. I b Unto life, I hi which is found only by few ! Th > ■ trines of Puritanism an al oh nearei to the fads or acl ua i e perience tl The keynote of Marl Rutherford in those word Hi niiy a Victorian, with the sanguine i ii lasm of the \ Ictoi cms tempered bj trainl ol sell km tievlng in reform and progress and oham i i" Hi em .- oi Irre ponslblllt] ; casting off old dogmas, bul holdini I

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Sept. 25, 1913J The Nation 291 moral Ideas which underlay them. In his later years he felt as one belonging to a vanished world, and it is fitting that the last pages of these autobiographical notes should contain a glowing apology for the age which the present day patronizes so contemptuously. Mr. White cannot be class- ed with the great makers of the age he ad- mires, but his novels have the peculiar fas- cination of modest veracity, and in the two little volumes of his "Journals" may be found, and will long be cherished by a few readers, some of the finest and subtlest, yet least obtrusive, reflections in modern Eng- lish literature. Many readers will be pleased to learn that Macmillans have issued the Works of Charles Lamb in an edition somewhat smaller and less expensive than that pub- lished by them a few years ago. Mr. E. V. Lucas, the editor in both cases, explains the relation between the two editions : This edition is the same as that in seven large volumes published between 1903 and 1905, except that it has been revised and amended and arranged in more companion- able shape. Some new matter is included; some doubtful matter has been removed; and the notes, although occasionally en- riched, have been reduced in number and often condensed. For completer annota- tion its well as for portraits and accessory illustrations, the old edition must be con- sulted. The present issue Is in six light volumes, each of which bears on the red cloth cover a symbolic design in gilt made by Mr. Bed- ford out of such details as the coats of arms of Christ's Hospital and the Inner Temple, the bells of St. Dunstan's Church, so much beloved by Lamb, and the sprite and the candles of Betty. Of the new mat- ter introduced the most important com- prises a number of letters of Charles and Mary Lamb which until recently had been Inaccessible. Six hundred and eighteen letters are included, and reference is made to other letters, or abstracts of them are given, which for reasons of copyright can- rot be used. There are also several poems not to be found in the large edition. As the editor remarks, "there are probably still many copies of album verses which have not yet seen the light." From the "Books for Children" have been omitted the orig- inal pictures, together with the apocryphal "Beauty and the Beast." These must be sought in the older issue. In each volume in a preface pointing out the modifications deemed necessary for this latest edition. These, when a just balance of the additions and omissions is struck, make the present work scarcely less valuable than the older. Among the new volumes in the World's Classics, issued by the Oxford University Press, is a selection of "Poems by Byron," which, on the whole, shows good judgment on the part of the unnamed editor. We think "The Prophecy of Dante" and "The Lament of Tasso" might have given place to longer and more characteristic extracts from "Don Juan," and some will think too many of the "Hebrew Melodies" are included ; but the best of Byron is here, and it is almost astonishingly good. A se- lection of the "Poems of Shelley," in the same library, includes "Prometheus Un- bound," "The Cenci," and "Adonais," with a number of the best of his shorter pieces. Other new volumes are: "Poems of Mil- ton," "The Entail," by John Gait, "Lizzie Leigh and Other Tales," by Elizabeth Gas- kell, "Felix Holt, the Radical" and "Ro- mola," by George Eliot, and "Lorna Doone." Those who have delighted in Benjamin Silliman's "Journal of Travels in England, Holland, and Scotland in 1805-6" will find pleasure in the similar but shorter journal of "England in 1815" (Houghton Mifflin), by a young Boston merchant named Joseph Ballard. Whereas Silliman went to study chemistry and buy books for the Yale li- brary, Ballard went primarily on business matters and naturally has more to say of agriculture and trade than his more learn- ed predecessor. He noted the progress of inventions— street-lighting by gas, coal cars drawn by steam locomotives, hydraulic presses, and salt-mining works — and also the misery and squalor of the little chil- dren and their drunken parents in the new "manufactories." Besides attending church piously twice a day on Sunday, he found plenty of leisure to frequent the theatres and be mildly shocked at dancers so thinly clad "that I think a New England audience would not have tolerated them." His re- publican patriotism leads him to observe that the cost of keeping six cream-colored horses in the King's mews "amounts to more than President Madison's salary." The jour- nal is well worth reading, and it is a pity his descendants in making it public should have limited it to a few hundred numbered copies at a relatively high price. "Money Changing" (Dutton) affords Hartley Withers another opportunity to show how clearly and entertainingly he can talk on intricate and, to the ordinary per- son, dry subjects. This work is an intro- duction to the study of foreign exchange, pnd pertinent indeed is Mr. Withers's use of Anatole France's phrase, "La science est infaillible; mais les savants se trompent toujours." The subject taxes the clear- est minds. "It is awful to read on the currency," says Walter Bagehot, "and to read on the currencies of the nations and their prices as expressed in one another is awful with an awesomeness that is world- wide and appalling." There is, however, nothing awesome or appalling in the pres- ent work. It remains true that in inter- national finance things show a constant tendency to work out in defiance of estab- lished principles. "These confounded ex- changes only seem to work the wrong way," once exclaimed a London bill broker. But Mr. Withers is able to point out the modi- fying and often obscure factors which oc- casion these departures from theoretical doctrine. Sound economic training and shrewd common-sense enable him to navi- gate treacherous seas with ease, and to calm the fears of timid souls. In this coun- try, in particular, nothing is so terrifying to statesmen, bankers, and men of ordi- nary affairs as an excess of imports. But even in England, where such an excess occurs year after year, there is a manifest fear. Mr. Withers's treatment of this chi- mera is thoroughly typical. It introduces one to a situation which seems complicated solely because one has to keep his eyes on so many facts at the same time. Keeping an eye on easily obscured facts is a sine qua nan in the study of foreign exchange. The chief merit of the work before us Is that it makes It easier for us to recognize landmarks when we encounter them In the future. J. M. Robertson's "Evolution of States" (Putnam) begins "with the assertion that politics is the strife of wills on the ground of social action. From the author's own showing, that result has been far from happy. His sketch of Roman political evo- lution ends in darkness, and matters were no better with Greece. The Greek democ- racies in their different ways split upon the rock that wrecked the Roman Repub- lic : there was no general mental develop- ment commensurate with the political prob- lems that arose for solution, and there was no approach to sound economics. Solon prepared the ground for the democratic structure of the later Athenian polity. Floated over the first reef by him, the Athenians never found a pilot to clear the second — the principle of group-enmity. Upon that the Hellenic civilization finally foundered. The truth is, Greece fell be- cause her children never transcended, in conception or in practice, that primary ethic of egoism in which even love for one's country is only a reflex of hate for another people. This is clear in the whole play of the astounding hatreds of Athenians for Athenians through every struggle of Athens for her life. It is the prevailing conscience- lessness, the universal lust to tyrannize, that really consummates the political dis- solution. The moral for modern democ- racies is that to flourish they must have peace. They must sooner or later practice a scientific and humane restraint of popu- lation; they must check inequality, which is the fountain of domestic strife; and they must maintain a progressive and scientific culture. This, from the author's own ad- missions, is easier said than done. We journey with him along the course of Greek, Roman, and Saracen development, all the while chanting, "I passed by the walls of Balclutha; and they were deso- late!" And if we fix our gaze on Italian civilization of the Middle Age and the Renaissance, we find that the "petty done" is still dwarfed by "the undone vast." Nor is it a cheerful course that we steer in traversing the seas of modern civilization. This is not preeminently an Age of Faith, and yet it is to our faith that our author makes his final appeal. Considered as a tale that is told, that past, he declares, seems to speak of nothing but blind im- pulse, narrow horizons, insane satisfac- tions in evil achievement, grotesque mis- calculation, and vain desire. He even cites Leopardi to testify that "as to all this activity, I can divine no use and no frui- tion." But does it not tax our credulity to be told, in the next breath, that with the science of universal evolution has come the faith in unending betterment? It will strike the reader that our author rests his case too soon. It is hard to understand what purpose can be served by such a work as "Russia in Europe and Asia" (McClurg), by Joseph King Goodrich. Aside from some sensible comments on contemporary politics, hon- esty is its only merit; excerpts from the Century Dictionary, the Encyclopaedia Brl- tannica, and other sources almost equally obvious to persons seeking Instruction on Russia, are faithfully put within quota- tion marks. The volume is a jumble of miscellaneous information derived from other books, B 1 by remarks based on the author's railway trips In the Rus-

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^ The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2517 mpire; the whole is worked up with- out accuracy, proportion, or literary style. At the close there is added a seven-page list of books on Russia, good, bad, and In- different, with no indication of their com- parative value. The main stress in "The Malay Penin- sula" (Scribner), by Arnold Wright and Thomas H. Reid, is laid on the record of British progress in Malaya, and the work accordingly furnishes an interesting coun- terpart to the "Pacification of Burma," de- scribed in these columns several months ago as a work showing the mode of Intro- ducing the ihi.i- Britannica and the resultant in every way to the regions brought under Knglish sway. The manifold dis- advantages of Bencoolen as a centre for its activities led the East India Company in 1786 to turn to Penang. As the authors point out. England is largely indebted for this achievement — w-hich marks the founda- tion of all the British possessions in Ma- laya—to the insight of Francis Light, whose merits have met with undeserved oblivion. After Penang, Malacca was occupied, next Singapore, the latter being selected as a commercial site by the famous Sir T. Stam- ford Raffles. The general history and de- velopment of the British States in Malaya — Weilesley, Dindings, Malacca, and Singa- pore—as well as of the Protected States— Kedah, Kelantan, Tringanu, and Johor — are fully indicated, and a special chapter is devoted to their legislative and adminis- trative systems, another being given to an account of the means of communication. A good account is furnished of the tin mines of Malaya at the present time, and it is stated that 11,118 tons of rubber, valued ar £5,925,000, and furnishing employment to 227,985 laborers, was the output of Ma- laya in 1911. Before many years, it is es- timated, the output will be 72,000 tons an- nually, which suggests by contrast the wasteful system in vogue in South Amer- ica. Business administration is almost en- tirely in the hands of Europeans and Chi- nese; a few Parsis are prominent at Singa- pore. The bulk of the tin miners are Chi- nese; in the planting industries the great majority employed are Indians, especially Tamils. Indeed, the Indian population of Malaya increased in the decade 1901-1911 at a rate of 195.4 per cent., as contrasted with a Chinese increase of 43.7 per cent. The future of the Malay Peninsula is full of hope, and the authors are wise in deem- ing that its best interests lie in its incor- poration with the Indian Empire. In re- gard to the ancient history of the region, there is room for considerable investiga- tion, and at least a summary of what is al- ready known should have been given — for example, the information recorded in Las- sen's "Indische Alterthumskunde." Discus- sion of "manners, customs, and occupa- tions" is also disappointingly meagre and lacking in first-hand information. Reuben Thomas Durrett, at one time edi- tor of the Louisville Daily Courier, died at hi:-: home in that town on the 17th inst. He was eighty-nine years old. Mr. Durrett was the head of the Fllson Club, an or- ganization of scientists and men of letters famous in the South. The meetings were alwaj hi Id in his fine old library, on the ,1 which were about B0,000 volumes — a collection of Americana which he be- early In life. Mr. Durrett was edu cated at Georgetown College and at Brown University. He practiced law in Louisville from 1850 to 1880, and was president of the Public Library of Kentucky in 1884. He v.as the author of "The Life and Times of John Filson," "Historical Sketch of St. Paul's Church," and "Centenary of Ken- tucky." Prof. Alfonso Gerald Newcomer, since 1891 a member of the faculty of Leland Stanford Jr. University, died last week at Palo Alto, Cal. He was born in 1S64, and graduated from the University of Michigan in 1887. He was the author of "Practical Course in English Composition," "Elements of Rhetoric," and "English Literature." Eliakum Zunser, the Yiddish poet and one of the most picturesque figures of the East Side in New York, died on Monday. He was born nearly seventy-seven years ago in Russia, where he lived until 1890. He was as popular a poet in his native land as here, but was forced to emigrate on account of the persecution of the police. His best work is represented by such songs as "The Bell and the Mail Wagon," "The Railway," "The New World," "Slaves Were We," "The Scythe," in which he urged the Jews to go back to the soil, and his play "The Sale of Joseph," said to be the first Yiddish drama. While in this country Zunser wrote songs mainly in defence of American liberty and American institu- tions. Dr. James Orr, who died recently in his seventieth year, was professor of system- atic theology and apologetics in the United Free Church College, Glasgow, and was the author of many books. The most notable of these is "The Christian View of God and the World." Science FINE GASTRONOMY. Food and Flavor: A Gastronomic Guide to Health and Good Living. By Henry T. Finck. Illustrations by Charles S. Chapman. New York: The Century Co. $2 net. This is properly not a book, but a tract, a concio ad populum, a clan- gorous appeal to every man and every woman to mend their dietetic ways. Mr. Finck is a writer of high training and long experience; it is perfectly easy for him to be academic and to follow the canons, but he has not chosen to do this. The result is a volume about as free from "literary" savor as a book can well be. Since he has taken such a course, it is well-nigh unavoidable not to make some reflections on his per- formance in much the same spirit as that in which he has written. The main thesis of the work is the paramount Importance of Flavor 1 al- ways with a capital F) in the considera- tion of food value. Wo arc emphatical- ly and constantly reminded that it is not the taste but the flavor which gives us our basis of Judgment of the merit or demerit of food. The old dogma, (fe gustibus non est disputandum, must go to the wall. The very tiling we are to dispute about is the question of taste, or rather of flavor. But he who discards dogmas is likely to offer other dog- mas of his own, and it is quite possible that any one with the boldness to dis- pute our author in regard to his dietetic convictions might find a bitter adver- sary. What, then, is this Flavor, this qual- ity in food that is of such transcendent importance? Mr. Finck does not make it wholly clear, but if we understand him aright it is a sort of breathing with the mouth and tasting with the nose, or rather a combination of both. Perhaps a clear idea can be formed of what he means by taking a sip of any delicate cordial, say, chartreuse, and expelling the aroma of it from the mouth through the nose — the reverse process of smell- ing. That this interpretation of flavor cUffers from what we usually call taste and smell seems fairly evident. A cheese which is vile-smelling certainly is often of agreeable flavor, thus prov- ing that smell and flavor are not identi- cal. There are few tastes, as Mr. Finck shows — a taste, according to him, is either bitter, salt, sweet, sour, metallic, or alkaline. According to modern psy- chologists there are but four. However this may be, there certainly are no such nuances in tastes as in flavors. It is strange that he should be the first to discover so important a feature of the mystery of eating. If what he says is true, and there is no reason to doubt it, then it must be reserved for the high- ly-trained to get the full delights of a good dish, for it seems to be a con- scious process. Broad is the domain covered by Mr. Finck in his chase for food worthy of his best attention. Copenhagen fish, Italian pastes, German and English hams, American pie, cheese of every nation and clime — nothing is too deli- cate or too lowly to escape his shrewd attention provided that the food is hon- est and pleasing. It is true that the subject Flavor is often lost sight of, and l ere again Mr. Finck's long experience of quite another sort stands him in good stead. Primarily, he is a musical ( ritic, and he knows just what to do when he seems to lose the thread of narrative. Just as we aro beginning to wonder what all these charmingly Informal but most Instructive pages liave to do with Flavor, suddenly a horn (in this case a dinner-horn) sounds in the distance, and lo! the leit ni'iiil appears and « e are once more skilfully involved in the arguments in regard to Flavor and its relations to food the Whole process is highly operatic. Deeply informed as is the author on his subject, the book is one thai the wayfaring mi tay read and profll thereby, in speaking, tor Instance, of 1 be Italian pastes he mi nl Ion I be besl

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Sept. 25, 1913] The Nation 293 Kinds in a very helpful way. He might have added a chapter on the arrogance and Ignorance of the modern grocer, who makes up his mind what his cus- tomers ought to purchase, and closes it to all argument. Another chap- ter Mr. Kinck might have written en- tertainingly and instructively on that painfully large class in the community who don't like this and don't like that — the persons of a restricted dietary. There is so much food to be had, and most of it on the whole is so nourishing and palatable, that there is really little excuse for parents allowing their chil- dren to grow up with ill-trained and really vulgar caprices. In later life, a child, untrained in this simple but im- portant matter, has eventually to suffer from the neglect. Every one, we are insistently told, should eat a sour salad once a day, us- ing more vinegar, and good vinegar at that, than is usually called for in the books. It is only necessary to walk through the "foreign" parts of any large city to be made aware that salads are by no means rich men's food. The poor really live well, if we read Mr. Finck aright — so also do some of the rich, but not all. It is the middle sort, leaning too heavily on their steaks and chops, who suffer when the prices of beef and mutton rise, for they lack knowledge and imagination, and have as yet no- where to turn for succor, unless they enlist under Mr. Finck's banner. In spite of some disheartening re- marks at the beginning about our gas- tronomic conditions, towards the end of his tale Mr. Finck brightens visibly and sees a glorious dietetic future fcr this country. And why, indeed, should not his hopes be realized? While other countries stick for the most part to their own established dietaries, we are getting an astonishing familiarity with the foods and eating customs of all Christendom and even of heathen- esse. Any day at noon in the down- town parts of all cities, you shall see stout and rosy butchers, once scorn- ful of all food but the eternal rump steak or pork chop, now up to the eye- brows in the joyous excitement of Ital- ian ravioli or Hungarian goulash, or Ger- man rinderbrust. Bismarck herring, Spanish omelet, the humble Chinese chop-suey, Mexican enchilada, West In- dian avocados, all these and many oth- er good things are no longer weird nov- elties to the American palate, and Mr. Finck cheers us with the assurance that we cat them because they have distinct and often delicious flavor. Shall we blame him if he breaks forth into ecstatic murmurings of delight? Were he not an idealist at heart, our Puri- tanism might revolt at his comparison of his first taste of alligator-pear to the "discovery of a now song of Schubert or Grieg, or a new painting by Titian." Putting the French first in gastro- nomic matters, Mr. Finck is not sub- servient. He defends, for instance, the early American breakfast as against the Gallic coffee and roll, and on his un- furled standard is inscribed the word "pie" a la mort. He is, however, alto- gether too severe on our custom of flavoring pies. It must be that he has never yet eaten an apple pie, flavored with a leaf of rose-geranium, and serv- ed to him by an American housewife bred on the best traditions. There is still a thrill left for him if he has not eaten this sort of pie. Since he is so utterly loyal to the best of our national achievements in good dishes, it is a pity that he found no place for some eulogium on salt- fish dinners, and that even greater achievement, the Xew England boil- ed dinner, glowing with the colors of the solar spectrum. He might, too, have struck a somewhat louder string by iauding our various chowders, the great- est of which are the clam and quahaug varieties. He does, however, speak with fervor of potato-salad, "one of Ger- many's great contributions to the world's gastronomic treasures." His view of American cheese is gloomy, and it might be possible to quarrel with one who omits Gorgonzola from his list ot the great world-cheeses. Roquefort stands at the top in his estimation. A somewhat cheerful tone runs through the remarks on "sea food," as some of our frowzy restaurants insist upon calling it, although Mr. Finck raises the hue and cry against all froz- en fish. He does not seem to make any discrimination in favor of "chilled" fish, notwithstanding the fact that such useful food as halibut and salmon can now be carried in a reasonably good condition to places where a few years ago they were virtually unknown. He makes, however, the suggestion that the innumerable ponds in this country might well be stocked, as is so extensive- ly done in Germany. This is not the only suggestion in this remarkable work which, if followed out, might lead to the making of good livings and even of comfortable fortunes. Several of his hints, pointing towards livelihoods for women, while not wholly novel, are so strongly put that, by not telling what they are, we hope to excite the curi- osity of a sex thought not to be abso- lutely without it. To return, not to our muttons, but to our fish, Mr. Finck be- lieves sole to be the best kind in the "wide, wide world," though he has kind- ly thoughts for other kinds, and e\en defends eels, accepting the German vari- ety as perfectly free from the tradition- al dietetic habits of this humble mem- ber of its family. So valiant a d er of an animal with as bad a reputation as the eel, naturally receives in a cath- olic spirit the favorable comparison made by a friend of python's liver with terrapin. "While haddock is by no means rated among the finest fishes, finnan haddie is one of the very best of cured fishes" —thus Mr. Finck (p. 427); but it has often occurred to lovers of fish food that were haddock as scarce and high- priced as salmon or striped bass, epi- cures would make much of it. We do tire of trout, even when cooked in cream; but the modest haddock — a far choicer fish than cod, both as to flavor and the quality of its flesh — is what President Eliot might call "a durable satisfaction," like bread or apples. As for sole, it is a good, a most delectable fish, but has Mr. Finck ever tasted a really fresh scup? Or must one have Cape Cod blood in his veins to appre- ciate scup at its true value? In all this agreeable medley of sound rdvice about all manner of edible things, it seems not to have entered into Mr. Finck's mind that some human beings are not fitted to enjoy the whole of earth's bounty. There are, beyond a cer- tain age, arteries to be considered be- fore we indulge ourselves, as he would have us, in juicy meats or nutritious peas and beans. In bidding us to eat at least once a day a sour salad with plenty of vinegar, he does not seem ful- 1} to realize how many of us, alas! are unable to take acids so freely. The pro- teids and the carbohvdrates, the careful proportioning of foods to digestions — such considerations as these appear to weigh lightly on Mr. Finck's gastro- nomic conscience. So brimming are these pages with good nature, the hopeful American spir- it, the evident wish to do good, and to make people healthier and happier, that it is an easy thing to forgive the lack of orderly precision, the violent explo- sions of personal feeling or belief, the frequent "journalistic" nature of the style. The faults seem small when the real good accomplished is so great. The Century Co. is bringing out "Alge- bra, First Course," by Prof. W. C. Brenke and Miss Edith Long. Another textbook on "The Teaching of Arithmetic" (American Book Company), by Alva Walker Stamper, has been added to the long list of similar works. One some- times wonders why the teacher of arithme- tic to children needs so portentous an pmount of method. Apparently, a knowledge of the number concepts of the Hindus and the Egyptians is essential to these teachers. And even multiplication and division are erudite subjects and not to be trifled with, although children, in the past, could be taught them readily without such peda- intricacies. Elementary " are as patient as animals on the tion table. Dr. .lolin Green Curtis, of Xew York oint author of the 1 home at Chatham, M Saturday. I! n old, a half-brother of the William iraduating from H

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:^)4= The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2517 in L866 and from the College of Physicians and Surgeons In this city in 1870, Dr. Cur- tis became a professor in the latter insti- tution, alter having first served ten years as surgeon at Bellevue Hospital. In 1909 lie was made emeritus professor of physi- ology. Drama Enthusiastic scenes were witnessed in the Memorial Theatre, Stratford-on-Avon, at the close of the last performance of the Shakespeare Festival, which was running during the whole of August. Amid much cheering, presentations were made to the artists, and congratulatory speeches fol- lowed by the chairman of the Memorial Association, Mr. Flower, and Mr. Benson, the director of the dramatic performances, on the unprecedented success of this year's celebrations. Visitors from all parts of Great Britain had attended, also 500 teach- ers and students for the School of Folk Song and Dance, held in connection with the festival. A remarkable month's pro- gramme included eleven of Shakespeare's plays, also modern plays by Bernard Shaw and John Masefield, Lord Lytton's "Riche- lieu," a series of Warwickshire and Worces- tershire village children's plays, organized by Lady Isabel Margesson ; a morality play of "Job," arranged by Miss Sybil Amherst, and performed by the Norwich players; the drama of Glastonbury, presented by Bed- ford students; perfprmances by Dunmow players, and a beautiful production of a Harvest Masque by Stratford townfolk. Morris dances and folk songs, organized by the English Folk Dance Society, under the direction of Mr. Cecil Sharp, and lectures on dramatic and art subjects by eminent lecturers, also figured in the programme. "Years of Discretion," which had a long run in this city— when it had the advan- tage of Belasco's stage management — has been produced in London, where it has met with a somewhat cool reception from the critics. The fact is that it is weak in spots. About two-thirds of it is light comedy of an uncommonly good sort, but the remaining third is full of clumsy ex- aggeration. The London critics judge it by its deficiencies rather than its merits. "Interlopers" is the title of a new com- edy by H. M. Harwood, which Messrs. Vedrenne and Eadie are producing in the London Royalty Theatre. It is understood to deal with the question whether husband or children ought to be the first care of a wife, and is said to be written in a light vein. Speaking of John Galsworthy's new play, soon to be produced in the London Court Theatre, an English theatrical writer says: "The Fugitive," as it is named, is likely to prove the author's most serious contribu- tion as yet to the stage. It is a drama of strong situations, and written in a frankly outspoken vein. The leading character is that of a woman, married but childless, who, breaking away from class traditions, bravely faces the world, prepared to ac- cept whatsoever consequences may n mil from that step. It should perhaps be men- tioned that the play has been In existence for some time, but has been held bach until 1 conditions of production could be assured. John Henry Jack, better known as John Jack, who died last week in the Home for Retired Actors, at Springbrook, near Holmesburg, Pa., was, in his day, one of the best-known players on the American stage. Born in Philadelphia in 1836, he became call boy in the Walnut Street Thea- tre when he was sixteen years old, and gradually made his way upward, until, in the course of time, he won recognition as a thoroughly qualified performer. Ho fur- nished the first proof of his superior qual- ity in a performance of Sir Peter Teazle, for which he was impressed in an emer- gency, and thereafter he was assigned chiefly to the parts of "old men," in which he soon became proficient. It was his size, doubtless, that first suggested his imper- sonation of Falstaff, in which he was popu- lar for many years. Edwin Forrest was in the heyday of his success when Jack be- came a prominent member of his company. In the season of 1853-54 he was a member of the company at the Chestnut Street Theatre, which included Joseph Jefferson, John Gilbert, John Sleeper Clark, and Liz- zie Western. Then he went to a theatre at Richmond, Va., and returned to Phila- delphia to become a member of the com- pany at the National Theatre. He was not in any respect a great actor, but he was a performer of all-round excellence. In later years he offered a notable piece of characterization in his Sir John D'Urber- ville in "Tcss of the D'Urbervilles." Music HIGH MUSIC AND PLAIN AMERI- CANISM. The reviewers have generally spoken of the new venture at the Century in New York as an experiment in opera in English. But its real significance, of course, is that it is not primarily an experiment in English opera, but an ex- periment in cheap opera. If the problem were one of language only, a solution might conceivably be approached in oth- er ways. Thus it is not impossible that Caruso or Farrar or Fremstad could be induced, by arguments to which the ar- tistic soul is not at all insensible, to sing in English if the patriotism of Metro- politan audiences so demanded. But be- cause the primary purpose on Central Park West is to give opera at popular a thing which can be done only with artists not of the first order, it was inevitable that the patriotic motive should be called upon to make up for the lack of first-rate talent; and prop- erly. It is well to recognize that the success of the new opera house depends only in minor degree on whether the Century audience can follow the Eng- lish libretto with greater ease than the Metropolitan audience follows the Ital- ian, the French, or the German. The real question is whether a New York audience can be persuaded to listen to good music which labors under the dis- advantage of being offered at moderate prices. This fact was clearly in the minds of the reviewers when they set them- selves to argue that, after all, the qual- ity of opera which people will get at the Century is equal to that which is offered in most European cities. It is a brave attempt to combat the national habit which insists on having the best, or nothing at all. It is an attempt that certainly deserves to succeed. If the general choice were really one between the very best music and no music at all, it would not be so bad. But an Amer- ican public rather reasons in this way: if we cannot afford to pay six dollars to hear Caruso, then we will go to hear the Alabama Choo-Choo Rag. Thus the cult of only the best becomes, for the great majority, the cult of the worst. Good second-class opera may do for the people of Munich and Budapest, but will I'ever do for the uncrowned American sovereign; so the uncrowned sovereign goes in for the music of musical com- edy. How is this essentially snobbish attitude of the great New York public to be combated? Perhaps as good a way as any is to keep on citing Munich and Budapest, until native complacency ir stirred to the point of confessing that Munich and Budapest are neither of them "one-horse" towns, and that opera which is good enough for them may be « orth listening to, after all. So let us t:ope that Munich and Budapest will continue to be flung at our reluctant public. But another good way, good be- cause direct, is to mince no words at all about this stupid snobbery which re- jects the beautiful things of life be- cause beauty is not always to be had in its "swellest" and most expensive form. We believe in the efficacy of hard words when it comes to assailing a bad tradition, because plain speaking will hearten the slaves of a bad tradition to rise and mutiny against their fate. Custom is often imposed on the many by the few. There must be a great many people in New York, people of sim- ple tastes and right aspirations, who, because they cannot have the best, would be happy with the next best if they were not ashamed. They are the victims of an expensive and shoddy standard, created by the comfortably rich and supported by the eighteen-dol- lar-a-week clerk who thinks that "life" means two-dollar seats in the theatre for himself and his best girl. Why should it be necessary to quote the ex- ample of Munich and Budapest? Among New York city's five millions there must be Munichs and Budapests and Milans and Dresdens; large population- groups, that is, of honest provincial taste, who, if they followed their natur- al inclinations, would be happy with second-class opera and a second-class scat, at a good play; but they arc ter- rorized by the traditions of the great American spender. That terror, we

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Sept. 25, 1913J The Nation 295 Imagine, is on the decline. The opera experiment at the Century, if it suc- ceeds, will thus have a significance ex- truding beyond its special field. It will be the index of a wholesome change in the general attitude of the people to- wards the things of life that are worth while. Louis Koemmenich begins his second sea- ion as conductor of the New York Oratorio Society with rehearsals on September 25. The sole novelty of the season will be an 1, "Ruth," by Georg (not Robert) Schumann. It is set for December 5. On December 26 and 27, "The Messiah" will be sung for the 84th and 85th times by this society. On March 28 will be the so- ciety's third performance of Beethoven's Mass in li A final concert, sche- duled for April 2."), will be devoted to a capella music. The programme of this lias not yet been arranged. This final event will mark the 231st "regular" 1 of the society. There will be twen- ty-seven regular rehearsals on Thursday nights and twenty-five extra, men and wo- men separate, for Tuesday nights. The concerts will be given as usual in Carnegie Hall, which has been renovated during the summer, and the accompaniment will be by the orchestra of the New York Symphony Society. New York music-lovers had the chance last season to hear :isl high-class concerts, about 300 lighter musical enter- tainments. Of orchestral concerts alone there were 106, of which the Philharmonic provided 'It, the New York Symphony Or- and the Boston Orchestra 19. The indications are that the present season will lie equa'lly busy, if not more so, for there will be three opera companies. Ico has spent $10,000,000 on an opera house in the capital city. The Govern- ment also contributes about $100,000 a year towards the support of the National Con- servatory of Music in that city. Connect- ed with it are about fifty teachers, mostly Mexicans. To specially talented pupils scholarships are awarded entitling them to a course of study in Europe. At the opera the audience imitates the Italian custom of hissing a singer who happens to emit an imperfect tone. The Mozart Society of lliis city has pro- cured Charles Wakefield Cadman for a concert to be given on December 6. On October 9 he appears in Mi. neapolis, with the Indian girl, Tsianina Redfeather, in his "Indian Music Talk," and a recital at Which his new trio will be heard. Later on this trio will appear in Pittsburgh. A "Syllabus of Kentucky Folk Song" has been published by Hubert G. Shearin and Josiah H. Combs. The contents are divid- ed into song-ballads, love-songs, dance- songs, number-songs, lullabies, jigs, dit- ties, etc. The music of the Kentucky mountain folk is described as a survival of the British and Irish music of the sev- enteenth and eighteenth centuries, which was transmitted to the colonies orally. Some of the rhymes and tunes, however, are obviously taken from more recent vau- deville and "musical comedy" perfor- mances. The report comes from London that sev- eral wealthy men are to assist Thomas Beecham in building a new theatre with a seating capacity of 4,000, in which operas will be performed in English and other languages at vaudeville prices — which are from about 12 cents to $1.25 a seat. Edgar , Stillman Kelley writes about "MacDowell's Ideal Realized" in the Mu- sical Courier. The Peterboro, N. H., home of America's foremost composer was to him a great source of inspiration, and he keenly realized how- much such environ- ment might mean to those less fortunate. Thanks to Mrs. MacDowell's efforts, the MacDowell Memorial Association now, as Mr. Kelley remarks, not only offers a rare retreat for the ar- tist of acknowledged attainments in search of a quiet working place, but also affords similar oportunities to those whose careers are still in a formative stage. . . . The rustic studios are scattered throughout the forests of the large estate of four hundred and those occupied by musicians are always sufficiently remote from the others to avoid any disturbance to fellow- composers. . . . The colony started six years ago with three art workers, a sculp- tor, a writer, and a musician. Now, even with the increased number of studios, the quarters are too cramped to accommodate fifteen, while a constantly beins; refused. Herein we already see the fulfilment of prophecies made by Richard Watson Gilder, Howard Mansfield, and otln is, wiui steadfastly maintained the value and practicability of a scheme which, at the outset, was held as visionary and impossible by all the world. Art Greek Refinements: Studios in Temper- amental Architecture. By William Henry Goodyear. New Haven: The Yale University Press. $10. It is now a malter of common know- ledge that the lines of Greek temples are not absolutely straight, but consist of a series of subtle curves, hardly percepti- ble to the naked eye in many cases, but occurring with such regularity that, in the opinion of most modern authorities, they can only have been produced inten- tionally.* The discovery of these curves is, however, of comparatively recent date. It was first made by Joseph Hopper and John Pennethorne, and published by the former in 1838. Once attention was drawn to this subject, its importance was recognized, and, in 1851, appeared Pen- rose's famous book, entitled "An Investi- gation of the Principles of Athenian Ar- chitecture." in which these Greek refine- ments were thoroughly discussed. This book is still the standard work on the subject; and in the more recent publica- tions on Greek architecture the results then obtained are naturally always quoted. Professor Goodyear has long be dally interested in this important fea- ture of Greek architecture and has de- voted many years to its study. The pres- •J. Dumi, In liis llmilunxt the specialist. For the former he has tried to produce a "readable book"; for the latter he has tried to produce an "exhaustive treatment'' in a "scientific spirit." If for no other reason, Mr. Good- year's book is valuable for its numer- ous illustrations, some of which are of astonishing excellence. They include one hundred and twenty subjects, among them a number of photographs of the Greek horizontal curves in the South Italian and Sicilian Greek tem- ples, which are the only extant photo- graphs on this subject for these tem- ples. Mr. Goodyear draws attention to a popular modern opinion, which ha deems a fallacy, namely, that the Greek curves were intended to correct an op- tical illusion and to make the architec- tural lines look straight. According to him, this was not the reason, the- curves being dictated by the Greek arc! "sentiment of beauty," in other words, cause they preferred the appear- ance of straight lines, and, therefore, made their lines curved, so as to appear straight, but because they pr- curved lines. With regard to the text in g< it is undeniably suggestive and it will probably stimulate a wholesome li in this subject. The chief fault of the book is that it falls between two stools. It is neither a popular handbook nor a strictly scientific work. In s the author's attempt to mal able, it is full of technical lai which is too abstract for general ing, and it abounds in discouragl tences, such as this: "Greek refine- ments . . . are purposed departures from the supposedly geometrical ularity of the horizontal and perpendic- ular linos in the Greek b from the prescribed matin i equality of their apparently con Ing dimensions and spaces.'' It a question whether so technical popular. In any case, Mr. Goodyear does not seem to us to have succeeded In doing only impaired the scientific value of irk by a discursive stylo and by a somewhat too personal tone.

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298 The ISTation [Vol. 97, No. 2517 "Deserves a place on the shelves of every student of American his- tory."— Chicago Record- Herald. CALIFORNIA UNDER SPAIN AND MEXICO BY IRVING B. RICHMAN "What John Fiske and so many others have done tor the Eastern Coast States, Mr. Richman has done for California."— St. Paul Pioneer Press. "A valuable and interesting addi- tion to the literature of a little known period of American history, beginning with Cortes's coming, con- tinuing through the rule of the Fran- ciscan and Dominican Missions and the establishment of Mexican Inde- pendence in 1821, to the war with the United States in 1847. Much that is romantic, picturesque, and thrilling has been drawn directly from the na- tional archives of Spain and Mexico, and from other hitherto inaccessible sources."— The A. L. A. Booklist. "Mr. Richman's 'California under Spain and Mexico' comes as a much needed light on a subject peculiarly worthy of illumination. . . . Not only is the volume itself of exception- al merit, but it is written in a clear and simple style, and with an atten- tion to narrative that holds the read- er."— Boston Transcript. "Nowhere can the history of Califor- nia be found so well told in compact form as here. . . . The reader may derive from this book a good idea of the international competition which led to the discovery and settlement of California; of the system of ad- ministration of a Spanish colony and a Mexican dependency; of the mission and its relation to colonization; of the advent of the Americans and the final conquest of the country by them." — Annuls of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. "The book has been written almost entirely from manuscript sources . . . and the product must be ad- judged distinctly creditable to Ameri- can historical scholarship." — The Dial. With maps, charts, and plans. $4.00 net. Postpaid, $4.21. HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY BOSTON AND NEW YORK. "An absorbing chronicle of human passion and frailty, marked with just those alternations of humor and pathos that give to the best fiction its en- during quality. " — New York Times. Westways By Dr. S. Weir Mitchell "Certainly one of the very best books Dr. Mitchell has ever written. ... It is more real than ' Hugh Wynne.'" — Boston Transcript. " Dr. Mitchell has given to American literature that rare triumph in the domain of fiction — a novel that is veracious and entertaining in its portrayal of life and character and that furnishes besides an illuminating chapter in history." — New York Times. For sale by your bookscllo Price $1.4.0 net, fostage 11 cents THE CENTURY GO. Now Iteadi/ JULIUS CAESAR Being the Seventeenth Volume In B New Var- iorum Rdition of Shakespeare. Edited by Horace Howard Furness. Jr. Cloth. $4.00. Half tno- rorco. $5.00. Postage extra. J. B. LIPPISCOTT COMPANY, Publishers, Philadelphia. Just Issued The PHILIPPINE PROBLEM By Frederick Chamberlin The most up-to-date and impartial account of the American occupation and development of the Philippines yet issued. With 10 pages of illuttratinns , 254 puoet, 12mo, cloth, $1.50 net; by mail $1.62. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, Boston For immediate publication: Strindberg's By the Open Sea A novel that docs not insult your intelligence j Authorized trai ner; $1.2$ net B.W.Huebsch, Publisher, 225 Fifth avenue, NewYork THE CUE AT ART GIFT-BOOK OF THE YEAR ART By Auguste Rodin (Translated from the French of Paul Gael] hy sun. Romllly Redden.) with over 100 Illustrations in photogravure and half-tone. Buckram, $7.50 net: three-quarter levant, $15.1)0 net; carriage additional. A book which takes Its place nt once as the most important art book In years. It covers practically the whole range of art. and abounds in memorable analyses of the works of t lie masters of painting and sculpture, ancient and modern. Send for dctcrlptive circular. Small, Mnynanl & Co., Publishers. Boston The Flowery Republic1 By FREDERICK McCORMICK is the most authoritative work on the new \ China. $2.50 net. By mail &2.70. D. APPLETON & COMPANY, New York THE TRUTH ABOUT WOMAN By O. GasquolDe Hartley. $2.50 ner. r UODD. MEAD * COMPANY - NEW YORK 1 Autograph ir price lists. I .ti«,. WalterR.BenJamln, 225 6tbAv..N.Y. 1 LGlierS KSTAIil.lNllKl) 1887 ! p,,i, ••tiii7 nm-.T.wrpnp •• si ■ ye- The Autumn Announcement Number OF THE NATION Will be Published OCTOBER 16th Besides its regular circulation, several thousand copies?will be mailed to libraries, clubs, and literary people.

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_ ^ The Nation VOL. XCVII— NO. 2518 THURSDAY, OCTOBER 2, 1913 J£lEak PRICE TEN CENTS HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY'S IMVO'RTAJVT JSEW -BOOKS The Memoirs of Li Hung Chang With an Introduction by Hon. John W. Foster Edited by W. F. MANNIX. The frank and intimate record of daily events set down by the great Chinese statesman, who was at the same time a man of letters and a writer possessed of the most pictur- esque literary style. The memoirs cover his chief activities as Viceroy and as Ambassador from China to the United States. Besides being a historical document of the first importance, it is entertaining for its frank expression of vigorous views on philosophical and theological problems and for its full revelation of a most interesting, indeed unique, personality. Frontispiece portrait in photogravure. $3.00 net. ' Postage 18 cents. TKAYKi, ON A VARIETY OF SUBJECTS THE CAROLINA MOUNTAINS By Margaret W. Morley. Miss Morley's book is at once an attractive introduction to the mountains, a useful guide-book, and a charming souvenir. With many illustra- tions. $3.00 net. Postage 16 cents. PICTURESQUE NEW ZEALAND By Paul Golding. A compact and vivid description of the country and its inhabitants, their occupations, indus- tries, laws, customs, etc. With fifty-eight superb illustra- tions. Illustrated. $3.50 net. Postage extra. THE COUNTRY OF SIR WALTER SCOTT By Charles S. Oloott. This attractive book takes up in succession the novels and poems of Sir Walter Scott in connection with Mr. Olcott's interesting experiences in ex- ploring the country. Boxed. With 60 illustrations by the author. $3.00 net. Postage 23 cents. BIOGRAPHY SOME LETTERS OF WILLIAM VAUGHN MOODY Edited by Daniel G, Mason. These letters, skilfully collected by one of Moody's best friends, constitute prac- tically a spiritual autobiography of one of the most notable of our American poets. $1.50 net. Postage 11 cents. THE LIFE OF LYMAN TRUMBULL By Horace White. Portrays the life of an important American as well as the inside history of many important events in the last half of the 19th century in this country. $3.00 net. Postage 19 cents. CHARLES GORDON AMES: A Spiritual Autobiography Edited by Alice Ames Winter. Dr. Ames describes with considerable particularity and in a very interesting manner the movements of his mind in the direction of relig- ious freedom, and is always most reasonable and gentle in tone. With frontispiece. $1.25 net. Postage 11 cents. DANDIES AND MEN OF LETTERS By Leon H. Vincent. A study of tho personalities and careers of that brilliant group of English men of letters of the early nineteenth century who were at once successful writers and conspicuous figures in the society of their day. Illustrated. $3.00 net. Postage 18 cents. YOUNG WORKING GIRLS Edited by Robert A. Woods and Albert J. Kennedy. This able and timely social study is rather more than usu- ally definite and constructive. It is a summary of evidence from two thousand social workers, a circumstance which gives it broad significance and frees it from the limitations which so often bound investigations of this nature. $1.00 net. Postage 10 cents. REVELATION AND THE IDEAL By George A. Gordon. An important addition to the splendid service which Dr. Gordon has long been rendering both as a speaker and writer. $1.50 net. Postage 15 cents. K5r LINCOLN AND SLAVERY By Albert J. Pillshiuy. A new and valuable contribu- tion to Lincoln history and literature, exhibiting his real attitude toward Slavery and Emancipation. Indispensable to libraries and stuoents of Lincoln. 75 cents net. Postage 8 cents. ENGLISH INDUSTRIES OF MIDDLE AGES THE By L. P. Salzmann. A compact history of the develop- nent through malia;val times of such important industries as coal mining, ship building, metal working, etc. $2.00 net. Postage extra. THE MASTERS OF MODERN FRENCH CRITICISM By Irving Babbitt. A survey of the intellectual life of Prance during the nineteenth century. "Un livre excep- tionnellement remarquable . . . tres doctn, infiniment a^n':- oble, debordant d'ide'es, dont beaucoup sont frappantes do justesse." — Augustin Filon in Le Journal des D6bats. $2.50 net. Postage 16 cents. KATE DOUGLAS WIGGIN'S The Story of Waitstill Baxter A dramatic story about the lives of two heroines, step-sisters of widely varying characteristics and temperaments, dealing entirely with their experiences as young women and not as children. There is more intensity, more dramatic ability, more of life's problems present than in any of Mrs. \\ iggin's former s; while the same human touch pervades every page. Illustrated. $1.30 net. Postage 12 cents. 4 Park Street BOSTON l'atl Bulletin sent TREE on. miurst. HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY 16 East 40th Street NEW YORK

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11 Th e X a t ion [Vol. 97, No. 2518 The Nation A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. feu York City Post Office as second-class mail mc 1 he Nation is published and owned by the New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllapd, President; William .1. Pattlson, Treasui Elmer More, Editor; Harold fleWolf Fuller, As- : ditor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in anu part of the United Slates or Mexico: to Canada $8.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Onion, $4.00. Address THE NATION, Vox 7:>4, New York. Publication Office, 20 Tescy Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 299 Editorial Articles : Murphy as Podesta 302 1 tie Unions and the Watertown Ar- 1 302 The Ulster Crisis 303 Freshmen and Life 304 A Distressing Mix-Up 305 Special Articles : Jane Austen 305 News for Bibliophiles 308 Correspondence : One View of the Wilson Administra- tion 309 "The Lion's Share" 309 An Early General Incorporation Act in New Jersey 309 Greek-Americans 309 Literature : A History of Russia 310 The Open Window.— The Odd Farm- house 311 Diamond Cut Diamond 311 Margery Fytton 311 Succession 312 The Charming of Estercel 312 Life of St. Francis of Assisi 312 Notes 313 Science 315 Drama : London Theatres 316 Music 318 Art 319 F 1: stance : Railway Efficiency 319 Books of the Week 320 Jttst Published HALLECKS NEW ENGLISH LITERATURE !'■-- BI ' 1:1 . ims r B w.u OK, A.M., LL.I)., Author of History of English Literature, History of American I Iterative* and Psj chologj and Psychic ( uli ure * 1 .:to This New English Literature preserves the qualities which have caused the author's former History of English Li tern inn. to be bo widely used; namely, suggestiveness, clearness, organic unity, Interest, and pow- er to awaken thought and to slim late tin siiiclriit to further reading. Like the older volume, though critical, it is written with a keen appreciation of the average pupil's mind, and a sj athy that is us delighl tul :is it is rare. In this volume new 1 been brought to light, new points of view have been adopted, and more attention is raid to recent writers. Manj new and im- portam facte concerning the 1 theater and the drama of Shaki . are Incorporated. Such imporrant recent writers as Meredith, Hardy, Swinburne and Kipling receive adequate treatment. An en- tire cbaptei 1 devoted 1 1 showing how the new literature already produced in I ntury reveals the thoughts B of this generation. Other of tliis new book are the unusual! 1 Readings that follow each chap- ter, suggestions and references for trip to England, historical introdu the chapters, careful treatment ot H em drama, ami a new and tip-to-date biblio- graphy. The v lume contains over 200 pic- tures, selected for their pedagogical value AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY NEW YO'.tK CINCINNATI CHICAGO Educational Vlorrislftwn School Morristown, n. j. coi- iHUlliaiUWll 3UIUU1 ,,.(,,. preparatory Board- in- School for Boys. Small classes. Supervised sports; new gymnasium. Lower BChool for boys 10 to 14. Advisory Beard— President Hibben, 11 I J inli.ii t , Harvard; Rev. Anson Phelps Stokes, Jr., Secretary of Yale; Dean Kep- pel, Columbia; President Prltchett, ' Foundation. The WOLCOTT SCHOOL, DENVER, COL. Superior climate. Accredited with Eastern Colleges for girls. Pine music advasfc oasima. 'THE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES, 1 EVERETT O. Fisk & Co., Proprietors. 2« Park St., Boston 1S47 O St., Washington ! ifl tAv.,NewYork 316JournalBd., Portland si IStegerBd., Chicago 343DouglasBd.,IiOsAngeles 317 Mas. Tom.. Denver 346WrightBlk.,Bei Send to any address above for Agency Manual. Harlan P, French, Pros. Vincent R. Fisk, Sec'y. THE ALBANY TEACHERS* AGENCY knows how. Twenty-two years of successful ex- perience in bringing together good schools and good teachers. Send for Bulletin, SI Chapel St., Albany, N. Y. DARENT8 desiring a home in the "Back J- Bay," Boston, for one or two boys, in the family of a physician for the coming winter from Oct. 1st, 1913, address, "BOS- TON." care The Nation, 20 Vesey St.. N. Y. ANDREAS: A LEGEND OF ST. ANDREW Edited bj YV. M. RASKERYII.I,, late Prot r of the English Liter \ andi 1 in 1 1 niversity. Those who know this Anglo-Saxon classic will appreciate it in the at- roriii in which it is now avail- able. The ( bote ranee ol arl , and In memorable an ilj jps of the • 1

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Oct 2,1913] Tlie 1ST at ion iii CHICAGO AND THE OLD NORTHWEST, 1673-1835. ByMILO M. QUAIFE, Pro- »r 1 if History in the Lewis Institute of Technology. Tii is book recounts, in a manner at once scholarly and dramatic, the early history of Chicago. From the point of view of Chicago and the Northwest alone, the work is local in character, although the locality con- embracea five great states of the Union; in the larger sense its interest is as broad as America, for every foot of America has been at some time on the frontier of civilization. 470 pages. 8vo, cloth. $4.23 postpaid. ANIMAL COMMUNITIES IN TEMPERATE AMERICA, AS ILLUSTRATED IN THE CHICAGO REGION. By VICTOR E. SHELFORD, Instructor in Zoology in the I niversity of Chicago. This volume presents the principles of field ecology illustrated by the more widely distributed animal habitats of the eastern half of temperate North America, and the aquatic habitats of a much larger territory. Six chapters deal with general principles. In several chapters the animal communities are considered from the point of view of modern dynamic ecology. A valuable feature of the book is the three hundred figures of widely animals chosen to represent the chief types of animal communities and their characteristic modes of life. 380 pages. 8vo, cloth. $3.22 postpaid. ARTIFICIAL PARTHENOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION. By JACQUES LOEB, Head of the Department of Experimental Biology, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. This new work presents the first complete treatment of the subject of artificial parthenogenesis in English. It gives an account of the methods by which unfertilized eggs can be caused to develop by physico-chemical means, ' conclusions which can be drawn from them concerning the mechanism by which the spermatozoon induces development. Since the problem of fertilization is con nccted with so many problems of physiology and pathology, th aiins of the facts recorded and discussed in the book goes beyond the special problem indicated by the title. 318 pages. 12mo, cloth. $2.68 postpaid. THE ELEMENTS OF DEBATING: A Manual for Use in High Schools and Academies. By L EVE RETT S. LYON, of the Joliet High School. This book does not pretend to originaiity in material; its aim is to put the well-established principles of the art within the reach of young students. It therefore presents the elements of publi;' speaking so freed from technicality that the student may assimilate them in the shortest possible time and with the least possible Interpretation by the teacher. Illustrations are given from some of the most effective arguments ever written, and a list of suggested topics is added in an appendix. 148 pages. 12mo, cloth. $1.07 postpaid. LONDON IN ENGLISH LITERATURE. By PERCY H. BOYNTON. Assistant Professor of English Literature in the University of Chicago. This volume deals with ten consecutive periods, characterized in turn by the work and spirit of Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton, Dryden, Addison, Johnson, Lamb, Dickens, and by the qualities of Victorian and contempo- rary London. The temper of each epoch is discussed, and then in particular those literary works which arc inti- mately related to certain localities in London. The work contains four maps and forty-three other illustrations, selected from the best of a great fund of material. 358 pages. 8vo, cloth. $2.17 postpaid. SOCIAL PROGRAMMES IN THE WEST. (The Barrows Lectures.) Bv CHARLES R. HENDERSON, Head of the Department of Practical Sociology in the University of Chicago. The lectures delivered with so much success in the Far East are included in this volume. The subjects are as follows: "Foundations of Social Programmes in Economic Facts and in Social Ideals," "Public and r Relief of Dependents and Abnormals," "Policy of the Western World in Relation to the Anti-Social." "Public Health, Education and Morality," "Movements to Improve the Economic and Cultural Situation of Wage-Earn- ers," and "Providing for Progress." 212'pages. 8vo, cloth. $1.38 postpaid. CHRISTIAN FAITH FOR MEN OF TO-DAY. Bv E ALBERT COOK It Systematic Theology in the Congregational College of Canada. This volume contains a clear and reasonable Interpretation of life from the Christian point of view, and sonic definite formulation of those beliefs that have proved most effectual in the development of individual and in the promotion of the welfare of society. The convenient arrangement of the paragraphs, the valuable appendices, and the general systematic treatment of the Bubjenkn. nml Kyoto.

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IV rn T li e 1ST a t i o n Vol. 97, No. 2518 Important New Macmillan Books FICTION AND JUVENILES HERRICK. His Great Adventure. By Robert Her- iuck. Illustrated. An interesting and unusual mystery story. $1.35 net. FURMAN. Mothering' on Perilous. By Lucy Fiieman. Illustrated. A Kentucky mountain story. $1.50 net. WILLCOCKS. The Will to Live. By M. P. Wlllcocks. The most mature work of the clever author of "The Wingless Victory." $135 neu ROBERTS. Children of the Wild. By Charles G. D. Roberts. Illustrated. Inimitable stories about young animals. $1S5 neU BROWN. Robin Hood's Barn. By Alice Brown. Il- lustrated. The charming story of a dream that came true. $1.25 net. GALE. When I Was a Little Girl. By Zona Gale. Illustrated. A delightful romance of childhood. $1.50 net. GRISWOLD. Peering at Princeton. By Latta Gris- wold. Illustrated. A lively story of college ex- periences. $1.3S „ce. MONGIARDINI-REMBADI. Pinocchio Under the Sea, Translated by C. M. Della-Chiesa, edited by J. W. Davis. Illustrated. The fascinating story of a marionette's submarine adventures. $1.35 net. TURPIN. Happy Acres. By Edna H. L. Turpin. Il- lustrated. A charming sequel to the author's "Honey Sweet." $U25 neU BAKER. Stories of Old Greece and Rome. By Emilie Hip Baker. Illustrated. Ancient legends retold in simple language. $1.50 net. BIOGRAPHY, HISTORY ADAMS. The Writings of John Quincy Adams. Vol. II. Edited by C. Wortiiington Ford. Covers the period 1796-1801, when Mr. Adams was U. S. Minister at The Hague and at Berlin. $3.50 net. BASSETT. A Short History of the United States. By John Spencer Bassett, Ph.D. The best one-volume history of the nation. $2. BO net. MOSELET. The Life Work of Edward A. Moseley in the Service of Humanity. By James Mobgan. Illustrated. The story of a government official's noble service to mankind. $2.00 net. LODGE. One Hundred Years of Peace. By the Hon. Henry Cabot Lodge. Illustrated. Vividly analyzes the century of peace since 1812. $1.25 net. POETRY AND ART MASEFIELD. Salt Water Ballads. By John Mase- field. A collection of great sea poems. $1.00 net. A Mainsail Haul. By John Masefield. Vigorous prose tales of the sea. $1.25 net. POWERS. The Message of Greek Art. By H. H. Powers. Ph.D. Illustrated. Ancient Greek charac- ter as revealed in their art. $2.00 net. Mornings with Masters of Art. By H. H. Powers, Ph.D. New Edition. Illustrated. The develop- ment of Christian art illuminatingly told. $2.00 net. TRAVEL, DESCRIPTION EDWARDS. The Barbary Coast. By Albert Edwaeds. Illustrated. An interesting account of life in Northern Africa. $2.00 net. GRAHAM. With the Russian Pilgrims to Jerusalem. By Stephen Graham. Illustrated. Vivid descrip- tions of an epic of travel. $2.75 net. PENNINGTON. A Woman Rice Planter. By Patience Pennington. Introduction by Owen Wister. Illus- trated. Interesting experiences of a woman planter in South Carolina. $2.50 net. STIGAND. Hunting the Elephant in Africa. By Captain C. H. Stigand. Introduction by Colonel Roosevelt. Illustrated. Dramatic hunting experi- ences graphically told. $2.50 net. SOCIOLOGY ADAMS. The Theory of Social Revolutions. By Brooks Adams. A brilliant thinker's study and forecast of the changing social era. $1.25 net. DICKINSON. The Christian Reconstruction of Mod- ern Life. By the Rev. Charles Henry Dickinson, D.D. A valuable contribution to the social uplift and regeneration of mankind. $1.50 net. HART. Educational Resources of Tillage and Rural Communities. Edited by Joseph K. Hart (Univ. of Washington). Significant suggestions for the better development of social life in rural com- munities. $1.00 net. GEPHART. Insurance and the State. By W. F. Gepiiaut, Ph.D. (Washington Univ.). A comprehen- sive view of the relation of insurance to the body politic. $1.25 net. SCIENCE JACOBY. Astronomy: A Popular Hand Book. By Harold Jacoby (Columbia Univ.). Illustrated. A work especially adapted to the requirements of the general reader. $2.50 net. SCHMUCKER. The Meaning of Evolution. By Samuel C. Senium I). illustrated. "The most readable, just a\>d accurate account of the essentials of evolutionary BClence." $l.9t net. The Fall Announcement of New Macmillan Books (96 pages) mailed free to any address. Published at 64-66 5th Ave., N. Y. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY On -ill ni All Bookstim B

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The Nation A Ml TORE, TIiritsnAY, OCTOBER 2, 1913. The Week The exemption feature of the income- tax section of the tariff bill emerges from the conference committee some- what improved over the form given to it by either the House or the Senate. The House bill had made a flat exemp- tion of $4,000. For this the Senate sub- stituted what was often referred to as an exemption of $3,000, and in most com- ments on the subject credit was ac- cordingly given the Senate for having lowered the exemption. This praise, however, was entirely unjustified, for not only did the additional exemption of $1,000 in the case of married men bring the amount back to the House figure in the great majority of cases, but there was a further exemption of $1,000 in the case of a family with two or more children, making the total exemption $5,000. This feature more than balanced the lowering of the minimum exemp- tion to $3,000, from the point of view of the objection that the tax was levied so as to be felt by only a very small fraction of the population. As it is, a flight concession has been made to that objection. How slight the concession is may be judged from the fact that the experts estimate the number of persons who will have to pay the tax at 425,000, which is about one-fiftieth of the num- ber of families in the United States. It is notable that the marked increase of rates at the upper end of the scale — the rate on the biggest incomes going up to 7 per cent, instead of 4 — went through with almost no resistance. In his speech at the Progressive Con- vention at Rochester, Col. Roosevelt gave several interesting illustrations of that superiority to trifling little distinctions, whether of fact or of law, for which he is so eminently distinguished. "I ask you," he said, referring to the Sulzer affair, "whether you prefer the recall exercised by the people themselves at the polls, or the recall exercised by Mr. Murphy at the end of the telephone." As he expressly disclaimed the purpose of referring to "any matter pending be- fore the court of impeachment," what he here denominates "the recall exer- cised by Mr. Murphy" can only be the ac- tion of the Assembly in bringing Sulzer before that court. Does any recall "by the people themselves" contemplate the interposition of a trial by a court of any kind before it becomes effective? Does it give the accused a chance to state his case with the aid of counsel, to confront his accusers, to put their charges to the test of a vote by a limited number of persons who act in the full light of publicity and to whom public opinion will bring home the responsibility of an unjust decision? Unless Mr. Roose- velt means to assert that the powers of the court of impeachment now appar- ently trying the case of Gov. Sulzer at Albany are in reality "exercised by Mr. Murphy at the end of a telephone," his comparison between the present Consti- tutional process and the recall by popu- lar vote is a sad misfit. But an instance far more significant is the statement the Colonel made of his own particular doctrine, generally known as that of the recall of decisions. When he first proposed that scheme, its avowed purpose was to give to the people an opportunity of declaring Con- stitutional a law which the courts had declared unconstitutional, and of thus substituting their interpretation for that of the courts. It was at once point- ed out, and especially by President Taft, that in practice the people would not vote on the question of Constitutionality, but simply on what they regarded as the merits of the law. Mr. Roosevelt has been sliding away from his original position pretty steadily; but in his Rochester statement he bids good-by to it completely. This is what he says: I am not advocating that the judges be coerced by public opinion in that the cor- rectness of their decisions be directly re- vised by the people, but merely that the State Constitution be so amended that when the courts declare unconstitutional a sta- tute which it would be competent for the people by amending the Constitution to au- thorize the Legislature to enact, the people shall at the next election have a right to decide whether or not they want such sta- tute to become a law, and if the majority favor it then the Constitution shall be deemed amended to authorize it, and the people will have the benefit of it without waiting for years to formally amend the Constitution and reenact it and test It again in the courts. In the words we have italicized, Mr. Roosevelt drops the Constitutional re- straint overboard altogether. Whether he is unaware that he is doing it, or whether he regards the dropping of the Constitution as a matter too trifling to mention, we confess we feel quite unable to determine. The forward-looking aspect of poli- tics in New Jersey is emphasized by the large returns by which Gov. Fielder and ex-Gov. Stokes won the Democratic and Republican nominations. Despite the fact that both depended much on personal popularity, and the former on President Wilson's endorsement, their progressivism was clearly a main factor in the result. Acting Gov. Fielder's at- titude towards labor legislation and State control of labor disputes, the adop- tion of newer forms of city government, and the cause of municipal ownership, represented a clear advance over that of Mr. Katzenbach. He had, moreover, R record of efficiency in helping procure for Newark the reforms he advocated. Ex-Gov. Stokes, whose nomination over three rivals was almost unanimous, rep- resents issues that are expected to draw to him a large percentage of the Pro- gressive vote. It is notable that the Progressives, who polled 147,000 votes in the last Presidential election, cast but a few more than 10,000 on this oc- casion; and that the victory of Colby ever Osborne was the victory of a man who believes fusion between Republi- cans and Progressives "desirable and necessary" over one who holds it abhor- rent from every point of view. The real contest thus promises to centre upon Fielder and Stokes. The outcome of the Massachusetts primaries has certain large resem- blances to the outcome of those in New Jersey. The old-party machines lost in their fight for a Republican nominee for Governor and a Democratic nominee for Lieutenant-Governor, and this in the face of the smallest vote in a State pri- mary since the Direct Nominations law of 1911 went into operation. Only 80,- 000 Republicans and 70,000 Democrats went to the polls, although Gov. Fosa received 193,000 votes and the Republi- can candidate 143,000 last November.

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300 The N" at ion Vol. 97, No. 2518 That was in a Presidential election, but, oddly enough, neither party polled as many votes then as it did in 1911, if, for purposes of comparison, we count the Progressives in with the Republi- cans. And yet the contests of last week were particularly sharp. The Progres- sive vote was small for two reasons: there was but one candidate for the nomination for Governor, and the lead- ers of the party had advised their fol- lowers not to go to the polls. Gardner's victory, like that of ex-Gov. Stokes in New Jersey, is likely to bring Progres- sive waverers back into the Republican fold. The uncertain element remains the present Governor, who continues to drop mysterious hints at an indepen- dent candidacy. With both of the old parties divided, the Republicans would have strong hopes of success, even with a Foss in the field. For the third time Baltimore has passed a segregation ordinance. The first two were thrown out by the State courts when taken to them by protest- ing colored people. It now looks as if the matter would have to be adjudicat- ed by the United States courts, for the ordinance of last Thursday was drawn in accordance with the advice of the Court of Appeals, given when it declar- ed the second one unconstitutional. This was rather an unusual procedure, and showed clearly where the sympathies of the Court lay. In its essence the ordi- nance provides that no negro shall move into a block which has a majority of white residents, and no white person shall buy or rent in a block if the ma- jority of residents are black. It remains to be seen whether the Supreme Court of the United States will find such a restriction consistent with the guaran- tees of the Federal Constitution. Eco- nomically, this legislation puts iron bands on the real-estate development ot Baltimore, and will, we believe, prove irksome to whites and blacks alike. It is absurd in this day and generation to return to the ghetto of the middle ages, abandoned by Europe long ago, and it cannot now be tolerated in a commu- nity which calls itself democratic. Secretary Garrison took the only pos- sible action in the matter of the eigh- teen West Point cadets who appealed to him over the heads of the Military Acad- emy authorities to rescind their pun- ishments for mild forms of hazing. Mr. on promptly sustained Col. Towns- ley, the superintendent, and adminis- tered an additional punishment by gird- ing at these cadets for their failure to take their punishment manfully. Had the Secretary decided on any other ac- tion, the discipline of the Academy would have suffered grievously; no in- stitution of this kind could continue to do its work efficiently, if, whenever cadets were punished, they could, by letters to their families and their Con- gressmen, bring about the upsetting of the verdicts against them. A few years ago such an incident as this would not have happened. Unfortunately, Con- gress and President Taft set a bad ex- ample last winter by permitting the re- trial and reinstatement of four cadets dismissed for having liquor in their possession. These cadets made a long political fight for reinstatement, finally inducing Mr. Taft to reverse the posi- tion of the War Department, which from the first had sustained the West Point authorities and refused to reopen the cases. Naturally, the reinstatement of these cadets after a second trial — the outcome of which was foreordained when Congress acted — has had a bad ef- fect on the corps of cadets. Fate thought to conceal him by nam- ing him Pindell and making him an edi- tor at Peoria, but President Wilson was not to be deceived and sought him out as the fittest man to represent the Unit- ed States in St. Petersburg. The only delay in naming this Ambassador is caused by the necessity of inquiring whether he will be persona grata to the Russian Government. But it ought not to take long to determine this. Why should the Czar hesitate? The Ameri- can press does not think any too well of him as it is, and if he were to intimate that he should not be absolutely delight- ed to take a country editor to his bosom, he would hear things from our news- papers that would make his ears tingle. Not much is known about Mr. Pindell that he had something to do with swinging the Illinois delegation at Bal- to Wilson, but we are bound to affirm that he has special competence, being an editor. Any man who chal- lenges this ought in fairness to read a file of Mr. Pindell's newspaper lor the past two or three years, and we rather fancy thai the objector would yield the point long before he had finished. There are, to be sure, several important diplo- matic questions pending with Russia, rogated treaty is to be replaced by another, and matters of immigration and trade, with the rights of American citizens travelling in Russia, are to be discussed. But who will be so un-Amer- ican, so distrustful of democracy, as to doubt that Pindell of Peoria in Peters- burg will be found level with all these high affairs of statesmanship? Outrageous behavior of the "gallery" on the golf links is not, as one news- paper asserts, unknown in England. At the amateur championship last year, when Mr. Abe Mitchell was in the finals with John Ball, the friends of the former dominated the crowd and showed the most violent partisanship. Even they, however, would scarcely have been capa- ble of loudly cheering at a player's mis- fortune in overrunning into a trap and so losing a hard-fought match. Yet this was done at Brookline last week when Travers lost to Ouimet. The club offi- cials were naturally much mortified and publicly apologized to Travers for the discourtesy. Where the trouble arises is, no doubt, in the fact that miscel- laneous throngs now go to see matches at golf of whom great numbers are ig- norant of elementary sportsmanship and particularly of the fundamental eti- quette of golf. They think of it merely as a spectacle where every spectator may yell delightedly at the error of a player as freely as when a grounder is fumbled cr a fly muffed in a world series in pro- fessional baseball. It is probable, too, that the partisan temper of the crowd at golf matches is intensified by its habit of betting on the contest. What- ever the explanation, the thing ought to be reformed altogether. Mistimed ap- plause at a golf game is a worse offence than at a Wagner opera. Those who know nothing of the courtesies and pro- prieties of golf should be kept off the links, or not admitted until after a course of lessons how to behave there. There is not the novelty in Prince- ton's announcement regarding a distinc- tion to be made hereafter between the mere "pass" man and the "hi r" man thai there wai In bar adoption of th< preceptorial system. Harvard, for In- stance, lias long eni ouraged 1 hi tious student by setting bin free, un-

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Oct. 2, I9I3J The X a 1 ion' 3Q1 der proper conditions, to work at a task without the requirements of attend- ipon lectures, and so on, which are Impost d upon the rank and file. Yet the oldest of American universities is still in doubt how to give the man of scholastic attainments something of the recognition which, without any faculty resolutions, descends upon the head of the athletic conqueror. This does not de- tract from the importance of the step that President Hibben and his associ- ates have taken. The thing that our institutions of learning need is not some device for turning the cheers of the student body in the direction of their more scholarly representatives, but such emphasis, however quiet, upon tual life, as will wake into activity whatever dormant interest of the kind may exist in the undergrad- uate's breast. This the system of "final Special honors" is well devised to do. "Historic passage" is none too strong a phrase for the trip of the first vessel through Gatun Lock into Gatun Lake. His countrymen will share, though in a less personal way, the satisfaction of Col. Goethals at the achievement. It is not simply that the dream of other ages and other engineers than our own is now at last so near fulfilment. The undertaking has \>een so stupendous that we could not be quite sure that it would actually be accomplished on any- thing like schedule time. Would not an unforeseeable accident, such as a landslide or an earthquake, happen at the final minute to spoil everything and show the impossibility of our genera- tion, at least, driving the plough across the right little, tight little isthmus? Our reputation for doing what we set out to do was at stake. This feeling might not have been dissipated alto- gether by the successful journey of an excursion steamship through the lock; but when an every-day, prosaic tugboat does it, then, indeed, our doubts vanish. The primary aim of the Administra- tion in Mexican affairs has been the establishment of peace and constitution- al government through the retirement of the central cause of dissension, Gen. Huerta. It is therefore with reason that a feeling of gratification is reported over the nomination of Gamboa by the Cath- olic party. In Mexico City, as in Wash- ington, his candidacy and the drawing closer of issues between himself and Diaz are regarded as a virtual guaran- tee of the very things which Huerta so recently refused to pledge. This tacit yielding to our demand that the Pro- visional President should make no at- tempt to succeed himself, or to mar the impartiality 01 the election, is a victory marred only by the stubborn attitude of the revolutionists. As for their an- nounced determination not to partici- pate in the coming election, it can only be hoped that the pressure of events and the State Department will bring them also to a common-sense attitude. President Wilson has already intimated that a constitutionally elected candidate will be supported, whether malcontents choose to participate in the election or not. This intimation should have weight with all who really deserve the name "Constitutionalists"; and if a free and fair election actually occurs, and is followed by American recognition, the end of smouldering insurrection may be in sight. The proposed dispatch of an English fleet of some twenty big ships, includ- ing eight first-class battleships, for a two months' cruise in the Mediterranean v.as probably not determined by the re- ceipt of an autograph letter from the German Emperor promising not to raid Great Britain while the fleet is away. Even those opponents of Mr. Asquith who regard a German surprise as a certainty do not expect it to come oft for another year or two. The reason for sending a fleet to the Mediterranean is that recent events have brought about notable political changes on the shores of that inland sea, in spite of which it is to Great Britain's interest to demon- strate that her own position of primacy remains what it was. Italy has estab- lished herself on the north coast of Afri- ca, and still holds possession of a num- ber of Levantine islands captured from the Turks. Greece, because of her re- cent victories, is planning naval expan- sion. The Bulgarians have reached the shores of the ^Egean and may be cher- ishing dreams of their own. To all these aspiring nations the British Gov- ernment now gives notice that, so far as control in the Mediterranean is con- cerned, things are to be as they have been. The witches' caldron in the Balkans is simmering again. What unholy brew will be the final product, no one, keep- ing in mind the history of the Balkan Peninsula this last year, will be bold enough to predict. War between Servia and the new Albania, war between Greece and the Albanians, war between Greece and Turkey over Cavalla in Thrace, war between Turkey and Bul- garia as allies against Servia and Greece — nothing is impossible. After seeing Turkey reenter Adrianople and Kirk-Kilisseh, who shall say that it is altogether impossible to think of Tur- key reentering Salonica and Janina? The thing is conceivable. Vengeance against her late allies is the one pas- sion that now possesses Bulgaria, and an alliance to that end with Turkey is not only conceivable, but is regarded in some quarters as having been already concluded. For herself, Monastir and Macedonia; for Turkey, whatever she can reconquer from the Greeks — that is the way Bulgaria might easily envisage the problem. If the Turks have indeed refused to enter into alliance with Bul- garia, it will have been only because they recognize that the present distract- ed condition of the Balkan peninsula redounds more to their advantage than the rebuilding of a powerful Bulgaria right at the doors of Adrianople. After a long and painful illness the five-Power loan agreement in China has gone the way of all flesh. The end was foreseen from the moment when President Wilson withdrew from the ar- rangement and the six-Power loan be- came a five-Power loan. The patient died from pernicious anaemia and atro- phy of the sympathetic system. Design- ed ostensibly as a method for setting the Chinese Republic well on the way towards economic regeneration, and to relieve the country at the same time from the fear of foreign intimidation, the agreement among the Powers soon evealed itself as subserving neither purpose. As against China, the manipu- lators of the scheme brought forward demands which (ailed for the sa by the Chinese of important sovereign rights. Among themselves, the I continued the old game of selfish in- trigue. Fortunately, this was a situa- tion by which the Chh rnment was able to profit. The struggle of po- litical interests will undoubtedly go on, but under no guise of philanthropy.

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30° fS •The ^sTatioxi [Vol. 97, No. 2518 Ml It PHY AS P0DE8TA. It is not an inapt comparison which the London Times has just applied to a Tammany boss. It likens him to the podestd of an Italian mediaeval city. And here comes our ex-podestd, Richard Croker, to lend force to the analogy. As Lodovico Sforza fled to Germany, from the city which he had betrayed and looted, Croker left us for Ireland. But he chooses the occasion of the honor done by New York to Mayor Gaynor to send back comments on the city's gov- ernment which are filled with the fine old Tammany spirit. And this spirit is wonderfully like that of the typical Italian podesta. If any one doubts it, let him turn to Sismondi's chapter xx, in which he discusses philosophically the causes of the loss of liberty in the Lom- bard republics, and their falling, one after the other, under the sway of a podesta, This Italian antetype of the Tam- many boss was not elevated to his bad eminence by personal merit. He might often be a man fit to be denounced, as Guicciardini denounces Sforza, for absolute villa. Of unbridled greed when things were going well for him, he would display the utmost pusillanimity in adversity or defeat. Power he at- tained out of the misfortunes or neces- sities of his fellow-citizens. Sismondi cites the example of Martin della Torre in Milan. The city had fallen on evil days. Social order was relaxed and civic authority enfeebled. There was no sure guarantee of life or property. In troublous times like those a podesid was certain to press to the front, and Della Torre found his opportunity. His qualifications for rule were of the slightest, just as his character was of the most contemptible, but he succeed- ed in imposing himself on Milan be- cause, in Sismondi's words, he had "l'art de se rendre necessaire." Now, this is what Tammany bosses undertake to do. They seek to make themselves necessary. From Tweed to Murphy, through Kelly and Croker, they assert that they are, if not the indis- pensable men, at least the necessary men. Without them the city cannot be governed. This is what they always imply, and frequently they are foolish enough to affirm it publicly. Croker docs this in his impudent remarks about Mayor Gaynor. Gaynor was not a good Tammany man, and therefore he could not have given New York a satisfactory government. That is elementary in the Crokerian logic. All reformers make a mess of it when they get a chance to ad- minister the affairs of New York. Ex- penses and taxes go up, vice and crime increase, the citizens are growingly dis- contented. That is the burden of ex- Boss Croker's contention, and one sees how perfectly he expresses the sense of the class to which he belongs, and which feels that it has a proprietary interest, almost a vested right, in ruling New York. An Italian podesta, if brought tack to earth, would think and talk in just that way. And Murphy's intellectual operations are exactly of the same sort. There is a mediaeval directness about them. Here is a great city. The instinctive exclama- tion at sight of it is, "Was fiir Plun- der!" There is a vast amount of munici- pal business to be done, money to be laid out, contracts to be let. We know what the attitude of an Italian podesta would be, in the presence of all these op- portunities, and Murphy's is not far dif- ferent. This mighty city budget, all for me to expend! All these offices for me and my organization to fill! And in re- turn what does the Tammany podesta offer New York? Why, very much what nas offered Milan by Della Torre. A fair degree of security for life and busi- ness. A police that will at least put down riots. In addition, favors to friends and to "good" merchants and corporations, with the constant preach- ing that New York is the finest city in the world, where no improvements are really needed, and where it is simply preposterous to talk about the crying demand for moral and social reforms. If Murphy thus acts like a podesta, the blame is not all to be placed upon him alone. lie, indeed, endeavors to make himself and his kind "necessaire" to New York. But what of those men in the community who allow him and his sort of government to be necessary to them — who find, not merely satisfac- tion, but profit in it? There's the rub in all this Tammany warfare. We should see no podesta in New York if the city were not submissive to him. It was only the desire of many belonging to the wealthy classes in the Italian republics that they should be governed by despotic mlers that made the Italian podestd possible. Shall that be repeated in New York? If so, a future Sismondi will have no difficulty in tracing the causes of our subjugation. THE UNIONS AND THE WATERTOWN ARSENAL. In reply to the latest labor-union at- tacks, Gen. William Crozier, Chief of Ordnance, has again come out strong- ly in defence of the Taylor efficiency system, established at the Watertown, Mass., Arsenal. This is only what was to be expected. He is fortunate in being an army officer, and not dependent upon votes for the retention of high office; this leaves him free to speak the truth as he sees it, without fear of what may happen at the polls upon any given day. We are inclined to believe from his rec- ord that even if he were a Representa- tive he would still have the courage to oppose the labor unions when he felt them to be in the wrong. If that is, however, in the realm of speculation, it is no guess that Gen. Crozier's advocacy of the Watertown efficiency system would in itself establish a prima-facie case for it, such is his reputation for clear thinking and for high professional achievements. He has, moreover, fol- lowed the development of the Taylor efficiency ideas at Watertown from the very beginning, treating them exhaus- tively in his annual reports in 1911 and 1912; and in the memorandum he has just submitted to the Secretary of War ne is emphatically in favor of continu- ing the system which he has conclusive- ly proved to have resulted not only in great savings to the Government, but also in marked benefits to the workmen. Why is it, then, that the attacks upon it continue, and that a petition signed by 322 Watertown employees, asking for its abolition there, has been sent to the Secretary of War? It is because the unions have from the first been opposed to the Taylor system, whether introduc- ed into private or public business. Every modern efficiency plan strikes at sever- al of the most archaic and economically indefensible labor-union policies — the limitation of output, the standardizing of labor according to the speed of the weakest man, and the effort to uplift labor by regulating the number of work- men admitted to a given industry. Be- yond doubt some of the opposit due to a. ;;< inline miseoneepl mil nl \. h is aimed at, to a real fear M1.1l thl

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Oct. 2, 1 9 1 3 1 T li e N" a t i o n 303 whole scheme is to force workers to produce more than they should humane- ly be asked to accomplish, to "speed them up" and introduce the evils of the sweat-shop under the guise of a scientific application of their time and strength. It is needless to say that if this were the case, not only the labor unions but the conscience of the coun- try would be aroused to protest. In- stead of finding the most progressive employers, those particularly interested in their workmen, taking it up with the firm belief that they are benefiting their men quite as much as themselves, we should find them solidly arrayed against it. Moreover, economic and industrial in- efficiency helps no one, workmen or cap- italists, and hurts the nation. A wast- ing of the physical strength of the la- borers through overspeeding, such as the labor-union leaders charge against the Taylor system, would be nothing less than criminal. But we do not be- lieve that any fear of this kind is the real reason for most of the unions' oppo- sition. In our judgment that is due to the fact that, while the laborer profits much by the premium system, the lead- ers fear a loss of their power and their control of their men. At Wa- tertown the experiment has now been going on for four years under army officers who would be the last to tar- nish their good name by earning the epithet of "slave-driver," and are actu- ated by no desire for profits; the result is that, with the same eight-hour day as before, many of the workmen em- ployed there are earning premiums (in addition to their previously earned wages) averaging 20 per cent, of their regular wages and running as high as 35.38 per cent., while the Government profits by an enlarged output of 60 per cent. That is, despite the labor-union contentions, there has been no decrease of wages, but a steady increase, and, of course, no change whatever in working conditions or hours. In his report for 1912, Gen. Crozier estimated the savings in his depart- ment due to the Taylor system at $240,- 461.93, in addition to a saving of $122,- 789.61 from a more scientific use of surplus stock. This is the more extra- ordinary because even at Watertown the system is far from being univer- sal. Thus, in the foundry there only €7 per cent, of the working time of the employees was given to jobs upon which premiums could be earned. In the month of May the average premium of all the premium-earning force was but $8.96, which went to 210 men out of about 600. These bonuses, our readers must re- member, are not solely due to faster work under stimulus of extra pay, but result largely from the careful planning done in advance by men specially as- signed to this task, whose chief duty is to free the laborer from every hindrance due to delay in getting material, or tools, or instructions, and to teach him to apply his strength most effectively. And it is against this enlightened sys- tem, with its increased wages, that 322 laborers have protested. The explanation of these signatures can only be labor-union dictation; of that Gen. Crozier, after investigation, is convinced; and he believes that the leaders have promised that if the work- men lose this extra pay by the abolition of the system, they will use their po- litical power to get Congress to raise their regular wages correspondingly. Here we have the sinister feature of the whole situation — that aspect of it which makes this Watertown issue of vital moment to the whole country, and far transcends the question whether the Taylor system does or does not help the workman. Shall the labor unions control the policy of the Government? Shall they dictate what manufacturing system it shall or shall not employ? Shall they, without just reason, compel the Government to conduct its arsenals wastefully and deprive the taxpayers of approximately half a million dollars a year, for nothing? There can be no doubt how these questions will be an- swered if the War Department is al- lowed to settle them for itself. It is the Congressmen, with their fear of labor- union votes, who must be watched l^t they interfere, for political reasons, con- trary to sound economic policy and com- mon-sense. Hence there is much force in Gen. Crozier's proposal that the whole question be referred to the new Commission on Industrial Relations for investigation. At least it is clear that he fears no unbiassed scientific inquiry. True, a committee of Congress has al- ready investigated the Watertown sit- uation; its verdict was the negative one that Congress should not legislate about it. Some more positive affirmance of the Government's position is needed. THE ULSTER CRISIS. At Belfast there has been set up the framework of a provisional government to take over the administration of the affairs of Ulster when Home Rule be- comes a fact and an Irish Parliament is installed at Dublin. The party of Prot- estant domination under the leadership of Sir Edward Carson has thus entered upon the constructive phase of its pro- gramme. The army that is to resist the forcible imposition of Home Rule has been in the process of organization for more than a year. A quarter of a mil- lion men signed the recent Covenant against Home Rule. The London Times, not an impartial observer to be sure, places the strength of the Ulster Vol- unteer Force at not less than one-half the number of signatures. Military drill has been going on, and within the last few weeks special attention has been devoted to the development of the signalling and dispatch-riding corps against the moment when the minute- men of Ulster shall be summoned to arms. The situation throws into high re- lief the peculiar qualities which distin- guish English political development and the spirit of English government from those of every other nation. In what other country could a movement like the Ulster uprising go on, even for a short time, without producing either panic or repression, or both? Sir Ed- ward Carson is really threatening sedi- tion and civil war. That he does so in the name of the higher imperial inter- ests of Great Britain, and in terms of respectful consideration for the dignity of the Crown, does not obviate the fact that if the Home Rule bill receives the approval of King George, the Ulster Unionist leader is prepared to take the field in armed rebellion against his sov- ereign. One may imagine what the ef- fect would be in France if a certain section of the population were to an- nounce its determination to resist the sovereign will by force of arms. The cry for a man on horseback to save the country would be raised at once, and republican institutions would be shak- en to their foundations. In England the crisis is severe enough; but already the feverish condition of the patient has be- gun to evolve an antidote. The spirit promise is in the air. From the Liberal side has come the proposal of a conference on Home Rule brought for-

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BQ4 T h N ji 1 i o 11 | Vol. 97, No. 2518 ward by Lord l.oreburn. On behalf of th( Unionists there is a willingness to talk business. The Times has declared that the Unionist party must make eon- cessions; the time for unalterable oppo- sition to self-government for Ireland has passed. And the other day, at Bel- fast, Sir Edward Carson admitted that If Home Rule fails, the south of Ireland will rise, even as Ulster threatens to do }f Home Rule is forced upon her. "Great Britain must be accepted as the arbiter between the two parties," said Sir Ed- ward. Here seems to be a plain offer to listen to reason. What form can compromise assume? Among the Unionists in England there was till very recently a fairly general demand that the Government should submit the question of Home Rule to the country, either by way of referen- dum or by a dissolution of Parliament and a general election. But that solu- tion is no longer feasible. Should the Government be defeated the extremists among the Unionists would argue that Home Rule must be thrown overboard; whereas the most responsible leaders of Unionist opinion now hold that Home Rule in some form must. come. But furthermore, Sir Edward Carson has said in so many words that if the electo- rate should declare in favor of Home Rule it would not affect the stand Ulster has taken. For here apparently is a sit- uation where God and one make a ma- jority. One of the most tenacious forces in European history is now engaged in z struggle for survival — the Protestant ascendency in Ireland. There are not many causes whose roots still reach clown so firmly into the past. There are not many population groups to whom the years 1641 and 1689 are so vividly near as to the Presbyterians of Ulster. It does not necessarily follow that Pro- testant rule in Ireland must endure be- cause it has so long endured. Within the last three years England has wit- nessed, in the Parliament Act, the over- throw of a Constitution that went back earlier than modern England. It may be that the Government which had cour- age enough to tame the House of Lords will be bold enough to venture on the taming of Ulster. But it will not do so without very serious consideration. In favor of a firm stand by the Gov- ernment is the fact that Home Rule has adlrectly pronounced upon by the o] th( nation. In the elections that were fought upon the Parliament Bill it was quite generally understood, and virtually admitted on the Unionist side, that the shackling of the House ot Lords was but a prelude to Home Rule. In favor of the Government is the fact that the justice of Ireland's claims has by this time imposed itself upon the conscience of the nation. Ulster admits this when it demands, no longer the maintenance of the Protestant ascend- ency, but the separation of Ulster from Catholic Ireland for the protection of i the Protestant minority. In favor of the Government is the fact that even in Ulster the Protestant element does not overwhelmingly outnumber the Catholic population. The representa- tion of Ulster in the House of Commons is evenly divided between Unionists and Nationalists, or shows possibly a ma- jority of one for the latter. Thus when the Protestants of Ulster protest against being placed in the hands of a Catholic Parliament at Dublin, the question still remains, what guarantees there will be for the Catholic population of Ulster if that province is to be set apart from the rest of Ireland with a local govern- ment of its own. For the moment, how- ever, the political vane points to com- promise. FREUHMEN AND LIFE. This is the freshman's hour. Day by day during the past week entering class- es have been asked by presidents and deans to consider why they have come to college and to remember that stu- dent days are but preparation for after- life. Books for their special benefit also come out at this season. One by a pro- fessor mindful of a first year at college wasted lies at hand. It contains the usual admonition to young men to bear in mind that life is earnest, to main- tain steadfastness of purpose, and to cling to the ideals of one's childhood. With its exalted purpose no one will quarrel. In America as elsewhere the number of freshmen who idle, or fall into grievous follies, through lack of timely warning, is large; and only by serious, straightforward talk can they be raised to their better selves. Yet it is a question whether such ad- vi<e does not misplace the emphasis. in the comments just cited nor in the various addresses of collet Identfl which the book includes, air the' possibilities of the essential freedom of collegiate existence sufficiently stressed. This freedom is what undoubtedly most impresses the freshman, be he by na- ture a loafer or serious minded; for the moment it is the central fact of his life. Issuing from the discipline of home or boarding-school, he finds him- self in an atmosphere in which he seems 4 to be master of his destiny. The result- ant zest might wisely be taken by edu- cators as a starting-point. In a nega- tive sense it is so taken. That is, men are cautioned not to fancy that this is really freedom, and with such a lead it is easy to point out that no moments of life are detached from the thread of our being, that what we do to-day helps to shape our attitude years hence. Now, not all freshmen are weak, by any means; yet appeal is not made to the imagination of the strong as it should be. To them the hearty if raucous tone of a famous professor, now dead, would have a welcome sound. He used to urge certain young gentlemen to have experi- ence. "It will cost you dear, but have it." The goodness of his own life for- bade one to read into his words permis- sion to do unworthy acts. Out of the strong cometh forth sweetness. If col- leges are to maintain their distinction, the note must be struck by exceptional men, and the great opportunities of these should not be slighted by pre- occupation with saving the unfit from hardships. Democracy in education need lead to no such extreme. The democratic spirit has given to the accepted phrase "preparation for life" a meaning too strict. It is not necessary that all freshmen should be made to see the precise connection be- tween college and the world at large. Colleges by splendid traditions have am- ply justified themselves, and the impor- tant point for entering students to un- derstand is the opportunity for intel- lectual expansion which lies before them. The magic of pure speculation is something which even a boy, if rightly handled, can distinctly feel. From sig- nifying preparation for life in a very general way, the college has too often, in the minds of educators, come to mean life itself, in the conventional sense. This it legitimately is not. What have the problems of pure thematics to do with "real lite"? Yet it would be a pity If mal hi mat irians. BOIXBil lV6 o\ . r the claznoi lnga of efficiency sharpers,

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Oct. 2, 1913] The Nation 305 should entirely forego their labors on infinity for nearer examples drawn from our everlasting shops and factories. In some way the freshman must be made to think of college not only as a it i<m for life, but also as being much detached from life. Properly used, college should be analogous to a jour- ney to Europe taken for the purpose of null rstandlng America. Condi- iii the two spheres greatly dif- ther distorts eternal values. The point could be the more easily en- i because of the attitude in which <ven the freshman ordinarily presents Emancipated for the moment ■ lly is, as he imagines, and in a shape the world unto bis desire. The trust which at the out- <ny a boy places in the efficacy of thought as taught by his masters is pathetic when contrasted with the lit- tle that is done to foster it. In this country this disillusioning comes much sooner than in Europe. Take men fresh from Oxford. Almost invariably they show great self-assurance in applying their book-learning to life. Amusing they may appear to hardened world- lings, yet they testify to a wholesome state of instruction. From reading the accepted authorities and from discuss- ing these as though they were still mat- ters of live importance, they emerge with the "jump," as they suppose, on their less educated fellows. And it is indeed significant that Oxford, which in so many ways stands aloof from the world of the immediate present, yet con- trives to prepare her sons almost at once to undertake pressing duties of the realm. Oxford men pride themselves upon having dwelt while at college in regions somewhat magical. It would be well if this magical element in college education were not neglected by presi- dents and deans at opening time. This it is, we fancy, which a rightminded freshman vaguely feels, and calls free- dom; the pity is that too often he is not encouraged to convert his yearnings into a freedom of the noblest sort. A DISTRESSING MIX-UP. The Nation refuses to be a party any longer to a conspiracy of silence. A crime o£ extraordinary daring and startling mo- ral turpitude has been perpetrated in this city, and it is time that the police should take cognizance of the affair. We refer, of course, to the kidnapping of the editor of Harper's Weekly. One dark night, within the last two months, Mr. Norman Hapgood his way home from the McClure building, on Twentieth Street, when a taxi- in which the registration number n removed ran up close to the side- walk. Four men leaped out from the cab, threw a sack over Mr. Hapgood's head, and hustled him into the cab, which set off at high speed in the direction of Brooklyn. Harper's Weekly, though 1 Bring the name of Norman Hap- good as editor, has in reality been edited by his brother, Mr. Hutchins Hapgood, who Is well known in the neighborhood as an exponent of philosophical anarchism and as an admirer of the propaganda of Miss Emma Goldman. This will explain the na- ture of much of the writing that has been appearing in Harper's Weekly under the initials "N. H." At first we were inclined to believe that, this was simply a printer's error for "H. IT." But a careful examina- tion of several numbers of the journal i ted by George William Curtis has convinced us that it cannot be a succession of printer*s errors that we are confronted with. Nothing more characteristic hao ema- nated from the pen of Mr. Hutchins Hap- good than the featured article entitled "Two Kinds of Mothers," which he con- tributes to last week's issue of Harper's under the initials "N. H." The article is by way of commentary on a double-page cartoon appearing in the same issue and bearing the same title, "Two Kinds of Mothers." The picture shows on one page a mother of the tenements nursing her baby, and on the other page a young wo- man in an extremely tight and generously slitted gown drinking champagne in a cabi- net particulier in the company of a gentle- man who might be a racetrack gambler or a prosperous gunman, or both. Gazing upon this picture and then on that, Mr. Hutchins Hapgood has draped the mantle of inspiration about him and written as follows: The ideal of motherhood is not to be lessened, but it must be supplemented. It must accommodate itself to the enlarged c'evelopment of woman's mind and opportu- nities. That woman of Mr. Becker's in the Mining-room is a ridiculous-looking object, rather discouraging because she is trying only for personal power, and per- sonal power through the use of charm only. She seeks excitement instead of service; and yet is there not a useful striving in the background? Perhaps not in the case of this particular individual, because, judging from the wolfish face of the man she is with, it is a very low aspect of pleasure that we have to deal with. Then come some plain truths about those fiends incarnate, "our Puritan ancestors," supplemented by a statement of the self- evident fact that "emancipation from mid- dle-class standards of taste, morality, and intellect is, so far as it goes, a good thing." Fortunately, reason tells us that the usur- pation of power in the office of Harper's cannot continue much longer. When the police have rescued Mr. Norman Hapgood from his place of confinement in the neigh- borhood of Bay Ridge and reinstated him in his lawful place in the McClure build- ing, the restored editor will, of course, have a heart-to-heart talk with his brother. He will not reproach him for the act of assault and impersonation which, after all, was a bit of direct action and sabotage carried out with all sincerity in behalf of a cause close to the heart of the perpetrator. Neither will Mr. Norman Hapgood reproach bis brother too severely for casting over- board our middle-class standards of taste end morality: he will content himself with pointing out that the tenement-house mother in the picture would seem to indicate that feeding one's babies is a virtue which is shared by the lower classes with the mid- dle classes. But the evicted and restored editor of Harper's will take serious objec- tion to his brother's repudiation of the in- tellect along with morality and taste. Pos- sibly, we can live a while without morality and without taste; but if we abnegate the use of mind, how shall we be different from the beasts? And, specifically, without the use of intellect, how can one write magazine articles in favor of a new stand- ard of taste and of morality? JANE AUSTEN. I. It is peculiarly fitting that the story of Jane Austen's life should remain a kind of family heritage. The first bio- graphical sketch was prepared by her brother Henry for the edition of "North- anger Abbey" and "Persuasion" pub- lished in 1818, the year after her death. The first full "Memoir" was written by J. E. Austen Leigh, the son of her broth- er James, and issued in 1870. Her "Let- ters" were given to the world, in 1884, by another nephew, Lord Brabourne; and now we have a new "Life and Let- ters"* compiled by the son and the grand- son of the author of the "Memoir," and based largely on the two preceding works. The story, however told, is not one of abounding interest; the letters, though characteristic of the writer and light- ened now and then by flashes of her wit and satire, are too thoroughly domestic and reticent to afford of themselves much entertainment. We may admit that, and yet find the record precious in a way as offering the material of experi- ence out of which the novelist wrought her inimitable pictures of society. Hers was a life singularly calm and protect- ed. Her father, the Rev. George Austen, himself largely connected with substan- tial families of Kent and Hampshire and Lincolnshire, married a Cassandra Leigh, whose connections were wider and more distinguished than his own. In 1764 he became Rector of Steventon, "a small village tucked away among the Hampshire Downs," where his eight children were born, among them Janfc, in L775, the youngest but one. The rec- tory stood, we are told by the author of Lie "Memoir," "in a shallow valley, sur- rounded by sloping meadows, well sprinkled with elm-trees, at the end of a small village of cottages, each provided with a garden, scattered about prettily on either side of the road. Her Life and Letters: A f'nmtty By William ArH.iir .«■ v. w York : B, P. Dnttcn A

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306 T li e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2518 . . . North of the house, the road from Deane to Popham Lane ran at a sufficient distance from the front to allow a carriage drive, through turf and trees. On the south side, the ground rose gently and was occupied by one of those old-fashioned gardens in which vegetables and flowers are combined, flanked and protected on the east by cne of the thatched mud walls common in that country, and overshadowed by fine elms. Along the upper or southern side of the garden ran a terrace of the finest turf, which must have been in the writer's thoughts when she described Catherine Morland's childish delight in 'rolling down the green slope at the back of the house.' " — Who that has travel- led in England has not seen such homes of peace, speaking to him of another age now almost mythical, and causing him to say in his heart, 0 fortunatos nimium? The first break came in 1801, when for reasons unexplained, though the father's declining health may have been one of these, the family migrated to Bath. The resolution to move seems to have been made suddenly, and there is a tradition that the news was abruptly imparted to Jane and a friend on their return from a visit, by Mrs. Austen with the words, "Well, girls, it is all settled; we have decided to leave Steventon in such a week, and go to Bath" — where- upon Jane properly fainted away. On the death of the father, in 1805, the mother and daughters, now in straiten- ed circumstances and partly dependent on the sons for support, left Bath, and, after some changes, settled at Chawton in Hampshire, in a cottage owned by Edward, who had been adopted into a wealthy family of Knights. Here Jane continued her quiet, loyal, busy life un- til her health failed, and, for medical attendance, she was carried to Winches- ter, from where she never returned — where she still lies, at rest in the nave of the great cathedral. Her life was not without contacts with the greater world. Warren Hast- ings was bound to the family by inti- mate association, and when the Rev. George Austen took his bride from Bath to Steventon, they carried with them as a charge the six-year-old child of the Indian magnate. Of the sons of the family, some made distinguished places for themselves. One was for a time scholar and fellow of St. John's, Ox- ford; two became admirals in the navy, and another married the Comtesse de Feuillide, whose former husband had suffered death in Paris by the guillo- tine. But the echoes of this larger life as they come to us in Jane's letters are curiously toned down to the proprieties of a drawing-room in a country parson- age. We hear indeed of battles and ad- ventures by sea, but she was chiefly Impressed by the fact that sailors make doting husbands, and her real opinion of the profession is given in the closing words of "Persuasion," that it "is, if possible, more distinguished in its do- mestic virtues than in its national im- portance." The real material of her correspondence is afforded by the little domestic details of life, the receiving and giving of visits, private theatricals, and the conquests and defeats of a coun- ty ball at which the writer reports her own "profligate" behavior. And her fiction comes from the same immaculate seclusion. Of personal con- nection with contemporary writers there is not a hint, nor is there in her books a trace of the literary ferment of the age. In the years 1797 and 8, while the Wordsworths and Coleridge were talking of high matters in the Quan- tocks and preparing the "Lyrical Bal- lads," Jane Austen was shamefastly making the first draft of "Pride and Prejudice," "Sense and Sensibility," and "Northanger Abbey," scribbling her sheets in the common "dressing-room," as they called the upstairs sitting-room at Steventon, and hiding them under her sewing from profane eyes. The years from 1811 to 1818, when her six novels were published, saw also the ap- pearance of Shelley's "Queen Mab," Eyron's "Childe Harold," Scott's "Wa- verley," Hunt's "Story of Rimini," and Keats's "Poems," and the difference in spirit between her novels and these works is the difference between two cen- turies. They are severed by the Revo- lution. In the great world all was tur- moil. Statesmen, like Fox, were profli- gate in a way that needs no quotation marks about the word, armies were marching and fighting, kingdoms were remaking, the very bases of society were shaken — and in "Emma" and "Mansfield Park" we are transported into a world that seems to have been the same from everlasting to everlasting, into a kind of ideal centre of calm which was con- ceived, and for a time and in certain places actually realized, by the eigh- teenth century. That is the point. This world in which Miss Austen's people move, con- cealed from the outer fray, like the heroes of Homer, in a circle of celestial mist, is no chance occurrence and no idle fancy of an inexperienced girl. Every one knows the generous and dis- criminating praise which Walter Scott set down in his diary, under date of March 14, 1826: "Read again, for the third time at least, Miss Austen's finely written novel of 'Pride and Prejudice.' That young lady has a talent for de- scribing the involvements and feelings and characters of ordinary life, which is to me the most wonderful I ever met with. The big Bow-Wow strain I can do myself like any now going; but the exquisite touch which renders ordinary commonplace things and characters in- teresting from the truth of the descrip- tion and the sentiment is denied to me." This exquisite power of feeling and analysis is no doubt the secret of the novelist's immediate charm — yet scarce- ly a secret, for no one can read a page of "Pride and Prejudice" without un- derstanding the spell that is upon him — but there is also beneath this charm an evocation, an atmosphere, a mean- ing, a subtle interpretation of life, let <is say boldly, at once ideal and real. She was not an historical novelist, like Scott, able to evoke some fragment of the past and throw around it the gla- mour of actuality. But she was histor- ical in so far as the peculiarity of her surroundings and to a certain extent also of her genius enabled her to see, with a certain unconscious purity of vision, into the very heart of the soci- ety about her and to embody that soci- ety in undying characters, when the ieality was beginning to pass away. II. It may seem pedantic, but for my part I cannot lay down one of her novels without reflecting a little on the philoso- phy which had come to permeate the life of the day like an all-embracing at- mosphere and which was taken into the minds of the least metaphysical as nat- urally as the air into their bodies. Years before Jane Austen was born Boling- broke had borrowed the guiding idea from Leibnitz and expressed it as an aphorism: "The seeming imperfection of the parts is necessary to the real per- fection of the whole." The theory was in no wise new. Dr. Johuson, on what authority I have not stopped to inquire, derived it from the Arabian philoso- phers; it had furnished ' St. Thomas Aquinas ("Suinma," I, xlviii, 2) with an orthodox explanation of the exist- ence of evil in a created world, and was, taken up by Spinoza ("Ethics," I, xvi) into his metaphysical chain of causes. From Bolingbroke it passed to Pope, who, in his "Essay on Man," developed it into a picturesque justification of the infinite scale of things, each right and happy in its proper place, so that there is no evil inherent in the nature of things, but only in the desire of man to escape from his ordained place; and through Pope and Shaftesbury and the other popular exponents of Deism, the doctrine entered into the very life-blood of eighteenth-century England. In 1757 Soame Jenyns, a gentleman and no metaphysician, had the temerity to pub- lish a "Free Inquiry Into the Nature and Origin of Evil," in which the doc- trine was supported unflinchingly by analogy to the orders of society: Thus, the universe resembles a large and well-regulated family, in which all the of- ficers and servants, and even the domestic 1 als, are subservient to each other in i"i ; mi ini.itlon; each enjoys the mhI perquisites peculiar to lils place, and at tho same time contributes, by thai in: 1 subordination, to the magniflcenoa and ii.ipi'in. 1 of the whole.

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Oct. 2, I913] The Nation 307 of veneration was not the church, but the park or the Great House, and the spirit of worship was not so much the emotions of the human soul in the con- templation of God as a loyal acqui- escence in the existing institutions of a restricted and self-sufficient society. III. That may seem, and indeed is, a nar- row field for great fiction. The exclu- sions were enormous; out of that charm- ed circle must be kept not only the so- cial unrest that was prowling hungrily all about it, but even the deeper pas- sions of the individual breast that might endanger its artificial balance. But at least, as we see it reflected in Jane Aus- ten's novels, this restricted field was not dull. For one thing she had, with all her unquestioning loyalty, as spright- ly a vein of satire as ever lent salt to native wit. Hers was not the satire of indignation — of a Swift rankling with r-atred of human nature, or even of an Addison, who, like a Shaftesbury in easy- chair, would laugh away the foibles and absurdities of society; it was rather the biting but jealous sarcasm that She herself had never read St. Thomas the members of a close-knit family in- Aquinas or Spinoza, we may suppose; j dulge in among themselves, in the assur- but she was well versed in Pope and | ance of privacy. There is, for example, Johnson and their school, and, above I no more proper ass in fiction than the all, her mind reflected like an untar- egregiously self-satisfied Mr. Collins, nor nished glass the things that were very I a more impertinent monster than his close to her. In her view the philosoph- patron, Lady Catherine. Nothing could In a review of his friend's book Dr. Johnson exposed the hollowness of such an attempt to elude the reality of evil, with a directness of thrust and a clear- ness of insight which render his treatise cne of the profoundest discussions of the subject in English or any other language; but the idea of subordination as a divine institution was, neverthe- less, deeply implanted in the Doctor's own heart and is the secret of his mag- nificent Toryism: "Order cannot be had but by subordination." In the larger sphere of life this very practical Deism showed itself in a stub- born alliance of religion with the Brit- ish Constitution against the spirit of growth and innovation, in "such a view of this world and the next," to use George Eliot's sarcastic words, "as would preserve the existing arrange- ments of English society quite unshak- en, keeping down the obtrusiveness of the vulgar and the discontent of the poor." And the same words, if warmed with a little genial humor, would de- scribe those quieter backwaters of so- ciety in which the people of Jane Aus- ten loved and quarrelled and married. ical alliance of Deism took the form of a county life at the apex of which stood the parsonage and the park, and the universe resembles, indeed, a family, large enough for variety and human enough, however well-regulated, to ad- mit the spice of temporary jars and mis- understandings. We shall not expect in such a society to see religion touch- ed with the fires of spirituality or lift- ed above the needs and occurrences of the hour. No doubt it had its consola- tions for the soul, and its very lowli- ness gave it with the finer natures a pervasive reality. We feel this, for in- stance, in the calm sentences of Jane Austen herself after the death of her father: "Heavy as is the blow, we can already feel that a thousand comforts remain to us to soften it. Next to that of the consciousness of his worth and constant preparation for another world, is the remembrance of his having suf- fered, comparatively speaking, nothing." But in her fictitious world religion scarcely appears even as a preparation for death; it is rather an assurance of subordinate social position. There are two parsons who play a prominent part in her novels. One is the Mr. Elton by whom Emma tries to raise her dear Har- riet in the scale of gentility, and the other is the egregious, sublime Mr. Col- lins, upon whom Mr. Bennet bestows the well-received parting advice: "But, if 1 were you, I would stand by the nephew; he has more to give." The real place be more delicious than our enjoyment of their baffled and blinded conceit when they learn of Darcy's intention to mar- ry Elizabeth. Who has not rubbed his hands with delight in reading the last impotent, majestic words of her Lady- ship to Elizabeth — who has not read them with unlessened delight a score of times? — "I take no leave of you, Miss Bennet. I send no compliments to your mother. You deserve no such attention. I am most seriously displeased.' Who, on reading Mr. Collins's delicate letter of protest, has not said with Mr. Bennet that he would not give up that gentle- man's correspondence for any considera- tion: "After mentioning the likelihood of this marriage to her Ladyship last night, she immediately, with her usual condescension, expressed what she felt on the occasion"? These are the things that Swift would have called genius and that would have added fame to the wit of Addison. And yet, if we take heed, they belong with the satire neither of the "Tale of a Tub" nor of the Specta- tor. Their author would have enter- tained her dear sister Cassandra shrewd- ly enough with the impertinences of a Lady Catherine in real life, but she would never have questioned the au- thority of that dictator of county stand- ing, and when her Mr. Collins at the end offers a "parading and obsequious civility" to Mr. Darcy he was, after all, only expressing in his foolish way her own half-conscious notion of the Church as the upholder of the great social law of subordination. Nor should we forget that the awful Mr. Darcy himself, the truest hero Jane Austen ever conceived, does not altogether escape the same sa- tirical touches. Yet if his "pride" seems to the reader at times perilously like a solemn priggishness, his position and his estate and his conscious superiority are the unquestioned reward of the hero- ine who affects a "prejudice" against him. Georgiana may have "listened with an astonishment bordering on alarm at her lively, sportive manner of talking to her brother," but, by Eliza- beth's instructions, "began to comprehend that a woman may take liberties with her husband, which a brother will not always allow in a sister more than ten years younger than himself"; and we, who have been taken into the smiling confidence of the author, soon learn that she permits herself privileges with her people which in the mouth- of a hostile alien would have filled her with amaze- ment and shuddering alarm. And so this critical humor turns out to be only another enchantment to bind us in the artist's magic circle. Often- est, indeed, it eschews ridicule altogeth- er and is unmistakably sympathetic. We laugh at the vanity of Sir Walter El- liot of Kellynch Hall, but we love him for his good looks and his devotion to the Baronetage. We chuckle at Miss Bates's flow of rigmarole, but we know that of such is the kindly kingdom of the county town. We smile at Emma's blindness to the presumptuous infatua- tion of Mr. Elton for herself, and at her efforts to raise her dear Harriet to the parsonage, but we know all along that Harriet will finally marry the farmer, that Mr. Elton will take the proper per- son to the parsonage, that Emma will go submissively and joyfully to Don- well Abbey, and all will be rightly dis- posed in this little hierarchy. And if meanwhile we are impatient with the heroine for delaying the fated order of things, it is only in the spirit of the chiding owner of the Abbey: "Mr. Knightley loves to find fault with me, you know— in a joke, — it is all a joke. We always say what we like to one an- other." If ever the wit of the novels loses this tone of family intimacy and borders on what may be called external satire, it is when the author deals with the things which, however they may seem to have sprung from the heart of her world, were yet the beginning and sign of the coming revolution. The satire of the new mystery-mongering in "Northanger Abbey" is not very seri- cus, but it is the ridicule felt for some- thing alien and disturbing to her own order of ideas. So too her criticism of -Mrs. Dash wood and Marianne in "Sense and Sensibility" is in one way nothing like as scathing as the naked present- ment of a Lady Catherine or a Mr. Col-

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3QS The N a i ion | Vol. 97, No. 2518 Una; their foibles are handled with won- derful restraint and with evident hesi- tation to hurt, but when she says that "common sense, common care, common prudence, were all sunk in Mrs. Dash- wood's romantic delicacy," she was really touching on a new and widely lauded trait of character from which she In- stinctively shrank as from something more dangerous to her ideals than the ugliest insolence and servility; she had in mind the ravishing inroads of the school of "sentimentalists" headed by Sterne. Nor had she any more sympa- thy with the other aspect of the roman- tic invasion. "It is very true," she makes her Marianne observe, showing thereby her rare skill in discriminating traits of character and seeing their prop- er limits, for otherwise Marianne was only less sunk in "romantic delicacy" than her mother — "it is very true that ad- miration of landscape scenery has be- come a mere jargon. Everybody pre- tends to feel and tries to describe with the taste and elegance of him who first defined what picturesque beauty was.' It is significant that Catherine Morland of "Northanger Abbey" and the senti- mentalists of "Sense and Sensibility" must undergo a certain purgation of the mind and heart before they can take their place in the final happy tableau, so to speak, whereas Lady Catherine and Mr. Collins, though they may shift their ground and accept Elizabeth as the ac- tual mistress of Pemberley, yet suffer no change of character, and in their un- j iedeemed state are an integral and un- disturbing element in Elizabeth's re- ward. IV. And what is this reward towards which all of Miss Austen's heroines are moving? Marriage, forsooth — and why not? — and in the case of Elizabeth, we are happy to add, a magnificent estate and position by the side of a great coun- ty magnate. "It is a truth universally ac- knowledged, that a single man in pos- session of a good fortune must be in want of a wife," is the maxim with which "Pride and Prejudice" opens, and we are sure that the wife will be sup- plied. It is strange, but this narrow world which Jane Austen portrays real- ly believed that a magnificent estate and high position in the county were su- premely desirable in themselves, and not as a means to something else; it seems to have thought that a man and his wife could live with contented con- science if they performed the duties and exacted the recognition belonging to their rank and authority. And the curious truth follows that, if we read the biographical annals of the age, we shall find that a considerable number of people did actually, within the lim- its of our poor human capacity, attain to peace and quiet joy in the possession of those worldly blessings, or, by some Btrange trick of the imagination, through contemplation of these things in the possession of others. An admirer of and the other modern idealizers of disc. intent may reject this happiness liescence as ignoble and may de- nounce the religion of subordination upon which it rested as a betrayal of humanity; certainly they could exist enly by the exclusion of many high aspi- rations and of some insight into the fcoul. But it will be wiser and more charitable, I think, to regard them rath- er as one of the momentary resting places of' the human spirit, one of the illusions that comfort us in our long journey, and to feel grateful towards any author who, by whatever spell of art, is able to carry us back for a while to its shadows. I would not exaggerate. It is per- fectly true and obvious that the chief pleasure in reading Jane Austen comes from her almost miraculous knowledge of human nature within clearly pre- scribed limits. It is true that, when her genius flags, she can become dull and exasperatingly trivial. But withal, if we stop to reflect, we shall find that her power over us, whether to soothe or to annoy, depends also on our sense, per- haps only half-conscious, of that eigh- teenth-century philosophy as realized in the little centres of comparative calm which she represented so faithfully and which were already beginning to fade away. P. E. M. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. With the assistance of a very thorough analysis of the content and structure of the cycle of mystery plays known as the "So-called Coventry Plays" or the "Hegge Plays," In a master's thesis by my pupil, Miss Esther L. Swenson, I have, I think, made an important discovery with regard to that puzzling document. The plays were edited by Halliwell for the Shakespeare Society in 1841 as "The Coventry Mys- teries" ; but. their real home, together with any possible explanation of their form, has long been a matter of perplexity. It is clear that the cycle has passed through certain stages of development, and these I find in convincing agreement with the rec- ords of the lost St. Anne plays at Lincoln. As regards dialect, style, and content, it is not a radical suggestion to locate the Hegge plays at Lincoln, and without going into these matters, it will be sufficient for me to give the outline of my argument with a few of the more obvious pieces of evi- dence. nologue of the cycle represents an earlier stage of development than the cycle itself, a stage when the plays were pro- cessional throughout. Parts of the cycle were rewritten to be acted on a stationary stage; other parts remained as they were, and no important changes were made in the prologue. Some pageants, it is hard to I'll how many, were used in presenting the cycle in its final form. Much of the cycle was, however, on a stationary stage, and probably the audience did not move in any case. Many Important differences be- tween prologue and cycle can be account- ed for as adaptations to a stationary stage. 1 1 also evidence to show that the plays were partly processional and partly fixed. One of the minute books of u dial chapter, quoted by Mr. A. F. Leach in his article in the Furnivall Mis- cellany, contains an entry for the year 1483 to the effect that the Dean and his breth- ren, on Saturday, the chapter day of June, "discussing the procession of St. Anne to be made by the citizens of Lincoln on St. Anne's day nex^ determined that they would have the play or speech [Mr. Leach reads sermonium] of the Assumption or Coronation of the Blessed Mary repaired and got ready, and played and shown in the procession aforesaid, as usual in the nave of the said church." They had borne the expenses of this play in 1469, but it was apparently not a regular member of the cycle when the action above mentioned was taken. The manuscript of the Hegge plays, which is dated 1468, shows the play of the Assumption of the Virgin written in a hand slightly later than that in which the body of the cycle appears, not a six- teenth-century hand, however, as Halliwell states. This may indicate the time when the play was added to the eyele, but in any case the record indicates that there were both processional and stationary fea- tures in the presentation of the Lincoln plays. The records indicate that they once had a Corpus Christi play at Lincoln and that it was transferred to St. Anne's day. The series of plays in the Hegge manuscript dealing with the birth and childhood of the Virgin distinguishes it from other Corpus Christi cycles and may well point to so'-ie connection with the festival of the mother of the Virgin Mary. The text of the cycle in the manuscript is divided into separate plays by lar^e red Arabic numerals. The plays often run into each other without any break whatever in the action. The Lincoln trading companies were bound under penalty during the first halt of the sixteenth century to provide pageants according to ancient custom. The manuscript divisions may indicate scenes for which certain gilds were still held re- sponsible. You also find that each alder- man was required to provide a silk gown for one of the "kings." This has been thought to refer to the Three Kings of Cologne; but there were only three of them and there must have been more than three aldermen. In the Hegge cycle there are no less than thirteen kings in the unique prophet play, which, by the way, foretells the birth of the Virgin and not of Christ, and is therefore distinctly a St. Anne pro- cession. Finally, from the year 15G4, there erved at the biok of a corporatism minute book a list of stage properties some of which had been used in the recently play of Tobias, and others had man- ifestly belonged to the defunct St. day mysteries. We have, for example, "hi 11 mouth with a nether chap," "Jerusa Lem with hi. 1 pj 1 . . 1 . les," "a tomb with a cov- ering," and a "firmament with a firry cloud and a double cloud." All of these : 1 1 red for the play ot the Assump- tion. It is not remarkable in the 1 the first threo, but with regard to n mentioned strange piece of stage meohan* Ism, it is much more significant, in the play of the Assumption In the Heggo cycle Hi

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Oct. 2, I9I3] T he ]Nr a t i o 11 309 Virgin Mary before her death expresses a wish to see the apostles, whereupon St. John arrives upon a "white cloud"; later St. Peter and St. Paul arrive together upon "diverse clouds." There are other smaller Items that I could mention ; but this is perhaps sufficient to indicate the basis upon which my contention rests, and I shall hope to carry the matter further at a later date and In another place. Hardin Craig. of some of his trusted advisers have tar- bis memory. iily the one act by which President Cleveland will be longest remembered — certainly it is one to which reference is constantly made in foreign countries— is his unwise Venezuela message. All this may be unjust; but such is the fate of statecraft. Milton' Reed. VS'estport Point, Mass., September 20. Correspondence ONE VIEW OF THE WILSON ADMINIS- TRATION'. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Permit one of your old subscribers, who has never been in entire sympathy with the political sentiments of the Xation, to express his gratification that, amid your profuse praise of the Wilson Administra- tion, you have found tongue to give us the editorials, in your last issue, on "The Bryan Scandal" and "The Consuls' Safe- guard." If your pungent criticism of the bestowal of ambassadorships and other high diplo- mat i> posts to men whose only known qualifications are wealth and contributions to the Democratic campaign fund, is some- what belated, it is just. The pitiful degradation of the great office of Secretary of State to the level of a Mrs. Jarley Wax Works Show was going on for weeks before the thick-and-thin Wilson papers opened their eyes to the shame. President Wilson is, of course, entitled to be judged fairly. His literary skill, his creditable record as a college administra- tor, his well-intended efforts and, at least, partial success as Governor of New Jersey, appealed to many of us who could not see our way clear to vote for him. I hope it is not narrow or malicious par- tisanship that has led some of us to think that, in some of his acts, he has been weak where he should have been strong; while we do not ignore the meritorious things he has done. But it is very hard for those of us to think that the terms "great," "masterful," "admirable," which have been so prodigally showered upon him, are connoted by such acts as signing the Sundry Civil Appropria- tions bill, retaining the self-advertising Bryan in his Cabinet, and the two other Secretaries who interfered with the course of orderly justice in the Diggs-Caminetti cases; or in selecting for foreign minis- ters men who have virtually bought these positions by money-gifts or by flattery. Already the fruit of the exemption of farmers from the operation of the said appropriation bill is seen in the act of cotton planters in combining to keep a fictitious price for their product. Unfortunately for all officials, from Pres- ident down, inexorable history judges them by those acts which are lasting in effect; and they are remembered more for their errors than for their merits. President Grant did some excellent things during his two Administrations ; they have been ab- sorbed "in the sweet presence of a gooa diffused," but the venality and corruption "THE LION'S SHARE." : Editor of The Nation: is there a more striking example of the slipshod character of current literary allusion than the constant misuse of the expression "the lion's share"? Archdeacon Stuck, whose recent ascent of Mt. McKin- ley has given him distinction, is cited in the American Review of Reviews as saying ". . . when I talk about Alaska, I mean the interior, which is the lion's share, though the other Alaskas would each make a great State." And hardly a day passes in which one does not hear or read a simi- lar use of the phrase, although the fable of the lion in partnership, the sole source of the expression, makes the king of beasts claim "the whole thing." So pertinent is the phrase, in many legitimate applica- tions, that it is a pity it should be spoiled by persistent misuse. Wm, I. Fletcher. Amherst College Library, September 29. 1821, no special acts of incorporation were passed in that State for purposes covered by the act, although twelve such charters had been granted between 1811 and 1S16. The period was, of course, one of busi- ness depression, but a number of charters were taken out under the New York law at this time ; and a section of the repealing act suggests that some corporations had been formed under the New Jersey law. Has the episode come under the notice of any of your readers? Jos. S. Davis. Harvard University, September 2S. AN EARLY GENERAL INCORPORATION ACT IN NEW JERSEY. To the Editor of The Nation : Sir: It is generally agreed that the first act granting freedom of incorporation for any business purpose in America was a New York act of March 22, 1811, which conferred this privilege on groups of five or more persons associating with capitals of not more than $100,000 for carrying on certain forms of manufacture. It is not widely known, however, that after four or five years of agitation (as indicated by the legislative records, 1812- 1816) a similar law was passed in New Jersey (Public Act of February 9, 1816, p. 17). Except for doubling the minimum number of associates and the addition of a section intended to insure the education and moral well-being of the children to be employed by the corporations thus to be established, this statute is closely modelled after its New York predecessor; in fact, for the most part it is a verbatim copy, even to the use, in all but the added sec- tion, of the New York designation "trus- tees" instead of the New Jersey term "di- rectors." Unlike the New York act, which was kept in force and extended in scope, the New Jersey law endured only three years. On February 11, 1819, two years before it was due to expire by limitation, a repealing act was rushed through the Legislature with- out a single dissenting vote. And it was not until 1846 that freedom of incorpora- tion for business purposes was again au- thorized. The undersigned is desirous of knowing to what extent, if at all, this early New- Jersey act was utilized, and the reasons why it was so readily repealed. During the years it was in force, and indeed until GREEK-AMERICANS. To the Editor op The Nation : Sir: Many American journals have com- mented on the number of Greeks who went from this country last winter to their old home to fight against the Turks; but the significance of the return has not been over- emphasized. Every American traveller in Greece this year has stories to unfold of cordial reception by the Greek-Americans. "Hello, mister, what State you come from?" was a very common form of salutation not only in Athens but also in the smaller towns of the Pelopennesus. Nor is this strange, since conservative estimates place the number of Greek soldiers who had been in the United States at from fifty to six- ty thousand. Most of them, to use the phrase in Percy Mackaye's "Gettysburg," were mere boys. They had been in all parts of this country ; and they spoke all kinds of English. Some who had been here six or seven years spoke very little Eng- lish indeed; but many of these had been in mills and had lived in the Greek colo- nies. Some of the most fluent (and occasion- ally one heard excellent English) had been going to night schools. Undoubtedly at times a Greek-American would engage in conversation with a traveller to impress his friends at home with his knowledge of English. But more frequently such an en- counter was a token of genuine friendly feeling and to a certain extent a greeting to a fellow-countryman. As a class these soldiers were alert and intelligent; to a prejudiced observer they seemed to have had their wits sharpened in the Western world. They were devoted to Greece, as was indicated by the fact that many had seen the hardest kind of service; and that many naturalized American citi- zens were to be found among them. They were, or seemed to be, equally loyal to their home in the new country. Almost to a man they looked forward to returning here after the war; indeed, many had left their young- er brothers fn charge of shops and busi- ness during their absence. Many spoke of the fair chance which America had given them to make their living, and to get ahead. Of scores with whom I talked I heard from only one of unfair treatment; he had been under a dishonest railway foreman. To hear the comments of these men on our in- stitutions served to make one a better and more liberal American. Most significant of all is the influence, in- tangible but positive, of the fact that these citizens of two countries are sprradini; among the common people of their old home knowledge of life and institutions in this newer land. Is there any parallel in history to the return of such large num- bers of men who speak gladly and proudly

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310 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2518 of their new home while fighting and dy- ing for their native land? Kenneth C. M. Sills. Bowdoln College, September 27. Literature KLUCHEVSKY'S "RUSSIA." A History of Russia. By V. O. Kluchev- sky, late Professor of Russian His- tory in the University of Moscow. Translated by C. J. Hogarth. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. 2 vols. $5 net. By the death of Professor Kluchevsky (1839-1911) Russia lost the most dis- tinguished student of her native his- tory, a scholar who united a talent for painstaking, minute investigation of sources with a capacity for viewing Rus- sian history as a whole and making bold and original generalizations as to its general tendencies. One of his ser- vices to science was a detailed examina- tion of the historical material contained, in the lives of the Russian saints, a vast body of narratives of which the greater part are still unpublished; an- other was the formulation of a new theory of the origin of serfdom in Rus- sia, one of the most vexed questions of all Russian history. Serfdom, he show- ed, took its rise not from any one edict of the Government, but, on the Government lands, from the taxation system of Muscovite Russia, with its principle of collective responsibility; and, more important, on the private lands, through the gradual decline into servitude of a class of tenant debtors. The authorities, by the legislative enact- ments that paved the way for serfdom, were merely guarding against the agra- rian disorders that grew out of the in- debted condition of the peasantry. As a young man, Kluchevsky became known for his special investigations in early Russian history. (An excellent sketch of his activity is given by Pro- fessor Bogoslovsky in the Zeitschrift fur osteuropdischc Geschichte, III, 309- 318.) At the University of Moscow he won equal fame as a popular exposi- tor; "he always lectured in the largest auditorium of the University, and it was always filled to overflowing." In 1902 he began the publication of his lectures, of which he issued four vol- umes before his death; a fifth and con- cluding volume may be soon expected. The first two volumes of this "Course of [Lectures on] Russian History," con- cluding with the extinction of the older Russian dynasty in 1598, have now ap- peared in an English version, previous to their translation into German or French. It is a wholesome sign of the growing interest in Russian topics that a translator and publisher could be found for such a work. For, despite the ii title (unwarranted by the orig- inal), Kluchevsky's volumes are not a history of Russia, but a series of learn- ed essays, dealing with successive aspects of the economic, social, and in- stitutional development of Russia, and addressed to a public that is assumed to be already acquainted with the main facts of Russian history. Furthermore, the author makes little effort to preserve strict historical proportions in his dis- cussion, but dwells with pardonable fondness on topics that have been the subject of his own special investigation, such as the growth and economic im- portance of the Russian monasteries. At home his lectures have appealed to the general reader and gone through repeat- ed editions; in England and America they will be relished only by earnest students of history. To such students Kluchevsky's work offers a rich reward. From Rambaud's chronicle of seemingly unrelated hap- penings one turns to it with real de- light. Russian history was moulded by economic forces. Kievan Russia grew up along the great commercial route that connected the Black Sea with the Baltic; Kiev depended for its prosper- ity on trade. This trade, and with it the special importance of Kiev, passed away when the Russian princes became unable to defend the lower course of the Dnieper against barbarian incursions. The population retreated to the west and to the northeast; from the union of the latter colonists with the Finnish aborigines came the Great Russian stock. In the central plain of Russia, covered by forests aad intersected by rivers, there grew up petty principali- ties, dependent for their existence, de- spite the forests, on agriculture rather than trade. The migratory rulers of Kievan Russia, with their roving bands of followers, were replaced by sedentary princes, who regarded their small ap- panages as their private property; pub- lic and private law became fused into one. When these appanages were unit- ed under the rule of Moscow, methods of administration fitted for a petty state had to be remodelled to suit the needs of a vast empire. Slowly the autocracy grew up, while internal dissensions were held in check by the clearly recognized need for union against foreign enemies. The administration of the empire devel- oped on entirely different lines from those of Western Europe. An Anglo- Saxon reader is startled to learn how Ivan the Terrible introduced local self- government, with elected officials, as a of centralizing his power, or how he established a sort, of Parlia- ment, the zemski sobor, in order to ob- tain more effective cooperation among his own officials. At every step Kluchevsky supports his generalizations by a few well convincing, concrete illustrations. Ncg- the petty quarrels of v. princes, he always holds before us the picture of a whole society. He passes over even the military glory of Dmitri Donskoi; the princes of Moscow "were remarkable for their consistent medi- ocrity" (I, 315). Economic and social forces are Kluchevsky's heroes. Yet, when an individual really had a potent influence on the nation, he does not be- little his significance; to Ivan the Ter- rible he devotes a chapter of trenchant political analysis, reminding one by its literary charm of the work of Macaulay or Green. One may regret that a writ- er with such striking gifts of exposition failed to construct a systematic history of his country instead of a series of brilliant essays. The preceding remarks are based on a study of Kluchevsky's work in the original. To the English translation no such hearty praise can be given. If technical discussions of ancient Rus- sian conditions, dealing, for example, with the origin of pomiestie land tenure and the gradual fusion of it with otchina proprietorship, are to be made accessible to English readers, they should be translated with absolute ac- curacy. This is no easy task in a work bristling with legal terms, which often have no satisfactory equivalents in Eng- lish, and abounding in heavy, involved sentences that require entire reconstruc- tion to meet the demands of English idiom. But the difficulty of such a pro- blem is no excuse for publishing an un- satisfactory solution of it. Mr. Hogarth makes the impression of a conscientious student, but one liable to occasional lapses of attention, and not quite ade- quately prepared for the work that he has undertaken. He ordinarily gives faithful translations of difficult pas- sages, remodelled into excellent English, and shows discrimination in translat- ing, or leaving untranslated, Russian legal terms; on the other hand, he will make blunders, due not only to care- lessness, but to actual ignorance of the Russian language. Some of these mistakes are only amusing, as when Mr. Hogarth states that Sophia Palaeologus "was known throughout Europe for her wit" (II, 17), instead of for her extreme corpulence; others are so serious as to impair the usefulness of the work as an historical authority. Fully to justify so sweeping a con- demnation would require more space than is here available. A few instances must serve as types. The Russian word soslovie means a class in society; the four present sosloviya are the nobility, clergy, townsfolk, and peasantry. Mr. Hogarth could hardly defend himself for rendering it "corporate body" (II, 812), as applied to the classes of medi- eval Europe; he errs still more in ex- tending the idea of corporateness to Russian conditions. Thus his Bentence, "All theso jurisdictions . . . were institutions corporate Id tneli character" (II, 289), reads in the Una-

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Oct. 2, I913J T li e Nation 311 sian merely, "All these jurisdictions had [lit. wore] a class character." In the sentence, "Now, was the general corporate character of guba administra- tion a sign that in the state and among the nation at large there had begun to make itself felt a need for supporting or strengthening the joint action of the inchoate corporate classes in the work of government?" (II, 277), the words "general corporate" translate a Russian adjective meaning all-class, extending to all classes, and the second "corporate" should be omitted. The following state- ment is peculiarly misleading: "The es- sential points which comprised the bas- ic principle of the obstchina (namely, common tenure of lands), may be said to have been (1) compulsory equality of apportionment, (2) strictly corporate character of the commune, and (3) a joint guarantee" (II, 207). Here the second item should read, "the strictly class significance of the obstchina" ; the point being that only peasants could belong to the nineteenth-century Rus- sian commune, and that a peasant could not ordinarily forfeit his membership in the commune without the commune s consent. The following miscellaneous parallels may illustrate Mr. Hogarth's liability to error even in matters of crucial impor- tance. (The Russian text used by the reviewer was that of the second edi- tion of the second part of the "Kurs Russkoi Istorii," Moscow: Mamontov, 1908): Constantine dispatch- ed to Kiev the Greek Metropolitan Archbishop, with ... his owu 1 the Emperor's) cap — the cap, with its golden brim crown of carue- lions, of which Augustus Of Borne made so light. (Hogarth, II, 22.) To call a man a boyar meant, iu those days, not that he had been born one. but that be had been promoted to be one. (II. 44, 45.) To-d:iy our Tsar hath been set these three days In his chamber ! There is it that he dealeth with affairs. (II, 64.) The land hath been ruled by ourselves, its Tsars, and not by judges or voievoedi, by devices or conceits, til, G'j.) The dues rendered by the local tenantry con- sisted of a monetary due, a cereal due, fes- tival offerings, and tolls of 5 shocks of corn per vit — all of which (with the exception of the tolls, which cannot well be appraised) might be translated into . . . amples are clear enough. Yet data are to be found which would seem to refute them. (II, 215.) Of Icurmi there were three kinds — namely, tolls levied when a new local official entered upon his post, tolls levied once only, and tolls [| nually, at thi tf Christ (II, 24 While author! are and okolnicM to dis- pense Justice .... it forbade such officials to accept either "plead- Constantine dl patch- ed to Kiev lii Metropolitan Archbish- op, with the imperial crown from his own head (that is, the Cap of Mouomakh), and with a carnellon cup, from which Augustus, the em- peror of Home, had made him merry, and with a golden chain. To say boyarship [ob- solete legal phrase] to anyone meant to an- nounce officially to a per- son that he had been promoted to be a boyar. At present our Tsar locks himself up with two others iu his bed- chamber, and with them transacts business of all sorts. The land hath been ruled by ourselves, its Tsars, and not by judges and voievodas, not by commanders and captains. The dues of the ten- ants consisted of a rent in money and grain, of a money payment on hol- idays, and of Ave squir- rels per vit. Convert- ing all this into our present money, except rrels, which I cannot appraise, we find The cases cited arouse no perplex- ities. But we meet with data such as puzzle the investigator. The kormi were [of 1. the entrance dues (levied w! took office], which led but once, anr] the yearlj namely, those levied al I Peter's Day, It ordains that the boyars and OkolnicM Kliall dispense justiee, but that they take "gratuities" ings" (In modern par- lance, briefs) or posts supernumerary to their Indicia] functions. (II, ■27,2. I To decide such ques- tions jofut sittings of I he Duma and the Synod "i ■ held ; which gath- erings went by the name nf sobori or conventions, and were altogether dis- tinct from lay sittings of the Duma. (II, 22.) [bribes] either for court service or for "caretak- ing," that is, for pri- vate mediation or ser- vices out of court. To decide such ques- tions there were sum- moned joint sessions of the Duma of Boyars and the Holy Convo- cation [Osvyasltchi mvy Bobor], Such sessions had the special name of sobori, which must be distinguished from the eemskie soiwri [to which Kluchevsky presently de- votes a whole chapter of his book]. Repeated errors of this sort are a most serious blemish in a work of pri- marily scholarly interest. They do not make one cease to be grateful for Mr. Hogarth's labors, but they dull the keen edge of one's gratitude. To point them out is not a pleasant task. One longs for the coming of a time when the same standard of accuracy shall be required of a writer on Russian literature or his- tory, or of a translator from Russian, that is now expected of a student ot German literature or history, or of a translator from German. Mr. Hogarth's work is more than that of a dilettante, less than that of a well-trained scholar. CURRENT FICTION. The Open Window. By E. Temple Thurs- ton. New York: D. Appleton & Co. The Odd Farmhouse. By the Odd Farm- wife. New York: The Macmillan Co. Familiar essayists, homilists, and na- ture chroniclers are increasingly prone to give their wares a coating, or at least a tinge, of fiction. There is a growing commodity of books which are "neither hay nor grass," neither fiction nor essay, but something between. By the same token, the number of confess- ed books of essays of the lighter sort diminishes. No doubt it is easier to fol- low in the general direction of the Auto- crat than of Elia, and we suppose there is more profit in emulating "Reveries of a Bachelor" or "Prue and I" than in de- pending upon the casual flow of prose fancy. "The Open Window" is the work of an Englishman who may have heard of neither the Bachelor nor Prue; but it is written in a similar vein of plain- tive sentiment. The annalist is sup- posed to be an old vicar in his quiet parsonage with its books, his garden with its birds and flowers. There is an old wife, still beautiful, for whom he continues to cherish the romantic emo- tions of youth. She dies in the mid- dle of the book, leaving him alone with a daughter, the only child, who is, how- ever, "her mother over again," and who promises never to leave him. But, of course, the wooer comes, and the vicar must see that his child does not suffer for his sake. We leave him, returned to his lonely home after the wedding, and visiting in turn the chambers of his lost daughter and his lost wife. "The Odd Farmhouse" is more in the vein of "Elizabeth and Her German Garden." The American woman mar- ried to an Englishman has figured in more than one book of this general sort of late. In this instance, however, she is an American woman of quite un- common cleverness and charm. In place of the familiar smartness and flippancy, the "bright" comments on British cus- toms, there is a quiet flow of real humor, an unforced commentary on a very pleasant kind of life by a person ripe enough in mind and heart to deserve such a life. The married pair who stumble upon "the odd farmhouse" in a quiet corner of England have been through a hard apprenticeship of work, and relish their freedom as only the long-imprisoned can: "Now we get drunk on sunshine, liberty, and leisure. 'Time hath made me his numbering clock' once, so now I have the perfect- ed sense of time; I waste it with a conscious luxury. I squander, but I know the worth of every minute, un- like the bored, rich people round us, whose leisure is a kind of mould and mildew — a fungoid resulting from dis- use of life." Diamond Cut Diamond. By Jane Bun- ker. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co. "I now have a very simple recipe for a jaded one who wishes to gather the quintessence of excitement in an eve- ning: Just rush out of a house where somebody is about to be arrested and make your way from Sixty-somethingth Street and West End Avenue to a Hun- dred and Forty-fifth Street in the dead of night with a million dollars' worth of somebody else's diamonds in your stocking!" — The publishers tell us, with the superfluous cunning of their trade, that a great and well-known lady of the pen masquerades under the name ot "Jane Bunker." Does Mrs. Rinehart, of Pittsburgh, suppose that the possessor of this "very simple recipe for a jaded one" could be any other compounder of detective thrills and merry delights than the author of "The Circular Stair- case" and "The Amazing Adventures of Letitia Carberry"? And, in the sen- tence quoted, she has been kind enough also to furnish the jaded reviewer with his recipe. The old maid of the story finds herself in just the situation de- scribed, and the fun of the thing is to see how she defends herself and the diamonds against stratagem and siege until the mystery of the ownership is solved. Not the least original feature of the plot is the introduction of a re- porter who is not wiser than Sherlock Holmes and stronger than Sandow. Margery Fytton. By Alice Ridley. New York: Duffield & Co. Some of the most ancient and hon- orable materials of British fiction are here. The Fyttons have dwelt fo

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312 r r 1 1 t upon these amateur stages as a rule are stuffed with straw. The great events involved become spectacular episodes arranged for the convenience of the romancer. The style is a broken lingo of obsolete words and modern slang. Very rarely do we come upon a narrative to sug- gest, even remotely, the vigor and ease of a Scott or a Dumas. This story at least does that. It is not a great ro- mance, but it is a good one, sponta- neously and skilfully told. The occa- sion is the uprising of the North of Ire- land, under Tyrone O'Neil, and the ex- pedition of Essex, sent forth by Eliza- beth to put an end to the rebellion. But the occasion remains a setting for the romance proper, which has to do with a youth and a maid among the follow- ers of Tyrone. Both are of gentle blood. Estercel, the hero, is a lad of prodigious size, strength, valor, and simplicity; his Sabia is the slender and tender damsel of old. Estercel has a marvellous horse, who plays an important part in the story. Various improbable, not to say impossible, events occur, before we are done with the pair. In short, we have here the ancient materials of romance. But they are not dealt with in a com- monplace or perfunctory manner. It is clear that the author has enjoyed her graceful labors. The style is charming, with a suggestion of archaism in its rhythm and subtler turns of phrase, rather than in its vocabulary. A few slips into the modern vernacular may be noted; but they are very few. SAINT FRANCIS. Life of St. Francis of Assisi. By Father Cuthbert, O.S.F.C. New York: Long- 1, Green, & Co. $3.50 net. never St. Francis in his reading upon a passage which stint his thought, he would read no further, but closed the book and pondered on what he had read. He who should read Fr. Cuthbert'B vol would be long in coming to its end, for the passages worth pondering are many. Here are a few that carry some effec- 'i in brief quotation : Francis' turning towards religion did not raise a barrier between him and the earth, but the earth itself became trans- in his sight and gave him a new joy. In earlier days he had regarded it with a certain eager reverence as the scene and circumstance of high chivalry; now he looked upon it with even greater reverence because of this new life revealed in it, and found in it an even greater joy. It were easy to brand the dissident brethren as weaklings in their vocation or as traitors to Francis. That some of them merited to be thus branded is doubtless true. But for the most part they sincerely reverenced Francis and were proud to own him their leader. They felt the stirring of his spirit and gladly responded to it, as far as it was in them to respond. With these the trouble was not of their own making; it was the perennial difficulty found by a multitude in accepting as a guide in life, an ideal which demands a clear, spiritual insight and a more than common aloofness from the set ways of the world. In such case men suffer because of a lack of the rare simplicity required for the perfect understanding and realization of the ideal life proposed to them. They are pulled by two loyalties and are apt to cut an un- beroic figure in consequence. And yet were it not for such men the world would be much the poorer morally and spiritually. They retail the spiritual life much as the ordinary student retails the message of a master, and it is through the more com- monplace intelligence that the genius per- meates the world. The mystic of all ages has held that life itself cannot be adequately measured by the mere logical faculty of the mind, but only by the intuition of the whole person- ality when attuned to the truth by moral as well as mental discipline. Among the longer passages that bring especial pleasure are the clear account of the place of the early Franciscans in town and village life, and the finely hu- manized description of the valley of Rieti. Fr. Cuthbert's work is the first schol- arly English biography of St. Francis. In its general plan and in its thorough- ness it is very like Sabatier's familiar "Vie do S. Francois." Since that book was written the fervor of Franciscan study has brought to light a number of important documents, and has clari- fied many problems that were then ob- scure. Fr. Cuthbert thus has the ad- vantage of being able to use much new material. In tone the English and biographies differ gri atly. The earlier one is instinct with dramatic. Imagination, the later is weighty with reflection, Sabatier's Fi d moves BUrely and rightly, but not with- out a 1 rl In I 1 bange from Pr, Cuthbert'B study is more careful in the tracing of the It ast I transitions. The "Nihil obatat" warns the readei all of the tradil

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Oct. 2, I9I3] The Nation 313 material la accepted as true, yet there ; ,s nothing polemic in this quiet order- 1 the legend. And the life of the book is not in its treatment of fact or story; it is in the patient, sympathetic, sensible reconstruction of the Innei ex- perience of St. Francis. The analysis eaaoned, and reasoned with finished cogency. "This was In- deed the man,'' one feels; and such of such a man is to be trea- sured. Xot for all is the life he led— nor did he ever claim it was for all — but life can hardly fail to be a finer thing for understanding of the way he ■ 1 it. Pr. Cuthbert overemphasizes the im- portance of Francis's knowledge of the romances of chivalry. The early chron- iclers are doubtless right in ascribing to him certain interesting n the stories of Roland and Arthur; but it is surely too much to say that "Fran- cis' idea of obedience was in truth drawn from the romance of chivalry," and to find so often a romantic basis for Francis's thoughts and actions. In attributing to Francis the knowledge and use of Provencal, Fr. Cuthbert is quit? unjustified. The passages he has in mind indicate familiarity with French, not with Provencal; and there is no reason to believe that the trouba- dours ever visited the towns of central Italy. Any good modern history of Italian literature would have set Fr. Cuthbert right on this point; he re- fers to Fauriel! 1 More frequent specification of dates would have been helpful. As it is, one has often to turn back half a dozen chapters, tracing statements in terms of months and seasons, to ascertain the year of a particular event. There are many misprints, the saddest of which transforms poor brother Juniper into "brother Jupiter." The illustrations are from remarkably fine photographs of scenes in Umbria. Notes The prose romances of William Morris will soon be added to the Pocket Library of Longmans, Green & Co. In October will be issued "A Dream of John Ball," "A Tale of the House of the Wolfings," and "The Roots of the Mountains" (two vols.) ; to be followed in November by "The Wood Beyond the World," "The Well at the World's End" (two vols.), and "The Story of the Glitter- ing Plain." Early next year the series will be completed by the publication of "The Water of the Wondrous Isles" (two vols.), and "The Sundering Flood" (two vols.). Small, Maynard & Co. announce for pub- lication October 18 the following books: "Famous Modern Battles," by A. Hilliard Atteridge; "Lely and the Stuart Portrait Painters," by C. H. Collins Baker, a two- volume set with 240 illustrations, limited to fifty sets; "Divided," a novel of South Af- rlca, by Francis Bancroft: "At the Fountain Head," live stories on the origin of life, for parents and teachers, by Dr. William F. Boos; "The Progressive Movement: Its Prin- ciples and Its Programme," by S. J. Dun- C Hark, with an Introduction by Theo- losevelt; "Barn Doors and Byways," a volume of nature and descriptive essays, ly Walter Pritchard Eaton; "Fifteen Years of a Dancer's Life," by Loie Fuller, with an Introduction by Anatole France; "The Human Desire," a novel, by Violet Irwin; "Mrs. Brand," a new novel, by H. A. Mitch- oil Keays; "And Then Came Jean," a new novel, by Robert Alexander Wason ; and "Little Wars." a profusely illustrated book for boys and girls, by H. G. Wells. Mr. Basil 'Williams has completed for Longmans, Green & Co. his two-volume Life of the elder Pitt, and the work is now in i The Medici Society is bringing out, through Lee Warner, "Antiquities of In- dia, an Account of the History and Cul- ture of Ancient Hindostan," by Dr. Lio- nel D. Barnett, and a revised and enlarged edition of Dr. Budge's translation of "The Book of the Dead," reproduced in thirty- seven folding colored plates. George Routledge & Sons will publish shortly "A History of Emigration from the United Kingdom to North America, 1763-1012," by Stanley Johnson, and "Prac- tical Library Administration," by W. S. C. Rae. Putnams bring out this week: "Water- springs," a romance, by A. C. Benson; "Un- ruly Daughters," a romance of the House of Orleans, by H. Noel Williams; "The Ripple," by Miriam Alexander; "Fouquier- Tinville, Public Prosecutor of the Revo- lutionary Tribunal (1746-1795)," by Al- phonse Dunoyer, and "Auction High- Lights, with a Full Exposition of the Nullo Count," by Florence Irwin. The following titles will be published shortly by Sturgis & Walton: "Heroines of Modern Religion" and "Yankee Swan- son," by Capt. A. W. Nelson. Mr. Willy Pogany, the Hungarian artist, has designed the illustrations and decora- tions for "The Hungarian Fairy Book," by his brother, Nandor Pogany, which Fish- er Unwin issues this wreek. On October 22 the new Graduate College of Princeton, together with its Cleveland Memorial Tower, will be dedicated. On that day the Princeton University Press will publish in three volumes the Stafford Little lectures which Mr. Cleveland deliv- ered at Princeton in 1900, 1901, and 1904. The titles of the three volumes are "The Independence of the Executive," "The Ven- ezuelan Boundary Controversy," and "The Government in the Chicago Strike of 1894." The Princeton University Press will pub- lish on the same date "The Graduate Col- lege of Princeton," by Andrew F. West. Views of the new Graduate College are shown in twelve full-page pen-and-ink sketches by John P. Cuyler. The first book of Andersen Nexo's Danish tetralogy may be expected from the press of Henry Holt in a few weeks. It bears the title "Pelle the Conqueror." The work is said to resemble, in style and compass, "Jean-Christophe." The same house will issue on October 4 : Prof. J. E. Hagert\'« "Mercantile Credit"; an Edition de luxe, in two volumes, of Bur- ten E. Stevenson's "Home Book of Verse," and a pocket edition of William James's "On Some of Life's Ideals." For later in the season Holt promises "When Ghost Meets Ghost," a novel by William De Mor- gan, and "All Men Are Ghosts," a book of short stories by L. P. Jacks. Scribners have a new cleanly printed complete edition of "The Poems and Bal- l.ul:5 of Robert Louis Stevenson." The last examination before appointments are made of those who will attend the 1914 session of the vacation assembly at Baguio, the summer capital of the Philip- pines, as a preparation for their work with the Bureau of Education, is announced by the United States Civil Service Commis- sion for December 30-31, 1913, in various cities throughout the United States. From the eligible list thus procured appoint- ments will be made during the coming spring for service in the Philippine Isl- ands, beginning with the opening of schools next school year. The changed conditions affecting the world's supply of food and mechanical energy were the main subject of Prof. H. N. Dickson's presidential address in the Geographical Section of the British Asso- ciation. The waterfalls of the Alps, for instance, are converting northern Italy into one of the world's great industrial regions, and possibly vast manufactures will soon be carried on in what are now the immense agricultural regions of China, worked by power supplied from the great coal deposits of Shan-si. Referring to the changes in transport conditions, he said that they tend to make the road motor of incalculable importance in the future de- velopment of food-producing areas. Dr. W. S. Bruce, in a paper on Spitzbergen from the economic and political standpoint, urged its immediate annexation by Great Britain in order to protect the claims of British subjects, which are predominant there. The July number, just out, of the Ameri- can, Journal of International Law opens with the; presidential address of Senatof Root, delivered at the last meeting of the American Society of International Law in April of this year. It happened that the first day of the Society's annual meeting was just fifty years after President Lincoln's promulgation of Order No. 100, embodying instructions for the government of armies in the field; and as the principal work of formulating these instructions was per- formed by Prof. Francis Lieber, Mr. Root deemed it appropriate to consider and re- view the career and services of that dis- tinguished author, whom the writer of this remembers as often appearing at Union meetings held during the period of the Civil War, and occasionally speaking, very clearly and impressively. Bluntschll Oted as crediting Lieber, In the In- structions, with inspiring him to und'T- ols own works on international law. ric force of this American example la. admitted by Sii ine (whom Mr not quote), who said, twenty- cars ago: "This example— the forma- tion of a practical Manual stating for the nation what exigencies were to be prepared for in ac- were to

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314= The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2518 deal with them— was followed by Ger- many, by England, and by France, and some of those Manuals have been adopt- ed by smaller Powers." Mr. Root sum- marizes his services as a scholar, and Incidentally as a soldier under Bliicher, when lie was wounded in the battle of Waterloo, and again on the field of Namur, where he was left for dead. Mr. Edwin M. Borchard has an important paper on "Basic Elements of Diplomatic Protection ot American Citizens Abroad." It was neces- sary to consider the subject in several as- pects, such as legal relations between citi- zens and States, between States and aliens resident therein, and between States them- selves, with respect to their rights, and their responsibilities in case they have been guilty of delinquencies. The writer declares correctly that the history of the re- lations between citizens and States is largely a history of the transition from the system of personal laws to the terri- toriality of law. This has been accompa- nied both by a growing control of a cen- tral power over the individuals within its jurisdiction and by the feeling that terri- torial independence and sovereignty are essential qualifications for admission of a State into the society of States. He cites the fact that Congress exercises the right to regulate certain acts of United States citizens abroad, and to attach prescribed consequences to violations. He concludes that diplomatic protection, as a govern- mental function, results from the very na- ture of the State. Besides a lengthy paper on the sovereignty of the air in relation to aviation, and one on the position of the prisoner of war, should be noted the com- plete opinion of Justice Lurton, for the United States Supreme Court, in the Charl- ton case. It was Frederic Harrison to whom oc- curred the fantastic idea that a great writ- er, possessed of a volumnious book-know- ledge and as comprehensive an intellect as Gibbon, might some day codify the world's imaginative literature, as Caesar and Napo- leon codified the world's laws. Ernest A. Baker's "Guide to the Best Fiction" (Mac- millan), so amplified a version of an ear- lier publication as to be virtually a new work, is perhaps a step in such a direction; it attempts to list all worthy works of fic- tion in English, including translations, and to characterize the contents and style of each summarily and instructively. It must be adjudged that in spite of the ob- vious difficulties of the task the author has produced a guide of great value to stu- dents, librarians, and writers. What faults it has are rather on the side of deficien- cies than positive defects. The compiler might with justice have spoken of his un- dertaking as Dr. Johnson did of his dic- tionary— "to deliberate whenever I doubt- ed, to inquire whenever I was ignorant, would have protracted the undertaking without end and perhaps without much im- provement." If completeness be a test, the guide is by no means infallible. "English end French Fiction Before 1600" is a list makes little pretence to a scholarly fulness, and there are other departments in which the design of the book as a popular, than an exhaustive, work 0)' refer- Irable material. Lacuna m the tact that ue there is such a reple- m the side of ephemeral and Inferior works as repeatedly to provoke 1 1 1 1 million at the inclusion of the word "best" in the title. Only those acquainted with the terrifying output of present-day fiction can appraise the indiscretion of ad- mitting by wholesale writers born but into oblivion, even on the ground that "every age is most interested in its contempora- ries." The author's definition of fiction is at times open to serious criticism, as when he excludes imaginative travel — e. g., Borrow's "Wild Wales" — and novels of propaganda — e. g.j Sinclair's "Springtime and Harvest" — to include "Lavengro" and "The Jungle." The general arrangement of the book again, and a serviceable index, facilitate search for particular items. But it is annoying that in the frequent instances in which a pseudonym has been used the author's real name does not appear in its alphabetical position; that with no other books listed by title, there is not a general heading for anonymous works, and the "No- va Solyma," for example, falls un- der N; and that many important short stories, published separately in some edi- tions, in collected form in others, receive no specific mention. A cultivated reader might well be pardoned for knowing no more of T. N. Page than "Marse Chan," which is not listed; and many might look for a brief description of "The Gentle Boy," or "Christ in Flanders," or at least be anx- ious to learn in which general volume it is contained. To American literature is given a special and bulky chapter, but that of South Africa, Canada, and Australasia, no long- er insignificant in quantity, is included with the mother country's. The lists of translations of ancient Greek and Latin and ancient and modern Asiatic fiction will be found especially valuable, and approach comparative completeness. One service the author has rendered is in calling the pub- lishing world's attention to the want of translations of much of the better work of such writers as Gautier, About, and de l'lsle-Adam — to mention France alone. Prof. Goldwin Smith's "Correspondence" (Duffield), selected and edited by Arnold Haultain, covers the long span of years from his student life at Oxford in 1846 until his death at Toronto in 1910. His letters, as one would expect, are of un- usual charm on account of their style and the author's vigorous personality; and they are of value to the student of history and politics because of the keen-edged criticisms with which Canadian and English problems are discussed. For he had a truly great intellect; "vastiest Goldwin" he had been called at Oxford. Among his intimate correspondents wero such men as John Bright, Cobden, J. S. Mill, Matthew Arnold, Morley, Bryce, Frederic Harrison, the third Earl Grey, and Lord Rosebery. To J. X. Merriman, Premier of Cape Col- ony, who, with a view to South African Federation, had asked Goldwin Smith ques- tions in regard to Canada's constitutional 167, Goldwin Smith ex- pressed himself with characteristic frank- ness and incislveness, When the Boer War broke out Merriman in return supplied him with some thunder for his anti-Jingo cam- paign in Canada. The only two Canadian vhicb opposed the war were the two to Which he. contributed, ami in op- ii they lost half their circulation. For half a century and more Goldwin Smith stood like a great rock in a river, breasting the current powerfully with his arguments and essays, but not greatly checking its mighty sweep towards the sea of party-government, pseudo-democracy, militarism, imperialism, and Irish Home Rule. It is sad to see how he was dis- appointed in some of his fondest hopes and in his expectations of men in public office. He believed the union of Canada and the United States would come as sure- ly "as the rising of to-morrow's sun." He deplored the extension of the suffrage in England; "factory hands are bad mate- rial for a nation ; they are mere human hammers and spindles; they have no pa- triotism in them." "The first consequences of the blind extension of the suffrage are a narrow escape from Dismemberment (by the first Home Rule bill), and the appear- ance, in the person of Mr. Gladstone, of Demagogism in its most powerful, its most malignant, and its most destructive form. Nothing can be either more tragical or more instructive than this man's moral fall." And he found Gladstone's great op- ponent no better: "Dizzy's life has been one vast conspiracy — the first object of which was the gratification of his own devouring vanity, the second the subver- sion of Parliamentary government." Gold- win Smith was vigorously opposed to Home Rule, believing, after much study, that what the Irish need is land, not political self- government. "If, however, self-government is to be conceded, I should be for four Pro- vincial Councils. This would save Ulster from political submersion." In American politics he was often distressed by "the ma- lignant influence of the Irish with their dy- namite and blatherskite," and by "the cor- rupt wing" which they formed in the Dem- ocratic party. He had supposed they joined the party because attracted by the name, but a letter from Andrew D. White makes the interesting historical suggestion "that it was not their liking for the word 'Dem- ocratic' which influenced them in this mat- ter, but their hatred of the word 'Whig.' In the thirties and forties, when the main tide of immigration started, the party op- posing the Democracy was the Whig party." Ooldwin Smith was strongly opposed to pro- tection, and thought President McKinley "bad the worst way, a hypocrite half de- ceived by his own hypocrisy." "The elec- tion of Roosevelt," he wrote in the summer 1 I I hoi, "will be a disaster," but of Cleve- liml he had a high opinion. Of his work as professor of history at Cornell, there is almost nothing in this volume — a kindly sketch of Ezra Cornell, and of Ithaca, in 1868, and the statement ten years later Hi:i 1 "the students are mostly poor, frugal, and industrious. We have lately been in- iraded by the athletic mania, but I hope not in a very virulent form." h much has been written of late on the literary qualities of the Old Testament, there has been no general chronological survey of the subject ami (his is what Prof, II. T. Fowler, of Brown University, proposes .11 his "History of the Literature of Ancient Israel from the Earliest Times to (Mai mi 11. mi. \v ii bout aiscui sing quest 1 of flat a mi .i u1 boi 1 alp be adopts I 1 eceni crll los 1 taking h material In the order ol 11m1, without re gard in 1 he ;mi 1 ii-. mi a1 ol books 1 1

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Oct. 2, I9I3 The Nation 315 Bible. Nor, beyond a note on the form of Hebrew poetry, does he attempt any state- ment of canons of literary criticism — he simply passes opinion on the various pieces as they come up. Such historical and ex- egetical remarks are added as are neces- sary to make clear the historical setting of the books and passages examined, and to explain what is obscure in them. His meth- od enables him to bring out the develop- ment of thought and style in the Old Tes- tament, from the naive poetry and narrative of the earlier time to the finished pro- ductions of the later period. His literary and theological judgments are generally just; there is, however, here and there a strain of excessive enthusiasm. A compara- tive study of an ancient literature like the Hebrew would add value to the description of it. The reader would like to know what In the Old Testament is general Semitic and what is distinctively Hebrew; how the prose narrative stands related to the Arabic prose: wherein the lyric poetry agrees with or differs from the Greek; what is the lit- erary influence of the Hebrew intense na- tionalism. Such a study would tend to give b of view and distinctness of criti- cal judgment, and would probably modify such sweeping statements as those made on pp. 177 (on Deut. v-xi) and 364 (on the praise of love in Canticles). But the view of the literature given by Professor Fowler is attractive in style and instructive in content, and the volume should find a wide of readers. "Rhetoric and the Study of Literature" (Holt), by Alfred M. Hitchcock, is intended as a textbook for the last two years of the high school. The feature of the book con- sists in an attempt to join the study of com- position with that of literature in accord- ance with the writer's belief that while the earlier secondary training in English should be confined to expression exclusive- ly, the later work should seek to correlate composition and literary criticism "within reasonable bounds." Agreeably with this idea— which, Mr. Hitchcock declares, is coming to prevail— his volume falls into two distinct parts: an English composition, pretty much of the usual type, and a rapid sketch of the history of English literature by periods. The gap between the two is bridged by a constructive study of the most important literary types— prose fiction, the drama, the essay, and so on. In this way the whole subject is approached from the side of original composition. Now, if this is indeed the proper angle — if lit- erature should be studied to illustrate rhet- oric and not contrariwise, then Mr. Hitch- cock's book seems a good one for the pur- pose. To be sure, it has its failings— an excessive timidity of classification and defi- nition, of anything that might possibly be construed as dry and dogmatic— figures of speech and punctuation, for instance, are relegated to the limbo of an appendix— a corresponding inclination to substitute per- suasion for prescription, and what seems like a curiously underlying distrust of the pupil's faculty and inclination for the work. But these seem to be failings of the move- ment; and as a whole the volume is un- usually simple, straightforward, and in- telligible. style at times Teutonic in complexity, Prof. A. Duncan Yocum, of the University of Pennsylvania, presents what at first glance appears to be an unusually care- ful and well-reasoned discussion of the is- sue between culture and "preparation for life." We are not sure that the first glance is wholly misleading, but some of the con- clusions are staggering — for example, that in the curriculum of the future the present status of required and elective subjects will be largely reversed, and the basis of edu- cation will be literature, history, sociology, civics, and economics, while mathematics (outside of simple arithmetic) and foreign languages will be treated simply as prepa- rations for a specialty. Yet one must ad- rait that a subject which in no wise finds its way into life hardly accomplishes the purposes of culture, and that discipline for discipline's sake may defeat its own pur- pose. Moreover, there is reason in the sug- gestion that the present boundaries of the sciences are too finely drawn for educa- tional purposes, and that, in the secondary schools, at least, a course in "science" would be more to the point. In the end, however, it looks as if the writer were a victim of that presupposition which under- lies most of the talk about "education for life" — namely, that even an educated mind can discover nothing for itself, and that in neither cook nor vote without a special course in cooking or voting. Frederic Stanhope Hill, author and pub- lisher, died last week at his home in Cam- bridge, Mass. He was born in Boston in 1S2D. Early in life he went to sea, and during the Civil War was an officer in the navy. From 1890 to 1903 he was editor of the Cambridge Tribune. He was the au- thor of several books, among them "Twenty Years at Sea, or Leaves from My Old Log- Books," which was written for boys; "The Story of the Lucky Little Enterprise," "The Continuity ot the Anglican Church, A. D. 61-1900," "Twenty-six Historic Ships," and "The Romance of the Ameri- can Navy." Science A gratifying indication of the distance to which good work reaches is seen in the liberal citations of American studies in a recent report on "Our Artesian Wa- ters" in Australia, by R. S. Symmonds, pub- lished with permission of the Minister for Public 'Works (Sydney). The report in- cludes a number of extracts and plates from M. L. Fuller's "Controlling Factors of Artesian Flow," and from F. W. Clarke's "Data of Geochemistry," both published by the United States Geological Survey, and cites opinions of Hilgard, Darton, and Daly, American geologists. The large vol- ume of water obtained from deep borings has permitted its extensive use in irriga- tion in certain Australian areas, here de- scribed in some detail. Other topics of importance are the neutralization of al- kali, the gases of artesian waters, and the 1 interesting theoretical question of the source of artesian waters. For the Aus- In "Culture, Discipline, and Democracy" 1 tralian cases the author ascribes the (Christopher Sower Company), under a at least in part, to deep-seated rocks, and somewhat forbidding exterior, and in a not to infiltrated rain water. The "Household Bacteriology" (Macmil- lan), by Estelle D. and Robert Earle Bu- chanan, is said to be for students of do- mestic science, and is also prefatorily de- scribed as a revision of the lectures given for some years past to students of home economics at Iowa State College. The title misleads the reader a little, for many forms of microorganisms are considered, includ- ing even various pathogenic protozoa. To yeasts and moulds much space is given, perhaps too much, in the text, besides an appendix with nearly forty pages of "key" to the common moulds. The general reader can pick up an immense amount of inter- esting information here, but, on the whole, one wonders what the mind of the home economist may be like. The information is usually very good, sometimes surprisingly fresh, and there is often a practical out- look of considerable value; but in general there is a lack of definiteness, and the ap- plication is not always as obvious as it should be in instruction for young domes- tic scientists. Almost a third of the book belongs to a section on microorganisms and health, and here, except in discussing milk and water, the authors are evidently on unfamiliar ground. Concerning water puri- fication, it may be said in passing that the practical results with the ultra-violet rays as well as with ozone have not been as good as the account here given would lead the reader to suppose. Illustrations are numerous, and many of them are very clear and. good; a few are hard to understand. The index at first glance seems to be very full, but it really has many gaps. Both index and text need careful revision with a J.atin grammar and dictionary. The worst linguistic sin is "fomitc" (p. 308), but there are others. I. G. Gibbon, who wrote a book on the question of insurance for the unemployed, has now made a study of the experience of insurance against sickness w-hich has come from the compulsory form in Germany since 1884 and from a voluntary form in Denmark since 1893, and publishes his re- sults with the cover-title "Medical Benefit in Germany and Denmark" (Dutton). Ex- tended appendices deal chiefly with the con- flicts in Germany between the medical prac- titioners and the societies for sickness in- surance. The new German law, only par- tially in force when the book was written, is incorporated in the text, but of its work- ing little or nothing is as yet known. There is necessarily much detail in the presenta- tion of the subject, and the material may not easily be condensed for the general reader. The more important conclusions indicate: that the medical insurance should be mainly for medical services and not for general support, and that some corporate action on both sides is desirable, but to be tempered with some individual liability ; that there should be democratic organiza- tion and administration in the corporate groups, and also a generous measure of freedom; and that emphasis should be laid ational work in insurance. The problems of medical benefit are not merely those of insurance, but are Intli bound up with social conditions. Solutions may not be given offhand, and there is much need of careful consideration and judicious planning; the adjustment can only be grad- ual, and disturbances must be expected. Prof. John Robie Eastman, astronomer.

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316 The N a l ion | Vol. 97, No. 2518 died Friday at Franklin, x. H. He was born at Andover, X. 11 , In L886, and gradu- ated trom Dartmouth Colleg< [n L862 with ol M S . rei ei\ Ing a Pn.D 1 pom me Institution in 1877. Professor Eastman was an assistant at the United Naval Observatory at Washington from L861 to L865, and professor of mathe- matics, V. S. X., I860. He was retired for age in July, 1898, with the rank of captain, in June, L906, be was promoted to the rank of rear-admiral. He had been d in astronomical observations, com- putations, and research since 1862, the bulk of his published work appearing in the annual volumes of the Government Ob- servatory. He was the first president of the Washington Academy of Sciences, and was in charge of the meridian circle work observatory from 1874 to 1891. Un- der his care was prepared and edited the "Second Washington 'Star Catalogue," which contains the results of nearly 80,000 observations made at the Naval Observa- tory, 1866-91. He was the author of "Tran- sit Circle Observations of the Sun, Moon. Planets, and Comets," 1903. Drama LONDON* THEATRES. London, September 20. It is a number of years now since the name of Ibsen was first heard in Eng- land and a select little group of Brit- ish dramatists and actors set to work to reform the British drama, with an earnestness of which they never lost an occasion to assure the public. In- deed, so much was heard about the reformation, that that part of the pub- lic which takes itself seriously began to believe there was such a thing, and to imagine it was to be elevated and somehow strengthened by going to the theatre. Many declared that nothing remained but to get rid of the censor; ethers were convinced that the crown- ing touch needed was a National The- atre; and altogether enough noise was made to create a general impression that something was going on and that the drama in England was in an uncom- monly active, intellectual, and, above all, ethical condition. I have often had my doubts. Often, in my skepticism, the British drama has seemed to me much where it was before the name of Ibsen was heard in the land, except for the difference in themes and technique that time is bound to bring with it. For the last two or three years I have been inclined to think that not even so much as this could be said for it — that, on the con- trary, the British theatre is sadly de- teriorating. Ragtime and "revues" at the music halls, moving pictures at the "Cinemas," have so debauched the pub- lic taste that the drama lias been hav- ing a pretty hard fight for survival, and last winter depended for success principally upon American fanes, very amusing some of them, bul still with no pr< ti ace of being anything save farces. Therefore, the announ that this autumn season would open with plays by Bernard Shaw and J. M. Bar- rle was received with a good deal of in- terest, for Shaw and Barrie have been honored as two of the chief prophets of the new dramatic gospel, through all these reforming years. To begin with Shaw's, since it was the first given. It has been put on the stage at the St. James's Theatre by those accepted modern pioneers and masters of stage production, Mr. Gran- ville Barker and Miss Lillah McCarthy. Its title is "Androcies and the Lion,' and it is described on the programme as a "fable play," a convenient and sug- gestive description, for a fable does not deal with realism, but may be full of the esoteric meaning looked for from Shaw, with the good, sound moral in- sisted upon nowadays tagged on at the end. The fact that he chose the early Christians as the subject upon which to build up his fable, nobody need quarrel with. One of the charac- teristic, periodical, solemn discussions has just begun in the London papers over the performance of "Joseph and His Brethren" at His Majesty's, the dis- puted point being the reverence, or ir- reverence, of adapting a Biblical sub- ject to the modern stage. One of the correspondents, the Rev. Mr. Campbell, of the City Temple, goes so far as to compare such adaptations to the mira- cle and mystery plays of the Middle Ages, quite forgetting the difference be- tween religious plays given by the church for the benefit of the people and religious plays given by the popular stage-manager for the benefit of his own pockets — quite forgetting, that is, that it all depends on how the adaptation is made and to what purpose. And so with Shaw's fable — everything depends on the treatment, for the early Christians are to a large proportion of the public as sacred subjects as Joseph or any oth- er characters in the Old Testament, and if they are chosen as a modern dramat- ic theme, it is not unreasonable to ex-. pect that this is not through mere ca- price, but for some sensible and appro- priate reason. But Shaw has used them, to judge from the way he has used them, for no better reason than caprice — for his own amusement in once more bewildering the admiring audiences who are determined to hear in his every mood the voice of a prophet, while, all the while, he sits by, I rather suspect, with his tongue in his cheek. The play opens with the familiar old story of Androcies and the lion that children of my generation used to read in one of their first reading books. I do not remember that it there had any connection with the early Chris- tians, but by making Androcies an early Christian this connection is eas- ily supplied without hurting the preju- dices of the most orthodox. After a little, not very funny, sparring between Androcies, whom his wife calls "Andy,' and the wife, whom Androcies calls "wifie-pifie," the lion appears and. as in the old story, Androcies pulls out the thorn from his "l'ootsems-wootsems," and then, in Shaw's new version, the two waltz together from the stage. One smiles at this buffoonery, for the lion is really a very nice, Christmas-panto- mime lion. At Drury Lane, or as a turn in one of the popular "revues" at the music halls, it would bring down the- house. But is this exactly the sort of success the serious dramatist seriously reforming the drama wants? Two acts follow. In one, the early Christians, mostly silent supers, are on their way to Rome and the arena; in the other, they are in Rome and gath- ered just without the arena waiting their martyrdom. In both acts there is a little mild, vapid fooling. A beauti- ful young Christian among the prison- ers flirts — the word is Shaw's — with the Roman officer, and addresses him as "handsome Captain." A big, fiery-tem- pered brute of a convert finds nothing so hard as to turn the other cheek for the blow and ends by killing six gladi- ators in the amphitheatre, instead of being killed by them, and, as a conse- quence, is pardoned and welcomed to his service with open arms by the Em- peror. A poor coward goes through farcical agonies of fear and, in a mad clash for freedom, rushes into the lion's jaws — a fate which, deserve it as he may, one might Think scarcely a matter for laughter. There is an occasional serious passage, as when the "handsome Captain" asks the beautiful Christian to define her God, and she tells him that to define God we must be Deities ourselves. But the mild fooling, with the dash of seriousness, drags terribly at times, and of all dramatic crimes this is the worst. The end is foreseen from the beginning. Androcies and the lion meet in the arena, they recognize each other, and the lion refuses to eat An- dqpeies. There is a bit of horseplay when the lion chases the Emperor up and down the stairs of the amphithe- atre, a rough-and-tumble scene that would not disgrace a Harlequinade. The lion and Androcies then have a second 1. and inarch off the stage arm-In- arm. The curtain tails. Wlr.it. does it mean? That is the question earnestly asked by Shaw's ad- mirers. Because the Emperor, al one stage, says thai the Christians who re fuse to burn incense to the gods are committing b li hen * to go into < 1 i: look upon it as b mi ra je Cable, 01 sei uton, and 1 1 \ [table Bufl ragette Interruption has oc- 1 urn ii at one of the performani 1 ere have found 1 onsolal loo la the truth b«I forth that fait! itrength to

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Oct. 2, 191 3 | T h e N a i i 011 317 i akest, for it must be confessed \ Christiana as Shaw shows ,, not of the stuff martyrs are usu- ,1 tfl be made of. And many .till sick the answer, do doubt the more . ,1 because it is impossible to Bad. >!l1' looking at the play dispas- md not through the Shaw D it nothing but farce, , Bubject that is as the poles apart from farce, indeed, so far-fetched 0 well-calculated when thus ased to shock a large majority of the [■Uhlic, that it is hard not to believe.it a deliberate bid for the sort of reclame Shaw should be willing to dispense with, now his position is assured. Moreover, the play depends for its fun, not upon the gay, whimsical humor that has re- deemed many of his extravaganzas, but upon cheap jests and cheap clowning more in place on the music-hall stage. To turn to Barrie is scarcely more en- couraging, or I might better say it is less encouraging, for as two of his plays are now performing at the Duke of York's, there is the double chance to put him and his art to the test. By this time everybody knows that, on the first night, the first of these two plays received a tremendous ovation, and the second was hissed. In the meanwhile, the second has had one act cut out — the reason, perhaps, why it is still run- ning and may possibly have a long run. As far as I am concerned — though in this I differ from most of the London critics— there is little to choose between the two. The first, in one act divided into three periods, tells the story of "The Will," from the earliest version made by the devoted young husband at the outset of his career, until the last made by the embittered widower at the end of the career which was more pros- perous than ever the young man could have hoped. That the enormous success of "Milestones" would give a vogue to the three-period play, and that its au- thors would find imitators, it was safe to predict. The surprise is that Barrie should be the first to follow the lead. But here we have again the influence of time as a theme and its passing express- ed in the dress and on the faces of the actors, and in the change of furniture — slight in this case, because the scene is a lawyer's office, where the chance for change is small except in the royal por- trait hung above the mantelpiece: first Victoria, then Edward, and last George. The device in itself is not sufficiently novel to arrest attention, and the play which hangs upon it is of feeble inter- est. It is a fable with a moral, if you will, and the comfortable moral that leaves nobody in the least shadow ot a doubt, but is as naively obvious as in the old Sunday-school tale of the Idle Apprentice. Nor is the story told with special subtlety or charm. The dialogue is thin, the sentiment thick. As a cur- tain-raiser that will pass, but will not set the theatre in England or anywhere else on fire; it probably would have been dismissed, but for the magical name of Barrio. The second play, "The Adored One," or "Leonora," as I believe it is to be called in America, is described as a "legend," but a fable with a moral would have been a more appropriate descrip- tion. The story is simple — as obvious in its plot and its sermon as "The Will." Leonora is the old-fashioned wo- man with charm, to whom anything and everything can be forgiven, even mur- der. She has killed a man by pushing nim from the railway carriage because he refused to leave the window shut after she had represented to him that her child had a cold — a legend not pos- sible outside of Barrie's fairyland. But so potent is Leonora's old-fashioned charm that friends, counsel, jury, and judges are all conquered by it and manimously and joyfully acquit her. It may be said that, on the face of it, such a tale is fantastic, and should be so taken. And so I, for one, was pre- pared to take it all through the first act, when I was amused by the Leonora of Mrs. Patrick Campbell, who has not only the right charm for the part, but the right feeling for light comedy, and who shows, as few other actresses could, how the once admired type of woman may unite a number of different sorts of women in her own fascinating per- sonality. She puts one in a good hu- mor for whatever may follow. But, un- fortunately, what follows is not fantas- tic: it is foolish — -a preposterous scene in court which might be endured were dull burlesque its only fault, but which is unendurably silly. Leonora flirting with the judge, exchanging confidences with the jury, being proposed to in the witness-box by her counsel, innumera- ble other absurdities as flagrant piled one upon another, becomes impossible, her charm evaporates. And no lightness of touch, no delicacy of humor, relieves the burlesque. Some critics have seen the offence in the fact that all this tomfoolery centres about a murder, too serious a subject, they say, for jest, though they might as logically have objected to Shaw's mak- ing a jest of the early Christians wait- ing for the lions. That the burlesque business is tedious is, as in Shaw's fable, the real offence. Even the bur- lesque topples over like a house of cards when, in the end, the judge, summing up in his judgment, tells Leonora that her type of woman, the woman of the past, is gradually vanishing, and that another, stronger, more independent wo- man, with less charm, is coming to take her place: all this said as solemnly as if Barrie really meant his "legend" for the problem play inaugurated by Ib- sen, and the judge's speech for an equiv- alent to the discussion with which "Tin Doll's House" and the long succession of problem plays derived from it have ended. As well might a moral be tag- ged on to "La Belle Helene" or "Orphee aux Enfers." Shaw is wiser in leav- ing his audiences to draw a moral for themselves. These new plays by two of the lead- ing British dramatists of the day shake one's faith in the value of reform and set the thoughtful to asking whether, after all, Barrie and Shaw are so great an advance on Robertson, with his cup- and-saucer school, and Sardou, whose "Diplomacy" has so successfully met the test of its present revival that it has already run for two hundred nights tit Wyndham's. Does "The Adored One" come really closer to life than "Ours" and "Caste"? Does "Androcles and the Lion" preach a finer sermon — and it is a sermon that Ibsen has made the fash- ion in drama — than "Diplomacy"? Do not people still go to the theatre to be amused — or interested, which is the same thing — and is not the failure of the two plays due to their not amusing, not interesting, to their being dull? And if the censor is abolished and the Na- tional Theatre established, what guaran- tee is there that a fine national drama will be the result, when any number of private enterprises, from the Indepen- dent Theatre of the eighties to the Stage Society of to-day, have failed to produce it? Art, whether of the stage or the studio, is not manufactured, not creat- ed by protection: it "happens." N. N. Two new plays are now to be seen in the Lyceum Theatre in this city, "The Younger Generation," by Stanley Hough- ton, and "Half an Hour," by J. M. Barrie. The former is an amusing trifle, freshly conceived and cleverly written, which would be more praiseworthy it the humor- ous observation and skill in characteriza- tion revealed in it had been tempered by a little sober reflection. It deals with the revolt of the adolescent family of a smug Manchester merchant, James Kennion, a regular chapel-goer, still governed, in ex- ternals, by the Puritanical notions in which ho was reared by his grimly religious old mother — against the moral and social re- strictions imposed upon them. The young- sters are encouraged in their rebellion by a jovial uncle, who h;is passed most of his life in the freer intellectual atmosphere iany, ami who remembers some of the escapades in whirl) he and his precise r, James, Indulged when they were boys together. James is not pleased when 1 of these adventures, but regards himself as a brand saved from the burning, and is Inclined to think that the world Is coming to an end when hia eldest son, ex- 1 by unfamiliar liquor, tries to klsa the housemaid, and subsequently, unre- 'lemands more liberty and a latch- key; when his daughter encourages a per- fectly honest suitor without taking him into her confidence, and when his youngest boy, aged eighteen, ventures upon U perate profligacy of a hotel supper, with nel bitters, after a golf match. me sound so-

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318 T li e N" a t i o ri [Vol. 97, No. 2518 ctal and domestic philosophy, are extracted from these Incidents, which are handled with no little theatrical dexterity, while all the various personages are drawn with a light, vivacious, and realistic touch. The main contention upon which the piece is founded, that over-severe discipline may provoke the very excesses against which it is directed, is trite enough to be prover- bial, and the troubles of Mr. Kennion, a ridiculous and foolish old Pharisee, are doubtless the logical results of his own narrow and tyrannical policy, but the mor- al implied in some of the illustrative ex- amples and precepts, that youth, male or female, in its most perilous period, may be safest when left to its own instincts and resources, is opposed to all human experi- ence. This is not a serious work. The primary object of it is laughter, and it does not call for severe criticism by high standards, but jests at the expense of the finer human instincts are dangerous even in farce. "Half an Hour" will add nothing to the high reputation of Mr. Barrie as a dra- matist. It does, indeed, contain an inge- nious, if wholly incredible, melodramatic situation, but nothing really vital or hu- man or anything suggestive of the literary facility or quaint, humorous, whimsical, illuminative fancy by which much of his other stage work has been distinguished. It is possible that he intended it as a bur- lesque satire upon some of the recent emo- tional sex dramas, but of this intent there is no indication upon the surface, either in the wording or in the manner it was acted at the Lyceum. Symbolism or irony must be manifest to be effective. He pre- sents two intensely unreal, conventional, theatrical figures. Lillian Garson, an ex- quisite, dainty, high-spirited, penniless aristocrat, has sold herself to a brutal millionaire husband, whose maltreatment does not fall short of physical violence. After a bitter quarrel, in which she op- poses cold scorn to his brutal ferocity, she decides to flee with a lover, leaving behind her her jewels and wedding ring and a note of farewell. In the second scene she joins her lover, who goes out to make some final arrangements and is killed by a motor-'bus. The doctor, summoned in the emergency, realizes that she is not wife or widow, and bids her depart if she would save the dead man's memory from scandal. So, in despair, she returns homeward in the hope of forestalling discovery, and, in the third scene, appears as hostess of her husband's dinner guests, among whom is the very doctor who has been a witness of her tragedy. He, recognizing her at once, amuses the company with a minute recital of the experience through which he has passed, the guilty woman — whose one anxiety is to regain possession of her note and jew- els before it is too late — exhibiting a deep but innocent interest in the relation. Gar- son, who has found the jewels, but not the note, is stirred to sudden suspicion by a chance remark that eloping wives always leave their trinkets and a note behind them. He turns fiercely upon his wife, but by this time she has the tell-tale note crumpled in her hand, and smilingly chaffs him as he vainly hunts for It. For this moment of use apparently the piece was written. In the end she lies herself triumphantly out of her scrape and her deluded husband sullenly apologizes and goes in to dinner, while his wife — after showing it to the doc- tor— throws the incriminating note into the fire. What Sir James Barrie meant by a tale so extravagant in its coincidences and in its delineation of character is a pro- blem. From first to last, it is crammed with glaring inconsistencies and improbabilities, while the dialogue is in no way remarkable. If he simply wished to try his hand at a thriller, it is to be hoped that this one experiment may content him. The other new Barrie comedy, "The Will," which is fully described in the Lon- don letter preceding these notes, has just been produced in the Empire Theatre here. John Drew played the three ages of the central figure, the financier, with uncom- mon skill and notable comprehension. He has done nothing so well in the way of character delineation for years. He was particularly effective as the middle-aged, purse-proud, selfish merchant, and exhibit- ed a degree of passion, as the broken- hearted millionaire in the final scene, of which few playgoers probably thought him to be capable. Frank Kemble Cooper also furnished a notable picture of the old lawyer, whose broken utterances furnish the moral comment which is the object of the piece. This, of course, is the ancient saying that the love of money is the root of all evil. Music Among the vocalists engaged for this sea- son's concerts of the New York Philhar- monic Society are Matzenauer, Gerville- Reache, Ottilie Metzger, Julia Culp, and Jacques Urlus. The violinists to be heard as soloists are Mischa Elman, Carl Flcsch, Jacques Thibaud, and Leopold Kramer (the Philharmonic's new concert-master). The pianists will be Teresa Carreiio, Harold Bauer, and Max Pauer; and the violoncel- lists, Jean Gerardy, Leo Schulz, and Bea- trice Harrison, who will make her first American tour. Also there will be Henri Leon Leroy, first clarinet of the Philhar- monic, and Xaver Reiter, first horn. At the Young People's Concert, Kitty Cheal tam will be the soloist. The Philharmonic will have the cooperation of the St. Cecilia Club (Victor Harris, conductor) in the performance of Liszt's "Dante" sym- phony. The New York Symphony Society, un- der the direction of Walter Damroseh, will again give its concerts at Aeolian Hall. There will be eight Friday afternoon sub- scription concerts, and sixteen on Sunday afternoons. The first will be on Sunday afternoon, October 26, when Mme. Gadski will be the vocalist. The list of soloists includes also Louise Homer, Margarete Matzenauer, Maggie Teyte, Oscar Seagle, Carl Flesch, Fritz Kreisler, Kathleen Par lew, Alexander Saslawsky, Mr. and Mrs. D&vid Mannes, Wilholm Bachaus, Harold Bauer, Josef Hofmann, George Barrere, Gustave Langenus. Anions the pieces to be played are: Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5; Brahms, Serenade in D; Chausson, Concerto for piano, violin, and string or- chestra; Debussy, C, Suite "Le Printemps" (first time); Elgar, Sir E., Symphonic Po- em, "Falstaff" (first time in America); Ennesco, Rumanian Rhapsody; Fanelli, B„ Tableau Symphonique, "Thebes" (first time* in America); Handel, G. F., Concerto grosso No. 7; Kolar, V., Symphonic Suite, "Ameri- cana" (first time); Loefiler, C. H., La Vil- lanelle du Diable; Strauss, R., "Till Eu- lenspiegel's Merry Pranks." Theodore Presser, in addition to being one of the great musical educators of the American public through his admirable periodical, the Etude, and otherwise, has founded a Home for Retired Music Teach- ers. It is situated in Germantown, Pa., in one of the most desirable parts of the city. The contract for the new building was let a- few days ago. It will cost $136,000 with- out painting or the furnishings. It will, in fact, be like a beautiful private hotel, with as little of the institutional idea as possible. It will accommodate sixty-five in- mates, and no expense has been spared to make the building as commodious, com- fortable, and even luxurious as possible. Mr. Presser has guaranteed the future of the institution. Arthur Mees is again acting as conductor of the Worcester, Mass., music festival, which is extending from September 29 to October 3. Among the artists who are heard are Mme. Schumann-Heink, Evan Williams, Florence Hinkle, Herbert With- erspoon, Lambert Murphy, Reinald Wer- renrath, Arthur Philips, Mary Jordan, Alice Eldridge, Mme. Sundelius, William Wheeler. The programmes include, besides a number of classical and modern vocal and instru- mental numbers, two large choral works, Verdi's Requiem and Gabriel Pierne's "St. Francis of Assisi." American composers are not forgotten, Arthur Foote being rep- resented by his "Omar Khayyam" suite, and W. H. Humiston by his "Southern Fantasy." A quadrille for two pianos, the principal themes of which are taken from Wagner's "Tristan and Isolde," has been found among the papers of the late Emanuel Chabrier and will shortly be published. Commenting on the discovery of the com- plete manuscript, in Verdi's handwriting, of a History of the Popes, the London Telegraph says: "It seems marvellous that the composer should have found time, in the intervals of opera writing, to carry out a literary task of such importance and mag- nitude." Some of those intervals between operas were, however, long enough to give time for almost anything. After composing "Aida," Verdi rested on his laurels sixteen years before he produced another opera, "Otello." The only thing he composed in this period was his Requiem. G. Schirmer's September Bulletin of New Music gives timely information regarding the operatic novelties to be produced in New York and other American cities this season. The Metropolitan Opera Company's list includes Victor Herbert's "Madeleine," Charpentier's "Jullen," and Strauss's "Rosenkavalier." Hammerstein's novelties -Mil be Mass. net's "Th&rese" and Erlan- ger's "Aphrodite." Saint-Saens's "Henrj VIII" will bo done by the Century Opera Company. The Boston Opera promises Fevrier'a "Monna Vanna," while the Chi- cago company's list Includes Pranchettl's "Cristoforo Colombo" and Kien I's "Rans des Vaches." n.i less than '"'I'' concert nails havi i„ en erected In Berlin within the lasl ben years. Three of them as •• ■ ■ : sal tn| os

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Oct. 2, I9I3] The Nation 319 pacity of 1,500 to 1,600, one of 1,200, while the others are smaller. tory of conducting ("Geschichte'des Dlrigirens"), by Georg Schiinemann, is among the latest German books. The third volume of the Joachim correspondence ("Brlefe von und an Joseph Joachim") also has just been issued. Far better than most of the songs that come at present from across the ocean are some of those composed by Henry Holden Huss. They are not only good as music, but e in the concert hall. The same American composer's sonata for violin and piano, opus 19, is among the pieces that have recently come into favor. Prominent virtuosi, like Kncisel, Spiering, and Ysaye, have played it in public. Art Lee Warner is publishing for the Medici Society "In the National Gallery, a First Introduction to the Works of the Early Italian Schools," by Mrs. C. R. Peers. Mrs. Bearne's book "A Court Painter and His Circle: Francois Boucher (1703-1770)," issued by T. Fisher Unwin, is a biography of the artist and in some sense a reflection of the life of his period. The Metropolitan Museum issues an il- lustrated "Catalogue of Romanesque, Goth- ic, and Renaissance Sculpture," under the editorship of Joseph Breck, assistant cura- tor in the department of decorative art. By the inclusion of medals, plaquettes, and ivories, a sensible course under the cir- cumstances, the catalogue numbers exceed three hundred, of which the majority fall in the Gothic period. Mr. Breck has taken his editorial task with due seriousness. The pieces are fully described, all relevant literature is cited, and problems of attri- bution are briefly discussed. In every schol- arly respect the work is creditable, being more minutely accurate than the run of similar European catalogues. There are more than eighty half-tone cuts, which, however useful, make the book pretty heavy in the haDd. An impression on lighter pa- per would be a distinct convenience to visitors to the Museum. This catalogue constitutes an extraordinary record of growth. Seven years ago the Metropolitan Museum contained no original Renaissance or mediaeval sculpture of note, except a damaged but fine altar back by Andrea della Robbia. In 1907, through the generosity of Mr. Morgan, the older portion of the Hoentschel collection was lent to the Mu- seum. This added at once something like 200 examples of sculpture, mostly of a mi- nor decorative type and of Gothic period. Mr. Morgan soon added to this loan the remarkable transitional tomb sculptures from Chateau Biron, fine instances of the pathetic and realistic manner that super- seded Gothic stylism. In the last five years by purchase the Museum has chiefly built up the weakest department, that of Italian sculpture. Here it has naturally been im- possible to acquire works of monumental dimensions. Instead the Museum has wise- ly concentrated upon those works in which the artists' touch is most evident — terra- cottas and small bronzes. As to the scope of the present collections, which are rap- idly growing, both in North and South Eu- ropean examples, it is possible to illustrate from originals the main types from the twelfth to the end of the sixteenth century. Among objects of capital importance in the Italian school, we may mention four angels very close to Giovanni Pisano in style, a terra-cotta Madonna by Dona- tello, another of Verrocchio's early time, ar altar back by Andrea della Robbia, a Nativity by Antonio Rossellino, a graceful angel by Matteo Civitale, a portrait relief in marble by Pietro Lombardo, a magnifi- cent bronze Madonna by Jacopo Sansovino, a fine portrait bust of Simone Contarini by the Venetian Alessandro Vittoria. One may add perhaps a gold plaque minutely worked in repousse' and ascribed to Ben- venuto Cellini. If one recalls as well a small but choice group of the best Re- naissance medals and small bronzes, one will see that the materials for original study in this field are already considerable. Great gaps in the collection there necessarily are. Nothing adequately represents the Michelangelesque movement; such admir- able craftsmen as Adam Krafft and Peter Vischer are absent; the realistic school of Mazzoni is not exemplified; the Campa- nian school of the Hohenstaufen revival is virtually missing. Here it should be said that the casts elsewhere exhibited in the Museum may help the student, that some of these desiderata mentioned above are quite unattainable, while such as are to be had will doubtless be drawn in by a department commanding large funds with wide knowledge and unbounded zeal. This is not the place to raise technical issues. If it were, we should ask why the bronze genius ascribed to Verrocchio's school should be regarded as an ancient piece. Let us rather close upon the note of congratulation for a remarkable buy- ing campaign now handsomely supplement- ed by the useful and scholarly catalogue. Deputy Henri-Charles-Etienne Dujardin- Beaumetz, for many years Under Secretary of State for Fine Arts in the French Cabi- net, died at Limoux, France, on Saturday, in his sixty-first year. He was an artist by profession and was awarded a medal at the French Salon of 1880, but he afterward gave himself up to politics and was elect- ed Deputy in 1889 and continued to be a member of the Chamber until his death. Most of his pictures were devoted to mili- tary subjects. Sir Alfred East, A.R.A., president of the Royal Society of British Artists, died Sun- day in London, aged sixty-three. He was a cavaliere of the Order of the Crown of Italy, an associate of the Soeifite Nationale des Beaux Arts, Paris; honorary associate of the Royal Institute of British Archi- tects, honorary member of the Meiji Bi- jutsu Kai of Japan, of the Societe Royale d'Aquarellistes of Belgium, and the royal ilea of Milan and Stockholm. Sir Alfred East was represented by his works in galleries all over the world. His Re- turning from Church is in the Carnegie Art Gallery at Pittsburgh, Pa. ; A I Storm in the Luxembourg at Paris, A Haunt of Ancient Peace in the National Gallery of Hungary, London at Night in the Milan National Gallery, The Morn- ing Moon in the Art Institute at Chicago, The White Carnival in the Brussels Na- tional Gallery. In 1906 he published a book on "The Art of Landscape Painting in Oil Color." Finance RAILWAY EFFICIENCY. When the Eastern railways' applica- tion for advanced rates was denied by the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1911, Commissioner Prouty took occa- sion to refer to the statement made by Mr. Brandeis that $300,000,000 per an- num could be saved by "scientific man- agement," and made it clear that he did not concur in any such opinion. He said: Upon this record we can hardly find that these methods could be introduced into railroad operations to any consider- able extent, much less can we determine the definite amount of saving which could be made. We cannot, therefore, find that these defendants could make good any part of these actual advances in wages by the introduction of scientific management (Opin- ion 1508, p. 279). Few people not actually concerned with the operation of railways know how much the principle of "scientific management" has increased railway ef- ficiency in the past twenty years. This increase can readily be illustrated by a few simple figures. It may be assumed that the best measure of a railway's "efficiency" is its average "revenue train- load," i. e., the average number of ton- miles of revenue freight carried in each train-mile, which is the same thing as the average number of tons per train. A little consideration will show why this is the case, and it needs no detailed demonstration. Twenty years ago the "average train-load" of all the railways in the United States was, in round fig- ures, 170 tons, and the average revenue per freight train-mile was about $1.52. In 1893, with the exception of Mr. James J. Hill, on the Great Northern Road, and the possible exception of one or two oth- er men who knew what he was doing, virtually no railway managers were giv- ing any direct thought to the 111.1 train-load with the idea of greatly in- creasing it. It was not until the re- organization period in the middle nine- ties that full recognition began to be given to the importance of t lit; qu and probably the Northern Pacific reor- ganization did as much to focus tion upon it as did anything else. The reason for this was that Northern Pa- cific, with virtually the same traffic density as that of Great Northern and operating under conditions almost prc- different, was bankrupt, while Great Northern was prosperous, mainly for every train-mile run Northern carried about 100 ton miles and earned about $1 more than did North- ern Pacific. Northern Pacifl

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320 The ^ST a l ion [Vol. 97, Xo. 2518 l.Tis saw thai all they had to do was to "pick up" this 100 ton-miles and this $1 per train-mile, which in due time they did, with results known to all. And by the later nineties all railway managers were striving to increase train-load as the quickest way to in- crease of profits. The so-called "Hill methods"' were applied in all directions. The result is clearly to be seen in the comparisons which follow: (All railways iu the United States according to Poor's Manual. 1 Revenu • train- Freii Year. load (tons), mile revenue. 1893 170 11.52 1S96 188 1-55 1U03 314 2.85 1911* 403 3.01 1913 (our estimate) 415 "• u."> ties of "management," it would prob- ably be true to say that they have ex- ploited them to a very large extent. ♦Last year in which Poor's Manual compiled tlies; figures. It should be noted that in the twenty years prior to 1893 the growth in "train- load'' was probably not much more than about 40 tons, and this could clearly be accounted for almost entirely by the automatic effect of increasing business. It was only, as has been said, after the reorganization period of the nineties, when one-quarter of the railway mileage of the United States had passed through the courts, that "scientific railroading" began. The record of the sixteen or sev- enteen years since that time is eloquent of what has been accomplished. Two things had to be clone to increase the train-load — larger equipment had to be provided, roadbed being changed ac- cordingly, both as to grade and strength, and better methods of handling business had to be put into effect. How much of the increase in load is due to each can- not be ascertained, but it is quite cer- tain that better methods have done a large share of the work. For at least ten years all railway managers have been fully awake to the importance of saving train-mileage, and those familiar with railway management know how m any and varied have been the efforts looking to this end. It may here be noted, moreover, that in the same period Eng- lish railway managers have borrowed from and profited by our experience in this point, to the great advantage of shareholders. The Northeastern and the Lancashire & Yorkshire companies een particularly successful in this respect. It is not surprising, therefore, that Commissioner Prouty should have some- what summarily dismissed Brandeis's contention in 1911. If there be a pre- sumption in the facts as shown by the figures above quoted, it is hardly to the effect that there is any such "slack" in islneea of railway transportation amenable to "scientific management" as his estimate of $300,000,000 annually would indicate. 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QOO Tlie Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2518 Longmans' New Books The Strange Story Book By Mrs. Lang. Edited by Andrew Lang. With 12 color- ed Plates and numerous other Illustrations by H. J. Pokd, and a Portrait of Mr. Lang as Frontispiece. Small 8vo, gilt top. Pp. xvi+312. $1.60 net (Post- age 15 cents.) This volume was planned by Mr. Lang, and was in type before his lamented death, but the proofs did not receive his revision. It will be the last of the 25 books issued under his editorship in this famous series. Henry VIII By A. F. Pollard, M.A. Crown 8vo. Pp. xii+470. New Impressions at Cheaper Price. $1.50 net (Post- age 15 cents.) The Pilgrim from Chicago: Being More Rambles with an American By Christian Tearle, author of "Rambles with an American," etc. 8vo. Pp. x+349. $2.50 net (Post- age 15 cents.) The rambles of an American with an Englishman through many of the quaintest spots in England, de- scribed for the most part in dialogue form. 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11 rrUe Nation | Vol. 97, No. 2519 rp The Nation A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post Office as second-class mail matter.] The Nation Is published and owned by the New York Evening Tost Co. Oswald (Jarrison Villard, President; William J. Pattison, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor; Harold deWolf Fuller, As- sistant Editor. dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada $3.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Onion, .$4.00. Address THE NATION, Box 794, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesev Street. 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Oct 9, 1913] Tli e Nation 111 FROM [LITTLE, BROWN & CO.'S AUTUMN LIST TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION ACROSS UNKNOWN SOUTH AMERICA By A. HENRY SAVAGE-LANDOR A famous explorer's adventures in the wilds of Brazil. With 8 colored and 250 other photographic illustrations. 2 vols., 8vo, boxed, $10.00 net; post- age extra. (Oct. 25). WANDERINGS ON THE ITALIAN RIVIERA i By FREDERIC LEES A leisurely tour in Liguria. With numerous illustra- tions and minis. 8vo, boxed, $2.50 net; postpaid $2.70. SHAKESPEARE AND STRATFORD By HE. RY C. SHELLEY Illustrated from photographs. 12rao, $1.25 net; post- paid, $1.36. ATHENS, THE VIOLET-CROWNED By LILIAN WHITING Depicts vividly the Athens of to-day. With 32 pages of half-tones. 8vo, boxed, $2.50 net; postpaid, $2.70. THE OLD FRANCISCAN MISSIONS OF CALIFORNIA By GEORGE W. JAMES A comprehensive handbook of the old Missions. Fully illustrated, $1.50 net; postpaid, $1.64. THREE NORMANDY INNS By ANNA BOWMAN DODD Popular edition. Illustrated. 8vo, boxed, $1.50 net; postpaid, $1.66. HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY THE ROMANCE OF THE AMERICAN THEATRE By MARY CAROLINE CRAWFORD Recalls the good old days of the drama. With 64 illustrations. 8vo, boxed, $2.50 net; postpaid $2.66. THE STORY OF HARVARD By ARTHUR STANWOOD PIER A colorful history of the University. With 16 illus- trations by Vernon Howe Bailey. 8vo, boxed, $2.00 net; postpaid, $2.17. THE TRAGEDY OF MARY STUART By HENRY C. SHELLEY A new biography of the most famous woman in his- tory. Illustrated, 8vo, $3.00 net; postpaid, $3.15. THE PRINCE IMPERIAL By AUGUSTIN FILON ' A biography of the ill-fated heir of Napoleon III. Fully illustrated. 8vo, $4.00 net; postpaid, $4.22. THE MAJOR OPERATIONS OF THE NAVIES IN THE WAR of AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE By Capt. A. T. MAHAN With maps and diagrams. 8vo, boxed, $3.00 net; postpaid, $3.22. JOHN HARVARD AND HIS TIMES By HENRY C. SHELLEY Popular edition. Illustrated. 8vo, boxed, $1.50 net; postpaid, $1.66. MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS FEDERAL SYSTEMS OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE: Their Origin, Nature and Development By ARTHUR P. POLEY $3.50 net; postpaid, $3.66. WARDS OF THE STATE By TIGHE HOPKINS An unofficial view of prisons and prisoners. 8vo, $3.00 net; postpaid, $3.15. A LINE O' CHEER FOR EACH DAY O' THE YEAR By JOHN KENDRICK BANGS Cheerful verses for daily reading. 12mo. $1.25 net; postpaid, $1.36. ROYAL SPADE AUCTION BRIDGE By ARCHIBALD DUNN A concise guide by an English authority. 12mo, $1.00 net; postpaid, $1.06. FICTION THE HONOURABLE MR. TAWNISH By JEFFERY FARNOL A charming romance of the same period as "The Amateur Gentleman." Illustrated in color by Brock. $1.00 net; postpaid, $1.10. THE DOUBLE LIFE OF MR. ALFRED BURTON By E. PHILLIPS OPPENHEIM A clever comedy. Illustrated, $1.25 net; postpaid, $1.36. By EDEN PHILLPOTTS $1.30 net; postpaid, $1.41. THE JOY OF YOUTH A novel of art and Italy. MARAMA By RALPH STOCK A vivid South Sea Island story. Illustrated. $1.25 net; postpaid, $1.36. JOAN THURSDAY By LOUIS JOSEPH VANCE The soul-story of a New York shop girl who became a leading actress. Illustrated. $1.30 net; postpaid, $1.41 FATIMA By ROWLAND THOMAS A highly imaginative story of an Egyptian maiden. Pictures in color. $1.35 net; postpaid, $1.48. THE GRINGOS By B. M. BOWER A romance of California in the days of '49. Illus- trated. $1.25 net; postpaid, $1.36. THE EYE OF DREAD By PAYNE ERSKINE A story of love and mystery, by the author of "The Mountain Girl." With frontispiece. $1.35 net; post- paid, $1.46. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, 34 BEACON STREET, BOSTON

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IV Tlie NatiQii [Vol. 97, No. 2519 NEW BOOKS E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY PUBLISHERS NEW YORK A FINAL AND ADEQUATE BIOGRAPHY. Austen-Leigh, W. and R. A. Jane Austen "Those who love her novels with a devotion such as they pay to none others but Thackeray's may well rejoice at the revelation of her which at last seems full and complete." — The Bookman. Cloth, $3.00 net; postpaid, $3.17. Saintsbury, Prof. George The English Novel "Well-written, authoritative, comprehensive." — North American Review. Cloth, $1.50 net; postpaid, $1.63. Another of the volumes issued in the important series: Channels of English Literature, to which also belongs the following: Rhys, Ernest Lyric Poetry A tracing of the whole course of the development of the lyric idea in English literature. Send for a circular of the series to which these two books belong. Cloth, $1.50 net; postpaid, $1.63. Boys and Girls The Verses of James W. Foley Genuine love for children, an unaffected expression of a child's point of view, a touch of boyish mischief, unite to make this book one to place alongside your editions of Eugene Field's verse or that of James Whit- :comb Riley. Illustrated by Reginald Birch. Half-bound, $1.35 net; postpaid, $1.47. The Jews and Modern Capitalism By Werner Sombart A powerful analysis of the predominance of the Hebrew as a factor in the development of modern financial systems. Cloth, 8vo, $5.00 net; postpaid, $5.18. By Lewis R. Leopold Prestige An exceedingly suggestive psychological study of social estimates as evi- denced in that most elusive and potent quality, prestige. Cloth, 8vo, $3.00 net; postpaid, $3.16. NEW NOVELS The Egotistical I By Ellen W. Tompkins A little book which, for its mellow philosophy of life, and a delight- fully humorous expression of it, deserves to be the most widely distrib- uted gift-book of the season. Cloth, $1.00 net; postpaid, $1.10. Snow Upon the Desert By S. MacNaughtan A vivid picture of official life in India, remarkable for the magnetism which its characters exert from the printed page. Cloth, $1.35 net; postpaid, $1.47. ASK YOUR BOOKSELLER TO SHOW YOU THESE WHEN READY. The Tragedy of Education By E. G. A. Holmes A constructively critical essay on present systems of education, includ- ing an interesting discussion of the Montessori methods. Cloth, Cr. 8vo, $1.00 net. Fifty Caricatures By Max Beerbohm A book which every man who enjoys a good laugh will wish to own. "Max" has no rival in satiric art; there is no other caricaturist so ad- mired and dreaded by public men the world over as he whose best work is here shown. Cloth, Sq. 8vo, with prints tipped in. Ready shortly. The Rubai'yat of Omar Khayyam With 75 full-page illustrations by Edmund Sullivan These are among the most original of the famous illustrator's drawings, having a fascinating touch of the modern about some of them which successfully emphasizes the universality of the poet's mood. Decorated cloth, imperial 8vo, $6.00 net. A NEW SERIES OF IDEAL GIFT-BOOKS. Fellowship Books The authors are successful writers, artists, or critics, each of whom has felt the need, in spite of the insistent call to work, for taking time to consider the ideals, the "things that really matter." Each writes of that which seems to him the most po- tent element in the enjoyment of literature, art, or nature. VOLUMES NOW READY Each 75 cents net. Friendship By CLIFFORD BAX. The Joy of the Theatre By GILBERT CANNAN. The Quest of the ideal By GRACE RHYS. Divine Discontent By JAMES GUTHRIE. To Follow at Once Solitude By NORMAN GALE. Romance By ERNEST RHYS. Childhood By ALICE MEYNELL. A Spark Divine By L. C. LEHMANN. Freedom By A. MARTIN FREEMAN. The format of the books is as full of charm as their substance. The typography as well as the decoration of the title page, etc., has been the object of special care. ASK TOUR BOOKSELLER TO SHOW TEEM TO YOU. EXCEPTIONALLY GOOD NEW BOOKS FOR CHILDREN Little Schoolmate Series Edited by Florence Converse. STORIES for children who won- der how their schoolmates might have lived and played and learned if their parents had not come to America. Each volume has a frontispiece in colors, and other illustrations. Decorated covers. PUBLISHED THIS FALL. In Sunny Spain By KATHARINE LEE BATES. $1.00 net; postpaid, $1.10. Under Greek Skfes By JULIA D.' DRAGOUMIS. $1.00 net; postpaid, $1.10. A Boy in Eirinn By PADRAIC COLUM. Others to follow. Besides absorbing story Intersil these books have the valve of showing what Ideal r groce 01 cbaracte' tb* children 01 each Country bring t the making of our own ln.iil. PUBLISHED BY E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY 681 FIFTH AVE. NEW YORK

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The Nation VSW YORK. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 9, 1913. The Week Our American income-tax comes full seventy-one years after the imposition of the British tax in 1842. Sir Robert Peel turned to this expedient for rais- ing revenue when he, too, was engaged in lowering the highest tariff from which England ever suffered, and wish- ed to substitute direct for indirect tax- ation. The elaborate and unscientific British tariff of 1842 had come about, not like our own, as the result of delib- erate manufacturing control of parties and legislation, but, as Mr. George Tre- velyan points out in his new Life of John Bright, had "grown by men's neg- ligence rather than been built up by their design." The heavy "Whig duties on a thousand different articles had steadily produced deficits. But if the parallel is not exact here, we may at least hope that the consequences of Sir Robert Peel's radical revision — a vast expansion of England's foreign trade — will soon be duplicated in this coun- try, now that the Underwood tariff is in force. Within four years, that is, by 1846, Peel was able to boast that "not- withstanding the hostile tariffs of for- eign countries, the declared value of British exports has increased above ten million pounds." From the $285,000,000 of 1846 of which Peel was so proud, un- der the system of free trade, this same British export business had grown to $2,400,000,000 in 1912. Trade has great- ly enlarged in protective countries, too, but the point is that it has gone on con- quering under free trade in England, despite cocksure assertions that it could not. The Progressive jubilations at Roose- velt's farewell dinner were scarcely marred by the fact that the Colonel's publicity agents gave out the wrong speech to the press. What though his followers knew that some one had blun- dered? Theirs not to reason why; theirs but to vote and die. It is undoubtedly inconvenient to have so many speeches on tap that a secretary mixes them up. Mr. Roosevelt explains that the pas- sages attacking President Wilson and ex-President Taft, and showing how- high a hand he himself would take with Mexico and South America, were in- tended for delivery on some other occa- sion. What occasion he does not speci- fy. Presumably, not until after his re- turn from South America. We know how forehanded he is, and it may be that the speech which unluckily leaked out is one that he had prepared for de- livery when he lands at the Battery six months from now. As for what he said to the banqueters speeding him on his way, we think that the more critical among them might feel that he doth pro- test too much. He will "never" aban- don them. He will fight to the last gasp for their sacred principles. But this would not be inconsistent with a pur- pose to carry them and their sacred principles, bag and baggage, over to the Republican party in 1916. tariff, after all their outcries against it, would show that they possess a vast hol- low interior into which all kinds of queer things may be ingurgitated with- out filling it up. All these political speculations, with the unhappy controversies in which Mr. Roosevelt has been engaged, we believe that the great majority of his country- men would like to drop into the ocean as they say good-by to him. They would prefer to think of him merely as an en- gaging and outstanding personality. His energy and versatility, his passion for activity, his gluttony for work, his va- ried and insatiate interest — these quali- ties of his continue to kindle general admiration. All Americans wish the Colonel well on his latest trip. Wheth- er addressing universities or exploring tropic jungles, they feel sure that he will know the stern joy of a full life and will be an active and impressive figure to all who behold him. Now it is the ever-faithful Jacob Riis who says that his beloved Colonel may be nominated by the Republicans in 1916. But this is, of course, on condi- tion that the Republican party accept the Progressive principles. They must be "swallowed, neck and crop," declares Mr. Riis, or else Mr. Roosevelt will al- low no Republicans to vote for him. To have to swallow the whole Progressive platform might seem like a large order. But parties know why a marciful Prov- idence fashioned them holler. Even the Progressives may be capable of great feats in the swallowing lines. Their per- It is no wonder that President Wil- son feels concerned over the two serious breaches in the merit system which are now threatened as the result of Con- gressional action. One of them, while apparently affecting only the new ap- pointees needed in connection with the just-instituted income tax, is in reality a menace to the entire classified service in the Bureau of Internal Revenue. The Civil Service Reform League points out that this is brought about by a clause inserted in the tariff bill at a very late stage, the change apparently attracting no notice. The other attack on the mer- it system is the amendment which the Senate has tacked on to the Urgent De- ficiency bill, taking deputy marshals and deputy collectors of internal revenue out of the classified service. The United States Civil Service Commission, so far from having recommended or endorsed this step, as at first reported in Wash- ington dispatches, officially states that it "is opposed to any such action." It is in President Wilson's power to defend the merit system against both attacks. There is the more reason to hope that he will do so, because of the reported in- tention of Postmaster-General Burleson to urge, with his approval, the covering of the second-class and third-class post- masterships into the classified service. But Woodrow Wilson's antecedents ought to be, in themselves, sufficient guarantee that he will do his full duty in any question involving the integrity of the merit system. formance in bolting the whole protective I In Tammany district-leader circles there is much uneasiness as to the ef- fect of the Sulzer trial upon the munici- pal election in New York. The district leaders are only giving recognition to what is a matter of common knowledge. Pro-Sulzer sentiment is anti-Tammany sentiment, but without the Impeach- ment such sentiment would not have crystallized. By Murphy's astute advis- ers this result must surely have been foreseen. What, therefore, can have been the motive that impelled Murphy

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324= T li e N" a tion [Vol. 97, No. 2519 to set the impeachment machinery in motion at such heavy risk to himself? One can hardly believe that Sulzer's ef- forts in behalf of the direct primary are sufficient explanation. Serious as the menace of a direct primary might be to the Tammany boss, it was a danger that could be faced and surmounted. It was not an immediate danger in point of time; whereas the Mayoralty election is close at hand. Nor is Tammany's dis- appointment over her failure to seize the Highways Department a sufficient reason. The venom and desperation that inspired Sulzer's impeachment seem best capable of explanation by the pres- ence of a serious, immediate, personal danger, as if some of Tammany's hign servitors found themselves facing the fate of ex-Senator Stilwell. Then, too, it was natural for Tammany men to re- sent Sulzer's "going back on" them. They could stand attack by a "silk-stock- ing," but for one of their own kind to assume superior airs was too much. A little more than a year ago, Penn- sylvania Republicans held a Presiden- tial primary in which the Flinn-Roose- velt adherents triumphed with a great noise. Now, with hardly a squeak, the Penrose element reassumes control. A political crime, you say, committed when honest men were in their beds. Not at all. The new State Committee, which last week elected an organization Repub- lican as chairman, is the first to be chosen under the new direct primary law. The worst of it is that this blow at the Progressive party is only one of a series which began very soon after the defeat of last November. It is really too bad to lose the Keystone State, but as Mr. Munsey's Baltimore News confessed the other day about the chances in Maryland, moral victories are all that the party can expect just now. Anyway, what difference does it make in Penn- sylvania? Is not the great issue the destruction of industry which the new tariff is sure to cause? And cannot Pen- rose voice the sentiment of a Pennsyl- vania Progressive upon this point as well as Flinn? The detailed analysis •which he made in Washington of the in- juries which are about to be inflicted upon his beloved State in the name of tariff reform would have the approval of every Republican faction in Penn- sylvania. Touch the sacred edifice of protection, and the most advanced Pro- gressive automatically becomes a stand- patter. Another attempt to get the people to rule has failed. By a "unique arrange- ment," any person attending the State Progressive Convention of Massachu- setts on Monday was entitled to offer planks for the platform. There was to be no domination by, the Committee on Resolutions. The wisdom of the hum- blest was to receive the same considera- tion as that of the most powerful. Yet what happened? Twelve amendments to the report of the Committee on Reso- lutions were presented, some of them by persons in the gallery who were not delegates. But in the end they were all voted down. What can be the explana- tion of so tragic an event? Surely no one will contend that there is more po- litical virtue in a committee than in the whole body of the people. Nor can it be possible that a Progressive Convention would have more respect for a commit- tee report than for a suggestion from the gallery. The thing is a mystery, and very unfortunate. It will be seized upon to confirm the unthinking in their respect for the pronouncements of small, carefully chosen bodies. What the coun- try had a right to expect from the Mas- sachusetts Progressives was the framing of a platform in open convention with- out the assistance of what Mr. Roosevelt a year ago was caustically terming "a small representative class." One thing can be said in favor of the bill designating the first Sunday in June of each year as Fathers' Day: it does not create any new holidays. But is it really necessary to proclaim in so for- mal a fashion father's decline from his former high estate? Until our own era, his supremacy was taken as a matter of course. There was no Fathers' Day in Greece or Rome. The head of a household needed no rose in his button- hole to tell him that he was what he was. Grant that his abuse of power jus- tified the abdication which in our owfi time has been forced upon him; is it gen- erous to compel him to label himself one day in every year? Why should he be dragged from that obscurity which was once the shelter of his wife and daughters into the fierce light that now beats upon them? It may very well be true that, as those behind the bill urge, he needs encouragement. But surely his spirit is not yet so broken as to make him welcome attentions more suited to the hospital than the counting-room. Be- sides, the wearing of a rose is now su- perfluous. The income-tax law will pro- vide all the identification that the ordi- nary father will require. A recent event in this city will doubt- less revive talk about the folly of turn- ing a boy loose in college with unlimit- ed money at command. The curse of it and the temptation of it are obvious, and always have been. But a good deal, after all, depends upon the boy. Plenty of young fellows carry their wealth, as O'Connell hoped the noble lord would his liquor, easily. Nor are all under- graduate roisterers and profligates the scions of millionaires. Aping the hab- its of the gilded rich can be and is done on a very little money and very big debts. If the root of all evils could be dug out of college life, youth would still have its diseases to run through. And it would continue indifferent or incred- ulous under solemn preaching about the viciousness of vice. There might be a little hope of success, however, in a sen- sible man's trying to get it into the heads of reckless college boys that they are making a great mistake in their no- tion of "fun." It has been the saving of many an impetuous young man to discover that there is no fun in this world equal to doing good honest work and to preparing himself for it. To Forbes-Robertson, the richly gifted interpreter of Hamlet, has come popu- lar and official recognition as the great- est of living actors on the Anglo-Saxon stage. But it is not his Hamlet that has brought Forbes-Robertson the pecu- niary success which enables him to an- nounce his approaching retirement with a very handsome competency. This emi- nent actor might still be looking for- ward to a future of indefinite promise from the worldly point of view, if not for "The Passing of the Third Floor Back," a rather shoddy piece of drama- turgic art that probably would never have won the enormous popular succesa if the way to the public's heart had not been prepared by "The Servant in the House." It is a sign of the master that he does even the smallest thing well, and Forbes Robertson invested the arti- ficial and wooden role of The Stranger with poetic grace and dignity. Yel OB

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Oct. 9, 1913] The Nation 325 the whole the world has probably lost more than it has gained by the years that our most eminent tragedian was compelled to spend away from his prop- er field. Governor-General Harrison's entry upon his duties in the Philippines was signalized by a statement of the inten- tions of the United States towards the people of the Islands which cannot have failed to give solid satisfaction to all sober and patriotic Filipinos. The out- line of our programme of policy present- ed by Mr. Harrison conveyed the in- structions of the Government at Wash- ington. One definite step towards inde- pendence is distinctly announced, that of giving the native element a majority of the seats in the appointive Commis- sion, the upper branch of the Legisla- ture; and while the limitations imposed by the exercise of necessary caution are emphatically indicated, the pledge of ultimate independence is made more strongly than ever before. The words added by Mr. Harrison on his own ac- count were admirable both in purpose and in expression. They recognized the completeness of our responsibility for the Philippine experiment, and the con- sequent necessity for "unremitting rec- ognition of our sovereignty" while it is in the present formative stage; and at the same time they breathed a spirit of the most earnest hope that the people of the Philippines will give convincing evidence of their fitness to take over the government. Dr. Stephen S. Wise, in the first of his lectures in this city on his experi- ences in the Holy Land, draws a very sombre picture of life among the Jew- ish population of Jerusalem. There is probably no exaggeration in the picture, but by leaving out of account the new phase of Jewish activity in Palestine, namely, that concerned with the devel- opment of a Jewish agricultural class, Dr. Wise may be in danger of giving a wrong impression of the general outlook In Palestine. Long before the Zionist movement took shape, there set in a heavy Jewish immigration towards the Holy City. The impulse was exclusively religious. The pilgrims were men and women beyond the prime of life who were actuated by the sole desire to spend their last years in the historic cradle of their race. For the most part, they came without capital and without assur- ed means of support. The result has been such poverty and destitution as Dr. Wise describes. The other side of the picture is presented by the gratify- ing progress that has been made in the establishment of Jewish agricultural col- onies, away from the large cities, under the auspices of various philanthropic agencies. According to competent ob- servers, the degree of success attained in this direction is such as to insure the ultimate establishment of a Jewish population quite distinct from the Jew- ish community in Jerusalem. Whatever may be Mr. Pindell's future in St. Petersburg, he leaves one record in Peoria that does him honor. "For twenty-five years," he declares, "I have been non-partisan in my support of ju- dicial candidates, and I do not intend to change now." For the editor of a partisan newspaper, this attitude is not- able. In the present instance, it is all the more so because it is maintained in the face of Gov. Dunne. A special elec- tion has been called in the Peoria dis- trict, at which a judge of the Illinois Supreme court is to be chosen. De- spite Gov. Dunne's experience as a judge, and his knowledge of the unfor- tunate consequences that have followed the injection of partisanship into judi- cial elections, he has formally advised every Democrat and every Democratic newspaper in the district to support the Democratic nominee, although his oppo- nent is being supported not only by in- dependent voters, but by party men of the type of Mr. Pindell. It is to Presi- dent Wilson's credit that he ignored the representations in this matter made to him by Mr. Pindell's enemies. What is needed is legislation that will take ju- dicial nominations and elections out of politics. A bill to that end was de- feated in the last session of the Legisla- ture, partly by friends of Gov. Dunne. The German Imperial Athletic Com- mission has come and seen and been con- quered. Our skyscrapers are not more impressive than our athletes. Marvel- lous as were the stories about them that had reached the Old World, they did not tell half of the truth. What our vis- itors saw was a whole nation in train- ing, inspired by athletic ambitions from the cradle to the grave. In sad con- trast with this lively scene is the pic- ture of still life which the Fatherland presents. Athletics of a sort are prac- ticed, of course. The Turnverein is not a thing of yesterday, and the German army is not made up of men who do not know a dumb-bell from an Indian club. There are competitions, and those who excel in them are not without their reward. But how pale is all this beside the American way of doing it! No train- ing table, apparatus in "some of our schools" only, no athletic instructor, no coach, no feverish forecasting of the outcome of to-morrow's contest between ancient rivals, no gigantic headlines in sporting pages reeking with figures and pictures. Is this the people, we ask in surprise, that "took" Alsace-Lorraine in six weeks and is the bogie of a nation so devoted to sport as England? But such a question belongs to yes- terday. From scorn and pity, the Old World is turning to admiration and emu- lation. Our famous coaches are taken over to wake up the youth of Europe and to organize victory upon this neg- lected battlefield. The name of Kraenz- lein, a mighty one to conjure with, is now that of Germany's athletic field- marshal. For another Olympic contest approaches, and the United States can- not be allowed to win by virtual default. Neither national self-esteem nor interna- tional jealousy can stand in the way of submitting to the system that has brought the New World Power to the top of the athletic ladder. Sport for gen- tlemen was all very well once, but this is the twentieth century, in which sport is an activity for warriors. In this re- spect, Europe is to be made over ac- cording to plans drawn by America. Doubtless this is as it should be. Yet is there any reason why we should not take as well as give? While we are teaching Germany how to fight her way into and through the finals at Berlin in 1916, may we not develop an apprecia- tion for a method of athletics that does not make most persons mere spectators? Our Rhodes scholars are greatly dis- turbed at seeing Oxford students per- forming various athletic feats in the absence of an audience. It strikes them as unnatural and a waste of energy. Would it really do us any harm to form the habit of walking and running and jumping with no organized cheering ringing in our ears, and without feeling the fate of empire resting upon us?

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326 Tlio 1ST a bion Vol. 97, >To. 2519 POLITICAL DISCOUNTING. It is not only in Wall Street that fu- ture events are "discounted." We have just now an illustration of this in the enactment of a new tariff. Viewed in itself, viewed historically, viewed po- litically, this is an event of capital sig- nificance. We may be sure that it will bulk large in the political history of this year. Yet at the moment it passes al- most unperceived. We have known for weeks that it was coming. It has come. So why bother about it? All Americans are like Metternich in this respect, that they say it is with to-morrow that their spirits wrestle. What takes place to-day is over and done with. This gradual accustoming of the pub- lic to a great politico-economic change has its distinct advantages. It dimin- ishes friction and avoids shock. If the bill which President Wilson signed had been suddenly imposed upon the coun- try, as by imperial ukase, it would have caused acute excitement. But the six months of debate have got all the de- tails fully and slowly before the public mind; to what is unusual in them peo- ple have become reconciled or, at least, habituated; and now all passes off quiet- ly. The result had been so long and so thoroughly discounted that we are scarcely aware that its coming makes any difference. In this view of the mat- ter, the long delays by the Senate, time- wasting and exasperating as they have often seemed, have not been without their compensating value. They have made it the simpler and the easier for the United States to giide from one tar- iff law to another. It is obvious, however, that this fa- mi larity with an epoch-making piece of Bgislation may tend to breed con- tempt. That is to say, in judging the end we incline to forget the means; in contemplating the triumph we are tempt- ed to ignore the precedent struggle. The final passage of the tariff bill seemed ridiculously facile. The opposition fell down like a house of cards. It looked as if the whole appearance of a bitter and dubious contest was deceptive. And it may be that a great many careless Americans, observing the ease of the last stages, may be disposed to hold the achievement light. "Why," they will say, "anybody could have got the tariff through Congress. It was as easy as falling off a log." In fact, however, as everybody who stops to think knows perfectly, it was 1 1 < iik udously hard. Incessant labor, un- flagging vigilance, inflexible resolution were required in the making of the new tariff. It was no mock combat. The most powerful forces were aligned to bring about certain changes in the bill, or to defeat certain provisions of it, and pomewhere there had to be the watch- fulness and the determination to meet and defeat them. Where this resisting power, along with the dynamic driving force behind the bill, was placed, there is universal agreement. Both friends E.nd enemies of the new tariff know that, but for the steady push and the un- yielding purpose of the President, the bill could never have been passed in the form in which it finally became law. It was the college professor transferred to the White House who brought to bear upon Congress a conviction too clear and a will too strong to be withstood. And this is the event, so appealing in its personal bearings, so big with con- sequences to the nation, that we pass by almost without notice simply because it has been "discounted in advance"! This, however, is but the feeling or the attitude of the passing day. The country is not really so indifferent as it pretends to be. In its heart, it is en- tirely aware of what has taken place. It knows that it stands to-day in the pres- ence of a completed fiscal and political revolution. The pepple, as was maintain- ed by Madame de Sevigne, are ni fou, ni sot; and we may be confident that they have a sufficiently just idea of the im- portance of the political history that is made under their very eyes. This does not mean that they will keep on talking about it. It is a wholesome instinct by which we drop the mastered task and pass on to the next lesson. But even it there are no public rejoicings over the first great achievement of the new Ad- ministration, we may rest assured that multitudes of Americans will glow with quiet satisfaction at this beginning of fulfilled pledges, and argue from it high hope as regards what remains to be done. LABOR AND LAW. The letters sent by Gov. Foss to offi- cers of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and the Brotherhood of Loco- motive Enginemen and Firemen, at New Haven, assert with unusual force and impressiveness the old doctrine of the limits which the community must insist upon setting to the right of railway employees to strike. Just in what way that limitation is to be enforced in the end, is a difficult question to decide; meanwhile the most has to be made of the appeal to the good sense of the rail- way workers on the one hand and to public opinion on the other. Gov. Foss first pointed out the tremendous stake that the public has in the question of a strike, irrespective of the causes leading to it, and he then proceeded to utter a few strong words on the merits of the contention which is supposed to furnish the chief reason for the strike proposal now under consideration by the Brother- hood. A strike on the New Haven system would mean "the stopping of the wheels of industry, loss of employment to hun- dreds of thousands of laborers, interfer- ence with the regular supply of food and fuel," and other public evils; and the Governor gives notice that if a strike is declared he will, with the assent of the Council, call a special session of the Legislature "for the purpose of enacting laws which, after providing effective remedies for all grievances of employees, shall absolutely prohibit strikes of rail- road operatives employed within the Commonwealth." The Governor is informed that the principal question at issue between the organizations and the company is "whether the promotion of employees and the assignment of duties shall be governed solely by the rule of senior- ity, or whether fitness as well as length of service shall be taken into considera- tion." It seems almost incredible, after the revelations connected with the series of disasters on the New Haven road, that the labor organizations should have the hardihood to demand that assign- ments shall be "governed solely by the rule of seniority." But if such be the fact, Gov. Foss is certainly justified in his straightforword words to the Broth- erhood : "If you precipitate a strike upon the seniority issue, you will invite the condemnation of every fair-minded man in New England and the nation." The matter has a broader bearing. Apart from any peculiar relation which the median ism of transportation lias to the public welfare and the public safe- ty, the words last quoted suggest the question whether the state of opinion in this country, upon labor question! in fern ial, lias iindcrgono any radii al

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Oct. 9, 1913] T li e ZTST a t i o n 327 change in the past few years. To "in- vite the condemnation of every fair- minded man in the nation" used to con- vey to American ears a pretty definite significance. In one sense, it may be re- garded as a question-begging expression. It may be objected that what you mean by a "fair-minded man" is a man who thinks as you think. But in reality, the implication of such a phrase rested on the assumption that in an overwhelm- ing degree public sentiment in America upon labor questions was conservative sentiment, law-abiding sentiment; and the assumption was undoubtedly justi- fied by the solid fact. In recent years, some doubt has been thrown upon the continuance of this state of things. From time to time there have been ex- citements, or upheavals, which have led many persons to believe that the Amer- ican people are no longer unshakably attached to the preservation of law and order, to the assertion of the paramount rights of the commonwealth as against the claims of a class. The swift ad- vance of the I. W. W. gave occasion for much talk of this nature; and the ex- posure of the widespread McNamara dynamite conspiracy gave rise to a re- markable outburst of semi-hysterical alarm, to which some persons, usually sober and responsible, lent countenance. But we have just had a reminder of the subsidence of that state of mind. It is now nearly two years since the revela- tion of the dynamite conspiracy. At the time there arose a multitude of voices declaring that among the working peo- ple there had been going on a terrible change, of which the nation at large had been serenely unconscious. Unless cog- nizance were promptly taken of it, un- less public policy were promptly adapted to the changed situation, revolutionary violence must go on increasing. The con- flict of classes was at last before us, if it were not averted by extraordinary wisdom. Nevertheless, the law went quietly on its course. A year after the exposure, thirty-eight labor men con- nected with the plot, some of them men high in great labor organizations, were convicted by an Indianapolis jury. There was no outbreak of labor resentment. There was no excitement among the pub- lic at large. Neither the year between the exposure and the conviction, nor the period of nine months since the convic- tion, has been a time marked by labor violence. Such disturbances as there have been were chiefly from the I. W. W.; and the I. W. W. itself looks decid- edly less formidable now than it did a year ago. As for the dynamite plot, a new chapter in its story was begun on Thursday of last week, with the arrest of one of the principal agents in it, who had hitherto escaped, and who has made a confession that will further lay bare its extent. Nobody is making, in con- nection with this, any fresh prophecies of the impending downfall of the exist- ing order of society. On the contrary, the dynamite affair is going the way of the Molly Maguires affair, of the railway riots of 1877, of the affair of the Chi- cago Anarchists, of the great Chicago trouble in 1894. These things are not as new as some of our young sociol- ogists imagine; and on. the other hand the nation's attachment to the idea that progress must be achieved along safe and orderly lines is, we suspect, far more deeply rooted than they realize. THE THREATENED NATIONAL PARK What has been going on in regard to the Hetch-Hetchy Valley, during the present special session of Congress, is precisely the kind of thing that goes on whenever a public park, national or lo- cal, is threatened. Outwardly, the mat- ter takes many shapes, but at heart the thing is always the same. Some pur- pose, often a purpose in itself highly meritorious, can be served at vastly less expense than it otherwise could be, by utilizing for it land that had been set aside for park purposes. In behalf of the park, it is protested that this land had been understood to be invio- lable; that the very essence of the mat- ter is that it must be so held, in the face of temptation to sacrifice it on the plea of economy; that such pleas are continually recurring, and that unless we set our faces firmly against them, the permanent preservation of our most precious parks is out of the question. In behalf of the park-destroying project, on the other hand, the plea is made that this particular scheme is exceptional; that the utilitarian advantage is enor- mous, and that the injury to the park is slight or else that the value of the park itself to the public is very small in comparison with the amount of the proposed gain. The defenders of the park are a few devoted enthusiasts, while their opponents are a large num- ber of practical men, working hard and persistently for an end which — whether public or private — has the clear, tangi- ble importance that is represented by hundreds of thousands, or millions, of dollars. Moreover, the aggressors have the comforting advantage that they need to win only once, and the game is over; whereas the defenders have to beat off the assault again and again. If the de- fenders win in the end, it is usually be- cause, at some critical moment, when their case seems almost hopeless, a final rally is made, public attention is thor- oughly aroused, and the scheme is at last set at rest. Through a great part of this familiar course the attempt of San Francisco to get possession of the wonderful Hetch- Hetchy Valley has passed. Many as are the details which have been brought into the matter, the real question to-day is whether opportunity will be given for that last stand of the defenders to which they are justly entitled. The House com- mittee has reported in favor of the San Francisco scheme, and the House ha3 passed the bill. The Senate committee has also reported favorably. Only deter- mined opposition in the Senate by those who realize the irrevocable character of the act proposed, or else a veto by the President, can save the valley. Even such action now could be regarded only as a stay of proceedings. The whole subject would doubtless come up again at the regular session of Congress, and in all probability would then be conclu- sively disposed of, one way or the other. And there is every reason why such a stay of proceedings should be had. It always takes a long time for the senti- ment of the country on such an issue to assert itself. Even as it is, sentiment against the scheme has been widely anl strongly asserted in the press. It is only on the plea of urgent necessity that there could be any excuse for passing the bill at this special session, called for the purpose of passing the tariff and currency bills, on which interest has been almost exclusively centred; and the plea of urgent necessity has altogether failed to be made out. In fact, an examination of the report of the House committee — which has played the chief part in the history of the bill in the present Congress — shows that no serious attempt is made to estab- lish any emergency reason for the bill. The report merely produces by vague and general statements the impression

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328 rT lie ^N"ati n [Vol. 97, No. 2519 that San Francisco is in desperate need of getting water by the flooding of the FLetch-Hetchy Valley, while at the same there are scattered all through it virtual admissions that the only reason for asking this concession from the na- tion is that it would save the city about $20,000,000. The "extracts from con- clusions of Board of U. S. Army Engi- neers," to which the report gives special prominence, begin with this: The project proposed by the city of San Isco, known as the Hetch-Hetchy pro- ject, is about $20,000,000 cheaper than any ble project for furnishing an ate supply. The spirit of the House committee's report may in some degree be inferred from a single brief passage: A people who undauntedly met the great- est disaster in all the world's history, and who rebuilt a devastated city, ought to be given sufficient consideration to enable them to select their own water supply and to ease the tax burden, which falls most heavily upon those who work for a living. The Hetch Hetchy question is not "a raid upon the Yosemite" ; it is a question solely of providing pure water in ample supply to human beings. The word we have put in italics was possibly a slip; but it was a very il- luminating slip; and, furthermore, it is quite in keeping with the sentiment of the preceding sentence. If the people of San Francisco, on account of the losses they suffered from the earthquake and fire, have a right "to select their own water supply" and to "ease their tax burden," and if the ruin of a won- derful bit of natural scenery which the nation had set apart for preservation for all time is a consideration not per- tinent to the case, of course there is nothing more to be said. But if the peo- ple of the United States cherish the pol- icy of jealously guarding every such na- tional possession; if they do not regard a little easing of the San Franciscans' "tax burden" as sufficient ground for departing from that policy; if they do not wish lightly to set a precedent which may return to plague them, which may endanger many another scene of beauty whose sacrifice is demanded upon similar pleas and with equal pertinac- ity; then there is no excuse for giving up the Hetch Hetchy unless a case is made out far stronger and far more convincing than that which has actually been presented. THE UNIVERSITY AND THE STATE. The serious illness of President An- pell recalls not only the part he played at an important stage in the develop- ment of the University of Michigan, but the most interesting period in our whole educational history. He was one of four men who, born within the quinquennium from 1829 to 1834, were destined to as- sume positions of educational leader- ship just forty years later. The first of these to come to the front was Andrew D. White, who became the first president of Cornell in 1867. Charles W. Eliot was elected to the presidency of Har- vard in 18G9. James B. Angell exchang- ed the presidency of the University of Vermont for that of Michigan in 1ST!, and Daniel C. Gilman started Johns Hopkins upon its career in 1875. A cer tain similarity may be asserted of the work that lay before Presidents White and Gilman. Each of these men had the task of launching the institution which had called him to its service, different as the aims of Cornell and Johns Hop- kins were and are. Presidents Eliot and Angell, on the other hand, had to do with established institutions, although there was a vast disparity of age be- tween Harvard, with more than two cen- turies behind it, and the Western uni- versity, which could count a scant thir- ty years since its inception. Age, however, was the least of the ele- ments differentiating Michigan from Harvard; and the chief of these distinc- tions was true of Michigan as compar- ed, not only with Harvard, but with either Cornell or Johns Hopkins. Every one of these Eastern universities was privately endowed; Michigan looked for its support to the State. However alike, therefore, might be some of the ideals which these four presidents set before themselves, the manner of their work- ing out was bound to be radically af- fected for President Angell by this fac- tor of State control. The new president must have congratulated himself, there- fore, upon the condition of affairs which he found awaiting him at Ann Arbor. Under the influence of a few men who had had much to do with the Univer- sity at its beginning, Michigan had been inspired to a considerable extent by Ger- man ideals of education. Indeed, in his uiscences," President Angell goes so far as to say that the young institu- tion "was shaped under broader and more generous views of university life than most of the Eastern colleges." It had happened, for example, that Isaac E. Crary was a member of the convention that framed the Constitution of 1835, and as Chairman of the Committee on Education drafted the article on that subject. Now, the famous report of Vic- tor Cousin on public education in Prus- sia had fallen into the hands of the first Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion in Michigan, who was a neighbor of Mr. Crary, and it formed the topic of much discussion between them. The re- sult was the idea of a State system of schools with a university at its head. But what, one asks, was bound to be- come of German educational ideals when they ran up against a set of American lawmakers? Strange as it may appear, in Michigan they lived to tell the tala. "I had occasion to visit the Legislature at several sessions," writes President Angell, "to make known to our com- mittees, and sometimes to the whole body, our needs, and several times the whole Legislature visited the Univer- sity. I wish to bear witness to the courtesy with which I was always re- ceived at Lansing, and the hearty in- terest in the institution which the mem- bers of the Legislature always evinced on their visits to us." He speaks even more explicitly of this relation, gener- ally regarded as not a little hazardous for the institution involved: Eastern critics of the system of State support of universities have often assumed that the institutions would become embar- rassed by being entangled in the contro- versies of party politics. It can be affirmed that such has never been the case in the support or control of this University. Dif- ferent parties have been in control In this State during the life of the institution. But we have fared equally well, whichever party was in power, and no political con- troversy in the Legislature or in the State at large has ever embarrassed us. Two years after he became president of Michigan, the friends of the University persuaded the Legislature to give it the proceeds of a twentieth-mill tax, in place of the special appropriations which had been the rule before. Later, this tax was raised to an eighth, and finally to threc-oighths of a mill, and this method of providing funds for the State Univer- sity has been followed by other Legis- Latures. This highly honorablo course must have borno no small part In ele- vating the University of Michigan to the the our \s institution oi '• Etta a oat 1 eputatlon.

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Oct. 9, 1913] The Nation 329 It is impossible to read what Presi- dent Angell says about the connection between the University of Michigan and the people of Michigan without feeling that here is something that is still dis- tinctively Western in our educational practice, and perhaps in our educational ideals as well. From Germany came the notion of receiving students from the high schools of the State on diploma instead of by examination. The high schools had first to be approved, and the visits of University professors to these schools on inspection trips were so many opportunities for suggesting improve- ments to the teachers, for fanning the flame of ambition in the students, and for deepening the concern of the public in education, both higher and lower. Towns and villages were spurred to a new interest in the school which the University authorities thought worthy of a visit. The University dominated the educational realm, but it did so with- out that struggle with the secondary schools which is one of the features of our time. The fear that the schools would not be courageous in maintaining the requirements set for them by the University proved unfounded. It is evi- dent that to President Angell education was nothing if not an intensely human activity. THE 8VPERC0LLEGIATE COMMIT- TEE ON FRESHMEN. Prof. Hugo Miinsterberg: The meeting will please come to order. We are now in the first week of October. This fact, which the ordinary citizen has probably accepted with- out question, has been amply confirmed in an elaborate series of laboratory tests car- ried on by means of white and yellow cards and rapidly revolving disks. Thus we are prepared to discuss once more the highly interesting question, why the vast majority of freshmen cannot spell. Neither can they write their native tongue in accordance with the rules of grammar. Pro}. T. R. Lounsbury: Aw, gee! Why should they? Look at Chaucer, Milton, and Browning. The fiercest bunch of little spell- ers you ever saw. And their grammar is simply rotten. They didn't care a red cent for the grammarians. When they saw a word or a phrase they liked they went to it. If the grammarians didn't agree with them it was up to the grammarians. Chaucer should worry. Dr. Woods Hutchinson: Quite right. Professor Lounsbury: The question is just this: Are freshmen made for the English language or is language made for fresh- men? Language is like a human being: change does it good. Stick to your Llndley Murray and it's a cinch your little old Eng- lish tongue will be a dead one in fifty years. Dr. HutcMnson: I agree with Professor Lounsbury, speaking from the standpoint of physiology. Constant use of a plural verb with a plural subject plays the deuce with the larynx. You know what the larynx is, gentlemen. It's a rubber disk in the human Victrola. Drop the pin on the rubber disk £>nd the record will grind out the same for- mula, again and again. Keep it up long enough and the record wears out. That's the larynx under the operation of grammat- ical rules. It gets the habit, and the first law of health is to avoid all habits. What you want to do is to shake up the larynx by feeding it with new forms of expression. When a man says "I done it," it imparts a healthy jolt to the delicate muscles of the throat, limbers up his aorta and his dia- phragm, and reconciles him with his diges- tion. This is the opinion of eminent phy- siologists, like Drinckheimer of Leipzig. Professor Lounsbury: Whom did you say the man is? Dr. Hutchinson: Drinckheimer, pro- fessor at Leipzig. He doesn't write for the magazines. Professor Lounsbury: Then you will agree with me that when a man has something to say he will say it? Professor Miinsterberg: We have an excellent illustration on this point in a history paper submitted in the last en- trance examinations. In reply to the ques- tion, "Name the first two Presidents of the United States," one candidate wrote, "The first pressident was Gorge Washington; his predeceassor was Alexander Hamilton." Observe the extraordinary psychological correlation between thought and expression in such a reply. Prof. A. B. Hart: I don't think the young man was guilty of an injustice with re- gard to Alexander Hamilton. You will re- call that Hamilton was one of the princi- pal founders of the system of privilege which has produced, in our own day, Lori- merism and the purchase of Southern dele- gates. If it had not been for Hamilton and his crowd we should not now be compelled to wage a campaign for social justice and I should not be under the necessity of writing Bull Moose history for Collier's. Dr. Hutchinson: But getting back to the real point of our inquiry, whether the failure to spell and write correctly is a sign of mental feebleness • Professor Milnsterberg: On that point I believe I can speak with authority. Psy- chological tests in the laboratory show that the average freshman is as quick-witted to-day as his predecessor of fifty or a hun- dred years ago. We examined three hun- dred first-year men from eleven colleges and universities. Each man was required to peep into a dark box, shaped like a camera, through an eye-hole sixteen milli- metres in diameter. By pressing a button, light was flashed upon a slip of paper in- side the box, on which was printed, in let- ters nine millimetres high, the following question : "What is your favorite break- fast food?" The candidate was required to signify his answer by tapping with his finger on the table, one tap for Farinetta, two taps for Dried Husks, three taps for Atlas Crumbs, and so forth. The average time for three hundred answers was six and seven-tenths seconds. Thereupon the candidates were asked to think over the question at their leisure and to hand in a written answer sworn to before a notary public. On comparing the written answers with the laboratory results, it appeared that only thirty-seven out of the three hun- dred had tapped the wrong answer. Need I say more? Professor Lounsbury: May I ask how the written answers showed up from the point of view of spelling and grammar? Professor Miinstcrbcrg : They were im- pressively defective. Professor Lounsbury: I'm tickled to death. When you cut out bad spelling and grammar, you queer the evolution of the English language. There's nothing to it. Professor Miinstcrbcrg : But take the case of the freshman squad whom we kept in an hermetically sealed room for twenty-four hours in a temperature of 89 degrees Professor Lounsbury : May I ask what their language was when they were re- leased at the end of twenty-four hours? Professor Miinstcrbcrg : Truth compels me to say it was something awful. Professor Lounsbury : But how about the grammar? Professor Miinsterberg : There was no grammar to speak of. They used mostly interjections. Dr. Hutchinson: Finest thing in the world, interjections. Good for the lungs and the heart. Rapid succession of inhala- tion and expulsion keeps the bellows in prime order. That's all a man is, gen- tlemen, a bellows on a pair of stilts driven by a hydraulic pump. If the bellows holds out under sudden strain, that's all you want. That's why I like to hear people swear. It's good for the wind. Next time you walk down a step too many in th# dark or lose your hat under a motor truck, don't hold yourself back. It's thl way nature is safeguarding you against asthma. Professor Miinsterberg : Then it is the consensus of opinion here that the psy- chological and cultural status of our col- lege freshmen is everything it ought to be? Professor Hart: I'd rather take the opinion of a roomful of freshmen on any subject than the opinion of the United States Supreme Court. They don't know anything about American history, but it's the kind of history that isn't worth know- ing. I prefer them to know things as they ought to have been rather than as they were before the Progressive party was born. Whatever is worth preserving from the past, including the Decalogue, will be found in the Bull Moose platform. We don't want examination papers. We want social justice. Professor Lounsbury: Between you and I, the English language won't get what's coming to it until all entrance examina- tions and all other kinds have been chucked into the discard. Dr. Hutchinson: Spelling is demon- strably bad for the muscles of the chest and the abdomen. Professor Lounsbury: You've said it. THE BICENTENARY OF DIDEROT. The distinction of Diderot, the bicen- tenary of whose birth falls this week (October 5), is to be a universal pre- cursor of modern life. More perhaps than any other man of the eighteenth century except Rousseau, he deserves to be accounted, in Amiel'a phrase, an an-

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33Q The Nation [Vol 97, No. 2519 oestor in all things. "The age," he wrote to Grimm in 1765, "always ends by coming around to my taste and point of view. ... Do not laugh: it is 1 who anticipate the future and know its thought." Now most of the revolution- ary changes that have taken place from Diderot's time to ours rest, in the final analysis, on a re-interpretation of the word nature; and Diderot was success- ful in anticipating the future because he was so thoroughgoing a naturalist. In the "Supplement au voyage de Bougain- ville" he paints a picture of primitive life which is very close to Rousseau in its emphasis on man's native goodness, if not in the more than Rabelaisian crud- ity of certain details. But he was not, like Rousseau, an obscurantist; he would maintain the intellect in its rights if only in the interests of the investiga- tor. Here is a chief reason why Goethe had a veritable cult for Diderot long af- ter he had repudiated Rousseau. It is characteristic of the history of Diderot's writings that his masterpiece, the ' Neveu de Rameau," became known in France only through a retranslation of Goethe's translation more than fifty years (1821) after its probable date of composition. The more significant re- lationship between Diderot and Goethe appears, however, in a work like the lat- ter's "Metamorphosis of Plants." For Diderot is most original as a scientific naturalist, especially in his anticipations of evolution. Some of these anticipa- tions were so bold that, so far from printing them, he ventured to represent them only as muttered by D'Alembert in the course of a feverish dream. What we find in the "Reve de D'Alembert" (published in 1830) is, in addition to the cell theory, virtually all the essential hypotheses of the modern evolutionist. Nature is conceived by Diderot as a per- petual flux in which the higher forms of being develop by almost insensible gra- dations from the lower. "Every animal is more or less man; every mineral is more or less plant; every plant is more or less animal. There is nothing pre- cise in nature." He foreshadows Dar- win, not only in his hypotheses, but in his perception of the subordinate place of hypothesis in true science. He nar- rates a curious vision in which the role of experiment is revealed to him as op- posed to mere theory. Experiment ap- pears to him first in the form of a child; Lut as the child advances his limbs swell until he becomes an enormous co- lossus, and at his touch the air-hung Temple of Metaphysics falls with a crash — and Diderot awakes. In a passage of this kind Diderot speaks in the spirit of the English positivists and utilitarians, and, indeed, however un-English he may appear in his personal quality, he is more than almost any othei French writer of his time a disciple of the English, from Ba- con to the contemporary sentimentalists.* "Jacques le Fataliste," for example, is at once a pastiche of Sterne and a pro- clamation of scientific naturalism. We can, in fact, see in Diderot as perhaps nowhere else the interplay and deep un- derlying connection between the scien- tific and emotional aspects of the natur- alistic movement. Conceiving nature as a pure flux, he proceeds, like the ancient sophists, to transfer this conception from the physical to the human plane. "The first vow," lie exclaims, "taken by two mortal beings was at the foot of a rock that was crumbling into dust; as witness to their constancy they called upon a sky that is not for an instant the same; everything was passing within them and about them, and they thought their hearts immune from these vicissi- tudes," etc. As versified by Alfred de Musset, this passage became a favorite romantic theme: Oui, les premiers baisers, oui, les premiers serments Que deux etres mortels echangerent sur terre, Ce fut au pied d'un arbre effeuille par les vents, Sur un roc en poussiere. . . . We are thus constantly reminded in Diderot how much romanticists have in common with so-called realists and scientific evolutionists, especially in their relation to the traditional disci- plines, whether classical or Christian. All the specifically modern uses of the word nature are in germ in the follow- ing passage from the "Supplement au voyage de Bougainville": Do you wish to know in brief the tale cf almost all our woe? There once existed a natural man ; there has been introduced within this man an artificial man, and there has arisen in the cave a civil war which lasts throughout life. Everything, then, that restrains "na- ture" is to be dismissed as empty con- vention. Above all, there is to be no restraint on the most imperious of the instincts, that of sex. To the idyllic pic- ture of the emancipation of this instinct in the "Supplement" corresponds the \iolent diatribe against the putting of lestraint upon it in "La Religieuse." "What they call evangelical perfection," Diderot complains, "is only the fatal art of repressing nature." Diderot would therefore turn away from the "war in the cave," that is, the struggle between good and evil in the breast of the indi- vidual, and fix his attention on the pro- gress of mankind as a whole in know- ledge and sympathy. On the positive side, as an expression of the Baconian and utilitarian ideal, the "Encyclopedie" derives from England. Yet contempo- raries, who knew Diderot almost ex- • A verj 1 omplete and ca refu! 1 1 adj ol 1 in I i: Mm 11 'i- li.'is Jilsl :i|i|.i :ip il lliil: nil ill " //, , ,,,/, 0) 1 »"' s I'm poluti oui bj 1 1 1 . .1 1 ion with Q01 rick.

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Oct. 9, 1913J T li e Nation 331 avoid feeling his role while acting It. The "Paradoxe sur le com6dien" was published in 1830, only a few years be- fore Musset's "Stances a la Malibran." Musset takes the position one would have expected Diderot to anticipate. La Malibran is extolled because she so tuperabounded in "soul" in the roman- tic sense, and shed real tears upon the stage. This emotional facility, says Diderot, is a sign not of genius, but of mediocrity. "I am making no ordinary confession," he adds, "for if Nature ever tashioned an emotional soul, it is my own." Diderot is, indeed, a perfect example of I'ume sensible, the lachrymose and declamatory precursor of the true ro- manticist. A man would be ashamed, says La Bruyere, to display his feelings at the theatre. In Diderot's time he would have been ashamed not to display them; for in the meantime the great discovery had been made that man is naturally good and that the proper way for this goodness to manifest itself is to overflow through the eyes. It had become almost a requirement of good manners to weep and sob in public. At the performance of the "Pere de Fa- mille," in 1769, we are told that every handkerchief was in use. The Revolu- tion seems to have raised doubts as to the necessary connection between tear- fulness and goodness. The "Pere de Famille" was hissed from the stage in 1811. Geoffroy commented in his feu- illeton: "We have learned by a fatal ex- perience that forty years of declamation and fustian about sensibility, humanity, and benevolence have served only to pre- pare men's hearts for the last excesses of barbarism." As to the dulness and badness of Diderot's actual plays, all are agreed. There is somewhat less agreement re- garding the value and influence of the dramatic theories with which he accom- panied them. His plea for the middle- class drama, his attack on the notion that only persons of a certain social rank had a right to be taken seriously on the stage, whereas others were to be relegated to comedy and farce, was part of a world movement that would prob- ably have triumphed without him. The more original parts of his dramatic theory illustrate interestingly, at least, his attempt to get rid of the "war in the cave" — in other words, his naturalis- tic denial of dualism. Instead of char- acter he would put upon the stage pro- fessions or callings. Man is to be ex- hibited not as determining himself but as determined by his social role and environment — a conception realized, if at all, not in the drama, but in the "Comedie humaine" of Balzac. For the subtle shadings of speech that the great dramatists have needed to set forth the inner struggle of motives, he would sub- stitute, so far as possible, pantomime, and for true dramatic action he would give us a series of stage pictures (what he calls a decoration animee), so com- bined as to preach a moral of general social utility. A highly melodramatic problem play done in moving pictures would seem to come very near satisfying all his requirements. II. Diderot's notion of the drama, it has been objected, is too pictorial; his no- tion of painting, on the other hand, is too literary and dramatic. In his at- tack on the older or pseudo-classic con- fusion of the arts, based on the maxim ut pictura poesis, he furnished pregnant hints to Lessing; at the same time he prepares the way for our modern con- fusions arising from an emotionalism that overflows all barriers. Opinions diverge even more widely regarding his "Salons" than regarding his dramatic theories, some looking upon him as the inventor, others as the cor- rupter, of the true criticism of art. As to the reproach that he sees in painting a sort of transposed literature, that he is less interested in the execution than in the subject or story, the obvious re- ply is that it would have been hard for him to see more literary intentions in the pictures of the time than the artists were themselves striving to put there. After all, a work of art should be some- thing more than a triumph of tech- nique. It should have an adequate hu- man purpose. The true reproach to bring against Diderot is not that he put primary emphasis upon the subject, but that his conception of the subject should be satisfied by the "Mauvais Fils puni" of Greuze. Here again his weakness can be traced to his denial of dualism, and the consequent substitution of emotion- alism for insight. He fails to temper the mere keenness of his relish, his in- finite zest, with judgment, an inner mediation that is, after all, only one aspect of the "war in the cave." And so he has gusto rather than taste. His gusto usually shows itself in the warmth of his appreciation, and not, as often in the case of Hazlitt, for example, in the violence of his antipathies. "I am nat- urally inclined to neglect faults and to grow enthusiastic over virtues. . . . If there is a fine feature in a book, a character, a picture, a statue, it is on that my eyes rest: I see and remember only that; the rest is almost forgot- ten." He is plainly a forerunner of the "creative" critic in the neo-romantic sense, of the man who narrates the ad- ventures of his "soul" in the presence of masterpieces. The role of the artist is to be reduced to expressing the reac- tion of his temperament to any outer stimulus; and the role of the critic in turn to telling how his temperament is affected by this expression. What is eliminated in both cases is that element in human nature which acts as a check upon temperament. III. The main problem, according to the older school, is not the mere express- ing, but the humanizing of tempera- ment. You must set up before you, this school maintained, an image of normal human nature, and then accept the curb on temperamental impulse imposed by the imitation of this model. The result of this restraint upon temperament is decorum. The process by which this great central doctrine of classicism de- generated into mere artificiality, by which decorum became identified witb the usages of polite society or with aca- demic routine, is well known. Diderot's role in the revolt against this artificial decorum is perhaps second only to that of Rousseau. I have already said some- thing about his attack on artificial de- corum in the drama. "Ah! bienseances cruelles, que vous rendez les ouvrages decents et petits." There was an al- most ludicrous opposition between the exuberance of Diderot's temperament and the limits imposed by decorum eith- er true or artificial. Catherine the Great wrote to Madame Geoffrin that she was black and blue as the result of the slap- pings Diderot had given her in their interviews, and that she had had to in- terpose a table to protect herself from the violence of his gesticulations. Critics are wont to praise Diderot for his flashes of divination, his genial in- tuitions: and this praise is deserved so far as his intuitions of physical law are concerned. On the other hand, he is radically lacking in perception of the human law and in the fine tact and sense of measure that arise from this perception. He is an extraordinarily complete type of the pure expansionist, of the man who lives in a "wide-open universe." The total effect of his per- sonality is that of excess, of an unce- strained riot of intellect and emotion, of what the French would call une verve endiablee. "He appears natural only when exaggerated," said Madame Necker of him. "Ideas that have got drunk and taken to running after one anoth- er" is a description of his theories by another contemporary. He often seems, however, far madder than he is, being in this respect the exact opposite of Rousseau. His works remind us only too frequently that decorum and de- cency are very nearly related, and that the words were indeed long synonymous. The work in which he has the memor- able Baconian vision I have already cit- ed, is not merely indecent, but crim- inally indecent; it is mildly described by Diderot himself as the "pestilential exhalation of a sewer." A Platonic gleam may rest upon his brow, says Sainte-Beuve, but look more closely and you will always see the satyr's hoof. "He equalled Bacon and Aretino," is the doubtful compliment of a contemporary couplet. To his absence of decorum he owes

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332 T ho Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2519 what is in the eyes of many the chief of literary virtues — an amazing frankness of self-revelation. Any one who has been through his writings, from his "Regrets on His Old Dressing- down" to the Letters to Mademoiselle Volland, will scarcely complain of any lack of intimate contact with the author. An age like our own in which not merely ordinary mortals, but Secretar- ies of State and Presidents, have dis- pensed with decorum, and which, to judge by certain recent symptoms, is preparing to dispense with decency, should certainly recognize in Diderot one of its ancestors. Yet, after all, de- corum is, in Milton's phrase, the grand masterpiece to observe. If the world ever works its way out of the present naturalistic imbroglio, the discarding of true along with conventional de- corum may be seen to be about the worst instance on record (if I may be allowed the familiar phrase) of "pour- ing out the baby with the bath." To miss decorum is to become incapable of what is best in art and literature (not to speak of life itself) ; it is to lose the secret of selection and the grand man- ner. Diderot's weakness in this respect already foreshadows the latest predica- ment into which art has fallen — its help- less oscillations between a photographic literalness and incomprehensible at- tempts to symbolize purely personal emotion. To be sure, Diderot can on occasion say admirable things on the grand manner, as he can say admirable things on almost any other topic. He knew his classics and has written pages on Terence (in whom he saw a sort of pneestor of the drame bourgeois) which are justly celebrated. Yet we may ques- tion the high seriousness of a critic who calls upon the centuries to pass more swiftly, in order that they may bring with them the honors due to Rich- ardson, and in the meanwhile puts Rich- ardson on the same shelf with Homer; and who exalts Lillo, author of "The London Merchant," to the side of Soph- ocles. We should feel sure, even with- out the "Plan for a University" which he submitted to the Empress Catherine, that he had no true conception of the role of the humanities in education, and that the total tendency of his mind is flatly utilitarian. IV. Diderot, speaking as an eighteenth- century sentimentalist, would have us believe that men have only to return to nature, that is, to live temperamentally, to become denizens of Arcadia; but in at least one of his works, the "Neveu de Rameau," the Arcadian mist is dis- sipated and the actual state of nature is seen to be the struggle for life. To cast off all the laws and usages of the society in which one lives as mere con- ventions and obey only the promptings of temperament, is in reality to be a Bohemian; and Rameau's nephew is not merely a Bohemian, but also, in inten- tion at least, a beast of prey. Life as he sees it is a universal scramble for power and pleasure. The prizes go to the strong and cunning, and the fools and weaklings pay for all the rest. Ra- tionalism has undermined the tradition- al foundations of society, and is im- potent to put anything in their place. Perhaps in no other work of the eigh- teenth century can one hear so plainly as in the "Neveu de Rameau" the sinis- ter crackings of an edifice that is about to come down on the heads of its occu- pants. The view of life set forth by Ra- meau's nephew is already that of Ras- tignac and other similar figures in Bal- zac. It is no accident that the genera- tion which worshipped Balzac also most exalted Diderot; the generation, namely, which became active about the middle of the nineteenth century and which called itself, in opposition to the previous romantic generation, realistic; which looked up to Taine as its repre- sentative thinker and found its extreme expression, not to say its caricature, in the novels of Zola. Diderot more than anticipates Taine and the determinists when he proclaims that "there is no lib- erty, no action that deserves praise or blame, there is neither vice nor virtue, nothing that should be rewarded or pun- ished. . . . There is only one sort of causes, to speak properly — physical causes." Does this attempt to reduce life to the usufruct of an aggregation of molecules, as one of the school ex- pressed it, deserve to be called real- ism? Diderot's method of dealing with material nature is undoubtedly realis- tic; and in so far he is worthy of all praise. How about human nature? The Empress Catherine, whose knowledge of human nature, it will be generally granted, was real, so far as it went, concluded, after almost daily interviews with Diderot for several months, that he was not a realist, but a dreamer, a man whose imagination ran away with his sense of fact, and therefore in his notions of practical matters a utopist. To be able to judge correctly the per- sons one meets in everyday life would seem to be a fair test of the realist; and this Diderot was notoriously in- capable of doing. A certain imaginative deformation of reality is visible in near- ly all the works of the school. Bal- zac's Paris, for example, is not real, but a lurid dream, the rather peculiar type of Arcadia projected by an imagination that is flying off at a tangent from real- ity. As Leslie Stephen put it, Paris, ac- cording to Balzac, is hell; but, then, hell is the only place worth living in. Zola's peasants, again, are not real; they are naturalistic nightmares. We should be careful not to bestow lightly the noble name of realist. This whole dispute as to what is a real rendering of human nature reduces itself at last to a single question: Is the "war in the cave" artificial, after all? Suppose it be true, as the human- ist asserts, that deep down in the breast of the individual man, far more pri- mary and immediate than either thought or feeling, is a power of control over thought and feeling, a something that may be defined experimentally as the back pull towards the centre. In that case, the "war in the cave," so far from being artificial, the mere prejudice of outworn dogmatisms, is a fact of for- midable import. To deny this fact in the name of "nature" is to be guilty of a monstrous mutilation of human na- ture. Hope for the future may lie in the man who will plant himself reso- lutely on this fact and refuse to be drawn away from it into some phantas- magoria of the intellect or emotions; who will submit to a stern scrutiny from the point of view of this fact the fluent assumptions of both scientific and sentimental naturalists; who will deal with the "law for man" even as the Ba- conian has dealt with the "law for thing," and look with at least equal dis- dain on the apriorist and the builder of systems; who will take issue with the men of science, not because they are bardheaded, but because they are not hardheaded enough; whose complaint of the positivists will be that they are not sufficiently positive; who will be ready, in short, to react in the name of the modern spirit against the great expan- sive movement of the past century, of which Diderot is rightly held to be the universal precursor. Irving Babbitt. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. One of the methods by which England endeavored to regain her control of tho American colonies was by the establish- ment of an English bishop in America, who should unite factions and fill the pulpits. The clergymen, in turn, were to exert a powerful influence for submission on their congregations. On October 13 a complete collection of pamphlets embodying this American Episcopate Controversy will ap- pear at auction at the Anderson Galleries. The first of the series, "A Sermon Preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel In For- eign Parts; at their Anniversary Meet- ing," aroused an excitement in America which was out of all proportion to the im- portance of the project. The idea was not original, and had been mooted for or two without provoking a ripple in American politics. But the psychologi- cal moment had arrived when any niovo- ni' nt that tended to increase the power of I in the colonies would be fought with vigor and persistency. John Adams, .1 mug in 1815, says: The apprebi □ 1 "i 1 Iplscopacy contribut- ed fifty years ago, to arouse th< ally of the Inquiring mind, but of the pie, and urge tt HtltuUonal authorltj of Pai I

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Oct. 9, 1913] T li e 3S" a t i o 11. over the colonies. . . . The objection v. as Dot merely to the office of a bishop, though even that was dreaded, but to the authority of Parliament, on which it must bo founded. The Bishop of Landaff's sermon at once provoked a spirited reply from Dr. Charles Chauncy, of Boston, entitled: "Dr. Chaun- cy's Remarks on certain Passages in the Bishop of Landaff's Society-Sermon. . . . In which the highest Reproach is unde- servedly cast upon the American Colonies. Boston, 1767." In these "Remarks" the au- thor writes: It may be relied on, our people would not be easy, if restrained in the exercise of that 'liberty wherewith Christ has made them free"; yea, they would hazard everything dear to them, their estates, their very lives, rather than suffer their necks to be put un- der that yoke of bondage which was so sad- ly galling to their forefathers, and occa- sioned their retreat to this distant land that they might enjoy the freedom of men and Christians. Dr. Thomas Bradbury Chandler, Rector of St. John's Church, in Elizabethtown, N. J., at the request of a Convention of the Clergy of New York and New Jersey, then proceeded, in "An Appeal to the Pub- lic in Behalf of the Church of England in America," to urge the claims of the loyal clergymen In this country. By William Livingston, of New York, was issued "A Letter to the Right Reverend Father in God, John, Lord Bishop of Landaff; Occa- sioned by Some Passages in his Lordship's Sermon ... in which the American Colonies are loaded with great and unde- served Reproach." Mr. Livingston objected to the aspersions on the colonists as hav- ing "abandoned their native manners and religion," and pointed to the laws of New England, which required lands to be set apart in every new township for the erec- tion of churches. He claimed a more gen- eral observance of the Sabbath in America than in London, and shrank from any fur- ther manifestation of England's power, po- litical or ecclesiastical, in the colonies. Dr. Chandler reissued his pamphlet and added a Supplement, replying to Dr. Chauncy. This Supplement has also been attributed to the Rev. Caleb Fleming. Perhaps the most interesting, bibliograph- Ically, of these controversial pamphlets, is "A Vindication of the Bishop of Landaff's Sermon from the gross Misrepresentations and Abusive Reflections, contained in Mr. William Livingston's Letter to his Lordship : With some Additional Observations on cer- tain Passages in Dr. Chauncy's Remarks. By a Lover of Truth and Decency." One bibliographer, only, appears to have dis- covered the author of this work, but a con- temporary life of Samuel Johnson, by Mr. Chandler, states that it was by the Rev. Charles Inglis, rector of Trinity Church, New York. Three issues with slight varia- tions appeared in 1768, but it is impossible to determine which was the earliest. After another epistle from the pen of Dr. Chauncy in reply to Mr. Chandler, an anonymous publication by "Anti-Episcopa- lian" argued against the dangers of an en- croachment on American liberties by Amer- ican bishops; and Micajah Towgood wrote "A Dissent from the Church of England Fully Justified." Then followed a whole collection of Tracts by William Livingston and others, which so perturbed the loyal ministers that Dr. Smith, of Philadelphia, wrote to the Bishop of London: "The ad- dresses of the Jersey Convention and Dr. Chandler's appeal about bishops for Amer- ica, tho' in the main well done, have raised a great Flame. There is nothing but writ- ing in every newspaper — The Church here is now very rudely treated by a malevo- lent set of Writers and tho' I could have wished our side had not given any cause jet they must not be left unsupported, and I am determined now to contribute my mite for great openings are given to detect their shameful misrepresentations." Early in 1769, Mr. Chandler and Dr. Chauncy again exchanged arguments expressing still more rancor and heat, and in the same year a letter from Thomas Seeker, Bishop of Ox- ford, from Horace Walpole, was unearthed, and printed in support of the loyal clergy- man. This occasioned a critical commentary by Francis Blackburne, with its inevitable reply from Mr. Chandler. The controversy reached its climax in 1771, when Myles Cooper wrote "An Ad- dress from the Clergy in New York and New Jersey to the Episcopalians in Vir- ginia; Occasioned by some late transactions in that Colony Relative to an American Episcopate." It was suggested by the ac- tion of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, by whom it was, "Resolved, Nemine Con- iradicente, That the thanks of this House be given to the Reverend Mr. Henley, the Reverend Mr. Gwatkin, the Reverend Mr. Hewitt, and the Reverend Mr. Bland, of the wise and well-timed Opposition they have made to the pernicious project of a few mistaken Clergymen, for introducing an American Bishop : a Measure, by which much Disturbance, great Anxiety, and Ap- prehension, would certainly take Place among his Majesty's faithful American Sub- jects." To Mr. Cooper, Thomas Gwatkin replied in 1772, and after one or two desultory at- tempts by Mr. Chandler, the controversy was brought to a close by the absolute re- fusal of the colonists to accept of anything English, except on their own terms. E. F. Hanaburgh. Correspondence A LITERARY AFFECTATION. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Recently I have encountered sev- eral productions of a popular writer in pe- riodicals rather outside my usual field of reading. They attracted my attention and led me on, until presently I began to feel a certain dragging sensation. The cause was not at first apparent. The characters were interesting, if rather repellent; there was plenty of the "action" so strenuously demanded by constituencies of the baser sort, and the dialogue had a sparkle, even if it was somewhat hard and metallic in its glitter. It was in the dialogue that the drag was most felt, and further analysis discov- ered the cause. In one short passage I met these expressions: "Need any help?" husked A. "They're our best revenue," defended B. "Still your jolly self," greeted C. "It's a wonder they don't square them- selves," chatted D. In another of the stories are these choice bits: "I know his kind," fondly remembered E. "Why shouldn't he?" scorned F. "It's a lie!" perfunctorily denied G. And these in still another: "Very thoughtful of you," dryly thank- ed H. "He can win her love," she faintly sur- rendered. These are but a few of a host of ex- pressions which grated on my mental ear and distracted attention from the story it- self. "A husked." Why husked? Does the word contain some recondite allusion to the old-time barn and bee and red ear and pretty girl? Or does it mean that A was a "husky" person and spoke in a loud tone of voice? Or can it be an abortive attempt to intimate that his voice was hoarse? .If so, why not say "hoarsed A"? After a careful examination, I believe I have reached the true diagnosis. The trou- ble of this writer and those like him is an acute case of logophobia. They dread the sight of the good old word "said" as a hydrophobic patient dreads water. But why? It is an eminently useful and even respectable word, one which our best au- thors have not feared nor disdained to employ, and employ freely. Taking down a volume of Thackeray, for instance, and opening it at random, I note that he does, indeed, use synonyms — "says," "cries," "shouts," "remarks," "continues," "bawls," "asks," etc. — all of which, fairly implying, as they do, the idea of saying, are perfectly legitimate. But he does not deal in such monstrosities as are quoted above. In- deed, he is not above writing "said" with half a dozen speeches in succession. Fur- thermore, in Scott's "Ivanhoe" we meet "said" eight or even nine times on a single page, and in Hall Caine's "Manxman" it occurs eleven times in twelve successive speeches. Nor is Jane Austen more timid in employing the simple word from which this writer shrinks with such loathing. Of contemporary authors, few have used the language more effectively than Rudyard Kipling, yet he seems to have been hope- lessly ignorant of the new canon. In his short story, "At the End of the Passage," selected wholly at random, the abhorrent "said" occurs seventy-three times — about once every hundred words — as against only thirteen occurrences of substitutes. Inci- dentally, we may note that the simple "said" is found eight times on one page of about 370 words. Like examples may be found in our own Poe, and even in Howells. Undue repetition of any word is, of course, to be avoided, but why fly to the op- posite extreme? Why so evidently go out of your way to escape the natural expres- sion? The very effort defeats itself, and frequently where "said" would pass without notice the forced substitute obtrudes itself to the distraction of the reader. A friend suggests that this new dogma may be an outgrowth of George Meredith's example. He evidently did shun the word's excessive recurrence; yet, while some of his phrasing is abrupt and harsh, he does not follow the practice ad absurdum. His imitators, as often happens, have observed the letter and wholly missed the spirit of his usage — have copied the form with all its faults, but without its redeeming quali- ties of style. If the word "obsession" were not so sadly overworked Just now, I should apply it to this fad— this setting up of a new

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334 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2519 literary fetish. Of course, it Is not affected even now by writers of the first class, though it is, unfortunately, by a few whose popularity for the moment gives it vogue. II. M, KlNGERY. tordsvllle, Ind., October -. THE INCOME TAX. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: I have read with interest both Mr. Root's speech on the income tax and your comment thereon in the Nation of Septem- ber 11. It is undesirable that a large num- ber of citizens should feel that they bear no burdens for the support of the govern- ment. That is what has happened under all forms of indirect taxation. Because the mass of the people were ignorant that they paid the tariff, they clung to that form of taxation. But all taxes can be and are shifted, except the personal property tax (and that is not paid) and the poll tax. As Mr. Root says, the income tax will fall chiefly upon the industrial communities. Yet the whole country will pay the tax ; for when the income derived from the in- dustries is taxed, the price of the products will be adjusted to the increased cost of production, and the wages of labor will also be adjusted to the new conditions. It has been said that the laborer pays all taxes. It would be truer to say that the consumer and the laborer pay all taxes. The tax on professional incomes will like- wise be paid by the consumers of the pro- fessional services. If a knowledge of the working of eco- nomic laws could be diffused among Amer- icans, none would cherish the delusion that he did not pay an income tax, or the "sin- gle tax," if that should ever prevail. Axxe Hersmax. Chicago, September 29. RACE SEGREGATION. To the Editor of The Nation : Sir: In the last issue of the Nation you commend the editor of the Lexington, Ky., Herald for remonstrating against the se- gregation of the races in the departments at Washington, which policy, he says, when transmitted to lower channels may be most disastrous. You quote him as saying: "No greater calamity could befall this nation than to have included in its inhabitants millions of people of any race in whose face the door of hope is shut." Now, at the risk of being classed by you among the "ignorant" or "reactionaries," I want to say that there is no "door of hope" closed against the negro in this coun- try, but the door of hope for amalgama- tion with the white race. As a protection to future generations and to the integrity of the white race this door must be ever closed, and to make it all the more secure every approach to it must and will be guarded with vigilance. This can only be done by laws requiring segregation of the races in public places. To race pride for race prejudice, if you prefer to call it that) we must look to retain the purity of the white race in this country, and .ill signs go to show that this race pride is not ing. It is just as strong in Califor- nia against the idea of amalgamating with the Japanese as It is In South Carolina nig with the negro, and the white people of Maine would have the same legal separation of the races that they have in Mississippi if the negroes outnumbered the whites in that State. L. S. Johnston. Versailles, k.v., September 22. Literature THE COURTS AND THE LAW. Certainty and Justice: Studies of the Conflict between Precedent and Pro- gress in the Development of the Law. By Frederic R. Coudert. New York: D. Appleton & Co. $1.50 net. Justice and the Modern Law. By Ever- ett V. Abbot. Boston: Houghton Mif- flin Co. $1.60 net. Our Judicial Oligarchy. By Gilbert E. Roe. New York: B. W. Huebsch. $1 net. These three books supply considera- ble material for a study in the psychol- ogy of the present popular feeling to- wards the courts. The authors agree that this feeling is one of hostility to judges, or at least to the legal system administered by -our judiciary, but they differ about the causes. Mr. Coudert thinks that the two main reasons for dissatisfaction are, first, that the law of to-day is somewhat out of harmony with real life, because of the rapid economic and social changes of the last generation and the tardy re- sponse of the law to such changes; sec- ondly, the great expense, delay, and un- certainty attending litigation. In his opinion, it is the law and the lawyers that are distrusted by the public rather than the courts. Mr. Abbot, on the other hand, is cer- tain that our law is all right, and that the confused and unsatisfactory situa- tion in which we find ourselves is due to the indisposition of fudges to dis- card precedents and their inability to leason logically and fearlessly. His view appears to be that if all judges would take a course under him in eth- ics and logic, things would right them- selves easily. "If, in any jurisdiction of the United States," he declares, "the law was suddenly to be administered as it actually is, the people would receive justice." Justice, he defnfs is "a real equality in opportunity rnd a real broth- erhood in effoit"; and h:s book is in- tended "to show that justice is much nearer to us as the feasible reality of a hard and work-a-day world than any man dreams." Let all judges adopt the ethics of Mr. Abbot and learn from him how and when to apply "the principle of sufficient reason," "the principle of alternatives," "the test of the redm t"' ml absurdum," and "the principle of the argumentative traverse," and the popular clamor against the courts will give way to a well-nigh universal ac- claim that we "have an ideal system of justice." Mr. Roe has no faith in our common law or in our judges. These judges, fol- lowing the example of their English forebears, "habitually think in the terms of the rich and powerful. This process of thinking has built up a system of law barbarous in its injustice and in- equality." The only part of our law worthy of commendation is that found In "progressive legislation," and much of that has been destroyed by the courts. Hence Mr. Roe characterizes them as "our judicial oligarchy." He declares that the judiciary is the weakest branch of the government, and yet its mem- bers "are constantly tempted to a con- flict in which they must always be worsted." This tendency amazes him. Indeed, his astonishment at the temer- ity of judges in constantly running amuck is equalled only by his indigna- tion at their tyranny. If we turn from their consideration of the causes of popular discontent with our judiciary to their discussion of the particular faults of the courts, we shall find our three authors still at variance. Mr. Roe does not hesitate to charge the courts with usurpation of the power to declare laws unconstitutional. No such authority is expressly given to them by the Constitution, and, in his opinion, ought never to have been exercised by them. Their decisions under this usurp- ed power, he asserts, "protect special privilege and represent ideas of gov- ernment and of law which are in con- flict with the convictions of a majority of the people." With such notions Mr. Abbot has no patience. While he ad- mits that the courts have committed serious error at times in declaring be- neficent laws unconstitutional, "the ten- dency to err," he declares, "is not in the direction of declaring too many laws unconstitutional, but in the direc- tion of not declaring enough laws un- constitutional." The power to strike down unconstitutional statutes is, in Lis opinion, confided to the courts by the fundamental law, and is "the wis- est means ever taken by a country to save itself against sorrow and distress." Our country has "by command of the people themselves made the square deal the ultimate and supreme law of the land." It has provided that every man who thinks he is oppressed may "seek protection against invasion of his rights by resort to the quiet chambers of an impartial tribunal where both sides can be heard, rather than to the heat and passion of political struggle." Nor has Mr. Abbot any greater toler- ance of Mr. Roe's programme of social justice, which the courts have shattered, than of his charge of judicial usurpa- tion in the shattering. Of the advocate of such a programme, Mr. Abbol i ii: mi. ,\ ii\ .i ] ea rning to alta lat< terii ■ ' niy too ob\ loui Bill d

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Oct. 9, 1913J The Nation 335 with an anxious desire to give a square deal to the under dog, he devises all sorts of 1 Kperimental industrial legislation, and grows hotly impatient of anything which delays or hinders his benevolent projects. When some court interposes a constitu- tional objection to his enactments, instead of trying to convince the court of its error, he is all for abolishing the court as an eighteenth-century obstacle to twentieth- century progress. As one reason why the people distrust the courts, Mr. Roe asserts that "the poor man is not on an equality with the rich one before the courts." He admits that the rich litigant will always have great advantage over his poorer oppo- nent because of his ability to employ better counsel, prepare his case better, and endure more easily the law's de- lays. But this is not the inequality which arouses popular distrust of the courts. Mr. Roe's "charge against the courts is that their judges habitually think in the terms of the rich and pow- erful. The training, sympathies, ex- periences and general view of life of most judges has made this inevitable." He then cites in support of this charge the judicial decisions which developed the fellow-servant doctrine and the rulea as to contributory negligence and as- sumption of risk. But he makes no allusion to the many legal doctrines established by the courts which favor the poor at the expense of the rich. Had Mr. Roe wished to be fair to- wards the judges, he would have given as much prominence to the "alluring nuisance" cases as to those relating to master and servant. He would have in- formed his readers that the alluring nuisance doctrine originated in opinions written by Judge Dillon, of the United States Circuit Court, and by Justice Hunt, of the Federal Supreme Court; that Judge Dillon resigned his judge- ship and became counsel for the Gould interests; that Justice Hunt was a so- cial aristocrat, and before going on the bench had been counsel for banks, rail- ways, and similar interests; and yet that these men, with the concurrence of their associates, established the doctrine that a railway company which allows a turn-table to remain exposed and un- guarded, where children may be tempt- ed to play with it, is to be regarded as tolding out implied invitation to such children to play with it, and, according- ly, if children are thus allured upon turn-tables or other dangerous prem- ises, and are injured, they may recover damages from the railway company, or other landowners. In the leading case of Stout vs. Sioux City Railway, above referred to, a boy of six years, who had wandered three-quarters of a mile from his house to play with the defendant's alluring turn-table, with a crushed foot as the result, obtained a verdict of $7,500, which was upheld by the Su- preme Court. Certainly, the judges who established the "alluring-nuisance" doctrine did not habitually think in the terms of the rich and powerful. And a person would run no risk who should undertake to match every decision cited by Mr. Roe in support of his charge against the courts by one in which the rule laid down by judges has favored the poor man. Indeed, no one can study the de- cisions of English and American courts with care and candor without reaching the conclusion that the body of law thus developed is not the expression of class selfishness, but, on the contrary, is an honest and in the main an ade- quate system of principles under which justice can be fairly administered be- tween litigants without respect to class, or rank, or condition. This seems to be Mr. Coudert's view, for he declares that it is absurd to say that the doctrines of assumption of risk, contributory negligence, and of fellow servants were due to class bias on the part of the judges. Mr. Abbot condemns the fellow-servant rule, as well as the doctrine of assumption of risk by ser- vants; but he ascribes their acceptance by English and American judges, not to the existence of class bias on their part, but to their mistaken assumption that a master's liability for the acts of his servants rests upon public policy. He declares that the "principle of legal responsibility for delegated acts had been recognized by the unanimous per- ceptions of mankind for a period which long preceded even the obscure begin- nings of the common law." With all due respect for Mr. Abbot's learning and confidence, we do not hesitate to deny his assertion. The liability of a mas- ter under our law for the conduct of his servants extends beyond their express- ly delegated acts, and includes their acts and omissions in the master's em- ployment, though done in disregard of his general orders or special command. This liability is far more extensive than is recognized in other legal systems. It does not result from the unanimous perceptions of mankind, but has been slowly and cautiously evolved in Eng- lish law and is deliberately based upon considerations of practical expediency. Of the three books under considera- tion Mr. Coudert's is the best. It dis- plays a wide and varied experience at the bar; a philosophic apprehension of legal principles, a keen wit, and a lucid style. It is interesting and instructive throughout. Mr. Abbot's volume is a real contribution to the literature of the law. While the reader will be re- minded often of Sidney Smith's remark that he wished he were as sure of any- thing as Tom Macaulay was of every- thing, he will learn much that is worth knowing and be stimulated by many novel suggestions in legal science. Mr. Roe holds a brief against the courts, and argues his cause with all the zeal of counsel whose retainer is a contin- gent fee. His statements are frequently inaccurate; his views are partisan, and his conclusions not always trustworthy. The book is suited to stir up class hatred, to generate hostility to the courts, without sufficient cause, and to sow seeds of social mischief. CURRENT FICTION. His Great Adventure. By Robert Her- rick. New York: The Macmillan Co. Joan Thursday. By Louis Joseph Vance. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. Of course, there is no good reason why a novelist should feel obliged to stick to the last of realism or of ro- mance upon which he has chanced to shape the greater portion of his work. Mr. Arnold Bennett is our triumphant example of the workman who can turn bis hand to anything, and the well-wish- ers who desire him to limit himself to Clayhangers and Old Wives' Tales rath- er amuse him. Mr. Robert Herrick, though he has evidently had to struggle from time to time with an impulse to- wards romance, has never hitherto omit- ted to struggle. In his latest book he frankly abandons what is for him "the legitimate," and steps forward to do his turn as a vaudeville artist. The result is not altogether happy. Mr. Herrick has done his best to be light and trivia-, to give his new audience what it wants. Perhaps he has suc- ceeded; as we scan the lists of best-sell- ers for the coming months, we shall know. A first impression is that his performance is too evidently that of an "amateur." His manner has a nervous jauntiness which does not convey the desired effect of high spirits. The hero of the "great adventure" is an unsuccessful and penniless play- wright. At the moment when he is ready to confess himself "down and out,' he rescues a "doped" and dying million- aire from a New York gutter. The mil- lionaire gives him a mysterious commis- sion, involving the robbery of a safe in California, an escape to Europe by way of Mexico, and the eventual transference to a playwright's pocket of two millions in exchange for the abstracted securi- ties. The millionaire has ordered that all the property (or loot) shall be giv- en to "Melody." The here is far slower than the reader in discovering that this name (like "Henrietta" of famous mem- ory) belongs both to a mine and a girl. He develops the mine, and, though in some vague way he regards the property as a trust, proceeds to devote the prof- its to the founding of a national "Peo- ple's Theatre" which shall reform all current abuses in connection with the stage. He seems to know less about theatrical conditions than any other per- son who can ever have written plays and tried to get them produced, ever, since his absurd enterprise does finally reveal the real Melody to him

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336 T lie Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2519 fin tho person of his only successful actress), one ought not to grumble. It is a pity that a writer of Mr. Herrick's Inborn seriousness should strain him- self to produce such laborious nonsense as this. Mr. Vance's nonsense has never been laborious. His Brass Bowls, and Black Bags, however fantastic in design, have contained the spirit of youth and ad- venture. And now, behold, he aban- dons that happy held of sophomoric achievement, and presents a story of "real" life — more consistently realistic than anything Mr. llerrick has ever done. He also appeals to a fresh audi- ence— Mr. Herrick's audience. And for this he thinks it unnecessary — or inex- pedient— to employ fresh materials. In the skeleton, this present plot is strong- ly like that of Mr. Herrick's "One Wo- man's Life," which, in its turn, recalls Mr. Dreiser's "Jennie Gerhardt." Joan Thursday is a girl of low class, though not without trace of better blood than ii: usually to be found in a New York tenement. She is beautiful and plea- s.ure-loving, and her home life is un- speakably tawdry and distasteful. She is always pursued by men, and at last, discharged from her counter because she Las refused the advances of a floor-walk- er, she is thrown into the street by her angry father. Good luck prevents her from becoming a woman of the street; but she has the temperament, and, short cf that, falls as low as she may, moral- ly, in the course of mounting her lad- der towards success. She is faithful to nobody, to nothing except her ambition to be admired, to rouse the desire of all men. The type is common enough, and this re-study of it is so skilfully done that the lover of realism, in the best sense, will not be likely to dismiss it as "unpleasant." The Marriage of Mile. Gimel. By Rene Bazin. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Some of these short stories have al- ready appeared in a volume called "Humble Love," which was withdrawn from circulation. The author has res- cued several of the condemned stories and added the "Marriage of Mile. Gimel," which is the longest of the tales in the present volume. M. Bazin has here put aside pastoral surroundings and their influence upon character and has placed his struggling poor in the heart of the city of Paris. The problem he deals with is of a kind hitherto untouched by him. Mile. Gimel is a poor stenogra- pher, pretty, simple, and unaffected. An army officer, who has seen her daily at fast in a humble dairy room, falls and proposes marriage. The girl presents her suitor to her moth- er. To avert a stain upon the honor of the army, the mother sees fit to ac- quaint Evelyne with the fact that she :s merely a child whom Mme. Gimel had adopted from a foundling asylum. The girl accordingly refuses to marry her officer, and he, for the honor of the army, leaves her. But things end hap- pily. In the "Little Sisters of the Poor" the writer leturns to rural life. It is 1. sketch of a poor man's soul. Pere Le Bolloche had been the handsomest man in his regiment, but is now a humble chair-weaver and fallen on hard days. His one solace is his daughter, Desiree. For her sake proud Pere Le Bolloche decides to cat the bread of charity, and to end his days with the "Little Sisters of the Poor." There he revives. The strong, incisive strokes with which M. Bazin draws his simple, blunt country folk show bim once more a master of the pastoral. Madeleine at Her Mirror: A "Woman's Diary. By Marcelle Tinayre. Author- ized translation by Winifred Stevens. New York: John Lane Co. This "is not a novel," the author ex- plains, "but a collection of impressions, of dreams, and of memories, in which fiction mingles with fact." It belongs, that is, to a type of literature, increas- ingly popular these days, which permits a writer to deal in little intimacies of life without the risk of being charged either with making a bald confession or with setting up formally as a critic. It is a compromise in which the usual French and English manners are blend- ed, and the result is happy. For Eng- lish readers, at least, the self-revelation of the French profits by a slight veil of fiction. The narrator of these chapters is a well-to-do widow of thirty-five, the mother of two children, and the posses- sor of town and country houses. Pari- sian fashions, entertaining, the impor- tunities of lovers, the splendor of spring and autumn in the country, foreign poli- tics, apartment-hunting for relatives, together with a slight concern over ad- vancing age — to note a few of the topics chosen — are commonplaces the world over. Yet Mme. Tinayre bestows on them the charm of good taste and of shrewd observation; and contrives, seemingly through sheer artlessncss, to create scenes which are almost faultless in technique. A Fool and His Money. By George Barr McCutcheon. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. Mr. McCutcheon's fool is an American — novelist by trade — who, thanks to a I legacy, can indulge his predilec- tion for the feudal age by puri a dilapidated castle on the Danu thinks to find in this picturesque ruin a "quiet, inspirational spot" where he may prosecute his literary labors un- der ideally romantic conditions. Bui no sooner has he taken up his resi- dence in its draughty halls than he finds himself actively involved in a very mod- ern drama of international divorce. Such, indeed, are the complications — so- cial, financial, and sentimental — in which his proprietary responsibilities have involved the chivalrous novelist, that he does not hesitate at the first opportunity to sell Schloss Rothhoefen at a generous profit, and follow the heroine across the Atlantic with all speed. In the way of doughty deeds we find to record only two opportune punches delivered upon the offending heads of masculine impertinents — a sad falling off from those days of daring do when the "Prisoner of Zenda" and "Grau- stark" were household words. THE EARLY AMERICAN NAVY. A Naval History of the American Revo- lution. By Gardner W. Allen. In two volumes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. $3 net. Dr. Allen is a master of source ma- terial, and has given us the story of many events for which we might look elsewhere in vain. Much of the space devoted to adventure is, indeed, a sort of Homeric catalogue of ships, accurate and 'thorough enough, but dry as the remain- ing biscuit after a voyage. All the pain- ful details of the chase to leeward and the chase to the windward, of fighting on the larboard side, and "luffing across," and of "raking the decks," and of the conduct of the wounded and of their sufferings, told over and over, in engagement after engagement, become wearisome and confusing. They might interest an Annapolis freshman as sup- plementary reading, but the book seems to have another aim. Some accounts, as that of the New Providence expedition, are made tedious by giving in succes- sion three or four contemporary, and often contradictory, accounts in the lan- guage of an untutored sailor or ship's officer, instead of furnishing the results of a critical comparison of the several original stories. This uncritical atti- tude extends to accepting even a single newspaper account (Vol. I, p. 7G). These indifferently written contemporary nar- ratives are often given at great length, to the utter perplexity of the reader as to what really happened. The style of the author, himself, is that of one sol- emnly presenting information; there is none of the charm of the eager narra- tor who attracts by his own enthusiasm. Nor docs he show sense of proportion. Vet this is not the result of helple in the presence of a task too great, for ,1 then tie iy valuable and comprehensive sum al conditions. in Bplte of these fallings, the wort contains much thai Is valuable, it baa

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Oct. 9, 191 3 J Tl± e Nation 337 the best available account in English of the French evasion of the neutrality laws, before the day of open alliance, by the devious process of inaction, de- nial, and imperturbable prevarication. The author corrects some common er- rors of thinking in showing that, while man for man and ship for ship the Brit- ish overmatched the Americans, their material for crews was no better than that furnished by the seafaring popula- tion of New England, if as good. Even their immense advantage of centuries of military discipline, naval tradition, and esprit de corps, was lessened by the in- competency and indolence of some of the British fleet commanders, and the official corruption in British dockyards and naval stations. Moreover, if Amer- ican captures of British property on the seas inflicted no great injury in propor- tion to the whole, yet in the early years of the war they were of the utmost im- portance. But for these supplies the cause would have languished and died. Mr. Allen calculates that more than two thousand American vessels were employ- ed in privateering in the Revolution. These and the Continental navy succeed- ed in keeping open communications with European countries and sustaining for- eign interest and sympathy, especially in France. If the British, as Lord Bar- rington recommended, could have sup- pressed this commerce and communica- tion, they would probably have strangled the rebellion in its infancy, and with- out the help of an army. Mr. Allen con- cludes that on the whole the injury done to the British navy by the American naval forces was almost negligible, and to the British commerce far from dis- abling, though not without effect in the general result. Manuel d'Archcologie Ame'ricaine . Ame- rique prehistorique — Civilisations dis- parues. Par H. Beuchat. Preface par Henry Vignaud. Paris: A. Picard et Fils. 815 pages. 15 francs. Pierre d'Ailly et la Decouverte de VAmcrique. Par Louis Salembier. Paris: Letouzey et An6. 56 pages. Americ Vespuce: Ses Voyages et ses Decouvertes devant la critique. 43 pages. L'attribution de son nom au Nouveau Monde. 60 pages. Par Henry Vignaud. Paris: E. Leroux. Les Theses nouvelles sur Vorigine de Christophe Colomo: Espagnol! Juif! Corse! Par Henry Vignaud. Paris: E. Leroux. 1913. 20 pages. The publication of a full Manual of American Archaeology, complete to date, should be reckoned an event. In his preface to the stout volume of M. Beuchat, the experienced Henry Vignaud says: It answers all that we can expect right- fully from a work of this kind. Its publica- tion is in advance of any work of like char- acter in Germany or England or America, rich as they are in writings on the mat- ter. It does honor to French Americanism. Compliments are due for it to the pub- lisher who has chosen to add it to his fine collection of archaeological manuals— and to the American Maecenas whose en- couragement has enabled the author to bring to a good end his long and difficult labor, unique of its kind. The book is dedicated "to the enlighten- ed protector of American studies and of all researches relative to the New Con- tinent— the Due de Loubat." The completeness of the work and the necessity of it may be plainly seen from a summary of the contents. From the beginning, there are twenty-five close pages of bibliography in the order of subjects treated; and this is further sup- plemented by the copious references of the footnotes in the course of the work. Abbreviations also refer to fifty-four special periodical publications. An in- troduction of eighty-six pages (five chapters) treats of the discovery of America — in its physical conditions of winds and ocean currents, Pacific and Atlantic; reputed discoveries by Chi- nese and Scandinavians, and the history of Greenland; voyages reported through the ages in search of land westward from Europe; discoveries of Christopher Columbus; and other voyages of discov- ery of the sixteenth century from the Cabots to Balboa, and the exploration of the North American coast. The first part of the first book (eleven chapters) is devoted to prehistoric North America, from the glacial period down. The second part (two chapters) deals with South America — its fossil men and Neolithic age. Book second (475 pages) is a method- ical and exhaustive study of all that is known of the civilized native peoples of America. In his pages of conclusion, the author touches on a subject whose full treat- ment would have required a longer study of the uncivilized peoples of Amer- ica than the limits of his book would allow. It is the obscure question of the peopling of the different parts of the New World. Many hypotheses are enu- merated from the European discovery to our own day, finding for Indians and Eskimos a descent from the lost tribes of Israel, Mongols, Carthaginians, French Cave Dwellers; or, vice-versa, making America itself the Eden whence lost Atlantis and Europe were peopled. A survey of the state of these peoples prior to European discovery leads to a final conclusion: On the one hand, Europeans were too civ- ilized when they discovered America to be obliged to borrow greatly from its inhab- itants. On the other hand, the nature of the New Continent was not different enough from that of the Old to require any adop- tion of the habits of the aborigines. Thus the influence of America on Europe really begins only after the formation of Euro- pean centres in the New World. Besides the analytical table of con- tents, there are twenty-seven pages of finely printed, double-columned Index. Truly, a full book, ready and service- able for every reader interested in Amer- ica of the pre-European past. The pamphlet of M. Salembier gives a lucid summary of a question that is of some importance in recent Colum- bian controversy — the nature of Pierre d'Ailly's cosmographic notions, and particularly at what period of his ca- reer Christopher Columbus made his ac- quaintance with them. The author ends by touching on another question more or less remotely connected with the for- mer— whether the human heroism of Co- lumbus, which nobody denies, was sup- plemented by all-round religious virtue- such as the Church demands in her canonized saints. He refers to a little- known discussion of the subject by Henry Vignaud {Journal de la Socictc des Americanistes de Paris, 1909), and contributes the following unpublished opinion of the competent Bollandists: Thanks to a communication with which they have honored us, we know that they admire Columbus as a hero, but they have never dreamed of putting him forward and having him venerated as one of the Blessed. Since the completion of his great work on Columbus, Mr. Henry Vignaud has published two notices of Americus Vespucius, from whom we have our name, if not our local habitation. The critical investigation of authentic and contemporary documents has made such rapid progress that novelty as well as in- terest attaches to these competent ac- counts of what is now known of the real voyages and discoveries of Ves- pucius, and how his name came to be given to the New World which Colum- bus had discovered: Yet the work of Vespucius was consider- able. While Columbus opened the way for him, as he did for Cortes and Pizarro and all the Conquistadores, it is also true that to the Florentine navigator alone belongs the merit of knowing what he had discov- ered— a fact undeniable to-day. In a few sufficient pages, M. Vignaud executes recent light-weight hypotheses making Columbus a Spaniard or Jew or Corsican by race. Problems of Power: A Study of Inter- national Politics, from Sadowa to Kirk-Kilissc. By William Morton Ful- lerton. New York: Charles Scrib- ner's Sons. $2.25 net. Educated at Andover Academy and Harvard, and for twenty years r< in France as Paris correspondent of the London Times, Mr. Fullcrton has en- joyed a cosmopolitan training and un- usual opportunities for feeling the hid- den threads of European diplomacy and

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338 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2519 finance which centre in the French capi- tal. His book is the most interesting volume in English on recent internation- al politics since the publication of Tar- dieu*s "France and the Alliances" five years ago. It surpasses the latter in breadth of scope and richness of style; in fact, its brilliant paradoxes and fre- quent allusions to undescribed diplo- matic events may prove caviare to Americans who do not read foreign news with some attention. Mr. Fullerton starts with the general thesis that two occult powers behind the fagade of governments are now deter- mining the destinies of the world. The first is "the disseminated wealth of the democracy, canalized both by the plu- tocratic oligarchy of the bankers, whose clients, the modern states, are constrain- ed to apply to them for immense loans, and by the great manufacturers and mining proprietors, who tend to be ac- tuated solely by economic interest"; and the other is "the mysterious per- vasive force known as public opinion, which is becoming more and more con- scious of its efficacy." He then sketches the rise of the United States as a world Power, as typified in the career of Mr. Roosevelt, and contrasts his in- fluence as President in the United States with the lack of influence of Presidents in the French Republic. He thinks that the extraordinary enthusiasm with which Mr. Roosevelt was received in France in 1909 was due to the fact that the ex-President personified ideals and methods for which all France was yearn- ing. Mr. Fullerton's analysis of the domestic politics of France — her need of a stronger President, of a change from scrutin d'arrondissement to scru- tin de liste, of a "constructive national- ism," and of a firm foreign policy — is the best-informed and most valuable part of his volume. For forty years, from the dismemberment of France in 1871 until German aggression was rebuffed at Agadir in 1911, France was unfortunate- ly distracted with the internal crises of monarchism, Romanism, Boulangism, Panamism, Dreyfusism, and Syndical- ism. French politicians were so absorb- ed in party passions that they sacri- ficed the external national interests of their country and allowed France to become the plaything of Bismarck's malign manoeuvres on the European chessboard. But since the time when Germany began to bully France in Mo- rocco and France established an en- tente cordiale with England (April 8, 1904), France has begun to "float on the high tide of one of those miraculous moral 'resurgences' peculiar to the soil that has given birth to Vercingetorix, St. Louis, Joan of Arc, and Gambetta. ' Her true policy now, thinks the au- thor, is to exert herself internationally as an active, cordial, and self-reliant thi Triple 1. Hi' nte in the North Sea, the Mediterranean, the Carib- bean, and wherever else her interests I are threatened by German aggression. Besides putting her own domestic po- litical house in order, France must construct on her Eastern frontier a canal permitting Dunkirk to become a rival of , Antwerp, the iron-masters of the Meurthe j and Moselle to buy their coal in England instead of Germany, and the whole French industrial world to break loose from the bonds now linking them to their German rivals (p. 266). She must not loan so much of her capi- tal on foreign credit until she has more adequately supplied the financial needs of the small shopkeeper and small manufacturer in France. When the ' Panama Canal is opened, she must build I around the globe, a little to the south • of the British "All-Red Route," a French "All-Blue Route" — from Tahiti through the Canal, by Guade- , loupe and Martinique to Dakar, thence to Bordeaux and Brest, and, by the Rhone Valley, to Marseilles, where, once again taking to the sea, and skirting the North African coast from Algiers to Bizerta, it proceeds through the Suez Canal to Jibutil in the Persian Gulf, and to the Grand Co- mores, Madagascar, and La Reunion in the Indian Ocean. It then turns northward, touching Asia at Saigon; and passing thence to the north of Australia, finds in the New , Hebrides and in New Caledonia (where Aus- tralia may one day procure the iron of which she stands in need) its last station before it is riveted again at Tahiti, in mid- Pacific (p. 314). France must also reestablish friendly relations with the Vatican. More than all else, she must not forget "the intol- erable crime and egregious blunder of the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine." From what has been said, the reader will have surmised that Mr. Fullerton does not look down upon mundane af- fairs with Jovian impartiality; in fact, his volume is the neatest statement we have seen in English of the French feeling of rage and impotency at Ger- man power and success. The choice of tub-title, "from Sadowa to Kirk-Kilisse," is due to the fact that these two points, in the author's opinion, mark the lim- its during which Bismarck's malign in- fluence has been in the ascendant: Bismarck retarded the work of the French Revolution, gagging France and flinging Europe back into the old regime. . . . The normal evolution of every nation in Eu- rope lias been disturbed, if not utterly de- ranged, by the action of Germany in annex- ing Schleswig-Holstein and in seizing the French provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. The trend of European history during the last forty years has been determined by these titanic blunders (p. 43). Space forbids us to follow, and much less to criticise, the lng< < now Up 1 1 " bj .Miss B. Macnaughton, Mr. George Hamlin Pitch has wrll .:, olumi i" ins "Critic In the i 1 "The Critic In th dent"; it 1 Paul 1 Idi r & < '0, 1 1 i,i- r ha 1 In pi 1 parat Ion "Somi World-

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Oct. 9, 1913J T h. e 1ST a t i o 11 339 Circuit Saunterlnga," by William Ford Xli liuls. The Century Co. issues this week: "Ro- Unerica," by Robert Haven Schauf- Ber; "The Trade of the World," by James Davenport Whelpley; and "The Truth About Camilla," by Gertrude Hall. Among the early autumn publications an- nounced by Moffat, Yard & Co. are : "The Life of Louis XI and Charles the Bold," by Iieut.-Col. Andrew C. P. Haggard; "Social Sanity," by Scott Nearing, of the University of Pennsylvania; "The Panama Canal," pic- tures in color and text, by Earle Harrison; ' When Mother Lets Us Act," by Stella G. S. Perry; "The Spider's Web," a new novel from the pen of Reginald Wright Kauffman; "The New Dawn," a new story by Agnes C. Laut; "The Memoirs of Mimosa," a volume of reminiscences told in the form of fiction, and edited by Anne Elliot; "The Cur and the Coyote," by Edward Peple; "Vestigia," a volume of verse by Algernon S. Logan ; pnd "Milton: A Study of His Time and Poetry," by Alden Sampson. This week John Lane Company is bring- ing out: "Anthony Trollope: His Work, Associates, and Literary Originals," by T. H. S. Escott; "Japanese Flower Arrange- ment," by Mary Averill (Kwashinsai Kiyo- kumai) ; "A Wand and Strings," poems by Benjamin R. C. Low; "The Gathering Storm," a criticism of society by "A Rifle- man," and "Concessions," a story by Syd- ney Schiff. Mrs. Frances Hodgson Burnett's "T. Tem- barom" is to be issued in a few weeks by the Century Co. Among the volumes which will come this autumn from the Columbia University Press are the following: "A Catalogue of the Persian Manuscripts presented to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City," by Alexander Smith Cochran, prepared and edited by Prof. A. V. Williams Jack- son ; "Chaucer and the Roman de la Rose," by Dean S. Fransler; "Root-Determina- tives in Semitic Speech," by S. T. H. Hur- witz; "The Dative of Agency, a Chapter of Indo-Iranian Case Syntax," by Alexander Green; "Gnomic Poetry in Anglo-Saxon," by Blanche Colton Williams, and "Sume- rian Records from Drehem," by William M. Nesbit. Philippine problems will share with In- dian affairs the chief interest of the thirty- first annual Lake Mohonk Conference of Friends of the Indian and other Dependent Peoples, which will meet at Lake Mohonk, N. Y., October 22-24. Attention will also be given to conditions in Porto Rico. About two hundred and fifty members, most of whom have personal knowledge of the sub- jects discussed, will attend as the guests of Mr. Daniel Smiley, by whom the conference is called. Dr. Elmer Ellsworth Brown, Chancellor of New York University, will preside. In public library work among all the peoples of the world Baroda, a native state of India, holds a leading place. Connected with the Government is the Central Library Department, which not only maintains one of the finest libraries in India in the capital city, but also circulates books throughout the state in travelling libraries which re- main at each village three months, when fresh books are furnlsl ed. The department also gives about *;00 a year for the pur- chase of books for the local libraries to every village whose inhabitants subscribe an equal amount. There are now 275 public libraries with about 156,000 books, and the number of readers within the last three years is said to have increased nearly 360 per cent. The eldest son of the Maharaja, it may be added, graduated at Harvard in 1811. "The Publisher" (Houghton Mifflin), by Robert S. Yard, contains four breezy essays on the art and science of publishing. In the first the new editor of the Century controverts the opinion that publishing is the worst possible trade. Few offer more fascinating and difficult problems. Next is discussed why a book sells. Primarily, Mr. Yard thinks, for incalculable reasons— because it is the sort of thing many people want at a particular time — then, in minor degree, because of the enthusiasm and con- viction which the publisher infuses into his entire selling staff. There is cited the instance of a rather poor book which was carried into wide popularity through the sheer infatuation of its sponsor. It is shown that a best seller, except so far as it incidentally enlivens the whole business. may be a doubtful gain. Mr. Yard's fig- ures for a best seller netting the publisher only twenty-five hundred dollars for a hun- dred thousand sold will be regarded with general skepticism. If on a scale of sales in the hundred thousands it normally costs 28 per cent, of gross income to do busi- ness, apart from manufacture and extraor- dinary advertising, we would all better stop buying books until the publishing business has been put in order by an efficiency ex- pert. Salesmanship is treated interesting- ly, especially with regard to the improve- ment of canvassing for subscription edi- tions. A wholly reasonable light is also put upon the movement to maintain net prices. In fact, the Government depart- ments have recently taken towards break- fast foods and the like at fixed prices a j more friendly attitude than was formerly held towards books. In discussing the re- lations of author, publisher, and agent, Mr. Yard feels that direct dealing is bet- ter and an agency is an unnecessary evil. except when the author cannot ge+ sight of his publisher or editor. Authors, like poets, are an irritable race and prone to unrea- sonable dissatisfactions. To change one's publisher is generally to do ill. That is sound advice. We note that henceforward all poetry must be published at the au- thor's expense. Irritability may be expect- ed to increase accordingly among the sing- ing clan. Generally informing and al- ways entertaining, the manner of the book is journalistic and undistinguished. The old-school publisher, when betrayed into authorship, managed to imply a pedestal beneath him. Some publishers even graced the pose. Mr. Yard is, though enthusiastic, quite without such illusions about his trade. It seems to us that old-school publishing was none the worse for what may have been an illusion of championship of litera- ture. The conception of literature as such barely intrudes in Mr. Yard's vivacious pagea. "The World's Leading Conquerors," by W. L. Bevan. is the latest volume in the bio- graphical series of the World's Leaders (Holt), edited by Prof. W. P. Trent. Suc- cessive chapters tell of Alexander the Great, Csesar, Charlemagne, the Ottoman Sultans from Osman to Suleiman the Mag- nificent, the Spanish Conquistadores like Cortez and Pizarro, and of Napoleon. In this wide field of history Mr. Bevan suc- ceeds admirably in selecting the best re- cent material, including the products of German scholarship, and in writing very readable and yet accurate biographical sketches. He gives more than a mere person- al narrative of the life of each conqueror, for he has interwoven in most cases a very fair general historical account of the pe- riod in which the conqueror lived. He also avoids the .easy mistake of giving too much space to military history; he makes space to suggest the less visible elements which have ushered in great changes in history. There are portraits of the con- querors, but no maps of their territories or plans of their battles. In spite of its sounding title, it does not need the preface to William Arkwright's "Knowledge and Life" (Lane) to tell us that several of the essays of the volume are reprinted from the newspapers. This is less from the subject matter, curiously ill adapted even to British journalistic needs, than from a general looseness of construc- tion. The book's title is gained from a half-dozen little disquisitions upon Chris- tian and Buddhistic philosophy, irritating- ly purposeless and obscure of phrase. Min- gled inharmoniously with them are several subjective sketches of African travel, equal- ly pointless, and two simple London tales,, which succeed in striking a sturdier note. What the writer may originally have de- signed was an attempt to interpret or com- ment upon the chief religious legends; but the motley contents betray an ultimate eagerness to fill up the volume with mere random productions. Of interest is the oc- casional exhibition of a late-romantic mal- ady of style, where the writer abandons all sincerity of tone, and, as he self-conscious- ly puts it, attempts "to gild with glamour the edges of the commonplace and print its titles in amaranth, to entice from the em- pyrean, as formerly the daughters of men did entice the sons of God, that spirit of the green flame, by name Inspiration." From this the two London stories are re- freshingly free. God sifted a whole nation that He might send choice grain over into this wilder- ness, declared an eminent citizen of Mas- sachusetts nearly two centuries and a half ago. Since three out of every four of our present-day immigrants come, says ric J. Haskin in "The Immigrant" (Re- vell), from countries whero public educa- tion is unheard of, where popular partici- pation in the affairs of the government is undreamed of, whero dire poverty is the rule, it is manifest that the immigration problem is much graver than in the day of William Stoughton. Frank Julian Warne in "The Immigrant Invasion" (Dodd. ' and Henry Pratt Falrchlld In "In tion" (Macmlllan), have also coll' great amount of material on ' Each of these three writers presents the immigrant in a way to quicken imagination and stir the political con As we see him on the dock, he may command but a scant amount of our attention, bur as in the works befoi as the I roduct of the vast economic, rellglou i 'Tuptions of the ages, he I

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34=0 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2519 1 ugly significant. For we cannot i hat the history of immigration has 1 y of successive waves of popu- lation, from sources ever lower in the eco- nomic, if not in the social, scale. If it has seemed at any time that this country was about to adjust itself to a certain ra- cial admixture, a now and more difficult element has presented itself. And the end appears far from sight. The process will go on, declares Mr. Fairchild, who recalls an assertion of Gen. Walker that immigra- tion by tho lowest class "will not be per- manently stopped so long as any differ- ence of economic level exists between our population and that of the most degraded communities abroad." This assertion, which amounts to the fact that population, like money, will always seek the best market, may seem discouraging. Yet the opposite would occasion even greater apprehension; for, except to the extent that restriction is actually accomplished by law, a cessation of the stream of immigration to the United States can only mean that economic condi- tions in this country have fallen to so low a pitch that it is no longer worth while for the citizens of the meanest and most backward foreign country to make the moderate effort to get here. It is curious to note that while the gen- eral tendency of economic thought has been steadily away from laissez-faire, that doc- trine still has a firm grasp on the mind with reference to immigration. To be sure, there may be signs of a theoretic limitation of it, in the immigration laws which we have incorporated in our statute books in the last thirty years. But, after all, the movement has increased rather than dimin- ished, and is incontestably of a laissez- faire character. In its other operations, economics has been more and more subjected to the interplay of politi- cal, sociological, and even biological considerations. In this particular field there has been virtually no effort to sup- press its cry of hands off. Conceivably, this is largely because of the difficulty of agreeing on an alternative. Apparently we have not sufficiently considered the pros and cons to know whether restriction would be likely to prove a blessing or a bane. The first volume of A. A. Wotzel's trans- lation from the Dutch of Pierson's "Prin- ciples of Economics," dealing with the sub- jects of value in exchange and money, ap- peared in 1902. A second volume (Mac- millan), treating of production and the revenue of the state, now completes the work. The two volumes together thus cover the ground traditionally embraced in gen- eral treatises on political economy. The work is, therefore, similar in scope to the well-known textbooks of Marshall, Nichol- son, and Taussig. Dr. Pierson may be classified, despite his apparent eclecticism, as a disciple of Mill and the older English economists. His system of economics was evidently formulated at a time when the English classical school exercised a pre- dominant influence over Continental econo- mists, and, well acquainted as he is with the newer currents of thought, he remains consistently a Ricardian of the Ricardians. The theories of the Austrian school consti- tute the ornamentation rather than the substance of his treatment of value. Also, In the relative amount of space assigned to different topics he shows his affinity with the classical school. The discussions, for instance, of the nature of production and of tho Malthusian. doctrine bulk more largely than in other recent treatises. The work has two prime virtues which make it an Important addition to the general text- books of political economy. More nearly than any of its rivals, it is cosmopolitan in its economic learning. The author was in- timately acquainted with the writings of the English economists and the rich eco- nomic literature of his own country, and hardly less familiar with the German and French authorities. The other great merit of the work is its admirable practicality. The author was both an economist and a statesman — a university professor and for seme years Prime Minister of Holland. The combination of qualities which made this career possible distinguishes the discus- sion throughout. The refinements of eco- nomic reasoning are always curbed by a vigorous common sense. This quality is best displayed in the present volume in the section dealing with the revenue of the state, probably the sanest and clearest treatment of the subject to be found with- in the same compass in English. Among a number of European publica- tions on the Balkan war, each of which recounts the observations of one man, Henri Dugard's "Histoire de la Guerre contre les Turcs" (Paris: Les Marches de l'Est) distinguishes itself by giving an ac- count of the whole conflict from the out- break of hostilities in October, 1912, to the signing of the treaty of London in the fol- lowing May. M. Dugard relies largely on the correspondents of various newspapers; but he has balanced their statements against one another so judiciously that the resulting narrative, if journalistic in style, is accurate and informing. "It is at pres- ent impossible," he observes, "to say the last word about the recent conflicts; but we can even now bring a little order out of the various reports that we have, and pre- sent a concise story of the events that followed one another so rapidly." He at- tempts to be perfectly impartial and sim- ply to relate the facts; but his sympathies are evidently with the Balkan allies. One reason for this is found in his dislike of Germany; he admires the good qualities of the Turks, and attributes their defeat largely to "their mediocre Krupp guns and thu stupidity of their German instructors." He urges the Balkan nations, including Ru- mania, to rely more on the friendship of Russia and France, and to distrust Ger- many and Austria. It is to be hoped that a new edition of this book, or a separate volume, will give an equally clear account of the war between Bulgaria and the other Balkan states, and of the resulting advan- tage to Turkey. The proper names are carelessly and inconsistently printed, and there is a rather poor map extending only from Adrianople to Constantinople. The Cornell University Library has re- cently issued the sixth volume of Islandica, an annual relating to Iceland and the Fiske Icelandic collection at Cornell. This latest number, entitled "Icelandic Authors of To- day," is virtually a Who's Who. In sixty- nine pages, it gives, in bio-bibliographical form, sketches varying in length from a few lines to two or three pages. The term author is construed generously to cover not only belles-lettres, but science, journalism, philosophy, theology, medicine, jurispru- dence, and politics. The number of entries and the wide range of interests shown by the titles quoted will be a surprise to persons unacquainted with the contempo- rary activities of Iceland. An appendix gives a list of books and essays relating to Icelandic literature since 1550. This book is the work of Halldor Hermannsson, curator of the Fiske Library. The preface to the thirty-fourth volume of the Goethe-Jahrbuch (Literarische An- stalt), which appeared recently, contains the announcement that with this volume the publication of the annual ceases. Its place is to be taken by a new annual to be called Das Jahrbuch der Goethe- Gesellschaft. The change is due to a lack of harmony that has existed for several years between the editor of the Goethe- Jahrbuch, Prof. Ludwig Geiger, of the Uni- versity of Berlin, and the ruling spirits of the Goethe Society. The separation was finally caused by the refusal on the part of the Society to subsidize the annual after this year. When Geiger published the first volume in 1880 there was no Goethe Socie- ty and the new venture relied upon its own merits for its prosperity. The seventh vol- ume (1886) contained the first annual re- port of the Society, which was founded shortly after the death of the last descend- ant of Goethe (1885) and the opening of the Goethe Archives in Weimar. The new So- ciety entered into an agreement with Geiger and his publisher whereby the Goethe-Jahr- buch became the official organ of the So- ciety and a copy was to be purchased an- nually for each member. There were at that time nearly 1,700 members, and since then the number has gradually increased till to- day there are nearly 3,700. Naturally, the Jahrbuch became an attractive organ of communication among Goethe scholars, and for years its list of contributors con- tained the names of most of the prominent specialists. In recent years, however, these names have become more and more rare in the list and their places have been tak- en by others of less authority. Furthermore, the Archives have ceased to put hitherto unpublished material at the disposal of the editor. The reflection of scholarship has been partially obscured by the reflection of partisanship. In spite of this, Geiger deserves great credit for his part in the history of the annual, which will always remain one of the important sets in a Goethe library. The new Jahrbuch is to te edited by the eminent Goethe specialist, Prof. Hans Gerhard Graf, of Weimar, which assures the confidence of scholars and tho cooperation of the Weimar Ar- chives. The appeal of South America as a "land of adventure" is Ftill strong. Opportunity to exaggerate in an entertaining manner without the danger of being contradicted is irresistible. Some writers are a bit too cautious, so that the publishers allow the illustrators to go beyond the text in sat- isfying the popular appetite. A good ex- ample of tho breezy and entertaining of this sort is Mr. Charles Johnson Post's "Across the Andes" (Outing Pub. Co.). Tho only difference hero is that the illustrations are by tho author, whose fondness for get- led him too often to aban- don his camera (if he had one) (or nil very ready pencil. The fact that somo of

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Oct. 9, 1913] T li e 3ST a t i o 11 341 the pictures are improperly labelled and some of the text considerably exaggerated will not spoil the book for the ordinary reader. The story begins with an opera- bouffe introduction in Panama, and meanders mysteriously down the West Coast, credu- lously including the usual smoking-room stories of Chinamen being suffocated in the ship's fumigating boiler and passen- gers being robbed between decks after dark. The -photographs of street scenes in Lima and Arequipa are typical of Peru, but do not happen to be of the cities to which they have been assigned. Arequipa beer is not "green," and the summit of the pass of the Southern Railways of Peru Is not "something over fifteen thousand feet above s^a level." The picture of a balsa on Lake Titicaca is grossly exag gerated, and in general the first half of the book might better have been left un- written. The second part, describing Mr. Post's journey overland from La Paz to the River Mapiri, the Falls of the Ma- deira, and the Amazon, describes a country that is only too little known, a circum- stance which makes all the more provok- ing the fact that one cannot be absolutely sure of the author's accuracy of descrip- tion. The book lacks both index and map —even "Treasure Island" had a map. An experiment in the gradation of ele- mentary Hebrew textbooks is made by the Rev. D. Tyssil Evans in "The Principles of Hebrew Grammar" (London: Luzac & Co.), the first part of which deals with the forms of the language. The work is intended for the use of an intermediate grade of students, those "who wish to make a serious study of Hebrew, though they may not be able to carry it to a very advanced stage." The phonology and morphology are given in con- siderable detail, following mainly Gesenius- Rautzsch (the twenty-eighth edition) and Konig. The arrangement is clear, and the treatment scholarly. Exercises in reading and writing Hebrew are added, with an English-Hebrew vocabulary. The work is an excellent guide for students; but as this first part is a stout volume of above five hundred pages, and the second part, to be devoted to the syntax, will not be of very much less extent, the cost of the whole work will be relatively great. Whether the ad- dition of the exercises in writing is de- sirable for the class of students had in mind may be doubtful. When learners are familiar with the forms of a language, it is an advantage to them to come in contact with the living speech in the literature ; exercises are more or less dead material. The detailed criticisms of the origin of in- flectional endings and prefixes does not come within the scope of the present vol- ume; such remarks as are made on this point are usually well considered, but it may be noted that the second syllable of ro'eh (p. 109) is not a special indication of gender, but the ordinary final form of the masculine participle in Lamed-He verbs, the syllable eh belonging to the stem. The publication of the Epistle to the Ro- mans and the Second Epistle of Peter with the Epistle of Jude, leaves only two books, Ephesians and First Peter, to complete the Cambridge Greek Testament for Schools and Colleges (Putnam). These editions, like the others in this series, have extensive intro- ductions and commentaries. Being designed for college students, controversy concern- ing matters of doctrine is avoided as much as possible, and attention is directed rath- er to the meaning of the Greek and the peculiarities of New Testament usage. Even so, however, the notes are very extensive and sometimes overloaded. In the Intro- duction to the Romans the editor, R. St. John Parry, holds that the epistle is gen- uine and integral, rejecting the suggestion that it is a combination of two letters. He also regards it with most critics as Paul's complete exposition of his religious views due to his desire to commend himself to a church not founded by himself, but whose assistance was needed for the prosecution of his projected missionary work in Spain. In the introduction to Second Peter and Jude, the editor, Montague Rhodes James, upholds the genuineness of Jude, but is in- clined to regard Second Peter as a later production whose author had Jude before him as he wrote. The Rev. Henry Prentice Forbes, since 1S89 dean of the Theological School at St. Lawrence University, Canton, N. Y., died at his home in Canton on Friday. Dr. Forbes was born at Paris, Me., in 1849, graduated from St. Lawrence University in 1873, and then studied at Leipzig. He was the author of "The Johannine Literature and Acts." The death is reported from London of the Rev. Dr. Patrick Augustine Sheehan, essayist and lecturer and Canon of Cloyne, Ireland. He was born at Mallow, County Cork, in 1852. His principal writings are: "Geoffrey Austin, Student," "The Triumph of Failure," "Lost Angel of a Ruined Para- dise," "Under Cedars and Stars," "Cithara Mea" (poems), "The Queen's Fillet," and "Miriam Lucas." Science The influence of Monarchs: Steps in a New Science of History. By Frederick Adams Woods, M.D. New York: The Macmillan Co. $2 net. This volume is a continuation of the statistical study published by Mr. Woods in 1906 on "Mental and Moral Heredity in Royalty." It is the application of biometric methods to the field of his- tory. It aims at the establishment of a new science which the author has bap- tized "historiometry," and at a new phi- losophy of history which is to be called "the gametic interpretation of history." The author's method, very briefly, is as follows: He takes all of the 368 mon- archs who have ruled from the tenth to the end of the eighteenth century in fourteen of the principal countries of Europe, and rates them, on the basis of what historians and encyclopaedias say about them, in three grades according to "intellectual qualities" as superior, aver- age or mediocre, and inferior, or as he prefers to call them, "plus" ( + ), "plus or minus" (40, and "minus" ( — ). Similarly, in a parallel column, he rates the "condition of the country" in each of the 368 reigns in three grades as "plus," "plus or minus," or "minus" ac- cording to whether the country was "progressive" or not in the given reign. Thus, for England under the Stuarts, he gives: Ruler, Charles II — Affable, witty, and debonair, but had no ambition. Sensual, dissipated, indolent, and extravagant. Condition of Country, 1660-1685 + Important constitutional and legal ad- vance. Growth of the House of Commons. Increase in shipping, silk trade, and bank- ing. ... He then compares the two columns to see how far a "plus monarch" is accom- panied by a "plus condition of country," and vice-versa. His statistical conclu- sion is (p. 246) : Strong, mediocre, and weak monarchs are associated with strong, mediocre, and weak periods in about 70 per cent, of the cases. Strong monarchs are associated with weak periods, and weak monarchs (including non-royal regents) with strong periods in about 10 per cent, of the cases. In about 20 per cent, of the cases mediocre mon- archs are associated with strong or with weak periods, or mediocre periods are as- sociated with strong or weak monarchs. Or, expressing the same thing more briefly in the neat mathematical formula which Karl Pearson has made familiar, Mr. Woods places the correlation be- tween the intellectual strength of the ruler and the condition of the country at r=.60 to .70. This correlation is a high one in comparison with the general run of anthropometric and biometric results. It is greater than that expressing the bodily resemblances between parents and children (r=.30 to .50, according to Karl Pearson), or between children of the same parents (r=.40 to .60), except in the exceptional case of twins, where the correlation of resemblances is much higher (r=.80 to .90, according to E. L. Thorndike) ; in these formulas perfect correlation, that is, perfect equivalence or identity, is represented by unity (r=1.00), and total lack of correlation by zero (r=0). The discovery of "this very high corre- lation between mentalities of rulers and the conditions of their realms" (p. 247), instead of rousing the author's suspi- cions and giving him pause, leads him to rush in with enthusiasm where his- torians fear to tread. As his philosophy of history he contends that (1) the above-mentioned correlation is under- standable only on the supposition that the monarch causes the conditions (pp. 1); (2) that this is quite natural considering "that modern royalty as a whole has been decidedly superior to the average European in capacity," and that "the chances in favor of royalty [producing men of genius] is several hundred thousand times as great [as those in favor of the common breed of men]" (p. 264); (3) that this superior- ity of royalty is due to heredity: "roy- alty, as a result of selection and breed- ing, has gradually been formed into a distinct sub-variety of the human race,

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342 The JSTation [Vol. 97, No. 2519 and this process of separation has been going on for centuries"; "there has been a genuine survival of the fittest within the ranks of royalty" (p. 272); and finally (4) that the sharp contrasts be- tween successive good and bad, chaste aud licentious, ambitious and indolent monarchs precisely fits in with the Men- delian theory that contrasted "alterna- tive" "unit characteristics" become seg- regated and are transmitted througn the germ-plasm of the germ-cells (gametes) on the "pure," "all or noth- ing," "present or absent" principle (pp. 269-279). "The true interpretation of history must hinge upon the gametes [of monarchs in the past or of other great men in the present or future], and the laws of history will be found to be but a part of the laws which govern or- ganic life" (p. 303). As to Mr. Woods's general method, it will have already occurred to the reader that the material on which his work is established is neither simple nor alto- gether satisfactory. Complex facts like a ruler's mentality or a country's condi- tion do not allow themselves to be eas- ily pigeonholed as +, — , or -J-. His- torians themselves are not In agree- ment. Opinions of the past are some- times reversed by later researches. Ad- jectives such as "good," "cruel," "licen- tious," "progressive," which Mr. Woods finds in histories and encyclopaedias and on which he bases his "adjective meth- od" of rating, do not have the same pre- cise objective meaning and measuring value as the metric measurements large- ly employed in anthropometry and bi- ometry. More than this, the author does not appear to be as precise and consistent in his use of words as might be expect- ed of one who places so much reliance on words. In his first chapter he says his rating of monarchs is according to their "intellectual qualities." "Moral traits are, as far as possible, left out ot consideration while making up the classification for intellect" (p. 5). This is his theory. But in his practice he continually fails to distinguish careful- ly mentality, morality, and that tertium quid which is more or less dependent on the combination of the other two, viz., general ability. As to the author's conclusions, we do not doubt (1) that there is some corre- lation between the mentality of a ruler and the condition of his country due to the ruler's influence. It is the obvious common-sense conclusion of any one who reads history. But that the amount of this influence has been, or can be, satisfactorily determined by the adjec- tive method and expressed with such mathematical nicety (r=.60 to .70) we gravely doubt. (2) The idea that mon- archs are so superior to the common breed of men rests in part on the false assumption that we have material on which to base such a comparison. Sim- ply because of their office, monarchs have always had the limelight of his- tory turned upon them, and whatever abilities they may have had have been recorded — for utilization by Mr. Woods. But no one has recorded the short and simple annals of the poor. Who knows how frequent have been the village Hampdens? In modern times, when the rise of democracy has somewhat diffused the limelight on others than monarchs, and somewhat afforded opportunities for the man of common breed to rise and show his ability as minister beside his monarch, that is, as soon as there does begin to be some basis for comparison, one is surprised at the mental superior- ity of the ministers over the monarchs. (3) Royalty is, indeed, largely a sep- arate breed, owing to its rules of mar- riage, but it is not a selective breed within itself nor a result of the sur- vival of the fittest. The breeder selects the best, but primogeniture selects the eldest. The breeder discards the in- ferior, but royalty mates nearly all its breed, good or bad, in order to secure the succession. In such a breeding sys- tem one would expect the breed to de- teriorate and consequently tend to die out, which is, we believe, what has tak- en place. (4) The contrast between successive rulers is not, in fact, so sharp as the author's three-fold rating appears to make it. Nor are biologists agreed that mental ability is wholly determin- ed by gametic inheritance; the influence of environment and education must cer- tainly be taken into account. Experi- ments in Mendelism so far have dealt chiefly with external and easily analyzed characteristics, such as the color, size, and shape of parts of animals and plants, but not with the complex and elusive problem of mental characteris- tics. Mental qualities, such as quick- ness, indolence, cruelty, etc., are not nec- essarily qualities which correspond to heritable "unit characteristics." While we cannot wholly endorse the author's method nor accept his conclu- sions, we strongly advise the historian to read this book; for he will be intro- duced to fascinating biological methods and theories applied in a field where he himself is familiar with the material and can use his own judgment as to what the experimenter is doing; it is not the usual unfamiliar biological field where the historian must take for grant- ed what other people say they see through the microscope. Agricultural progress in Canada is as sured by the fact that the Government has appropriated $10,000,000 to cover a period of ten years for instruction and research in agriculture. The facilities and equipment of the agricultural colleges will be in- creased, and agricultural, dairy, and hor- ticultural schools will be established, and agricultural teaching introduced into the public schools. The fund is to be dis- tributed among the provlncei according to popnl.'il ion. Petermann'e Mltteilungen for September contains articles on the significance of palaeographic studies, and on the high Cor- dilleras of the province of San Juan, Ar- gentina. The future of the International Geographical Congress is discussed by a number of eminent geographers, including Prof. William M. Davis, of Harvard. In che military department the usefulness and extent of air flights in the colonial service are described, and the work of the Ruma- nian Military Geographical Institute. Dr. Reginald Heber Fitz, emeritus profes- sor at Harvard of the theory and practice of medicine, died last week in the Corey Hill Hospital, Brookline, Mass. Dr. Fitz was born at Chelsea, Mass., May 5, 1843; receiv- ed the degree of A.B. from Harvard in 1864, M.D. in 1868, and LL.D. in 1905. He became instructor in pathological anatomy at Har- vard in 1870; assistant professor in 1S73; professor in 1878; Shattuck professor in 1879; Hersey professor in 1892, and emeritus in 1908. He was the author, with Dr. Ho- ratio C. Wood, of "The Practice of Medi- cine." For Dr. Fitz it was claimed that an article he wrote in 1886 on what was then known as "perforating ulcer of the vermi- form appendix" had much to do with the modern method of treating appendicitis. Dr. Frangois-Jules Ogier, toxicologist, is dead in Paris. He was born in 1853. Dr. Ogier was vice-president of the Chemical Society of France and a member of the Medical Society of New York. He was for & number of years director of the labora- tory of toxicology of the Paris Police De- partment. A number of scientific treatises bear his name. Drama A new volume of "Lyrics and Dramas" from the hand of Stephen Phillips is brought out this week by John Lane Co. The two most significant incidents of the beginning of the present theatrical season are the farewell engagement of Forbes- Robertson, in the Shubert Theatre, and the reappearance of Julia Marlowe and E. H. Sothprn at the Manhattan Opera House. The programmes offered are in the main Shakespearean, and the houses, two of the most capacious in the city, have been filled from floor to roof at every performance. This fact is a sufficient refutation of the ancient pretence of the illiterate commer- cial managers that there is no longer any active public demand for the literary and poetic drama. The Hamlet of Forbes-Rob- ertson, the most striking interpretation of the character since the days of Henry Ir- ving and Edwin Booth, was received witli gi 11 11 i iic enthusiasm and a notably quick appreciation of its more subtle beaut) 'i in- Impersonation a nub' moi 1 elal - in detail, perhaps, than of yore, but not materially changed — is too well known to require detailed description. Original! anil intellectuality a re its distinguishing features, it differs widely from the tradi- tional Conception of the part In its r nervous movements, its tree gesticulation, and its general suggestion of an alert and energetic spirit, enly occasionally 1 abji 1 1 to fits of melancholj depression, in its

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Oct. 9, 1913J The Nation 343 carriage and action it fails to emphasize that introspective and speculative side of this extraordinarily complex character \. hi<h accounts for his vacillation in enter- prises of great pith and moment. This Hamlet might be expected actually to sweep to his revenge with wings as swift as medi- tation or the thoughts of love. But, on the ether hand, there can be no question that the animation of manner, the rapid and eloquent changes of facial expression, and the illuminative by-play add greatly to the theatrical charm of the representation, while the delivery of the text, with its per- fect clarity, scholarly emphasis, and nice observance of sense and rhythm, is an un- failing delight to the educated ear. Sel- dom is such elocution heard upon the stage to-day, and in Robertson's case the beauty of vocal art is enhanced by the richness of his organ. Listening to him, some of our younger actors might learn how integral a part of good acting is competent speech. The company which supports him is not brilliant, but the members of it have been well drilled and afford him adequate sup- port. They are also equal, apparently, to the requirements of modern or artificial comedy, as was proved by their work in Madeleine Lucette Ryley's "Mice and Men," in which Gertrude Elliott displayed pleas- ing vivacity, humor, and sentiment in the conventional theatrical part of the meta- morphosed charity girl Peggy. Sir Johnston Forbes-Robertson played the part of the kindly old scholar, Mark Embury — whose matrimonial theories work out so unluckily for himself — with firm skill and feeling; but reither the play nor the character is really worthy of his abilities. The luncheon given in London to P. R. Benson on the eve of his departure from England to begin his tour in Canada and the United States was a notable affair, In which many distinguished representatives of the church, literature, and the stage took part. The principal speech was deliv- ered by Sir Sidney Lee. He proposed the health of Mr. Benson, "whose heroic, stren- uous, and disinterested services to the drama had," he said, "placed him very high among his country's benefactors." Cyril Maude seems to have made a for- tunate find in the new play, "Grumpy," by Horace Hodges and Wigney Percival, which he has just produced in Glasgow. It is the story of a very old barrister whose wits are yet sharp enough to solve a criminal problem which has defied younger men. Music One of the most noteworthy books in the list of announcements of Thomas Y. Crowell Co. is a handsome edition of Wagner's "Par- sifal," illustrated in color by Pogany. At pretty regular intervals one reads in the morning paper a letter from Constant Reader or Old Subscriber complaining bit- terly of the suffering caused by the me- diaeval abomination of the church bells. It is dreadful to imagine what would have happened to these supersensitives had they lived in Bethnal Green in 1868 and heard the bells of St. Matthew's "ring, in nine hours and twelve minutes, a peal of Kent treble bob major consisting of 15,840 chang- es," or at Dewsbury in Yorkshire, where four years later "a true peal of Kent treble bob major, consisting of no less than 16,608 changes, was rung in nine hours and fifty minutes." Mr. H. B. Walters, whose book on "Church Bells of England," published by the Oxford University Press (Frowde), is the authority for these extraordinary campanular performances, does not tell us what happened to the long-suffering popu- lations of Bethnal Grec 1 and Dewsbury; but he has set forth a vast amount of other interesting information about English bells In a well-ordered and comprehensive trea- tise. Americans, who as a whole have al- most no traditions and very little art or sentiment about bells, will be surprised at the importance and seriousness of the sub- ject for Englishmen, and at the extent of its literature, the bibliography of which occupies twelve pages in Mr. Walters's book. The 384 pages of the text discuss the history of bells and bell-foundries, chiefly in England, technical processes of making, famous great bells, the uses of bells and ceremonies connected with them, the in- scriptions upon them, the loss and destruc- tion of bells, and campanology as a pursuit. The chapter on change-ringing will reveal to many astonished readers a most singular sport, quite unknown here, though prac- ticed for two centuries in England, a sport for which, indeed, there exist several in- corporated societies of quite venerable age. The combination of sentiment, mathematics, athletics, and noise which it involves is no- where else to be found. The scientific side of bell-design and the physical theories of bell-tones and of bell- hanging are not discussed. From the illus- trations in the volume one gets an impres- sion of English conservatism in the refusal to lower the trunnions of the yoke to a level anywhere near the centre of gravity, as is done with most American bells; it would be interesting to know whether this is due merely to tradition or to some theory of tone-production, as it inevitably increas- es greatly the strength required to swing or roll-over the bell. The book has good indexes a-nd lists, and is well printed on very heavy plate paper. It forms one of a series on English churches and church fittings edited by Francis Bond, some of which have been reviewed in these columns. Max Reger's new "Ballet Suite," which is to have its first performance in New York at a Philharmonic concert, is dedi- cated to the Philharmonic's conductor, Josef Stransky. That Mr. Stransky has also obtained Richard St'rauss's latest piece, "A Festival Prelude," has already been stated. At the opening concert of. the Philharmonic, on October 30, Ber- lioz's "Fantastic Symphony" will be on the programme, and Teresa Carrefio will be the soloist. In addition to the novel- ties just named, the Philharmonic pro- grammes will contain a new suite by Vic- tor de Sabate; the Liszt Spanish Rhapsody orchestrated by Anton Seidl, which has not been performed since the death of Seidl fourteen years ago; "Scfines historiques," by Jean Sibelius (new) ; Heinrich Noren's "Kaleidoscope"; Rachmaninoff's Second Symphony to Dante's "Divina Commedla"; Tchaikovsky's "Manfred"; Haydn's "Mili- tary Symphony," and of the Beethoven Sym- phonies the "Eroica" and Xos. 6 and 8. Bach will be represented in the programmes by the "Brandenburger Concerto" No. 3 and the Bach-Abert Prelude, Choral, and Fugue. Among the novelties to be performed by the New York Symphony Society this sea- son is a series of tableaux symphoniques by Fanelli, based upon a novel, "La Mo- mie," of Theophile Gautier. The series consists of three musical pictures which are called "Thebes: Before the Palace of Tahoser," "On the Nile," and the "Tri- umphal Return of Pharaoh." Fanelli is a composer of the modern French school whose works, so long neglected, have but recently been brought before the public, and have made an impression on some mu- sicians. He is said to be a master of orchestration and of color and atmosphere in music. The Brooklyn series of concerts by the New York Philharmonic Society will again consist of five Sunday afternoons — one each month beginning in November — at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. The opening concert will be given with an all-Wagner programme, which will be arranged in chronological order, including extracts from the master's earliest opera, "Rienzi," to "Parsifal." The assisting artists will include Mischa Elman, Teresa Carrefio, and Julia Culp. At one of the concerts the patrons will have an opportunity to enjoy the work of several of the solo in- struments of the orchestra. The pro- gramme of this concert will be arranged to bring forward as soloists several mem- bers of the wood-wind choir, and possibly the solo French horn, Xaver Reiter. Eight years ago attempts were made in Heidelberg to set the fashion of listening to music in a darkened concert hall. The arguments of the promoters of this plan were to the effect that the auditors would listen to the music with greater concen- tration if all external impressions were removed. "This was all very well in theory, but in practice it was found that the very opposite result was attained," writes Arthur M. Abell in the Musical Courier. "I was present at one of those concerts in Heidel- berg, and many persons in the audience testified that the darkness and absence of all attraction for the eye made them drow- sy, with the result that they listened to the music with much less attention than under ordinary conditions." Novelties are to be tabooed by the Lon- don Symphony Orchestra, which has issued the following notice: "It has been found necessary to omit from the programmes all other than standard works, as it has been proved by experience that the public sup- port is withdrawn on the occasions when new and unknown works are performed at the concerts, and it Is the general wish of the supporters of the concerts to include only works of the standard order." Paderewski this week has returned after an absence of four years to make an all- season's tour of this country under the di- rection of C. A. Ellis, of Boston. So far as the greater part of the country Is con- cerned, it will be his first tour In five years. Mr. Paderewskl's plans call for be- tween eighty and ninety concerts, and he will be in America until the latter part of April. Elgar's "Falstaff," one of the orchestral novelties of this season, is analyzed by the composer himself at great length (nine

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34=4= The IS atioii [Vol. 97, No. 2519 columns) with abundant illustrations in 1 type, in the September number of the. London Musical Times. Art Kamarea Cave on Mount Ida, in which had prevlouslj been found the deposit of Mid- dle Minoan pottery from which the so- il. 1 "Kamarea Ware" derived its name. Finance To the "Reminiscences of Augustus Saint- Gaudens," in two royal octavo volumes, which the Century Company issues this week, Mr. Homer Saint-Gaudens has added a considerable amount of the sculptor's lence with prominent men. To the useful series French Artists of Our Day (Lippincott) is added "Gustave Cour- bet," comprising forty-eight cuts, a brief critical introduction by Leonce Benedite, and running notes by J. Laran and Ph. Gaston Dreyfus. These notes give a good selection from contemporary criticism and sufficiently recall the controversies which ever accompanied Courbet's stormy course. Since the whole conception of these little volumes is so excellent, it is a pity that the plates are often blurred, as if printed from worn or overinked blocks. " \ Handbook of Modern French Sculp- ture" (Dodd, Mead), by D. Cady Eaton, is something between a compact dictionary and a collection of critical opinions. In general, the work is done with good sense and taste, and where the author lets him- self go, as in the appreciation of Car- peaux, the text is very readable. Hegel's criticism figures largely and cloudily in the preface and appendix. The survey ends with Rodin, a chapter which unfor- tunately the author was unable to finish Far too many brief sections on unimpor- tant artists are included. For such minu- tias the special student will naturally con- sult French encyclopaedic works, and the layman may well dispense with such in- formation. Since the field is swept so fully, that exquisite draftsman, Jean Car- ries, should not have been ignored. There is a useful list of the works of sculpture on the Opera and the Grand and Petit Palais. The book shows close study of the topic, but the author reveals little knowledge of sculpture in general ; hence his work is deficient in sidelights and critical analogies. Sir Aurel Stein has been deputed by the Indian Government to resume his archaeo- logical and geographical explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China, the results of which he published in "Ruins of Desert Cathay." In his journey to the Pamirs he will pass through territories which have not been previously visited by a European. Numerous small excavations have been carried on in Greece during the past sea- son. At Athens the Greek Archaeological Society has excavated on the Pnyx in order to discover the extent and construction of the containing wall east of the Bema. Tn Bceotia M. Soteriadis has continued his pre- historic excavations in the neighborhood of Chseroneia. In Crete M. Hazidakis has con- tinued, with excellent results, his exca- vation of the prehistoric Cretan town, of Late Minoan date, at Tylissos, near Candia. Sir Arthur Evans has conducted several small excavations in the Palace of Knos- Bos to test his earlier conclusions, and the British School has completely cleared the THE BANKERS' CONVENTION AND 'I'm 10 BANKING BILL. The annual Convention of the Ameri- can Bankers' Association opened at Boston on Wednesday morning. It as- sembled at an unusually interesting moment; for the new banking and cur- rency bill, having passed the House of Representatives, is now in the hands of the Senate Committee, whence it will in due course be reported to the Senate with such alterations as the Committee may decide upon. Formal discussion of the measure by the bankers has been largely based, on this occasion, on the report of the currency committee ap- pointed by the last Convention. That report was framed and published at the conference of the committee, on Au- gust 22 and 23, with representatives of the State bankers' associations and clearing house associations. It recom- mended numerous changes in the House banking bill as it stood at that time. Some of these recommendations, such as reduction in the reserves as orig- inally stipulated for individual banks in the national system, have subsequently been adopted by the House and incor- porated in its bill. Others, and the great- er number, have not been thus adopted. These other proposed alterations are naturally the focus of this week's Con- vention discussion. The main objections of the bankers' currency committee to the present bill were these: Membership of existing na- tional banks in the new banking sys- tem should be permissive, not manda- tory. The National Board of Supervi- sion, known in the Act as the Federal Reserve Board, should consist, not of the Secretary of the Treasury, the Sec- retary of Agriculture, the Controller of the Currency, and four other members chosen by the President of the United States, but of the Secretary of the Trea- sury, three members named by the Pres- ident, and three chosen by the regional reserve banks. The power conferred by the bill on the Federal Board, of requir- ing one regional bank to rediscount pa- per held by another, was objected to; permissive power only was recommend- ed. All references to the note issues as obligations of the United States were op- posed. Instead of conditioning such is- sues on application by the regional bank to the Federal Reserve Board, on the consent or veto of such application by that national board, and on payment of such "rate of interest" on the note is- sues as the Board shall require, the bankers' committee proposed that "any Federal reserve bank, upon vote of its directors, and within a limit prescribed by the Federal Reserve Board, may is- sue such amount of the notes herein- before provided for as it may deem best." Instead of the bill's requirement that a reserve of 33 1-3 per cent, shall be carried, in gold or lawful money, against the note issues of any regional bank, it is proposed that a 40 per cent, reserve of gold alone be maintained, without tax upon the notes; but that when such reserve falls below this ratio, a progressive tax rising to 4% per cent, shall be imposed, and that no fur- ther issues shall be permitted when the reserve is down to 33 1-3 per cent. It will be observed that these crit- icisms converged on two separate lines — the wisdom of certain existing provi- sions from an administrative point of view, and the wisdom of others from an economic point of view. The first has chiefly to do with the composition of the Federal Reserve Board; wheth- er it shall consist wholly of Adminis- tration officers and Administration ap- pointees, or whether three of the seven members shall be named by the region- al banks. The bankers' conference committee did not propose, as did the Aldrich plan, a majority of bankers or banking repre- sentatives in the Board; therefore their argument rests mainly on the conten- tion that the banks in the system ought not to be dominated, so far as regards the national supervision, by a body ex- clusively made up of political appoin- tees. The House bill has endeavored to meet this argument by creating a Federal advisory council, with one rep- resentative from each regional bank, having the power of conferring at any time with the Federal Board and of call- ing for information, but not the power of overruling decisions of the Board. All this raises the interesting question, which of the two expedients would be the surer protection against possible evils of political domination — a minor- ity in the Federal Board itself, or an advisory body with distinct official pow- ers of recommendation and criticism. Mandatory membership of national banks in the proposed new system was objected to as an infringement on the charter rights of existing banks. This is to some extent offset by the power of national banks to reorganize under a State system — a power handicapped, however, by their holdings of United States bonds which, after such reorgan- ization, would no longer be available for purposes of note issue. The chair- man of the Senate Committee has inti- mated his willingness to make the mem- bership permissive. This phase of the question is one of the most delicate of all; for the Government is naturally as anxious not to risfc Mi" Call of its plan through unwillingneM of banks,

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Oct. 9, 1913] Tlie Nation 34:5 their shareholders, and their depositors, to participate, as the banks could be not to risk the complications of an ill-judged system. The bankers are absolutely, sound in their objection to the language describ- ing the notes as obligations of the Gov- ernment. These are not Government issues, even when judged by the provi- sions of the House bill, and it is both misleading and mischievous so to de- scribe them. The provision for an arbi- trary tax on such circulation, which the bill calls a "rate of interest," is in prin- ciple wholly objectionable. Both para- graphs are admittedly in the nature of compromise with the ideas of radicals, who are placated by language which, by inference at all events, says what it does not mean. The fact remains, however, that the general provisions of the pend- ing bill, for insuring the soundness, elasticity, and prompt redemption of the notes, are thoroughly good, and a vast improvement on the Aldrich plan. The respective merits of the fixed ratio of reserve against the notes, in the House bill, and the elastic ratio with a non-taxable minimum in the bankers proposed alternative, are a legitimate matter for discussion. The question whether the Federal Board, however constituted, should have power to require one regional bank to discount paper for another is unques- tionably difficult. Mr. Paul Warburg, writing on the bill in the current North American Review, takes the ground that such power is inevitable, if the harmo- nious working of the entire structure is to be insured; yet he also holds that arbitrary and unrestricted authority of that nature would be fatal to the ex- istence of a free and natural open dis- count market throughout the country. Certainly the real crux of controversy lies less in the composition of the Fed- eral Board (granting the Government's supremacy) than in the nature and ju- dicious limitation of its powers. BOOKS OP THE WEEK. Adams, John Quincy. Writings. Ed. by W. C. Ford. Vol. II. Macmillan. $3.50 net. American Jewish Year Book, 1913-14. Phila- delphia: Jewish Pub. Society of Am. Ames, Charles Gordon. A Spiritual Autobiog- raphy. Ed. by Alice Ames Winter. Bos- ton: Houghton Mifflin. $1.25 net. Austin, Sarah. The Story Without an End. Duffield. Bailey, H. C. The Sea Captain. Doran. $1.25 net. Pi»rnard, W. G. Regulation. Seattle: Reg. ulation Pub. Co. $1. Batten, L. W. Books of Ezra and Nehe- miah (Inter. Critical Commentary). Scribner. $3 net. Bennett, Arnold. The Plain Man and His Wife. Doran. 75 cents net Best Stories in the World. Edited by T. L. Masson. Doubleday. $1 net. Blanchard, A. E. Elizabeth, Betsy, and Bess. Boston: Wilde. $1 net. Blanchard, Grace. Phillida's Glad Year. Boston: Wilde. $1 net. Bordeaux, Henry. Footprints Beneath the Snow. Trans, by M. S. Houghton. Duf- field. $1.25 net. Bower, B. M. The Gringos. Boston: Little, Brown. $1.25 net. Brereton, C. Studies in Foreign Educa- tion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $1.60. 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34 (3 The 1ST a t i o 11 [Vol. 97, No. 2519 berg, August. In Midsummer Days. Translated by Ellie Schleussner. Mc- Brlde, Nast. $1.25 net. Strindberg, August. Plays, Third Series Translated by Edwin Bjorkman. Scrib- ner. $1.50 net. Stroebe, L. L., and Whitney, M. P. Ge- schichte der Deutsrhen Literatur. Holt. Sweetser, K. D. Book of Indian Braves. Harper. $1.50 net. Taggart, M. A. Her Daughter Jean. Bos- ton: Wilde. $1.20 net. Tearle, Christian. The Pilgrim from Chi- cago. Longmans. $2.50 net. Thompson, J. M. The Three Bears of Porcupine Ridge. Boston: Wilde. Thompson, Vance. The Mouse-Colored Road. D. Appleton. $1 net. Tower, Charles. Along Germany's River of Romance, The Moselle. McBride, Nast. $2.75 net. Tucker, G. M. A Layman's Apology. Bos- ton: Badger. $1 net. Turpi n, Edna. Happy Acres. Macmillan. $1.25 net. Van Pelt, J. V. The Essentials of Compo- sition as Applied to Art. Macmillan. $1.75 net. Van Vorst, Marie. Amanda of the Mill. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. $1.35 net. 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"THE COLLECTOR," $1 o yr. "At McCLURG'S" It is of interest and importance to Librarians to know that the books reviewed and advertised in this magazine can be pur- chased from us at advantage- ous prices by Public Libraries, Schools, Colleges and Universities In addition to these books we have an exceptionally large stock of the books of all pub- lishers— a more complete as- sortment than can be found on the shelv s of any other book- store in the entire country. We solicit correspondence from li- brarians unacquainted with our facilities. LIBRARY DEPARTMENT A. C. McClurg & Co. CHICAGO THE Autumn Announcement Number THE NATION Will be Published Next Week

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Wellesley, Mass. The Nation VOL. XCVII— NO. 2520 THURSDAY, OCTOBER 16, 1913 Kf.oife. PRICE TEN CENTS The Poems and Ballads of Robert Louis Stevenson Complete in One Tolume with Por- trait. New Volume in the Scribner Series of Modern Poets This complete collection of all the verses written by Robert Louis Stev- enson in a convenient and compre- hensive household edition was in- duced by the great and increasing popularity of Stevenson's poetry. The other volumes in this series, the same in style and in price and in purpose, are The Poems of George Meredith, The Poems of Sidney Lan- ier, The Poems of Henry Van Dyke, The Poems of Eugene Field. Each $2.00 net Art and Common Sense Contains Essays on Topics of Such Lively Interest as "The Post-Iin- pressionist Illusion" and "J.P. Morgan as an Art Collector." Royal Cortissoz Art Editor of the "New York Trib- une." Defends the Layman Against the High Priest of Dogmatic Cliques. Plis purpose is to treat his subjects without deference to current connec- tion, to interpret the old masters as human creatures, working for mortal men and women, and to test modern movements and refutations in the light of common-sense. Here is a par- tial list of contents: "Whistler," "Sargent," "Contemporary European Painters," "The Post-Impressionist Illusion," "Auguste Rodin," "Some Renaissance Decorations." $1.75 net; postage extra Colombia Described in a Tolume of That Name in the South American Series by Phanor James Eder An American Who Has Known the Country from Childhood. $3.00 net Reminiscences of a Soldier's Wife Is Both Biography and Auto- biography. Mrs. John A. Logan In Recounting Her Own Eventful Career from Pioneer Days in Illinois, Gives a Life of Her Celebrated Husband. The writer's youth before her early marriage was passed in a pioneer community — Southern Illinois — of which she gives a graphic social pic- ture, and her experiences since Gen- eral Logan's death have been many and varied. But more than gener- ally happens, she was her husband's constant companion: she describes with a vivacious pen his youthful po- litical successes, the important part he took in the Civil War, in the early events of which she herself actively shared, and his subsequent service as congressman-at-large and senator from Illinois, commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, candidate for the Vice-Presidency, and one of the leading spirits in his party's councils. $2.50 net; postage extra Modern Russia Completely Described in All Its As- pects in a Book of That Name by Gregor Alexinsky Ex-Deputy of the Donma. "This book, in my intention," says the author, "should be a small en- cyclopaedia of Russian life in all its manifestations; an unpretending photograph, which seeks to repro- duce, as faithfully as possible, the contours and the colors of reality." $3.75 net CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS Who Is Lord Bendish Hero of the New Novel by Maurice Hewl tt Published Under the Title Bendish? It is reported that the young aris- tocrat who takes the title role in this novel is a real character whose pic- turesque career has been the subject of eager speculation in Europe and America. This question of identity adds sin- gular interest to a glowing romance of late Georgian England. $1.35 net; by mail $1.47 E. Alexander Powell Relates the Picturesque Careers of America's Greatest Soldiers of Fortune in Gentlemen Rovers Brings Back to Memory Forgotten Fights and Fighters That Won Us Half a Continent. These chapter headings suggest the substance of a stirring book: "For Rent: An Army of Elephants"; "When We Fought Napoleon"; "When We Captured an African Kingdom"; "The Last Fight of the General Armstrong" ; "The Pirate Who Turned Patriot"; "The Man Who Dared to Cross the Ranges"; "The Flag of the Bear"; "The King of the Filibusters"; "Cities Captured by Contract." Illustrated $1.50 net; by mail $1.65 Shaksp ere as Playwright An Illuminating Examination of Shakespeare's Stage-Craft by Brander Matthews The Great American Authority This book is not a biography of Shakespeare; it is a study of his stage-craft. As the author says in the preface, it was "born of the be- lief that — thanks to the untirins in- vestigations of countless scholars — our stock of information about the Elizabethan playhouse has now made it possible to relate Shakespeare more intimately to the theatre of his own time, to the actora of his own company, and to the contemporary spectators for whose pleasure he composed his plays." $3.00 net; postage extra FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

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11 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2520 The Nation A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. I Entered at the New York City Post Office as lecond-clast mail matter.] The Nation Is published and owned by the New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Villard, President; William J. Pattison, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor; Ilarold deWolf Fuller, As- sistant Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada $8.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $4.00. Address THE NATION, Box 794, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. 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Oct. 16, 1913] The ]STation 111 HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS Dante's Verdict on Life: Its Significance and Value By the Rt. Rev. WILLIAM BOYD CARPENTER, D.D., D.C.L., Litt.D., Canon of Westminster Abbey. 8vo, cloth, 256 pages. $1.50 net. The William Belden Noble lectures for 1913. An analysis of Dante's interpretation of life considered as The Drama Within, or The Drama of the Soul. Ready in November. Lectures on Legal History And Miscellaneous Essays By JAMES BARR AMES, LL.D., late Dane Pro- fessor of Law, and Dean of the Faculty of Law in Harvard University. 8vo, cloth, 550 pages, portrait. $3.00 net. The collected works of Dean Ames are in- cluded in this volume. The book contains a number of lectures on legal history, many of which have never before been published, eigh- teen essays collected from various legal period- icals, and a memoir. The Granger Movement By SOLON J. BUCK, Ph.D., Research Associate in History, University of Illinois. 8vo, cloth, 384 pages. $2.00 net. A consideration of agricultural organization and its political, economic, and social mani- festations during the years 1870-1880. The Comedies of Ludwig Holberg By OSCAR JAMES CAMPBELL, Ph.D., Instruc- tor in English in the University of Wisconsin. The third volume in the series of Harvard Studies in Comparative Literature. Ready in November. The Government of the Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent By A. H. LYBYER, Ph.D., Associate Professor of History in the University of Illinois. 8vo, cloth, 402 pages. $2.00 net. A timely study of the organization of the Ottoman Turks in the period of their greatest power and prestige. Year Books of Richard II: 12 R. II, 1388 Edited by GEORGE F. DEISER, LL.B. Issued under the auspices of the Ames Foundation. 8vo, cloth, 400 pages. The first step toward filling the only gap in the English Common Law Reports — the reign of Richard II. Ready in November. List of References on the History of the West By FREDERICK J. TURNER, Ph.D., LL.D., Litt.D., Professor of History in Harvard Uni- versity. 8vo, paper, 130 pages. 75 cents net. A comprehensive bibliography under fifty- two topical divisions, covering the historical, political, economic, and social development of the West. The Works of Vitruvius Translated by the late MORRIS H. MORGAN, Ph.D., Professor of Classical Philology in Har- vard University. Prepared for publication by A. A. HOWARD, Ph.D., Professor of Latin in Harvard University. The translation of the De Architectura of Vitruvius is a work to which the late Professor Morgan devoted the last years of .his life. Ready in December. The Scientific Work of Morris Loeb Edited by THEODORE W. RICHARDS, Ph.D., LL.D., Chem.D., M.D., Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Gibbs Memorial Laboratory in Harvard University. A collection of essays, lectures, and reviews covering the life work of the late Professor Morris Loeb, one of the pioneers, in America, in the new field of physical chemistry. Ready in November. Hyperbolic Functions of Complex Variables By ARTHUR E. KENNELLY, S.D., A.M., Pro- fessor of Electrical Engineering in Harvard University. The tables here presented, though prepared primarily to supply the need of applied mathe- matics in electrical engineering, make a distinct contribution to fundamental mathematics. Ready in December. The History of the Grain Trade in France. 1400-1710 By ABBOTT PAYSON USHER, Ph.D., Instruc- tor in Economics in Cornell University. A significant analysis of the first steps in the evolution of trade from limited local mar- kets to a wholesale marketing of the world's staple commodities. Ready in November. The Cotton Manufacturing Industry in the United States By M. T. COPELAND, Ph.D., Instructor in Com- mercial Organization in Harvard University. 8vo, cloth, 415 pages. $2.00 net. The American cotton manufacturing indus- try, including the spinning, weaving, finishing, and knitting branches, is described in detail in this volume. The book also includes a compari- son of the natural advantages, equipment, labor cost, and industrial and commercial organiza- tion of the cotton industry in Europe and Amer- ica to-day. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology Vol. XXIV 8vo, boards, 164 pages. $1.50 net. The authors contributing to this volume are GEORGE CONVERSE FISKE, CARL NEWELL JACKSON, HENRY WHEATLAND LITCH- FIELD. DEAN PUTNAM LOCKWOOD, and CHANDLER RATHFON POST.

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IV Tlie Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2520 RECENT IMPORTANT PUBLICATIONS WOMAN IN SCIENCE With an introductory chapter on wo- man's long struggle for things of the mind. By H. J. MOZANS, Ph.D. After outlining woman's capacity for scien- tific pursuits, Dr. Mozans takes up, step by step, her achievements in all the departments of pure science — mathe- matics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, the natural sciences, medicine and sur- gery, archaeology and invention. The work has much historical and scientific value, for Dr. Mozans has endeavored to give a place to every woman who has achieved distinction in science since the world began. Illustrated. $2.50 net. By mail $2.70. JUNGLE DAYS The experiences of an American wo- man doctor in India. By ARLEY MUNSON, M.D. One of the most re- markable records of human achieve- ment published in recent years. Dr. Munson went through adventures which fall to the lot of few women. She tells of her days in the jungle with becom- ing modesty, with intense sympathy, and with a human touch which makes it irresistible reading. Illustrated. $2.50 net. By mail $2.70. THE UNREST OF WOMEN By EDWARD SANDFORD MARTIN. In this wonderfully sympathetic book Mr. Martin shows that he understands women as few masculines do. He is at once prophetic and instructive. His book is sane and original, one for which the world has been waiting. $1.00 net. By mail $1.08. WOMAN AND TO-MORROW By W. L. GEORGE. Tnis is the opin- ion of a strong advocate of woman's suffrage. Mr. George speaks as an ear- nest, even a passionate advocate, who is armed with scientific, domestic, so- cial, ethical and political data of the feminist cause, in which both sexes are bound together as "persons." $1.25 net. By mail $1.37. THE LIFE OF JESUS In the light of the higher criticism. By ALFRED W. MARTIN. An especially timely study of the life and teachings of Jesus, treated historically and philosophically, but in the clearest, simplest fashion. $1.50 net. By mail $1.62. THE PHILOSOPHY OF NIETZSCHE An exposition and an appreciation by G. CHATTERTON-HILL. The best and most readable exposition of the teachings of the philosopher that has yet been available for the general reader. Noth- ing is omitted and all is made plain. $2.50 net. By mail $2.70. AUGUST STRINDBERG By L. LTND-AF-HAGEBY. A thoughtful monograph combining a critical estimate with a sufficiently full and searching biography. The whole presenting a clear picture of this elusive author in his relation to modern thought. 21 Portraits. $2.00 net. By mail $2.14. PSYCHOLOGY IN DAILY LIFE By CARL EMIL SEASHORE. A presentation of the several aspects of mental affairs which are involved in the regulation of practical interests. $1.50 net. By mail $1.62. TWO ON A TOUR IN SOUTH AMERICA By ANNA WENTWORTH SEARS. A bright, breezy, amusing account of a journey made by a New York woman and her hus- band. A jolly travel book of exceptional interest. $2.00 net. By mail $2. 16. EGYPTIAN ART: STUDIES By SIR GASTON MASPERO. An elaborate guide to Egyptian art in all its varieties, opening up its beauties to the uninitiated. Profusely illustrated. $7.50 net. By mail $7.75. ADVERTISING AND SELLING Principles of appeal and response. By HARRY L. HOLLING- WORTH. This book has resulted from the cooperative attempt on the part of a group of practical business men to formulate and systematize those facts and laws which relate to the processes of appeal and response in the selling and advertising of goods. Illustrated. $2.00 net. By mail $2.16. THE FLOWERY REPUBLIC: CHINA By FREDERICK McCORMICK. The history of the developments of the last few years, together with the exciting story of the Chinese Revolution, told by the famous war correspondent, who was an eye- witness. "The best book on the new China." Illustrated. $2.50 net. By mail $2.70. ALL THE DAYS OF MY LIFE An Autobiography by AMELIA B, l?ARR. Dr. Henry Van Dyke says of Mrs. Barr's book: "It is full of human nature: — it tells your own story as a woman who has earned her place in the world by faithful loving and by good work. It is delightful." Illustrated. $3 50 net. By mail $3.70. P. APPLETON & COMPANY, Publishers, NEW YORK |

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Oct. 16, 1913] The Nation CHICAGO AND THE OLD NORTHWEST, 1673-1835. ByMILO M. QUAIFE, Pro- fessor of History in the Lewis Institute of Technology. This book recounts, in a manner at once scholarly and dramatic, the early history of Chicago From the noint of view of Chicago and the Northwest alone, the work is local in character, although the locality con- cerned embraces five great states of the Union; in the larger sense its interest is as broad as America, for every foot of America has been at some time on the frontier of civilization. 470 pages. 8vo, cloth. $4.23 postpaid. ANIMAL COMMUNITIES IN TEMPERATE AMERICA, AS ILLUSTRATED IN THE CHICAGO REGION. By VICTOR E. SHELFORD, Instructor in Zoology in the University of Chicago. This volume presents the principles of field ecology illustrated by the more widely distributed animal habitats of the eastern half of temperate North America, and the aquatic habitats of a much larger territory, bix chapters deal with general principles. In several chapters the animal communities are considered from the point of view of modern dynamic ecology. A valuable feature of the book is the three hundred figures of widely distributed animals chosen to represent the chief types of animal communities and their characteristic modes ot lite. 380 pages. 8vo, cloth. $3.22 postpaid. ARTIFICIAL PARTHENOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION. By JACQUES LOEB, Member of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. . . This new work presents the first complete treatment of the subject of artificial parthenogenesis in Lmglisn. It gives an account of the methods by which unfertilized eggs can be caused to develop by physico-chemical means, and the conclusions which can be drawn from them concerning the mechanism by which the spermatozoon induces development. Since the problem of fertilization is connected with so many problems of physiology and pathology, the bearing of the facts recorded and discussed in the book goes beyond the special problem indicated by the title. 318 pages. 12mo, cloth. $2.68 postpaid. A MANUAL FOR WRITERS. By JOHN M. MANLY, Head of the Department of Eng- lish in the University of Chicago, and JOHN A. POWELL, of the University of Chicago Press. A book designed to aid authors and all others who are concerned with the writing of English. It aims to answer the practical questions that constantly arise in the preparation of manuscripts for the printer, business letters, and any sort of composition where correctness of form is an important element. It treats in a clear and convenient way the matters of grammar, spelling, and general form which writers need most to be informed about, and gives full directions on the preparation of "copy" for the printer and the cor- recting of proof. 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This volume contains a clear and reasonable interpretation of life from the Christian point of view, and some definite formulation of those beliefs that have proved most effectual in the development of individual char- acter and in the promotion of the welfare of society. The convenient arrangement of the material in numbered paragraphs, the valuable appendices, and the general systematic treatment of the subject commend the look a3 a popular text for college men and women, and for adult classes and clubs, as well as for general reading. 276 pages. 12mo, cloth. $1.35 postpaid. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS The Baker & Taylor Company, 33-37 East 17th St., New York, N. Y. The Cambridge University Press, Fetter Lane, London, E.C., England. AGENTS Karl W. Hiersemann, Konigstrasse 29, Leipzig, Germany. The Maruzen-Kabushiki-Kaisha, Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto.

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VI The Nation | Vol. 97, No. 2520 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AMERICAN BRANCH The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English. With Introductions and Critical and Explana- tory Notes to the several books. Edited in con- junction with many scholars by R. H. Charles. Vol. 1. Apocrypha; Vol. II. Pseudepigrapha. Demy po. cloth, pp. 696+886. $19.25. This is the first complete English edition of non-canonical Jewish literature of the two centuries before and the century after the birth of Christ. Stoics and Sceptics. Four lectures delivered in Oxford during Hilary Term 1913 for the Common University Fund. By Edwyn Bevan. 8vo, cloth, pp. 152. $1.50. English Historical Literature in the Fifteenth Century. By C. L. Kingsford, M.A. With an Appendix of Chronicles and Historical Pieces hitherto for the most part imprinted. 8vo, cloth, pp. xvi-j- 432. S5.00. A principal purpose of this volume is to trace during an important epoch the literary develop- ment of the writing of history in England. Church and State in the Middle Ages. The Ford Lectures delivered at Oxford in 1905. By A. L. Smith. 8vo, cloth, pp. 245. $2.50. The good and evil of the connection of Eng- land with Rome, especially in the middle of the thirteenth century. The Crown of Hinduism. By J. X. Farquhar, M.A. An attempt to dis- cover and state as clearly as possible what re- lation subsists between Hinduism and Christian- ity. Demy 8vo, cloth, pp. 469. $2.50. Inscriptions from Swiss Chalets. A Collection of Inscriptions found outside and inside Swiss chalets, storehouses and sheds. With 52 illustrations reproduced from photo- graphs. By Walter Larden. 8vo, cloth, pp. 208. $6.00. The Future of Christianity. By D. Macdonald, D.D. Crown 8vo, cloth, pp. viii-l-327. $2.50. The author's experiences as a Christian mis- sionary fort}' years ago led to a determination to endeavor to find out from the Scriptures what the future of Christianity among mankind was to be. A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative. By J. MORRIS JONES. Phonology and Acci- dence. 8vo, cloth, pp. 504. $4.50. " S.i l.l BY .III. B001 (Oxford Cngltsh Series By American Scholars. General Editor: George Philip Krapp, Professor of English in Columbia University. College English: A Manual fur the Study of English Literature and Composition. By Frank Avdelotte. Crown 8vo, cloth, pp. ix-J-150. 60 cents. This book undertakes to give the student an insight into the beauty of literature, not by rhapsodizing about it, nor by analyzing its tech- nique, nor by tracing the history of literary forms and movements, but, instead, by trying to understand the meaning. Hazlitt on English Literature: An Intro- duction to the Appreciation of Literature. By Jacob Zeitlin, Ph.D. Crown 8vo, cloth, pp. lxxiii-f-441. $1.25. A selection, embodying a series of apprecia- tions of the great English writers, with an in- troduction by the editor on Hazlitt's position as a critic. The Celtic fnscriptions of Cisalpine Gaul. By Sir John Rhys. From the proceedings of the British Academy. Vol. VI. 8vo, paper, pp. 90, plates viii. $4.20. A study of a few remarkable Celtic inscrip- tions on ancient tombstones in Italy. Parallel with the author's Celtic Inscriptions of France and Italy. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normanorum 1066- 1154. Volume f. Regesta Willelmi Conquestoris et Willelmi Rub 1066-1100. Edited with introductions, notes and indexes by II. W. C. D.wiks, with the assistance of P. J. Whitwell. Imp. 8vo, cloth, pp. 204. $5.00. The fir^t of three volumes covering the period of the Anglo-Norman Kings (1066-1154). The object of the series is to give a calendar, chrono- logically arranged and critically annotated, of the royal acts of the period, and of some cognate documents which are valuable for the historian. Syrian Anatomy, Pathology, and Thera- peutics, or "The Book of Medicines." The Svriac text, edited from a rare manuscript, with an English translation, etc., by E. A. WALLIS BUDGE. Published under the direction of the Royal Society of Literature in the 1 'nited Kingdom. Volume I : Introduction, Svriac I Volume II : English Translation and Index, 8vo, cloth, pp. 792+820. $16.80. A General Course of Pure Mathematics from Indices to Solid Analytical Geometry By Ai l . Bowley, Sc.l \ 8vo, cloth, pp. vii4-272. $2.50. ntains theorems and formula- which ai> direct practical application in mechanics, ■ neering, physics, chemistry, and economics, ERS -SEND FOR CATALOGl OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AMERICAN BRANCH 35 West 32nd Street, New York

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Oct. [6, 191 3 1 The Nation vn SIR WILLIAM OSLER, Bart. The Evolution of Mode n Medi- cine. B\ Sir William Osier, Bart., M.D., 1.1.1) ■ Sc.D., Regius Pro- fessor of Medicine, Oxford Univer- sity. (Silliman Memorial Lectures.) A book with a rare combination of I and technical interest, and, un- most books of science, abundantly Illustrated. It offers an unusual com- . round of interest to the medical artist, the historian, and the lover of good literature. Royal Bvo. cioik binding, Gilt top. 150 illustrations. Price $3.00 net; i"> itage 10 cents extra. HIRAM BINGHAM The Mon oe Doctrine, an Obso- lete Shibboleth. By Hiram Bing- ham, Ph.D.. F.R.G.S Pro- or >)t Latin-American History, In sending a copy of this book to r of Congress, William Kent, Ive from California, said, "I r it a national duty." 12mo. Oloth binding. 154 pages. QiU imi Price |1.15 net; postage 10 cents 1 vtra. WILLIAM BATESON The Problems of Genetics. By William Batesoti, M.A., F.R.S., Di- rector of the John Innes Horticul- tural Institution, Merton Park, Sur- rey, England. (Silliman Memorial Lectures.) The author has just been elected Pres- ident of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in recognition of his remarkable investigations in the field of eugenics and genetics. This, his latest treatment of the subject, is fully and well illustrated. 8vo. 260 pages. 2 color plates. Dia- grams and Illustrations. Index. Price $4.00 net; postage 20 cents extra. HENRY CROSBY EMERY Politician, Party, and People. By Henry Crosby Emery, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Political Economy in Yale University. (Page Lectures.) Professor Emery speaks as a man be- lieving in "Practical Politics" used in its right, sense. Maintaining a rigid standard of ethical responsibility, he shows how existing circumstances can be adapted to highest uses. 12mo. 160 pages. Cloth binding. Gilt top. index. Price $1.25 net; postage 10 cents extra. WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT Popular Government, Its Essence, Its Permanence and Its Perils. By William Howard Taft, Kent Pro- 11 of Law at Yale University. Sane, deliberate, suggestive, and char- Istic of its author, this book con- tains Professor Taft's opinion on pres- ent governmental problems, together with his addresses before the American 11 Association meeting at Montreal. 12mo. Cloth binding. 300 pages. Price $1.16 net; postage 10 cents extra. BOOKS Representative of the Best Contemporary Thought WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER Earth Hunger and Other Essays. By the late William Graham Sum- ner, LL.D., Professor of Political and Social Science, Yale University. Edited with nn Introduction by Albert Gallo- way Keller, Ph.D.. Professor of t lie Science of Society, ¥ale Cniversity. (Uniform with "War and Other Essays.") A constantly increasing interest in so- ciology is causing an ever-growing de- mand for the writings of this great thinker. Several of the essays, includ- ing Earth Hunger, have never before been published. Nvo. Cloth binding, (lilt top. 350 pages. $2.25 net; postage 26 cents extra. BY Writers of Acknowl- edged Authority. YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS WALTER McCULLOH Conservation of Water. By Walter McCulioh, Civil Engineer at Niagara Falls. Chester S. Lyman Lectures delivered atSheffield Scientific School. A practical treatment by an engineer of the possibilities in the proper use of our water power and the dangers there- by to be averted. Leading manufactur- ers employing water power are buying this book in quantity. 8vo. Cloth binding. 100 pages. 40 il- lustrations. Price $2.00 net; postage 15 cents extra. 135 Elm St. New Haven, Conn. 225 Fifth Ave. New York City WILLIAM WALLACE CAMPBELL Stellar Motions. With Special Refer- ence to Motions Determi ned by Means of the Spectrograph. By William Wallace Campbell, Sc.D. LL.D., Di- rector of the Lick Observatory, Uni- versity of California. (Silliman Memorial Lectures.) "The work is published in a fine library edition. . . . It is ;i romance of scientific research, an amazing kaleidoscopic rtsts of higher mathematics, that Is unfolded in this work. . . . She matter in the volume Is suf- ficiently popular in style to warrant Its cor- dial reception by average readers desirous of keeping pace with the march o£ cosmic dis- I- . 1 very. " — Phlladt Ipiiia North American. 8vo. 325 pages. Diagrams and Illus- trations. Index. Price $4.00; postage 25 cents extra. EPHRAIM D. ADAMS The Power of Ideals in American History. By Ephraim D. Adams, Ph.D., Professor at Leland Stanford Junior University. (Dodge Lec- tures). National:t> — a Faith; Anti-Slavery— a Crusade; Manifest Destiny — an Emotion; Religion — a Servii xy — a Vis- ion; are the striking chapter headings of this book. The work is historical, yet emphasizes certain basic principles ushlp. 12mo. Oloth binding'. (Hit top. L7B Price .ictlng the history of the college, together with a nun, ;. The au- thor fa if in reflect- ing much of the humor and sentiment Yale Campus. 12mo. /(■

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Vlll The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2520 Putnam's Fall Books Our illustrated Fall Catalogue (48 pages) contains full descriptions of our Fall Books of perma- nent values. It is not practicable to do justice to these books in the space available in this issue of The Nation. We will gladly mail this catalogue on request. A SELECTION OF FALL PUBLICATIONS The Broken Halo By Florence li. Barclay Author of "The Rosary," etc. Col- ored Frontispiece. 1.35 net. Threads of Grey and Gold By Myrtle Reed Author of "Lavender and Old Lace," etc. Frontispiece. 1.00 net. Wanderfoot By Cynthia Stoekley Author of "Poppy," "The Claw," etc. Frontispiece, 1.35 net. The Lure of the Little Drum By Margaret Peterson The, Melrose Prize Novel, Awarded Prize $1,250. Frontispiece, 1.35 net. The Ripple By Miriam Alexander Author of "Beyond the Law." Col- ored Frontispiece. 1.35 net. The Quest of the Dream By Edna Kingsley Wallace Printed in Two Colors'. 1.50 net. General Literature History and Biography The Old Boston Post Road Memoirs of a Prima Donna By Stephen Jenkins Author of "The Greatest Street in the World — Broadway/' eto, 150 Illus. and a tnap. 3.50 net. Rambles in Autograph Land By Adrian H. .Inline Foreword by Van Tassel FSutphen. 80 Portraits am! Fuesimihs. 2.50 net. The Conquest of Mt.McKinley By Belmore Browne 104 Illustrations. 3.50 net. To the River Plate and Back By M. J. Holland With 56 colored and other illustra- tions, with numerous line cuts. 4.00 net. My Beloved South By Mrs. T. P. O'Connor Author of "Little Thank You." Illustrated. 2.00 net. By Clara Louise Kellogg (Mine. Strnkosch) 48 Illustrations. 2.50 net. Fremont and '49 By Frederick S. Dellenbaugh Author of "A Canyon Voyage," etc. 50 Illustrations. 3.50 net. Life of Henry Labouchere By Algar Labouchere Thorold 6 Photogravure Illustrations. A History of England By A. D. limes 1.000 Pages. 424 Illustrations and Maps. One Vol. Ed. 3.50 net. Two Vol. Ed. 4.50 net. Cathedrals and Cloisters of Northern France By Elsie Whitlock Rose and Vida Hunt Frances 2 Vols. 225 Illustrations. 5.00 net. If sent by mail add 8 per cent, for carriage charges 45th Street Just West of 5th Ave. Science and Art Auction High Lights Willi a Full Exposition of THE XULLO COUNT By Florence Irwin Author of "Fine Points of Auction Bridge," etc. 1.25 net. The Book of the Dead A Reproduction in Facsimile. Edited, with Introduction and Xotes By E. A. Wallis Budge 2 Vols. 37 Colored Fo'ding Plates and Many Text Illustrations. 10.50 net. Manual of Egyptian Archaeology By G. Maspero Revised and Enlarged Ed. Illustrated. 2.50 net. The Book of the Bayeux Tapestry By Hillaire Belloc 7G Illustrations. 3.50 net. Francisco Goya By Hugh Stokes 48 Illustrations. 3.50 net. Ethics and Modern Thought A Theory of Their Relations By Rudolf Encken Senior Professor of Philosophy in the University of Jina. NEW YORK 23d Street Just West of 5th Ave. EASY PAYMENT PLAN The Musicians Library THE MASTERPIECES OF SONG AND PIANO MUSIC 66 VOLUMES 125,000 SOLD Includes most important compositions of Bach, Beethoven, Brahms, Schubert, Schumann, Wag- ner, and the other Masters of Music Every College and Public Library, every Music Teacher, every earnest and ambitious Music Student, should have these matchless volumes. Our easy payment plan brings them within your reach. Write for it to-day. Booklets with complete descriptions, portraits of editors, and full particulars free on request. - OLIVER DITSON COMPANY Room 15, Ditsori Building, BOSTON, MASS. f,-— »^"-■■■■;^ ......... ..... . .

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Oct. 16, 1913] The ]STation IX CROWELL'S LATEST PUBLICATIONS BOOKS FOR THOUGHTFUL READERS On Training of Boys The Quest of the Best By WILLIAM DE WITT HYDE A forcefully written, intensely practical book of "Insights into Ethics for Parents, Teachers, and Leaders of Boys," awaited with eager anticipation by those who have known that it was in course of preparation. Will be found indispensable by all workers with boys. 12mo. $1.00 net On Our National Stage The New American Drama By RICHARD BURTON This important work on pres- ent dramatic conditions fulfills every expectation raised from seeing Professor Burton's name on the title-page. The method of treatment is readable and entertaining, the tone throughout is optimistic, and the reader will carry away a vastly enlarged point of view as to the tendencies andcharacteristics that now mark the American stage. 12mo. $1.25 net By J. R. MILLER, D. D. Things That Endure Valuable counsel on the things that are worth while in life. 12mo. $1.00 net The Glory of the Commonplace Apt and striking illustrations collected by Dr. Miller from everyday life. 12mo. $1.00 net TheSecretofLove A beautiful booklet suitable for giftbook purposes. 6 illustra- tions in color. 12mo. 50 cents net By JOHN R. HOWARD TheChangingYear A Book of Nature Verse, form- ing a charming anthology of the out - of - doors. Photogravure frontispiece. Cloth, gilt top, $1.00 net. Full gilt, $1.25 net. Limp leather, $1.50 net. By ORISON SWETT MARDEN Training for Efficiency Short, pointed chapters on how to get the most out of yourself and out of life. 12mo. $1.25 net By JAMES ALLEN Meditations : A Year Book An original passage for eachday by this noted New Thought writer. 12mo. $1.00 net Foundation Stones to Happiness and Success Strong chapters on Right Prin- ciples, Sound Methods, True Speech, etc. 12mo. 50 cents net By AMOS R. WELLS Reaching Up and Out Inspiring words of advice to young men and women. 12mo. 50 cents net WORKS OF FICTION THE LITTLE WINDOW By HELEN M. HODSDON A charming little story, show- ing the effect of a New Thought lecture on a stern New England spinster. 4 illustrations by Emily Hall Chambcrlin. 12mo. 50 cents net THEIR CHRISTMAS GOLDEN WEDDING By CAROLINE ABBOT STANLEY A work of mingled pathos and humor, telling how two old peo- ple, separated by circumstances, "elope" back to their own home. 4 illus. by Emlen McConncll. 12mo. 50 cents net THE NEW MAN By JANE STONE A cleverly written novelette offering from a woman's point of view a solution of the difficult While Slave problem. Frontis- piece by Emily Hall Chambcrlin. 12mo. 75 cents net THOMAS Y. CROWELL COMPANY, NEW YORK

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X The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2520 Among New Macmillan Books NEW FICTION VAN CLEVE. By MARY S. WATTS, Author of "Nathan Burke," etc. A novel of modern Amer- ican life inviting in its realism. $1.35 net. HERE ARE LADIES. By JOHN STEPHENS. An- other alluring book by the unique author of "The Crock of Gold," "Insurrections," etc. $1.25 net. TOBY: The Story of a Dog. By ELIZABETH GOLDSMITH. The entertaining life adventures of a bewitching little animal. $1.25 net. THE WILL TO LIVE. By M. P. WILLCOCKS, Author of "The Wingless Victory." A strong story of the triumph of will over the tragedies of life. $1.35 net. HIS FATHER'S WIFE. By J. E. PATTERSON, Author of "Heroes of the Sea," etc. A powerful narrative, universal in its heart appeal. $1.35 net. TIDE MARKS. By MARGARET WESTRUP. A novel of Cornish life of unusual interest — the literary find of the season. $1.35 net. POETRY, LITERATURE, ART THE GARDENER. By RABINDRANATHTAGORE, Author of "Gitanjali," etc. A new volume of poems by this spiritual Hindu author. $1.25 net. SALT WATER BALLADS. By JOHN MASEFIELD. A collection of great sea poems. $1.00 net. A MAINSAIL HAUL. By JOHN MASEFIELD. Vig- orous prose poems of the sea. $1.25 net. LOITERER'S HARVEST. By E. V. LUCAS. A new collection of essays by this ever charming au- thor. $1.25 net. HARVEST HOME. By E. V. LUCAS. A companion volume to the versatile essayist's "A Little of Everything." $1.25 net. BROWNING, The Complete Works of. New Edition, including "Epps" and other poems published for the first time. Cloth, $1.75 net; half-mor., $3.50 net. TENNYSON, The Complete Works of. New Edition, with notes by the Laureate and a Life by his son, Hallam Lord Tennyson. Cloth, $1.75 net; half-mor., $3.50 net. THE MESSAGE OF GREEK ART. By H. H. POWERS, Ph. D. Illustrated. Ancient Greek char- acters as revealed in their art. $2.00 net. TRAVEL, DESCRIPTION AMERICA AS I SAW IT. By E. ALEC-TWEEDIE. Illustrated. A good-humored, keen account of American life by a witty woman. $3.00 net. AMERICAN IDEALS, CHARACTER AND LIFE. By HAMILTON WRIGHT MABIE. A candid portrayal of American life and customs by the well-known critic and author. $1.50 net. A WOMAN RICE PLANTER. By PATIENCE PEN- NINGTON. Introduction by Owen Wister. Illus- trated. Interesting experiences of a woman planter in South Carolina. $2.00 net. A KINGDOM OF TWO. By HELEN R. ALBEE. An instructive story of congenial personalities and American country life. Illustrated. $1.50 net. THE BARBARY COAST. By ALBERT EDWARDS, Author of "Panama," "Comrade Yetta," etc. Il- lustrated. An interesting account of life in Northern Africa. $2.00 net. HUNTING THE ELEPHANT IN AFRICA. By CAPTAIN C. H. STIGAND. Introduction by Colonel Roosevelt. Illustrated. Dramatic hunt- ing experiences graphically told. $2.50 net. ECONOMICS THE PURCHASING POWER OF MONEY. By IRVING FISHER (Yale Univ.). A new revised edition of this eminent author's standard work on the high cost of living. $2.25 net. MARKETS FOR THE PEOPLE. By J. W. SULLIVAN. An expert's discussion to reduce the cost of liv- ing for consumers. $1.50 net. AMERICAN RAILROAD ECONOMICS. By A. M. SAKOLSKI, Ph. D. (N. Y. Univ.). A textbook for investors and students analyzing railroads as business enterprises. $1.25 net. INSURANCE AND THE STATE. By W. F. GEP- HART, Ph.D. (Wash. Univ.). A comprehensive view of the relation of insurance to the body politic. $1.25 net. SCIENCE ASTRONOMY: A Popular Hand Book. By HAR- OLD JACOBY (Columbia Univ.). Illustrated. A work especially adapted to the requirements of the general reader. $2.50 net. THE MEANING OF EVOLUTION. By SAMUEL C. SCHMUCKER, Ph.D. Illustrated. "The most readable, Just and accurate account of the essen- tials of evolutionary science." $1.25 net. Published at 64-66 5th Ave., N. Y. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY On sale at All Bookstores

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The Nation M •If yin:K. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1Q13. The Week It is with regret that supporters of the Wilson Administration who believe, with the Nation, that the waste of the people's money for battleships is inde- fensible, will read that the Administra- tion appears about committed to a iiip programme. If the President really consents to this he will go counter to the opinion of his party as expressed in the last Congress, by which the money waste was held down to one battleship; and he will go the Taft Administration one better. Its ap- peal was for only two ships, and yet it represented the jingo and imperialistic forces in the country. If the Demo- crats now abandon their historic policy of a small armament, on Mr. Wilson's advice, they should at least give to the country clear and specific reasons why some forty millions of dollars should be taken for this purpose. There is no real cloud in sight on the horizon of our foreign politics, unless it be the Mex- ican imbroglio, and for any such emer- gency we now have battleships enough. For us to plunge ahead at the rate of three ships a year will be further to alarm South America and stir up sus- picion and anxiety across both the oceans. of the country is taking on the subject To its protest, and that of a few indi- vidual workers, must be ascribed the success thus far attained in resisting the scheme of spoliation. The Senate's postponement of the Hetch Hetchy park question to the regu- lar session of Congress is so much to the good; but it will be very little to the good unless the opponents of the scheme make use of the interval in the most energetic and effective manner possible. One thing that would be extremely help- ful is the preparation of a thorough- going report on the subject by some ex- pert or experts of acknowledged auttior- ity on the question of landscape beauty as well as of water-supply. This would require money, and the money would have to be raised quickly; but the amount would be trifling in comparison with the object at stake, and an instant appeal in the right quarters ought to be immediately successful. In the mean- while it is gratifying to note the em- phatic stand which the influential press In handsome spirit Mr. Taft has urg- ed support of the Wilson Administra- tion, and expressed his hope that there is no one who does not wish the present Government to succeed in benefiting all the people. "I don't mind," he is quot- ed as saying, "seeing Congress brought under a rule that carries through what that party promised." In other words, he finds no fault with Mr. Wilson's per- sonal efforts to induce the Democrats in Congress to live up to their pledges. Those alarmed at Mr. Wilson's holding Congress up to its tasks are, we think, chiefly concerned lest the President should fail to take competent advice. Thus the bankers feel that because of the President's desire to keep his Adminis- tration free from any Wall Street alli- ance, he fails to realize the value of their expert advice on the currency bill, and mistakenly feels that they are hostile to him and all his plans. So in other fields the anxiety is not lest he should act as party leader mapping out a programme, but, in the rush of the exhausting business of the White House, lest he should hear but one side of a problem. There is a tradition, too, that he failed to take counsel sufficiently at Princeton. On the other hand, it must be remembered that no President has consulted more freely with Senators and Congressmen than has Mr. Wilson, not- ably on the Mexican question. In Massachusetts the speeches of the gubernatorial candidates have called at- tention to a situation that has its paral- lel in New Jersey, and that throws an interesting light on the workings of the direct primaries in those States. It is what the Boston and Springfield press calls "the platform anarchy," and the New Jersey papers "the platform tan- gle." Each candidate ran for party nomination this summer on his own platform. When tho conventions met after the primaries, the platforms they laid down differed widely, in some cases, from those upon which the nominees had stood. The differences were percepti- ble in the cases of Mr. Fielder and Mr. Stokes, of New Jersey, but it is Con- gressman Gardner, of Massachusetts, who has taken the most decisive stand. He repudiates the Republican platform because it omits the four measures which he advocated, and he has given notice that he will not speak at party rallies unless he is permitted to defend them. Logically, exception can easily be taken to his attitude. So many Re- publicans may have been swayed by his personality, or by a portion of his political creed, that he can scarcely claim in his nomination an unqualified endorsement of his whole platform. The provision of the Massachusetts and New Jersey laws, moreover, that when a par- ty chooses its nominee it chooses also delegates who shall express its political faith, recognizes a party solidarity which Mr. Gardner's emphasis of his personal views opposes. Cocaine was so clearly the cause of a recent "race riot" at Harriston, Miss., as to lead to some frank editorial ut- terances in regard to it. Thus the Co- lumbia, S. C, State wonders why the "consistent and thoughtful (!) lyncher" does not in such a case think of lynch- ing also the person who sold the drug to the cocaine-crazed negro boys who killed the seven citizens of Harriston. The Memphis Commercial- Appeal also admits that the law 'against the sale of cocaine is a dead-letter; that its viola- tion is "one of the greatest curses of the Southland," and that it often is re- sponsible for a'"frenzied lunacy." It quotes a physician as declaring that there is enough cocaine sold in Memphis every day "to supply the legitimate use of physicians and surgeons for five years." The Mobile Register declares that the sale of cocaine to negroes is a crime against society as well as against the law. Unfortunately, the constant convictions in this city for the illegal sale of cocaine, show clearly that the evil is not confined to the South or to one race The whole question of the stopping of this traffic is of the utmost moment everywhere, for of late it has lining ground with startling ra- pidity.

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S4=S Tli e Natio 11 [Vol. 97, No. 2520 The Indian problem, in the opinion of those interested, is presenting phases that make it more critical than ever be- fore. "In the trail of graft," says a bul- letin announcing the annual Lake Mo- honk Conference, "has gone poverty, and with poverty has gone an increase in disease until the Indian possessed of the land rightfully his and unaffected with either tuberculosis or trachoma is, indeed, a fortunate individual." Whole- sale defrauding of the Indians in Okla- homa is to claim the attention of the Conference. During the last two years, the growing prominence of that State has brought to notice gigantic frauds that have been and still are perpetrated upon great numbers of Indian children and adults. Probate matters are invad- ed by the greedy white man, who influ- ences the appointment of guardians, and in hundreds of cases leaves unsuspecting children to arrive at maturity with lit- tle or none of the land and money that should have been theirs. Much of the process is disguised under the color of law. Local sentiment, in Oklahoma as in other places, inclines towards the de- frauder. The infinite variety of forms under which "graft" may appear has received fresh illustration at Dayton, O., where the State Accounting Bureau has been making an investigation. Nearly a hun- dred dollars, it discovers, was paid by the city for Sunday newspapers, which were enjoyed by the Mayor, the Solici- tor, the members of the Election Board, and other officials. It seems strange that public officers should grudge a few nickels for so well-recognized an instru- ment of instruction and culture as the Sunday newspaper, but satisfaction is not necessarily proportioned to expendi- ture. As Dayton's rulers waded through section after section of the bundles of printed matter which the newsboys left at their doors on Sunday morning, while their rooms gradually became a disordered sea of literature, they must have felt themselves to be grafters of the first order. "All these comic pictures, all these colored supplements," they must have whispered to themselves, "for the asking!" After that, over-charges for medical services, seventy dollars for a couple of gold badges, and retention of fees that belonged to the city, probably seemed moderation itself. The reprinting of Senator Tillman's cow cartoon in the Congressional Record reminds us how much the world has lost by the conservatism of Government printing offices. What the Senator from South Carolina said eighteen years ago about Wall Street and the Supreme Court may have become dim in the pub- lic mind, but a glance at the cow, feed- ing on the farms of the South and West, but giving her golden milk to the East, should be enough to arouse a free peo- ple to its duty. What a pity it was that the prosecutors of Warren Hastings did not have the ingenuity to publish the drawing of a cow, feeding on the prin- cipalities of India, and pouring all of the milk into Hastings's desk in Calcut- ta. Or if Sir Robert Peel, instead of listening to Disraeli's excoriation, had sent for a cartoonist, and when his foe had finished, had quietly asked the House of Commons for leave to print in Hansard the drawing which he held in his hand — would not Dizzy's fate have been sealed then and there? Not even the tragedy of the Titanic surpassed in dramatic quality the end of the Volturno. At least, there was never before on the ocean such a scene as that of Thursday night — a great steamer burning helplessly in a gale, which prevented the safe launching of lifeboats, with ten or eleven ocean lin- ers rolling in the high seas near by in the hope that the gale might abate in time to save some of the hundreds of lives menaced by the waves and by fire. There was no hanging back this time by possible rescuers, and a Cunarder was again in the lead in bringing aid and comfort. Evidently, the Carmania was handled with rare skill, and for all the ships, the night spent in such close prox- imity in so great a gale must have been one to try the souls of those who stood on the bridges. Finally, about the hap- piest man in the world to-day should be Marconi. To make a wonderful, epoch- creating scientific discovery is one thing; to behold it put into practical operation is another, but to live to see the almost weekly saving of lives by it, with the totals running into the thou- sands— that must make a man feci sin- gularly favored of fortune. Like undergraduate, like people. The senior class of Cornell has voted upon the question of serving liquors at its class functions, and the result is a drawn battle between the "wets" and the "drys." Liquors will be permitted on the boat ride and on "senior nights," but not at the banquet or any other af- fairs except the two named. Could there be a more faithful reflection of the ac- tion of the parents and friends of these students? One year ten Massachusetts towns go "wet." The next, six of them go "dry." The third, four of these six go "wet" again. Tennessee passes a State prohibition law, and then its Gov- ernor has a fight to get supplementary legislation that will make the law en- forceable. Maine, too, after decades of ostensible prohibition, with the word written in her Constitution, is so evenly divided in an election on the subject that it requires days to ascertain what she thinks about it now. Fewer and better books — who would not say yes to this innovation? And when this proposal comes from a pub- lisher, as it recently has come, and not merely from a critic or philosopher, our hearts beat high with hope. Moreover, there is tact in the initial step suggest- ed. Parents are to be appealed to, not on their own account, but on that of their children. This should take well. No one wishes to be restricted in his own reading, but every one is unselfish enough to be willing to prescribe for others. And children are peculiarly sus- ceptible to such prescription. Their eld- ers are generally agreed that trash is not for immature minds. Youth is the time for association with Plato and Burke and Voltaire. When one becomes a man, one seeks out Hall Caine and Mrs. Barclay and Robert W. Chambers. Yet a cautious move is to be made in the direction of influencing the mature. Book exhibits are planned, showing the best books that have appeared during the preceding twelvemonth. But who is to decide what are the best books, and upon what principles is tho choice to be made? As to this we are not informed, but surely there can bo nothing better than a best-seller. To say anything else, every publisher will assure us, Is to question the intelligence of the reading public. Another terrible blow for the hard- headed expert this time In Mexico.

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Oct. 16, 1913J The ]NT a t i o 11 349 Those practical, well-informed, dispas- sionate "observers" of Mexican condi- tions, who criticised President Wilson's polity towards Huerta as one of childish sentimentality and mistaken ethics, in antagonism with the "facts," are now under the necessity of admitting the painfully insubstantial nature of their "facts." Repeatedly we have protested in these columns against the supersti- tion which confounds brutality with ef- ficiency. Because a successful dictator, like I'orfirio Diaz, must be ruthless in his policies, people embrace the converse of the proposition and assume that crime and violence are the proofs of efficient despotism. Because Huerta at- tained power through a succession of acts of revolting perfidy and outrage, very respectable people jumped at the conclusion that Huerta must be the heaven-sent man for Mexico. It would have been sentimental to look beneath the surface of things, to try to ascer- tain whether the democratic uprising that drove Diaz from power had really spent itself, or whether Madero's deatn did not altogether extinguish the spirit of resistance to despotism. But President Wilson did look beneath the surface. A pleasant time we should be having to-day with Huerta enjoying our offi- cial approval, playing the dictator, and, in spite of it, nearing his downfall. that in time it will lead to a resubmis- sion of the reciprocity question. The defeat of a Liberal candidate in a •Quebec bye-election last Saturday has naturally been taken as a victory by Canadian protectionists; but the renew- ed energy it has given to the Laurier campaign for lower tariff rates is wor- thy of the attention of Americans. The reduction of the tariff which the Liber- als advocate would directly affect the j>rice of foodstuffs across the border. Especial emphasis is laid upon the ne- cessity for the removal of the present duty upon wheat and flour; and if these are once placed on the Canadian free list, they can enter the United States free. It is upon the growing desire of the western provinces for free admis- sion of their products into the United States that Sir Wilfrid Laurier rests his confidence, as he faces the coming strug- gle. An issue of great interest for the United States, therefore, promises to be clearly fought out in the next few months. How important it may become is indicated in Sir Wilfrid's assertion No plainer intimation that the Asquith Government is willing to listen to rea- son on Home Rule could be given than in the words employed at Dundee by Winston Churchill. The declaration be- gan, as a matter of fact, with a reaf- firmation of the Government's resolve to enact a Home Rule bill establishing a separate Parliament and Executive for Ireland. But any changes within that scheme which Ulster might demand the Government is willing to consider. Whether it is prepared to go so far as to discuss the exclusion of Ulster from the operation of the bill, Mr. Churchill naturally did not say; this would be giving the Liberal case away at the be- ginning. What he did hint at was that time would allay the fears of the Ulster men regarding the attitude of a Dublin Parliament towards the Protestants of the North. Mr. Churchill pointed out that the Irish Parliament cannot begin functioning yet for two years. Before that happens there will be a general elec- tion in the United Kingdom. If the Lib- erals are beaten, their opponents can re- peal Home Rule if they like. If the Liberals win, Ulster must be prepared to yield. But with two years to talk reason in, why all the fulminating about armed resistance? The report that the British Miners' Federation has urged its leaders to "ap- proach the executives of other large trade unions with a view to cooperative action in support of each other's de- mands" follows on the proposal among employers for a Defence Union, with a guarantee fund of $250,000,000. This, however, came to little. Yet the plan to amalgamate unions may be partly in- tended as a response to the scheme of the employers. British railway workers of all grades have combined in one body, as have British post office employees. The recent Dublin transport workers strike is illustrative of the ill feeling generated when a local dispute involves outer zones of federated laborers or em- ployers. The logical results of this ex- tension of cooperative action, on either side, have often been pointed out. The purpose of the strike, the settlement of a definitely drawn issue, is lost sight of. Good and bad employees suffer alike, though none suffer so much as the un- offending public. It is in the partial, not the general strike, in the words of the Edinburgh Review, that "the public con- tinues to be served, while the recalci- trant employer sees his business divert- ed to his rival." Prince Katsura, who died on Friday of last week, will be mourned by most of his countrymen with conflicting emo- tions. To the Conservative Cabinet which he headed belongs the credit of the Russian war, and of Japan's great- est diplomatic victory — the treaty with England in 1902 and its renewal in 1905. Distinguished by patriotism and ability, Katsura's career in that period links him with the generals and sea cap- tains who brought Japan into the front rank of the Powers. But the submerg- ence of his party in the rising wave of Constitutionalism, and the revolt against military burdens, showed that his meth- ods had become obsolete. The mass meetings and riots of recent days de- feated the attempt to restore him to power, and left no doubt as to the popu- lar attitude towards his principles. Within the space of a few days, China has seen one troubling question after another disposed of, and the way made clear for an epoch of national appease- ment and reconstruction. A President of the Republic has been chosen in the person of Yuan Shi-Kai, whose election was foreseen, but against whom a strong feeling of opposition nevertheless mani- fested itself. That is one uncertainty removed. The new President signalizes the beginning of his term with the sup- pression of a formidable uprising in the south; so that in the country at large, as in Parliament, he will henceforth work with a free hand. The Japanese crisis has been surmounted. Finally, the ghost of the famous six-Power loan has been laid, and the reorganization of China's finances can be taken up, per- haps under no yery bright auspices, but freed at least from this particularly sub- tle bit of international wire-pulling which has for years confused the entire situation. Having thus vindicated its authority against domestic sedition, and foreign intrigue and intimidation, the Government of Yuan Shi-Kai bids fair to enjoy something of a respite in which to show just what it can do.

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350 T lie Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2520 WILSON AND THE PHILIPPINES. Governor-General Harrison's address oa assuming offiee at Manila has, so far as we have observed, met with little censure on the score of its being in any way revolutionary. On the contrary, a lumber of newspapers that are uphold- ers of the Republican party's policy and record in relation to the Philippines have found fault with that declaration of the present Administration's attitude on quite the opposite ground. After all the fuss the Democrats made over im- perialism, they say, when the party was out of power, all that the emissary of a Democratic President can do, when he makes a solemn announcement of the Administration's position, is just to re- peat what Republican Presidents and their representatives have been saying these many years past. "Ultimate in- dependence" is what President McKin- ley — after his first unfortunate break about "benevolent assimilation" — and President Roosevelt and President Taft have all been pointing towards; and "ul- timate independence" is all that Mr. Harrison promises in the name of Presi- dent Wilson. It is true that he lays stress on the element of time; but, af- ter all, an end towards which "we hope to move," and that not at a specified rate but "as rapidly as the safety and the permanent interests of tbe islands will permit," is an end the realization of which can be put off to the Greek Kalends if we choose. So that, if there were nothing in the matter but these words spoken by Mr. Harrison on be- half of the President, those critics would not be far wrong who pooh-pool) the Governor-General's announcement as little more than empty sound. Some voices, however, have been rais- ed in angry denunciation of that same announcement as an assumption of un- constitutional power. The Tribune ol New York came out with an editorial under the head, "By What Authority Could our Sovereignty of the Philip- pines be Renounced?" The Governor General, it declared, "stands sell-convict- ed of one of two things. Either he seeks to arrogate to himself or to the Presi- dent authority which is vested exclu- sively in Congress, or he is making promises to the Filipinos which he knows he has no right to make and which he: knows aeil bi 1 he nor the President has any power to fulfil." The Chicago Inter Ocean takes an even more tragical view of the matter. "All thinking Americans," it says, "must necessarily inquire by what authority Woodrow Wilson, the 42 per cent, plural- ity President, thus assumes to dispose of thousands of square miles of the nation- al domain — of lands which the American people have added to their dominions with the expenditure of their treasure and with the blood of their sons!" And even this does not suffice. The crime which the President has prospectively committed is not only an alienation of blood-bought dominions; it is to be class- ed with disruption of the Union itself: Fifty years ago we were fighting the greatest war in history to prevent a por- tion of our national dominions from becom- ing "independent" of the rest. We spent billions of money and sacrificed a million lives to stop "secession" — to stop exactly what Woodrow Wilson, through his ap- pointee, now promises to foster in the Philippines. When a position is assailed by oppo- nents who look at it from the same point of view, and yet find fault for diametrically opposite reasons, there is fair ground for suspecting that there is something wrong about both criticisms. What that is in this case there is no great difficulty in pointing out. Those who complain that the promise of "ulti- mate independence" at some unnamed time in the future is only what Repub- lican Administrations have been hold- ing out, overlook the fact that in such a matter the spirit behind the promise is everything. All the world knows that Mr. Wilson and the Democratic party really wish to promote in every possible way the fulfilment of that promise, while the world knew nothing of the kind, and believed nothing of the kind, in regard to the Republican Administrations. On the other hand, those who talk of Gov. Harrison's address as meaning either cession or secession overlook the fact that the greatest care was taken to pre- vent the announcement from being capa- ble of any such interpretation. Not to speak of the guarded language we have already quoted, there was more than one ion in what Mr. Harrison person- ally added to the words of his instruc- tions that si.'i vi (1 to emphasize the t< 11 tative 1 I of the Administration's "I remind you," he said, "that we are for tbe present responsible before the world for your welfare and progress, Until your Independence It complete we shall demand unremitting recognition of our sovereignty." The whole address was as distinctly marked by caution and conservatism as by a sincere and energetic purpose to move towards Philippine independence. The truth is that, while the Wilson- Harrison announcement marks out no new path, it does constitute a notable landmark upon the path we have been pursuing, with more or less steadiness, these fifteen years. A backward glance over that journey furnishes matter for much gratification. The attitude that v\as dominant in the earliest days of our venture into imperialism has al- most wholly disappeared. Such a view as that expressed by the Inter Ocean is to-day interesting only as a curiosity. The little band of aggressive anti-im- perialists have been the subject of much ridicule; but their doctrine, though it did not prevail, has profoundly influ- enced the national temper. Little by little, the idea of "dominion," however qualified by benevolent purpose, has fad- ed out, and the benevolent purpose alone has remained as the avowed object of the nation. "Benevolent assimilation" very soon took its place as a notion odious to the American people, a phrase to be forgotten as completely as possi- ble. The principles of the Declaration of Independence, lightly flouted in the hrst flush of conquest, gradually resum- ed their rightful place in the thought of the nation. The idea that the flag must "stay put" in the Philippines as a matter of national honor has given way to the conviction that the highest honor the nation can acquire there is that of having vindicated its good name by relinquishment of our dominion when its professed purpose had been accom- plished. It may be said, almost literal- ly, that every year since 1899 has seen an advance along this path. BLOOD ACCUSATION. The trial at Kiev, the ancient relig- ious capital of Russia, of the .Jewish workingman, Mendel Beiliss, on the charge of murdering a young Christian boy in connection with the' celebration of the' Jewish Passover, bids fair to run the same course as the must famous blood-ritual trial of modern time's, that of Tlsza-Qszlar in Hungary tbirty-one Except in one Important tea ture. At Tisza-Es/.lar tbe court was In

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Oct. 16, 1913J rl^ li e JS" ation 351 session for six weeks before the mon- strous conspiracy was exposed with such dramatic completeness that the public- prosecutor was compelled to withdraw from the case. At Kiev the trial is hardly under way, and already its col- lapse is regarded as imminent, notwith- standing the furious onslaught on the Judicial authorities by the leading anti- Semitic organ of that city. In that ex- traordinary document there is no at- tempt to mince words. The authorities are excoriated for their failure in the conduct of what turns out to be, not the trial of an individual for murder, but a campaign having for its object the fix- ing of a hideous charge upon the Jew- ish people) with immediate results in the shape of pogrom and massacre, and permanent results in the continuation and strengthening of the policy of in- human oppression under which the Jews labor to-day in "constitutional" Russia. The methods of judicial procedure that obtain on the Continent generally were favorable to the designs of the "Black Hundred." The elaborate magis- trate's examination is in reality a trial before the real trial, at least so far as the public is concerned. It was during such preliminary proceedings, when the accused enjoys few of the guarantees of justice which even the Russian Govern- ment accords to the defendant in open court, that the fomenters of race-hatred had their opportunity. Their evil ac- cusations were cast abroad without be- ing subjected to the test of cross-exam- ination. It was before the actual trial occurred that the anti-Semitic leaders expected to reap the first fruits of their campaign. If the passions of the Rus- sian mob could not be stirred before the convening of the court, there was small chance that the desired result would be attained when the taking and testing of testimony began and the fabric of vi- cious falsehood was exposed. For more than two years Mendel Beiliss has been in prison awaiting trial. If no anti-Jewish uprising occurred in that time, the "Black Hundred" was bound to recognize that the game was up. The indictment as presented in open court at Kiev makes interesting read- ing; especially to lawyers, we imagine. Instead of trying to show that there had been a murder, that the accused Beiliss was the murderer, and that his motives •were religious, the document sets out to demonstrate the existence of a blood ritual among the Jews. In support of its contention it can rally the authority of a professor of mental pathology at Kiev University and a Catholic priest. The indictment admits that two other experts to whom the question was re- ferred declared against the existence of such a ritual. So weak is the Gov- ernment's own case Dy confession, it can hardly be necessary to enter here into a detailed resume of the overwhelming mass of testimony that has been gath- ered in the course of centuries to dis- prove the existence of any basis for this accusation. Christian scholars and ec- clesiastics have been at pains to refute this slander against a whole people. The two most convincing presentations of the subject are by a German Catholic priest, F. Frank, who published "Der Ritualmord" some ten years ago, and by a Lutheran clergyman and scholar, Her- man L. Strack, professor of theology at Berlin University. The latter enumer- ates a long list of Papal bulls, from In- nocent IV in the thirteenth century to Clement XIII in the eighteenth century, denouncing the blood accusation against the Jews as false and malicious. But, unfortunately, such appeals to reason are addressed to men of enlightenment and education who are in no need of be- ing convinced. The Russian peasant to- day, like the Hungarian peasant of thir- ty years ago, does not come into touch with the writings of Berlin professors. And so in Russia to-day the procedure of the accusers is the same as in Hun- gary thirty years ago. The case has its rise in political and racial animos- ity. It aims to rouse the passions of the crowd; and when it is forced to run the gantlet of judicial examination, it col- lapses. At Tisza-Eszlar the principal witness for the prosecution was the fourteen-year-old son of one of the de- fendants. He was frightened into sub- mission and coached for his role by the police. His cross-examination brought out the truth. At Kiev the principal wit- ness for the prosecution is a little girl of nine, who pretends to have received her information of the crime from her sister and her brother, both of whom have been dead these two years. The brother was seven at the time of the alleged murder. No wonder that the leaders of the True Russians are furious with the Prosecuting Attorney, or that in exalted quarters at St. Petersburg, where interest in the case has been dis- played, it has been recognized for some time that the accusation of ritual mur- der ought to be dropped and an attempt made to convict Beiliss as an ordinary assassin. The disappointment of the leaders of the "Black Hundred" with the show- ing made by the judicial and police au- thorities at Kiev must be all the more poignant because in that city, if any- where in Russia, the police might be ex- pected to prove itself efficient. A little more than two years ago Prime Minis- ter Stolypin was assassinated at Kiev in the presence of the Czar. The part played by the police authorities on that occasion has remained one of those sub- jects which in Russia are investigated and allowed to disappear from public notice. After the removal of a Prime Minister, the manufacture of a ritual murder case ought to have been a sim- ple task. The editor of the anti-Semitic Kievlianin is justified in charging gross incompetence. THE BILLBOARD PLAGUE. A report of first-rate importance is that made by the Billboard Advertising Commission of New York appointed by Mayor Gaynor last December. It is the result of painstaking inquiry and of competent thought. It gives a vivid idea of the nature and extent of the evils which this city (and others scarcely less) suffers through the extravagant and unprecedented growth of advertis- ing out of doors in many offensive forms, it points out what may be done under ex- isting laws to prohibit the most obnox- ious of these nuisances, it recommends measures for regulating what is not pro- hibited, and it does not hesitate to urge the adoption of a Constitutional amend- ment giving the public authorities pow- ers of control in this domain the pos- session of which, under existing judi- cial interpretations, is either non-exis- tent or doubtful. And in our judgment, neither this proposal, nor the view tak- en by the Commission of the high pub- lic importance of the whole matter, goo a whit beyond what the facts warrant It ought to require no circumstantial report to bring home to us the fact that the disfigurement of our cities b mous advertising signs of all sorts has gone to an intolerable length. The sta-

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852 Tli e ]N" u t i o 11 [Vol. 97, No. 2520 tistical and other data concerning the matter which the Commission gives, we cannot attempt to reproduce; but there is one aspect of this defacement of the city which the present report brings out in a way that is particularly im- pressive. We refer to the injury done to those places in whose beauty — not to say in whose decent appearance — the people of the city have a peculiar inter- est. The recommendation placed first in the list of seventeen made by the Com- mission is as follows: Wo recommend the prohibition of all out- door advertising structures (but not shop signs, advertisements in vehicles, and the like) on or in the immediate neighborhood of parks, squares, public buildings, boule- vards and streets of exceptional character, n;id in other places of special beauty or sentiment, as wholly incongruous with and detrimental to the locality. This is to in- clude the case where an advertising struc- ture obstructs a fine view. As a means to that end, we recommend a constitutional amendment, covering broadly the whole question of aesthetics as a legiti- mate basis for regulation by statute or or- dinance. Meanwhile every billboard on any city park should instantly be removed by the Park Commissioner having jurisdiction. By photographic illustrations, as well as by the printed word, the hideous de- facement of the borders of New York's beautiful parks at scores of conspic- uous points is brought home. The pic- ture showing Riverside Drive and One Hundred and Nineteenth Street, with Grant's Tomb in the near distance, is particularly striking and particularly shocking. Another presents the rear of an enormous advertising sign on River- side Drive, with the litter and rubbish accumulated behind it. The way in which the borders of Central Park and of Prospect Park are disfigured is like- wise exhibited. And one picture shows how into the superb view of the Hud- son along the big viaduct there is thrust a gigantic advertising structure which the eye cannot escape and which goes far to nullify the benefit of that great and expensive structure as an ele- ment in the city's beauty. But this is only one aspect of the mat- ter. The business 01 out-of-doors adver- tising has, as the Commission says, "grown with startling rapidity to enor- mous proportions; and, aided by elec- trical and mechanical discoveries and lnv a vi::it 111' ki.k to G-ri| bj I Iti tlon — Bad wheri ■■ 1 !' bap] ' so poj 1 ' Mot, I"' it understood, thai hi

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Oct. [6, 1913] T lie Nation 353 back there if he could. But Riley sings of that longing for the simple life which we all deceive ourselves occasionally into thinking that we feel. In producing this effect, his employ- ment of dialect is an important factor. It may weary the cultivated ear, but it is music to those who would have scorn- ed anything better when they were al- ternating going to school with "playing hook Up and down old Brandywine, In the days 'at's past and gone— With a dad-burn hook-and-line And a saplin'-pole — I swawn! I've had more fun, to the square inch, than over anywhere! iven to come can't discount mine Up and down old Brandywine! He does not hesitate to put the old times above the present: I' b'en a-kindo "musin'," as the feller says, and I'm 'Bout o' the conclusion that they hain't no better time, ou come to cipher on it, than the times we ust to know When we swore our first "dog-gonc-it" sorto' solum-like and low. In addition, he touches the gentler vices with a kind of glory: Tell you what I like the best — 'Long about knee-deep in June, 'Bout the time strawberries melts On the vine — some afternoon Like to jes' git out and rest And not work at nothin' else! March ain't never nothin' new!— Aprile's altogether too Brash fer me! and .May— I jes' 'Bominate its promises, — Little hints of sunshine and Green around the timber-land — A few blossoms, and a few Chip-birds, and a sprout er two — Drap asleep, and it turns in 'Fore daylight and nitons ag'in! But when June comes— Clear my th'oat With wild honey!— Rench my hair In the dew! and hold my coat! Whoop out loud and th'o my hat! — June wants me, and I'm to spare! Spread them shadders anywhere, I'll git down and waller there, And obleeged to you at that! An important part of Riley's popular- ity is due to his verse for children, thousands of whom have had delicious shudders at some elder's repetition of the uncanny tale that ends with the warning: "An' the gobble-uns '11 git you, if you don't watch out!" Ephemeral as most of this is, verse for which children care is so infrequent that any new ex- amples are sure of a '.velcome. Riley's limitations are too evident to need stat- ing. There is, it must be confessed, not much depth of earth beneath his poetic J flowers. Yet for a large number of peo- ple in various sections of this country, the coming of autumn suggests nothing so much as the time When the frost is on the punkin and the fodder's in the shock. ALL COTTON MATHER'S FAULT. In a great many affairs that go wrong to-day the social-minded detectives do not say, Chcrchez la femme; they say, Look for the Puritan ancestor. That dour figure in sugar-loaf hat and buff jerkin and es, striding on his way to meeting- house with his flintlock and his Bible, is ible for an extraordinary number of things that now afflict us. He stands in the way of a minimum wage, of Sunday base- ball, of the uplifting of the stage, of the speedy solution of the white-slave pro- blem, the divorce problem, the saloon pro- blem, the eugenics problem, the 1 A. M.- lobster-palace problem, and a good many other problems which the theatrical man- agers on Broadway and elsewhere are ach- ing to solve, but are not allowed to solve. The Cavaliers despised the Puritan an- cestor because he spoke through his nose. But that was a minor fault. The real sin is that he refused to speak at all. He is the original patentee of the conspiracy of silence to which all our ills are due, as contrasted with the happy nations of the Continent where there is no conspiracy of silence on all these fascinating topics, and consequently these problems do not exist. The Puritan exalted salvation at the ex- pense of conversation, thus failing to per- ceive that the latter is the indispensable condition for the former. If he had not been so afraid of calling a spade a spade, we should now have a flourishing literature and drama and art, and we should have done away with the social evil, even as conversational peoples like the French and the Germans have done away with it. Considering that the. truth alone can be the basis of true progress and civiliza- tion, it is astonishing how many things that whining, hypocritical Puritan ances- tor accomplished in his day. In his origi- nal home in England he had not been going many years before he cut off the head of a king, sent another king packing about his business, and in other ways pursued a pol- icy of "direct action" that should appeal enormously to W. D. Haywood. Crossing the Atlantic, he helped to lay the founda- tions of an empire. For a man who hated to call a spade a spade, it is remarkable how well he could use that familiar agri- cultural implement. He used it to dig up the ungrateful soil of a rock-bound, frost- bitten commonwealth. Later he shouldered his spade, and, still speaking through his nose but for the most part faithful to his conspiracy of silence, he dug up the more grateful soil of the Mississippi Valley and tern prairies and the Pacific river valleys, with occasional deviations to the pick-axe when he struck the ore-bearing lands of Colorado and the Sierras. He did not lose the early habit of carrying bis flintlock into the field. He used it in Kan- sas, and five years later he was carrying it over a thousand miles of battlefield. In his own hypocritical way, he called it a fight for free institutions against slavery. When the war was over, he went back to farming and railway-building, persistent in his church-going habits and the traditional conspiracy of silence. We are forced to the conclusion that the Puritan ancestor fared better than he de- served and builded better than he knew. Else how can we explain the surprising fact that, in spite of his aversion to dis- cussing sex-phenomena and sex-rights, he created a form of society in which woman attained a prestige, a freedom of action, and a scope of opportunity such as she had not known in previous ages? Let others explain how the Puritan ancestor, labor- ing under the handicap of atrophied con- versational powers, ignorant of the works of Ellen Key and Olive Schreiner, succeed- ed in working out a theory that it is man's function to labor and provide, and woman's function to expand and enjoy. The task, is too difficult for the present writer. Nor can he explain this other startling fact, that without any knowledge that this is the century of the Child, without explicit rec- ognition of the sacred duty he owed to the future of the race as embodied in the Child, the Puritan ancestor, wherever he went, built his schoolhouse and his meeting house simultaneously; and after the school- house he erected high schools, and after the high schools he created universities, and stinted himself in order that his chil- dren might go to these universities and might have more money to spend than was good for them. From his English home the Puritan an- cestor brought over the love of out-of- doors life. It is true that for many years he was inclined to look upon play as the proper occupation of Cavaliers and the in- vention of the devil. But the passion was bred in the Anglo-Saxon bone, and would out. After a while his young began to play as they used to do in Merrie England be- fore the Reformation; and they have con- tinued to play ever since — football, base- ball, and what not, on earth, in the w-ater, and latterly in the air. This again has been detrimental to the development of an art of conversation. Somehow it has re- mained the habit for the Puritan ances- tor's adolescent son to go out on a muddy field and tackle hard the son of another Puritan ancestor, rather than give his mind to the politics of the salon and the boudoir. Probably this is hypocrisy. We have it on the very best modern authority that the sole preoccupation of young man- hood and young womanhood should be sex. Only, even if it be hypocrisy, one might argue that a hypocritical mask that has been worn for several hundred years tends to take on something of reality. However, here we are with a tongue-tied, hoydenlah young generation that yields but slowly to the missionary efforts of the sex-obsessed. We are still enmeshed in a conspiracy of silence. It must be that the Puritan ancestor is responsible for all this. For see how Wil- liam Lloyd Garrison clung to the con- spiracy of silence; and recall how Wendell Phillips used to speak through his nose.

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354 The Nation [Vol. 97, No.' 2520 SAINT VENUS AND THE CANTER- BUR? PILGRIMS. Many a reader of "The Canterbury Tales" has doubtless paused midway in that lively sketch of the Wife of Bath in the general Prologue (A 455-476) and asked: "Why docs Chaucer make of the 'worthy woman' a pilgrim to many shrines and a far wanderer?" And the Questioner has naturally found his an- swer in tlic Wife's words in her own Prologue (D 551-558), composed proba- bly at the same time as the "charac- ter": I hadde the bettre leyser for to pleye, And for to see, and eek for to be seye Of lusty folk ; what wiste I wher my grace Was shapen for to be or in what place? Therefore I made my visitaciouns, To vigilies and to processiouns, To preaching eek and to thise pilgrimages, To pleyes of miracles and mariages. Now, entire satisfaction with this ob- vious explanation exists only because a certain mediaeval superstition once wide- ly prevalent seems to have faded utter- ly from view. To any man of the Middle Ages with the least knowledge of astrology — and who lacked it then? — Venus was the reigning star of pilgrimages. "Sub ipso," writes of that planet Bartholo- mew the Englishman in his thirteenth- century encyclopaedia, "De Proprietati- bus Rerum" (VIII, 26), "continetur via et amor et amicitia et peregrinus." And the famous Elizabethan translation of this notable work, "Batman upon Bar- tholome" (1582), thus renders the com- plete passage, from which the Latin phrase is quoted: In man's body he [the planet, Venus] dis- poseth to faireness, volupt and lyking, in touch and feeling, in smell and taast and in song; and therefore he maketh singers, lovers of musicke and makers of confec- tions, of spicerie and spicers, goldsmithes and taylours to shape women's cloathing; as Misael sayth. And Ptolomeus sayeth that under Venus be these signes, Libra and Taurus and be his houses and bee reigneth in Piscibus, and in Virgine his kingdome faileth and passeth. Under him is contained love, friendship and pilgrim- ages; and he betokeneth winning, joye and blisse. Roger Bacon, in his commentary on the "Secretum Secretorum," cited by Bridges in his edition of the "Opus Majus" (I 403), notes that Venus, in conjunction with the Moon, is favorable to pilgrim ages. More picturesque evidence is of tered by the wonderful Florentine draw ings of Baccio Baldini (or are they Bot ticelli's own?) illustrating the influ ences of the planets. Here Venus, ac companied by the blind archer, Cupid sits in her dove-drawn car and domi nates richly clothed lovers, dancers players, feasters, and, in the middle dis tance, mounted travellers. Even as late as the time of Elizabeth, Christopher Heydon, worthy astrologer, notes that Venus, as slgnificator of journeys, prom- ises pleasure, profit, and safety. Chaucer, who so many times in his poems ("The Conipleynt of Mars," 173f.; 'The Knight's Tale," A 1904f.; "The Wife of Bath's Prologue," D 697f.; "The Squire's Tale," F 272f. ) displays a close acquaintance with the "influences" of Venus, was surely well aware of her domination of pilgrimages. Indeed, in- direct evidence of his knowledge of this is at hand. In the very passage of his favorite work, "The Romance of the Rose" (13725f.), which inspired through Eustace Deschamps's "Miroir de Mar- iage" ( so ^ largely used by Chaucer, as Professor Lowes has shown) the lines quoted from the Wife's Prologue, we are explicitly told that "at visitations, mar- riages, processions, plays, and feasts the god of Love and the goddess keep school and sing mass to their disciples." Hence, because the Wife of Bath "hadde the prente of Seynt Venus seel" and is "al Venerien," it is inevitable from the point of view of mediaeval author and reader that she should be a pilgrim. No wonder that Chaucer quotes with ap- proval the old saw that deemed worthy of hanging the man who "suffreth his wyf to go seken halwes" (D 657)! More- over, the "via," to which Bartholomew gives first place among the influences cf the planet, sheds full light upon the line: She coude muche of wandring by the weye. This domination of pilgrimages by Venus has, however, a far wider signifi- cance for the student of "The Canter- bury Tales" than the interpretation of a single trait of the Wife of Bath; for it immediately prompts the query whether the goddess is not sovereign over our English travellers throughout their four days' journey from the Ta- bard Inn to the cathedral city. This suggestion opens up many far-reaching vistas, which I shall follow later a perte de vuc, footing more slowly than is no.v possible. But the main road lies clear before us. Is not Chaucer as truly "the disciple" and poet of Venus in "The Can- terbury Tales" as in "The Legpposltes — is the light-of-love spirit of burls as the Miller and the Reeve. In their ribald stories, they reck little of chastity and marriage vows. But their indifference to the rights of hus- bands must, be recorded by the poet, else be will "falsen" some of his matter by so large an omission. It is noteworthy bat Chaucer declares bis lnt sent without gloss the ohurllBb point of latelj ait> r the M lller ln> B in his Prologue (A 8 1 10- 3166) tl Incidental* . . . Ie1 us remark the external resenv dance i I I be miller's « Ife In the Tale" to the Wife of Bath, whom Cham \ er to ba

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Oct. 16, 1913J The Nation 355 warded as the keystone of his narra- tive arch. 1 entary tale of the (_-00k , My Intended to move j on the lowest levels of illicit love. "It is a bawdy planet that will strike where 'ti ^ predominant." In the "Man of Law's Prologue," which in the 'tales of the Second 1 >aj . lion of our leitmotif fully vindicates the relevancy of the long enumeration of Chaucer's stories of lov- ers, which has hitherto seemed to the reader so unnecessary and intrusive. The poet intimates that sketches of martyrs are essential to the round- ness of his plan, but as these have al- ready been adequately portrayed in his ad of Good Women,'' which he calls, in due accord with his conception of Saint Venus, "The Seintes Legende of Cupyde," he may well omit them now. Xor will he Include In his scheme examples of Incestuous passion, though such "unkinde abhominaciouns" natur- ally occur to any one developing all phases of love — as indeed to Gower in his "Oonfessio Amantis." The Man of Law's story is of no martyr, but of a stately wife and mother, who rises su- perior to suffering and temptation and achieves in the end the high reward 01 her strength and loyalty by a happy re- union with her kingly husband. The antitype of Constance appears in the un- faithful wife of the "Shipman's Tale, who succumbs readily to the wiles of the monk and is cheated by sordid circum- stances into a compact with her cuckold. The juxtaposition of two such stories hardly seems fortuitous; and yet, as 1 khall show in another article, the tale of Constance, like its little Poverty Pro- logue, was primarily designed to illus- trate Envy, and was inserted here, ap- parently, as an afterthought. Despite the social training of the Prioress, and her brooch's amorous de- vice traditionally associated with Venus as in Baldini's drawing and with eartn- ly love as in Deschamps's ballad (yet possessing in Gower's frequent use a wider connotation), the religious lady's story of "the little clergeon" murdered by the Jews falls within the scope of Chaucer's general design only by its, in- sistence upon the power of virginity — a dominant theme in the tales of the Physician and the Second Nun, and in the Wife's Prologue. Chaucer's "Tale of Sir Thopas" parodies the stock mo- tives of conventional romance, the quest of elf-queens and lady's "love-drury," but his "Tale of Meliboeus" makes amends lor this flippancy by its grave exaltation of wifely counsels. It is significant that the discretion of Dame Prudence and her husband's full accord to her will which anticipates the chief motif of the Wife of Bath are immediately offso the Knight and the Squire, form our background bere; and the thesis of woman's sovereignty, suggested in the "Meliboeus" (B 2900, 3060), and decried in the stories of Monk and Nun's Priest (which should immediately precede her c.vn) is generously expanded and de- tended both in the Wife's Prologue (D 8l2f. ) and everywhere in her Tale. De- spite prevalent opinion, the Wife of Lath has, therefore, a very real connec- tion with the tales that come before. The term "Marriage Group" has been of signal service in Indicating the close relation in theme, treatment, manner of < omment, and borrowings between the Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale and the stories of the Clerk, Merchant, and Franklin. This connection our best American scholarship has recently put so far beyond question that it demands no discussion now. Yet the limitation of "Marriage Group" to four tales haa been most misleading, since such a de- notation ignores utterly not only the large use of preceding motlvei by the Wife, the Merchant's indebtedness to the "Tale of Meliboeus." the protracted debate on wifely counsels in Group B, but also the continuation of the mar- riage theme into the tales of the Sec-

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356 Tlie Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2520 ond Nun, the Manciple, and the Par- son. That the "Wife of Bath's Tale" il- lustrates Pride and is actually the first of a series of Deadly Sins stories will in- demonstrated elsewhere. Though the tales of the Friar and the Summoner are not stories of love, Chaucer indicates often, both directly and indirectly, their wantonness to wo- nun; and in the course of the "Summon- er'sTale" (D 1992-2093) he skilfully com- bines a brief discussion of the woman Question with the motif of Wrath. The "Squire's Tale" is a chivalric romance, with Venus reigning. Indeed, the episodi- cal Canon's Yeoman is the only one among all the story-telling pilgrims whose point of view on the problem of the sexes is unrevealed. Yet even here, as is suggested to me by Professor Lowes, whose scholarly support has been my mainstay in the preparation of this article, the Yeoman can find no higher parallel to the priest's glad absorption in the "sorry craft" of alchemy than a knight's chivalric service for his lady (G 1341f. ); and the good fellow's hint of the priest's relation to the wife (G 1012f. ) shows that he, too, could tell "another story." The Second Nun follows the prompt- ing of her lady, the Prioress (indeed, al- most word for word in one Dante-de- rived stanza), and the ample sugges- tion of the Franklin and the Physician in her apotheosis of virginity. Her glorification of Cecilia, the married celibate, is designedly antipodal to the Wife of Bath's hearty championship of cctogamy. Here truly are the saints' lives, at which that worldly lady scoff- ed! It is the "pured wheat-seed" against barley bread — the ascetic ideal against delights of the flesh. The seemingly ir- relevant stanzas on Idleness (Second Nun's Prologue) are explained by the deference to the theme of the Deadly Sins, which in these later Tales, as in Gower's "Confessio," mingles with the love theme. The "Manciple's Tale," an exemplum of Wrath, is a return to the cuckold motif of the earlier stories, but the woman's sin is now a theme for censure rather than for ribald mirth, and the relation of man and wife is gravely discussed. The increasing severity of tone, further apparent in the Manciple's long tirade against Wrath (Jl 2781'. ), reaches its culmina- tion in the Parson's lofty arraignment of the Seven Deadly Sins, with the chief stress upon Lechery, in the last of the Tales. "Avoutrie of wedded folk," injury to maidenhood, falseness to vows of celibacy — these and yet other phases of the deadly siu of "Luxury," so com- mon in our Tales, are first castigated and then remedied. We arc, then Quite prepared for Chaucer's full n tractation of those of "The Canterbury line." iii following such an outline as this, it must always be remembered that "The Canterbury Tales" is only a frag- ment, comprising not a fourth of Chau- cer's complete design. That the poet's revision and readjustment of his fault- ily massed and inadequately linked ma- terial would have brought the leading motif of love into an even stronger light, we can only conjecture. That the tales of the silent pilgrims would also have dealt with the woman ques- tion we have some reason to believe, since the poet's brief description of the rive burgesses is not deemed by him complete, until he has devoted several lines to the delight of their wives in the title of "madame" and in prece- dence at church — a trait shared with the Wife of Bath. If Chaucer nowhere in his Prologue explicitly indicates his controlling idea, the pervading purpose cf the poems must have become speed- ily clear to the mediaeval reader train- ed to the presence of a dominant motif in story-frames by such a famous series of tales as "The Seven Sages," with its ruling themes of the perfidy of women and the unwisdom of counsellors, by the groups of pointed stories in the popular books of exempla, or in mam- moth collections like the "Handlynge Synne," by the love "questions" and marriage-tales of Boccaccio's tapestries, the "Filocolo" and the "Ameto" (Tat- lock), and finally by Chaucer's own "Legend" (to say nothing of recent claims for "The House of Fame"). More- over, Chaucer's contemporaries could not have ignored, like us, the curious blending (as in Gower's "Confessio") of the motif of Love with that of the Seven Deadly Sins which I shall discuss in another place. In any case, they must have recognized the traditional domina- tion of pilgrimages^ by Venus, and her "influence" upon the season of this very journey, and, forgetting Thomas k Beck- et for the nonce, must have reverently bailed the goddess as the patron saint of the Canterbury road. Feedebick Turn i:. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. If you asked one of your book-loving friends if ho had a complete edition of "Guesses at Truth," he would probably re- ply by bringing forth with pardonal : one of the excellent issues of Macniillans. Certainly this h;is all the appearance of complet em 1 1 here 1 the reproducl Ion of i. of the two brothers, there is the dedication to Wordsworth, there are tin' a 1827 and 1838, and there 1 thi memoir signed with the initials of Dean Plumptre, and there Is the Index coi 1 your friend holds within bis hand the evidence which shows 1 aai he ha 1 noi the whole of 1 hi "1 1 u i Truth." looks at 1 be ad mi "i to the 1848 edition, which forms the preface to what is styled the second series, 1 .Miiins if;i n ■ ai ci 1 "i hi 1 hi bool tn the tti 1 place !, 1 win learn thai more than 1 hree foui 1 b cf the work is new. The revision was de- layed about ten years, and the "second series only goes down to the end of the original first volume." Julius Hare had been prevented by many seemingly more pressing duties from com- pleting his task, but he says, "As soon as I can get my hands free, I hope God willing to publish a second edition of the original second volume." This he was never able to do. From this it appears that no one has the complete collection of "Guesses at Truth" unless he possess, in addition to any modern copy, the first edition dated 1827. The revision was carried out in a drastic fashion, some articles were suppressed and others modified very extensively. The great- er part of the first volume was the work of Augustus Hare, and the articles were not marked by any initial. Those of Julius were marked "U," a few by Francis are marked "R," and those of Marcus by "A." Those marked by "a" are from the pen of Maria Hare. As the "Guesses" vary in length from seven or eight pages to an epigram of a single line, it is not easy to make really characteristic quotations, but a few of the shorter articles, omitted in all later issues, may be interesting: Men who feed on nothing but meat, con- tract a gross habit of body. Men who think of nothing but money, contract a gross habit of mind ; or usurers have been scan- dalously belied. There is only one thing which people can- not endure to hear. Falsehood?— O no, there is not much harm in that. Flattery?— The sweetest thing in the world; only pray don't oversugar it. Nonsense?— How could one get through one's time without it? Reason?— I have nothing to say for it. Life is the hyphen between matter and spirit. None ever appropriated like the Romans. They incorporated into their empire not only provinces, but gods. Who is fit to govern others? He who governs himself. You might as well have said: nobody. Poor Richard! all his geese are swans. Doubly poor Robert! all his swans are geei 8, Que doit on faire dans ce bas monde? On doit diner. 11 puis? Badiner. The life of the body is a perpetual meta- morphosis; the life of the soul is a per- i" 1 nal metempsychosis. Writing to Bernard Barton on June 8, 1838, Edward FitzGerald, a shrewd, though too often a whimsical, critic, says: "Guesses at Truth" I know very well; the two brothers are the Hares; one, Ju- lius, a fellow of Trinity College, Cam bridge; the other author of some sermons which I think you had from me this win- ter. "The Cue bcs" are well worth l-Dgi na3 Ingenious, with a ood di al of pedantry and onesldedm a (do I ou I w this Oi i-man word?), which, 1 chiefly c 11 from the Trinity , <i, , Julius, who was a greal pedant ■ Pi aant" was noi b bapp3 di Bcrlption, though it may be 01 oa! the over- flowing erudition of Julius was sometimes In, 0ni 1 nil ni both to author and to n adi 1 I i, »i ;n. 11 : . s al Truth" have held their 1 will long hai 1 place 1 for them on the inervei ol the real book- lover. 11 is curloui to And Vugu a plan ol villi

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Oct. 16, 1913J The Natio 11 357 sions for agricultural laborers, and It argued some courage for him to ask, "Is there any country in which polygamy is more frequent than in England?" at a time when his sacred Majesty George IV was still adorning the throne of England. Why should we not have a complete edi- tion of the "Guesses"? The first place should be occupied by a full appreciation of the brothers Hare, of whom Julius was the most notable. In addition to Plumptre's "Memoir" and Stanley's article in the Quarterly, there are now a good many do- mestic details supplied by the "Memorials of a Quiet Life" of Augustus Julius Charles who thus sketches a vignette of his uncle: j Sunday morning also my uncle never failed to come to Lime, that he might drive my mother to church, dis- cussing his sermon or the many parish interests, as they slowly ascended the hill on which the church stands, seeing the familiar figures of the well-known country people, the men in their smock-frocks, climbing the steep path above the , road, and reoelving their affectionate greetings. In the hilltop position of his church, my uncle never ceased to rejoice. Julius, as the translator of Schleier- macher, was equally remote from the Ro- manizing tendencies of his friend Man- ning as he was from the aridity and big- otry of the conventional evangelicals. He strove to breathe a new life into the Church of England. His articles in the British Mar/mine, including the vindica- tion of Coleridge, were scholarly and time- ly. His ample power of exposition was remarkably displayed in a note to the "Mission of the Comforter," which grew and grew until it filled 200 pages, and was afterwards printed as a vindication of Luther. William E. A. Axon. Can they not see that in trying to pro- cure a currency that will be at once elastic and stable they are seeking a manifest im- possibility; that they might as well seek for a perpetual motion, a hot cold, or a wet dry? Herbert L. Baker. Detroit, October ll. [Money is a medium of exchange as well as a standard of value, and it is the first-named function exclusively which banknote issues are designed to perform. When such notes are made re- deemable on demand in gold, and when their redemption, after the special re- quirements of exchange have been met, is insured by the provisions of their issue, gold is the standard of value as clearly as if there were no banknote cir- culation.— En. Nation.] Correspondence "AN ELASTIC CURRENCY." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: What has happened to the many sound-money men who in 1896 helped to consign Bryanism to the scrap-heap and are dow calling loudly for "an elastic cur- rency"? Have they seen a great light, or have they forgotten that currency is money (or, what is the same thing here, a substitute for money) ; that money is the standard of value, and that an elastic standard is a contradiction in terms — a vicious absurdity? Do they not know that the first essential of a standard of value is stability of value, and that stability and elasticity are mutually contradictory and can never co-exist in the same subject- that precisely to the extent that a cur- rency is elastic it is unstable, and precisely to the extent that it is stable it is non- elastic? If they reply that what they desire is elasticity, not of value, but of vol- ume, then do they not know that volume and value can never be dissociated ; that the value of the constituent units of any com- modity varies inversely with the volume, or supply, of that commodity; that, there- fore, an elastic volume of currency means an elastic currency-dollar, which is the same thing in principle as an elastic yard- stick or an clastic bushel, for the use of which men are sent to jail? A CONCORDANCE TO HORACE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Will you allow me through your columns to draw the attention of students of Latin to the following matter? During the early summer, with the as- sistance of several friends and students, I made a complete concordance to Horace, in which the quotations accompanying the words consist of the printed metrical lines, cut out of Vollmer's text, and pasted on slips, the method employed being much the same as the one I used in making my Concordance to Wordsworth. There has been virtually no transcription, and the work as it stands is necessarily very ac- curate. The question arises, Would these quo- tations serve the purpose, or would Latin scholars prefer some other form of ref- erence? I should be glad to receive sug- gestions by letter on a point which, as a student of English, I am not for the mo- ment prepared to decide; in fact, any counsel regarding the work would be wel- come, for I am eager to produce a better record of the language of Horace than such as are already in existence — the one, for example, in Zangmeister's edition of Bentley's Horace, where the typographical arrangement is very bad. If the metrical line makes a satisfactory quotation, my slips need only to be thrown into alpha- betical order, and the concordance will be ready for the printer. Lane Cooper. Ithaca, X. V., October G. young men, with rare exceptions, stumble through a year of such teaching as would never be endured in a good secondary school. They know the theory neither of composition nor of helpful criticism. In- evitably, of course, these novices win ex- perience; in their second year they may do fair work. Nevertheless, before even such gainful outcome ensues, hundreds of freshmen are sacrificed to standards of grading too low or (occasionally) too high; the lash of irony and sarcasm, borrowed by the tyros from the armories of their admired (and more tactful) professors at Harvard, Columbia, or Cornell, embitters scores of students against the entire de- partment of rhetoric; and, finally, the task of the hapless sophomore instructor is dou- bled and deepened, when the droves of victims reach him. Were there no remedy at hand, these evils might be tolerated. Fortunately, success- ful experienced teachers could be culled from even the wastes of our wretched sec- ondary schools; and many of these teach- ers, whom I have personally interviewed, would be glad to be culled — be it at finan- cial sacrifice. The barriers, then? They are two: the belief of the A.B. cum laiidc that he would be "wasting his ability" by gaining experience in a secondary school; and the octopus-like grasp upon our State university departments of Eng- lish and rhetoric by "bureaus of recom- mendation" in certain institutions of pres- tige. Middle West. Chicago, 111., October 7. TEACHERS OE ENGLISH. To the Editor ok Tiiio Nation: Sir: Amid the tempest of discussion con- cerning the teaching of composition in our universities, one salient fact s< have been overlooked. I refer to the in- creasing relegation of classes in freshman composition, particularly in State universi- ties, to the brains of A.B.s and A Ms, oic lands and uninitiated tourists on the continent of teaching. Re- sults are scarcely le. Without any experience, selected solely because of facility in composition or more often be- cause of ability in literature classes, do- nated with positions that State universities may have more graduate students, these Literature SOCIALISM AND LABOR. Marxism versus Socialism. By Vladimir G. Simkhovitch. New York: Henry Holt & Co. $1.50 net. The Larger Aspects of Socialism. By William English Walling. New York: The Macmillan Co. $1.50 net. American Syndicalism: The I. W. W. By John Graham Brooks. New York: The Macmillan Co. $1.50 net. Industrial Warfare: The Aims and claims of Capital and Labour. By Charles Watney and James A. Little. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $2 net. Professor Simkhovitch has no difficul- ty in establishing his thesis of the bank- tuptey of Marx's theory of "scientific" Socialism. Those who have kept in touch with the Socialistic literature of the past ten or fifteen years are fa- miliar with the extent of the destruc- tion wrought in the Marxian structure by the irresistible logic of hostile facts, and in "Marxism versus Socialism" irshalled in clear com- pact array so that he who run read. It is not in any spirit of belittle- i Professor Simkhovitch that the re ta that his book almost gives one the impres- sion of slaying the dead; fairer, per- haps, would it be to say that It, decent- ly and in order, Inters 1 The

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35S Tli e Natio 11 [Vol. 97, No. 2520 work, in any case, has been well done, and in a way was worth the doing, for while Marxian Socialism may be dead as a scientific theory, a great many wor- thy people arc still unaware of that fact - including, possibly, a large proportion of the "Intercollegiate" Socialist mem- bership, to whom ".Marxism versus So- cialism" may be recommended. "Every tendency," says Professor Sinikhovitch (and he handily proves what he says) "that Marx and Engels confided in has been checked, retarded, deflected, or reversed. Industry has not concentrated to any such extent as the fathers of scientific Socialism expected. Agriculture shows tendencies towards decentralization. The concentration of wealth and proletarization of the mid- dle class has proved a fable: the moder- ate incomes are steadily increasing in number. The idea of the growing mis- ery of the proletariat is abandoned in view of facts that prove the opposite; the class struggle, instead of increas- ing, is as a whole diminishing. Com- mercial crises that were to increase till they destroyed, like an earthquake, our whole industrial organization, are ad- mittedly abating their fury." Of course, this does not mean that Socialism or the Cooperative Common- wealth is impossible. But it does mean that Socialism is just as "Utopian" to- day as it was before Marx wrote and rescued it from that estate which seem- ed so low in his eyes and in the eyes of the generation which followed him. And, as Professor Simkhovitch says in his Introduction, "to-day the social movement throughout the world is in one sense but a quest for a new possi- ble meaning of the word Socialism." Pat to the reviewer's hand comes a shining proof of the truth of that state- ment in the shape of a new book by William English Walling— "The Larger Aspects of Socialism." The author has earned the right to a front-rank place among the American Socialist "int< llec- tuals" and his "Socialism As It Is" of two years ago was an interesting objec- tive study of the Socialist movemi in the world over. A clear-sighted observer, and a reporter honest with himself and the public, he there furnished abun- dant evidence of the great recent change in character of the Socialist movement frdm that which marked it in the days of Marx. Within its covers was con- tained most of the evidence that one could desire to prove the death of the Marxian hypothesis — as indeed the re- viewer then pointed out. Now he comes to exhibit to us the soul of tin n Socialism, which he calls "a new civiliz- ation that is gradually being embod- ied in a new social movement." In the "Larger Aspects of Socialism," whicti is, as he himself says, complementary to "Socialism As It Is," he pres us this soul, and he finds it not in any materialistic ll< gelianlsm, not in any mechanistic system of evolution, but in what he calls the "philosophy of mod- ern science," and this proves to be Pragmatism! Air. Walling's definitions of Socialism as he now understands the word are more eloquent than pages of explana- tion, and we must let him state his own case in his own way: It is customary for Socialist writers. In spite of these admitted facts, to define the Socialist movement as being mainly a class-struggle of working people against capitalists, and then proceed to qualify this definition. This procedure is not in ac- cord with the present methods of science which demand instead of a rigid definition with an unlimited number of qualifications a definition broad enough and loose enough so that it does not need to be qualified. From this standpoint perhaps the nearest we can come to a definition is to say that Socialism is a movement of the non-priv- ileged to overthrow the privileged in in- dustry and government. ... In other words, Socialism is a struggle of those who hare Jess against those who have more than canal opportunity would afford (p. 11). The conflict of Socialism with present so- ciety is not in reality a class struggle. It is rot a struggle between two social classes or even two groups of social classes. It is a class struggle only on one side. The rul- ing class or ruling classes are more or less unified; Socialism represents the op- position of all the rest of the population but not of a class. . . . There is only one class, the class that rules humanity and must Le conquered by humanity. . . . Both the phrases "class-struggle" and "class-con- sciousness" may legitimately be used to mean exactly the opposite of what the ma- jority of socialists intend them to mean (p. xiii). All that remains wholly unobjection- able of the older Socialistic formula- tions is the "economic interpretation," and that, too, must be construed in a ay. Because latter-day Prag matism — and particularly the system oil Professor Dewey— gives it a new meaning, Mr. Walling adopts this phi 10 ouphic system as being virtually Social ism itself. "Social truth is born iL oacial struggles. . . . This truth anc this alone is the essence of all Socialism, from Marx to modern Pragmatism." hi ntly, in place of the absolute- ly inevitable process of Inexorable lav which issues in the Cooperative Coir.- 1th as its necessary culmination — the "scientific" Marxian vie \ — Mr. Walling adopts the principle enunciated by .lohn A. Hobson, that "so far as the selection, valuation, and utilization ol naliths go Man is the Maker of the Universe." This he regards as 'tic principle which underlies both mud 1 n acience and philosophy and the moo. ern social movement, that is, Sonlai- ism." And Socialism "armed with tile | new philosophy will revolutionise all civilization and culture — as soon, thai is, as economic and social conditions permit the masses to realize and lo utilize the new science and the new philosophy." Doubtless, Mr. Walling would vigor- ously deny the charge that he was no better than a "Utopian" Socialist; and, on the ground that there is in his philosophy no fixed principle of jus- tice— or of anything else beyond the fixed principle that philosophy itself evolves — and in his ethics no "ought," he might possibly obtain a technical acquittal. But when he says that So- cialism "is evolving in the fullest sense of the word; that is, like every living thing it is taking on characters that could not have been predicted even by omniscience (sic), to say nothing of the merely human powers of foresight of its early formulators," he clearly pitches his tent very far away from the old Socialist encampment, and it is only vby straining the word "science" that he cannot connect it with his posi- tion. It is as an example of the tendency noted by Professor Simkhovitch that Mr. Walling's latest book is mainly im- portant. His naive discovery of Prag- matism ("a new name for old ways of thinking," as James called it!), and his enthusiastic acclamation of the "new science" and the "new philosophy," are accomplished with a gloriously dogmat- ic repudiation of all dogma, whether of science, art, or religion, and an au- thoritative rejection of all authority, which give his work a pleasant flavor of youth and freshness. One may, how- ever, wonder whether in his identifica- tion of Pragmatism with Socialism Mr. Walling represents a real advance-guard of Socialistic thought, or merely a small band of foragers poking around in the brush. To our thinking it is as a clear- sighted observer and honest chronicler of what he has seen rather than as a philosopher that Mr. Walling best serves the community, and one "Socialism As It Is" is worth a dozen of its immedi- ate successor. Despite his somewhat rhetorical tone, Mr. John Graham Brooks gives us in "American Syndicalism — The I. W. W." a readable, timely, and valuable ac- count of that movement towards "in- dustrial unionism" in the United States which has of late loomed so large in labor matters. Vast and varied as are the current misconceptions of the So- cialist movement in general, they are hardly greater than are the perplexities aroused in the lay mind by this latest disturber. "Like the sound of a bell in the night, the 'Industrial Workers of the World' strike an alarm note that 1 new ami strange to us as if some unknown enemy were at the gate. ISoth the purpose and the weapons used are alien ami uncanny to our thought." The most diieet way to an under- standing of syndicalism, whether at hum.- or abroad, is to understand its \A 1 Bi ooks points out that its

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Oct. 16, 1913] The Nation 359 chief forerunners were Owens's Grand Lodge, the [nternational, and theAmer- [can Knights of Lahor, but its true par- entage is through Marxian .Socialism. of which it is to-day the ultimate ortho- dox expression. Sorel was justified in his boast that he was a truer prophet of the Marxian faith than were the German Socialists, and, as Mr. Brooks points urn, the personnel of the syndi ealist ranks, the rank and file of the I. W. \V., more clearly represent the Marxian proletariat than does any other aggregation of humanity to-day. "The I. W. W. taps labor strata not only low- er than those of the trade union, but still lower than those from which So- cialism generally gets recruits." The fine distinctions and new constructions of the newer Socialism have neither meaning nor importance for these, and It is not surprising that the syndicalist movement finds itself at odds almost as much with modern Socialism as with the existing system Standing squarely on the platform that labor — and this means manual labor — produces all wealth, and that wealth belongs to its producer the syndicalist proposes by "direct action" — which excludes all "evo- lutionary" or political methods — to drive out the capitalist and take pos- session of all industries in the name ot the worker. What is to come after that operation has been performed has not been made very clear by the syndical- ist spokesmen, but it is reasonably clear that their point of view approximates more closely to that of the philosophic anarchist than that of the Socialist. So- ciety will ultimately consist mainly of j industrial groups which shall be au- tonomous in the fullest sense of that word. It is important to note that from the notion of "direct action" the syndicalist excludes nothing in the way of force or violence which may be ef- fective towards the desired end, and he is usually frank enough to admit this. But it is equally important to view the movement with sympathy sufficient to produce understanding of its springs of strength. Mr. Brooks's chapter on Some Duties of Our Own deserves care- ful reading, especially by those who are disposed to dismiss the whole business as the product of "agitation," "dema- gogy," and so on. It is not wholly rhetoric which speaks of the "crusade" spirit in the "I. W. W.," and it does not require much insight to see that, crude, wrongheaded, brutal as it may be in its methods and its professed aims, the movement expresses a real and an enduring aspiration on the part of a class now becoming for the first time conscious and articulate. Violent repression is not the only way in which to meet it — least of all repression which is lawless in its methods. Messrs. Watney and Little have writ- ten an interesting book, despite the fact that the "Industrial Warfare" of which they treat is confined to Great Britain. Notwithstanding its condensation, the information contained in its pages is arranged in readable fashion and is given in a pleasantly detached objec- tive style, free, so far as one can see, from personal prejudice and parti pris. The accounts of the organizations gov- erning the principal industries are pe- culiarly interesting, as are the descrip- tions of the recent great trade disputes. Apart from this the book is of inter- est as showing the great departure that has been made in England from the traditional policy of laissez-faire as a result of the coal-mining, railway, and transport strikes of the past few years, which culminated in the direct inter- vention of Government. On this point the authors say: The Government has always abstained from any direct intervention on the grounds both of policy and custom; of pol- icy because it has always held that stat- utory enactments are a bar to the free development of trade and a certain means of hampering the progressive development of the position of the individual worker; of custom because it has always been con- sidered that the commerce of this country, having been built up on an individualistic basis, should in fairness be judged on its extremely successful results. It has prob- ably also been greatly influenced in its attitude of abstention by the hostility of all the interests concerned. The employers certainly have never asked for legislation; the workmen may have asked for it, but they have often turned and rent the donor of the boon. . . . Probably these warnings would have deterred the Government from doing anything but for the fact that or- ganized Labor was very badly beaten in the transport strike of 1912, and for the additional circumstance that the community was getting restless at finding itself the invariable cock-shy of these organized groups of contestants for their own partic- I'lar interests. It has been said that no Government in this country ever moved ex- cept under the stress of public opinion, and it certainly was the case with the ministry of 1912 (pp. 235-6). The lines on which Government will probably proceed are based on the fact that both Labor and Capital are highly organized, and that the proper course to pursue is that of perfecting these or- ganizations, and driving them into practical trade agreements enforceable on either side. The craft-union is still dominant in Britain as compared with all other forms or theories of labor or- ganization, and neither syndicalism nor theoretical Socialism has left much mark on the labor situation as yet. Syn- diealism, however, has been more suc- cessful than have older forms of So- cialism, especially in the case of the low- er strata of labor. One reason for this is well expressed by Messrs. Watn Little in the following: The great defect of the artisan tempera- ment of the present day is its reluctance or rather its positive aversion to accept responsibility or even to run risks. This is an outcome of character, the result of hereditary training, and hence it may be that in time the worker will come to emu- late the middle class in its speculative ten- dencies and in its willingness to accept the shadow of the present for the substance of the future. No scheme, copartnership bonus or any other, is really welcome to the ordinary worker if it entails future risk or present sacrifice (pp. 250-1). This is true of the "British workman" more than of any other workman. But it is true also of the more "skilled" classes of workmen in every country as compared with the "unskilled" classes, and it may be seen in the United States to some extent. It is where there is little to lose that the ideal of syndical- ism finds most fruitful soil. CURRENT FICTION. Bendish: A Study in Prodigality. By Maurice Hewlett. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. In its inconclusive way a sequel to "Mrs. Lancelot," this narrative seems to promise yet another. Lord Bendish, the titular hero of the story, is the one person with whom we may be content to have finished. He bears somewhat the same relation to Byron as Gervase Poore in the story bears to Shelley, but is a good deal nearer caricature. The Byron- ic pose, the Byronic failings, are so en- hanced as to make Bendish merely contemptible and ridiculous, and Byron never was that. However, it may be that before we have done with him we shall see a Bendish ennobled by a final scene of the Missolonghi order. Poore is certainly worthy of further acquaint- ance. He is still the single-minded en- thusiast of "Mrs. Lancelot," but he has steadied and ripened, is more credible and more admirable. By defect of his virtues, he is capable of becoming, to a certain point, the tool and the dupe of Bendish: wakened and roused, he is a strong man pitted against a spoiled child. The opening chapter feints at a new heroine, but Rose Pierson, of Golder's' Green, is merely the ingenue. In the Myrtle Cottage of her aunt, Bendish has found sanctuary from London husbands and duns. Rose becomes a plaything, but is not destined to be numbered among his victims. Neither is Georgi- nna Poore (late Lain clot), though he takes more pains with her. Georgiana and her Gervase have remained Id Italy, after coming to their odd understanding ■ ith her husband and her Duke of Lancelot has duly divorced Her, and thereafter, dying disconsolate, lias left her his money. With Roger r, solicitor, sent by the old Duke to urge her acceptance of the bequest uid her return to England and himself, goes Lord Bendish seeking fresh ture. The lady will not have the money,

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360 The ISTation [Vol. 97, No. 2520 but acknowledges the Duke's claim upon her friendship and her pi a little at a loss, but magnan- imous, consents to return to England. Thereupon Bendish Incites Poore to the poem of Revolt, and while he is at it makes up to Georgiana. Contemptuous- ly dismissed hy her, he goes on his way, and revenges himself by pillorying her in "The Wanderer" ("Childe Har- old," of course) as the ruthless cause of his sorrows. This, rather than his later treachery with regard to Poore's "Vision of Revolt," leads to a duel be- tween the poets, in which Poore is wi led and Georgiana finally compel- led 10 leave Italy for her husband's side — and the Duke's. Of Bendish, we say, there seems nothing more worth learn- ing than these pages convey. Of the oddly linked three, Georgiana, Gervase, and the Duke, there may be much. The Destroyer: A Tale of International Intrigue. By Burton E. Stevenson. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. To those foreign peoples that have been suspecting their neighbors of in- triguing to obtain supremacy in one form or other, Mr. Stevenson's tale will doubtless bring the terror he designed for it. The American reader, not being so hysterical in such matters, will find it difficult to credit some of the infernal acts here recounted. Yet in seizing upon the blowing-up of La Liberte in Tou- lon harbor, which came at the time of Germany's activity in Morocco and fol- lowed close on the heels of the de- struction of the Jena, he has taken an incident well suited to a mystery story. Unfortunately, the mystery is not long hidden. It soon becomes certain, at least to M. Delcass6, M. Lepine, and an- other Frenchman, that La Liberty has b( en sunk by an agent of Germany, the inventor of a sort of wireless fatal to all powder magazines. That caught, the invention converted to the use of France, and the forts of Strass- burg only spared because the operator, the sole possessor of his secret, dies just at the crucial moment, may be disclos cd to the reader without telling him too much. For the main interest of the story revolves about the pursuit of the criminal. In this the author has made happy use of the services of M. Crochard, famous for his operations in "The Boule Cabinet" mystery. When it is purely a question of patriotism, France may rely, it seems, even on her underworld. scenes and people of his boyhood home. An apt apologist, he warns us prefa- torially that "the string on which these Gracechurch papers are strung togeth- er is stronger than any of consecutive narrative working towards the climax of a plot, for it is the simple and inde- structible one of love for the dear old place and the dear, kind people who lived there." As might be expected, the attempt to cement incoherence with sen- timent is not a notable success. What we find is no more than an aggregation re bits, in the handling of which much ingratiating pleasantry and plen- ty of humor of the most unexceptionably gentle sort has been employed. Although realizing at the outset that he must expect a strong literary like- ness between Gracechurch and the Cran- ford of classic fame, the reader will still find something uncanny in the anti- quarian cast from which this author's imaginative vision suffers. In his eye every spinster is a mausoleum of ro- mance— fortunately time fails him for unlocking them all — and the cases he cites of female insanity brought on by amatory crises are alarmingly frequent even for the dark Victorian era. An- other disadvantage under which this chronicler of bygone quaintness labors is a memory clouded by a very present preoccupation with religious distinc- tions. Some years after the recorded days of Gracechurch life, the author en- tered the Roman Catholic Church, and this coming event casts its shadow over all the incidents of the book, curiously coloring past impressions, and still more curiously distorting the outlines of cer- tain minor episodes. and Merrilie at once that a reshullling of the matrimonial cards is urgent; and the reader, who has always occupied an Olympian position in this regard, is not surprised at the friendliness of the final arrangement. The financial action that interlocks with the love-story is plausi- bly and, in the crucial scenes, admira- bly done. Gracechurch. By John Ayseough. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. Gracechurch Is identified, geographi- cally and historically, as a small town near the Welsh border. Our author's recollections date from the 'sixtli lu's avowed Intention is to embalm In a bool I'm ol -; Merrilie Dawes. By Frank H. Spear- man. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. So subdued to the business medium ft works in is Mr. Spearman's hand that his heroes make love in the very vein in which they drive through a com- mercial project, and his heroines re- spond as if answering a broker's call. There is more than a trace of wooden- ness in the John Adrane of this book, the Annie Whitney to whom he is en- gaged at its opening, and the Merrilie whom he marries after the vari- ous vicissitudes of commerce and love which it narrates. Those; who are in- terested in the novel of business life which Mr. Spearman affects, however, will find here a specimen typical In its merits as well as its defects. Certain- ly there is no (lagging of interest in its central 1 1 ve see a great pan- ic lift and shake John, the builder of railways, and Merrilie, an orphaned ether with all the other capi- of Gotha the East, tt ! of trial for 1 eveala to John, Annie, MAKING THE CONSTITUTION. The Framing of the Constitution of the United States. By Max Farrand, Pro- fessor of History in Yale University. New Haven: Yale University Press. $2 net. There is only one fact concerning the Constitution over which there is no con- troversy: all agree that certain dele- gates from all the States but Rhode Isl- and met in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787 and framed it, and beyond that all is dispute. Whence its various pro- visions came, what they mean, who should be called its father, or fathers, are questions about which a thousand briefs have been written and to which nothing that is fresh can now be added. Happily, Mr. Farrand has avoided these stale questions, and gives us the one thing that was really desired — a sim- ple, straightforward narrative of the proceedings of the Convention which made the Constitution. It is the first to appear since the discoveries in recent years of new or fugitive material for the history of the framing— of the notes cf Paterson, McHenry, King, Wilson, and others, nearly all oi which Mr. Far- rand himself gathered into permanent form in his monumental work, "The Records of the Federal Convention," published in 1911. Mr. Farrand's attitude towards his subject is temperate and im- partial— we had almost said cool and unenthusiastic— but he warms towards Washington occasionally and towards Madison ami Wilson at the end. Mis style is clear, but we think it is at times too light for the weighty subject he is treating. The Convention was a vent in the history of the world. It was an assemblage of whales, who should not be described In language more applicable to little fishes. For example: Mr. Farrand says of Edmund Randolph that "as a figure- head he was splendid," of Robert Mor- ris that he was "large, florid, and plea- santly impressive," of Alexander Hamil- ton that "he was too conceited and overbearing to be popular," and of Mad- ison's report: "ho took his work so seriously that it seemed to have stilled any sense of humor he is said to have ed and deprived his QOtefl of any qualities." As a matter ol fact, Randolph was never a Bplendld Qg urehead, and w hen the Com 1 nl Ion met was one of the most Influential men ol yM ginla . Robi 1 1 Morris was much more Mian "pleasantly Impi

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Oct. 16, 1913J Tl 1 e !N" a t i o 11 361 Culness and self appreciation of Hamilton were quite different from t." As for Madison's "notes," we cannot imagine why any one should look for merriment in them and eom- h. falli (1 to find any jokes. Criticism like this, however, is largely a matter of temperament and taste and need not detract from the verdict that Mr. Farrand's work is admirable both in plan and execution. The deficiencies of the Article of Con- federation were discussed in the Con- :1 Congress and were understood by intelligent Americans generally. Therefore, when the delegates, many ot whom had been in the Congress, met, 1 several of them had made a care- ful study of governments ancient and modern, as Mr. Farrand says, "when it cam an American who found >rs too vivid, with the roar, "If you want dirt, you can I in the streets!" To his remark upon his Ox-

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36^ f*. The N a t i O 11 | Vol. 97, No. 2520 ford verses, that "if this is poetry, it is very easy," Mr. Rickett instances two parallels. Some one had spoken of de- signing as the most, exciting of occupa- tions. "I don't see it at all," said Mor- ris; "if you can do it, you can, and if you can't, you can't. Again, "Any one can be a public speaker," he once de- clared to a friend, "if he only peg away sufficiently at it." We see him, too, as a reformer, the kindest master of work- ingmen in England. A bungler once averted a discharge by feigning to dis- cover a trout in a neighboring stream. "Quick, man, get your line," cried Mor- ris; "don't go and lose the damned thing!" and the grievance was forgot- ten. His energy irradiates the whole book. Just before the period of his novels, Sir William Richmond found him disconsolate. "What's the matter, Top?" he inquired. "O, hang it all,' said Morris, "I shall have to find out another toy." As Mr. Rickett observes, what to another man would have been the pursuit of a lifetime was but a sin- gle phase of his career. Yusavadattu: A Sanskrit Romance by Subandhu. Translated with an Intro- duction and Notes by Louis H. Gray, Ph.D. New York: Columbia Univer- sity Press. (Lemcke & Buechner.) While the greater part of Sanskrit literature is religious, ethical, or phi- losophical, the later writers of the renascence turned gayly to lighter themes, and developed in various forms a literature which was primarily artis- tic. Even the epic compositions of lat- er date show a conscious striving after style; poetic conceits became popular; form became more important than sub- ject-matter. By the sixth century of our era, to which epoch is to be assigned the "Vasavadatta," this new tendency leached such a pass that style may be said to be everything. Thus Subandhu, the author of the famous romance here presented in English dress, prides him- self more upon his ability to make puns than upon any other excellence. And in truth the work he composed is so filled with single, double, and even triple puns that no translation can give the effect of the original. The best that any translator could do has been done by Dr. Gray, who has by a system of brack- ets indicated how many puns are found in each clause. The romance itself is overweighted with description, and Dr. Gray, in his scholarly introduction, has drawn an ingenious parallel between the affectations of the Sanskrit author and the style and spirit of Lyly's "Euphues." So rare is the romance in Sanskrit literature that an outline of the plot of this tale may be welcomed by students of comparative literature. A young prince sees In a dream a vision of a lovely maiden and sets out to llnd her. Wandering in the mountains, he hears a bird who tells his mate of Vasavadat- ta, a king's daughter of surpassing beau- ty, who had seen in a dream a match- less youth and fallen in love with the vision. With the help of this revela- tion, and eventually assisted by her maid, the prince discovers the princess, who is, of course, the girl he had seen in the dream; but parental interference postpones their marriage and the dam- sel is spirited away. At last, after a weary search, the prince discovers her; but she has been changed into stone ow- ing to the curse of a hermit, who, like the irascible saint of the "Ramayana," petrified the intruder upon his privacy; and Vasavadatta, like the heavenly Rambha, was existent and yet unrecog- nizable. Fortunately, her shape was pre- served, and the prince, thinking idly that the form of the stone was like that of Vasavadatta, put his hand upon the rock, and it became the maiden. "Then the prince went to his own city with her and lived some time, enjoying such plea- sure as even the gods find difficult to ob- tain." Tho sudden ending after inter- minable passages of "too, too gaudy" description strikes the Occidental read- er as the best thing in the story. Dr. Gray has illustrated the incidents of this tale with parallels drawn from a wide range of reading, and has added to the carefully edited text and excellent translation a full bibliography and a list of new words of considerable lexi- cographical value.- The introduction is in the form of a thorough historical cri- tique of the place of the "Vasavadatta" in Sanskrit literature. Minor slips are hard to discover. On page 80, the hus- band of Ahalya should be Gautama, not Brihaspati. Kelson in England: A Domestic Chron- icle. By E. Hallam Moorhouse. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $3.50 net. In Lord Nelson's fascinating person- ality one may discern two quite distinct beings. There is the Man of Destiny on whom Genius laid her awful hand, the hero of the battles of Copenhagen, Aboukir, and Trafalgar, the patriot ready to sacrifice his life for his coun- try; and, on the other hand, there is the frail sensitive son of a good and gentle father, ever fond of quiet English coun- try life cither at the Burnham Thorpe Rectory, where he grew up as a boy, or at Morton, where he lived his last blissful days with Lady Hamilton. It is with the second of I — with the domestic side of Nelson's life and character — that Mr. Moorhouse's charming volume deals, lie pictures the happy, wholei ome atm of the Norfolk Village in which his childhood. Anecdotes of hunting birds' eggs ami of school show thai the slim, delicate youth even in In years was possessed of an indomitable will and an entire absence of bodily fear. He went to sea at an unusually ear- ly age, and in the West Indies in 1787 married Fanny Nisbet, a young widow of eighteen. She was an estimable girl, who might have adorned one of Jane Austen's pages, but, as Mr. Moorhouse rightly observes, this marriage was a misfortune for both Nelson and his wife. Though Nelson loved her and for several years believed himself happy with her, she was lacking in the ardent kind of responsiveness and in the ca- pacity for caressing affection; yet these were the qualities in a beautiful wo- man, as events turned out, which could stir Nelson's deepest feelings and cause him to stray strangely far from the path of propriety in which he had been trained by his father. In the descrip- tions of the enthusiastic crowds which always hailed Nelson, and in the ac- count of his magnificent funeral the author makes one realize what an idol Nelson was to the whole of the English nation. He has been very successful in picking out from the mass of Nelson letters those passages which allude to Nelson's old family home, to his un- fortunate marriage, to Lady Hamilton, and to all the little objects of joy or sorrow which made up the background of the daily life of the Admiral. He has added to the charm of his descrip- tions by reproducing several portraits and other illustrations. Of deep human interest is the story of Nelson's passion for Lady Hamilton, and Mr. Moorhouse has told the story extremely simply and well. Soon after Nelson met Sir William and Lady Ham- ilton in Sicily, his letters to his own wife in England became infrequent and cold. She naturally became disturbed at this and at the rumors of Nelson's new attachment, and she proposed to come out to Sicily and join him. But he decisively forbade her to do so. When at last, after years of absence, and af- ter winning immortal glory at the Bat- tle of the Nile, he finally set out on his triumphal overland progress home- ward, he was accompanied by the llam- iltons, to the scandal of many people who saw them on the Continent. As he landed at Yarmouth in the midst of huzzaing English patriots, Lady Ham- ilton walked down tin: little wooden jetty with her hand on his arm. Every- plause as it she had been his being old Kir William's. Curiously enough, there were but few in England to cril 1 traonlinnry conduct; people thought only of their Idol's Victories, not of his moral slim I. ■, Shortly aic: Ife, and lived unblushingly w ith the 1 [amiltoi j ears later he wrote nan elj In bis diarj "Our dear Sir William dil d al I. 11 minutes past ten 1 all moi alng In 1 ady 1 lamll-

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Oct. 16, 1913 I T 1 1 e .Nation 363 ton's and my arms without a sigh or a struggle." One may sympathize with Lady Nelson in the cruel suffering which she endured from such a hus- band, and yet Mr. Moorhouso makes one feel glad, in spite of morality, that Nelson's affectionate nature found the satisfy tion which his own wife's tem- perament denied him, in his love for his "divine Emma" and for their daughter, Horatia. Notes Announcements of Longmans, Green & Co. include: "Lord Lyons, a Record of British Diplomacy," in two vols., by Lord Newton; "A History of England, from the Defeat of the Armada to the Death of Elizabeth," by Prof. Edward P. Cheyney, and "Royal Spain of To-day," by Tryphosa Bates Bat- cheller. "The Elements of Debating, a Manual for Use in Hig„ Schools and Academies," by Leverett S. Lyon ; "Materials for the Story of Elementary Economics," by members of the department of political economy in the University of Chicago; "Assyrian and Babylonian Letters Belonging to the Kou- yunjik Collection of the British Museum, Parts xii and xiii," edited by Robert F. Harper; "The Legal Terms Common to the Macedonian Inscriptions and the New Tes- tament," by William D. Ferguson; "Syntax of the Participle in the Apostolic Fathers," by Henry B. Robison ; "Christology of the Epistle to the Hebrews," by Harris Lach- lan MacNeill, and "A Manual for Writ- ers," by John M. Manly. Alfred Noyes's "Collected Poems" are in preparation by Stokes and may be expected shortly. Ex- President Taft is preparing for the Yale University Press "Popular Govern- ment, its Essence, its Permanence, and its Perils." The same press announces a "Life of Dr. Theodore Thornton Munger, New England Minister," by Dr. Benjamin Wisner Ba- con, D.D. The Putnams. as the American represen- the time of Louis XI, and has to do espe- cially with the relations of that monarch and the youthful Dauphin. Four new vol- umes have just been published in Macmil- lan's Juvenile Library also. One of these, E. V. Lucas's "The Slowcoach," relates the adventures of a party of English children in going about a portion of England in a "caravan," or what our own boys and girls would call a gypsy wagon. The other stories are American. They are Joseph A. Altscheler's "The Horsemen of the Plains," which is sufficiently described by its sub- title, "A Story of the Great Cheyenne War"; Mabel Osgood Wright's Yankee tale, "Aunt Jimmy's Will," and Charles Major's "Uncle Tom Andy Bill," a narrative, as he con- fesses, of those fascinating topics, bears and Indian treasure. New additions to the Macmillan Standard Library are Edward T. Devine's authoritative book on "Misery and Its Causes" ; Franklin Pierce's "The Tariff and the Trusts." and the collection of chapters on various phases of religion, to which George Hodges gives the general title of "Everyman's Religion." The volumes in all of these series are sold at fifty cents each. Madame d'Aulnoy's fairy tales and pic- turesque memoirs of the court of Spain are famous, but her "Memoirs of the Court of England, 1675," have been far less read — and deservedly, for their interest is rather Houghton Mifflin Company publishes on Saturday the following titles: "Letters of Charles Eliot Norton"; "The Confessions of a Debutante," anonymous; "Valentine," a novel by Grant Richards; "The Railroad tatives of tne Cambridge University Press, Book," a companion volume to "The Farm announce tne publication of the following Book" and "The Seashore Book," by E.I volumes: "An Atlas of Commercial Geog- Boyd Smith; "Ballads of the Be-Ba-Boes," ranhy-" compiled by Fa weett Allen, with an 1 tenuous. Nevertheless, we can welcome a by D. K. Stevens; "Story-Telling Poems," Jntroduction by D. A. Jones; "The History ' sprightly modern translation made by Mrs. edited by Frances Jenkins Olcott; "The of the Islanfis °f the Lerins." an Account W. H. Arthur and now published, with 11- Religious Revolution of To-day," by James of the Monastery, Saints, and Theologians lustrations, by John Lane. Of direct his T. Shotwell; a Life of Paul Bourget, by ot S' Honorat. by the Rev. A. C. Cooper- the Abbe Ernest Dimnet, and a new edi- Marsdin. nD.; "The Early History of the tion of the writings of Nathaniel Haw- 1 Liturgv'" by the Rev- J- H- Srawley, D.D. ; thorne. "Exercises and Problems in English His- tory, 1485-1820." compiled, chiefly from or- by W. J. R. Gibbs; torical value these "Memoirs" are almost destitute, except in so far as they repro- duce the general tone and manners of Whitehall under the second Charles. For that reason, though we may applaud the diligence of Mr. G. D. Gilbert in running "Thoughts on the Cause of the Present down tne iaentity of the four anonymous Discontents." by Edmund Burke, edited by ladies who figure in the story_ we cannot In the preface to "Samphire," a volume . of essays soon to be brought out by Dut- «S°*!-.i.!°UI^et! ton, the author, Lady Sybil Grant, re- grets that her work will necessarily be w compared with that of her able father ' „ .' Murison: "Tne Physician in English teel that the knowledge gained is of any Lord Rosebery. - History" (Linaere Lecture, 1913, St. John's «!»>,.ih„<™ „„« „v ,.4. * v.,, , . ' College, Cambridge), by Norman Moore, benbners are about to publish "The Life m.D., and of Francis Thompson," by Everard Mey nell, son of Alice Meynell, one of the poet's closest friends, and Edith Wharton's novel, "The Custom of the Country." Little, Brown & Co. have in preparation : "Across Unknown South America," in two "Great Britain and Ireland (1485-1910)" by John E. Morris. The Bobbs-Merrill Company wishes to correct an error made in announcements of the biographical edition of the wor' s of James Whitcomb Rilev. This* edition volumes, by A. Henry Savage-Landor ; inchlc,es 22n [,OPI,ls whi('n have never be- "The Eye of Dread," a new novel by Payne Erskine, and "The Old Franciscan Mis- fore appeared in book form, and many ot which are here printed for the first time. particular importance. If read as an histor- ical romance thebook is fairly entertaining, though it lacks the nel that gives flavor to Grammont's kindred (and somewhat later) chronicle of scandals. Madame d'Aulnoy had a glimpse of the actual court of Eng- land and was clever enough to understand what was going on. There may even be a basis in fact for some of the intrigues she narrates, but it is perfectly plain that the tangles of adventures in which she sions of California," by George Wharton' aS We" aS SPVeral heretofore unpubl 'shed ensnares her dukes and duchesses and ladies James. The fnii™,i„„ m+i . of the a,lthor's works which have pre weekbv pT ZZe r°mlSed ^V1™8* b*en published, week by Putnams: "Wanderfoot," by Cyn-! thia Stockley; "North and South: Notes on' the Natural History of a Summer Camp and Winter Home," by Stanton D. Kirk- ham; "Happy Women," by Myrtle Reed, and "Memoirs of a Prima Donna," by Cla- ra Louise Kellogg. A book by the late Andrew Lang and his brother, Mr. John Lang, dealing with "The Border," is soon to be added by Macmil- 1 lans to the Highways and Byways series. | prose sketches— these in addition to all j in waiting is chiefly of her own contriving. As for the conversations behind closed doors, she might excuse herself for invent- ing these by the example of classic his- torians, but more probably she was not pretending to he more than a writer of romance. As an appendix Mr. Gilbert has be story of Lucy Walter, mother of the Duke of Monmouth, in which he brings New volumes in Macmillan's Fiction Li- brary are E Marion Crawford's "The Heart of Rome": Jack London's "Adventure"; Zona Hale's "The Loves of Pelleas and Etarre." and Hamilton Drummond's "The Justice of the King." All of these except Zona Gale's volume are full-lenrtl ' '" B°°d °nl''r *" thP avnilahle in" Hers is made up of the delicately senti- fnrmation in ree:irfl to that shadowy and mental stories of the aged Pelleas and his "'batab,e character. aged wife which appeared originally in va- Theodore Roosevelt's "History as Litera- ! rious magazines. Read rapidly one after lure, and Other Essays" (Scrihner) brings UniveVX f nl PUb'icationS of thP "Other, these tales may pall a little upon togethei president of the umvers.ty of Chicago Press Includes. :, their too greedy peruser Individually, most American HI oclatlon In 1912 M Oualfp «i ? V01" TT'' ^ MM° PerROnS WU1 """ """' n""IV "<"'•—: the til Ms Oxford address on ture" bf Perct°H R , *T , "T*" I ^ Mr ^^ " '-"""""'• «•*"- "* *™1 Analogies in History"; 1,1s ad- grammes iTw,° r;k D "' IS unnece88arv' Tb°8e """ "'•" " the (Jnli r.ln and the gramme* in the West.' by Charles Rich- not read "The Justice of the King" have on "The World Movement" and M^dn,HTnT°"\"ChriStlan FaUh f°r <-'"""'":""1 ",(" aw"«ting their attention; "Citizenship In a Republic." togethe Men of To-day, by Ezra Albert Cook ; it Is woven of the political animosities of „ number of essays originally writt or with en for

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;w>+ The ]ST at ion [Vol. 97, No. 2520 the Outlook and the Oe»t«ry. The Oxford, Berlin, and Paris addresses have already been published in a volume entitled "Af- rican and European Addresses," and the object of reproducing them here is not apparent. Vs the longer papers have al- ready been commented upon from time to time in these columns, they need no fur- ther evaluation now. The volume as a whole is another illustration of the range and versatility of Mr. Roosevelt's intel- lectual interests, and the several addresses and papers compare favorably with the non-political writings of most of our pub- lie men. That the knowledge which they exhibit is wide rather than deep, the ex- pressions of opinion suggestive rather than convincing, and the criticism of accepted standards often airy and superficial, is, of course, entirely characteristic. An unusually harsh note in regard to England is struck by P. Garcia Calderon in the opening chapter of his "Latin Amer- ica" (Scribner). For him Spain is repre- sented by Ariel, while Caliban, "half man, half devil, with his elemental knowledge of nature and his dual cunning and his stunt- ed faculties," has given England a vast em- pire. Few writers are more ardently Latin in their tendencies. "Wilful and mystical, the Spanish temperament is active, and ex- presses itself externally in conflict; it manifests itself in comedy and tragedy. . . . The struggle is not only for independence, but for fame, to preserve the integrity of honor in the general eye." There is true analysis here, although distorted by racial pride. In these days when so many Span- ish-Americans are more proud of the his- tory of the Aztecs and Ineas than of Spain, it is pleasant to find one who acknowledges the important debt his continent owes to the mother-country. But Mr. Calderon is more than a Peruvian diplomat. He is a thoroughly Frenchified Latin-American. By a series of explosive paragraphs he al- most succeeds in keeping the reader from discerning the actual state of the racial conflict which he endeavors to describe. A passionate student of political philosophy, disregardful of geography and economics, he fails to realize the full significance of many underlying causes. Take, for exam- ple, the well-known expulsion of Jews and Moors from Spain. To our author this is merely an evidence of the Spaniard's ad- herence to rigid ideals of religious and political intolerance. There is no ap- preciation of any underlying economic cause. In fact, he would probably deny that there was any. To him the ideal hero is Don Quixote — "incomparable in theoretic rnd ideal statesmanship," as Lowell said. All these characteristics make his book decidedly interesting as a human docu- ment and peculiarly significant as giving a of Latin America from the point cf view of an intensely loyal Latin. His rtb Unerican Peril ought cad by every one. It begins: "To save themselves from Yankee Imperial) m ■ . : .1 0 id almosl or the aid , : . , , . hi:i the North are feared in 1 be Antill In Cent a tiostilit age 1 1 ter cit' a l .i> " published anc eli ei iinok of lei tera of 1 ra vi 1 called "European Years." Now in "More Letters by an Idle Man" (Houghton Mi(tlin) the veil is lifted, and we learn that the writer is Hermann Jackson Warner. The letters are addressed from Nassau to Tokio with a preponderances of European postmarks. Faithfully and long the author has pursued the quest of reasonable economy combined with superlative climate, developing the while a shrewd and tartly humorous vein of observation. For bad political prophecy he has a sort of genius. The Bulgarian- Servian war suggests an impending Ar- mageddon; Garfield's assassination, the ut- ter hopelessness of attaining a reformed civil service. But the apology is forthcom- ing, "Dyspeptic folk with a pessimistic turn are always singularly youthful, and gen- erally live to a great age, but the thing that keeps people alive longest, as a rule, is cussedness." It is such whimsical per- ception of his own foible that may endear the Idle Man to a certain class of readers. Such an outburst as the following is charac- teristic : "I am told to read 'Marcella,' Mrs. Humphry Ward's last; socialistic and that kind of thing. I should be glad if I never heard again the word socialism. I never knew till lately to what extent I am con- servative and fogy, but this riot of new and impossible theories for reorganizing man- kind upsets me altogether; I am thrown off my feet; the old world totters and a new world in which I am to earn my daily bread by street sweeping, looms on an horizon red with blood of fogies." Your reviewer has found the crusty flavor of these letters agreeable, and could have got along with a smaller supply. As a readable analysis, Arthur Ransome's "Oscar Wilde" (Mitchell Kennerley) pos- sesses merit beyond its modest size and price, for the contents are well propor- tioned between descriptive characterization and criticism of Wilde's work. The biog- raphy of Wilde is touched upon only as a chronological background, and in brief in- terpretation of his doctrine of life as "an artistic creation" — the aesthetic expression, ideally, of an intense personality. The main criticism to which Mr. Ransome ex- poses himself is that his emphasis is too greatly and too superficially upon style. His chie? delight, as of course his easiest task, is expounding the language of the poetry and tales, in the rich tapestries of which he sees the author's real contribution Id literature— "a feeding for decorative ef- fect." His catalogues of golden phrases would be quite justifiable, did he not avoid the real problems of Wilde's stylo in de- clining any attempt to link his decorative tendencies critically to the theories of "In- tentions" and other essays, or historically to impulses gained from the- French and the Pre Raphaelites There follows also Erom this emphasis upon expression a fail ure to give homogeneity to the various de- partments of Wilde's work— novels, poems essays, dramas — so unlike in outward color and mood, so like in inner essence. The natural contradictions in the author are Ized, and an 1m upi 1 ibh 1 1 1 ween, for •'.amide. 1 he rich pla of "The Happy Prince" and 1 lie a sini n,u llectual de> terity of ; tie comi dies. Vnd « ben Hr 1 ome i" the portion ol Wilde's work where sense la sverytl i 1 sty] thing the "i k it.,! iimh " 1 ei ber production! of 1897 to 1901— he fails perceptibly. But in all, Wilde's content and critical thought are by no means wholly neglected; and Mr. Ransome's treatment of his style, as a lit- erary force, is just, and his appraisal of his literary station unexaggerated. Reminiscence, somewhat disconnected but possessing considerable historical value in its presentation of the development of or- ganized library activities, is offered by Samuel Sweet Green, veteran librarian of Worcester, Mass., in "The Public Library Movement in the United States, 1853-1893," published by the Boston Book Company, as No. 8 of their Useful Reference series. Mr. Green looks back upon a long span of active years, for he became a trustee of the Wor- cester Public Library in 1867, and its libra- rian in 1871, retiring as librarian emeritus in 1909, and his life has been closely asso- ciated with the American Library Asso- ciation, the Massachusetts Free Public Li- brary Commission, and other related libra- ry activities. His chronicle, of some 300 pages, opens with a brief account of the Librarians' Convention of 1853, in New York, the first effort towards the organiza- tion finally effected in 1876. From this later year, when the American Library As- sociation held its initial meeting at the Philadelphia Centennial, he gives a fairly continuous chronological record, to and including the library activities at the Chi- cago World's Fair in 1893. These seventeen years were the formative period of the American public library, blazing the way for the far-reaching development of the twenty years since, in their formulation of principles and methods and their propa- ganda for State and local associations of librarians and for specialized library training. Those who know the public libra- ry systems of the present day will find here many interesting sidelights upon their pro- gress, such as the first daring experiments in opening library reading rooms on Sun- day; the gradual replacement of printed catalogues by the printed catalogue card and the special reference list; the ex- tension of library facilities to children; the admission of readers to the bookshelves, and the steady increase in printed aids and guides in book selection; and the gradual preponderance of women in a field whose orkers in the beginning were almost all men. Mr. Green gives many personalia, often trivial, and dwells upon many minor details of the jaunts and sightseeing con- ned ed with the annual meetings of the Vmerican Library Association. But though his record is informal, lacking in cohe- sion and in literary expression, it has the ag qualities of sincere devotion to ,1 calling and of Cr1 Ij admiration (or fi 'Mow-workers of every degree. The "Harrington-Bernard Correspondence," aited by Edward Channlng and Archi- i aid Cary Coolidge (Harvard University 1 which makes the seventeenth vol- ime ol the Harvard Historical Studl 1 mainly of unofficial letters between Cov, Bernard and Lord Barrington during lod from 1760 to 1770. The letters been elei ted tr the elghl vol a , Bernard Letter Books which were pm ■ 1, .,; ed by Jared spark:; and are now la the library of Harvard University. Bo- ni. 1 be lei tera, 1 be volui atalni I ol as lllui tratlvi 1 bai acter, the , 1 11 irtanl ol whioh la a iwhai

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Oct. 16, 1913 Tli e Natio 11 365 detailed account of the conditions in Mas- 1771. From much of the cor- respondence, one might conclude that few things interested Bernard more than to rtb with a good salary. In some of the letters, nevertheless, he -ion to his ideas on the political situation. Like most of the co- be, mi Governors, Bernard deplored the ■ 11 methods of the English Gov- ernment in dealing with the colonial op- position. There is a strong desire, writes -ton, "that no disputes should arise between Governors ami their Assemblies." The gist of the policy of the Government in tin' eighteenth century is contained in this phrase. Very strict formal instruc- ere issue, 1 to the Governors; but 'lovernors who tried to carry them out to the letter invariably got into trouble witli their Assemblies; and those who got into trouble with their Assemblies were generally recalled. But after 1763 such a policy was no longer possible. It was not a question, as Bernard says, "whether hall be a stamp act or not, but whether America shall or shall not be to Great Britain." "In Britain tin' American Governments are considered as corporations empowered to make by- ii America they claim to be perfect ise dependent upon Great Britain than by having the same King." Bernard was one of those who saw that either the colonies must be allowed to go their own way, which would be easy, or that there must be a thoroughgoing change in the form of colonial government, which would be difficult, but, according to Ber- nard, not Impracticable. The first part of Mr. A. J. B. Wavell's "A Modern Pilgrim in Mecca: and a Siege in Sanaa" (Small, Maynard) deals with the author's experiences and vicissitudes in his trip to Mecca. It is entirely a personal narrative, and interesting as such. He went to Medina by train from Damascus, con- siderably ahead of pilgrimage time. There he found fighting with the neighboring Arab tribes in progress and the city almost in a state of siege. Consequently, instead of going on by land, he proceeded by sea to Yembu, on the Red Sea, and thence by boat to Jiddah, from which place he went to Mecca in true pilgrim fashion. Indeed, from Damascus onward, he was a part of the pilgrimage, performing all the relig- ious rites and ceremonies. Except that Mr. Wavell was in constant apprehension of discovery, especially through pilgrims from Mombasa, where he had spent some time and become well known, his life was in no regard different from that of an ordinary, well-to-do Moslem pilgrim. He saw the bad and the good about him, and the simple narrative of the ceremonies, with notices of certain individuals with whom he was thrown, constitutes a veryvivid and instruc- tive story. The second part of his journey is interesting only because here, too, he went where he was not expected to go and caused much trouble, both to the Turkish authorities and to his own Government. Contriving to elude Turkish vigilance at Hodeidah, the port of the Yemen, he suc- ceeded in reaching Sanaa, the principal town of the interior, which, almost imme- diately after his arrival, was bese the Imam, the subject prince of Yemen, who was then in revolt against the Turkish overlord. He intended to make explora- tions in that extremely interesting region, which has been very imperfectly explored. In this he failed altogether. While pur- porting to relate his experiences during the siege, his attempt, after its conclusion, to escape further into the interior for pur- poses of exploration, his ignominious cap- ture, imprisonment, and return to Hodei- dah, this part of the book was too evident- ly written to satisfy a grudge against the English Government for its failure to take his part, make the Turks let him go where he would, and insist upon redress for his arrest and deportation. Of Dr. J. G. Frazer's Gifford Lectures on "The Belief in Immortality and the Wor- ship of the Dead," the first volume is now published (Macmillan), dealing with "The Belief among the Aborigines of Australia, the Torres Straits Islands, New Guinea, and Melanesia." It displays the wealth of detail and the easy flow of narration with which we are familiar in the author's pre- ceding works. At the outset he carefully defines the limits of his inquiry. He de- clines to express any opinion for or against a belief in immortality. He will confine himself strictly to reporting the views of the lower tribes, and of these he now takes only those of which he has made particular study. Hereafter, he says, he may extend his investigation to include other commu- nities, uncivilized and civilized. For the present his purpose is to avoid, as far as possible, all comparisons and generaliza- tions— he cannot, however, avoid bringing out the fact that in the regions under con- sideration religious organization has gone hand in hand with economic and political progress. But in general it is enough for him to show that such and such a tribe had just such and such ideas and ceremonies. Dr. Frazer's plan leads him to give in minute detail the opinions held in the western Pacific concerning the nature and future of the soul and the nature and ac- tivities of ghosts. These last are the prin- cipal agents in the religious experience of the Pacific savages. There are also spir- its, superhuman beings that have never been connected with human bodies; but ghosts have the principal role. As the con- duct of life is largely determined in these tribes by the conceptions of souls and ghosts, Frazer's descriptions amount al- most to a sketch of the civilization of the area in question. However, alongside of the ghost cult proper there is abundant employment of magic, and sorcerers are powerful. Frazer observes that in per- sons and things efficient in magical pro- cesses there appears, according to the na- tive idea, to be inherent a sort of super- natural force — that which is now commonly called mama. That is, magic is essentially dependence on a supernatural power for the guidance of life. If this be so, it !s unnecessary to draw a sharp line of dis- tinction between magic and religion (as Frazer elsewhere docs)— rather, the two represent two stages of growth in the re- port to the superhuman. True, the /mum in magic is controlled by the magician; but there seems to be no radical difference be- tween such control and the procedure of the savage who takes and discards his fe- tish spirit at will or that of the half- civilized man who binds his god to keep him at home or reviles or beats him if he does not respond favorably to requests. Our knowledge of the genesis of savage gods is far from being complete. Frazer mentions cases in which a ghost, as it seems, grows to be a true god ; but great caution must be exercised in the treatment of such cases. This collection of data, based on observations as trustworthy as such observations can ever be, will long continue to furnish material to students of early sociology. The volume suggests va- rious problems. Thus, the psychological unity of the western Pacific region is ob- vious— what is its origin? Dr. Frazer, in accordance with his plan, ignores such questions; but they will, doubtless, occur to many readers. Stephen Jenkins, whose death is report- ed from Lakewood, N. J., at the age of fif- ty-six, had graduated from the Naval Academy and served in the Spanish-Amer- ican war. He was the author of "A Prin- cess and Another" and "The Greatest Street in the World." Charles Francis Richardson, professor emeritus of Anglo-Saxon and English lan- guage and literature at Dartmouth College, died last week at Lisbon, N. H., aged sixty- two years. He had been a member of the Dartmouth faculty for thirty-one years. From 1872 to 1878 he was on the staff of the New York Independent. Among his writings are "The Cross" (poems), "The Choice of Books," "American Literature, 1607-1895," in two volumes, "The End of the Begin- ning" (a romance), "A Study of English Rhyme," and as editor, "Poe's Complete Works." The Rev. Dr. Jacob Isidor Mombert died last week at his home in Paterson, N. J., in his eighty-fourth year. Dr. Mombert was born in Cassel, Germany, and received his education in German theological institu- tions. In 1866 the University of Pennsylva- nia conferred on him the degree of D.D. In 1877 he became rector of Christ Church, Jersey City, but two years later accept- ed a call to St. John's Church, Passaic, one of the largest Episcopal churches in the East. He remained as its rector until 1882, when he retired. He was one of the con- tributing editors to the Churchman. Among his works are translations of "Thorluck's Psalms" and "The Catholic Epistles," be- sides a "Short History of the Crusades." Robinson Ellis, corpus professor of Latin literature at Oxford since 1893, is dead In London. He was born at Barming, Kent, in 1834; was educated at Elizabeth College, Guernsey, Rugby, and Balliol Colb ford, and was fellow of Trinity, Oxford, in 1858. He became professor of Latin, University College, London, in 1870, and was Latin reader at Oxford from 1883 to 1893. II Is bi I known as an authority on Catullus. Besides his edition of that oiks, his publications include many volumes, articles, and lectures on clas- sical subjects. He was a frequent con- tributor to the American Journal of Phil- ology. Cardinal Grcgorio Maria Agulrre y Gar- cia, Primate of Spain, died In Madrid on the 9th inst. He was born In I' ■ Inn, Diocese of Ovledo, in 1836, and was Cardinal in 1907. He was Arch- triarcfa of v Indies. Cardinal Aguirre took an active part in the contest over the bill governing

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366 T he N n I i on [Vol. 97, No. 2520 anlzatlons in Spain, which he denounced as a violation ol the agreement between Spain and the Vatican. Science FIRST HALF-CENTURY OF THE NA- TIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. A History of the First Half-Century of the National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D. C. The official records of the Academy do not contain an account of the first meet- ing, held in New York city, April 22, 1863; even the names of the thirty-one or two original members then present 0 be taken from a partly incor- rect list in a newspaper of the day fol- lowing. Regarding so important a mat- ter as the selection of the fifty incor- porators, there is only a personal let- ter of Commodore (afterwards Admir- al) C. Hv Davis, dated February 20, 1863, in which it is stated: "The Acad- emy [that is, the bill for its incorpora- tion) is to be introduced into Congress by Mr. Wilson. The whole plan of it was arranged last night between Mr. Wilson, Agassiz, Bache, and Ben"; namely, by Senator Wilson, of Massa- chusetts, Profs. Louis Agassiz and Ben- jamin Pierce of Harvard, Superinten- dent Bache of the Coast Survey, and presumably also the letter-writer, Com- modore Davis, of the navy. It is there- fore to be inferred that the four self- appointed scientists thus informally as- sembled in Washington took the matter into their own hands and selected forty- six additional names to make up a list of the fifty leading scientific investiga- tors of that time. The list "caused some dissatisfaction when published," but it may be doubted whether any other method would have led to a better se- lection, or have obtained more general approval. The Academy was incorporated by act of Congress on March 3, 1863. In celebration of its first half-century of existence it now issues, under the direc- tion of a committee of which Dr. Arnold Hague, recording secretary of the Acad- emy for Borne years past, was chairman, a handsome volume of 400 pages, pre- pared by Mr. F. W. True, assistant sec- retary of the Smithsonian Institution, whose careful work shows him to have been well chosen as author and editor. The book contains four chapters: The Founding of the Academy, The Annals of the Academy, Biographical Sketches of tin Incorporators, and The Academy as Scientific Adviser to the Govern- ment, followed by several statistical appendices and an index. Seven of the twelve plates are portraits of th Bache, Henry, Kogers, Marsh, Gibb ami Ri msen. ■ t of the Academy, in the "i some 1 active and influential founders, was to "afford rec- ognition to those men of science who have done original work of real impor- tance," and to "aid the Government in the solution of technical scientific pro- blems having a practical bearing on the conduct of public business"; but the Act of Incorporation mentions, properly enough, only the second object, regard- ing which more is said below. "Recog- nition" has happily never reached the self-conscious stage at which members habitually add the initials "M.N.A." to their names, following the "F.R.S." fashion that obtains in Great Britain; still less do they announce their mem- bership on their visiting cards, as is the approved style for Academicians in Prance; and they are not yet subject to the discomfort of wearing a sort of uni- form at official functions, such as is ex- pected of certain Academicians in Ger- many. It is indeed possible that with us academic membership has not always been taken seriously enough. One of the proposed incorporators refused his opportunity. Regarding another, a per- sonal letter written at the time says: "He is quite mortified at himself, that he can be so tickled with a straw." At a later period a supposedly prevalent opinion about the Academy was tersely phrased in the saying: "It's nothing to belong, but it's hell not to," with the exaggeration characteristic of terse say- ings in both clauses. It may, however, be believed that some pleasure is caused by the congratulatory telegrams often eent by old members as announcement of election to new ones. The pleasure is, moreover, usually heightened by as- sociation with surprise; for to the cred- it of American manners be it said that nominations and elections to the Acad- emy are conducted not only with the most careful and jealous scrutiny, but with honest secrecy, and are thus in striking contrast with certain European election methods, where a candidate for academic honors has to nominate him- self, makes a round of formal calls on the electors, and personally vaunt his claims. It was lately said of a candi- date for election to a famous foreign academy: "After the election he will take a vacation in the country." "Why?" asked an innocent hearer. "Because the work of candidacy is so fatiguing." Self-announced candidacy with us would in.su re rejection. The second chapter of the semi-cen- tennial volume narrates the chief events of the peripatetic autumn meeting ' lulls eities, often ', with BOi it.v, and of the annual ngs held in Washington, and thus gives a good Indication of the subjects Allien have attracted the most attention f 1 (Jin 1 in mbli d membi rs, 'i hi tly serious affairs, but they are quiet and Inconspicuou ; diiiii attracting tin alii ntimi of many mm members, and never reaching an ap- pearance of national importance. Even the Chief Executive of the Government which created the Academy, when called upon at the Washington meeting fol- lowing his inauguration, has not always seemed to be aware of the opinion that bis callers have of themselves. On one such occasion the Academicians were hustled with scant courtesy through the White House corridors between two po- litical delegations of distinctly non-aca- demic complexion, which, as the more dignified members thought, were pressed too closely upon the real meat of this sandwich. On the other hand, there was compensation for such remissness in the hearty attention of another President, who not only allotted the better part of an afternoon to a personal reception of the Academy, but himself presented a number of medals and awards to the re- cipients selected by the Academy, open- ing his remarks with cordial assurance of welcome to the company gathered around him, and finally, as if contrast- ing politics and science, as he handed r. valuable award to a noted physicist, closing with the phrase: "I envy you the practice of a profession at once cal- culable and exact." One reason for the relatively small importance of the meetings of the Acad- emy is that the great size of the United States is a serious discouragement to attendance on the part of distant mem- ners. Another reason is that too many of the most valued and active members are so hard oppressed with home work and so little impressed with the meet- ings they have attended that they do not include regular attendance among their personal duties. Although the orig- inal limitation to fifty members was withdrawn by Congressional amend- ment in 1870, so that the roll now car- ries more than one hundred names, the number of members at a meeting is (ommonly from twenty to forty; and even this moderate representation is rully gathered only in the business ses- sions and at the festive dinner, especial- ly at the business session for the elec- tion of new members. The publications of the Academy are of so limited a nature as to be a dis- appointment to many of its members. Brief summaries in the form of annual reports are, to be sure, complete from the beginning. Seven volumes of bio- graphical memoirs constitute a valua- ble record, but, unhappily, the notices of some mi mbers long deci ased are itill lacking. Three small Annuals app In early years (1866 L867), but although the by-law proi [ding for their publli a- (mn remained In apparent force until thirty years later, no other numbers were printed. One volume of Proi eed elghti 'a cears elapsing between tba

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Oct. 16, 1913] T li e ]ST ation 367 Ive dates of imprint; but as these volumes contain only sixty-eight of the more than two thousand papers present- ed at the half-century of meetings, it is evident that the members of the Acad- emy usually prefer some other medium than its own publications in which to print their 'it be desired to give the National Academy a greater importance than it has yet reached in the opinion of the scientific public, noth- ing would contribute more to this end than the publication of at least the great r part of the work of the members in Its own proceedings; but to accom- plish this there ought to be a salaried secretary, who should give his whole time to the Academy's affairs. One of the most important offices of the Academy is the administration of ts and trust funds committed to its care for the furtherance or reward li eli. Their total now and the work accom- plished by their aid includes many not- able scientific contributions by lead- ing investigators. If, as is proposed in the semi-centennial volume, a list of the titles of all communications present- ed to the Academy should subsequently be published, it would be well to include at the same time a list of the grants from its trust funds and the place of publication of the results thus reached. Although the funds now in hand serve a large purpose, the chief lesson to be drawn from them is the surprising one that the most distinguished body of scientists in the country should have so seldom been selected by generous testa- tors as the trustees for their scientific benefactions in a land as rich as the United States. This must mean that the existence of the Academy is very gen- erally unknown. The most characteristic feature of the National Academy, wherein it differs farthest from all our other scientific or- ganizations, is its work as scientific ad- viser to the Government. The longest chapter of the semi-centennial volume i3 appropriately given to this subject. It there appears that during the past fifty years thirty-two reports have been requested by Congress or by govern- mental officials, and have been made by specially appointed committees of ex- perts. Many of these reports are of high scientific value, but their number is disappointingly small. When, in knowledge of the enormous increase of the Government's scientific activity dur- ing the existence of the Academy, it is noted that the reports made in succes- sive decades number 14, 2, 9, 4, and 3, the showing becomes more disappoint- ing still. Indeed, in view of the treat- ment by Congress of the last two re- ports, the showing is decidedly discour- aging. A report on scientific explora- tions of the Philippine Islands, request- ed by President Roosevelt in 1902, was made in 1903. but did not reach Con- gress until 1905; it was then referred to a committee and ordered to be print- ed, "but was not reported back." In 1908 a comprehensive report was asked for by Congress on "the methods and expenses of conducting scientific work under the Government"; the report was carefully prepared by five Academicians of eminent ability and high position, and submitted in 1909; but its recom- mendations, to put it gently, "have not yet been adopted by Congress." The reason for the small and decreas- ing number of scientific problems sub- mitted for academic report is not far to seek. The heads of various important scientific bureaus are not necessarily members of the National Academy; yet to them is given, under the Secretary of their Department, almost autocratic con- trol of their bureau's work, with no obli- gation whatever to ask the opinion of a certain body of eminent investigators as to what should or should not be done. For example, the recommendations re- garding Philippine surveys "appear to have failed to obtain support mainly on account of the opposition of the late Dr. Paul C. Freer, who thought that they would interfere with the scientific work in the Philippines which was under his jurisdiction as head of the Government laboratories in Manila." Whether Dr. Freer was wise in this opinion need not be discussed here; but he was certainly correct in it, for the report of the Acad- emy's committee proposed the transfer- ence of directing authority from Manila to Washington, where it should be in the hands of a board of which Freer was not to be a member. In view of hu- man nature in general, to say nothing of bureaucratic human nature in partic- ular, it is as plain as need be that no requests for advice from the National Academy will come from the chiefs of bureaus who are not already members of the Academy, and who therefore can- not be members of the committee to which the requests would be referred. If a bureau chief made such a request, it would be tantamount to admitting that he did not know how to conduct the affairs of the bureau over which he had been placed, and that he had to ask help from persons who had not been selected to direct it. On the other hand, Congress is not likely to ask for re- ports unless things go wrong, as in the case of the competing geological sur- veys of various governmental depart- ments in the '70's and '80's, which final- ly became so scandalous that the advice of the Academy was asked, and in most respects taken (see pp. 268-279). Whether it is desirable that the influ- ence of the Academy as the scientific ad- viser to the Government should be in- creased or not is, like the questions of increasing the publications and the trust funds, open to discussion; but assuming that the question is answered in the af- firmative, it might be a wise step to give formal recognition to all the chiefs of the more important scientific bureaus by constituting them "associates" of the Academy, ex-o/ficio. With such a rela- tion established, it is eminently possi- ble that a wise and powerful, and there- fore self-respecting, bureau chief would ask for the appointment of a standing committee of the Academy, with which he might confer as occasion should arise in the conduct of his duties. Without some such formal recognition, it is ques- tionable whether further continuation of the duty of reporting by the Academy, with the growing probability of having its reports pigeonholed, is desirable. The Act of Incorporation of the Academy provides that the actual expenses en- tailed in making reports shall be paid, but that the members of the Academy "shall receive no compensation what- ever for any services to the Government of the United States." This provision rooms, under existing conditions, likely to become more literally true than might have been expected when it was worded. Drama Lady Gregory is publishing, through I'utnaras, "Our Irish Theatre," which in- cludes the history of Dublin Theatre from its inception. In his lectures on "Ten More Plays of Shakespeare" (Holt) Stopford Brooke avoids the methods of most students of Elizabethan drama. He is not interested in Shakespeare's relation to his own era; of the great playwright's use of his sources, of the literary fashions of that day, and the theatrical requirements we hear next to nothing. The plays are regarded as masterpieces which can stand the criticism of any age. This is a refreshing attitude and in the main just, yet by strictly adher- ing to it, the author occasionally finds him- self in an awkward position. Thus he is completely balked by the character of Iago and is finally reduced to calling him "a dirty dog." Nothing is said concern- ing the gentle pastime of refined villany which in the century succeeding Machia- velli played such a large part in literature and which as a convention justified itselt or not according to the degree of its sub- tlety. His discussion of Julius Caesar would also have been more illuminating if he had at least taken account of the tra- ditional conceptions of the great Emperor which prevailed in Shakespeare's day. Nor is the following passage concerning Primes Hal's change of heart towards Falstaff af- ■■< oming King quite satisfactory: It seems hard that at his coronation he should publicly abandon Falstaff, and I wish the parting had been otl do. But I 1 azingly insolent ■ stall to meet the King before all his people al the ' n with "God 8a e, King Hal; Cod save sweet boy." No King could bear that impertinence. iin Mr. Brooke fails to reckon with reformation of character, which, i'opular mind, was bound to

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368 r_T li e N" a i ion [Vol. 97, No. 2520 from the mere process of being anointed King. Absolute consistency between the prime and the prince' become king was nol e pei ted \ further serious difficulty re- sults from this method Of approach. Mr. ding the fact, that trage- dies of blood and revenge were in great de- mand, reads into Shakespeare's choice of sueii brutal material as that which wenl into the making of "Othello" a disbelief in a beneficent Providence. In the main, the book comprises a series of pleasant, analytical appreciations which the average student may read with profit; at times the language rises to reverential eloquence. An occasional futility and even insularity the reader will be inclined to overlook. It is amusing, for instance, that Mr. Brooke should bother to inquire whe- ther Beatrice and Benedick were "in love before the play opens" and to conclude that "they were only interested in one another"; or that he should be so concerned over Beatrice's outburst against Claudio: "O God, that I were a man! I would eat his heart in the market-place." On which Mr. Brooke remarks, "Of course, she would not have done it. It may be spoken, not ac- complished." The following plays are treated: "Much Ado About Nothing," "Twelfth Night," "Julius Caasar," "Ham- let," "Measure for Measure," "Othello," "King Lear," "King John," both parts of "Henry IV," and "Henry V." The third impersonation offered by Forbes-Robertson in the course of his pres- ent engagement at the Shubert Theatre was Dick Heldar in a revival of George Flem- ing's adaptation of "The Light That Failed." His impersonation, greatly admired in this city some years ago, has ripened since then, and is now a finished bit of artistry. It is by no means— perhaps was never intend- ed to be— a materialization of Kipling's ideal. Compared with that it might be found lacking in animal vigor and the recklessness of a red-blooded Bohemianism. But if more subdued in coloring, it is sug- gestive of mental and moral fibres su- perior to those of the original. The char- acter, if it loses somewhat in respect of picturesque realism, gains more from the refinement and intellectuality which are inseparable from this actor's methods. All the finer traits— the capacity for devotion, the zeal for artistic truth, sturdy indepen- dence, and cheerful self-sacrificing cour- age in affliction— are brought into strong relief. Especially impressive, as examples of thoughtful and highly artistic acting, are the scenes in the studio, where, in a con- dition of semi-delirious exaltation, induced by mental strain and drink, Heldar puts the final touches to his Melancholia, and soon afterwards is stricken blind. Rob- ertson's portrayal of the physical terror caused by the sudden darkness and of the struggle of a proud and brave man to rally against impending moral collapse is very moving and real. He acts with admirable intuition also in the closing episode of the illationwith the repentant Maisie, but no skill can rob this Incident of its hope- less conventionality and feebleness. The ending of such a story must be more tragic it is a pity that Mr. Rip- er have condescended, against hi, to vlolal 1I1 , "i order to gratify, at ai I ': ' tO ings." He, at any rate, could have afforded io refuse his consent to a foolishness of which an adapter would be sure to take :nh a Qtage. Ethel Warwick will soon produce in Lon- don a new play which has been written for her by Robert Vansittart, author of "The Cap and Hells." The name of it is "People Like Ourselves," and it is described as a study of London life, social and political. Three of the principal characters belong to a family of parvenus. There is the father, a part to be played by Frederick Kerr, who also figures as "producer"; there is the mother, a character for Lottie Venne, and there is the son, represented by Ken- neth Douglas, in whom the first two have centred their hopes of social advancement. Everything that money can accomplish has been done to make him a finished gentle- man. He has been educated at Eton, he is now an officer in a crack regiment, yet, to the horror of his parents, he falls in love with, and becomes engaged to, an actress, the character specially designed for Miss Warwick. In the end, of course, the hero- ine proves to be the good genius of the story and the saviour of the family. Ethel Irving, the prominent English ac- tress, who recently failed to please in "Years of Discretion." is now making prep- arations for a revival of "La Tosca" upon a most elaborate scale. Hugh Robinson and Kenelm Foss are possessors of the manuscript of a three-act comedy by G. K. Chesterton. This they have carried to Miss Gertrude Kingston, and, by arrangement with her, the piece is to be produced at the Little Theatre, in London, about the middle of next month. The author describes his work as a fantastic comedy. "The Woodlanders," the new Wessex play adapted from Thomas Hardy's story by A. Evans, with the author's consent, will be produced at Dorchester Corn Exchange, in England, on November 19 and 20, with a matinee the second day. This is the sixth play of the series acted by the Dorchester players. One, "The Three Wayfarers," was written for them by Mr. Hardy himself. Mr. Harry Tilly is coach and stage man- ager. A performance will also be given at the Cripplegate Institute, London, on De r 8. Music THE VERDI CENTENARY. When the death of Verdi was announc- ed, in 1901, Eduard Grieg wrote an ar- ticle in Verdena Gang in which he said: "Jn Verdi the hist of the great ones has departed. If artistic greatness could properly be compared, I would say that Verdi is greater than Bellini, Rossini, and Donizetti. Yes, I would say that he, by the side of Wagner, was the greatest dramatist of the century." This judgment of Verdi is much more widely prevalent In the musical world than it was at the time when the 1 □ mposer expressed it. It is also now generally conceded that Verdi's "Aula," is the gr abused Wagner tor the very tilings

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Oct. 1 6, 1913J T li e JN" a t i o 11 369 we now admire in him most. That the same thing happened to Verdi is not so well known. A striking instance is the Athenwum'a judgment on "Rigolet- to," just cited. The storm music de- Bcribed by the English critic as "patchy" and "meaningless" is a superb exhibi- tion of realism, by far the finest thing of its kind done up to that time by any Italian composer. Wagner himself could hardly have improved on those weird orchestral outbursts, and the ef- fect is marvellously intensified by the grewBome chromatic moaning of the in- visible chorus, strikingly like the dis- mal howling of the wind. And the most remarkable thing about this master- stroke of genius is that it was compos- ed before Wagner's "Flying Dutchman," with its splendid storm music, had been heard anywhere except at Dresden. Cer- tainly Verdi had not heard it; and al- together he was in many ways surpris- ingly "Wagnerian," quite independently of Wagner. As early as 1844, when "Ernani," which gave him his Euro- pean fame,, was rehearsing, he refused the demand of the prima donna for a final rondo in which she might display her vocal fireworks. "Do you wish," he exclaimed angrily, "to ruin the finest situation in the opera?" While he did not, like his German col- league, entirely write his own texts, he nearly always had a hand in the choice of subjects, and usually sketched out the situations and the action so com- pletely that little was left for the li- brettist except the versifying. He made grievous mistakes, and some were fatal to his efforts. Others were not, notably "II Trovatore,' which was for a gener- ation the most popular of operas, in spite of its foolish and incomprehensible libret- to. But so rich was its melodic vein that the singers, the public, and the commentators alike overlooked the fact that there is also in this opera a gen- uine dramatic vein, culminating in the musical portrayal of Azucena, "the liv- ing embodiment of rude tiger-mother- hood." "Nay, but it takes a confounded amount of genius to create a figure like that!" exclaimed the late W. F. Apthorp, who had a happy faculty of coming to the rescue of ill-understood works of art. Those accents were new to the world, and while "La Traviata," which follow- ed "II Trovatore," was a sad relapse into operatic conventionalism, "Ai'da" more than atoned for that error. It com- bines, with a wealth of genuinely dra- matic melody, a rare gift of local color. Still more remarkable, in point of real- ism, sincerity, and finish of style, are the two operas last on the list, "Otello" and "Falstaff"; but, unfortunately, they lack the melodic spontaneity of "Ai'da" and "II Trovatore" and have therefore never been really popular, notwithstand- ing all the passionate appeals made in their behalf by students of technical re- finements. These two operas have had much influence on Wolf-Ferrari and some of the German and French com- posers; whereas Mascagni, Leoncavallo, and Puccini benefited more by the vig- orous, virile style of Verdi's earlier operas, which made them contrast so strongly with the saccharine and florid productions of Donizetti and Rossini and the languorous femininity of Bellini. Al- together, Verdi's influence on the world's art has made for sanity and sincerity, and for this as well as for his inspired works he deserves all the honors that are coming to him in this centenarian season. When was Verdi born? According to the best American Dictionaries of Music (De Bekker, Baker, Hughes), it was on Octo> ber 9, 1813. But Grove, Riemann, the En- cyclopaedia Britannica, Meyer's Konversa- tionslexicon, etc., give October 10 as the date; and October 10 is correct. In Arthur Pou?in's "Anecdotic History of Verdi's Life and Works" (Scribner), which is the best biography of Verdi so far issued, attention is called to the fact that in 1884 the &a 'i in Miifsicale, of Milan, printed a fac- simile (reproduced by Pougin), of the of- ficial certificate of the birth of Verdi, ex- tracted from the registers of the itat civil of the commune of Busseta for October, 1813. This certificate is drawn up in French, as that part of Italy was at that time under French rule. It attests that on Oc- tober 12 of that year there appeared be- fore the officials Verdi, Charles, aged twenty-eight years, innkeeper, domiciled at Roncole, who pre- sented to us a child of the male sex, born the tenth of the present month, at eight o'clock in the evening, of him the "depo- nent, and of Luisa Utini, spinner, domiciled at Roncole, his wife, and to whom he has declared that he wishes to give the fore- names of Joseph-Fortunin-Frangois. The Programme Book of the thirty-second season of the Boston Symphony Orchestra (1912-13) makes a volume with 1,598 pages. Many of these are filled with advertise- ments, but there is so much good reading matter that in spite of its width, the vol- ume deserves space in every musical li- brary, private or public. The present editor, Philip Hale, pays a tribute of respect to his predecessor, the late W. F Apthorp, who "was proud of his associa- tion with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and strove that his share in the work should be of the same standard and make for musical righteousness." His desire was that a symphony or overture should be stud- ied with the aid of his analysis after the performance. "It did not flatter him to see hearers reading while the music was play- ing." It must be said that while Mr. Ap- thorp's programme notes were admirable in most respects there was too much "pars- ing" in them— technical analysis intelli- gible to those only who did not need it. From this fault Mr. Hale's notes arc free; he Rives, chiefly, information which pre- pares the listener for what he is about to hear, and his information is always read- 1 never too technical. Footnotes are Mr. Hale's hobby. He Is so passionately I to them that he devotes four "Entr'actes and Excursions," designed to entertain Bostonians during the ten-minute intermission at each concert, are concern- ed with subjects as diverse as Beethoven as Pianist, Dancing in Spain and Vienna, Haydn in Paris, Massenet's Souvenirs, In- dian Music, Offenbach, Rag-time, Dramatic Expression in the Concert-room, etc. . The Kneisel Quartet announces that the opening concert of the twenty-second sea- son in New York will be given at New Aeo- lian Hall on Tuesday evening, November 11. The remaining dates in the series will be December 9, January 13, February 10, March 3, and April 7. Among the works by contemporary composers to be placed on these programmes will be Vincent D'Indy's Quartet in E major, op. 45, Chadwick's Quartet in D minor, No. 5, and the Scherzo from the Quartet, op. 38, by A. Bruno, which* has not yet been published. Humperdinck has at last found a name for his new opera — "Die Marketenderin" ("The Camp Follower"). The orchestration has just been completed, and the opera is ready for production. The scene is laid in Bliicher's headquarters, 1813-14. Bliicher and Gneisenau appear in the cast, but un- like the other principals, they simply speak their parts. The two principal happenings are the march of the Silesian army after the battle of Leipzig and Bliicher's cross- ing of the Rhine at Kaub. zVrt Lovers and collectors of book-plates — and they are not few in number — will be pleased to learn that a monograph on the engraver Sherborn, who died last year, has just been issued, with the title: "A Sketch of the Life and Work of Charles William Sherborn, Painter-Etcher, by his son, Charles Davies Sherborn. With a catalogue of his book-plates, compiled by himself and George Heath Viner" (London: Ellis). The biographical portion, as is said in the preface, tells the "details of a singularly simple life, but one in which devotion to art became a religion." The book will take its place beside I. H. Brainerd's vol- ume on our own E. D. French. Mr. C. H. Caffin's attempt to overhaul Julia D. de Forest's "A Short History of Art" (Dodd, Mead & Company, illustrated) seems labor thrown away. Originally the book was a rather dry epitome from au- thorities now obsolete. In revision it has gained very little either in loading Ideas or in accuracy. There is no adequate state- ment of the present condition of the By- zantine problem, and the important discov- ery of a Roman revival of painting just prior to Giotto is passed by. The description of fresco painting, ungrammatically called nplete and misleading. Of course, the old error that Leonardo's Cenacolo was painted In oils is repeated, though Cavenaghi six years ago showed that tempera was the medium. As a Cima- bue is reproduced a Madonna pai full generation after that master's death. Antonello da Messina remains a "pupil of the Van Eycks." The cuts and captions of a Paul Dubois and a Rodin are In- terchanged. Apparently, the book is cal- pages to a special index of them. T! tor some public among which Ideas

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370 The N ation [Vol. 97, No. 2520 count tor very little and accuracy not at all. Young ladies' schools, bo advised. A new and cheaper edition of Sir Walter Armstrong's translation of WOlfflln's ad- mirable "The Art of lb'1 Renalssanci nam) should rejoice the heart of every of Italian art. One of th Illuminating treatises of our times now be- avallable as a textbook. Tbe re- issue, though not too large to fit in the tourist's pocket, retains all of the original illustrations. liy carefully watching certain building ille Bernhard and Ellen Wishaw gathered a considerable collection of potteries, figurines, and architectural with a col- ei' Andalusian lace, they have set up scriptive ue" of which now appears, in a pamphlet with the imprint of Smith, Elder & Co. The most interesting finds represent a Tartessian civilization which the authors believe to be similar in type and perhaps identical in date with the Minoan, but there are also many objects of Moorish and later There arc descriptions of subter- Eanes and labyrinths at Seville that will whet the curiosity of all antiquarians. The illustrative material is insufficient for the appraisal either of the theories or the collections of these zealous archaeologists, but enough is shown to prove that they have recovered many objects of enigmatic and novel type. We regret the delay that must probably intervene before we may present ourself at Angeles 5, Seville. To the long and rapidly growing list of books on English mediaeval architecture issued in late years by Henry Frowde there has now been added a volume by A. Hamil- ton Thompson on "English Mediaeval Mili- tary Architecture." In an octavo of 367 pages of text, with 200 illustrations, Mr. Thompson traces the historical evolution in England of the fully developed mediaeval castle through each successive stage from its origin in the pre-Roman earthworks; while special chapters treat of the Norman keep, the later cylindrical keeps or don- jons, the dwelling-house in the castle, the concentric plan, the later mediaeval fortifi- cations, including city walls, and the for- tified dwelling or manor. Foreign exam- ples like Coney, Carcassone, and the Mont St. Michel are referred to by way of com- parison and illustration; and from the re- markable articles on 'French military ar- chitecture in the "Dictionnaire Raisonne," of Viollet-le-Duc have I a num- ber of spirited drawings, which add mate- rially to the interest of the discussion of mediaeval military operations. All the most important castles of England are more or less ful i of them illus- trated by excellent photographic prints. The numerous pen sketches are of quite un- even merit. The plans are good as far as they go, but there should have been more • ,; , i Lochl Ster, Newark, Rag- lan, Warkworth, and Warwick cast I leal Interest, and its tn pnn hat dry, illy for the- An. ider, (or ■ . I riot Ic and roma D I .ill. holds tor 1 hi ly Mr. Thorn] a lied to Infu ry detailed 1 flavor of romance, of historical plcturesqueness, or of literary elegance. .1 rasl of his style ,u let hod with Viollet le-Duc's briefer treatment of the el, in France is striking in this respect: the French account is full 1 animation. In Mr. Thompson's work the broader aspects of lie subject are buried a mass of details. These, hi 1 dully studied, and no other single in the same field combines so corn- survey of the whole subject with detailed information regarding so many castles. The bibliography and two indexes are very full; but there should also have been provided an index of illustrations. Finance PRESENT STATUS OP THE BANK- ING BILL. After what appears to have been a fair and open discussion, the National Bankers' Convention at Boston last week adopted resolutions asking for sev- eral modifications in the banking and currency bill now pending before Con- gress. These resolutions, which receiv- ed the virtually unanimous endorsement of the 2,400 delegates, approve the rec- ommendations of last August's Bankers' Conference at Chicago. They argue that, to insure the success of any new sys- tem such as is contemplated, the gen- eral approval and cooperation of ex- isting banks must be obtained, and they declare that such cooperation will be impossible without certain amendments to the bill. But the resolutions also formally commend the Administration for its "efforts to give the country an elastic, as well as a safe, currency," and pledge "hearty support for the enact- ment of proper legislation to that end." As was pointed out in this column last week, the salient objections to the bank- ing bill as it stands — objections set forth by the Chicago conference, and now ratified by the Boston Convention — are four in number. The national board of seven, all of whom, under the bill, would be either Government officers or Presidential appointees, should contain, the Convention holds, a minority of three, named by the regional reserve banks. National banks should not, as in the present bill, be required to join the system and subscribe to the capi- tal of the regional reserve banks; mem- bership should be optional. The na- tional board should not be empowered to require rediscount of one regional re- serve bank's paper by another. Finally, sues should be described in the Act, not as obligations of the States, but as "obligations of thi eral reserve banks, issued by p Federal Et\ el II

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Oct. 16, 1 9 1 3 J The N" atiori 371 merit's argument, under existing circum- stances, lay in the tact that, without the cooperation of the individual banks, the whole experiment might prove to be a failure; for nothing can absolutely pre- vent withdrawal of banks from the na- tional system. Such t>( ing the case, it should seem that the situation calls for statesman- like compromise between the ideas ot the bankers and the Government. This does not mean, and the Boston Conven- tion has not asked, the relinquishment of the Government's effective po.ver, through majority representation, over the national board. But some middle ground ought to be attainable in the matter, through which there may be in- sured both the Government's predom- inant supervisory power and the co- lon of the banks as a whole in making the new system a success. The to be attained by such compro- mise is the success of the Administra- tion's plan, which might be jeopardized if the existing deadlock is not broken. It must not be overlooked that the Convention has by implication approv- ed the general machinery and detailed provisions of the bill. The other crit- icisms of the report involve problems both of opinion and of practice, in which the existing provisions are sus- ceptible of modifications. Compulsory rship in the system by national banks and compulsory subscription to the stock of the regional reserve banks are, in some ways, the most important of them, yet both of these could be met with the least surrender of principle. The Aldrich plan made such member- ship and subscription optional; but, since its provisions for redemption of the 2 per cent. Government bonds, pledg- ed against circulation, were to apply only to member banks, it was regarded by its author as insuring membership by all the national banks. If membership in the present case were to be made op- tional, a similar restriction of provisions for the bonds to member banks would presumably be inevitable. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. 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372 Tli o JS' -<x t i o 11 [Vol. 97, No. 2520 Moid. unit,, JClenor. Lu of the Ranges. SturgiS & Walton. J1.35 nut. A. B. "Peanut" : The Story of a Boy, Harper. 50 cents net. Parish, J. C. The Man With the Iron Hand 1 1.1 lea oi 1 he Mississippi Valley Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $1.25 net. Parrjsh, Randall. The Maid of the Purest. Chicago: McClurg. $1.35 net. Partridge, G. E. A Reading Book in Mod- ern Philosophy. SturgiS & Walton. $1.50 net. Patterson, C. B. In the Sunlight of Health. Funk <fc Wagnalls. $1.20 net. Patterson, J. E. His Father's Wife. Mac- millan. $1.35 net. Peladan, J. A. St. Francis of Assisi : A Play. Trans, and adapted by H. J. Mas- singham. Scribner. Pendexter, Hugh. The Young Trappers. Boston: Small, Maynard. 65 cents net. Pennington, Patience. A Woman Rice! Planter. Macmillan. $2 net. Phillips, Stephen. Lyrics and Dramas. Lane. $1.25 net. Pope, Hugh. The Catholic Student's "Aids" j to the Bible: Old Testament. Benziger 1 Brothers. $1.35 net. Potter, David. 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Oct. 16, 1913] The ISTation XI The (Waster sol Modern French Criticism By IRVING BABBITT A survey of the intellectual life of Franco during the nineteenth century. "I'n livre excoptlonnellement re- niarquable . . . Ce livre indique- rait-il Que la race anglo-saxonne, dans ce milieu nouvrau et avec le concours des autres energies qui y sont entrees en fusion avec elle, commence a d6- vloppcr des facultcs inconnues dans la metropole d'origine? Ou dois-je seulement. y voir la manifestation d'un esprit particuli^rement cloue et equips pour les besognes les plus hautes et les plus arducs de la critique par une culture cosmopolite et, en quelque sorte, universelle? Meme dans ce cas et en ne considerant pas M. Babbitt comme repr6sentant, a aucun degre, les id£es americainos et l'esprit Uncfrlcain, il me semble impossible que l'enseignement de ce rare esprit ne contribue a cr£er autour de lui, 'la ns la region universitaire, une 61ite inli llectuelle. A tous egards, ce livre est un symptfime. II nous rappelle, 8i nous io savions deja, il apprend a ceux qui Pignoraient qu'il faut, dans le monde des idees, compter avec la patrie d'Emerson." — Augustin Filon, in Le Journal des De"bata. $2.50 net. By mall $2.00. Boston HOUGHTON MIFFLIN CO. New York An Introduction to the Study of SOCIAL EVOLUTION THE PREHISTORIC PERIOD By Prof. F. STUART CHAPIN, of the Department of Eco- nomics and Sociology, Smith College. An authoritative and readable summary of the most generally accepted evidence and theory of Social Evolution. For the gen- eral reader as well as the student. Helpfully and Interestingly illustrated Price $2.00 net THE CENTURY CO. Explorations in Egypt The Egyptian Research Account (Society), founded in 1894, has a committee of fortv eminent scholars and other public men. PROF. FLIN- DERS PETRIE, as field director, devotes his en- tire time to the work. Yearly discoveries relating to the pre-dynastlc age, the history, arts, sciences of Egypt, are published in annual quarto volumes, profusely Illustrated. Subscribers of but $5 to a season's explorations receive the volume for that year. All interested in Old Egypt should write for the circulars of the Society, freely sent on application, to its official representaUve, REV. DR. WILLIAM COPLEY WINSLOW, 525 Beacon Street, Boston. "TO LIBRARIANS " It is of Interest and importance to know that the boot :>nd advertised in this mag- azine can be purchased from us at advanta- geous prices by PUI1I,IC LIBRARIES, SCHOOLS. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES A. C. McCLURG & CO., CHICAGO Selections from B. W. Huebsch's fall list EDWARD HOWARD GRIGGS The Philosophy of Art What is Art? What does Art do to the ar- tist who creates? What does Art do to the student who appreciates? These questions underlie this work which deals with sculpture, painting, music and poetry. The author's purpose and method may be comprehended from his remark that it is "not a restatement of criticism and philosophy, but the condensed result of twenty-five years' study of works of art in each of the four fields, recording and interpreting what these masterpieces have done to my senses, emotions, imagination and intellect." 12mo, cloth, $1.50 net; by mail, $1.60. PAUL HERVIEU The Labyrinth This represents the best in modern French drama. James Huneker speaks of it as "a great section of throbbing, real life." "In no other play has Her- vieu attained and preserved so great a height of sympathetic and passionate emotional power, nor exposed the relentless working out of human motives struggling with forces greater than themselves; nowhere else has he sustained his interest and developed his story simultaneously, with so sure a hand," says Mr. Clark in the introduction. He reviews Hervieu's dramas, outlines his life and offers a condensed but valuable bibliography. 12mo, cloth, $1.00 net; by mail, $1.10. JOHN HAYNES HOLMES Marriage and Divorce* Mr. Holmes is too wise to try to solve the divorce problem, but, recog nizing unalterable facts of human nature on the one hand, and shifting social institutions on the other, he reviews the opposing attitudes and, with no com- promise as to principles, offers a middle ground acceptable to a progressive day. The author is minister of the Church of the Messiah, New York. 12mo, cloth, 50 cents net; by mail 55 cents. TEMPLE SCOTT The Use of Leisure* This book will be enjoyed even by those who rebel against its social and economic implications. Mr. Scott not only tells how to utilize the leisure we now have, but demands more, and then he tells what to do with that. 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Illustrated 8vo. $3.50 net, postage 30c. extra DODD, MEAD & COMPANY Publishers New York

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Xll The ISTation [Vol. 97, No. 2520 The Open Court An illustrated monthly ($1.00 per year) especially devoted to the in- teresting questions of higher criti- cism and comparative religion, popu- lar expositions of the philosophy of mathematics, discussions of anthro- pology and history, political and in- ternational questions from the stand- point of scientific principle. Readers of THE NATION are invited to send for free sample copy of the October number, which contains, among other articles: — THE ORIENT AND WORLD PEACE From an Oriental Point of View. By BASANTA KOOMAR ROY. A masterly setting-forth of the Eastern attitude toward the so- called "Yellow Peril" (as ex- pressedbyOccidental newspapers and jingoes), and European ag- gression in the Orient, pointing a warning which far-sighted Euro- pean and American statesmen may well take to heart. PRIMITIVE WAYS OF THINKING With special reference to Nega- tion and Classification. By JOSIAH ROYCE. An essay treating of the in- fluences on the beginnings of sci- enceof primitive mental processes. SOME ASPECTS OF SAMUEL BUTLER. ByM.JOURDAIN. THE MORAL CONCORD. By the late HENRI POINCARE Read by Henri Poincare at the inaugural meeting of the French League for Moral Education, three weeks before his death. Translated by George Bruce Halsted. GREEK ART IN INDIA. By the EDITOR. Dealing with the influence of the Greek spirit on Indian sculpture. With half-tone illustrations. The Open Court Publishing Co. 122 South Michigan Avenue CHICAGO What a Satisfaction to use the new India-Paper edition of Webster's New International! Only half ns thick, only half as heavy as the Regular Edi- | tion. Printed on expensive, thin, strong, opaque, imported India Paper. Excellent printing surface. Clear impression of type and illustrations. So light, so convenient, that you will use it at every opportunity. Size 12% x »>l4 x *Hj inches. Weight, 7 lbs. Regular Edition. Printed on strong book paper of the highest quality. Size lij-u x 9>4 x 5 inches. Weight, 14 'ji lbs. This new creation is far more than a dictionary, being equivalent in type matter to a 15-volume ency- clopedia. It answers with final authority all kinds of questions in language, history, geography, bio- graphy, trades, arts, and sciences, ill sports, etc. The only diction-,* ary with the new divided page, characterized, as "A Stroke of Genius. ' ' More than 400,000 "Words. 2700 Pages. 6000 Illustrations. The school books of the country follow the Merriam - Webster system of ,,|| Uiacritically marked letters. Jfk. Write for specimen pages, Illustrations, etc. Mention the Nation Thg and we will include a. useful set of pocket maps, FREE. ■ « iflllllilll1 • Ik G. & C. MERRIAM CO., Springfield, Mass. Jjv^rr/am "Webster THE MOSHER BOOKS Gems of Poetry and Prose in Perfect Mechanical Setting. THE MOSHER CATALOGUE An interesting specimen of fine bookmaking which will be valued by every booklover |SENT FREE ON REQUEST THOMAS B. MOSHER, PORTLAND, MAINE. PRIDE OF WAR of Translated from the Swedish Gnstav Jiinsou Stories of the Turko-Italian War that ought to be a great power for advocates of universal peace. Recom- mended by David Starr Jordan, Amer- ican Library Association, etc. 350 pages. $1.30 net; postpaid $1.41 LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, Boston Foreign Books and Magazines Correspondence Solicited E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY 681 Fifth Avenue, near 54th Street NEW YORK The Storytellers' MAGAZINE. A new educational Idea; Interests and educates children to an appreciation of good literal ore ilii-out'li will told stories. It also shows mothers and tttohers the educational value of tin- well told slory and bow to tell stories to the host ad- vantage. Official organ of the National Story Tellers' League. Send one dollar for one year's subscription. Three sample copies for 25 oentl THE STORYTELLERS' MAGAZINE 27 WEST TWENTY-TDIUD ST., NEW YORK SAMPLE COPIES OF Autograph Letters of Celebrities nought and Sold. Send for Dllce lists. Walter Eo.Benjaaln,32B othAT N.Y. ICSTAItI.mil KI) 1HK7 Pub. "THE COLLECTOR," fl a yr. THE NATION will be sent to any address for several weeks WITHOUT CHARGE ADDRESS THE NATION 20 Vesey Street New York City

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Oct. 16, 1913J The Nation xiii The North American Review FRANKLIN SQUARE. NEW YORK, N. Y. To readers of The Nation: We take pleasure in advising you of the inauguration of a complete Editorial Department in the November NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. This department, formerly conducted by George Harvey in "Harper's Weekly," will now appear regularly in the REVIEW. "SIX MONTHS OF WILSON," by the Editor, is the first of the leading articles that will appear each month. Some comments: "THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW will be stronger and better than ever, with Colonel Harvey's entire efforts in evidence." "George Harvey will edit the famous NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW and will add to it various features, making it one of the new forces in American life." "For solid worth-while articles on subjects of national importance there is no better periodical than THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. It maintains its standard of excellence, , and its papers are all by men distinguished in their various lines of work." Our increasing patronage and the many commendatory letters received from our subscribers are ample proof that thinking men and women are interested in the articles and the treatment accorded them in the REVIEW. We, therefore, extend to you a cordial invitation to become a subscriber, confident that receiving the REVIEW will be to you a source of intellectual enjoyment. THE PUBLISHERS. N. B. — The yearly subscription price is $4.00.

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XIV The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2520 J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY'S NEW AUTUMN PUBLICATIONS FOURTH LARGE PRINTING HALL CAINE'S GREATEST NOVEL The Woman Thou Gavest Me Being < he Story of MARY O'NEILL, Cavght on a F ood of Success, Now in Is FourthLarge Printing This wonderful romance is being read and discussed in every com- munity of consequence. It is the Book of the year — one of those rare novels which appeal to people in every walk of life. The startling revelations of Mary O'Neill form a love story for all the world and for all time, in which Hall Caine has presented a remarkable analy- sis of the modern marriage. It re- veals the relation of Man to Woman from the Cradle to the Grave. $1.35 net; postpaid, $1.50. NEW FCTION A Big Tale of the Philippines By DAVID POTTER The Streak Illustrated. $1.25 net. Postpa d $1.37. David Potter, who recently spent five years in the Philippines, has caught in this story the real spirit of the "Islands." "The Streak" is to them what Kipling's "Kim" is to India. It is a big tale, realistic, romantic, and sensuous — a swiftly moving romance in which elementary passions are in conflict with the ideals of American civilization, centering around Ann Nelson, a beautiful Southern girl, and Major Crittenden, a splendid American officer. Diana Ardway by van zo post. Illustrated in color by Gayle Hoslcins. 12mo. Cloth, $1.25 net. Postpaid $1.37. This unconventional love story is a tale of primitive passions In modern characters. The author pictures scenes and people with startling frankness. It is a riot of life and love — - bubbling over with wit — quick in action. Ruth Anne Illustrated by Will Grefe. 12mo. Cloth, BY ROSE CULLEN BRYANT. $1.25 net. Postpaid $1.37. The splendid humanness of this story will give great enjoyment to all who do not care for novels of the wishy-washy type. It is a love story of rare naturalness, uplifting in Its outlook upon life, and the romance of Ruth Anne and Dr. Hollander is one of subtle beauty. Thorley Weir 12mo. Cloth, $1.35 net. BY E. Postpaid $1.50. F. BENSON. Mr. Benson'6 novels are remarkable for their lucidity of expression as well as their depth of insight into human relations. This new story is both grave and gay, aud the author talks well about things that really matter. By the Author of "From the Car Behind" The Unafraid by eleanor m. ingram. Three illustrations in color by Edmund Frederick. 12mo. Cloth, $1.25 net. Postpaid $1.37. Readers of Miss Ingram's automobile racing story, "From the Car Behind," will remem- ber with pleasure the American Impetuosity of that tale. The new novel is written In the same lively style. It is a Joyous, flashing, care-killing story — a characteristic Ingram achieve- ment. IMPORTANT NEW BOOKS The Elizabethan Playhouse and Other Studies Second Series By W. J. LAWRENCE. Illustrated. 8vo. Half cloth, with board sides. 88.60 net. The author endeavors to throw additional light on the obscurity of the Elizabethan stage and to emphasize the remarkable vitality of its conventions by demonstrating lew many of them contrive to wind their tendrils around the trunk of early picture-stage dramaturgy. The Drama Today By CHARLTON ANDREWS. Cloth back. Im- ported paper sides, with paper label. Uncut edges. Flat 12mo, $1.50 net. Postpaid, $1.02. This book supplies the need of a brief com- pendium of the Drama to-day as it is practiced not only In England and America, bul also uixrn the Continent, n (rives in small com- pass accurate general information, ns to the leaders of I Ik- 1< rn Stage and their Work. Handy Book of Curious Information By WILLIAM s. YVAT.sn Crown ivo. Half morocco, gilt top, I8.B0 net. Postpaid, 83.78. Uniform with Upplneott'l Headers' Reference Library. An Invaluable volume of enrioni facta and tilts of knowledge Inaccessible In any other works of refi I The Principles of Character Making By ARTHUR HOLMES, Ph.D.. Dean of Fac- ulties. Pennsylvania state College, i2mo. cloth, 81.60 net. Postpaid, $1.02. Teachers and parents will And this I k of great value as a basis for child training. It Is prepared (or. use as a text on M]ip ieil psychol- ogy, with psychology In Its modernized form applied to the most vital function of the home, the school, the Individual, and the nation, Lightships and Lighthouses By FRKIiKlticK A. TALBOT, Aboul so II lustrations from photographs, with diagrams, 8vo. Cloth, 81.60 Pet. Tills booh covers the whole subject ef Coaii Lighting for protection, and is written In a popular style, Your Child To-day and To-morrow Bj BIDONIB MATZNBR i;i;i i:\i.i SO Oloth, 288 pages. 81.88 net, Postpaid $1 :i7. This book deals in a raosl practical and belpful manner with those perplexing i" iblem tii.it confront parents during the formulatlva period of childhood, The topics discussed In dude reasoning, fear, will, obedience, punl b men), ideals, adolesce friendships, etc.

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The Nation v VOL. XCVII— NO. 2521 THURSDAY, OCTOBER 23, 1913 fgEmL PRICE TEN CENTS Important New Publications ESSAYS AND POETRY ' Maurice Maeterlinck OUR ETERNITY. The " philosopher-poet's " first long important book since "The Life of the Bee." Gilt lop. !2mo. Net $1.50. Postpaid $1.65. J. H. Fabre THE LIFE OF THE FLY. With which are inter- spersed some chapters of autobiography. 12mo. Net $1.50. Postpaid $1.65. Paul Laurence Dunbar COMPLETE POEMS. In one volume. Frontispiece. 8vo. Net $2.00. Pos paid $2.20. Henry Rose HENRIK IBSEN. Poet. Mystic, and Moralist. Small l2mo. Net $1.00. Postpaid $1.07. Laurence Jerrold THE FRENCH AND THE ENGLISH. 8vo. Net $2.50. Postpaid $2.64. TRAVEL Captain Robert Falcon Scott SCOTT'S LAST EXPEDITION. Profusely illustrated in color and in black an^ while. Also with maps, charts, etc. 2 vols., large 8vo. Boxed, Net $10.00. Expressage extra. Ruth Kedzie Wood THE TOURIST'S SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Written at the invitation and with the aid of the Spanish Government. With illustrations and a map. 12mo. Net $1.25. Postpaid $1.38. V. C. Scott O'Connor TRAVELS IN THE PYRENEES. Illustrated in color and in blacky and white. Large8oo. Net $3.00. Postpaid $3.16. Winifred James THE MULBERRY TREE. The West Indies. Central America, and Panama illuminatingly described. Illustrated. 8vo. Net $2.50. Postpaid $2.68. ART Julia B. De Forest A SHORT HISTORY OF ART. Edited, revised and largely rewritten by Charles Henry Caffin. New plates, new cuts, and 288 new halftone illustrations. 8oo. Net $3.00. Postpaid $3.30. Arthur B. Chamberlain HANS HOLBEIN THE YOUNGER. Handsomely illustrated in color and black and white. 2 ools., 4to. Boxed. Net $16.00. Expressage extra. D. Cady Eaton A HANDBOOK OF MODERN FRENCH SCULP- TURE. Illustrated. 8oo. Net $2.00. Postpaid $2.17. H. W. Lewer THE CHINA COLLECTOR. A guide to the porce- lains of the English factories. Illustrated. 8eo. Net $1.60. Postpaid $1.76. SOCIOLOGY Graham Taylor RELIGION IN SOCIAL ACTION. With an intro- duction by Jane Addams. 12mo. Net $1.25. Postpaid $1.38. C. Gasquoine Hartley (Mrs. Walter Gallichan) THE TRUTH ABOUT WOMAN. 8oo. Net $2.50. Postpaid $2.64. MISCELLANEOUS C. W. Stamper KING EDWARD AS I KNEW HIM. With frontis- piece. 8oo. Net $2.00. Postpaid $2.16. Carl Ewald THE FOUR SEASONS. 12mo. Illustrated. $1.20 net. Postpaid $ 1 .31 . BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY Mrs. Hugh Fraser. ITALIAN YESTERDAYS. Illustrated. 2 vols. 800. Boxed. Net $6.00. Expressage extra. James Schouler. THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD. Being Vol. VII. of "A History of the United States." 8vo. Net $2.00. Postpaid $2.20. Louis Barthou. THE CIFE OF MIRABEAU. The hero of the Revolution analyzed and judged by the Prime Minister of France. Illustrated. 800. Net $3.50. Postpaid $3.75. Send for Our Illustrated Catalog of New Books. PUBLISHERS DODD, MEAD & COMPANY, NEW YORK

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11 Tlie Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2521 The Nation /4 WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [.Entered at the New York City Post Office as second class mail matter.] The Nation U published and owned by tbe New York Evening Pos1 Co. Oswald Garrison Villard, President; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer More, Editor; Harold deWolf Fuller, As- sistant Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the I'nilcd Slates or Mexico; to Canada $3.51), and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal I iiinn . $4.00. Address THE NATION, Box 704, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 373 Editorial Articles: Ex-Senator Aldrich on the Banking Bill 376 The End of William Sulzer 376 Great Fortunes Without Monopoly.. 377 The War Against Disease 378 A Residential Graduate College 379 The Rule that Proves the Exception.. 380 Special Articles: Scandinavian Books 380 News for Bibliophiles 381 Correspondence : Platform Anarchy 382 Mr. William J. 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Oct, 23, 1913] The Nation 111 PRIDE OF WAR Translated from the Swedish o>f Gtastav Janson of the Turko-Italian War that ought to he a great power for universal peace. Recom- by David Starr Jordan, Amer- ican Library Association, etc. SoO pages. $1.30 net; postpaid $1.1,1 LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, Boston Foreign Books and Magazines Correspondence Solicited E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY 681 Fifth Avenue, near 54th Street NEW YORK 77//: QJtEAT ART r.lFT-llOOK OF THE YEAR ART By Auguste Rodin (Translated from the French of Paul QaeJJ by Mre. Romlllj Fedden.) with over 100 Illustrations In photogravure and hnlf-tono. Hnckrom, $7.50 Deti three-quarter levant, $15.00 net: carriage additional, a boob which takes its place at once as the most Important art book In years. It covers practically the whole ranee of art, and abounds In memorable analyses of the works of the masters ol painting and sculpture, ancient and mod. rii. Mend for (It ■nrriptive circular. Small, Mnynnril * Co., Publishers. 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IV T li e !NT a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2521 No More Monthly Payments. Increase in Price of $29.00 The New A Radical Departure is About to Be Made in the Plan of Sale of Encyclopaedia Britannica (Published by the Cambridge University Press) Now Sold Direct to the Public llth Edition Hereafter it will be obtainable — through agents and booksellers only — for cash payment only (complete sets or volume by volume) — no longer for monthly payments The difference will be — An increase of $29.00 — $5.75 instead of $4.75 a volume — An immediate outlay of the full cash price in- stead of only $5.00 Formal announcement is hereby made of the termination of the sale at the present low prices and for monthly payments. In England the closing date will be December 22nd, and in the United States and Canada very shortly thereafter. | Your only safe plan is to sign and mail, now, the order form on the opposite page of this announcement if you want to get the book before it costs $29.00 more. THE FINAL DATE TO MANY of the public this inevitable change in the conditions of sale will present itself in this simple form: "It is now easy, and will be then almost impossible, for me to secure a work which I long since determined to obtain sooner or later." The success of the new Encyclopaedia Britannica, of which 51,243 copies (1,486,047 volumes) have already been sold, has made the existing system of small monthly payments so familiar that its discontinuance may, at first glance, seem to be a sudden and violent disturb- ance of established usage. But it should be remem- bered that every advertisement of the work has ex- plicitly described the current offer as provisional, and the price as temporary, and subject to increase by stages until it reached the normal figure of $7.50 per volume, i.e., the price at which the 7th, 8th and 9th editions were sold. The increase to $5.75 a volume which has been fixed to take effect in England as from December 22nd, and very shortly thereafter in this country, marks a stage in this upward process. A last opportunity before the price is raised and the facility of making small monthly payments is withdrawn As all those who have been contemplating the pur- chase of the new edition have been told that the offer at $4.75 a volume was temporary, it could hardly be considered a hardship if the change to $5.75 Per v°l" time, and the abolition of the instalment system, were effected at a day's notice. But that course has not been adopted. Provision has been made for those who have been intending to subscribe but have not yet done so. Before the change takes place, a last opportunity will be given to subscribe at the present low prices and to obtain immediate delivery of the volumes (and of the bookcase if desired) for monthly payments of only $5.00. Why the Change Is Made at This Time A reader who thinks that it would suit him better to purchase the Encyclopaedia Britannica on the monthly payment sys- tem and at the low price next year, than to do so now, may wonder why the sale should not be continued under the present conditions. The employment of the large capital required for instalment sales, and the min- imizing of profit entailed by exceptional- ly low prices, are expedient in the case of a new work of which the contents are so voluminous and so varied that they cannot adequately be represented by ad- vertisements. On the other hand, the rapid distribution of a large number of copies upon unusually attractive terms firmly establishes the reputation of the work. Now that this has been done, a continuous, though slower, sale through booksellers and agents is more profitable and less troublesome. On the one hand, those who most need the Encyclopaedia Britannica, and those to whom its acqui- sition in the ordinary way would be most difficult, have already subscribed or can at once subscribe. On the other hand, It Is now better known, more highly appre- ciated, and more constantly used than any other book to which the 20th century has given birth, The Object Achieved, the Offer Closes The editor completed a great achieve- ment when he passed the volumes for press. Its publishers have now accomplished the equally necessary task of introducing the volumes in all parts of the world. And, after this final subscription sale, those who want the Encyclopaedia Britannica must buy it and pay for it as they buy and pay for any other book. There arc, doubtless, some intending pur- chasers who have delayed because thej would like first to convince themselves concerning cer- tain points such as cannot be covered in any genera] description, in particular, a reader mas argue thai his hesitation does no! In the least call in question the value of the book, only his capacity to profit by It. "A scries of volumes in which leading specialists collaborate to answer any question that fan reasonably lie asked should be Invaluable. Will It prove so In my case? Shall I, In fact, use It when I have It?" Only actual examinati I use of the Volumes themselves can satisfy (he desire to tic reassured on this point. "Conditional Purchase" it has accordingly been decided that the of those who truly Beefc as answer to this juestion will best i>e fulfilled by permitting comlitioiuii nnrcbase, i. c, the subscrib- er holds himself free to return the vol s after ten da; ' use and claim a refund or $:!.7r> from 00 1 cut with his order. The reader » no would subscribe With this proviso must endorse the order form "Conditional Purcl ." On no arc, Hint will the privilege be granted to 11 who order without such endorsement, since it is essential that the precise number of 1 supplied on these teiiim should be known. 3 inches thick 1 Inch thick Ordinary paper Halt Morocco Full Rhc(i"t in IM>i \ I'AI'ER'

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Oct. 23, 1913] The Nation v ^ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA 11TH EDITION T NEW Closing of the subscription lists for the New ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA— nth Edition 29 volumes, published by the Cambridge University Press, of England. Price to be increased from £29 to £50, according to the binding. No more monthly payments. ^,^v,,,^7C 1 „A .„U Hirer! to the oublic THFN $5-75 a volume, for full cash payment, A SINGLE PAYML:JMT OF $5.00 SE- HOW ?JllA^*X^££ lilS-i through agent, and booksellers on.y. CURES DELIVERY COMPLETE livercd on a first payment of only $5.00. THE MOST WONDERFUL BOOK IN THE WORLD 1. ElevenEditionsraCentury Btrlki ii g and a Half of Development «££«" cbee j; i \ ,-n of the Immense expansion of knowledge In nines than the growth of the Encyclopaedia 1 1 !n, ,„ ,„,, ) and I agree to send the second and o'l subsequent payments on the corresponding day of each following month until payment is complete, in ace irdance with the style of binding and the terms of payment indicated by the X I have placed In cue of the squares below, showing my selection. It is agreed that I shall keep the books, but the title does not pass to me until the total amount has been paid. Terms, F. O. B. New York. Phase Indicate style of binding desired by marking a cross X in one of tLe squares shown below. INDIA PAPER Strongly recommended, especially in the Leather bindings. [5] CLOTH (ordinary covers). After this Sale these Prices will be 31 monthly payments of 12 He can purchase the NOW for $4.7.1 a volume, monthly payments is still Cash Price fi=n FULL, SHEEPSKIN IHJ (flexible). 37 monthly payments of . 12 •• '• . . $5.00 ] 11.87 I 17.58 | 84.81 I 137.75 J 4 Cash $5.00 14.2!) 21.22 42. 1G6 '.on .75 J [p] FULL MOROCCO (flexible) ^ 47 monthly pavments of 12 8 Cash Price Nation.— C $5.00 | 18.82 '" 27.. -.t; I 64.75 J 217.50 $2!>.00 more, i.e., $166.75 cash. $36.50 more, i.e.. $203.25 cash. 950.00 more, i.e., $267.50 cash. Occupation _^^^^_^^^^^_^___^^__^^____^_^^^^^^^^__^_ // in business j add business address. ' II you wleb to have a bookcase for the India paper impression, please i cross x in one of the squares shown bt [^1 (1) Single tier, solid DO I 50 caab for 3 monthly pay- \LJ\ of $5.o(i after payments for tbe booh arc completed), IfTl (2) two tier, solid mahogany: 18. 7G cash tor 2 monthly pay- l1-1! inentf "1 $5.00 each I. Should you for any reason contemplate pu ordinary, or thick paper Impression, please write for ■ special order form. The rash price in Cloth Is 1180.50 (to be Increased |38 I monthly pay- monts of (6.00 each. Also bound in Half UOTOCCO and Full Mor"

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VI The N" a t i o ri [Vol. 97, No. 2521 EDITH WHARTON'S New Novel on Sale in Every Bookstore in the Country The Custom of the Country Recounts the Career of a Beautiful,"! Ambitious American Girl; Forms a Graphic Revelation of American Society To-day. Already the Most Discussed Novel in America $1.35 mt. By mail $1.47 JOHN GALSWORTHY Author of "The Patrician," "Justice," etc. Portrays the Romantic Life of a Man with an Intensity of Literary Power Hardly Suggested in His Earlier Novels The Dark Flower Just Published One of the Greatest of All Love Stories $1.35 net. By mail $1.47 Maurice Hewlett Throws Light Upon a Character of Great Interest in His New Novel Bendish Rene Bazin Famous French Novelist Repre- sented by Five of His Finest Stories in The Marriage of Mile. Gimel and Other Stories The First a Short Novel $1.25 net; by mail $1.35. James B. Connolly Has Written a Book of New Stories About the Sea Sonnie-Boy's People and Other Stories III. $1.25 net; by mail $1.36. Nelson Lloyd's New Novel David Malcolm Has Called Out the Praise of the Critics $1.35 net; by mail $1.47. A Colorful Romance of Early 19th Century England. Identity of the Handsome and Talented Young- Nobleman Ex- cites Curiosity. $1.25 net; by mail $1.47. The Lost Road One of the Writer's Most Fascinat- ing- Stories Gives Title to a New Collection by Richard Harding Davis 111. $1.25 net; by mail $1.37. Helen Huntington Author of "The Moon Lady," Gives a Clear Picture of Life in the New York "Upper World" in Marsh Lights $1.35 net; by mail $1.47. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS The Eternal Masculine Is a Collection of Her Best Stories of Men and Boys by Mary Raymond Shipman Andrews $1.30 net; by mail $1.40. Mascarose A Romance of the Days of the Troubadours by Gordon A. Smith ill. $1.00 net; ha mail $1.11. Fifth Ave. at 48 St., NEW YORK

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The Nation XBW YORK, THURSDAY, OCTOBER 23, 1913. The Week iilcnt Wilson's prediction of the enactment of the banking law in the present session may or may not be well- grounded. In t'neir comment on the President's letter to Mr. Underwood three of the twelve members of the Sen- ate Finance Committee declare such a result to be impossible, and three oth- ers are skeptical about it. In any case, the possibility of such rapid work, in the five weeks remaining to the extra session, will depend on the character of the amendments made in the Commit- tee, before the bill is reported to the Senate. The recent trend of opinion has undoubtedly been to the effect, first, that the existence of certain serious de- fects in the bill as it passed the House has been recognized by most of the Senators, and, second, that neither Con- gress nor the Administration is unwill- ing to have amendments fully and fair- ly considered. This attitude, which dif- fers from that which, rightly or wrong- ly, was ascribed to the bill's promoters a month or two ago, is readily account- ed for by the series of frank and posi- tive criticisms of the pending bill, since the measure passed the House, by eco- nomic writers, by bankers and business men who have testified at the Senate committee hearings, and by formal reso- lutions adopted by various banking and commercial organizations. Renewed British protests against Sen- ator Nelson's Seamen's bill, reported from the Commerce Committee on Oc- tober 2, show that the measure will be opposed from two quarters. The atti- tude of American shipowners, however, has been discounted since last year, when the bill passed only to suffer a "pocket veto" by President Taft. Un- der Senator La Follette's threat of in- troducing a more drastic measure, their surrender could probably be obtained. As to the general intent of the bill, there can be little doubt. Aimed at raising the admittedly low standard of seamen's labor, it would bind shipowners to pro- vide better accommodations, would ena- ble the seaman to leave a ship where he was ill-treated, would compel regu- lar wage settlements, and make towards better hours and better pay. If foreign shipowners protest against its "encour- agement to desertion," they should re- member that in other fields of labor the employer's guarantee lies in making it to his employee's interest to stay with him. So short is memory, and so ungrate- ful are republics, that people might have forgotten that there once was a Secre- tary of State named Knox, had he not just made a speech to remind us of the fact. He was dedicating a monument to Braddock, but by an easy and grace- ful transition the ex-Secretary passed to a discussion of our relations with Mex- ico and South America. His hearers are said to have gathered that he was se- verely arraigning President Wilson's policy, but they must have been very acute to be able to detect this beneath Mr. Knox's generalities, which were couched in language that certainly did not glitter. He warned his audience against "the cacophonies of those who are blinded by thoughtlessness, interest, or prejudice." But this would scarcely make a good rallying cry against the Administration. How many voters would follow a banner inscribed: "Down with Cacophonies"? And if it is a ques- tion of indefiniteness and ambiguities, who could surpass Mr. Knox in laying down the rule that we are to "contribute to the unity, happiness, and prosperity of all the people" of the new world, and are to do this in "a sympathetic, prac- tical, and unselfish way, without of- fence to their national amour propre or encroachment upon their sovereign pow- ers"? Plainly, this is not a case of I he oracles being dumb, but unintelligible. understood, exclude her. And they had to consider the prima-facie evidence of Mrs. Pankhurst's actual conviction in England for crime. But we have to bear in mind that the question is not raised of her being a fugitive from jus- tice. She left England in the light of day, with the knowledge and consent of British officers of the law, and there is no suggestion that they desire to have her extradited or back in England one day earlier than she wishes to return. Quite the contrary! All this being so, the sole broad question put before the Washington authorities was whether Mrs. Pankhurst's offences, however se- verely to be condemned in themselves, are not political in their nature. The Administration at Washington has ac- cepted her own description of herself as a determined rebel against her Gov- ernment, and has accordingly classed her with those political refugees to whom this country has traditionally granted, not only admission, but a hearing. A few calm distinctions seem all that it is necessary to make in Mrs. Pank- hurst's case, in order to arrive at the merits of it. In the first place, the im- migration authorities are not to be blamed for taking up the question of her right to admission. The challenge was directly put to them, and they could not refuse at least to inquire whether the law which they are enforcing every week against others would not, literally What happened in the Fifth Judicial District of Illinois on Monday, when Judge Puterbaugh, Republican, with a fine record on the bench, was defeated for the Supreme Court by Charles C. Craig, Democrat, has been predictable since the split in the State suffrage con- vention ten days ago. The figure cut by the Progressive candidate was due entirely to the activity of a group of women supporters. Actuated by resent- ment at Mr. Puterbaugh's opposition to woman suffrage, they ran full-page ad- vertisements in Peoria, Kewanee, and Streator papers, addressed dozens of mass meetings, and made general can- vasses. This activity ran counter not only to the best non-partisan sentiment of the district, but to the judgment of the more moderate wing of the suffrag- ists. The objections of this moderate wing to any party alignment of the suf- fragists, as well as to the injection by them of narrow issues into a judicial campaign, was ridden over by the radi- cals rough-shod. A year ago, the Democratic candidate for Congress from the First West Vir- ginia District was elected over his Pro-

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:\74-_ ri i The N" at ion [Vol 97, No. 2521 gresslve-Republican opponent by the narrow margin of 1G9 votes. Last week, with the Progressives and the Re- publicans divided, the Democrats won again, this time by a plurality of more than 3,500, Their vote was a little less than the combined vote of their two leading rivals. The Progressive-Repub- lican candidate of last November was the Progressive candidate this year. Since the new party, under the leader- ship of Gov. Glasscock, one of the Seven, avoided a split with the Republicans in the election of last year, except on Pres- idential electors, the only way of com- paring the Progressive strength now with what it was then is by referring to the vote cast for Roosevelt in the same district. The third-party nomi- nee for the Presidency received 13,287 votes to Mr. Taft's 12,702. Last week Mr. Laughlin received only about 4,000 votes to his Republican opponent's 10,- 000. The general story of decline in the Progressive strength since 1912 is thus repeated in the latest test. If it be said that some allowance must be made for the difference between a Presi- dential and a Congressional election, the reply is that the Republican nom- inee last week polled 80 per cent, of the vote cast for Taft a year ago, while the Progressive polled less than a third of the vote cast for Roosevelt. Everybody knows that Tammany is the poor man's friend, but we are all prone to forget in how many different ways this beneficent influence is exert- ed. A recent item in the police news may usefully serve as a reminder of one of them. A man named Fred Goll was brought before Magistrate Freschi by Patrolman William Jacobs. Goll is re- ferred to in the newspaper report as "one of a band of young rowdies who had tried to make things unpleasant" for the patrolman on his post. Jacobs had found it necessary to use his re- volver "to ward off his prisoner's friends on the way to the station." Presumably in view of the ugly look' of this thing, the Magistrate imposed the tremendous penalty of ten dollars; but this was later reduced to one dollar. The inter- est of the matter, however, lies in what itrolman stated to his superior officer in making his report of the case. "When I got into court," he said, "who should come up to me but Jimmy Hines and ask me to 'go light' on the fellow." As Hines is Tammany leader in the Nineteenth Assembly District, it is clear that in interceding for this rowdy he was acting the standard Tammany part of "poor man's friend." Some superior people may object that there are thou- sands of poor men, women, and chil- dren who would be helped by the sup- pression of rowdyism, and that to be a friend to the one rowdy is to be an enemy to a thousand who are not row- dies. But Tammany knows better. What Hines did in this one case, Tammany has been doing steadily in countless cases yeaT after year, generation after generation, and does not its political success prove that it has been right? suit of those stringent laws h;< proved to be so satisfactory to the man- ufacturers themselves, what becomes of the argument that a tremendous in- crease of national control is desperately necessary? Two passages in the report of John Golden, president of the United Textile Workers of America, who held their annual meeting at Philadelphia this week, strike us as interesting in them- selves, and peculiarly interesting when placed in juxtaposition with each other. One of them is this: The indiscriminate employment of chil- dren is becoming daily more serious. And I believe it is time that the national Gov- ernment enacted stringent legislation that will prevent the further exploitation of those who are to be the future bulwark of our great country. If the statement made in the first sen- tence were correct, it would go far to- wards making a prima-facie case for the proposal of national control made in the second. But, however serious may be "the indiscriminate employment of children," the assertion that it "is be- coming daily more serious" is the dia- metrical opposite of what all the intel- ligence on the subject that has been coming to the public knowledge has in- dicated. And here let us cite the sec- ond of the passages in his report to which we have referred: The States that have already adopted 1 laws regulating the working hours <jes of woman and child have been proved to be those which arc- now in the highest condition of Industrial de velopment. In every case it. has been shown that increased outlay of money bytl. repaid in in- - 1 ea 1 1 r out put, and less labor trouble. If the leading industrial States have "al- ready adopted stringent laws" — while, as we all know, the most backward States have, one after another, been moving in that direction — and if the r< Those who think of Hawaii in terms of the motley population may be im- pressed by the tone of its recent civic convention. It was, says the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, "a practical attempt to reach the heart of municipal and terri- torial problems." Led by the boards of trade, the delegates took action for bet- ter roads, the setting apart of a Ki- lauea and Mauna Loa National Park, the building of new open-air stations for tubercular patients, and the encour- agement of agriculture. But if the con- vention had an American spirit of civic improvement, it had also an American zeal for advertising and development. There was an Hawaii Promotion Club, subsidized by the Legislature, an "Ad Club," and similar bodies to plan, "first, to get tourists to the islands, and, sec- ondly, to keep them entertained after they are here." The spirit of the en- tertainment is implicit in the senti- ment: "Where but on Oahu can you see a volcanic replica of the cathedral at Milan, or in a day's journey travel through ninety miles of scenery that varies from the ruggedness of Switzer- land to the simple beauty of the Blue Grass State?" Note, too, the hearty con- viction that "there is no crop that re- sponds more satisfactorily to cultiva- tion than the tourist crop." Visitors to the islands may henceforth look for evi- dence of two kinds of progressiveness. The strong approval with which Sir Rufus Isaacs's appointment as Lord Chief Justice has been received in Eng- land must gratify even the most san- guine Liberals. To the man who only four months ago was ready to resign the Attorney-Generalship in order to save liis party from the effects of the Marconi scandal, and whom the Parlia- mentary minority report flatlj c< n ;rave Impropriety," the present tribute to his ability and Integrity must mean much. No one has ever denied that his brilliant career and tested tem- per have made him the indicated suc- 10 Lord Alverstone, The new Lord Chief Justice enters upon all la-

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Oct. 23, 191 3 J The Nation 375 bors at a time when his predecessor's Ill-health has left the affairs of office in mud) confusion; but he may feel that he has "better confirmation, better se- curity'' in it than even his friends could once have hoped. Enterprising map-makers should be making preparations to be early in the market with a new map of Ulster. The re-mapping of the Balkans will be noth- ing compared with that of the Irish province, if the exclusionists have their way. Separate treatment of the four northeast counties only is denounced by the redoubtable Mr. Garvin in the Pall Mall Gazette as "light talk." He points out that there is a large Unionist pop- ulation in the neighboring counties of Fermanagh and Tyrone, and it must somehow be got under the rule of "King" Carson at Belfast. And as there Is also a large Nationalist population in Ulster, it would follow, by parity of reasoning, that it should be shown in green colors on the map as really be- longing to Dublin. "Roll up the map of Europe" is a saying that will soon have to give way to "Cut up the map of Ul- ster." what the German naval authorities think it right to do? The difficulty with such proposals of friendship as Mr. Churchill has formulated is that, wheth- er they are accepted as a sign of weak- ness on the part of the British Govern- ment or as a sign of condescension, the effect is equally stimulating to hyper- patriotic German sentiment. There has as yet been no reply from German official quarters to the British proposal of a year's suspension of bat- tleship construction. The President of the German Naval League has declared Winston Churchill's offer to be unde- serving of serious consideration; but this is the natural position for a presi- dent of a navy league to take. In the meanwhile it is to be noted that the German authorities, while fond of speak- ing of Realpolitili — a policy based on frank recognition of actualities instead • of on sentiment or general principles — have in this matter of the limitation of naval armaments not been quite so real as they might be. Mr. Churchill has bluntly stated what everybody knows to be the fact— that Great Britain and Germany are building against each other. The Kaiser's Ministers usually speak of their naval plans as dictated by Germany's Imperial interests and by the necessity of safeguarding the Em- pire's coasts. Perhaps the Germans have heard that there is such a naval Power as Great Britain, but what con- ceivable connection can there be be- tween what Great Britain is doing and The role of His Majesty's Opposition in the German governmental system, hitherto played by the Social Demo- crats, has been definitely assumed by the eldest son of William II. It is not so very long since Crown Prince Fried- rich Wilhelm earned the displeasure of his Imperial father by what was virtual- ly a public demonstration against the Kaiser's Ministers. He Mas punished by being confined to garrison duty with his regiment, presumably not a heavy punishment for a Hohenzollern and fu- ture War Lord. At present the Crown Prince has joined issue with his father's Government on the question of the rights of the Cumberland family in Hanover and Brunswick. The proba- bilities are that the Kaiser is not ex- cessively outraged by such display of independence on the part of his des- tined successor. As an adherent of an- cient monarchical traditions, the Kaiser must accept it as natural that the heir apparent shall be in opposition to the reigning sovereign, this being about the only kind of opposition that absolutism experiences except in Russia, where as- sassination is also recognized. At any rate, the Kaiser ought to find satisfac- tion in a Crown Prince who is intense- ly, if overzealously, interested in ques- tions of state and policy instead of be- ing wrapped up in the ordinary diver- sions of princes and youthful kings. No one believes that the recent heavy loss of life among aeroplane pilots will check the development of heavier-than- air machines, and there must be very few who believe that the misfortunes which have overtaken Zeppelin's air- cruisers will lead to the abandonment J of the dirigible. The latest disaster is discouraging, no doubt. But Germany has pinned her faith so closely to Zep- j pelin that only an unprecedented series 1 of failures can bring total discourage- ment. Zeppelin's catastrophes are fea- : tured in the news. His successes have become commonplace. Aerial navigation in Germany may be divided into three classes. There is the army air fleet, the navy air fleet, and the commercial air craft under private management. Critics have pointed out that it is the naval branch of the service which has suffered most in the way of accident, L-l, which was destroyed in the North Sea some weeks ago, and L-2, which was destroyed last week, both being part of the naval attachment. In civilian aerial ranks the claim is made that the army and navy do not possess a sufficiently expert personnel, though why this should be is difficult to explain. At any rate, such critics point to the fact that Zeppelin tourist ships have been regu- larly plying the air for a long time without mishap. The resignation of M. Jules Claretie from the directorship of the Theatre Frangais, after a service of twenty-eight years, reealls the man's extraordinary versatility. Born in 1840, he became dramatic critic to the Figaro and Opin- ion Nationale, newspaper correspondent in the Franco-German war, a staff of- ficer in the National Guard during the Commune, and a voluminous writer on all manner of topics. In 1888 he was elected to the Academy. A glance at his collected works, which were pub- lished in 1904, is the best proof of his wide capacity for interest; one would scarcely realize that the stage was his chief concern. And indeed to foreign- ers he has been known and prized less for his connection with the theatre than for the weekly articles which he has contributed to the Temps and other peri- odicals. M. Claretie can no more keep his amazing personality from his writ- ings than Dr. Furnivall could make an introduction to a musty text dull. His fund of reminiscence, which involves many sides of life, gives sparkle and reality to whatever he touches. His ar- ticles may perhaps be called the sole contemporary representatives of the causcric at its best; they are discursive and yet very much to the point. As di- rector of the Theatre Frangais, M.Clare- tie has kept alive popular interest in the national theatre in a period when competition from without has been steadily growing. His sin cessor is M. Albert Carr6, who is well known as the manager of the Opera Comique.

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37(3 The N at ion [Vol. 97, No. 2521 i:\ SENATOR ALDRICH ON 1; INKING BILL. The speech of ex-Senator Aldrich to the Academy of Political Science, in this city, reviewing and criticising the bank- ing bill now pending in Congress, was an interesting contribution to the dis- cussion. Not only was Mr. Aldrich, be- tween 1908 and 1912, the acknowledged leader in the movement for banking and currency reform, but the pending bill is in very large measure based avowedly on the bill drawn up under his personal supervision. This is the first occasion on which he has publicly discussed the new proposals. Mr. Aldrich's hostile criticism took wide ground, but he rested it primarily on the assumption that the new note circulation is to be issued by the Gov- ernment, and on the language of the bill describing the Federal reserve notes as "issued at the discretion of the Fed- eral Board," as designed "for the pur- pose of making advances to Federal re- serve banks," and as constituting "obli- gations of the United States." Accept- ing this as a plan for issue of paper money by the Government, he assailed the theory of such governmental pow- ers, reviewing forcibly such well-known arguments in the matter as the experi- ence of revolutionary France, with its assignats, and citing the declarations against Government fiat money by Dem- ocratic statesmen and Democratic plat- forms, up to and since the unhappy Bry- an episode of 1896. Bryan, in Mr. Ald- rich's view, has in the pending bill, as the price of factional support, won that victory for unsound money which he lost in his personal campaigns for the Presidency. If this exposition of the nature and character of the bill were correct, then, obviously, other objections to the mea- sure would be wholly superseded by it. There is undoubtedly this much of force in Mr. Aldrich's contention — that the language above referred to, in describ- ing the proposed new currency, is high- ly mischievous in its implications. It is also true that the language was inserted as a means of placating unsound think- ers of the Bryan stripe, whose opposi- tion might otherwise have blocked the legislation. These facts the Nation has already pointed out as very grave blem- ishes in the bill. But we have also been at pains to show, what Mr. Aldrich did '/•///•; not recognize in his speech, that the bill's own indirect references to Govern- 111 ill. paper money are meaningless when tested by its actual provisions for issue of the notes. Neither directly nor through the na- tional supervisory board is any power over outstanding circulation proposed for the Government, except that the ap- plication for new notes, by a given re- gional reserve bank, may be limited or rejected, and that the tax on such cir- culation (again misleadingly called the "rate of interest") shall be fixed by the national board. The directors of a re- gional bank, acting in behalf of indi- vidual banks in its district member- ship, decide when new circulation is re- quired and how much it should be, and through the regional banks that circula- tion is redeemed when no longer need- ed. The Government cannot of its own initiative, or through its national board, add a dollar to such circulation, and as for the mere fact of issue of the notes by the Government to the banks, the present National Bank act equally pro- vides that, on the deposit of United States bonds with the Treasurer of the United States, national banks "shall be entitled to receive from the Controller of the Currency [a Government officer] circulating notes." The Government "is- sues" the notes, under such conditions, to exactly the extent that it would issue them under the pending bill. We have gone into this matter in some detail, not because we in any re- spect approve of the language of the bill regarding the Government's func- tion in these note issues, but because we think Mr. Aldrich has not correctly stat- ed the true purport of the bill in this re- gard. A similar criticism, in our judg- ment, runs against his remarks of last week on the Federal Reserve Board. In many respects, his strictures on the powers conferred upon that board are entirely well founded. But his descrip- tion of those provisions as "an attempt to give a Government board the right to manage a great business" hardly de- scribes the real machinery of the bill. Supervisory powers of large scope are proposed for this national board, but ex- cept for the three powers of "regulat- ing" issue and retirement of the notes (whoso actual significance we have al- ready discussed), of suspending reserve requirements in a supposable emergen- cy, and of requiring, in a similar emer- gency, the rediscount of one regional bank's paper by another, this national board would enjoy no powers of man- aging or conducting the country's bank- ing business. The process of redis- counting paper for individual institu- tions is in the hands of the regional bank directorates, two-thirds of whose membership is chosen by the member banks. The rate of discount for such operations is to be fixed each week by the regional bank engaged in them, and not by the Federal Board, which has only the general power of review. Our readers are aware that the ATa- tion believes even the above-named pow- ers of the national board to be inade- quately restricted. Whether by a minor- ity of non-political appointees in that board's membership, or by granting to the proposed Advisory Council of bank- er appointees a voice in its deliberations, some definite restraining power we hold to be essential. But this is a very dif- ferent line of objection from one which flatly assumes that the national board is asked to take over the conduct and man- agement of the banking business. In Mr. Aldrich's comments on what he regards as other serious defects in the proposed machinery, there is much useful and pungent criticism. But the immediately essential duty, in review- ing so important an arraignment of the measure as a whole, is to be sure that no erroneous impression of the mea- sure's actual purport was conveyed. THE END OF WILLIAM SULZER. Every thoughtful citizen of New York State must regard it as unfortunate that the judges of the Court of Appeals divided, 5 to 4, and 6 to 3, in the vote declaring Gov. Sulzer guilty on three of the articles of impeachment. But this was a difference of opinion only as con- cerns his legal guilt. All were agreed as to his moral guilt. Chief Justice Cullen, even while stating his belief that Sulzer ought not to be Impeached for acts committed before in- became Governor, made it char that lie held him convicted of the utmost moral tur- pitude. The man made a false oath. Money given him for his political cam- paign, he took to enrich himself, Judge Cullen did not mime words in declar- ing that, whatever the Constitutional v.iiidiiy of the charges, Gov, Bulaer had

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Oct. 23, 1913] The Nation 377 been abundantly proven guilty of the acts alleged. By the strict letter of the law it might not be possible to show th.it bis offences were impeachable, but, even if they were not legally sufficient to oust him from the Governorship, they would oust him from all public respect, would utterly break down his reputa- tion, and would destroy the last ves- tiges of confidence in him. This, general moral reprobation of William Sulzer is really the thing that stands out above all the purely legal bearings of bis trial. Even if he had been acquitted by a vote or two, he would have remained a Governor at the thought of whom the State could feel only shame and overwhelming mortifi- cation. His failure to take the stand in an effort to break the force of the evi- dence against him would have been re- garded as damning. It is stated with positiveness, and the report is credi- ble, that this fact, and especially Sul- zer's leaving wholly uncontradicted, or even unchallenged, the testimony of Peck and Morgenthau and Ryan, turn- ed from him several up-State Senators who, in their hostility to Murphy, would have gone all possible lengths in de- fence of Sulzer. But he himself broke their backs. Hate Murphy as they might, they could not longer stomach Sulzer. To the conscientiousness and sense of public duty displayed by the Court of Appeals judges who were constrained to vote Sulzer "not guilty" — not guilty, that is, under the Constitution and the Penal Code — all right-thinking men must feel like paying a special tribute. These judges had no illusions about William Sulzer. But the vilest man on earth is entitled to all his rights under the law of the land. And Judges Cul- len, Werner, and Bartlett were simply zealous in maintaining what they be- lieved to be the true intent and effect of the Constitutional provisions respecting impeachment, and avoiding the creation of a precedent that might return to plague the commonwealth. The point is highly arguable, and good lawyers and capable judges may differ on the subject, as we see. In the argument be- fore the Court, the opinion of Samuel J. Tilden was more than once quoted — namely, that the Constitution and laws of New York- are unlike most others in that they "recognize the principle that a personal crime may create a personal disqualification to exercise the functions of a public office, although the particu- lar offence may be totally disconnected with that office." This is the doctrine which Judge Cullen held to be danger- ous, in that it opened the door to seri- ous abuses. Against that peril in the future, now that the precedent has been set in accordance with Mr. Tilden's view, we must hope that the grave ut- terances and written opinions of the dissenting judges — besides the distinc- tion made by Judge Miller, that Sulzer's offences really "reached into the Gover- norship"— together with the restraints that public opinion and political decen- cy are able to impose upon reckless poli- ticians, may guard the State. If the moral and legal results of Gov. Sulzer's impeachment are beyond ques- tion, as much cannot be said for its political effects. Concerning these, spec- ulation will doubtless be rife for some time. There has been during the past few days a distinct abatement of the pro-Sulzer feeling. The steady drip of damaging testimony at Albany could not fail to wear it away. But much un- doubtedly remains; and how it will in- fluence the election in this city, and po- litical alignments up the State, we can at present only guess. Much will de- pend on Sulzer's own course. If he at last sallies forth in that deadly war upon Murphy which he has been threat- ening, if he lays bare the secrets of the Tammany prison-house, the effect may be considerable. But his friends should tell him that vague accusations and gen- eral railing will not do. A man pub- licly discredited as Sulzer now is will have to be very precise and to produce corroboration and documentary or other conclusive evidence before he can be listened to. And the very rumors afloat in Albany about his selling his "story" to a magazine, or preparing to tell it on the lecture platform for pay, imply a general belief in the man's shiftiness which makes dependence upon him like leaning upon a broken reed. Despite all the reserves one may have about some aspects of the verdict against Sulzer, the final exposure and political disgrace of such a man must be thought of as a wholesome thing in our public life. Those who really knew him, knew that he was absolutely unfit to be Governor of New York. In his disgrace and downfall great political lessons are writ large for all the people. We shall not again lightly delude our- selves into thinking that the gravest faults of personal character and of pub- lic record can be condoned or covered up by patter about "the people," as if there were an incantation in the phrase. Nor shall we be disposed to fancy that the espousal of even good causes by an official unworthy of trust, can do any- thing but weigh them down. Gov. Sul- zer is removed from office and his power is broken; but the solemn warning of his career will abide. GREAT FORTUNES WITHOUT MO- NOPOLY. Public interest in the possessions of the late Benjamin Altman has centred chiefly upon the disposition of his ex- traordinary collection of great master- pieces of painting. But there is another aspect of the great fortune left by this solidly successful merchant which is of wider bearing, and upon which it may be not unprofitable to dwell. Among the generalities that have flowed trippingly from the tongue of popular economists, now these many years, perhaps none has been more com- mon than the assertion that the large fortunes of our modern days are all de- rived from monopoly. Without the pos- session of some law-granted privilege or the ownership of natural resources lim- ited in quantity, it is maintained, noth- ing more than a modest fortune can be accumulated in a lifetime, except by re- course to those methods of virtual mo- nopolization which, in their most high- ly developed form, have given rise to the great combinations and consolida- tions known as Trusts. That monopoly does play a part of the most momentous importance in the economics of our time, we should be the last to deny; but that it has taken anything like full pos- session of the field is utterly untrue. And the error is of serious practical im- portance, from more standpoints than one. It bears on the whole question of public policy involved in the Roosevelt- ian attitude towards monopoly on the one hand and Wood row Wilson's attitude on the other. It bears on the 1 question underlying this, the question of Socialism. Socialists have for dec- ades been saying that the old forms of opportunity are as good as gone, that

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378 T li e N" a t i o ri [Vol. 97, No. 2521 it has conic down to a choice between monopoly by a handful of individuals on the one hand and monopoly by the Gov- ernment on the other. And with some- thing like this notion fastened upon their minds, thousands who are not So- cialists have fixed their attention on those phenomena that confirm it, and have been blind to those that run coun- ter to it. Of course, a single instance like that of Mr. Altman, or a half-dozen instances, would be of no significance. But look- ing at the single instance in the first place, what strikes one is that the two- score millions, more or less, which, from very small beginnings, this merchant acquired were gained simply by the ex- ercise of just such skill, shrewdness, en- terprise, tact, as have been the source of business success at all times and in all countries. There was no privilege, and no monopolization of sources of supply; neither was there any manoeuvring, or conspiring, or manipulation of prices, to drive competitors out of business. And here we come to the second point. In this success of Mr. Altman's there was nothing singular. Scores of achieve- ments on a similar scale can be pointed to, all over the country. Hundreds, nay thousands, of cases are conspicuous on all hands where fortunes acquired in the past twenty-five years, in absolutely competitive business, by men who be- gan with nothing or next to nothing, while not so great, run up into the mil- lions, or near them. In the very same general line with Mr. Altman, persons still young have seen, in every large city in the country, the rise of gigantic establishments from the most modest start; and of success almost as striking on a more modest scale the evident in- stances are innumerable. Outside of re- tail business, the proofs of success do not so readily meet the eye; but the same thing is going on in manufac- tures, in finance, and in various special- ized forms of enterprise. The colossal growth of some of the mail-order houses is proof of what can be done by sheer energy and business ability, without the possession of a single special advan- tage; and the Woolworth building, the tallest in the world, bears eloquent wit- ness to the possibilities of fortune-build- ing in a line which, at first blush, would seem absurdly unadapted to any such ambition. Indeed, it has turned out, as is so of- ten the case with confident forecasts of "manifest destiny," that a change whose magnitude, and even whose spectacular suddenness, was undeniable, was never- theless wanting in that character of finality and completeness which easy- going generalizers ascribed to it. The obsoleteness, or obsolescence, of compe- tition is far less generally assumed as a matter of course in current discussions to-day than it was twenty years ago. When Trust after Trust was forming, when field after field seemed to be clos- ing to competitive enterprise, when method after method of stopping this drift towards monopoly seemed to be proved futile, the conclusion that it was only a matter of a little time before nothing would be left of the older ways of business became all the fashion. It was regarded as a mark of old-fogyism to talk as though the whole matter were not settled; anybody who regarded the competitive regime as a thing worth bothering about was as much out of place in this hustling world as the old man of Dr. Holmes's "Last Leaf." But instead of sweeping everything before it, this notion, some way or other, ac- tually ceased to make head at all, after a few years; and later on, it actually went backwards. People have found their bearings, and see plainly that they took the part for the whole; a big and important part, indeed, but still a small fraction of the great ocean of the eco- nomic activities of mankind. Monopoly is seen to be big enough to constitute a great problem; but it is not so big as either to make the solution of the pro- blem hopeless or itself to constitute that solution. THE WAR AGAINST DISEASE. One event which marked the virtual completion of our task at Panama re- ceived but little attention in the press. On Monday of last week, Col. William C. Gorgas left the Istnmus for New York, accompanied by two of his fellow- workers, of whom one was Dr. S. T. Darling, bacteriologist at Ancon Hos- pital. It is now a commonplace that the work of Col. Gorgas made the work of Col. Goethals possible. Before Cule- bra could be conquered, yellow fever and malaria had to be overthrown. The task was accomplished with Col Gorgas as commander-in-chief of the army of sanitation in the field and Dr. Darling as the general staff in the bacteriologi- cal laboratory. Their departure from Panama was hastened by the fact that for the good as for the wicked in this world there is no rest. The summons had come from South Africa, where the miners of the Rand, numbering an army of workers greater than that assembled at Panama, have been the victims of the pneumonia scourge and othe,r en- demic diseases. The authorities at Jo- hannesburg found it natural to turn for help to Col. Gorgas in his capacity as consulting specialist to sick regions of the earth. Yellow fever has become an "historic disease" at Panama, no en- demic case having occurred since 1906. Malarial fever has been reduced from 1,200 cases per thousand of the popula- tion in 1906 — an average of more than one case for each person — to 81 per thousand in 1912. The attention of the world will now be fixed upon Johannes- burg. The special conditions which will con- front Col. Gorgas on the Rand are dif- ferent from those he has had to deal with in Cuba and Panama. To the lay- man there can be no similarity between Colon, virtually at sea level, with a maximum summer temperature of 100 degrees and an annual rainfall of 120 inches, and Johannesburg, lying nearly six thousand feet high, with a bracing winter climate and a rainfall of 26 inches. But malaria is no respecter of altitudes. To-day we know that the disease is not due to any mysterious "miasma" rising from moist soils, but is the result of parasitic infection. We have fallen into the habit of speaking of tropical diseases, as if the tropics alone were the home of micro-organisms fatal to human life. But that is simply be- cause the white man is comparatively new to the tropics. It is merely that maladies which the white man encoun- ters in his work of subjecting the new areas of the globe impress themselves on his attention more dramatically than the endemic plagues from which he suf- fers at home in the temperate zone. The new bacteriology is thus concern- ed not only with such tropic and sub- tropic scourges as cholera, the bubonic plague, yellow fever, and the Bleeping sickness, but with those universal rav- agers, tuberculosis, pneumonia, typhoid fever, and sexual disease. Tuberculosis

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Oct. 23, 1913] The Nation 379 kills more people in the United States j than any other single cause. Close be- hind it comes pneumonia. The latest researches in cancer point to a bacterial origin. Unfortunately, in respect to tu- berculosis and pneumonia, while the problem of causation has been solved, the remedy has not yet been forthcom- ing, though, judging by all precedent, the hope of humanity is justified that, once the cause has been ascertained, the remedy is bound to follow in the course of time. What has been accomplished with regard to yellow fever, malarial fever, diphtheria, and sexual disease, and what is on the point of being estab- lished with regard to typhoid fever, the not-distant future may see accomplish- ed with respect to tuberculosis, pneu- monia, and cancer. The army of re- search is mobilized in the laboratories of the world. Its work is carried on in comparative obscurity until the daz- zling result is given to the world. Com- pared with this vast labor for the pro- motion of human happiness, how pitiful seem many of the "social" problems and issues that thunder so loudly in the headlines! With social progress in its truest and broadest sense the achievements of the new medicine are more than in accord; they are one of the manifestations of that spirit. There is nothing fantastic in the notion that the people of New York or of London may some day be stirred by the idea that the prevalence of tuber- culosis is as inimical to the "work" that goes on every day in the factories and offices of New York and London as ma- laria, yellow fever, and pneumonia are inimical to the work of building a Pana- ma Canal or digging gold from the reefs of the Rand. Then we might call a Gorgas to the task, give him as free a hand as he had at Panama, and see what medical science, even in its present state, can do for the "sanitation" of the East Side or of Shoreditch. The results of such a campaign against tuberculosis, carried on, not as at present, by "edu- cation" largely, but as a definite, stra- tegic campaign with military discipline and thoroughness, might show as rich results for humanity as the completion of the Panama Canal. A RESIDENTIAL GRADUATE COL- LEGE. All the preliminary discussion of the project which yesterday took effect in the dedication of the splendid build- ings of the Princeton Graduate College has had for the public, even for the aca- demic public, certain misleading impli- cations. It has seemed that some novel method of instruction, some alteration of standards, must be involved. As a matter of fact the residential Graduate College, as we shall call it for greater clearness, has been intended to provide better living conditions for students who are to work under the standards and approximately with the facilities that have prevailed at Princeton in re- cent years. It has been and is a ques- tion of providing advanced students with dignified housing and table facili- ties, and with ideal conditions for schol- arly companionship. That this is the purpose — a purpose which should not be too prosaically interpreted — the opening ceremonies make perfectly clear. The four distin- guished foreign lecturers were chosen primarily as champions of the residen- tial idea. Professor Shipley, the biol- ogist, and Professor Godley, the classi- cist, come respectively from Cambridge and Oxford Universities, which have ever held the ideal that scholars of all ages should live in close association with the college. Professor Boutroux, pub- licist and philosopher, is associated both with the famous Ecole Normale and with the Fondation Thiers, which are alone among institutions" of higher lib- eral studies in France to house their students. The philosopher, Professor Riehl, of the University of Berlin, has been especially interested in effecting the plan for a residential college which was proposed more than a century ago by the patriot philosopher Fichte. Dean West's address emphasized the value of companionship in study, the fruitful in- terplay of keen young minds, the gen- erally civilizing effect of an Academie which is also a scholar's home. Clearly, what we have to reckon with is an application to the American grad- uate student (and to a moiety of his teachers) of the system which has work- ed admirably in the case of the British undergraduate and most of his teachers. Dean West, to whose unflagging en- deavor these stately buildings are an eloquent testimonial, was undoubtedly fired by the charm of college life at Ox- ford, Cambridge, and the Paris schools, shocked as well by the narrow and sometimes nearly sordid conditions which meet the American graduate stu- dent in his lodging and eating-house, distressed by the meagre opportunities which such a life may afford for help- ful comradeship. Doubtless there was something more than this in the dream of an Oxford college grafted upon the sturdy Princeton stock. No one will have noted more shrewdly that, besides their services to scholarship, Oxford and Cambridge, centres of what is deemed dilettanteism, homes of odd individual- isms, asylums of reaction, have, after all, trained those men of action who in Parliament, in home and colonial ad- ministration, in diplomacy, journalism, and literature, guide the destinies and direct the higher thinking of the Brit- ish Empire. Unquestionably some such ideal of public efficiency also underlies what superficially appears to be the establishment of an uncommonly fine academic club more anglicano. By this criterion at least the success of the attempt is likely to be judged. If our young specialists can, by rubbing together with one another and with their academic seniors, be made more flexible and available both for their spe- cific work of teaching and research and for various public service, then the Princeton experiment will have fully vindicated itself, and will be followed. Such a success would mean the enrich- ing of our national life all round. No other very concrete advantage or sud- den change is to be expected. We are assured that the ideals of teaching and learning and research are to remain at Princeton essentially what they were before, but the newmovementhas already effected several brilliant new appoint- ments to the faculty. Yet so far aa re- search is concerned, while the residen- tial academic life has Its advantages, It also has distinct dangers which at this moment it were ungracious to put for- ward. Should the Princeton experiment produce no marked scholastic effect, the example of a generous, seemly, and com- panionable life at Princeton might still attract students, and become matter of envy to universities which cannot af- ford to Oxfordize their graduate schools. Yet such a success would be provincial

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380 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2521 and little short of failure. Thus a some- what heavy responsibility rests upon the young gentlemen and scholars whose windows look across Mr. Cram's pic- turesque quadrangle to the soaring mass of the Cleveland Memorial Tower. Much has been done for these young men. A miniature letter-true Oxford is put at their disposal through a great archi- tect's unerring taste. If they can com- bine with the wit and humane scholar- ship of Oxford something of the robust directness and serviceableness of him whom the soaring tower commemorates, a brilliant academic venture will be jus- tified of its earliest children. Vigeat sub numine. THE RULE THAT PROVES THE EX- CEPTION. In John Galsworthy's play, "The Pigeon," a London flower-girl who has tried to drown herself is rescued by a policeman and placed under arrest: Wellwyn: Well! God in Heaven! Of all the topsy-turvy ! Not a soul in the world wants her alive — and now she's to be prosecuted for trying to be where every one wishes her. In these few lines Mr. Galsworthy illus- trates the attitude and the method of a popular radical school, and sums up also its strength and its weakness. It is the attitude and the method which have Bernard Shaw for their best-known exponent. It is a form of guerrilla war- fare against things as they are which consists essentially in rallying the in- consistencies, the contradictions, and the logical gaps in our laws and insti- tutions. For society to drive a poor girl to suicide and for the law to pun- ish her for attempting suicide, proves this to be the kind of topsy-turvy world that lives in Shaw's pages; a world of Liberals who are fanatics, of Conservatives who are anarchists, of virtuous women who despise virtue, of Mrs. Warrens who are pillars of soci- ety. The reason why this method should be popular is plain. The method has always been practiced. There is epigrammatic sting to Mr. Galsworthy's lines, there is malice, and there is par- tial truth: a combination which always scores a decisive debating point. It is a method that, for all its clev- erness, carries with it the impression of a fatal lack of robustness; perhaps be- cause it is too clever. Astounding! Here is a school that denies most things, that questions everything, that demands a clean sweep all round, yet for all that, is dreadfully lacking in red blood. It knocks a head wherever it sees one, but does so with hardly a trace of the moral indignation, the hot wrath with which Cromwell or Robespierre knocked heads and cut them off. It is a quibbling, puckish, Donnybrook spirit. It makes the victim wince, but it does not make him afraid. And it does not make the partisan of established things afraid, be- cause it is fighting for impossibilities. It is fighting for the one great impossi- bility, which is that there shall be no rules in life, but only exceptions. It does not attack laws, but law; it does not attack definite institutions, but the idea of institutions. It is anti-social; not in the sense that it antagonizes so- ciety as at present constituted, but the very idea of social organization. The law which makes attempted suicide a punishable offence may be a bad law. Does Mr. Galsworthy wish us to abol- ish it? Not in the least. He is aware that if the non-punishment of suicide is made a rule there will be, just the same, unfortunate exceptions who will suffer. He would have no difficulty, for instance, in portraying some weak- willed unfortunate individual who chooses death after a long struggle, in which the existence of a law against suicide might have proved strong enough to act as a deterrent. In justice to Mr. Galsworthy it must be said that the sentence we have quot- ed is not altogether typical of his work as a whole. So earnest a student of character and life as Mr. Galsworthy cannot be permanently blind to the in- exorable truth that life must be made up of law — and exceptions. But it is quite different with the house of Shaw. There the implication is plain that to live under the rule instead of among the exceptions is ludicrous, indecent, and unjust. Such an attitude offers un- doubted opportunities for comedy, for satire, and for the necessary amount of criticism to keep humanity from fossil- izing into peaceful self-complaisance. But there it ends. Shaw's bitter little- capsules of human inconsistencies and contradiction;-, may help to shake up the liver; they make dreadfully poor nour- ishment for the normal man. Long ago the wisdom of the world summed up the situation harshly: the fool can ask more questions than the wise man can answer. This remains true even though the fool is sometimes a Touchstone and the wise man is a dull shepherd in Arden. Heavy-pated Corin in the forest of Arden, who knew that the property of rain is to wet and of (ire to burn, and that a great cause of the night is lack of sun, very likely knew that life cannot be turned from rules into exceptions, without making exceptions the rule. Do not imagine that Bernard Shaw, in tearing our so- cial system to pieces, is an anarchist. Under triumphant conditions of anar- chy, he would most certainly side with the Archbishop of Canterbury. Mr. Shaw, the critic of existing marriage customs, would not be wanting for ma- terial if he were transported to some remote island where, let us say, sexual promiscuity was made compulsory by law. He would immediately write plays about devoted couples who go to the stake as martyrs to monogamy; a prac- tice which would obtain his hearty com- mendation because it was not the usual thing. SCANDINAVIAN BOOKS. Bergen, Norway, October 12. When Bj0rnstjerne Bj0rnson died three years ago, the last of the four great chieftains of Norwegian literature, of whom the others were Ibsen, Kiel- land, and Lie, a discussion arose to de- cide who might now be called Norway's most distinguished living author. Pub- lic opinion generally centred on the names of Knut Hamsun and Hans Aanrud, the latter of whom recently celebrated his fiftieth birthday amid great ovations. Aanrud is a very pop- ular author, and his stories of peasant life in the eastern part of the country are marked by simplicity, truthfulness, and a keen sense of humor. One of his best stories, delightfully portraying the simple round of a small peasant girl's life, was translated into English a ylve Solfeng," which pictures a little peasant boy, has not been so honored. As a part of the semi-centennial celebra- tions over the author, the Gyldendalske publishing house is bringing out a pop- ular edition of his works. A small volume of Lectures, called "Tldssp0rsmaal i skolo og opdragelse" ("QueBtlons of the Hour in School and Education"), by the 1 03 <" peda- gogics .-it Hh 1 alversity of Chrlstlanla, Otto Anderssi □ 1:' 1 oncerned « ii b pro- blems of considerable Interest, The

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Oct. 23, 1913J T li e Nation 381 first time 1' < tures discuss the experi- ments made to explore the psychologi- cal life of the child (pedology), the at- •irnish young men and wo- • th a higher professional educa- tion (the German labor-schools), and the question whether or not ethics should be taught in school. By far the most interesting lecture is the fourth and last, In which the author gives his personal view of the pedagogical ten- dencies of our time and maintains with much strength that the pupils should have a larger share in directing the school's discipline. It will surprise some readers to learn that Dr. Anderssen takes a somewhat skeptical view of cer- tain modern tendencies in American education, such as the George Junior Republic. The centenary of the birth of Ivar Aasen, the Norwegian linguist and au- thor, gave rise to the publication of two volumes on his .life and work. The more important of the two consists of contributions from Arne Garborg, An- ders Hovden, and Halvdan Koht, the last of whom has written an excellent essay containing much new material. The other volume is issued by the peri- odical, tiyn og scgn, and is made up ot shorter essays and studies, considering mainly the more particular phases of the author's work. Both publications are written exclusively by men who ad- here to the new national language of Norway, the "landsmaal," of which Ivar Aasen was the founder, and in this same language the text is written. A subscription work which should par- ticularly interest Norwegian-Americans, Knut Takla's "Det norske folk i de fore- nede stater" ("The Norwegian People in the United States"), has just been brought to completion; it covers almost 500 pages, and the price is only four kroner. The book describes the daily life and the economic and cultural con- ditions of Norwegians in America, and considers at some length the chances of success which a Norwegian immi- grant may have in the new country. The author was for twenty-two years a travelling agent for the Skandinaven, a Norwegian daily paper published in Chi- cago, and naturally has a thorough knowledge of his subject. Once in a while it seems as if his desire to dis- suade his countrymen from leaving the Fatherland caused him to draw a gloomy picture; but on the whole it must be said that the work is fairly accurate. A clergyman of the Danish church, Arboe Rasmussen, has for some time been the centre of a bitter religious con- troversy in Denmark. He has openly confessed that in many respects he dif- fers with the accepted dogmas of the state church, and when recently he ap- plied for a new appointment in this church his opponents commenced an agitation to have him shut out. Arboe Rasmussen answered by publishing a small book, "Om trosbel endelsen og prsesteloftet" ("On the Confession and the Ordination Vow"), in which he maintains his opinions with much clear- ness and composure, even where the chapters are of a strictly polemical na- ture, and which abundantly testifies to the author's sincerity as well as to his unflinching belief in the nucleus of the Christian faith. The book is divided into three parts, treating of the confes- sion, the ordination vow, and the im- maculate conception, his thoughts on the last matter being somewhat radical. One of the wittiest Danish writers of I the present time, Gustav Wied, has a ! new book out which lives up to his rep- 1 utation for boldness and even im- propriety. Other recent Danish books which deserve mention are Fr. Moth's "Vagantviserne," J. Paludan's "Fransk- engelsk indflydelse paa Danmarks digtning i Holbergs tidsalder" ("French- English Influence on Danish Literature in the Age of Holberg"), La Cour's "Zacharias Topelius og Fredrik Barfod," and Karl Christensen's "Hvor fremtiden gror" ("Where the Future Grows"), all of which are concerned with subjects from the history of literature and are too valuable to be overlooked. The eminent Swedish musical critic, W. Peterson-Berger, has issued in book form the seven lectures which he deliv- ered at Stockholm during the winter of 1912-13 on the occasion of the Wagner centenary. The collection, which bears the title "Richard Wagner som kultur- foreteelse" ("Richard Wagner as a Cul- tural Phenomenon"), gives evidence of the author's mastery of his subject and fires the reader with some of his own love and admiration for the great mu- sician. Wagner's position in the history of music is considered in detail. In the last of the lectures, on "Sweden and the Wagner Movement," a little-known sub- ject receives an illuminating treatment. A new subscription work is "Sveriges stoder" ("The Cities of Sweden"), the first part of which has been issued by the publishing firm of P. A. Norstedt & Sons, Stockholm. Written by compe- tent authors, it gives a thorough his- torical description of all Swedish cities and is richly illustrated and admirably executed by the printer's and bookmak- er's hands. Twelve parts are to appear each year and the price of the whole work will be 255 kroner, if all parts are ordered together. The Swedish story-writer, Hjalmar Bergman, recently brought out a new book, called "Loewen historier" ("Loew- en Stories"). It contains three stories which are all characterized by the au- thor's customary good humor. Other Swedish books of recent issue are the following: "De lojliga familjarna" ("The Peculiar Families"), by Harald Wag- ner; "Hans hustrus forflutna" ("His Wife's Past"), by Anders Eje; "Bilder ur Varmlands folkliv" ("Pictures from Life in Varmiand"); short stories by J. C. v. Holsten, and "Vart folk och kristendomen" ("Our People and Chris- tianity"), a series of articles by prom- inent men. Auxe Kildal. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. In an essay entitled "Was Poe Accurate?" Prof. A. H. Tolman says: Probably most persons would think of 'The Gold Bug" as the best illustration of the accurate working of Poe's mind. The celebrated cryptograph there found solves itself all right, I presume. There are some mathematical statements in this story, how- ever, which are impossible. ("Hamlet and Other Essays," p. 399.) His presumption, however, with regard to the cryptograph is not entirely warranted, for this, too, contains some mathematical statements which are impossible. "The Gold Bug" was first published in the Dollar Newspaper (Philadelphia) for June 21 and 28, 1843, where it won a prize of one hundred dollars. Poe had sold the story to Graham for fifty-two dollars, but before its publication had asked Graham to return it to him. "I had returned him the story of 'The Gold Bug' at his own request, as he found that he could dispose of it very advantageously elsewhere" (Graham's Mag. azine, March, 1850). Copies of the Dollar Newspaper are no longer accessible, but the story was fortunately reprinted in the Philadelphia Saturday Courier, June 24, July 1 and 8, 1843, copies of which are owned bv the Pennsylvania Historical Society of Philadelphia.* It was later included in the 1845 edition of Poe's works. When Poe first wrote the cryptograph, he made the angle at which the telescope was to be elevated "forty-one degrees and thir- teen minutes." But in the manuscript cor- rections which he made in the Lorimer Graham copy, doubtless realizing that his angle of elevation was a bit high, he chang- ed the "forty-one" to "twenty-one" and made the necessary changes in the order cf the characters in the cryptograph, add- ing the ] to represent the letter w. How- ever, he neglected to make the correspond- ing changes in the table of the characters in the cryptograph, but, save for the addi- tion of the ] to represent w, let it remain as it was when the cryptograph contained the word "forty-one." The change of de- gree involved the addition of the lettera t w e n to the cryptograph and the sub- traction of the letters for from it. Ho should therefore have so changed the num- bers which represented the number of times these letters occurred as to make them read as follows: Of the character 8 [e] there are 34 . [t] •■ 27 t [o] " 15 . [„j ■■ 14 1 m " 7 And a corresponding change should be made in all editions based upon the Lorimer Graham text, some of which are those ed- ited by Stedman-Woodberry, Harrison (Virginia ed.), Stewart, Trent, Perry, New- comer, Garabrill, and the volume in Mac- riillan's Pocket Classics. •Campbell, Kation, XCIII, 3<;3.

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38> <, The JSTation [Vol. 97, No. 2521 But Unit' is even another mistake in the table. It the characters in the original igraph be counted, it will be found that there are 203 of them. If the charac- enumerated In the table are count- ed, it will be found that there are but 193 of them. Evidently then, in constructing the table, Poe overlooked some of the charac- ters; an investigation reveals the fact that lie neglected to count the character (, which stands for r. This is the more remarkable since mention is made of this character In the text following the table. There are ten of these, and when they are added to the table the number of characters in both cryptograph and table becomes the same. With the exception of Lowell's edition (pub- lished by Crowell, n. d.), this mistake is repeated In all editions not based upon the Lorimer Graham text, among which are those of Duyckinck, Griswold, Ingram, Stod- dard, Hale, Graves, and the Cameo edition. Not having included the ( in his original table, Poe naturally overlooked it in the Lorimer Graham corrections. It should therefore be added to the table in those editions based on the Lorimer Graham text, but with a change of the ten to nine, since in the change from "forty-one" to "twenty- one" an r was lost. In the key to the cryptograph there oc- curs a similar oversight. Poe says : To avoid confusion, it is now time that we arrange our key, as far as discovered, in a tabular form. It will stand thus: 0 represents a t " d 8 " e 3 " K 4 " h 0 represents i We have, therefore, no less than ten of the most important letters represented. He has neglected to include in the list the character ?, which represents u and which he had already solved.* In "The Purloined Letter" it will be re- membered that Poe represents Dupin and himself as sitting in a dark room smok- ing, when the Prefect G enters. Dupin starts to light the lamp, but forbears when he hears that G has brought him a matter requiring reflection, it be- ing his theory that he can think better in the dark. In two instances in the tale Poe seems to have nodded slightly — perhaps the dark was to blame, perhaps it was the Pre- fect G . In the paragraph: "Than whom," said Dupin, amid a perfect whirlwind of smoke, "no more sa agent could, I suppose, be desired, or even imagined," i» is probable that the object of the whirl- wind of smcke was to hide the ironical smile upon Dupin's face as he thus openly ridiculed the Prefect. If so, would not the darkness have afforded ample concealment? .Again, at the close of his visit, the Prefect 'roduces a memorandum-book and proceeds to read aloud a minute account of the in- i ernal, and especially of the external, ap- pearance of the document." If it was dark vhen he arrived, surely at the time of his Jeparture It must have been too dark for this incident to have taken place! As I began with a quotation from Profes- sor Tolman's article, I cannot do better than to conclude with a slightly condensed para- graph from the same source. Cut a truce to petty fault-finding! Poe's fame is secure. . . . His was essentially an original mind; he was a literary . . . dis- coverer, and the world does not often for- get its discoverers. Whether we think of the detective story; of the scientific ro- mance; of what we may call "the short story of atmosphere"; of certain fundamen- tal truths in "the philosophy of composi- tion"; of the true theory of English versi- fication, since elaborated by Sidney La- nier; or of Poe's own peculiar type of in- tensely musical poetry — we can say with substantial truth, that he was — the first that ever burst Into that silent sea. Alfred Allan Kern. •tIiIh m to have been noticed by 1, who is followed by Hale and tin- ' 1. Tl 'i ■ tezti have adlng, Correspondence PLATFORM ANARCHY. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Possibly a word should be said un- der the inspiration of your recent remarks on "Platform Anarchy" (Nation, October 16), as exemplified in Massachusetts at the present time. I note your contention con- cerning a candidate who refuses to be bound by subsequent party resolutions: So many Republicans may have been swayed by his personality, or by a por- tion of his political creed, that he can scarcely claim in his nomination an un- qualified endorsement of his whole plat- form. The provision of the Massachusetts and New Jersey laws, moreover, that when a party chooses its nominee it chooses also delegates who shall express its political faith, recognizes a party1 solidarity which Mr. Gardner's emphasis of his personal views opposes. In the current case of Mr. Gardner, how- ever, it is fairly to be contended that his principles as well as himself were en- dorsed in making the nomination. There was a well-marked line of cleavage be- tween Gardner and Benton, the opposing nominees. Gardner was chosen by a sub- stantial majority, after an exhaustive cam- paign in which principles necessarily fig- ured The subsequent party convention, however, made no account of the cardinal points for which the party's nominee had contended, and a casual reading of its, platform might lead one to believe that the was Ool. Benton rather than Con- n Gardner. Under those circumstances, is not the "platform anarchy" rather on the part of the convention than on the part of the can- True, the delegates composing that convention were chosen by the self-same votes that chose Capt. Gardner as the nominee. As a matter of fact, however, probably not one voter in a thousand de- voted the slightest thought to the delegates, or so much as bothered to read their names. They were at the extreme end of the ticket and could be voted for by mark- ing a single cross on the ballot. It is an undoubted fact that they were chosen in the most absolute indifference, whereas the choice for the head of the ticket— per- sonality, principles, and all— 51 and well considered. The choice of Oard ner against Benton carried with It a tacit instruction to the party to give out a Gard- ner, rather than a Benton, platform. As for the delegates to the subsequent conven- tion, there was in almost no case any alter- native list. One might write in other names if one chose — but probably no one chose. No ballot more superlatively su- pererogatory than that for Republican del- egates under the present Primary law could well be imagined. It meant nothing to the ordinary voter, and to read into the choice a considered permission to erect any sort of platform that the delegates might choose, even against the candidate's known protest, is quite impossible. The platform officially adopted by the conven- tion was not responsive to the public un- derstanding with which that convention was selected. Of course the whole matter is of little importance in these piping days of inter- locking party politics. No attention what- ever is likely to be paid to the platform of the Republican or the Democratic par- ty in Massachusetts this year, by any vot- er in any city or town. There is no burn- ing issue, and even the four pet planks on which Capt. Gardner lays such stress are wholly immaterial to the situation. The Progressive party, with a new creed to formulate, had some excuse for making its platform a prominent feature, but beyond that the conventions might as well have been entirely omitted. They are for the moment mere survivals of a past, somewhat like the caudal vertebra? in man. But if in any case they became important, I think the votes of the public for a contested nomination should control the opinions em- bodied in the platform, rather than the votes of the public for a wholly unpledg- ed and unnoticed list of party delegates. The former at least implies the possession of an opinion by the voters. The latter is a meaningless pro forma act. Philip Sanford Marden. Lowell, Mass., October IS. MR. WILLIAM J. PRICE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: 4n your editorial headed "The Con- suls Safeguarded" (Nation, September 18), there appeared the following statement: The minor diplomatic offices are now going to the ordinary hack politicians. Why, for instance, should William J. Price, of Danville, Ky., be sent as Minister to We have been unable to ascer- tiin thai he has had previous diplomatic service, or been anything else at home but a "prominent" local officeholder of medio- 1 n abilities; and the Bame is true of oth- cted. Such a grave injustice has been done by e impressions of Mr. Price drawn by Hie author of the above-quoted state- ment, that I feel it my duty as his life- long friend to place before you the true tacts. Mr. Price, instead of being a "hack" pol- itician, represents the very best type of men in politics to-day, standing among those who advocate clean and good govern- ment and the highest standards In public service. At the very outset of life he won high academic honors and bore the reputa- tion among bis fellows as being a pure- minded, s.rlous young man, with a reg- nant purpose in life. After a course at law, be took up the practice of his profession. His ability as a lawyer soon received recognition, Which resulted in his election by the Central University of Ken- tucky to an important chair In Its Colli of Law, where for

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Oct. 23, 1913I Tli e jST a t i o 11 383 faithful and efficient work. Later he was elected Prosecuting Attorney for his home district, serving in this capacity for two terms to the satisfaction of the people of his district, and with great credit to him- self. Although Mr. Price's home is located in one of the closest political districts in his State, no opposition for nomination or election has been offered against him in any of the political races which he has made. In order that you may know how well he is esteemed at home, I will state that at a banquet given in his honor just before his departure for his new post, the very tributes were paid to him by the nt of his alma mater, members of the bar, leading divines of his city, officials, and citizens. JAMBS H. Dorman, jr. Washington, 1). ('.. October 13. IS "HOOSIER POETRY" APPROPRIATE IN THR "NATION"? To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: A week ago two leading Boston journals printed some verses for children by a North Dakota writer. Most of the words were intentionally misspelled with the evident intention of indicating mis- pronunciation. The approving con were unexpected and depressing. Still more bo is the general tenor of your editorial, "The Hoosier Poet," in the issue %t this week. Doubtless there are many persons who tolerate or even enjoy such barbaric puerilities, but surely few of them are among the regular readers of the Nation. As one of the latter since its foundation, I protest against such misuse of its pages. It may be proper to chronicle the events enumerated in your article as items in the literary history of the United States, but half a dozen lines would have served as specimens of the dialect that needs no ex- ample or precept among our young people. To paraphrase Disraeli's epigram as to Gladstone, the existence of such corrup- tions of English is merely a misfortune; their reproduction in the Nation is a ca- lamity. Burt G. Wilder. Broolilino, Mass., October 18. Literature THE SOCIETY OF JESUS. A Candid History of the Jesuits. By Joseph McCabe. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.50 net. The word "candid" in the title of Mr. McCabe's book immediately catches the attention, both because of its implica- tions and its claim. It implies a crit- icism of previous attempts to write the history of this Society and puts forward a claim of impartiality for this new effort to perform the same task. As to the failure of M. Cretineau-.Ioly, chief apologist of the Society, Mr. McCabe's evidence leaves us in little doubt; his glossings over, his omissions, his use of forged documents as genuine, all condemn his work not only as far from "candid," but as misleading and un- trustworthy. Nor do those hostile crit- ics, Catholic and Protestant, who have attempted to write the history of the Society, apparently leave us in a much better situation. For while their ac- counts are true as far as they go, they give but a one-sided view. They tend to paint all Jesuits one color, and that a black of the deepest dye. As to Mr. McCabe's own attempt, a careful read- ing of it leaves the impression that it is not only a piece of genuine historical work, therefore necessarily "candid, but also one of an excellent order judg- ed by criterions of research, judgment, and narrative skill. Indeed, his previous works, "The Life of St. Augustine," "The Decay of the Catholic Church," and so on, together with his training at Louvain, would amply justify an expec- tation of a thorough piece of work. Nor does it need his assurance that he is an adherent neither of the Protestant nor of the Catholic faith to inspire us with confidence in his frankness and impar- tiality. Yet, candor admitted, has Mr. Mc- Cabe after all given us a satisfactory understanding of the most fundamental fource of the original strength and con- tinued vitality of the Jesuits? Does he sufficiently emphasize the mysticism and the religious fanaticism that determined Ignatius to dedicate his abilities to the service of the Church, and that contin- ued through all periods to supply the Society with a nucleus of high-minded, genuinely religious, if fanatical, mem- bers? A failure to place entirely in the right perspective this dynamic element in the life of the Society is the chief, perhaps the only, serious criticism that can be brought against this judicious and, in parts, intensely absorbing nar- rative. No less religious than St. Francis, Ignatius was in other respects a wholly different type. To this difference his training contributed its quota. Igna- tius was a military man, trained to value organization and discipline. Yet deeper was his fundamentally diplomat- ic cast of mind. A consecrated diplomat- ist, he inoculated his first followers, and through them successive genera- tions, with principles and methods of action that brought success, to be sure, and performed wonders for Catholicism against Protestantism, as well as heroic and spectacular deeds in Europe and on the mission fields, but also brought on the hatred of Protestants, and, striking- ly enough, that of a large proportion of the Catholic world as well. It was Ignatius who first set the ex- ample of maintaining against the ex- press commands of the Pope practices that in his own private judgment were best for the Society. It was Ignatius who, by such action, and by seeking privileges that allowed the Jesuits to en- croach on the spheres of action of the secular clergy and the other monastic bodies, sowed the seeds of that intense corporate feeling which blossomed into a corporate selfishness; this, perhaps more than anything else, won for them inside the Church itself a cordial ha- tred. Again it was Ignatius who in- culcated that policy of cultivating the wealthy and powerful for the greater glory of God, which proved later so misleading a beacon to the feet of his less inspired followers. Above all, it was Ignatius who first displayed those diplomatic methods of action, that casu- istic habit of mind, which in their de- velopment inspired the members of the Society with the idea that the end jus- tified the means. Among the fruits of their selfishness was the hate of the old monastic orders. On the plea that the older orders had forfeited their rights through sloth, in- efficiency, and degeneracy, the Jesuits laid claim to much of the secularized church property which had been recov- ered from Protestant hands after the successes of the Counter Reformation. Just as this plea may have been in many cases, it was not calculated to in- crease the popularity of the Jesuits. The same was true of their steady and sub- terranean efforts to obtain control of the established universities. They re- spected no privileges, were eager to con- trol everything, and, to procure leader- ship in the Catholic ranks, stopped at nothing. Not only did they assiduously cultivate the friendship of wealthy and influential men and women, but they en- gaged in commercial undertakings on a large scale. They allowed able mer- chants, after joining the Society, to con- ceal their membership and continue in business. In South America their na- tive converts, to the number of three hundred thousand, were gathered in well- ordered villages, and led out to labor in the fields or fight in the armies of the Society. These services the natives per- formed without other pay than that cf lodging, clothing, and food. The proJits were gathered in by the Jesuit though the Fathers declared these to be inconsiderable or non-existent, t olicitude with which they guard- ed their "reductions," as the villages were called, from all impartial Investi- gation, suggests the contrary. In one apparently well authenticated case they offered Hishop Cardenas of Paraguay twenty thousand crowns if he would omit their possessions from his diocesan inspection. When this was refused, they spread the report among the natives that Spanish priests were coming who would interfere with the women; they raised a troop of eight hundred natives, advanced on the Episcopal town, procur- ed the cooperation of its Governor by a bribe of thirty thousand crowns, seiz- ed, maltreated, and exiled the Bish- op, and finally obtained his transfer- ence to another diocese. In this way, too, were the Jesuits sowing the whirl- wind.

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38 I The NT a t i o n [Vol. 97, Nc. 2521 The author furnishes a list of acts, fathered in part from Pascal's biting es- justified by the casu- istry of Ji ill ci nfessors. ir a man could not Bleep without supper, he was not bound to fast. A wife was excused from fasting if her husband 1 it Interfered with her attractiveness! Wealthy Christians wire bound to give to the poor out of their superfluous goods, yet the Jesuit Vasquez proved that "You will scarcely find such a thing as superfluous goods among seculars, even in the case of kings." If a valet found it inconvenient to change his masti r, he might even hold the ladder by which his master climbed to an il- licit adventure, though in this extreme c use the master must scold much before the valet would be justified. It was law- ful to pursue and kill a man who had dealt you a blow, provided you had merely a technical regard for your hon- or, and did not feel vindictive. It was lawful for a monk to kill a man who defamed his monastery or his Older, if there was no other way to arrest the defamation. The crash came in 1773, after the Jesuits had been expelled by the Cath- olic powers of Portugal in 1759, of France in 1764, of Spain and of Na- ples in 1767. The Pope, Clement XIV, Mippressed and abolished the Society "forever," recognizing that it could no longer "produce the abundant fruits and the considerable advantages for which it was created." At the time of its abo- lition the Society numbered 22,589 mem- bers, of whom 11,293 were priests, and owned 669 colleges and 869 other resi- dences. But the Society of Jesus was only scotched, not killed, and its for- mer members seem never to have dis- appeared from Western Europe. Under Frederick the Great they founded asy- lums in Prussia, notably Catholic Silesia, which was acquired not many years be- fore from Austria, and also in Russia. In the latter country they maintained their organization intact until restored to a legal life by the action of Pius VII in 1814, who saw in them the most effec- tive agency for rooting out what re- mained of liberalism and revolution. Since then the Society has many vicissitudes. At present it is still excluded from Portugal, Italy, the Ger- man Empire, France, Mexico, and sev- eral of the South American republics. It has been restored and is flourishing in Spain, Austria, Belgium, England, and the United States. With regard to Spain Mr. McCabe says growing liberalism, according to Mr. Mc- Cabe, will force the Government to re- turn to its strict law which lias been much in abeyance. As a result of this leniency, there are large numbers of Jesuits in the country, the Italian prov- ince numb than a thousand members. "At Rome they control the Ian University, the German and Latin Colleges, the Biblical Institute, and other papal establishments. They have recovi red all their influence at the Vatican under the present mediaeval pontiff, and they are among the most ardent supporters of the reactionary policy with which he is paralyzing high- er culture in the Church of Rome. The higher secular clergy are little less anx- ious than the Socialists and Free Ma- sons to see them suppressed." Yet, with all their vicissitudes, the Jesuits have increased enormously during the last half-century. The future seems bright- est for the Jesuits in the Protestant countries. "Probably the Jesuits will, in twenty years' time, be excluded from every Catholic kingdom, yet number moi e than 20,000." It is interesting to note that in Mr. McCabe's judgment the Society is still unchanged in its essential characteris- tics, while the Jesuits of Germany, England, and the United States are a very different body from the Jesuits ot Spain, There is no change in the inner principles and ideals. "All for the Glory of the So- ciety," as Mgr. Talbot sardonically trans- lated their Latin motto, is still the ruling principle; the Society remains the Esau of the Roman clerical world. It still chiefly seeks the wealthy and powerful; it is the arch-enemy of progress and lib- eralism in Catholic theology; its scholar- ship is singularly undistinguished in pro- portion to its resources; it embarks upon political intrigue, even for the destruction ot state forms, whenever its interest seems to require; it is hated by a very large pro- portion of the Catholic clergy and laity in every country. ... It is not impos- sible that Catholicism itself will again angrily suppress the perverse and irregu- lar construction of the Spanish soldier- diplomatist, and insist that religion shall be pursued only by scrupulously clean and unselfish exertions. CURRENT FICTION. Westways: A Village Chronicle. By S. Weir Mitchell. New York: The Cen- tury Co. This story is quite up to the stan- ures belong: there we find them, and we leave them. The Squire, ('apt. Ja lallOW, has retired from the service on inherit- ing the family estates. His wife is a Maryland woman, of slave-holding stock. They are childless, but upon them de- volves the care of a niece of the wife, and later of a nephew of the husband. The not over-shrewd novel-reader will discern that Leila Grey and John Pen- hallow are destined for each other, be- fore a dozen pages of the story are turned. When John, a coddled product of European rearing, arrives at West- ways, he is "a thin, pallid, undersized boy, who dislikes even the mild sports of French lads." He carries a gold- mounted cane, speaks with stilted pre- cision, and is afraid of wet feet. Leila, a true American-bred tomboy, takes him in hand, and, with the Squire's assist- ance, makes a man of him. She herself, of course, presently changes from tom- boy to lovely woman, and keeps the hero at arms' length until the final curtain. Historical figures are introduced with caution. Lincoln makes a single brief appearance in a "speaking part," Grant, Stanton, and others cross the stage, or loom in the wings. The battle-scenes are few, and not the less effective be- cause less "vivid," less ghastly and nightmarish than the current fashion of description. The atmosphere of the time, which Dr. Mitchell remembers for himself, is conveyed as the fancy of the younger generation of fiction-writers, with all their cleverness, can hardly hope to convey it. dard of Dr. Mitchell's earlier work. Like I am informed that the present | "Hugh Wynne," it is, in a secondary Queen has surrendered entirely to the , sense, an historical romance. Most of pressure of the Queen-Mother and the i the action takes place in the later years Jesuits. Unless the King has the cour- age to lighten thi laboring vessel of roy- alty by sacrificing the Jesuits, which would give him Immense popularity, of the Civil War, and the importance of the war theme throughout quite r< - the narrative; from the plane of B mi re "village chronicle." To the estate Spain will, within ten years, follow the and village of "Westways." however, in example of Portugal." In Italy, also, | middle Pennsylvania, the hading fig- The Spotted Panther. By James Francis Dwyer. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. The Insidious Dr. Fu-Manchu. By Sax Rohmer. New York: McBride, Nast & Co. The barbaric heroine plot is a very old one; at least as old as the myths of Ariadne and Medea. Its outline is sim- ple: the heroine of foreign race falls in love with the adventurer at first sight, by treason to her friends helps him to accomplish great tasks and avoid fear- some dangers, and at last escapes with the hero. It is interesting to see how closely two recent stories, belonging in other respects to different types, con- form to this scheme. "The Spotted Panther" is a story of adventure in Borneo, written in rather facile journalistic style. If George Fitch should attempt to write in his usual manner a Rider Haggard romance, the result would be something like Mr. Dwyer's story. Chico Morgan and Lord Edwin Templeton, both men of great Stature and prowess, set out with the narrator Cor the Interior of Borneo, In search of the Great I'arong of Buddha, B huge BWOrd BBl u Hb priceless gemi, which formerly belonged t" \arious con

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Oct. 23, 1913 Tlie Nation 385 querors of India. It is now worshipped as a fetich by an inland tribe of head- hunters, of whom the Spotted Panther, a ferocious giant, is chief. Certain de- scendants of a crew of shipwrecked Portuguese are now recognized as mem- bers of the tribe. One of these, Nao, a girl of marvellous beauty, falls in love with Morgan at sight; and through her aid the adventurers escape numerous direful fates, and at last obtain the Great Parong. Of course, Nao escapes with her lover and the rest, but to save her life and destroy the Spotted Pan- ther the Great Parong has to be sacri- ficed. "The Insidious Dr. Fu-Manchu" is in some respects a conventional detec- tive story. Nayland Smith, the hero, has for friend and assistant a compe- tent but not too astute medical man. Dr. Petrie is ever at his elbow to ad- minister timely opiates and restoratives to his captives, to admire his acumen and nerve, and endlessly to describe his manner of smoking. The barbarous enemy is Dr. Fu-Manchu, the advance agent of the Yellow Peril, who has brought wealth, universal learning, and all but supernatural resourcefulness to the fine art of murder. Dr. Fu's mis- sion in England is to get rid of men whose knowledge and influence are like- ly to hinder the development of China as a great military Power. Fu has "a forehead like Shakespeare's and a face like Satan's." In his service are Kara- maneh, an Arab slave-girl of supreme beauty, and various highly trained Oriental criminals — dacoits and thugs. Against this combination Nayland Smith would have had small chance; but observe the advantage to a detec- tive of having a presentable medical friend. No Medea could fall in love with Smith — his manners are too much sub- dued to the trade he works in. He has an unpleasant habit of clicking his teeth, and instead of saying anything, he almost always "snaps," "raps," or "jerks" it. But Karamaneh falls in love with Dr. Petrie at first sight, res- cues him and Smith from various horri- ble deaths, and shoots at least one dacoit to save their lives. Among the many victims of violence in these chronicles we may mention the rules of English grammar. than in his own. Three years of penal servitude leave him still obstinate in his self-immolation. He is persuaded to take another name, and has made a place for himself in a new community, when the girl turns up and exposes him as an ex-convict. In the end the brother confesses, and the pair are brought to- gether, despite a queer element of anti- climax which is injected into the story at the last moment, and which would seem likely to spoil the romance out- for readers of a certain sex. It is unsafe to graft a sprout of realism on purely sentimental stock; and the casual nature of the experiment fatally slackens the grip of the main narrative upon the not too keen sympathies of the reader. Myles Calthorpe, I.D.B. By F. E. Mills Young. New York: John Lane Co. I.D.B. stands for a South African de- gree of sinister standing — illicit dia- mond buyer. However, this is not a tale with a crook for a hero. Myles Calthorpe is the old-fashioned young gentleman who sacrifices himself for the woman he loves. As of old, the sacri- fice is a mistaken one. Her brother is the real criminal; Calthorpe makes his mistake in fancying that her happiness is bound up in her brother's fate, rather FINANCIAL LEGISLATION. Financial History of Ohio. By Ernest Ludlow Bogart, Ph.D. University of Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences. Vol. I, Nos. 1 and 2. This work is the first issue of the new series inaugurated by the University of Illinois entitled "Studies in the Social Sciences." Hitherto the University has been contented to publish its scientific products of all descriptions, agricultural, mathematical, etc., in the "University Studies"; but with the increase in the number of its faculty and graduate stu- dents in those departments dealing with social life, there has been felt, as at other institutions, the need of a special outlet for the results of research along these lines. It is to be hoped that the editors will demand a high standard of scholarship from the contributors, and not feel obliged, as seems to be too fre- quently common in similar series, to print every study offered because it is a product of the University, or else is recommended by some colleague whose feelings might be hurt, should a product of his seminar be rejected. This first number, or rather double number, as it is called without any ob- vious reason, is an excellent example of what can be done in the field of West- ern history, if the student will only go to the source material and will not base his facts on the traditions preserved in State and county histories. The list of publications principally used by the au- thor shows that he has had recourse only to the most authoritative sources, namely, the Government publications, although he has found these frequently ill-digested and their information scat- tered and difficult to understand. The subject of the volume is treated under two headings: the first deals with the "Financial Legislation and Admin- istration," and the second with the "His- tory of Taxation in Onio." After the preliminary historical sketch in the Hist chapter comes the study of the b which both historians and economists will probably find the most valuable in the volume. The period of territorial and early State finance was marked by thrift and economy in the government: The farmers and pioneers who composed the early Legislatures were poor and hard working, unaccustomed to handle large sums of money or to think in large sums, and they ordered the household of the State frugally, as they did their own affairs. The time, moreover, had not yet come for joint effort through State action. Such concerted action as occurred was carried on through the local governments, as road and bridge building, but in general the period and the environment developed individualism rather than cooperation through political agencies. Beginning with 1825 there was initiat- ed in Ohio a period of internal improve- ments. The old system of a land tax was changed at this time to that of the general property tax. Although there is no evidence of startling dishonesty in the handling of the funds used in build- ing the first canals, etc., the money eas- ily obtained by borrowing was careless- ly spent. From the year 1845 for about a decade there was an era of "legislative extravagance, of administrative dishon- esty, and of private and corporate cor- ruption which happily is unique in the history of the State." Under Gov. Chase there came a thorough housecleaning, and at the time of the outbreak of the war between the States, Ohio was pre- pared to bear the additional expenses in- cident to that struggle. After the war, the budget of the State rose very rapid- ly, and there have been periods of great extravagance and some dishonesty. Par- ticularly in the planning of the State in- stitutions for the dependents and the criminals, the lack of definite plans and of adjustment of the budget brought about great waste. With the panic of 1873 was ushered in a period of econ- omy which was soon broken by renewed improvidence. After 1895 the revenue was increased by a number of new lucra- tive taxes, and there has been developed a better system of control, but the State still suffers from the hand-to-mouth pol- icy of an elective Legislature and Ex- ecutive. This chapter is followed by valuable tables in which the receipts and expenditures are grouped in a logi- cal manner. Some such system for finan- cial reports as is here given by Profes- sor Bogart might well be adopted by the officers of our States, whose reports are invariably without classification or analysis. In the history and analysis of the gen- eral property tax, chapter iv, the author traces the growth and final break-down of that system. It was Introduced into Ohio in 1826 to n pl.i plicat- ed and cumb stem of a tax la as, that had resulted in many in- equalities. The 11 abolished the old system or land classification and at me time Introduced a num attires: the taxation of all 1 rty for State purpoa a, Instead of land 1 lie valuation of real pi opt

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386 T li e N" a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2521 its true value in money; the specific enumeration of all the forms of prop- erty to bo taxed; the establishment of boards of equalization, and the other machinery of the general property tax.' This law of 1825 was greatly modified by amendments during the following years, more completely by the Kelley Act in 1846; but in spite of all their ef- forts, the Legislature was unable to equalize the taxation of land and the less tangible forms of property. Two principles of taxation had become para- mount in the minds of the people, when the Constitution of 1851 was drafted and both were incorporated in that in- strument. These principles were: the rule of equality in taxation, and the ne- cessity of withdrawing from legislative caprice by including in the Constitution all subjects, such as taxation, in which the selfish interests were opposed to those of the people. In sections 2 and 3 of article xii of the new Constitution all arbitrary taxation was abrogated; but the adoption of the "uniform rule" of taxation developed in a few years into an evil which prevented any fur- ther advance towards reform, such as the classification of property; and the laws that have been passed since this time have not marked any material pro- gress over that of 1846. Professor Bo- gart expresses the hope that the Consti- tutional Convention, which was sitting while his volume was in the press, would so change the Constitution as to permit the classification of property for purposes of taxation, but this has not happened, for the Convention yielded to the influence of corporate interests and approved the antiquated and dis- carded system under which the State has suffered for two generations. In chapters v and vi the author de- parts somewhat from the limits of his title by including histories of banking and railways in Ohio; but since neither subject has ever received adequate treat- ment, he was justified in taking the larger view in order that the history of taxation of these important industries might be better understood. There is very much to praise in the volume, for it is well done, and the citizens not only of Ohio but also of other States are in the author's debt. Autobiography of George Dewey, Ad- miral of the Navy. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50 net. A trifle under three-fifths of Admiral Dewey's story of his life is taken up with that part of it which preceded his assignment to the command of the Asiat- ic Squadron; two-fifths is devoted to the momentous twelve months at Manila, and a few pages suffice for the narrative "Since Manila." These are the right proportions. Dewey's career holds much of interest before even he thought of the possibility of our being con with the Philippines, though the idea was in his mind long before it had en- tered that of many of his countrymen. In 1873, the news of the Virginius affair reached Commander Dewey in the Gulf of California. Going into the ward- room of his vessel, the Narragansett, he found the officers in various attitudes of despondency. In reply to his in- quiry, they said that there was to be war with Spain, and, marooned thousands of miles from home, they should be entirely out of it. "On the contrary, we shall be very much in it," he assured them. "If war with Spain is declared, the Narra- gansett will take Manila." Fate had evidently destined him for the deed which he was to perform a quarter of a century later. But it was necessary for the Assistant Secretary of the Navy to lend fate a hand. In the summer and au- tumn of 1897, the Navy Department was inclining towards Commodore Howell for the command of the Asiatic Squad- ron, and political influence also was exerted in his behalf. "I want you to go," Mr. Roosevelt declared to Dewey one day. "You are the man who will be equal to the emergency if one arises. Do you know any Senators?" Dewey had made it a rule never to seek to bring political influence to bear upon the De- partment. But in answer to this ques- tion, he said that Senator Proctor, from his own State of Vermont, was an old friend of the family. "You could not have a better sponsor," Mr. Roosevelt exclaimed. "Lose no time in having him speak a word for you." But the De- partment had its revenge. Not until af- ter the battle of Manila Bay was Dewey raised to the rank of acting rear-admiral, which for years had been conferred as a matter of course upon every commodore ordered to command the Asiatic Squad- ron. One of Dewey's friends offered him the consolation that the only one of his predecessors who had won a great name by action in the Far East also had held his rank. This was Commodore Perry. When Dewey went to Annapolis as a midshipman, the Academy was only nine years old. The dormitories were mere- ly the barracks which had housed the artillerymen stationed at old Fort Sev- ern. Most of the instructors were civ- ilians. But the course of study was rigor- ous. Of the sixty who entered with the future admiral in the autumn oi twenty-three fell by the way the first year, and only fifteen received diplomas. At the end of that -first year, ranked twenty-third in a class of thir- ty-five. The next year, he was ninth in a class of twenty-six; and when he grad- uated, he stood 'fifth among 0 "There was a saying in the sixties," he 1, "that the men of 1840 in our navy would have b■ needs ai (p. ii). This anti-commercial enthusb

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Oct. 23, 1913J The N" a t i o n 387 asm leads Mr. Graham to a mildly mys- tical Slavophilism, probably based on his beloved Dostoievsky. "I believe Rus- sia lias an extraordinary greatness to ue attained through her Church, through her national institutions, and by virtue of her national landscape. It is a great- ness that starts from the peasant soul. . . . The cultivated and educated Rus- sians must not lose their peasant souls" (p. 210). "The Russian Church has the future of the peasantry in its hands more than the Government or the Duma or the Tsar. It can save it from ruth- less exploitation by the commercial Western world only by keeping it hon- est, God-fearing, founded in reality. . . . Happily, as yet there is no need to quarrel with the Tsardom; the need is to combine, to care for the peasant spiritually and materially, by giving him the Church built on the rock, and saving to his hands his own Slavonic land" (p. 162). "Gorky was Russia's last hope. Nothing national has appear- ed since his day. And until the time when Russia shall say again that Eng- land, France, Germany are rotten, empty, and old, until she looks into her- self once more, she will fail to have a literature, and will fail to feel herselt living as a nation" (p. 126). These drowsy echoes of futile Russian musings are, however, less prominent in this book than in its predecessor, "Un- discovered Russia." A reader forgives them in his delight over the real charm of the work, its poetic impressions of scenery, incidents, and types of charac- ter. One learns of "regiments of yellow hollyhocks and evening primroses, all wild, growing by the way, unaware of their rights to places in gardens, quite unselfconscious, like village maidens who do not know a passing townsman thinks them pretty" (p. 47), and then of the "hares," railway travellers who skilfully avoid paying their fare: In Russia ... a national means of transit . . . is to travel in a train un der the seat. To do such a thing in Eng land is scandalous and improper, and the poor hare is liable to be brought to court, rebuked, fined, and then advertised in red print on all the railway stations where his friends wait for trains. In Russia arrest- ing hares would mean arresting half the nation. Hares travel in the third-class compartments ; a man or woman under the seat in second- or first-class carriages is comparatively unusual. In the third-class, not only are there hares under the seats, but the same dear furry creatures up in the luggage-rack. The hares are wonder- fully tame, and are often lured out of their burrows when the inspector of tickets has gone by, and may be persuaded to take seats, smoke, and give a very lively ac- count of themselves (pp. 237, 238). The spirit is the same as in "Undis- covered Russia," but the style is more natural and unassuming. At its best the volume recalls — high praise! — Ste- venson's "Travels with a Donkey" or his "Inland Voyage." Of informing works on Russia there are many, of artistic narratives very few; among such Mr. Graham's work deserves to hold first place. Notes Among the books- which the Century Com- pany is publishing this week are "Social Evolution," by Prof. F. Stuart Chapin; "The Near East," being the third volume of travel in the East on which Robert Hich- ens and Jules. Guerin have collaborated, and Arthur Rackham's "Mother Goose," which contains twelve pictures in color by this artist and more than sixty in black and white. The following titles are soon to be brought out by Revell : "The Keeper of the Vineyard," a novel of the Ozarks, by Mrs. Caroline Abbot Stanley; "The Shep- herd of Us All," stories of the Christ, by Mary Stewart, and Prof. Hugh Black's "Ac- cording to My Gospel." Included in the autumn list of Browne & Howell, of Chicago, are the following: Francis F. Browne's "The Every-Day Life of Abraham Lincoln," new revised edition; "The Life of Preston B. Plumb, U. S. Sen- ator from Kansas, 1877 to 1891," by Wil- liam E. Connolley; "Broke: The Man With- out the Dime," by Edwin A. Brown, and "Sonnets of a Suffragette," by Berton Bra- ley. One of the welcome reprints of the season is Mrs. Emily James Putnam's book, "The Lady," which has been brought out in a cheaper edition by Sturgis & Walton. For the Anniversary Papers by colleagues and pupils of Prof. George Lyman Kit tredge, the library of Harvard University has prepared printed catalogue cards cov ering each of the forty-six contributions. Sets of these cards were distributed free to the subscribers to the Harvard printed! cards. A few extra sets can be had by libraries which have bought the book and' desire to enter each paper separately in their card catalogues, by sending 60 cents! to the librarian of Harvard University,! Randall Hall, Cambridge, Mass. The British-American Peace Centenary is to be celebrated in Great Britain, if| the necessary funds can be raised, by the1 erection of a memorial in Westminster | Abbey, the purchase of Sulgrave Manor, the homestead of the Washington family, "as a fruitful symbol of the kinship of the' two people," and the foundation of a chair! of Anglo-American history, and annual j prizes to be given for essays on this sub- 1 ject written by public-school pupils. For the coming celebration in London a spe-j cial day has been set apart for each State.! Bunker Hill day, June 17, has been chosen for Massachusetts, September 4 for New' York. It is evident from his sympathetic Intro- | duction that Mr. Daniel Gregory Mason has | performed a work of love in editing "Some Letters of William Vaughn Moody" 1 ! ton Mifflin). The majority of the letters 1 are written to the editor; others are ad- j dressed to Robert Morss Lovett, Mrs. Toy, ' wife of Professor Toy; to Josephine Pres- ton Peabody, Richard Watson Gilder, Per- cy MacKaye, and Henry Miller, the actor. Whether through the editor's method of selection or because of Moody's constancy to his muse, there is scarcely a letter but touches on the business nearest its author's heart. After undergraduate days at Har- vard, during which he supported himself by tutoring, after a year abroad also in the capacity of tutor, and two graduate years at Cambridge, Moody is seen as instructor at the University of Chicago. He chafes under the burden of theme-reading and other "literary drool," though it is said that he performed his labors conscientiously, and constantly looks forward to the respite of vacations when he can devote himself to "It"— the term which he gave to his highest aspirations. Humor saved him from over- seriousness. As he writes: "April is only eighty-eight lectures, forty committee meet- ings, and several thousand themes away"; and, a little later, with a paraphrase of Wordsworth: "My heart leaps up when I behold a calendar on the sly." He is eager, he writes to Mrs. Toy, for the queer inimitable charm of Cam- bridge, for that atmosphere of mind at once so impersonal and so warm, for that neat- ness and decency of you children, who have been washed and dressed and sent to play on the front lawn of time by old auntie Ding-an-sich, while we hoodlums contend with the goat for tomato cans in the alley. I have a fair line of the same to lay before your eyes when I am admitted inside the aristocratic front gate; some of them will make a fine effect in a ring around your geranium bed. * If there was no mawkishness in Moody's attitude towards his life-work, he main- tained to the end the high ideal of it with which he started. After he had done all the teaching that he could stand, "he re- fused the offer, from Chicago University, of the full salary of a professor for lec- tures during one quarter each year; a sin- gle quarter was too much. Of course, the price of such devotion was poverty." And later, when "The Great Divide" had brought Lim fame, he withstood the temptations of four publishers who offered sums ranging from twenty-five to fifty thousand dollars if he would consent to put the play into the form of a novel. "But it had always seemed to him, he said, that the turning of a play into a novel, or vice-versa, was a confound- ing of two essentially diverse types of art, and therefore a violation of a basic artistic principle, and he refused all the offers." Moody was essentially a poet, even when writing prose. Perhaps no extract from the letters could better illustrate his habitual attitude than the following: Yesterday I was skating on a patch of Ice in the park, under a poverty-stricken sky Dying a pitiful rag of sunset. Some little muckers were guying a slim, raw-boned Irish girl of fifteen, wrho darted sir banter with complete unconcern. Dldfiight, and skated for an hour, almost alone and quite ■■;' sunset rotted to pieces. I have had few sensations In life for the warmth of ind the pathetic curve of the half-formed breast ilk of my wrist ■ away mystically shall it is thus ('■ was something at> lientic, new, and in 'hlng which only nature could mix for the heart's intoxica- tion, a compound of ragamuffin, pal. mls- harlequln, outc;i bird of God— with something else baffllngly

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,3P The JlST a t i o 11 [Vol. 97, No. 2521 suffused, something ridiculous and frail and and tender Ju the introduction Mr. Mason turnisbes Interesting Instances of the great amount of labor which Moody expended In revising his poetical work. French appreciation of Meredith was not of tardy development, when we consider the slow progress of his fame among the Eng- lish Mis capricious syntax did not. pre- vent the Revue dea Deux Monde s from present! ag "Richa rd Fe^ erel" and "Emilia in \ ogland" in the sixties, its transla- tion of the latter bearing the now fixed title of 'Sandra Belloni"; he had his crit- ics and admirers before the studies by Schwoh and Legras in the nineties'; and since his death swarming exegetes have carried off their loads of grist much as across the channel. It is the chief value of Constantin Photiades's rather missionary "George 'Meredith" (Scribner) that it sum- marises the present state of French inter- est in the novelist, and tries to analyze his Gallic appeal. The author is frankly national in his point of view. It is as to a brother Celt that he does homage to Meredith, and as products of the fervidly intellectual Celtic temperament that he interprets his books. M. Photiades's em- phasis is upon Meredith's teaching. In- deed, as he does not cloak the fact that Meredith's following must always be small in France, it is interesting that he lays the slenderness of appeal, not to any spe- cifically "foreign" or Anglo-Saxon trait, but to the strain of didactiveness. He emphasizes the pitiless war which the rea- son of the novelist waged against his fancy, and the satirical or sermonizing undercur- rent which is evidenced in his interplay of irony and seriousness — an undercurrent disconcerting alike, in M. Photiades's opin- ion, to English, German, and French. For Meredith's style he has little but uncritical praise. The opening of his novels, indeed, he characterizes as German, the incidents complacently insinuated, the sentences prolix, ceremonious, and encrusted with learned allusions; but for the rest the dia- logue clinches, the style has a soberness and edge like Voltaire's and a rapid pic- turesqueness like Merimee's, yet diversi- fied at times by the effervescence of Miche- let and "the passions and transports'' of Saint Simon! Happily, in M. Photiades's account of Meredith's didactic philosophy, he is, if still naive, more critical. It is no elusive interpretation that he attempts; he makes each novel voice directly one or another of the attacks of the Comic Spirit. goii in, and iis chastening of selfish materialism. He quotes a sen- tence from one of the letters: "('.lose idge of our fellows, discernment of the laws of existence, lead to great civi- lizations; I have supposed that the novel, exposing and illustrating the nat- ural history of man, may help us to such gifts." An engaging vignette of the invalid nov- elist at Flint Cottage in 1908 prel Photiades's work. Venerable but eni rg< I lc, Meredith is 1 In the press as an Invention of the devil perfected In Amerl 1 for "making our ugly mono llabli la di ua ;i Blng," 1 1 c< Ing thi 'i ancet undi r •■ hlcb Swin- burne, [th I u I '■"! 1 - La m Veneris," and mingling With tirades against the abusive English public much general praise of the French, in these pages, as elsewhere, M. Photiades evinces his propa- gandist impulse. One of the interesting and important things to be done In the study of English literature, taking literature in its larger sense as an exposition of life, is a series of portraits of the great women of the seventeenth century, the women who, like the mother of George Herbert and the wife of Sir William Temple and the patron of Henry More, form the background, so to speak, of the deeper thought and imagina- tion of the age. Rose M. Bradley's "Eng- lish Housewife in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries" (Longmans) does not proceed from quite so ambitious an intention as this, but it offers an excellent and in itself entertaining preparation for such a study. In a series of chapters, well documented and artfully arranged, she sets forth the home life of the women who man- aged the larger homes of the age. We see the work of the kitchen and the dining- room and the management of the multi- farious employments of the servants. The order is historical and embraces very dif- ferent conditions of life. But there is no confusion in this. Between the exhibition of the housewife in the seventeenth century rnd her of the eighteenth there intervenes a chapter dealing with the changes intro- duced by the influence of Holland, and we feel distinctly the progress of time. Withal the lessons of simplicity and mag- nanimity are not lost sight of, though they are never intruded harshly. Altogether it is a book to commend, both for its fulness of knowledge and its agreeableness of manner. Harrison H. Brace's "The Value of Or ganized Speculation" (Houghton Mifflin) is a calm word of common-sense in an over- strained era. In our eagerness to recast everything in sight, wc sometimes forget that existing conditions are almost always the product of deep-seated needs of the past. Strange as it may seem, the function of organized speculation has been to less- en chance. Speculation is a form of in- surance against the general risks of busi- ness. Among these is the risk of fluctua- tions in prices due to changing conditions in different periods of time. The seven lean years would doubtless have been lean- er but for Joseph's speculation in corn; 'dying the price he reduced human suffering. It is incontestable that the great expansion of organized speculation that followed the Civil War contributed power- fully to the development of our resources. Wall street, indeed, lias conferred benefits which, to a reasonable mind, should cover a multitude of sins. It has applied Ha' power of steam to the sea and built our rail a s. and created our banking insti- tutions, in evei Insta nci prog 1 ts would have been Incalculably slower without its aid 1 he '": 1 » v which it has e fei ted these and ol her Important ends a 1 1 not easily understood bj 1 nose not 1 n Immed ate touch vith 11 ictivitles lint hniq seen mil , its com Is Identical with thai of 1 lc 1 est I Ind ■■'■ t Brace affords uS repeated 1 ni tances oi this tact. He shows a". iei 1 ample, 1 bat 1 h ire la no 1 1 1,1 iii distinction between det gt In real-estate equities and "margin trading" 11 securities. Antedating the equity is a ag 1, or a "payment" down; antedating ine Wall Street ulatlon is also a pay- ment down, known as a "margin." The (/lily difference is that margin transac- tions are the more numerous and the mar- gin smaller. The cry against "futures" amounts to an invidious distinction. The propriety of deferred deliveries is not questioned in general business. A builder, for example, agrees to deliver a building within a specified time, though he may have none of the materials, machinery, or labor at hand when the contract is made. The principle is identical with that which gov- erns the trading in futures. Mr. Brace is, indeed, a courageous man. He makes what many have come to re- gard as the worse part appear the better part, and he accomplishes this by keen analysis, by the exercise of shrewd common- sense. He is prepared to admit that there are grave evils connected with organized speculation as it exists to-day, but he main- tains that the members of our exchanges are not demons, and that their sentiments are as altruistic as any. If we look beyond the present repulsive aspect of specula- tive exchanges and disregard the noisy, shouting crowd of greedy money-grabbers, the whole process may appear in a dif- ferent light. That which is repulsive is seen as merely the outward form of an important factor in commerce as yet un- developed. The exchange idea, in short, is seen as the crowning one in a world of possible economic harmonies. Samuel P. Orth's "Socialism and Democ- racy in Kurope" (Holt) is not a work for advanced students. Those persons, however, who from want of time or from lack of mental discipline feel impelled to acquire knowledge in predigested form will find this a useful book. One does not here get a glimpse of the profundities and subtleties of the economics of Socialism. We obtain no inkling, for example, of the argument by which Marx attempts to sustain his theory of "Surplus Value," though some space is devoted to a recapitulation of "Capital." We are merely told that, accord- ing to Marx, "surplus valuo" is a species of robbery, with a word to the effect that Mengcr has completely refuted Marx. Yet if we accept Mr. Orth as an annalist pure and simple, we feel that he is entitled to our gratitude. He has selected bis fads with excellent judgment and presented them graphically. The theories of the Utopians, of the doctrinaires of the revo- lutionary era, which began aboul L830, and Of the modernists, of whom Karl Marx was i he father, are all outlined here, R e can see almost at a glance uhal was desired, 'ii If we are left In ignorance of the iental processes of those w bo bai 1 kepi up the warfare for Socialism. The author has his own comments, but they are for the most part confined to summing up the results of a century of agitation, purlin* neiilarj del and ('<' ir tran Thus fie tells ua 1 ba1 I be ;; ■ e ' ' ii" nl has accomplished 1 bree no! able things: if has spread d' ii"" 1 .H I 1. need he labor question \x\ the lawmakei in d ncreaaed the functions of the 1 tati rhei a re, ol course, Inevitable concl 0 ae acquainted In the ■llgntest degree with he hit liny of the Socialist lc move nl

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Oct. 21, I9I3I The ]ST a t i o 11 389 could Ignore thorn. Yet despite a certain lack f originality, it would be hard to 1 a better tact book of Socialism for busy persons. nan and His College" (Heath), by Francis Cummins Lockwood, attempts to sup] ts entering the counsel and direction necessary to pre- vent waste of time and opportunity during the first year of college. The author con- fesses frankly that he was himself "a good-for-nothing freshman" and that he "ignoranlly and idly wasted" the year. He thai Hie reason was his Ignorance of the meaning of a college course The larger part of the volume is composed of essays and addresses by leading educators on the function of higher education and the spirit which should actuate one in the pursuit of it. These include ex-President Eliot's "New Definition of the Cultivated! Man," President .Ionian's chapter on "Re- cent Tendencies in College Education," the notable address of the late John Butler Johnson on "Two Kinds of Education for Engineers," portions of the inaugural ad- 1 dresses of Presidents Hibben and Meiklo- john, and Cardinal Newman's classic, "De-\ script ion of a Gentleman." Professor Lock- I wood's contributions to the volume include brief sections on "Freshman Difficulties and Dangers," "Devotion to Boyhood Ideals," and "The Good Drudge Habit."! As a whole, the book is marked by whole- some frankness and candor, constraining appeal to manly instinct, and good sense slate, 1 in a plain, honest fashion. It fur- nishes in brief compass some of the best recent utterances on college ideals and student temptations. Few college fresh- men would be indifferent to its appeals, and its use as a part of the customary course in freshman English might prevent many of the fatalities in our freshman classes, which are so distressing to all thoughtful observers of the tendencies in American colleges. Now that courses in practical ethics are no longer found in our curricula, college authorities owe to their students some such presentation of practical college problems as Professor Lockwood has furnished. The last thirty years of American and New York politics are reviewed in John L. Heaton's "The Story of a Page" (Harper). The author is an editorial writer on the New York 'World, and his story is of his newspaper's editorial policy from 1883, when Joseph Pulitzer obtained control. Although Mr. Heaton is inclined to give his paper the main part of the credit for events to which numerous influences contributed, he is fair enough to admit a mistake in atti- tude now and then. One such was the World's sensational treatment of the Home- stead strike, in reference to which it took a position very much like opposition to law and order. A few cablegrams from Mr. Pulitzer, who was ill in Paris, set it right. The World fell foul of the Government when, in the closing weeks of 1895, it published dispatches from promi- nent Englishmen deprecating the spir- it of war that had been aroused by Cleve- land's Venezuelan message. Secretary Olney brandished a statute of 1799 over its head, but did nothing more. The attempt of President Roosevelt to prosecute it for ut- terances regarding the $40,000,000 paid the French Panama Canal Company for its rights is still fresh in the public mind. The World has long fought for an income and inheritance tax, a tariff for revenue, and nsion of the merit system. The rec- ord of its editorial page is one of virile ■■dunce, expressed in pungent Eng- lish. In "Inscriptions from Swiss Chalets" (Oxford University Press), Walter Larden has found a capital subject for antiquarian Investigation. The little volume is novel and delightful reading for the kind of per- son who favors rustic epitaphs. The mot- toes, mainly in verse, have been most pains- takingly read with the opera glass, and since the odd lettering, often very beautiful, I lie resources of the modern typog- h case, there are many photographs of the original inscriptions. Apparently the builders, quite as often as the owners, chose the sentiments. The earliest exam- ples go back to the sixteenth century; the nth supplies the great mass of texts. Builders' apologies are common, the fol- lowing Deing a stock example from a chalet ol 1618: ES 1ST KKIWMENTsrilVF.IilXEK.WEI.n. DBB ISVWEX KAN. DAS. IEDEHMAX .GEI'KLT. GEFEI/T . ES . DOGH . NIT . IEDERM A N . SO.HAN.ICH. DOCH. MIX. BEST.GETAN. The sentiment that here we have no abiding habitation is often piously expressed, as in this verse from a carpenter's plane dated 1704. Tradition links the Emperor Maxi- milian's name with this posy. Icli l:i !»• , and wis nit wie lang; lili Bt&rb, unci wis nit wan : Icb fare daliin, und wis nit wobin; Mich wundert, dass [en so frohlicli bin. Among the many aphoristic verses one of the prettiest is found in a house of 1799 near Kandersteg : lie r In diess( m Wild< n Tbal, Wo der Scbnee mit Hanffen felt, Wiii liset doeh das beste Grase Das man flndct vnn dor Welt. The label "Made in Germany" need not be confined to general merchandise, for Frederic C. Howe, in "European Cities at Work" (Scribner), lets us know that it tan with equal propriety be made to re- fer to the model city. He knows of no cities in the modern world which compare with those which have arisen in the Fatherland during the past twenty years. There is rone in Great Britain, he declares; and there is none in France, where there has been little progress in city building since the days of Baron Haussmann. He pictures Cologne, Dusseldorf, and Frankfort in con- trast with Cleveland, Detroit, and Pitts- burgh, and we hang our head. The German city treats the land on which it is built as an architect treats the site of a structure. It treats it as a unit, with plumbing, cir- culation, breathing-spots, and centres for the various activities of the community. It dreams of beauty, like the Romans of the age of the Antonines, and the Mediaeval cities of Italy, France, Germany, -and the Netherlands. Its thought is not merely of line and color, but also of comfort and con- venience and the mental and moral up- building of its people. Though Great Bri- tain has much to learn from Germany, it still has much to teach America. It is a tiifle discouraging to have our attention called to the fact that the European city is far from democratic, that officials con- sult the voters but little, and that they manage the city in a rather autocratic fash- ion. That is not our way of doing things. Yet we are not w ithout hope. Mr. Howe con- cedes that our system of local taxation is more just than that of any other country. Our schools are superior to those of most countries, and are comparable to those of any. Our parks and playgrounds and libra- ries and fire departments attract the atten- tion of foreigners. And Mr. Howe thinks that we are forming new ideals and de- veloping a city sense. Nevertheless, front his own showing, there remains a distress- ing amount to be done. One of the best ways to get us about it is to multiply such descriptions as he has given us. If we once acquire the zeal of the German cities, it will not be impossible to acquire the know- ledge. The return of Gen. Castro to Venezuela and the ensuing revolution have necessitat- ed the absence from Caracas of President Gomez, who has felt it advisable to take personal command of the army. This has caused the promotion of the Vice-Presi- dent, Dr. Jose Gil Fortoul, to the position of Provisional President of the republic. Dr. Gil Fortoul, who was for many years connected with Venezuelan diplomatic mis- sions in Europe, is one of the ablest and most distinguished authors which any South American republic has produced. The two volumes of his "Historia Constitucion- al de Venezuela," which were published in Berlin in 1907 and 1909, are remarkable not only for the simplicity of their style, but also for the evidences of the influence of German scholarship on their author. To find a Latin-American, author writing the history of his country in a modest and dig- nified fashion, basing his results on exten- sive researches instead of vivid imagina- tion is not an every-day occurrence. Pre- vious to the publishing of this important work he had to his credit nearly a dozen volumes of literature and philosophy. His judgments of men are remarkably fair and unprejudiced, possibly another result of his long absence from Venezuela and his freedom from the unfortunate political dis- putes whose rancor and virulence have left their mark on so many South America! minds. Avowedly more fond of fox-bunting than of diplomacy, able to write not only solid constitutional history, but also fanci- ful literary sketches, interesting travel notes, and thoughtful essays on political philosophy. Dr. Gil Fortoul brings to the important post which he holds as President of the Council of Ministers and Provisional President of Venezuela a personality of i unusual charm and power. Venezuela is to be congratulated on her good sense in tak- ing advantage of the services of one of her most distinguished citizens. Wo record with regret the death of Wil- liam Garrott Brown, who died of tuberculo- sis on Sunday at New Canaan, ''nnn. He was a man of rare mental quality; he had achieved much, and shown promise of more when disease struck him down. One of the foremost Southern writers on historical top- ics, he will be deeply mourned. Mr. Brown was born at. Marion. Ala., in 1888, graduated from Howard College in 1886, and r I from Harvard in 1891 and 1892, respectively, the degrees of A.B. and A.M. From 1901 he was assistant librarian at Harvard, and during the following year lectured there rican history. He had been presi- dent of the Harvard Democratic Club, in

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3!)<) Tlie Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2521 loined the sound money movement, and was a member of the state Committee of Massachusetts, in addition to li is con- tributions to the Atlantic monthly, the Na- tion, and other periodicals, he was the of "Official Guide to Harvard Uni- " "A History of Alabama," "Andrew Jackson," "Stephen Arnold Douglas, "The South in American History," "Golf," "A Gentleman of the South," "The Foe of Compromise and Other Essays," and "Life of Oliver Ellsworth." Since 1908 he had in the editorial staff of Harper's Weekly. Mrs. Mary Bradford Crowninshield, widow of Rear-Admiral Arent Schuyler Crownin- shield, and a writer of fiction, died last week in a private sanitarium in Melrose, Mass., a suburb of Boston. She was a daughter of Judge John Melancthon Brad- ford and a descendant of Gov. William Bradford of Plymouth Colony. Mrs. Crown- id's first published book was "Lati- tude 19°," which met with a considerable success. She also wrote "Where the Trade Wind Blows," "All Among the Light- houses," "Plucky Squalls," "San Isidro," "The Archbishop and the Lady." Science An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada, and the Brit- ish Possessions, from Newfoundland to the Parallel of the Southern Boun- dary of Virginia, and from the At- lantic Ocean Westward to the lO.'d Meridian. By Nathaniel L. Britton and Addison Brown. Second edition; revised and enlarged. In three vol- umes. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $13.50 net. The preparation of any illustrated flora requires great courage. It is sometimes well-nigh impossible to ob- tain trustworthy representative mate- rial for the artists, and even at the hands of skilled artists it is not easy to procure uniformity in the drawings, the geographical range covered by the flora is very ide, these difficul- ties become enormous y increased. For instance, in the case of the treatise now before us, in which more than four thousand species are illustrated and de- scribed for purposes of ready identifica- tion, the task which confronted the au- thors must have seemed appalling. Nev- ertheless, the authors of the work plan- ned the treatise with good courage on generous lines, both as regards the il- lustrations and the typographical pre- sentation of the descriptive text. The fact that the volumes have now reached their second edition is proof that the confidence of the authors in the pur- chasing public was not misplaced. In the Introduction, it is stated that the enterprise was projected by Judge Brown, and maintained and supervised by him throughout The present revi- sion is understood to have been com- pleted just before his death in April of this year. Judge Brown was for about twenty years Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York State, and during this term of service is said to have ren- dered written decisions in more than 2,000 cases. His chief recreative avo- cation was botany. He was widely con- versant with modern methods of classi- fication, and early became desirous of having some one prepare a descriptive flora of the Northern Atlantic States, upon an evolutionary basis. In the per- son of Professor Britton, of Columbia, he found an energetic enthusiast who was not averse to breaking with tradi- tion, and to him was committed the task of writing the descriptive text and arranging for illustrations. The am- ple collections of American plants at Columbia, largely brought together by Professor Torrey, supplied much of the needed material, and this was supple- mented by the minor collections made by a host of zealous botanists and cor- respondents. Professor Britton adopted a system of nomenclature which did not meet with general approval, on account of its revolutionary character, and which is not likely to be accepted in many of its details; but the possible confusions resulting therefrom are greatly diminished by an impartial pre- sentation of synonyms. The arduous task was completed in a surprisingly short time. The three volumes of the work were published in 1896 to 1898 in an edition of six thousand which was soon exhausted. A second edition was immediately in course of preparation. About 300 pages have been added, and a careful revision has been given to the whole work. Judge Brown had long been especial- ly interested in the trivial or common names of plants, and had become a lead- ing authority in regard to them. In the first edition, the results of his labors in this field were brought by him into the 1 a comprehensive index which it particularly convenient for ref- ill the present edition, on the hand, the popular names have been carried into their rightful places in the descriptive text. In many French treatises on botany, the popular names are for the sake of clearness set in greater prominence than the Latin names. The change of place of the pop- ular names in the present edition must be regarded as a great improvement. In the case of our native plants which have no part in American folklore, it is not always easy to suggest an ac- ceptable name for popular use. In many instances it is necessary to employ the scientific generic name as a popular designation, to which is prefixed some adjective, as salt-meadow diplachne, powdery thalia, Virginia hexastylis, and the like. Of course, in supplying every with a trivial name, there; must 11 s in which a smile is ex- cited by the clumsiness, but, on the whole, this part of an ungracious and difficult study has been ingeniously managed. Our early American floras were ar- ranged on the Linnaean system of classification. The number and rela- tions of the stamens and pistils were made a basis of order. Such an arrange- ment is good for ready reference, but except in a few instances it conceals the true affinities of the species. The Lin- naean method is so very simple that it is still retained as a subsidiary system in some of the smaller foreign floras. After the Linnaean classification there came into use in our country the so- called Natural System of classification, in which a more or less successful at- tempt was made to present the affini- ties of supposedly related species. The manuals and class-books based on the Natural System were found rath- er more difficult to use in the recogni- tion of species, than the Linnaean text- books, and many devices in the form of artificial keys were employed. Here and there a few plates or drawings were introduced as helps, but in those days wood engravings and lithographs were costly, and hence these aids were spar- ingly used. For some years before the advent of Darwinism it had become apparent that the Natural System, as it was then pre- sented, did not fully express the exist- ing relationships, and after the leaven of Darwinism had fairly begun to work, it became obvious that extensive modi- fications would have to be made in the ordinal sequence. In the new systems based on evolution (and there were not a few of them, agreeing in a general way, but with many points of diver- gence), it was found best to present first the groups which were simplest in structure, and proceed from these simple forms to those which were more complex. Of course, in the study of such a family tree, there is likely to be wide difference of opinion as to certain minor points in the pedigree, and there can be no absolute agreement until all the facts are known in regard to every species. In the present work, the sequence of natural families has been [ugly well ordered and runs from the lower to the higher in a safe and ative manner. The whole trea- tise is valuable for botanists and for amateurs. It is a library work, not designed for field reference, but for consultation after the collector has re- turned to his home. In general it will lead to ( asy Identification of a vast range of species, more, in fact, than 4,000, and it is applicable to employ- ment over a wide extent of territory. The success of this work must have been a source of deep gratification to 1 lie original projector, Judge Addison Brown, and will bo an additional stim- ulus to tho surviving author.

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Oct. 23, 1913] The ISTation 391 The typographical execution of the work leaves absolutely nothing to be de- sired. Drama THE SOCIAL DRAMAS OF GERHART HAUPTMANN. The Dramatic Works of Gerhart Ilaupt- mann. Edited by Ludwig Lewisohn. Volumes I and II: Social Dramas. New York: B. W. Huebsch. $1.50 net, each. Gerhart Ilauptmann, in spite of the success of his "Sunken Bell," cannot be said as yet to have conquered the Eng- lish stage. The translation of all his dramatic works, with the exception of "Florian Geyer," which is now under way, is not so much a proof as a test of his international celebrity. The two volumes before us, comprising his so- cial dramas, afford an opportunity for inquiring to what extent the problems with which Hauptmann's muse is chief- ly concerned appeal to non-German taste. The seven plays depict conditions and characters nothing quite analogous to which can be found outside of Haupt- mann's fatherland. Like other masters of the naturalistic school, Hauptmann looks into the soul of his fellow-men and sees misery written large. Vice, it is true, is international, but he gives it an eminently German setting. The curse of alcoholism, the penalty of ill- regulated sexual passion, the tyranny of capital, the degradation of pauper la- bor, the temptations of an ignorant peasantry, the cunning of the criminal classes — these are the themes of which Hauptmann's social dramas treat. Col- lectively, they illustrate that phase of his literary activity which, in the opin- ion of his admirers, marks him as the greatest living exponent of realism on the contemporary stage. It is characteristic of Hauptmann's restless versatility that his intellectual eutput, viewed in chronological order, shows no progressive development, no well-defined artistic or aesthetic aim, no consistent, philosophical, and ethical tendency. Romanticist to-day, he is realist to-morrow. The lyric beauty of the "Versunkene Glocke" and the touch- ing symbolism of "Hanneles Himmel- fahrt" present the greatest possible con- trast to the grossness of most of his social dramas. He began as a full-fledg- ed disciple of Tolstoy and Zola in his play, "Vor Sonnenaufgang" ("Before Dawn"), in which, to speak with one of Hauptmann's fervent though not wholly uncritical admirers, Paul Schlenther, "man is approaching the natural state of the beast." In this drama, so Schlenther asserts, Hauptmann did for the lowest strata of the German peasan- try what Feuillet, Augier, and Dumas had done for the French salon. And Hebbel, Otto Ludwig, and Anzengruber, according to Schlenther, found a suc- cessor in Hauptmann, who, without be- ing influenced by them, understood like them the passions and the speech of the plain people. Another critic, Arno Holz, himself a prominent representative of the naturalistic school, speaks of the play as "the best drama ever written in the German language." Certainly no other dramatic genius ever burst upon the world with so dis- mal a tale. One single sympathetic fig- ure emerges from the besotted and bes- tial population of one of those Silesian villages Hauptmann loves to portray — a pure, strong-willed maiden, whom a weak apostle of temperance and race eugenics for a moment thinks of marry- ing, but who is left, disillusioned, to commit suicide. German psychologists think it worth while to discuss minute- ly the scientific verisimilitude of the mental and moral ruin wrought by alco- hol in the Krause family. Prof. Wil- helm Weygandt, a noted alienist, places Hauptmann above Ibsen in the accuracy of his description of the curse of inher- ited dipsomania, although he speaks of the play as one of abject despair, "the like of which is scarcely to be found in the bloodiest tragedies of all litera- ture." Hauptmann has, fortunately, in some cf his later works not fully borne out his early promise. There is genuine dramatic power, deep human sympathy, and much technical skill in "Die Weber" ("The Weavers"), but with all this, his ruthless disclosure of the condition of the wretched Silesian paupers in the forties fails to interest English audi- ences of a later day. The play has neither hero nor heroine. Whatever moral force may lie in Spielhagen's ex- clamation^ "You look for its hero: I have it! The hero is misery," dramat- ically the plea is weak. In Germany interest in the play is kept alive by its bearing on the political and social pro- blems of the day. "Rose Bernd," a drama of far great- er artistic merit than either "Vor Son- nenaufgang" or "Die Weber," has met with less success on the German stage. In Vienna it was withdrawn from the Burgtheater after the fifth perform- ance, in the interest of public morality, as interpreted, so it was said, by the highest circles. Yet "Rose Bernd" pro- claims no dangerous social gospel, and the immorality of the play, though flagrant, is relieved by a remarkably well-drawn character, that of the wrong- ed wife, who holds out her sympathy and aid to the girl whom her husband has betrayed, and whose end is despair and child-murder. The play has poetic touches, and the plot is ingenious, but its details are revolting to the last de- gree. Theatrically, "Fuhrmann Henschel" ("Drayman Henschel") has scored a greater success than any other of Haupt- mann's plays. There are few more "taking" roles than that of the kindly, taciturn dreamer Henschel, who, hav- ing violated a promise to his dying wife, is driven by the brutality of her successor and by remorse and fear of ghosts to fury and self-murder. Much has been made by German critics of Hauptmann's observance of the so-called Aristotelian unities in "Fuhrmann Henschel," and the play is unquestion- ably better constructed than any other of his social dramas, but glorification of Hauptmann as the restorer of the classic fatum to its rightful place on the stage comes with ill grace from those who still speak of Grillparzer as the "Schicksalstragiker." From a purely aesthetic point of view, Hauptmann's plays in a lighter vein are open to even greater objection than his serious social dramas. Three of his com- edies are included in Mr. Lewisohn's two volumes — "Der Biberpelz" ("The Beaver Coat"), its continuation, "Der rote Hahn" ("The Conflagration"), and "Die Ratten" ("The Rats"). The "Bi- berpelz" has been styled by Hauptmann "eino Diebskomodie" — a comedy of thievery. He might more character- istically have called it "a comedy of German police stupidity," for its only value lies in the delineation — clumsy as it must seem to foreign audiences — of an overbearing police official utterly helpless in the presence of perplexities of the most puerile kind. It is absurd to compare, as has been done, Haupt- mann's play with Kleist's "Der zer- brochene Krug." There is neither wit, sprightliness, nor beauty of language in "Der Biberpelz." All is coarse and wooden, and the heroine, an intensely vulgar, petty thief, cannot possibly en- gross the attention of a foreign audii nee with sufficient taste to discriminate be- tween what is dramatically permissible and what is forbidden. "Stealing," says Schiller, in his essay on "The Use of the Vulgar and Low in Art" ("Gedanken iiber den Gebrauch des Gemeincn und Niedrigen in der Kunst"), "is something absolutely low, and whatever our hearts may plead in extenuation of the action of a thief, . . . aesthetically he re- mains low. ... A person who steals is a most degrading object for any seri- ous poetic representation." In "Der rote Hahn" the heroine de- generates from a thief into an Incen- diary, and with it degenerates the plot of the comedy. Tiresome repetition takes the place of psychological d> ment, and the play is dull and profit- less. What there was of humor in the first part becomes stale in the second; the new episodic characters come and so without relation to the plot, and the German public which tolerates the "Biberpelz" for the scope which it

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;u)>2 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2521 gives to good acting — "Mediocre plays," Bays Leasing, "are always acted best" — refuses to accept "Der rote Halm" on any terms. "Die Ratten" is reminiscent of the time when Hauptmann thought of pre- paring for the stage. Admirers of the play find something to admire in the figure of llassenreuter, the ranting barn- stormer and ex-manager, whose attic is stuffed with theatrical rubbish, both in- animate and living, and about whom group themselves, in confused relation, some of the most abandoned characters ■which the scum of a large city can fur- nish. A mother's struggle for the pos- session of her newly born illegitimate child, adopted by a woman anxious to palm it off as her own, constitutes the tragic element of the story, which, false in its pathos and forced in its humor, utterly fails to give reality to the "real- ism" of Berlin low life. It was, indeed, a difficult task which lay before the English translator of these social plays. They were all writ- ten in dialect, mainly the Silesian, which is not always easy reading even for Germans, and in all of them great stress is laid on local color and flavor. Conscientious and intelligent as the work of Professor Lewisohn and his collaborator has, on the whole, been (Miss Mary Morison is responsible for the translation of "Die Weber"), the result was bound to be lifeless. No English reader will rise from the pe- rusal of these plays with the conscious- ness of having been in the presence of a great dramatic genius, or the feeling that he has enjoyed a rare literary treat. Whatever of raciness there is in the original speech of the Silesian weavers would have been inevitably lost in any translation, but Professor Lewisohn at the outset made it impossible for him- self to render Hauptmann's idioms into adequate English. He decided, as he tells us, "to invent a dialect near enough to the English of the common people to convince the reader or spec- tator, yet not so near to the usage ot any class or locality as to interpose be- tween him and Hauptmann's characters an Irish or a Cockney, a Southern or a New England, atmosphere." Now, the invention of a dialect is a dangerous business and beyond the pow- er of any man. It is difficult enough to render accurately in writing any exist- ing dialect of one's mother tongue. Strictly speaking, Mr. Lewisohn has "invented" very little, but he has adopt- ed from the illiterate talk of both North- erners and Southerners (including ne- groes), and from the current slang of the hour, whatever has seemed to him to be an approximate equivalent of the original. All such blemishes upon a generally accurate translation appear insignifi- cant in comparison with the lack of crit- ical perspective shown by Mr. Lewisohn in his Introduction to the plays. There we are told that beside the speech of Hauptmann's characters "air other dra- matic speech, that of Ibsen, of Tolstoy in 'The Power of Darkness,' or of seems conscious and inhu- man." What may be considered a de- fect in other dramatists becomes, in Mr. ni's eyes, a positive virtue, if applied to Hauptmann. "lie shapes his material as little as possible." His fables "are simple and devoid of plot." And "it goes without saying that he rejects the monologue," though one cannot help thinking of Hamlet's "To be, or not to be" and remembers Diderot's question: "Why do certain monologues produce so great an effect?" Hauptmann's charac- ter drawing, so Mr. Lewisohn finds, has nothing in common with "the set phrases of Dickens"; he relies on "the high moral expressiveness of common things." And with praise for Haupt- mann's negative merits is mingled un- bounded admiration for his positive achievements. The blank verse of "Die versunkene Glocke" is "the best in the German drama." The public of the Ger- man theatres and some of the sanest critical judgment of Germany may have objected to the dramatization, with re- volting details, of Hartmann von Aue's ieper-legend of "Der arme Heinrich"; Mr. Lewisohn entertains "little doubt but that this play will ultimately rank as the most satisfying drama of its time." In the surrender of the critical func- tions Mr. Lewisohn but reflects the atti- tude of many of the German worship- pers of Hauptmann. They refuse to see in him a disciple or imitator of Ibsen and rate the vaporings of a Hassenreu- ter in "The Rats" more highly than they do the aspirations of a Rosmer in "Ros- mersholm." Hauptmann is the fashion in the Germany of to-day, and as the re- cipient of a Nobel prize he is_ talked and written about in other countries; but with all his great talent and the excel- lence of some of his work, he has not touched the universal heart nor satis- fied the thought of those who look be- yond the fancies of the day — "le souffle vague d'une popularity trompeuse." The future is yet to speak, and the voice of the great past is still heard. Throngs may now attend the performances of "Vor Sonnenaufgang" and "Der Biber- pelz," but the German people does not recite Hauptmann as it does Schiller and Goethe, or Heine and Uhland. Nor has Hauptmann enriched world-litera- ture by one passage, one line, or one phrase. He is undeniably a force in a period of singular literary and social unrest; but he is not its poet; not even its eloquent spokesman. Above all, lie has not given to flu: world beauty and Wisdom, as have the masters whom all i : ne rever< s. 1 [e does not possi ss that quality which, as Sainte-Beuve says, we have the right to demand of every pow- erful talent: gentle moderation — "cette qualite que je demande tou jours aux talents energiques de meler a leur force." Nor can we expect of the Hauptmann of the future what, with all his gifts, he has failed to produce in the past. Nearly all great poets have had their period of immaturity and tur- bulence, but genius steadily ripens to- wards perfection. Hauptmann has giv- en us, years after the lyric charm of "Die versunkene Glocke," the ghastly modernism of "Gabriel Schillings Flucht" and the cheap flippancy of "At- lantis," which, but for its striking, though fortuitous, forecast of an ocean catastrophe, would rise in no way above the ephemeral novels of the day. The world of serious thought and immutable good taste has not yet learned to adjust itself to the new order of things which sees in the violence of naturalism the prophecy of the future. "We cannot yet afford," says Emerson, "to drop Homer, nor ^Eschylus, nor Plato, nor Aristotle, nor Archimedes." Forbes-Robertson is devoting the whole of this week to an elaborate revival of Bernard Shaw's "Caesar and Cleopatra," of which he produced a condensed version here eight years ago. Now he gives the whole play, without much profit to the entertainment by the restoration of the hitherto suppressed parts. Dramatically the piece is lacking in action, cohesion, cred- ibility, and suspense, while historically it is fantastic. Essentially it is extravaganza of a very superior order. The satirically witty text, with its characteristically Shavian shafts directed against all sorts of British prejudices and conventions in the social, artistic, religious, and military worlds, is as fresh as ever, and, of course, in many instances, as disingenuous. The delight of the audience was manifested in continuous ripples of laughter. Forbes- Robertson's Caesar is now an admirably fin- ished impersonation and an almost perfect illustration of the manner in which the best burlesque should tie played, that is, with absolute sincerity. Without losing any of the humor of a grotesque misrepresen- tation, he, by sheer acting power, gives the character consistency, vitality, and dig- nity. His masterly elocution, of course, gives the fullest effect to all the varied excellences of the lines. Miss Elliott's Cleo- patra is not remarkable except tor its physical charm, and the genera] support, though adequate, is not brilliant. | Great Advent tire," a stage adapt a lion by Arnold Bennett of his story "Bur- led Alive," with which Wlnthrop has opened his new Booth Theatn badly made play. The construction, which i and roughly Jointed, bet ra th awkwardness and In tperience of the ima teiir. but the ci ni 1:1 1 idea Is I reBh and In ;i I , 1 he characterlzat Ion Is det 1 b ad animated, while the dialogue Is lively and well charged b Ith satirical humor, la 1 he plec< 1 di crlbed on the prograi us Fanciful, the Incidents need not be ludged bj 1 00 pi'" i;e 11 sta n'l.i el "i n ason, Man- ifest iv 1 1"' 1 1 1 bat, tn any ' 1,1 M' ea, a pa Inter ot great 1 nine and

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Oct. 23, 1 91 3 J Tli e Nation 393 however shy, nervous, and irre sponsible— would, or could, knowingly per mit his dead valet to be identified as him 1 be burled in his stead in West minister Abbey, being content to take the valet's place as husband of the pretty, IdOW who respond- ed to the di matrimonial adver- i. la extravagantly preposterous. And there are other premises equally in- admissible. Mr Bennett's object, apparent- ly, was to contrast the vagaries of un- ted genius with the more substan- tial virtues of a warm heart and a hard head, and this he has done in amusing fashion. But the chief merit of the piece resides in the vivacious satire directed against all kinds of British conventions and social hypocrisies. Some of this is somewhat trite, but most of it is smart and lUSly effective. The ignorance of journalistic critics, Philistinism in art, so- cial influence in the manufacture of ficti- tious reputations, clerical advertisement and insincerity, rapturous feminine gush, vulgar sensationalism, the rapacity of a certain class of picture dealers, the gulli- bility of some self-constituted connoisseurs, and the liberal bestowal upon the undeserv- ing dead of praise denied to the worthy living, arc among the topics of spirited ridicule. In almost every way the literary outshines the dramatic quality of the piece, which, however, is by no means devoid of interesting situations. The general repre- sentation is excellent, especially in the case of the subordinate actors, but Lyn Harding, clever actor as he is, scarcely does full justice to the very difficult part of the leading character. The superficial side of him, the intense nervousness, utter im- practicability, . and restless excitability, combined with a complete lack of self- de- pendence, he interprets with notable tech- nical skill, but he fails to give any prom- inence to the finer underlying intellectual and emotional attributes essential to the presumption of genius and necessary to the creation of sympathy. So purely whimsical a person as he pictures would not be likely to win the whole-souled devotion of so lev- el-headed a heroine. Music Studies in Musical Education, History, and /Esthetics. Seventh Series. $1.60. The seventh series of Papers and Pro- ceedings of the Music Teachers' Nation- al Association, issued under the general head of Studies in Musical Education, History, and ^Esthetics, is no less val- uable than its predecessors. While some of the proceedings recorded are of in- terest only to members of the Associa- tion, most of the papers appeal to all who use their brains in teaching or practicing the musical art, as distin- guished from those to whom "the sen- suous factor in music is the sole one," to cite the words used by the president of the Association, James M. Taylor, in his address of welcome, in which, among other things, he expressed regret that our colleges do not yet "rank the train- ing of piano practice beside that of lab- oratories of physics and chemistry." "Physics and Music" is the subject of an interesting paper in this volume by Prof. Edna Carter, of Vassal' College. Aft< r speaking of the work of Helm- holt/, whose acoustic doctrines have stood the test of time remarkably well, and of the lessons taught by the gramo- phone and the photographic records of modes of vibration, she describes in de- tail some important work undertaken by D. C. Miller, professor of physics in I he Case School of Applied Science in Cleveland. The question he set to work to answer was: "Is the tone quality of a flute the tube of which is made of gold superior to that of a flute having a tube of silver or wood? If there is a difference, what is its cause?" He first thought to spend a few months on the problem, then decided it would take a few years; and now he plans to devote his whole life to it, if necessary, although he has already reached the conviction that the gold flute is best. Incidentally, the lecturer made a state- ment to which the attention of Oscar Hammerstein and other builders of new theatres or concert halls should be call- ed: "Professor Sabine, of Harvard, has solved for us the important problem of architectural acoustics, and in future there will be no excuse for the construc- tion of an auditorium of any sort whose acoustics are unsuited to its needs." If there be any educators who still doubt the utility of automatic musical instruments, they would do well to read the paper on "The Regeneration of Phi- listia" by Prof. Leo R. Lewis, of Tufts College. In that college, as he points out, such instruments have been in use since 1899; there are now four, with nearly a thousand rolls. With a little preliminary guidance the students soon play, comprehend, and enjoy the scores of the great masters. Professor Lewis is convinced that if teachers prescribed a few hours' work each week with auto- matic players they would soon be "astounded at the advances made in real musicianship." Another way of making students acquainted with masterworks is suggested by Edward W. Berge, who calls attention to effective arrangements of difficult and complicated pieces for two pianos, with two or four players. Parents who mortgage farms to ena- ble their daughters to study music in the large cities would do well to read Mrs. Caroline Gardner Bartlett's paper on "The Singer and His Environment," in which she points out the many pit- falls prepared for such girls by unscru- pulous teachers. Of the other papers in this book the one which makes perhaps the widest appeal is by Prof. Leonard B. McWhood, who suggests, as a n for the raucousness of the average col- lege yell, the substitution of a college (all having musical value: A friend recently said that he could think of nothing more inspiring than the shouting by 20,000 voices, at a football game, of. the heavy "Rah! Rah! Rah!" of Harvard, or the sharp "Rah! Rah! Rah!" of Yale. The writer's reply was: "Im- agine 20,000 Harvard or Yale men, under the same circumstances, singing out their university ideals in a musical call whose dignity and value should equal that of the Wagnerian motive of Siegfried, Guardian of the Sword!" Other topics discussed in this volume (copies of which may be obtained of Waldo S. Pratt, Hartford, Conn.) are Church Music and the Gregorian Sys- tem, Modern English Organ Playing and Composition, The Teacher and his Ma- terial, The History of Musical Degrees, The Possibilities of Thematic Indexing. "The coming season will prove the richest in novelties and revivals of any at the Metropolitan since the beginning of my directorate," said Mr. Gatti-Casaz/.a the other day. The opening week will witness a revival of Verdi's "Un Ballo in Masche- ra," with Caruso, Amato, Destinn, Matze- nauer, Hempel. In the third week Strauss's "Rosenkavalier" will be staged, with Hem- la 1, rase, Ober, Goritz. For Christmas week the novelty will be Montemezzi's "L'Amore dei tre re," with Bori, Amato, Didur. "Car- men," with Farrar, Bori, and Caruso, is booked for the first half of January, and the same month will see the premiere of Victor Herbert's new opera, "Madeleine," with Alda, Sparked, Althousc, Scotti. Char- pentier's "Julien" will be given before J:he end of February, the cast including Farrar, Caruso, and Gilly. Wolf-Ferrari's new opera. "L'Amore Medico," will be heard in March. Verdi's "Falstaff" will be the season's last novelty. A brilliant opening of the season is assured by "Manon," with Farrar, Caruso, Gilly, Rothier, and De Se- gurola. Heretofore New York has been far be- hind Berlin in the opportunities to hear the best music performed in the best pos- sible manner at specially low rates. From this point -of view great interest at- taches to two announcements just made by the New York Philharmonic, which is equal in make-up to any orchestra in Berlin, or any other city, abroad or at home. During the present season the Phil- harmonic will affiliate with the Wage Earners' League in three monster concerts at. Madison Square Garden. These con- certs will be given with an increased or- chestra, and celebrated artists as |i lets, ami t hey a re Intt n l< d to fur- ther tli,. educational policy of the Phil- harmonic Society by placing the highest class of music within reach of wage earn- ers of limited means. The prices of ad- mission will be so small that only the enormous seating capacity of New York's imphitheatre makes the scheme a possibility. In further pursuance of its education- al policy, the Philharmonic oounces that, this season, at its 1 Thursdaj evening and Friday afternoon concert liable to mu- sic students and pupils The attempt to produc ■■ M.'li-

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394 T li e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2521 Bande" and the "Rosenkavalier" in English has not proved a success in the English provinces. "Half-filled houses" have greet- ed Mr. Denhol and his company at Birming- ham and elsewhere. He lias an expensive orchestra, and he charges $3 to $5 for the best seats, which helps to explain the situation. Edyth Walker, who, some years ago, won deserved popularity at the Metropolitan Opera House, and then left her native country to sing in German opera houses, where she soon was rated in the front rank of dramatic vocalists, has lately been winning fresh laurels in England. Of her singing of a scenj from "Oberon" the Lon- don Times said: "The splendid quality of her voice, the breadth of her phrasing, and her dramatic intensity made her per- formance one of Ibe most striking features of the whole day's work." Art SPANISH MASTERS. London, October 11. An interesting exhibition of Span- ish old masters has just been opened at the Grafton Gallery, and is to remain open for three or four months. Its ob- ject is the support of the National Art- Collections Fund in England and the Sociedad de Amigos del Arte Espanola in Spain. Its reason, according to the Historical Introduction to the Cata- logue, is that the time is ripe for such an exhibition. To those who are not responsible for the show, this reason is not so obvious. There was a fine ex- hibition of Spanish masters at the New Gallery in 1895-96, and again at the Guildhall in 1901; the Royal Academy has given much space in its winter ex- hibitions to the Spanish pictures owned in England. But maybe it is not so much the British public that has been taken into consideration — not so much the British public for whom the time is ripe — as the little group of experts and critics who see in these historic exhibitions a splendid field for their Battle of Attributions, and the little group of private dealers who have no objection to making use of them if the opportunity offers. However, it does not so much matter what the reason is or may be, when the result is of such value to the few with a genuine love for art. It would have had greater value had more care been shown in the selec- tion, and had perhaps one-half the num- ber of pictures now on the walls been hung. But the inferior work can be forgiven and passed by because of the masterpieces. The care seems to have been rather to make the show as official and social- ly correct as possible. The King of Spain is the patron. The list of the committee bristles with distinguished names, both English and Spanish. Mr. Herbert Cook is the chief organizer of the exhibition; Mr. Maurice W. Brock- well has prepared the catalogue. With two or three notable exceptions, all the owners of Spanish paintings in England have contributed, from the King at Buckingham Palace to so little-known a provincial source as the Bowes Mu- seum at Barnard Castle. Several Span- ish collectors are also among the con- tributors. And if the standard might have been more rigorous, at least a collection has been got together that ranges over a period beginning with the Primitives of the thirteenth century and ending with the master of the nineteenth, Goya. The group of Primitives, how- ever, is disappointing, not only because it is small, but because it contains lit- tle of very great distinction. No doubt some of the panels in their original place over an altar, or decorating a shrine, made their effect, and certainly all have an historic value. But one picture alone among them stands out as the work of an artist, as well as of the skilled craftsman trained in the traditional school, and this Is the St. Michael by Vermejo, splendid in de- sign, the figure spirited and full of action, Satan beneath the Saint's feet squirming to fine decorative purpose; but this panel was in the same gallery two years ago, when I remember writ- ing in detail about it. The Spanish Primitives are not so easy to see in London as the Italian, and the series, if incomplete, will be of use to students by enabling them to follow the devel- opment of Spanish art from its earliest days and trace its inspiration if they choose, partly to the Italians who at that remote period visited Spain, and partly to Jan Van Eyck, who also was a visitor to the country. It is aston- ishing how far artists travelled at a time when travelling was anything but easy, so that any one school could never be quite independent in its ideas and methods. After Vermejo come the portrait painters of the sixteenth century, they in their turn owing something to An- tonio Mor, who was received at the court of Philip II. The series by San- chez Coello show that Velasquez had a predecessor who understood how to give dignity and distinction to royal and imperial sitters, and sometimes a splendid technical touch and splendor of color to their dress. There is a por- trait of a youth, who may or may not have been a Spanish prince, that is simply extraordinary in the way the figure maintains its dignity and concen- trates in itself the interest of the de- sign, though the elaborate pattern of the cloak is worked out with photo- graphic minuteness in its infinite de- tail. Examples of Navarrete, too, are here. Also of Herrera the elder, whose small painting of a Partridge on the Wing, impressive in color and masterly in drawing, is a proof that Velasquez, in his first master, was more fortunate than many a young genius; while the Portrait of a Knight of Santiago by Pacheco testifies no less to the ability of the second master of Velasquez, from whom it is evident he had nothing to unlearn, though he carried the old tradition far beyond Pacheco's reach. All the same, in the present exhibi- tion anyway, the one artist of the six- teenth century, the one artist after Vermejo, who towers before Velasquez appears (that is, in order of time, not of the hanging), is El Greco, who, if Greek by nationality, was Spanish by choice, and is always ranked with the Spanish school. It has become the cor- rect thing to talk of him as the first Post-Impressionist — a Post-Impression- ist born four centuries too soon. The sixteen examples at the Grafton — of such varying merit that I wish they could have been reduced to half a dozen — hardly justify this appropriation, nor do any others that I have seen. El Greco had the individuality in his point of view and his method of expression that most Post-Impressionists struggle for by scrupulously imitating somebody else; but no great artist ever yet achiev- ed greatness except by the development of his own individuality in his work. Velasquez might as well be called a Post-Impressionist as El Greco. Like all other great artists, El Greco's earlier paintings show the influence of the masters of his day, and there is at the Grafton a small Christ Driving the Mon- ey-Lenders out of the Temple which, in the color, the types, the movement of the figures, is distinctly Venetian. In- deed, in two paintings of St. Peter and St. Francis, he barely escapes the sen- timent and sweetness of the Spanish painter of religious subjects, and in the strange Christ Led to Calvary, it is rather because of the entirely individ- ual and chilling color scheme and the astonishing realism of the arrangement, than any of the exaggeration, the rest- lessness, of drawing usually associated with his name, that a personality may be seen breaking through school con- ventions. The beautiful portrait of his daughter, which no one can forget who visited the Guildhall Exhibition in 1901, is as full of dignity and restraint as a Velasquez. It is only when you come to the Supper in the House of Simon, shown already in the Grafton two or throe years ago, that you find the peculiar exaggeration, restlessness, dis- tortion almost, in the drawing of the figures and the spacing of the color, that has misled Post-Impressionism into looking upon him as their prophet. This exaggeration, found also in two or three portraits in the series, has been by some authorities accounted

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Oct. 23, 1913] Tlie Nation 395 for by astigmatism of the eye. But though the chief cause might have been a physical defect in his vision, it seems more probable that the style he eventu- ally developed came from the over- emphasis in characterization that grew upon him, as a painter's mannerisms will. As, in our own time, Carriere in- sisted more and more upon atmosphere until at the end his figures were in danger of being lost in fog, as Mat- thys Maris grows more and more mys- tic until such of his later work as he shows remains an enigma to which he alone has the clue; so it seems as if El Oreco preoccupied himself with character and its expression until he verged upon caricature, for I do not know what else to call it — not the cruel caricature of the satirist, not the tender caricature of the humorist, but the cari- cature of the earnest student seeking beauty in character and striving to get at the very essence of truth in his rec- ord. The supreme masters nave always escaped the pitfalls of exaggeration and mannerism. It is a relief to turn from El Greco, who at his best is disquiet- ing, to Velasquez, who, in his superb repose, towers above all his countrymen of whatever age or school. The modern critic, busy grinding his own axe, has been guilty of many absurdities, but never of one greater than when he would dethrone Velasquez and exalt El Greco in his place. Twenty-seven paint- ings in the collection are attributed to the master, but in many cases the at- tribution is an insult. I suppose it would be a delicate matter in a Loan Ex- hibition to take from a picture the name of the artist which the owner tags on to it; on the other hand, it would be simple to refuse the picture. However, in the most glaring instances even the credulous public will not be deceived. Some of the finer examples in the country are missing, especially those from Kingston Lacy and Dul- wich. But Apsley House and Dorches- ter House have contributed from their treasures, and if only quality had been preferred to quantity, an impressive group would have remained. For the expert, whose pleasure in a picture is measured not by its beauty but by the chance it gives him for a display of his own erudition, the interest centres about three paintings which I believe have not been hitherto exhibited or known. One is The Dying Gladiator, lent by Mr. F. D. Walenn, recently dis- covered, the catalogue states, in private hands in Sweden: a study of a nude, the pose presenting a most difficult problem in foreshortening, which is solved with such knowledge and good painting that no harm would be done to Velasquez's fame if it were finally cata- logued with his school work, though other accomplished painters of his gen- eration might have produced just such an "academy." The second is The Kitchen Maid from Mr. Otto Beit's col- lection, a long, narrow panel, full of masterly detail and beautiful in tone, that may well belong to the early pe- riod when Velasquez painted the Duke of Wellington's Old Woman Frying Eggs, now hanging close by. The third is The Angels Appearing to the Shep- herds, a discovery of Mr. Marion H. Spielmann's, who seems to have a talent for discovery. I understand that some critics have accepted his present at- tribution, but those who look for proofs in the painting itself rather than in its pedigree will probably not be so easily convinced. Two shepherds rest oy a stream where their sheep are drink- ing, while above in the sky float two little cherubs in a swirl of drapery. The whole arrangement is a triumph of what an early school of writers on art used to call chiaroscuro and much ad- mire. Out of all but impenetrable shadow, the high lights on one of the cherubs, on the uplifted hand of the shepherd in the foreground, on the backs of the sheep, jump out with a vio- lence that I have never yet seen in a Velasquez. There is no breadth in the handling, the drawing has not the mas- ter's touch. It frequently happens in the game of attributions that the pedi- gree may be all right, but the picture all wrong. However, I willingly leave the dispute to Mr. Spielmann and his experts and authorities, for surely it is waste of time to hunt for Velasquez in an uninteresting canvas when he asserts himself so triumphantly, so without the shadow of a doubt, in a long succession of masterpieces. Here the notable examples of his art are the Portrait of Quevedo, the Por- trait of a Spanish Gentleman, one ver- sion of the Pope Innocent X from the Duke of Wellington's collection, the Queen Mariana from the Ford collec- tion, A Lady with a Mantilla from the Duke of Devonshire's, the early Philip IV of Spain from Sir George Holford's. All these are known and have been seen in comparatively recent years at the Academy, the Guildhall, or the New Gallery, but the opportunity to see them again is one that no lover of art can afford to miss. The Philip, a large, life-size, full-length standing figure, young, the face still, firm, and fresh, a richness of gold and crimson in the dress that Velasquez did not always allow him, rules it in the Gallery as the King who posed once ruled it in the Court of Spain. And the Spanish Gentleman, to the right of the Philip, severe, sombre, only the simple white linen collar relieving the severity of his black robe, is as commanding in his own way, and if less splendid a figure, as beautiful in his sober dignity. It would be better if these two portraits were come to in the very last of the galleries, for it must be confessed that the work of Velasquez's successors does not bear the test of comparison. Murillo is almost as plentifully repre- sented, but it is seldom that his large religious paintings excite any emotion save admiration for their dexterity. If his beggar boys could have been sent from Dulwich, another impression might have been given. As it is, most of his big canvases leave one cold, with no desire to pause except before that excellent but affected half-length por- trait of himself, seen through an oval with an inscription below, made fa- miliar by reproductions, and before the full-length, life-size Portrait of a Man in picturesque dress of black and white, which, after the Velasquez, is among the best portraits in the exhi- bition. If Murillo leaves one cold, the paint- ers who follow do not call for any rec- ognition, negative or otherwise. It may have been thought advisable to include them for the sake of the historical se- quence, but they add nothing to the ar- tistic interest, and I doubt if a visitor in a hundred stops to look at them. Some of their paintings struck me as little better than the old masters, as they looked under time's coating of dust and grime, that used to hang in the typi- cal London lodging-house of twenty-five or thirty years ago. These painters give the greater value to Goya when, finally, Goya is reached. With Goya a new individuality ap- pears in Spanish art, a painter with no less distinct a point of view of his own than El Greco. It is therefore to be wished that he had been better repre- sented. One side of his art is seen, it is true, in two small studies of a mad- house and a prison, two small, cool, gray interiors filled, the first with fan- tastic figures, the second with writh- ing, manacled prisoners; while another side can be studied in four or five por- traits: the Duchess of Alva with her dog, the painter's brother, the hard, dry-lipped poet, Melendez-Valdez, and, of more note apart from association, a Spanish Lady, with strange eyes gleam- ing from under her heavy black hair, thick and low on her forehead, long ear- rings dangling from her ears, a whitish gray shawl drawn tight around her shoulders, something defiant, something mystifying, in the ugly but interesting face which both attracts and repels. The group is one in which the student of Goya may rejoice; to any one ignor- ant of his art, it will not reveal either the extent of his powers or the reason for his reputation. But Goya might be more adequately represented, El Greco might be seen only in his most individual work, anti the splendid Philip, in the freshness of youth, the Spanish Gentleman, in the

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;;*)<; T lie !N a ( i o n [ Vol. 97, No. 2521 austerity of years, would still triumph over tin- collection, as they do now. N. N. Finance THE PRESENT MOOD OF WALL STREET. The spirit of pessimism which has for some weeks past prevailed in Wall St reel, and which embodied itself in a general decline on the Stock Exchange, has had several causes, of which per- haps the most weighty has been the dis- covery that the Balkan War, and the financial derangement which accompa- nied it, had left Europe's financial or- ganism in a weakened condition. This found expression in the dearness of for- eign money markets when autumn be- gan, with a consequent reaction of for- eign trade activity. It left the European investing communities distrustful, and all these foreign tendencies necessarily affected our own markets. At home, we had to face two uncer- tainties— the question whether some un- settlement of business plans would not have to follow the lower tariff, and the question whether or not an acrimonious dispute would be provoked between banks and Government, if a banking bill unsatisfactory to the banks were to be enacted. So far as actual develop- ments are concerned, the course of trade has been less disturbed by the tariff changes than there was reason to antici- pate, and the recent trend of discussion on the banking bill has suggested that mutual compromises may smooth out the deadlock of opinion. But there was nothing visible, in either quarter, to ex- cite immediate enthusiasm; both mea- sures were bound to be more or less ex- perimental, and meantime the country's harvest results for 1913, taken as a whole, have fallen below the best of re- cent years. In a general way, these facts account for the unfavorable view of things which the Stock Exchange has been tak- ing. But they are not the explanations which are most frequently heard on the Stock Exchange itself. In that home of restless conjecture, one would learn, last week, that the trouble lay in the "anti-Trust policy of the Administra- tion" (particulars not supplied); in the plunge into fiat money if the banking and currency bill were passed; and, by way of embellishment, in the "rumors" that the Bank of England was about to borrow gold from the Bank of France and that the Pennsylvania Railroad had in view a billion-dollar loan. The reason why people of experience and intelligence accept with reserve the current Wall Street explanations lies in their knowledge of Wall Street It- self. Wall Street is remarkably quick in showing by the action of its market that something is wrong somewhere in tiic financial organism; but it is one of the slowest, blindest, and most credu- lous of all communities in pointing out what the trouble is. When all stocks advance on the Exchange, the explana- tion that capital, previously tied up against an emergency which never came, has been released for the market's pur- poses, may lie absolutely on the sur- face of things. But it is much more to Wall Street's taste to assume that St. Paul, Amalgamated Copper, Atchison, and United States Steel are rising be- cause Union Pacific has talked of dis- tributing its assets to its shareholders in an "extra dividend." When a great break in prices occurs, and the news- paper dispatches simultaneously report the possibility of a diplomatic break between England and Germany, it is quite as likely as not that Wall Street will see no particular connection be- tween them. If rumors happen to be current as to an "anti-Trust suit," the trend of the stock market will be ex- clusively ascribed to it. It is this perfectly familiar tendency which at the present time warrants skepticism over all prevalent "explana- tions" in the financial district. Prov- ing a negative is not easy, particularly when every one admits that constant re- iteration of a fanciful theory regarding causes of the decline will induce some timid souls to sell stocks on the pre- cise grounds alleged. The disposition to put the blame on any concrete fact is also more natural when, as at present, the main troublesome influences are out of sight, and perhaps embody merely the automatic sequel to the formidable political and financial crisis which pre- vailed in Europe during so great a part of the past twelve months. It is an oc- casion on which, if nothing better offer- ed, one can imagine the Stock Exchange ascribing the day's decline in prices to the vote of the Sulzer impeachment court. That was at least an event, and Wall Street insists on new explanations. It is doubtless an unlucky coincidence that, with the general underlying condi- tions of the hour not very favorable, the controversy over the lower tariff and the currency plan should have bei n he- fore us. Yet it may not be out of place to ask whether (Wall Street being what it is) these very same factors might not have been used to a purport exactly opposite, if the general position of af- fairs financial had been such as to cause enthusiasm. Supposing that Europe's affairs had reached an entirely comfort- able status, and that our harvests had been in 1913 what they were in I!) 1 2 — is it rash to suggest that the Stock Ex- change might have been basing proph- ecy of "boom times" on the larger busi- ness possible when artificial tariff bar- riers had been cut down, and when a scientific system of centralizing our bank reserves and credit resources had tablished? BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Ambler, C. If. Thomas Ritchie: A Study in Virginia Politics. Richmond, Va. : Bell Book ami Stationery Co. American Jewish Historical Society Pub- lications, No. 21. Lyons Collection, Vol. I. The Society. Bloch Pub. Co., agents. $3. American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society. Eighteenth Annual Report, 1913, transmitted to the Legislature. Albany, N. Y. Andrews, M. R. S. The Eternal Masculine; Stories of Men and Boys. Scribner. $1.30 net. Ardouin-Dumazet, M. La France qui Tra- vaille: Extraits du Voyage en France. Edited with notes by R. P. Jago. Bos- ton : Heath. 50 cents. Bailey, Temple. Glory of Youth. Philadel- phia: Penn Pub. Co. $1.25 net. Beach, E. L. Roger Paulding, Gunner. Philadelphia: Penn Pub. Co. $1.25 net. Beck, F. O. Marching Manward: A Study of the Boy. Eaton & Mains. 75 cents net. Bedford-Jones, H. Flamehair the Skald. Chicago: McClurg. $1.20 net. Black, H. C. Income Taxation. Kansas City, Mo. : Vernon Law Book Co. Blanche, Sister M. Poems. Devin-Adair Co. Blun Beard. Pictures by P. C. Smith. Duffleld. 50 cents. Brink, C. M. The Making of an Oration. Chicago: McClurg. $1.50 net. Browning, Oscar. A General History of the World. Longmans. $1.50 net. Burgess, T. W. The Boy Scouts on Swift River. Philadelphia: Penn Pub. Co. $1 net. Burns, W. N. A Year with a Whaler. Out- ing Pub. Co. $2 net. Calfee, J. E. Rural Arithmetic. Boston: Ginn. 30 cents. Call, W. T. Life As It Is. Brooklyn, N. Y.: W. T. Call. 50 cents. Cobb, Irvin S. Cobb's Bill of Fare; The Escape of Mr. Trimm. Doran. 75 cents net; $1.25 net. Commercial Gardening. By Many Practi- cal Specialists, under the editorship of John Weathers. Four vols., illustrated. London: The Gresham Pub. Co. Curtis, A T. The Outdoor Chums; Marjorie on Beacon Hill. Philadelphia: Penn Pub. Co. 25 cents net; 80 cents net. Daulton, A. McC. The Capers of Benjy and Barbie. D. Appleton. $1 net. Davies, Ernest. The Widow's Necklace. Devin-Adair Co. Delano, E. B. The Colonel's Experiment. , 1). Appleton. $1 net. Dericci, Seymour. Louis XVI Furniture. Putnam. Doyle. 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398 r 1 1 riic NT at ion [Vol. 97, No. 2521 HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY'^ IMTO'RTAJVT JVEW TWBLICATJOJSTS Letters of Charles Elii>t Norton With Biographical Comment by his daughter, Miss SARA NORTON, and Mr. M. A. DeWOLFE HOWE. The two volumes will add a uniquely i mportant contribution to the literary history of the nineteenth century in America and England, and to the general knowledge of the long period covered by Professor Norton's life. The man himself speaks throughout as in an autobiography. Norton's place in the personal history of his contempo- 1 is been clearly shown by means of many biographies published during the last twenty years. We have had in separate form Ruskin's letters to Norton, and in more gen- eral collections a great number of the letters he received from Clough, Lowell, Curtis, FitzGerald, Godkin, Leslie Stephen, and many others. We have seen in what affection and sympathy his intimates held him. 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Oct. 30, 1913] The Nation 111 FALL BOOKS CHICAGO AND THE OLD NORTHWEST, 1673-1835. By MILO M QUAIFE This book is in scope and subject-matter a history, but in language and content it is as thrillingly inter- esting as romance, it. is a history of the founding of old Fort Dearborn at the mouth of the Chicago River at the Ume when the modern metropolis of Chicago was but a wilderness hunted over by Indians. It describes the "Fori Dearborn massacre," the contest of the British and Americans for the Indian trade of the great North- wesi. and the Indian wars, massacres, and frontier experiences which figured in the development of Chicago. 1 the most absorbingly interesting contribution to the history of the Northwest that has appeared in years. 470 pp , 8vo, cloth; postpaid $4.23. LONDON IN ENGLISH LITERATURE. By PERCY H. BOYNTON. 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IV The Nation | Vol. 97, No. 2522 JUST COMPLETED The New Ideal Edition of Shakespeare The Tudor Shakespeare Published under the general editorship of Prof. William Allan Neilson, Ph. D., of Harvard University, and Prof. Ashley Horace Thorndike, L. H. D., of Columbia University. THE FACTS ABOUT SHAKESPEARE. By the Editors Supplements the introductions and the notes to the individual plays, and as the Fortieth and Final Volume of the TUDOR SHAKESPEARE, gives a corrected account of Shakespeare's life, environment, work, and reputation. (Superio " cloth and leather, only.) Sets complete in forty volumes, including The Facts About Shakespeare, in box. Superior Cloth, $14.00 net the set. Leather, $22.00 net the set. Each play or volume is edited with an introduction, complete text, notes and glossary, by a scholar of unquestioned standing, so that the edition represents all that is best in American scholar- ship. Alphabetical List of Plays and Editors. All's Well That Ends Well. John L. Lowes, Ph. D. Antony and Cleopatra. George Wylls Benedict, Ph. D. As You Like It. Martha M. Shackford, Ph. D. Comedy of Errors. Frederick Morgan Padelford, Ph. D. Coriolanus. Stuart P. Sherman, Ph. D. Cymbeline. Will. D. Howe, Ph. D. Hamlet. George Pierce Baker, A. B. Henry IV, Part I. Frank W. Chandler, Ph. D. Henry IV, Part II. Elizabeth Dzering Hanscom, Ph. D. Henry V. Lewis F. Mott, Ph. D. Henry VI, Part I. Louise Pound, Ph.D. Henry VI, Part II. Charles H. Barnwell, Ph.D. Henry VI, Part III. Robert Adger Law, Ph.D. Henry VIII. Charles G. Dunlap, Ph.D. Julius Caesar. Robert M. Lovett, A.B. King John. Henry M. Belden, Ph.D. King Lear. Virginia C. Gildersleeve, Ph.D. Love's Labour's Lost. James F. Royster, Ph.D. Macbeth. Arthur C. L. Brown, Ph.D. Measure for Measure. Edgar C. Morris, A.M. Merchant of Venice, The. Harry M. Ayres, Ph. D. Merry Wives of Windsor. Fred P. Emery, A. M. Midsummer-Night's Dream, A. John Cunliffe, D. Litt. Much Ado About Nothing. William W. Lawrence, Ph. D. Othello. Thomas M. Parrott, Ph. D. Pericles. C. Alphonso Smith, LL. D. Richard II. Harding Craig, Ph. D. Richard III. George B. Churchill, Ph. D. Romeo and Juliet. The General Editors. Sonnets, The. Raymond M. Alden, Ph. D. Taming of the Shrew, The. Frederick Tupper, Jr., Ph. D. Tempest, The. Herbert E. Greene, Ph. D. Timon of Athens. Robert Huntington Fletcher, Ph. D. Titus Andronicus. Elmer E. Stoll, Ph. D. Troilus and Cressida. John S. P. Tatlock, Ph. D. Twelfth Night. Walter Morris Hart, Ph. D. TwoGentlemenof.Verona,The. Martin W.Sampson, M. A. Venus and Adonis, and Lucrece. Carleton Brown, Ph.D. Winter's Tale, The. Laura J. Wylie, Ph. D. Each volume may also be had separately. Illustrated. 16mo, cloth, 25 cents net; superior cloth, 35 cents net; leather, 55 cents net. Postpaid 7 cents extra. A New One-Volume Tennyson The Complete Works of Alfred, Lord Tennyson New Edition in One Volume, with the Laureate's original notes, a memoir, especially prepared by his son Hallam, Lord Tennyson, and Watts's well known portrait reproduced in photogravure. NOTE.— Macmillan's is the only Complete and Authorized Edition of Tennyson's Works con- taining all the poems in copyright, and the latest texts of earlier poems now out of copyright. Clo'h, $1.75 net. Half morocco, $3.50 net. Published at 64-66 5th Ave., N. Y. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY On sale at All Bookstores

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The Nation wu YORK, THVRBDA.Y, OCTOBER 30, 1913. The Week In spite of President Wilson's reaf- firmation of his "warm advocacy and support both of the principle and of the bona-fide practice of civil-service re- form," in the memorandum accompany- ing his signature of the Urgent Defi- ciency bill, friends of the merit system i the country over will feel both regret and alarm at his action in the matter. The bill repeals, by the vicious process of a "rider," all the provisions of the Act of 1883 and of all subsequent civil- service-reform acts, so far as they may relate to the appointment or removal of deputy collectors of internal revenue and deputy marshals who are required to give bond for the faithful perform- ance of their duty. That the President has power nevertheless, of his own mo- tion, to place all or any part of these offices under the protection of the merit system rules is true enough; but the continuance of the system ought not to be dependent upon the good-will of the President for the time being. "There is no danger," says Mr. Wilson, "that the spoils principle will creep in with my approval or connivance"; but a merely personal guarantee is far from adequate compensation for a backward step taken in the law itself. And over and above the immediate mischief there is the evil of the precedent. cellent beginning of Mr. Wilson's vetoes —sound and clearly reasoned. Now, let us hope it will be followed by plenty of others — pension vetoes in particular, and vetoes of every raid on the civil ser- vice which may come hereafter — how- ever cleverly concealed in appropriation bills. To Secretary Daniels credit must be given for an eloquent bit of lip-service in the cause of the limitation of arma- ments. The moral argument against the insane competition in battleship-build- ing is admirably put by our Secretary of the Navy when he declares that "the hysteria of naval preparations is prov- ing too great a burden for the people." And the argument from common-sense is well formulated when he states: The world to-day is facing the anomaly of making its navy less adequate by in- creasing it. For when new vessels are built with their more powerful armament they render useless the smaller warships, except for coast defence. Unfortunately, the same report that quotes Mr. Daniels as above goes on to say that Mr. Daniels is understood to fa- vor a three-battleship programme, and has so told the President. Thereby, the Secretary of the Navy strikes the classic attitude of foreign statesmen whose pious wishes for the limitation of arma- ments are driven home by the fervent hope that the other fellow will be the one to show the way. The schoolmaster in the White House knows how to deal with students who flunk — that is plain. His first veto, pub- lished on Thursday of last week, dealt with the case of a West Pointer who, having failed in his studies, cheerfully obtained an act of Congress to overrule the judgment of his teachers. But he forgot that he had to reckon with an ex- president of Princeton, and that gentle- man has stood by the teachers. Finding there was good ground for believing that the Academic Board knew what it was about, Mr. Wilson decided against the student; in addition, he saw clearly that to grant this plea for another chance would be subversive of discipline at West Point, already weakened by Congressional interference. It is an ex- The respectful reception accorded by the Senate Finance Committee to Mr. Vanderlip's plan of a single central bank, under Government control, insures discussion which will in any case be useful; because all possible alternatives for which there is any valid argument ought to be fully debated in framing a measure of so great importance. For the present, we shall only say that, while the plan for a single central bank has certain undeniable advantages over any other, two grave difficulties have been encountered in all previous dis- cussions of it. If, as the Aldrich plan provided, the bank was to be managed by appointees of the subscribing banks, a formidable centralization of power in the hands of the banking interests would be foreshadowed. If, on the other hand, it was to be controlled and man- aged by Presidential appointees , an equally formidable concentration of po- litical power and patronage would be indicated. Mr. Vanderlip adopts the second expedient. His plan would have the central board consist exclusively of directors named by the President of the United States, while the bank's twelve branches would be managed by com- mittees named by that central board. Mr. Vanderlip's proposal is oddly out of line with the action of the American Bankers' Association, whose resolutions based their main objection on the fact that the individual banks "have no voice whatever in the selection of the Federal Reserve Board," although they would have to subscribe to stock of the regional banks. The principal speech on the resolutions declared that "man- agement, ownership, control, and profit- sharing are the characteristics of the government monarchies of Europe, but they are not in accord with our insti- tutions." Mr. Vanderlip suggests as one alternative complete ownership of the new bank's stock by the Government; or, if public subscription were to be preferred, he advocates that "all nation- al banks be liable for the purchase of their pro rata proportion of any stock not taken by the public." Yet this is for an institution whose central board and whose branch directorates are alike to be managed exclusively by political appointees, as against the selection by the banks, under the present plan, of a majority in the managing boards of the regional banks! These are consider- ations which not only the Senate com- mittee, but the banks, will have to take into view. We think it altogether for- tunate, however, that the proposition should have been brought forward in such shape as to evoke intelligent dis- cussion. That the Census Bureau is more than a statistics-gathering machine is shown by the statement of the Chief Statisti- cian to the effect that a man is not past his prime at forty. This is the sort of dictum that is worth while. It Is all very well for the Bureau to issue it3 heavy volumes now and then, filled with figures, comparisons, and deductions regarding the number of foreign-born

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MM) T he N a 1 i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2522 white paupers enumerated in alms- houses, the per cent, of their distribu- tion by country of birth, by States, and by geographical divisions, or the still mofe exciting subject of the number of training schools for nurses, commercial schools, manual and industrial training schools, their respective enrolments by States and by geographical divisions; but there must be more persons inter- ested in what the authorities have to say concerning the commercial and in- dustrial value of the man of forty than the foreign-born white paupers enumer- ated in almshouses and the students in nurses' training schools, commercial schools, and manual and industrial training schools combined. The forces of nature which work for consistency have seen to it that Col. Roosevelt should not spend many hours on South American soil without an op- portunity to call some one a liar. This time it is the Brazilian correspondent of a Buenos Ayres newspaper, who report- ed the Colonel's speech at Bahia as con- taining a slur on the Argentine Repub- lic by attributing to Brazil the leader- ship in South America. Mr. Roosevelt, of course, said nothing of the kind. Speaking of the leading nations in the Western Hemisphere, he coupled Brazil with the United States, just as, if he were speaking in Buenos Ayres, he v/ould associate Argentina with the United States. It will not take long to clear up the misunderstanding, and the Argentinians will rise to him with all the more enthusiasm. Or if a few dis- gruntled voices are raised, it will only make the Colonel feel bullier than ever. At any rate, a start has been made to- wards the organization of a Latin- American chapter of the Ananias Club, and the people of the United States have been by so much brought closer to their southern neighbors. The Becker trial evoked comment upon the new spirit that seemed to be animating juries in New York, ana a similar thing is noted elsewhere. The Augusta, Ga., Chronicle remarks that in that State juries are laying aside tlnir old sentimentality and tendency to leniency. There is a stiffening of the juror's backbone. Along with this pment has come a new view of technicalities. "In our own State," says the Montgomery, Ala., Journal, "we have seen murder cases carried over from year to year." At first the con- victed man is sentenced to the gallows, "but gradually, as the cases are revers- ed time and again, the people become discouraged, and after many years have elapsed and some of the witnesses are dead or moved away, the defendants are released." This condition is now to be changed. The Supreme Court of Ala- bama has declared against minor tech- nicalities, and no more cases are to be reversed unless the error is such as to affect the verdict materially. Concern is felt by observers in the South over the increase in the number of tenant farmers as compared with those who own their land. In North Carolina, thirty years ago, 33 farmers in every 100 were tenants; the num- ber is now 42. In South Carolina, the increase has been from 50 in 1880 to 63 in 1910. In Georgia, the number has risen from 44 to 65; in Alabama, from 46 to 60; in Mississippi, from 43 to 66; in Tennessee, from 34 to 41; in Arkan- sas, from 30 to 50; in Louisiana, from 35 to 55; and in Texas, from 37 to 52. Since leases are on the one-year plan, it is to the tenant's interest to "skin" the land. No method is provided by which a good tenant may receive any reward for the improvement he makes in soil fertility or in the appearance and value of the farm. Students of the matter are convinced that it is only a question of time when the South must adopt the British plan of long leases, with credit to the tenant for improvements, and with penalty for any permanent injury which he does the land he hires. If only a tithe of the charges against the city government of East St. Louis in 1911-12 are true, the case will make a new chapter in the shame of our cit- ies. From Mayor to 14 out of 16 Alder- men, the 28 indictments blanket a whole Administration. The charge is not of stealthy conspiracy, of crafty pilfering by an inside ring, but of free-for-all grabbing. In all departments — Control- ler, Health Commissioner, Chief of De- tectives, Superintendent of Streets, and Deputy Building Commissioner — start- ling irregularities are alleged. Our has made sworn confession ol accepting $1,250 for his vote on franchise grabs; the Treasurer is charged with plain em- In /./.leinent; other ollieials with pecula- tion in contracts; and the Aldermen with voting themselves illegal salaries. Defence seems pitifully lacking. Inas- much as East St. Louis has no such un- savory machine organization as other cities point to as their undoing, her citizenship and whole civil spirit would seem to be facing trial along with her public servants. A Chicagoan has discovered that only one large city in this country is well named. That city is, of course, Chi- cago. Some of her rivals, such as Bos- ton, Philadelphia, New York, and New Orleans, have mere second-hand appella- tions, taken from more or less obscure places in the Old World. Others, like Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, and Washington, are named "on a basis that is biographical." St. Louis and St. Paul "have the odor of hagiology." San Fran- cisco and Los Angeles are open to some- what the same objection. Kansas City and Jersey City suffer from tautology. Minneapolis and Indianapolis would do if they were not hybrids. Towards the smaller cities, the Chicago critic is more gracious. While he is a bit uncertain about Tacoma, Milwaukee, Detroit, and Buffalo, he hails Oshkosh and Kankakee with almost suspicious fervor. It may be admitted, however, as a writer in Harper's Weekly contends, that we have too many Cantons, Newports, Toledos, and Ninevehs, to say nothing of Port- lands, Springfields, and Germantowns. The tendency to adopt a great name was rather ludicrously illustrated a few years ago in the suggestion that an Il- linois village should be renamed Lon- don. Far outside the circles of scholarship, the announcement of the death of Reu- ben Gold Thwaites will bring a feeling of distinct loss to the whole Middle West. More than to any man since Parkman, credit is due to him for the upbuilding of the romantic and color- ful history of the Old Northwest. The interest of the States of the region in the French and British regimes virtual- ly dates from his installation as super- intendent of the Wisconsin Historical Society in 1886, and as editor of the Wiseousin Historical Collections in 1888. Hi* mans publloationB, his zeal as a collector, ami his Influence upon

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Oct. 30, 1913] Th e N ;i tion 401 historical scholarship at the Univer- sity of Wisconsin have been a leaven- ing force long and widely acknowledged. His chief fame, of course, rests upon his resurrection of the Jesuit Relations — a resurrection as striking as the more recent discovery, in southern Illinois, of tli<' Kaskaskia Records. But better tes- timony lo his powers and industry lies in the many State, university, and city collections of Western history built up after his thought, and the many lecture- mid studies in which research is carried on after his own spirit. Not conference, but compromise, was the substance of Mr. Asquith's an- nouncement of policy with regard to Home Rule and Ulster. The late con- ference fiasco on the Constitutional ques- tion, which served only to delay the enactment of the Parliament bill and to intensify party spirit, is still a fresh memory. If the Protestant sections of Ulster insist on being omitted from the scheme for Home Rule, Mr. Asquith intimated that a way for that might be provided under the bill itself. The mode of procedure would probably be by a clause in the bill making Home Rule non-effective in those counties where a popular referendum so decided. Virtual- ly this was the scheme adopted in the organization of the Australian Common- wealth, and in the establishment of our own Federal Government. The north- eastern counties of Ulster might flock by themselves for a while; but Mr. Asquith counts upon the centripetal forces of nationality and common eco- nomic interest to bring the recusant Protestant minority within the fold. Upon the point that an Irish Parliament in Dublin there must be, the Premier was explicit. And he was equally clear- spoken as to the determination of the Government to put the bill into force over all Ireland if, before its enactment, the men of Ulster fail to take advantage of the escape offered them. The honor of having been the scene of the whole life-work of Sir William Thomson, afterwards Lord Kelvin, is one that any city might envy Glasgow. That city has shown its pride by the erection of a statue to the great physi- cist. At the unveiling ceremonies the other day, Mr. Balfour was the orator; a sufficient guaranty that the address would be worthy of the occasion. He pointed out that Kelvin was, so far as he knew, a unique example of the com- bination in the same mind of the highest powers in the field of abstract scientific speculation with those practical in- stincts which enable the inventor to make use of the results oi' that specula- tion. But, so far from drawing from Lord Kelvin's life the moral, which a less sensitive intellect might have been tempted to draw, that everybody should be encouraged to think of the practical applications of science as the end and aim of scientific research, Mr. Balfour extracted from it quite the opposite les- son. The business of the man of science, he said, is only remotely and indirectly connected with daily work or practice, and the man who pursues knowledge must pursue it for itself — that he would pursue it with far poorer effect if he was always thinking of what its practical and pecuniary results would be. In point of fact, nothing was plainer in Kelvin's own case than that his intense interest in physical and mathematical problems, the almost childlike freshness of his enthusiasm about them, was wholly independent of his extraordinary practical and pecuniary success. was lately remarked upon by a scien- tist who noted a press statement that, "eugenically," a man weak in certain physical or mental qualities should find a mate strong in those directions. Even in the eugenic millennium men will have to use their minds. The attention of lawmakers, play- wrights, and even journalists might well be asked to a recent statement of Mr. Karl Pearson, head of the Galton Laboratory of the University of Lon- don. Pointing out that the ideal of the founder of eugenics was racial better- ment by the scientific study of heredity and environment, and then by a popular movement emphasizing the national im- portance of these factors and urging their consideration by legislators and social reformers, he went on to say that before his death Sir Francis Gal- ton was depressed by the failure to per- ceive that much scientific progress must be made before men started rashly to I apply conclusions. "Years of patient work," says Mr. Pearson, "in medico- social observation and genetic expert- [ ment are needed before the laws of eu- ! genics can be dogmatically stated." How much loose thinking there is in Amer- ica upon eugenics is evident to any one who picks up one of the recent maga- zines giving an account of the "eugenic' baby exhibition in Denver, attends a "eugenic" play, reads of the "eugenic" marriage laws of Pennsylvania and the West. The harm of such loose thinking The Kaiser's artistic views have al- ways been at variance with prevalent tastes in the German art world. He has never hesitated to formulate his critical opinions, and his loyal sub- jects have responded in kind when the occasion offered. They are doing so now. William II has brushed aside the awards made in an open competition for designs for a German Embassy building at Washington, and has order- ed his own court architect to draw up plans. Presumably, the Kaiser has felt that the theories of the advanced schools of architecture are not repre- sentative of the German nation as a whole. Whatever may be the case with his Ambassadors, he will not have his embassies go abroad to lie for their country. The incident will in all proba- bility fail to shake the Hohenzollern throne, but for some time to come the artists on Simplicissimus and Jugend will have a delightful time designing imaginary embassy buildings in accord- ance with the Kaiser's ideas. Probably the majority of middle-aged persons in this country, if asked about the population of the Russian Empire, would say it is somewhat more than a hundred million. That is the figure it reached about thirty-five years ago, and it was less than eighty million at the time that persons sixty years old or thereabout were learning their geogra- phy lessons at school. It is somewhat startling, therefore, to come upon the statement that the estimated popula- tion of the Empire on January 1, 1912, was 171,000,000. In 1897 the population was 129,000,000; in 1859 it was 74,000,- 000. The growth, therefore, in little more than half a century, has been nearly 100,000,000, or more than the en- tire present population of the United And this vast In only in comparatively small degree due to absorption of new territory. Russia in Europe, taken by itself, is credited with a population of more than 140,000,- 000, so that less than 30,000,000 is to be set down to the whole Asi;

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I * >. <i T he N a I i on Vol. 97, No. 2522 THE PRESIDENT'S IDEAL. President Wilson's speech at Swarth- more on Saturday appears to have been misunderstood. It certainly has been abroad, if we may judge by the com- ments on it cabled from London. It has been in some quarters at home. The trouble comes from not carefully read- ing Mr. Wilson's exact words. The has- ty assumption has been made that he was laying down an actual programme for Mexico. But all that he did lay down was a guiding principle. Because he spoke of a "conquest," it has been rashly concluded that he had in mind a conquest by force of arms; whereas his very application of the word to William Penn should have been sufficient to show that he had in mind only the peaceful subjugation of the great continent put by Providence at the disposal of Amer- icans. It was their original purpose which he lauded — their determination, namely, that this land should be the home of a free and self-governing peo- ple. Then the President went on to say that he "should like to believe" that the entire hemisphere is devoted to the same high ends, and that "nowhere can any government endure which is stain- ed by blood or supported by anything but the consent of the governed." This, in the nature of the case, was no more than a fine aspiration. It could not be a rule by which our international relations and our diplomatic intercourse are to be in all cases controlled. It was a noble sentiment which President Wil- son uttered at Swarthmore, with char- acteristic eloquence, and the hope which he cherishes beats in the hearts of all true lovers of their country and lovers of mankind. The President struck a note like that often set vibrating in the speeches of John Bright. It was he, for example, who once gave it as his creed: "I most devoutly believe that the moral law is not written for men alone in their individual character, but that it was written as well for nations." From this no one will have the hardihood openly to dissent. But the difficulty comes in its specific application, just as it would come in the attempt to deduce a rule of conduct towards Mexico, or any South American country, from the pious wish which President Wilson ex- pressed on Saturday. To jump from it to the conclusion that he will, under no circumstances, recognize a Mexican Government "stain- ed by blood," is probably the last thing that he himself would do. Earlier in the day, in his spirited address at the re- dedication of Congress Hall in Philadel- phia, the President remarked on the fact that one in his position to-day got little practical help from the great gen- eral principles embodied in Bills of Rights and Constitutions. What con- tinually confronts the Executive is the specific case. In deciding what to do with it, he must face the changed day and the new circumstance as well as study the old thoughts. They will teach him the spirit in which he ought to act, but not precisely how to act. And sim- ilarly, we may be sure, President Wilson would not find a sure or safe guide in the doctrine that no Government in Mexico ought to be recognized by the United States that had its origin in vio- lence. As a matter of fact, Mexico has known almost no other kind of Government, and there seems, unhappily, no prospect of any other for a long time to come. The real objection to recognizing Huer- ta — the real internationally valid ob- jection— was that he gave no promise of stable and secure government for Mexico. The fact that he was a disloyal officer and almost certainly particeps criminis in a foul murder might indeed make us shrink away from him in per- sonal abhorrence. But if even the vil- est of men is acquiesced in as ruler by the people of his country; if his govern- ment keeps order and makes life and property secure; if the courts are open, if business goes on, if foreigners are pro- tected, then there is nothing to do but to shut one's eyes to the personal char- acter of the man and think of him sole- ly in his official and representative ca- pacity. It was not necessary or wise to do this in the case of Huerta, for from the first there was reason to doubt whether he could maintain himself. That President Wilson was justified in his early hesitations about Huerta the event has shown. Mexico does not ac- cept him. The country is torn by revo- lutions amounting now to a civil war. Gen. Huerta has proclaimed himsell Dictator, and now, by decree, would in- crease the army to 150,000 men — five times the number that was sufficient to keep in power the military oligarchy of Porfirio Diaz. Huerta may or may not be "stained by blood"; but it is ob- vious that his rule is one to which the Mexican people will not submit. So far as one can now see, there will be no immediate necessity for President Wilson to change his waiting policy to- wards Mexico. The so-called Mexican elections give no promise of real relief. Even if there had been anything like a Constitutional vote in the States taking part, half the territory of the republic would not abide by the result. But while this Government is waiting, it is of the highest importance to have in mind what we are waiting for. It is not for the emergence of a morally impeccable President of Mexico. It is not our busi- ness to teach Mexicans morals or even self-government. All that we can ask is a settled government in Mexico, capa- ble of uniting the country and of dis- charging all international obligations. To demand more — and even this mini- mum is, unhappily, not in sight — would be both futile and dangerous. TAMMANY'S OVERPLAYED HAND. The Tammany leaders in their city of New York have visibly waked up to a fact which must be the most mortifying possible to hardened political gamblers like themselves. They have bet too high on their cards. They have over- played their hand. Seeking to win everything, they now see themselves in peril of losing everything. On all sides they perceive signs that their effrontery and their greed are provoking a tre- mendous reaction against them. The whole appearance of the city campaign has completely changed in a fortnight. Tammany is thrown into confusion and consternation by a series of terrific at- tacks. Up and down the city the name of Murphy has become the signal for cries of execration. Most alarming of all to the Tammany mind, the election betting odds have gone about and now favor Mitchcl. Many who were ex- pecting to vote for McCall are abandon- ing him. Evarts is said to have remark- ed to a Republican orator, about to make speeches for Blaine, that he could understand how a man might vote for Blaine, but did not see how anybody could defend him. In very much that plight stands the Tammany candidate, with the election only five days away. Indications are not lacking that Tam- many is at last conscious that it hai been grossly overdoing 11 these p;ist few

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Oct. 30, 1913 J T li e ]ST a t i o 11 403 weeks. This is especially the case in the matter of its dealings with Sulzer. Its savage turning on an old "pal" like him now begins to appear a political blunder worse than a crime. The Tam- many leaders thought that they could destroy Sulzer; but, like the assassin who rushed upon Giuliano dei Medici, in their fury they wounded themselves with their own daggers. The poorer a creature they made Sulzer out, the more despicable did they themselves appear. Sulzer has now only to harangue the East Side, and howls of rage at Mur- phy, with threats of vengeance on Tam- many, fill the air. Never was there a clearer proof that those politicians do not know their own business who do not use their power moderately; that a grievance such as Tammany has given Sulzer is a powerful make-weight in pol- itics; and that the unscrupulous and remorseless pressing of an advantage over an opponent in public life is the greatest mistake that anybody in public life can make. To all this Tammany has finally be- come alive. No doubt it is un peu tard, as La Fontaine and Charles F. Murphy would say, but it has come. And the way in which the swinish rush now bids fair to be only down a steep place into the sea, is an example of human folly, and its punishment, from which Plato or Burke would not have disdained to draw wisdom. Even within Tam- many the feeling is now obvious that it is a case of too much Murphy. Hence the renewal of the hints that he is about to retire as Boss; that he is anxious about his health, dejected by the as- saults upon him, and so on. But while such a result may be looked upon with unalloyed satisfaction, it is impossible to contemplate the process with unmixed pleasure. In some of its phases, it illustrates a deplorable con- dition of mind among large sections of the community; and in the conduct of Sulzer himself there is that which breeds not only displeasure but disgust. He is indeed "the same old Bill" — the same impudence, the same colossal con- ceit, the same want of regard for the truth. Let any man read the prepos- terous story which he has put out of the conversation between himself and Allan Ryan, and then read the plain, straightforward, and convincing reply immediately made by Ryan. No intelli- gent person can doubt which of these statements is the truth and which a fabrication; and this latest exhibition of Sulzer's quality cannot fail to give a new edge to the feeling of shame that such a man should have been chosen for the highest honor in the gift of the people of this State. But he might con- vict himself of plain ordinary lying a hundred times, as he has been convicted of making false returns of campaign contributions and of appropriating such contributions to his own use, without dampening in the least the ardor of his fanatical followers. Rabbi Coffee, of Pittsburgh, a man eminent in the work of social betterment and the fight against political corruption in that city, who happens now to be in New York, has raised his voice in protest against this blind frenzy to which more than one minister, Christian as well as Jewish, has lent countenance. "The rabbi," he declared, "must stand for moral ideas, must fight for eternal principles, never for men, and surely not for those found guilty after a fair trial." With the mass of the Sulzer enthusiasts, however, this will be but as the voice of one crying in the wilderness. POLONIUS AND THE ZEITGEIST. An evening with Mr. Sothern or with Sir Johnston Forbes-Robertson, at their respective play-houses, reveals the fact that there is one character in "Hamlet" whom it would be even more difficult to omit than the Prince of Denmark. We refer to the Lord Chamberlain at the court of Denmark. Study the people in the seats, and it will appear that no matter how acutely they respond to the solemn cadences of "To be or not to be," they respond more intimately, more easily, more humanly to Polonius when he speeds his son Laertes on the voyage to France. One can almost hear the sigh of satisfaction that runs through the auditorium, one almost perceives the general half-suppressed thrill of de- light, the silent accompaniment of the lips, when the old man begins his fa- miliar text, "Give thy thoughts no tongue, nor any unproportion'd thought his act." The roots of memory that run back into the schoolroom thrill with life again. At such a moment an audi- ence of men and women enjoys that ab- solute absorption into the fable which is given only to very young children to enjoy when they allow themselves to be entranced by the words of a story which they know by heart. It is the familiarity of the scene that grips the audience, and hardly its mer- its. Just why these lines of advice to Laertes should have been inserted in the text cannot be explained on any other ground than that the author had a few gnomic sentences in his head on the subject of success in life, and thought the third scene of the first act of "Hamlet" as good a place as any. The situation does not demand them. Laertes, it will be recalled, has already been to France, whence he returned to attend the coronation of Hamlet's uncle. Apparently, the upper classes at the time felt no obligation to see Denmark first. In the gay capital of Europe Laertes must have acquired a fund of experience and knowledge which his father, for all his years, could hardly match. All this advice, therefore, about how to wear clothes and to -form ac- quaintanceship, while it might have been appropriate enough for, say, young Hamlet when he first set out for Wit- tenberg, must have been quite thrown away on the young cosmopolite Laertes. His sister was cleverer in this respect than her father. When Laertes, on part- ing, admonishes her to be circumspect with regard to Prince Hamlet, Ophelia makes it quite plain that she thinks his a case in which pious admonition should begin at home. But this is somewhat beside the ques- tion. The salient fact is that a mod- ern audience, even allowing for the spell of childhood associations, finds nothing ludicrous in the spectacle of a father offering advice to his son. Far from that, the audience looks forward to the scene. The habit of making it a parent's privilege and duty to bestow counsel upon his son when he sends him out into the world has persisted in spite of recurrent insurrections by the young. Every generation tries to oppose the desires and instincts of the young to the wariness and disenchantment of their elders, but paternal advice is as popular as ever. What an anthology of such paternal advice one might gather out of the world's novels and plays, from Proverbs to the infallible remedy against digestive trouble which David Balfour's mother bequeathed to him. The elder's privilege to warn and in- struct has maintained itself as vigor-

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4(> I The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2522 ously as the young man's prlvili hear and [Orget. still, habits do die with time. How long will this venerable paternal prerog- ative endure? Possibly Polonius, in his heart of hearts, may have had his doubts as to what he really could teach this grown-up, travelled son of his. How much harder is it for the modern father, whose modern child is brought up on modern school programmes and reads the same modern newspaper that his father does! Is there anything, from the way apples grow and carbon is made to the mysteries of physiology, that Laertes to-day could not teach Polonius? Fortunate for the Lord Chamberlain of Denmark that he did not live to see the Century of the Child! His inability to distinguish a cloud from a camel and a weasel would have made him an object of derision to youthful classes in nature- study. The times will soon be complete- ly out of joint for Polonius. The audi- ences still like him, but that is because "Hamlet" audiences are naturally old- fashioned. MRS. WHARTON'S MANNER. Mrs. Wharton's early successes as a writer of short stories were not the chance successes of a tyro. She had al- ready served her apprenticeship, with- out making the public pay for the crude products of that trying phase of exper- ience. She had learned what she want- ed to do, and how to do it. She could take a situation or an episode involving two or three human figures, and wring the truth from it — the truth as she per- sonally saw it. She could drive home her interpretation with witty phrase and epigram. She could make people "sit up," without the use of vulgar stim- ulants. If there was one quality which pleased her audience more than her brilliancy, it was her breeding. A final zest was given to the enjoyment of her style by the sense that it was gentle- manlike. That sense was misleading, of course, for she has always been strongly feminine; but it is possible for x voice a trifle deeper than common, a gesture somewhat more frank, to en- hance the charm of femininity by its hint of contradiction. But beneath the suavity and self-pos- session of her manner there has always been a restless spirit, and the time pass- ed soon when the exercise of wit and adroitness could soothe it. She had, besides, the resources of the study, and the riches of art. Turning from the short story to the novel, she called them lo her aid. She ranged herself in that school of sophistication, of finesse, half- lights, and rich, dim accessories, which was then ascendant. She knew her Meredith, her James, her Howells, and the greater masters of France — Bourget, Stendhal, and the rest. She wished to address herself to no vulgar audience. Tho very titles of those earlier books, "The Greater Inclination," "Crucial In- stances," "The Valley of Decision," were a snub to the populace and a challenge to the fastidious. The populace does not deal in comparatives, nuances, reserva- tions, compunctions. There lies, however, between the read- ing masses and the small choir of the elect, a surprising body of persons, chiefly feminine, who aspire to sophisti- cation and connoisseurship. The aspira- tion, as applied to literature, was more fashionable ten years ago than now, perhaps. Certainly a good many read- ers who aspired in that way were at- tracted to Mrs. Wharton's earlier nov- els. To wander through the pages of "The Valley of Decision," for example, was to breathe an atmosphere of polite and erudite adventure, in lands where life had become a finished thing long before American crudity began. It was not a very good story as a story; but the charm of its style, of its leisurely winding along paths of old-world glamour, was indubitable. There was something else — the occurrence here and there of an episode vivid and telling, the work not of the gentleman and scholar and agreeable cicerone, under whose guidance we seemed, for the most part, to be quietly progressing, but of Mrs. Wharton, the story-teller. Looking back, from this remove, we suspect that those episodes, so inciden- tally and even negligently vouchsafed, were the most genuine part of the book: the rest, a brilliant tour de force. Its very elegance, its languor, its absten- tion from display of wit or from excess of any sort, mark it as a feat. For Mrs. Wharton is not a gentleman or a re- flective philosopher. She is a nervous, cultivated American woman, an extreme- ly clever performer on one of the favor- ite instruments of the hour: a virtuoso, but in the popular sense of the word. And she has been too clever not to find her way instinctively to the larger audi- ence which was ready for her. With "The House of Mirth" she cap- tured it. Here, almost in the flesh, was that society to which striving America looks up with delighted consternation. Here was a story of the "Four Hun- dred" written from the inside, a moving picture of high life. It could have been the work of no one but Mrs. Wharton, and yet was plainly the work of anoth- er than the Mrs. Wharton of "The Dilet- tante" or "The Valley of Decision." Both her wit and her erudition were now under better control. She no longer sparkled for the sake of sparkling, or alluded for the sake of allusion. In fact, she must have had a pretty clear notion of the audience she was addressing and of its needs. It was not an altogether different audi- ence from her older one; but it was wid- er, more various. The novelist, like the playwright, must, if he expects to com- mand a satisfactory hearing, appeal, in some sense, to the mass as an individ- ual. What Mr. A. B. Walkley has said of the theatre audience applies, rough- ly, to what may be called the maga- zine audience. The element of physical contact and contagion is lacking; but the constituency of the news-stands does somehow pull together as one man. "A crowd," Mr. Walkley says, "forms a new entity, with a mind and character of its own; it differs from the individ- uals composing it, just as our bodies are unlike the cells of which they are made up, or just as a chemical com- bination is unlike its separate ingredi- ents." Before "The House of Mirth" Mrs. Wharton had not set herself seriously to the task of captivating the magazine audience. She had tickled its ears with her clever wisps of satire and badi- nage. She had gone over its head en- tirely with "The Valley of Decision," and the books on Italy which followed. Now, at one stroke, she succeeded in rousing it to excited attention with the "House of Mirth." Not that Mrs. Whar- ton abased herself to the magazine man- ner. Her style was as finished and ur- bane as ever. But at last its refine- ment was felt to be in keeping with the theme. Here, in elegant black and white, were the superior beings to whom democracy had hitherto been able to award only the humbler tributes of the society column and Town Topics. The tale of Lily Bart could have been justified only as lifted to the plane of tragedy. In Mrs. Wharton's hands, adroit as they are, it remained sordid and vul- gar. Something might have been done with it in the way of uncompromising realism; so, at least, a negative force and meaning might have been given to it. But in attempting to employ the machinery of tragic romance, Mrs. Wharton attempted the impossible. Lily is not a tragic figure, but a feeble and paltry one. Such glamour as she has is the meretricious glamour of social position; and this is true of all her "set." Perhaps Mrs. Wharton felt the irony of Lily's fame. No doubt she was an- noyed by the persistent attempts to give a local habitation and a name to each of her Imaginary ■■' New York. That was her penalty COT not having made them also Imaginative. At all events, in "Madame de Trej s" she withdrew to a safer and sounder field. Here, as in "Sanctuary," she challeni • l the closest comparison with Miss Anne Douglas Sedgwick (who, then lrre-

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Oct. 30, 1913I Tlie Nation 405 proachable, has since gained popularity with "Tante"). A d< licate study of old-world life on a comparatively small scale, "Madame de Treymes" went its quiet way. But in "The Fruit of the Tree" Mrs. Wharton again made, to speak coarsely, a hit. It was not pre- cisely the same kind of hit as that which she had scored in "The House of Mirth." It lacked two elements of pop- ular appeal which had counted in the earlier novel. It did not paint the soci- ety of our dreams — that of New York and environs — and it did not turn upon a problem of sex. But there was a pro- blem— and it interested the public be- cause it was a problem which everybody has attacked, however casually, and no- body has solved: is it right, under any circumstance, to put a human being "out of misery"? Unluckily, this is even less approachably a "well-made" novel than "The House of Mirth." Its six hundred odd pages contain material for two distinct novels — or perhaps we should say for a dozen short stories. And, as in "The House of Mirth," its material was presented with nothing more than cleverness — without the transforming touch of imagination. In "The Custom of the Country,"* we are told, Mrs. Wharton has returned to the field of "The House of Mirth." We do not find this to be literally true. The heroine of this story is not a Lily Bart, but an Undine Spragg, of Apex City, Arizona. We find her in New York, to be sure, bent upon breaking in among the best people. In fact, when we meet her she has been there two years, with her attendant parents, and has not yet broken in. But she is on the eve of it. In a Bohemian circle to which she has penetrated, she meets a .fashionable por- trait-painter, Claud Walsingham Popple, and is much impressed with his fine presence and manners. Through him she meets, and is not impressed by, a real scion of the aristocracy, Ralph Mar- veil. He at once, without other excuse than her crude young beauty, falls in love with her; and as soon as she real- izes that he is "the real thing," she suc- cumbs. Now, Undine Spragg is not a new type. We have met her recently in many novels — in Mr. Herrick's "One Woman's Story," in Mr. Dreiser, in the recent "Joan Thursday" of Mr. Louis Joseph Vance; in fact, wherever among our novelists realism continues to rear its head. She is the daughter of the plain people, forging towards success and happiness in the fashionable sense of the terms. The thing that is hard to pardon in her is that she appears a cari- cature instead of a refinement of that type. Undine Spragg is as hard, as vul- gar, as calculating, as selfish as any pro- *The Custom of the Country. By Edith Whar- tOD. New York: Charles Scrlbner's Sons. iessional daughter of pleasure could be. That she is physically cold does not prevent her being tv, ice divorced in pur- suit of the main chance, and finally fall- ing back upon her first husband, becausa he is not only a multi-millionaire, but the only person who understands her. They are unmistakably a pair. There is nothing to attach the deeper sympathies of the reader to this per- son or to any other in the book. Paul Marvell, who dies by his own hand, is well out of it, and that is all we feel: with his elegance and sensitiveness, he shows the futility that besets most of Mrs. Wharton's finer-grained male Americans. The Count de Trezac, who succeeds him, is of similar type, except for the fact that "the custom of the country," with him, makes the family of more importance than the wife, and so stiffens his backbone against her en- croachments. Most of the other figures in the book are caricatured, from the masseuse and manicure artist, Mrs. Heeny, to the unspeakable Van Degen. With all its amenity or manner, "The Custom of the Country" has a sharply satirical tone. The heroine is a mere monster of vulgarity; and Mrs. Whar- ton seems to feel a ruthless satis- faction in exposing her in all her enor- mity. The result is a defeat of what should have been the main purpose, to interest us in the Spragg. A caricature does not remain interesting to the length of six hundred pages. And there is no use trying to convey on paper the charm of a physical beauty which has no backing in mind or character. The mood of satire seems to be growing upon Mrs. Wharton, a dubious sign in a writer who has passed a certain age. It is hard to feel that, clever and effective and varied as her work has been, and is, she has ever yet veritably "found herself" — the self of assured power which seemed to exist potentially in her first books. Ten years ago, a stranger asking an American who was the most distinguished of our novelists would very likely have heard the name of Mrs. Wharton. It is not altogether due to the fact that other (potential) giants have arisen among us, that the answer would now hardly be the same. H. W. B. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. The Washington Benevolent Society, hith- erto almost unknown to history, was represented by a nearly complete collec- tion of its publications at a sale at the Anderson Galleries on October 28. Benson J. Lossing, in the "Cyclopaedia of United States History," notes the exist- ence of this Society in a few short para- graphs, and erroneously places the date of its organization in 1812. His account is cop- led in other works of reference. That the Society was founded in 1808 is clearly es- tablished by the first number of the above collection: "Washington's Farewell Ad- dress, to the People of the United States, Published for the Washington Benevolent Society. New York: Printed by J. Sey- mour, at Washington's Head, No. 118 Pearl- Street, 1808." On a fly-leaf is printed and written the following certificate of mem- bership : This certifies that Augustus Fleming has been regularly admitted a Member of the "Washington Benevolent Society," institut- ed in the City of New York, on the 12th day of July, 1808. New York, 21th Nov., 1808. Isaac Scbring, President. O. C. Verplanckj Secretary. Organized by the Federal party to pro- mote the principles of Washington as set forth in his "Farewell Address," the Soci- ety soon began to exert a potent influence on the people. During the first four years branches were established in nearly every town and village of the North and East, and copies of the "Farewell Address" were presented to each member. It made "peace" its constant watchword and, until hostili- ties actually commenced in 1812, used ev- ery effort to avoid the approaching strug- gle. Even after war was declared many of the "peace at any price" adherents were found among its members. Each member was required to sign the Constitution and the following declaration: We, each of us, do hereby declare, that we are firmly attached to the Constitution of the United States and to that of . . . [State] . . .; to the principles of a free republican government, and to those which regulated the public conduct of George Washington; that we will each of us, to the best of our ability, aid, and, so far as may be consistent with our religious prin- ciples respectively, preserve the rights and liberties of our country against all for- eign and domestic violence, fraud, and usurpation, and that, as members of the Washington Benevolent Society, we will in all things comply with its regulations, sup- port its principles, and enforce its views. An oration delivered before the Society at Boston, by Josiah Quincy, emphasized their opposition to the party in power : Our rulers — who are they, and what is true of them? Mr. Madison is President, Mr. Monroe, Secretary of State ; Mr. Gal- latin, Secretary of the Treasury; Mr. Arm- strong, Secretary of War. Every man of them in Washington's day, the enemy of his policy. All of them laid the founda- tions of their present elevation on the ruin of his influence, and that of his se- lected friends. The publications of the Washington Benevolent Society are of special interest, not only for the many rare imprints found in the collection, but for the great variety of Washington portraits, there being no less than fourteen different examples, some by unknown artists and engravers. The certificates issued with the volumes are of importance, as each was signed by the president and secretary of the local branch from which it was issued, men, in soma cases, of national prominence. Troy, N. if., appears to have been the next to issue a "Farewell Address," David Carlisle hav- ing published it in 1810. Hudson, N. Y., followed in 1811, with the certificate signed by Reuben Folger and William Hudson, in another Hudson copy the certificate la for the County of Berkshire, Town of Stock- bridge, and is signed by John W. Hulbert, Henry Brown, and James Bail. The year 1812 shows the greatest num- ber of Issues, the collection containing copies from Boston, Mass., printed by Buck-

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4=0 ( ; Th.e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2522 ned by William Stedman and Daniel Waldo (prominent clergyman); Greenfield, Mass., printed by nenio & Phelps; Hudson, n. v., printed by Norman; New Brunswick, N. J., Lewis Deare, print- er; Springfield, Mass., Thomas Dickman, printer, signed by John Hooker and Ed mund Hliss; Troy, N. Y., printed by Henry Stockwell; another edition from Troy, printed by Parker and Bliss; Windsor, printed by l'omroy ; Brook field, Albany, and Trenton, in 1813 there were issues from Hartford, Hudson, New Brunswick, Spring- field, and Worcester. The last "Address" is- sued by the Society appears to have been from Hartford, Conn., in 1814. In addition to Washington's "Farewell Address" the Society published "The Text- Book of the Washington Benevolent So- ciety; containing a Biography and Charac- ter of George Washington, his Farewell Address, and the Federal Constitution. Con- cord, George Hough, 1812"; orations by William Sullivan, John Pierpont, and Jo- siah Quincy; badges on which were print- ed the portrait of Washington; and a med- al showing Benevolence crowning the bust of Washington. Throughout the War of 1812 the Society opposed, as far as possible, the work of the Administration, but they accomplished much good by their benevolence, and Wash- ington Hall, in Philadelphia, stands as a record of their achievement. With the de- mise of the Federal party during Mon- roe's Administration, the Society disappear- ed, its Tarious branches being either amal- gamated with other local organizations or dissolved. E. F. Hanaburgh. Correspondence GETTING THE BEST OUT OF THE BEST. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir : To get the best possible out of every human being — having regard to his endow- ment and environment — is a legitimate aim of economics, statesmanship, and education. Look at the athletics in our colleges. They are organized upon an aristocratic system, to get the best out of the best. Skilled experts select from the entire stu- dent body those most richly endowed for their purposes in body, mind, and character. They then train them most carefully, and shower upon them all the advantages that money, time, and skill can give. The elite are now exercised, fed, and rested, then bathed, oiled, and rubbed, and sent off to Atlantic City or the Northern woods, as the highest judgment dictates. This ex- emplifies a principle in aristocracy — de- veloping the best-trained powers of the best for the advantage of the race, and not fret- ting too much about the common crowd, but leaving it to take as much as it will out of the rich opportunities offered by the system at large. As a matter of fact, many think our athletics too aristocratically conducted, In that they do not afford out of their large receipts adequate facilities of grounds, buildings, and equipments for the participation of the commonalty in the sports so highly fostered. I think this is the method of all the student activities at our colleges — athletics of every kind, drama, journalism, music, for literature and debate, or fra- ternlties tor social advantage. Nor can it be said that the system Calls. All that look on, as well as all that take part, seem to agree that, the besl men for the purposes in view are found, trained to the highest point, and adapted to the objects in view. But look at our education of the mind. In almost any educational convention, pro- posals to grade men in classes by merit rather than by age or alphabetized names, and to carry forward the superior men faster and further than their fellows, are quickly rejected as hostile to democracy and to the "American spirit" — in short, as "un-American." There is an implied theory —a kind of pseudo-democratic argument — which wishes to assume an "average mind" for all men of a given age, with an ability in everybody to reach the same standard, and even in the same time, if only the best teaching and training are employed. It should seem to accord better with na- ture and science to find some way of sep- arating, in each line of effort, those best equipped, most fond of the subject, most ready to work, from those who are less good or least good in these respects. An illustration may, perhaps, be found in the English system of university study and de- grees, and again in the German system of treating the very youngest in their early classes at school. It was about 1809 that Oxford and Cambridge Universities in Eng- land discovered that the number of stu- dents relatively rich in purse but slow in mind, or unprepared, or indifferent to study was so greatly and rapidly increasing in the universities as to hold back in the several schools the highest training of the best endowed and most willing students. They did not see how to shut their doors against young men of means, though of small intellect and interest in study, who wished to devote such years of life to academic culture, even if the result of that culture was to be small; so they determined to separate the slow men and those willing to be satisfied with a minimum or "pass" degree, that is, with half-way excellence, from the eager, industrious, and able stu- dents who were ambitious of high honors. Thus were established the two sets of schools — the pass and the honors; and the system has been used from that day to this with general approval. The present writer has no desire — ha finds no one that has the desire — to dimin- ish seriously the play of athletics or of other wholesome student activities. Ath- letics have done much, unquestionably, of good, not only for health of body and mind, but for good morals and vigorous qualities of heart and character, and the other activities have contributed to cul- ture and to happiness. But is there any reason why — following the example of such student interests — the separation should not be made of those who make only mod- erate advance in higher education and those who are able to reach the utmost pro- ficiency in specialized mental and profes- sional work? The interests of both may, we think, be fully served together. And this recognition of intellect in turn would diminish any excesses of athletics or other student activities, and tend to restore to right limits and due prominence all In- terests together. In the athletic world we see that the entire student body and the community at large are quite sure that the athletic sys- tem by its aristocratic principle has suc- ceeded in picking out the best material and training it to the highest proficiency. They are also satisfied that the majority of low grade have every opportunity, and they worry no more about them. The university initial on a student's breast is accepted as marking first-class or highest excel- lence in the field of athletic endeavor. But is there any equally conclusive judgment in regard to mental results? Does the stu- dent body, or the student press, or the press of the community and the thought- ful public at large, know or recognize a corresponding and supreme distinction in the intellectual training and prowess of our "best"? One rarely meets such recogni- tion in the talk of college students. Gum laiide or summa cum laude goes for little with them. 1 hear them object that some such honor is awarded for the work of a single term; that the course was a narrow, specialized course; that the professor made the syllabus which the student had merely to commit to memory; that the professor made out the examination questions for his own course and perhaps marked the an- swer books, himself ; and then there comes a shrugging of the shoulders. Now in Eng- land the honor courses run two and three years, without an examination counting for the degree — in itself a test and guar- antee of mental power — upon a single sub- ject or a group of kindred subjects worked into a broad unity. At the conclusion of a course the students have a considerable series of written papers and supplementary oral examinations at the hands of a highly expert examining body, made up of men who have never taught the candidates or known them. When a verdict is reached and judg- ment pronounced, the names of the first class, out of the four classes into which the honor candidates are graded, are accepted by the whole student body, by the press, and the community as repre- senting men of first-rate, tried, and tested minds, as sure to succeed in mental aims in the world as the great athletes in the phy- sical. And material emolument and desir- able positions in a life career are at once put before them. We cannot safely ignore the inequalities in man. Let the athletics take on more democracy for the physical training of the multitude, and let the real academics take on some aristocracy for the careful pro- duction of superior minds, educated to the highest point. Is not the best real prog- ress always based on balanced combina- tion and interlocking of these two great principles of humanity? Let us have "Pass" and "Class" in our colleges. Charles S. Knox. St. Paul's Scbool, Concord, N. H.„ October 22, A GRIEVANCE. To the Editor ok The Nation; Sir: I am disappointed and aggrioved at the attitude which the Nation sees fit to assume towards the governmental action of the past few months. I Subscribed for your journal on the as- Burance of New York friends of min it was Independent ill politics, conservative in principle, and devoted to the interests of civil sei vice reform. Yet I find It sup- I -^

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Oct. 30, 1913.I The Nation 4=07 porting a President who in eight short months has shown more radicalism of spirit than was ever made manifest by any other of the country's Chief Magistrates in his whole term of office; who in his appoint- ments has been guided by political expe- diency rather than inherent fitness; and whose methods in "driving" the Congress are more drastic than those employed by another incumbent whose course in this (and other; respects the Nation can hardly find language strong enough to condemn. I And your columns silent— or feeble— in face of a Currency bill which threatens our gold standard, and a clause in the Tariff bill which recklessly and shamelessly sets at naught the principle of civil service re- form; while your latest issue makes cheer- ful prophecy of the beneficent results of this same Tariff bill, one of whose leading provisions is the establishment of an in- come tax which is as flagrant an instance of class legislation as has ever darkened a country's history. Your journal has thus given proof of being in effect only a party organ like many another which receives scant cour- tesy at your hands, and in my judgment Irom these other Democratic papers only in the grandiloquence of its profes- sions, and the excellence (which It still maintains) of its literary style. M. J. SlTGREAVES. Chestnut Hill. M:is<., October 15. MR. BAKER AND "AN ELASTIC CUR- RENCY." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Mr. Herbert L. Baker, in a let- ter to the Nation for October 16, seems to have hit upon an important discovery. This discovery is that "an elastic currency" is "a contradiction in terms — a vicious ab- surdity," "a manifest impossibility," etc. Now we would first premise that when a phrase of this kind has gained a firm foothold in the language, has become a part of the established vocabulary of all litera- ture on the subject, prudence should dic- tate some caution in applying such harsh epithets to it. It must be performing some useful function, or all economists and writers on banking would not concur so universally in employing it. We quite agree with Mr. Baker that sta- bility is a prime requisite of any cir- culating medium, but stability of value or purchasing power, and not stability of vol- ume. In order to preserve stability of val- ue it may be, and often is, necessary to change the volume. I think he has con- founded two very different kinds of in- crease in volume. One is a large increase in volume extending steadily over a period of years without regard to business needs for more money, as an irredeemable paper currency, or an increase In the output of the precious metals from mining. This may or may not be a question of banking. On the other hand, there is an increase in vol- ume demanded by an increase in business operations which require more money for their management, money "to finance pros- perity." A currency which expands in re- sponse to these needs, and does not go beyond them, is said to be "elastic." It maintains stability of value, does not de- stroy it, and the principle is recognized in every economic theory and banking sys- tem of modern times. Without it, when- ever business becomes active, money gets "tight," and conditions at once arise which hinder the further progress of business. Business activities are constantly varying, and therefore the volume of money needed to carry them on should constantly vary. Otherwise the fluctuations in the value of money will be just in proportion to the rise and fall in demand for it. The only way to keep the value stable is to preserve a happy balance between supply and demand. An ideal currency is one which automatic- ally expands and contracts, according to this law. Take the familiar instance of the South and West in late summer and autumn. There is an unusual demand for money to "move the crops," it being customary to pay wage-earners in cash. After this sea- son less money is needed for ordinary busi- ness. Whenever business is active for any length of time over any considerable area there will be a similar need of money. A currency which readily expands and con- tracts to meet such needs is said to be "elastic." The want of elasticity is the chief point of attack on our present national bank sys- tem. It is thought to procure this very feature, but by making United States bonds the sole basis of issue, it has been found in practice that Instead of expanding and contracting their issues to meet the needs of business, the banks are influenced too much by the variation in the price of Unit- ed States bonds. When there is an issue of bonds offering a good investment, they are gobbled up by the banks, and issued in the form of notes regardless of business needs for more or less money. The Aldrich act of 1908, suggested by the panic of 1907, was intended to remedy this defect by allow- ing banks to issue notes on other collat- eral, State, county, and municipal bonds, or even on personal endorsement, but it was coupled with other provisions which well- nigh defeated the aim of the bill. The in- tention of the Aldrich act conforms to the Canadian system, which is highly elas- tic and serviceable. Elasticity is one of the chief aims in every currency system. It seems to have been attained in Europe by a centralized banking system, as the Bank of England, Bank of France, Reichsbank of Germany, all of which have almost exclusive power of issuing notes in their respective coun- tries. Even Switzerland very recently has changed from the decentralized to the cen- tralized system. It formed the keystone of Alexander Hamilton's financial system, and the adoption of such a system in our own country would be only in keeping with the trend of modern banking in all the most advanced commercial nations. Glanville Terrell. Lexington, Ky., October 21. am solicitous as to the effect of the new Currency bill ; soon, I suppose, to become law in some shape. I write to ask if you cannot give us some statement of your opinion as to the prob- able effect of two of the features of the law about which I feel some anxiety. These are the issuing of notes by the Gov- ernment, instead of by the banks, and the apparent determination not to state square- ly that the notes are redeemable in gold. Chas. A. Burditt. Boston, October 21. A QUERY ABOUT THE CURRENCY BILL. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: As I began to take your paper at its beginning in 1865, and have never since been without it, even during foreign jour- neys, you will not doubt my great enjoy- ment of it. One of the features introduced a few years ago which greatly interests me is the finance department. Just now I [The Government, under the terms of the pending House bill, would not "is- sue" the new notes in any different sense from that under which it issues the present bank notes. The present law provides that a national bank, "upon the deposit with the Treasurer of the United States ... of any bonds of the United States," "shall be entitled to receive from the Controller of the Currency circulating notes . . . equal in amount to the par value of the bonds" thus deposited. The pending House bill provides that "any Federal bank may, upon vote of its directors, make application to the local Federal reserve agent for such amount of the Federal reserve notes hereinbefore pro- vided as it may deem best." The col- lateral (rediscounted notes and bills) is to be deposited with the agent of the Federal Reserve Board, who is chair- man of the regional bank's directorate, just as United States bonds are now de- posited with the Treasurer of the Unit- ed States. The Federal reserve bank keeps in its vaults the prescribed mon- ey reserve against outstanding notes, and will naturally "take out circulation" (the phrase used of the present sys- tem) only as an individual bank re- quests it. In all this, the Government would have no part whatsoever, except to prepare and deliver the actual notes, as it does to-day, and to see that the security is kept good, as it does to-day. The Federal Reserve Board can put a limit on outstanding notes; it cannot increase them. The provision that the notes "shall be redeemed in gold or lawful money on demand," is some improvement on the present law, under which, when nation- al bank notes are sent to the United States Treasurer for redemption, "the same shall be redeemed in United States notes"; the 5 per cent, reserve kept by each bank with the Treasury, for re- demption purposes, being "in lawful money of the United States." But the new law ought undoubtedly to stipulate gold alone. Evidently, some of the au- thors of the bill wished to do so; other- wise, why say "gold or lawful money"? The only gold in which redemption Is possible would be ipso facto "lawful money." — Ed. Nation.]

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4()S T Ji e N n l i 11 | Vol. 97, No. 2522 MIXED ENGLISH. To in; if THE Xatio.n: Sir: 116 11I I hi' »S''-c upon her heels, how could he sud- nme upon her? Or can it be that she sat upon her own heels, contemplated her Oriental charms, and he did the sudden- eoming? It' it is this that Mr. Morris intended to say, he certainly did not suc- ceed in the sentence quoted. One wonders what has become of our reapeot for our mother tongue when one upon such monstrosities of English in a fairly representative magazine. If our writers exercised a little care in the preparation of their manuscripts such in- stances of bad grammar would not find their way into print. For surely a writer of Mr. Morris's standing has a better knowledge of grammar than he exhibits in this specimen. My professor of Latin was accustomed to say: "To abuse the English language is as immoral as to steal sheep." I am half inclined to think he was right. David Fichman. Lexington, Ky., October 20. Literature DANTE'S PHILOSOPHY. Dante and Aquinas: Being the Substance of the Jowett Lectures of 1911. By Philip H. Wicksteed. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $2 net. "I think it may be said without due sacrifice to the love of antithesis that Aquinas regards the whole range of hu- man experiences and activities as the collecting ground for illustrations of Christian truth, and Dante regards Christian truth as the interpreting and inspiring force that makes all human life live." Mr. Wicksteed's lucid and suggestive book is the development of this antithesis. He leaves us persuaded of its essential truth, although at times his greater sympathy with the poet may render him not quite fair to the ecclesiastic. For Dante "Christian truth" is, on the whole, authoritatively defined by Aquinas, who had single-handed made "warp and woof of a single web" the body of dogmatic belief accepted by the Church and the newly recovered phi- losophy of Aristotle. But Aristotle's doc- trines had been as profoundly trans- formed by the Arabian philosophers as Christ's teachings by the Church Fath- ers. Each had, in effect, been assimilated towards a Platonic, or Neo-Platonlc, ab- solutism. Plato's "ideas" and Aristotle's had been rubbed into quasi- Indistinguishableness. Aquinas had to bring into conformity with Christian revelation an already existent amalga- mation of Plato and Aristotle. To un- derstand his amalgamation, therefore, we must be made to understand that earlier one, which, in relation to the fundamental problem of Form and Mat- ter, leads back in its turn to the begin- nings of Greek thought. In three highly succinct chapters, accordingly, Mr. Wick- steed follows the gleam of this problem from Greece to Alexandria and Meso- potamia, and thence back again to Eu- rope; and makes the intellectual journey fascinating, almost romantic. As to the indebtedness of Dante to Aquinas, he deprecates the hunt for mere borrowings. "It is always more important to know what Dante does with an idea or a phrase than to know where he got it from." The emphasis marks his method. He illustrates, in- deed, the influence of Aquinas over Dante from the "Vita Nuova" on, but he is more interested in the disciple's de- partures. Indeed, in that very central issue of Form and Matter Dante, we are told, departs not only from the doctrine of Aquinas, but from that of the Church itself. One of Dante's conclusions is declared "philosophically heretical," but the saving qualification hardly seems justified. Dante, says Mr. Wick- steed, "repeatedly asserts or implies that there was a distinct creation of first matter as a pure potentiality." The principle accepted by the Christian Aris- totelians and ratified by the Church was that "matter without form cannot exist." The antithesis appears abso- lute; and Mr. Wicksteed by no means stands alone in drawing it. But he frankly and convincingly points out the result. "It almost seems as if in de- parting from the teaching of Aquinas on form and matter at the first creation Dante had never related his own views on the subject to the general body of his thought, and fell into inconsisten- cies of which he was not himself aware" (p. 150). This is indeed "startling" — especially when we are reminded that it is the unique instance of loose think- ing by Dante, and also that the issue was a fundamental one, and one to which he confesses he had given stren- uous attention. It seems imperative, therefore, to reconsider the facts. Al- though no extended discussion is here possible, it may be permissible to raise a doubt as to the inevitableness of the supposed "heresy." Evidence that Dante iiii; in ii principle that "matter without form cannot exist" is nized by Mr. Wicksteed as fol- lows: . . . Dante tells us in the seventh canto of the "Paradiso" that the elements were informed by created power, though the mat- ter which was informed was directly cre- ated by God. Accordingly, the elements will be dissolved and they endure but for a space, which is directly counter to the • of Aquinas at the end of the last book of the "Contra Gentiles," for example. Nor is this a casual expression of Dante's, lor in "Paradiso," xxix, 34, we are told that "pure potentiality," which line 22 identifies with pure or formless matter, was separately created and occupied the centre of the universe. It would be im- possible to conceive a sharper contradiction of the principle materia sine forma esse not! potent (p. 147). In fact, however, are we told that the elements shall cease to exist, shall revert (apparently) to "pure potentiality"? Beatrice puts into her disciple's mouth the words: "I see the water, I see the fire, the air, the earth, and all their combinations come to corruption and endure but little." She proceeds to dis- tinguish between these as "creatures" mediately created and man immediate- ly. But do the words put into Dante's human mouth — "come to corruption and endure but little" — mean what Mr. Wick- steed understands? Does a human be- ing ever "see" the elements in them- selves formally cease to exist? He does see them in perpetual flux and change, and this flux and change will cease when the heavens cease to be revolved; but the elements will eternally abide — each in its proper place. Indeed, Mr. Wicksteed elsewhere in the book seems to admit just this: "When the tale of saints is complete, and the whole cosmic process has achieved its work, the an- gelic powers will cease to revolve the heavens; the elements, no longer dis- turbed, will each find its perfect place of rest" (pp. 143-4). But how can they, if "they will be dissolved and they en- dure but a space"? What Dante means by mediate, or sec- ondary, creation is more sharply brought out in the second passage adduced. There Dante conceives the primary cre- ative "ray," as, so to speak, tri-colored, symbolizing "pure act," "pure poten- tiality," and the mixture of both. In the plan of the universe, "pure act" held the highest place, "pure potentiality" the lowest, their mixture the middle. But Dante is careful immediately to contradict St. Jerome's opinion that a temporal interval occurred between the creation of the angels, who are "pure act," and the "other world," that into which "potentiality" enters. The angelic activity, therefore — i. e., the informing of the "first matter" — is simultaneous with the eieal ion of the angels. The informing ray, transmitted through them, penetrated instantaneously throughout the whole lower universe, no smallest instant of time then when matter without form exist- ed. Supposing tins analysis to be cor- parted from the Chris- tian Aristotelian notion at all, it was only to tin i \ii nt of a distinction with- out a difference. His position is appar- ently like that of St. Augustine, and af-

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Oct. 30, 1913I T ] 1 e 1ST a t i o 11 4=09 tor slimming up tlio latter, Mr. Wkk- r marks: "Rut. there is little real difference between Augustine and the schoolmen." Another departure from Aquinas, ac- cording to Mr. "Wicksteed, resulting in unresolved inconsistency, is Dante's con- ception of the true heaven as spaceless. How is that to be squared with his full acc< ptance of the resurrection of the material body? Verbally, indeed, there geems a puzzle! but Mr. Wicksteed him- self might find a possible answer in his own words. "To Dante, if I understand hi in rightly," he says, "space is objective to us in our earthly state, but it is sub- jective to God, existing only as his thought" (p. 265). Now, in degree as the blessed become one with God, space will be subjective for them also; but such merging of the soul with God is never absolute, otherwise individuality would be lost, and personal immortality in the Christian sense impossible; so that in the degree of their blessedness spirits reunited to glorified bodies will largely transcend the limitations of space, but not entirely. In other words, the true heaven is not in itself spatial — that is, not for God; yet is spatial for its finite, though miraculously en- dowed, inhabitants. If we supplement Aquinas's logical acceptance of a spa- tial heaven by his doctrine of the mirac- ulous gifts of the glorified body, we should arrive at a conclusion substan- tially similar. Again, Mr. Wicksteed draws a sharp contrast between Dante and Aquinas in respect to their conceptions of hell. "Dante does not explain hell, though he informs it with a solemn meaning. Aquinas does not maku it mean any- thing; but he explains it as included in the act by which God wills his own goodness" (p. 201). Doubtless Dante gives a greater dramatic significance to the infernal torments by making, sym- bolically, "the punishment fit the crime." His sinners get not only what they de- serve, but what (without fully realizing it, we must admit) they chose. This point is well taken, but the point about explaining hell is less convincing. "Since he [Dante] has not explained it, we can treat it as a mystery. In the ineffable Presence we forget it, but we carry with us the insight we gained as we put the spirits to question 'in the deepest pool of the universe.' And when the thought of hell is drowned in the light of heaven, the transfigured experi- ence of hell is absorbed into it" (p. 202). This seems rather ostrich-like: because a hateful thing is not looked at clearly, we forget its presence! But, in fact, Dante is far from slurring the explanation of hell. Over its gate is written: "Justice moved my High Mak- er; Divine Power made me, Wisdom Supreme, and Primal Love." No doubt Dante showed tact in letting it go at that; but, theologically speaking, can we treat his hell as a mystery? Is there not inescapably implied in the inscrip- tion, if not Aquinas's own explanation, another like unto it? Mr. Wicksteed seems to imply that Aquinas does wrong in attempting to justify the dogma to "the human reason and sense of fitness," but that is just Aquinas's business. He does the best he can, fully recognizing the fallibility of his human reason. Elsewhere Mr. Wicksteed indeed praises this combination of "unflinching hones- ty" and modesty (p. 112). Whether or not Dante ever really stepped outside the Aquinian theology, he certainly moved most freely within it. His dramatic needs led him to en- dow his angels and spirits with bodies, human-like though aerial. It seems a bold invention, yet logical justification lay in Aquinas himself, who had sug- gested that the waxen images, by in- juring which witches injured their real victims, might be regarded as vicarious bodies of the latter united to them by a bond analogous to the bond (alligatio) between soul and body, but temporary. Or by logical extension again Dante not- ably enriches Aquinas's doctrine of the Atonement, itself developed from An- selm. Urging that not only must all hu- man nature have been represented in the Atoner, but that the act of atone- ment must also have been sanctioned by the authorized representative of all humanity, Dante finds in Pilate, repre- sentative of the universal Roman Em- pire and Roman Law, the instrument preordained for that supreme act of justice. Thus the central doctrine of the Christian faith is made to give "the ultimate rationale of the temporal as well as the spiritual evolution of his- tory," and is fittingly expounded to Dante by the emparadised Roman Em- peror and lawgiver, Justinian. This bold and apparently original synthesis has a further significance. It is the theological climax "of Dante's persistent attempt to draw the secular life into fuller and worthier partnership with the spiritual." An interesting phase of the same attempt is the Dan- tesque Purgatory. For Aquinas "purga- tory is a sort of cavern in the bowels of the earth, in the purlieus of hell"; for Dante it is "a sunlit hill rising out of mid-ocean at the exact antipodes of Jerusalem," and crowned by the Garden of Eden. Aquinas also (although Mr. Wicksteed does not note this fact) con- ceives Eden as situated on the summit of an island mountain; Dante in effect transfers purgatory to its empty slopes, probably, as Mr. E. G. Gardner has shown in his recent book, "Dante and the Mystics," taking the hint from Hugh of St. Victor. But through thus mak- ing Eden, or the state of innocence, the goal of purgatorial experience Dante is able to give an entirely new significance to that experience. By the guidance of Reason, symbolized by Virgil, and through the gift of Grace, man- kind may reach again that perfect har- mony with God which for some six hours Adam and Eve enjoyed before the Fall. As truly on earth as in heaven is there a paradise to be regained. When the Veltro shall have come to drive away the Wolf of Greed from the hearts of men, each shall be "crowned and mitred" over himself, and all in peace cooper- ate towards that perfect actualization of all human powers which, sanctified by faith, hope, and charity under the guidance of the Church purified, shall make this earth, as was intended in the beginning, a fit vestibule for the courts of heaven. This is Dante's most inti- mate message. Poet and theologian, he is most truly in the fullest Hebrew sense a prophet. Aquinas is unconcerned with any earthly and temporal paradise. He is only anxious to get souls from earth to heaven, from time to eternity, as ex- peditiously as possible. Only the pure in heart shall see God, and few indeed in this life achieve purity. Therefore, though one may repent in extremis, and be absolved, yet satisfaction to God re- mains to be given. Purgatory is ap- pointed for payment of that satisfaction in the currency of pain. Taking this narrowly legal and punitive view, Aquinas might well set purgatory "in the purlieus of hell." Dante's Mount is truly sun-lit with present joy. There pen- itents are not resignedly "doing time, not working out fines imposed by an external judge, but eagerly embracing the merciful opportunity of cleansing their souls from the stains of earth and the past. The pain of the operation is not merely negligible, it is welcomed as a sign of thoroughness. Theirs is "an inner reversal," not, as with Aquinas, merely "an outward cancelling," of sin. And we may all climb that Mount — now and here. This ethical contrast is probably Mr. Wicksteed's most valuable contribution, and most fully justifies the antithesis quoted at the beginning of this review. Thomist as he was, theologically speak- ing, Dante nevertheless gave an entire revaluation of human life on this earth, esteeming it indeed a preparation for a better life in the hereafter, but not merely that. He took the announcement of the angels — "On earth, peace to men of good will" — literally. This life is worth living — if men have the will to make it so. So saying, Dante parts company with Aquinas, to herald naissance. CURRENT FICTION. By the Open Sea. By August Strind- berg. Authorized translation by Ellie Schleussner. New York: B. W. Huehsch. Axel Borg of the present story, a man in the thirties, has been appointed su- perintendent of fisheries on one of the

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4:10 The ]STation [Vol. 97, No. 2522 small islands in the Stockholm Archi- pelago. Like Strindberg at that age, he is a pri ihout honor, his achieve! iving won him distinc- tion only in foreign countries. On the island he has to combat pigheadedness and Ignorance, and is settling down with much self-pity to a long grind, when that creature whom he classifies as only a short remove from the child comes to cause further disturbance — a woman. For a time the uninitiated will suspect that a pretty love-story is mak- ing, but others will observe the scien- tific analysis which Borg applies to even his happiest moments. When Marie smiles it is, of course, because she is about to wheedle; when she objects to his cynicism she is superstitious. As a picture of the ordinary woman's mind the description shows undeniable keen- ness, but in denying the value of intan- gible emotions, the "faint alarms," in woman, the author falls into his usual error. The reader, if not the author, may sympathize with Marie when, even after her betrothal to Borg, she turns for a momentary flirtation with a new- comer. The relief at being with a nor- mal person might partly account for the guilty length to which the affair went. This is not a pretty story; it is not great, though the materials of great- ness are present. The main impression which it makes is one of huge waste of precious matter; and the feeling grows, as Strindberg's works continue to ap- pear, that only perversity deprived him of the possibility of real eminence. Hagar. By Mary Johnston. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. Is there to be an "Uncle Tom's Cabin" in behalf of woman's suffrage? Ellen Glasgow-, Elizabeth Robins, and numer- ous others have written earnestly for the Cause, but the fire which they struck was not overwhelming. Miss Johnston has laid new hold on the sit- uation, and if the state of growing girls is the slavery which she describes — why, it is slavery. Miss Johnston understands the secret — part of the secret — of artistic exag- geration: it must be logical. Examining the plight of average women to-day, she concludes that their childhood could never have held the bright happy days which one is apt to recall. If as adults they are fettered, what must have been their state of servitude as children! Ergo — some will balk at that ergo — any pitiful case of hardship may pass as typical. Hagar, a girl of twelve when the story opens, lives on the Ashendynes' tradi- tional estate at Gilead Balm, in Vir- ginia. Her father, ill-mated, dwells abroad, and her mother (from whom she has inherited her mental worth!) does not long survive the cramped cir- cumstances imposed by her husband's parents. Fiagar is thus hit, with the germ of self enfranchlsi ment all but extinguished. When she is found ex- amining Darwin's "Descent of Man," she is severely punished; an honest love- affair at boarding-school brings upon her the thunderous wrath of her Col- onel grandfather; when she wins a money prize for a story, she is told that in the South the idea of women writing is deprecated. But when her father marries again — this time a rich widow — and provides that Hagar, now a girl of twenty or more, shall live in New York, her higher de- velopment begins. Following her inter- ests there amounts to summarizing most of the large questions of the day — litera- ture, for she has become a distinguished novelist; settlement work, Socialism, equal rights, judicial corruption, moral filth. The last-mentioned problem is lugged in in the form of a "damaged goods" episode. At last Hagar sees the world, while travelling with her father, who has been invalided by an accident and bereft of his second wife. When he, too, dies and leaves all to Hagar, the cause of suffrage is enriched by fifty thousand or so a year. This she makes plain to the man of her choice, a bridge- builder and a late-comer on the scene: "And you're aware that I shall work on through life for the fairer social order? And that, generally speaking, the Wo- man Movement has me for keeps?" And at this moment of calmest betrothal Hagar remembers another duty: "Her candid eyes continued to meet his. 'I wish a child. While it needs me and when it needs me, I shall be there.' " If from a horrid beginning she developed to this, what might she not have become with a fair show! is the inference. The Way Home. By the Author of "The Inner Shrine" (Basil King). New York: Harper & Brothers. This is a story of considerably great- er dignity than its predecessors by the same author. It is still emotional, but it is less hectic, less clearly aimed at the facile responses of the gallery. The theme is as "timely" as that of Mr. Churchill's "Inside of the Cup" — and akin to it. What is modern life to do with religion — or without it? Both novel- ists have usurped the recognized license of the playwright in beginning with an assumption in itself slightly absurd. Mr. Churchill postulates a clergyman of nat- urally intellectual bent arriving at ma- turity without knowing anything about the modern view of dogma, and with- out having observed that many profess- ing Christians are hypocrites. Problem: to enlighten him, and to suggest what a man so enlightened ought to make of himself and his world. Mr. King shows a young collegian, son of a clergyman, and destined for the church, suddenly throwing over religion as a feeble sham and determining to live for himself alone. Why? Because he suddenly per- ceives that Christians are selfish hypo- crites. And how does he come to see this? Because the parish which has supported his worthy but unprogressive father for forty years ventures to see the need of new blood, and to make him pastor emeritus on a reduced salary! If the reader can accept this situa- tion, he will find it worked out with a good deal of force. Sonnie-Boy's People. By James B. Con- nolly. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Most of the stories in this volume are of the type Mr. Connolly has accustom- ed us to expect. Some are distinctly better than others, but all of them make interesting reading. The title-story should be read last; it has a somewhat mawkish note, not in accordance with the virility of such companion-pieces as "In the Anchor Watch" and "The Last Passenger," the latter a story of the Titanic disaster, which stands out as a remarkable example of restraint in nar- ration. "In the Anchor Watch" is a story of the navy, of husbands and wives parted for five long years and babies that grow up looking for fathers of the sort depicted in bust portraits, devoid of legs. Mr. Connolly knows his man-o'-war atmosphere, and one al- ways enjoys such excursions under his guidance, save when he descends to slap-stick bathos as in "Killorin's Carib- bean Days." The Story of Waitstill Baxter. By Kate Douglas Wiggin. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. This story is not without its strokes of wit — like this reflection of a hen- pecked philosopher: "A tantrum once a year's an awful upsetting kind of thing, but a tantrum every twenty-four hours is jest part of the day's work." But, on the whole, this is less enlivening than other books from the same pen. We somehow miss the effect of graceful spontaneity, the secret of which we have always regarded as this author's own particular magic. It is not that Waitstill is an uncommonly serious-minded hero- ine, for her younger sister Patty is suf- ficiently volatile to offset any possible disappointment on that score. It is not that Deacon Baxter epitomizes all the meannesses that have ever been at- tributed to the down-east Yankee. Stern, miserly fathers are familiar figures of comedy. But thru- are circumstances embodied in the story that do seriously militate against the successor the Ian \ tale method. The handicap of filial obligation un- der which Waitstill's lover labors in the result of a peculiar 111 i;;l'orl which separated his parents in his boyhood

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Oct. 30, 1913J T li e N" a t i o ri 4.11 and left his mother mentally broken and wholly dependent upon him. The cause lay in a curious passage of local history — the strange heresies of one Jacob Cochrane, who raised w ith his preaching a great wave of religious fanaticism in the community, left the seeds of strange doctrines planted be- hind him, and even led some to forsake their homes and follow him as his dis- ciples. Thinking of the story that might have been wrought upon this theme, we can have little appreciation to spare for the story before us. Nor would we allow that this i$ at all an injustice to the author's present per- formance, for although she has sketched in this arresting outline with the light- est possible strokes and a complete ab- sence of sinister emphasis, she has still not succeeded in making it the incon- spicuous background that a pretty pic- ture requires. Nor, as we said before, has she herself been able in its pres- ence to exercise her accustomed graces •f execution. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. The Government of the Ottoman Em- pire in the Time of Suleiman the Mag- nificent. By Albert Howe Lybyer, Ph.D. Cambridge: Harvard Univer- sity Press. $2. Though provided with two rather sketchy introductory chapters, dealing with the Turkish Empire as a whole, the origin of the Ottoman Turks and their culture, and the countries and na- tions subdued by them, this book is es- sentially a monograph on the organiza- tion of the government in the time of Suleiman the Magnificent. This govern- mental organization was divided into two parts: what Dr. Lybyer calls the Ruling Institution, corresponding, as much as may be, to our State, and the Moslem Institution, with a similar cor- respondence to our Church. Five chap- ters are devoted to the former and only one to the latter. Suleiman's reign, of almost half a century (1520-66), represents the com- plete development of the Ottoman ideal and its fullest success; and it is from his reign first that we have sufficient- ly detailed records to render possible the reconstruction of this most remark- able institution. The Ottoman Empire of Suleiman was an absolute despotism, ruling free Moslems and subject unbe- lievers by an army and a court of ab- ducted and in general forcibly converted Christian slaves; a despotism in which wealth and rank were conferred by the Sultan, not on the free-born natives of the country, but on enslaved foreign- ers, a Moslem Empire in which free- born Moslem citizens were excluded from the opportunities of advancement in military and governmental careers. No more singular institution has ever been developed. Indeed, it seems in- credible that a great state could have been created by such a means, and yet, in point of fact, in Suleiman's time the Ottoman Empire was probably better governed, better organized, and better educated than any part of Europe. A certain number of Christian slaves were acquired each year by the Sultan as tribute, by capture or by purchase. By a careful system of training and edu- cation of body and of mind they were prepared for various functions: soldiers, constituting the kernel of the army (Janissaries and Spahis) ; officers, commanding the native levies; admin- istrators, filling all the offices of state from grand vizier downward; personal attendants to the Sultan in all sorts of capacities. These slaves, however high they might rise, however great the wealth they might acquire, possessed no rights except such as were given to them personally by the Sultan, which, as they were all his slaves, still belonged to him. They could not hand down their rank or even their slaveship, if one may so put it, to their children. Made Moslems, the children born to them could not be slaves, but became part of I the free Moslem citizenship of the em- pire. The free Moslem citizens held the offices of the church and, as law was part of the church, the offices of the law. The law, however, the great un- changeable traditional law of Islam, was theoretically greater than the Sultan, which, if he broke, he might be deposed. This was the Moslem Institution, as over against the Ruling Institution of the Sultan and his slaves (kullar). The two institutions, each having the Sultan as its head, were thus in curi- ous conflict. The well-being of the state depended upon the equilibrium of the two. Suleiman's reign represents the time when the Ruling Institution had been developed to its fullest power and the two conflicting elements were at equilibrium. Incidentally, the exposi- tion of the system shows its inherent weakness. It had reached its climax in Suleiman's reign, in the same sense that French despotism reached its climax in the time of Louis XIV. The wealth, the splendor, the extravagance, the very con- quests of Suleiman prepared the down- fall of the system. Of the later decay of the system the writer has little to say, as he has little to say, and that not altogether satis- factory, of its origin and development. In an appendix he seeks to compare, but with confessedly inadequate material, the government and the constitution of the contemporary and kindred Mogul Empire in India with the Ottoman Em- pire under Suleiman, a comparison which, if imperfect, is nevertheless ex- tremely interesting. This monograph is a development from Dr. Lybyer's thesis for the degree of doctor of philosophy at Harvard Uni- versity. It gained the Toppan prize, as we are informed in the preface, and is now published as Volume XVIII in the Harvard Historical Studies. The author is professor of European history at Oberlin College. Because it deals with Turkey and Ottoman institutions, the work seems to have a special timeliness. In point of fact, however, the Ruling In- stitution, the slave despotism, here de- scribed, vanished long ago, the last re- mains of it having been abolished with the destruction of the Janissaries by Mahmud II, in 1826. At that time the Moslem Institution achieved its final predominance. By its attitude towards the Sheri, or sacred law, as a finality, incapable of progress or development, it has condemned itself, in spite of the great achievements of the past, to bar- renness, decay, and death. It is the chapter dealing with the Moslem Insti- tution which is timely, and it is the principles of that institution, as there set forth, which make those who would really like to see a reformation of the Turkish Empire despair. There seems no outlook, except a revolution which shall utterly overturn the system on which the Moslem Institution is founded. Aroella Stuart: A Biography. By B. C. Hardy. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $4 net. Princess and Queen of England: Life of Mary II. By Mary F. Sandars. New York: Duffield & Co. $4 net. To the rapidly increasing mass or Stuart literature these two substantial volumes bring reinforcement. Each au- thor, curiously and perhaps appropriate- ly enough, has already made a trial flight in foreign, which is to say, French airs; the one in a biography of the Prin- cess de Lamballe, the other — strange combination! — in studies of Balzac, Lauzun, and Louis XVIII. Each has now produced a thick volume of more than three hundred and fifty pages; and both have confessedly relied on the schol- arly work of others for the bulk of their material. Moreover, both have written "sympathetically." Many years ago Walter Bagehot de- scribed this sort of work with much truth and more humor. History, he wrote, whatever its uses in the abstract, is certainly o£ great use relatively and to literary men. Consider a man of that species. He sits beside a library fire with nice white paper, a good pen, a capital style — every means of saying everything, but nothing to say . . . one cannot al- ways have original ideas. Every day cannot be an era; a train of speculation very often will not be found. . . . What a gain if something would happen! then one could describe it. Something has happened and that something is history. On this account, since a sedate Greek discovered this plan for a grave immortality, a series of accom- plished men have seldom been found want-

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4.1Q The N a lion [Vol. 97, No. 2522 ing to derive a literary capital froi kindred. Even supposing it has all been set forth before, all investigated, material ex- hausted, nothing new to tell; even so one need not hesitate, much less de- spair, for generations change, every quarter of a century or so a new buying public appears, always readier, appar- ently, to purchase a new book, whatever its quality, than to read an old one, however good. All this is perhaps not wholly fair to the authors of these two volumes — but it is not wholly unfair. All, or nearly all, they have written has been said be- fore, a good deal of it certainly as well if not so gracefully or sympathetically, nor embodied in such attractive form. One cannot but wonder whether if Miss Cooper, and in particular Mrs. Murray Smith, who did the research on Ar- bella Stuart, had not written, the pres- ent author of the unhappy Princess's life would ever have produced this or any similar book. From this stand- point Miss Sandars has more defence, for, though she has relied very largely on Doebner and Kraemer and Countess Bentinck, Klopp, Macaulay, and others less known, she has been fortunate enough to have access to unpublished correspondence between Queen Mary and Lady Bathurst. This, though it adds little that is new or important, has some interest and affords corroborative evidence of matters known hitherto only from Dutch sources, while her book has the additional interest of reproductions from contemporary prints and portraits in private collections, as well. In short, what we have here is a more recent account of the Princess Arbella, superior only in form to its predecessor, and the fullest and best life of Queen Mary in English. For each we may re- turn a measure of thanks, tempered by the reflection that there are two more sturdy volumes to be taken account of, and enlivened by one good anecdote — the command laid on the dramatist, Crone, to write a masque for the young Stuart princesses in the form of "a clean, decent, and inoffensive play on the story of a rape." English Epic and Heroic Poetry. By W. Macneile Dixon. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50 net. "On the whole our scholars write better, and seem to keep closer to the work of art they study, than the Amer- icans, who are prone to relapse, in pro- test against the glare of their popular style, into a decent and whity-brown academic diction." These rankling words may be found on page 137 of "Modern Studies," a substantial and stimulating volume put forth in 1907 by Oliver El- ton, professor of English literature in the University of Liverpool. The sting of the comparison for American schol- ars may be mitigated hut hardly remov- ed by reference to the preceding para- graph in which our scientifically trained investigators are commended lor their "clear and strict method, fresh digging, sober statement, and real progress." These passages recurred to the review- er's mind as he laid down the work of Professor Dixon (University of Glas- gow) and considered how differently an American professor in good standing would have performed the task. From one of our men we should expect, in the first place, an elaborate classifica- tion of the "types" of epic and heroic poetry, and a rigorous subordination of the individual poet to the type. We should expect, also, a diligent — so far as possible, an exhaustive — discussion of the English and Continental sources and analogues of all the important speci- mens. We should expect to find the pages dense with dates and chronologi- cal problems and strange new names and titles of old forgotten poems, fresh- ly dug from the grave of oblivion. We should expect our attention to be direct- ed in an emphatic manner to the his- torical significance of this new material. We should not expect the author to be- tray any personal feeling, except that perhaps he might remark in passing that the death of Beowulf is "finer than anything in Homer." The result would be a "contribution to knowledge." We should not expect any one to read it. But it would be "invaluable as a work of reference." Perhaps, however, we ought to add that we do not think at this moment of any one of our men in good standing who would under- take to deal in this thoroughgoing scien- tific fashion with "Beowulf" and Spen- ser, Layamon and Cowley, Milton and Blackmore, Glover and William Morris. In our academic sense, Professor Dix- on's book is not notably "contributive." It utilizes some of the "spade work" of recent years, but gives little evidence of that "fresh digging" and "strict meth- od" for which our men have been prais- ed. It is quite readable from beginning to end, even when it treats of the great dead epic monsters of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It is as much criticism as history, and it is written — let us quote Professor Elton again — in the recognition "that criticism is at last a fine art like friendship, and requires color and personality." It is, in brief, the sort of book that we do well to leave to our English friends across the water. For Professor Dixon's strength lies not in his curiosity and industry but in his taste and judgment. He is less interested in the evolution of genres than in the persistence of the spirit of poetry through all genres. He keeps close to the work that he is studying, asking of each: Is this poetry? What are its Bpeclal virtues? I low does it rank with other works of similar character? How does it stand the highest tests? Bap- tized and confirmed in the classic faith, moving through the highways and by- ways of English narrative verse, with the "Iliad" in his ear and in his heart, he constrains us through the whole course, from "Beowulf" to "Sohrab and Rustum," to keep in mind the form and feeling and style of the great classics. Let us continue our thesis by illustra- tion. We should not expect our scien- tific American student of the epic to di- vine that "The Faerie Queene" is "the fruit of solitude and long stretches of solitude," nor to call it a "picture-book of the spiritual life," nor to attempt any such characterization of it as follows: Knighthood is his theme. But while his contemporary, Cervantes, "smiled Spain's chivalry away," and noted with melancholy Castilian humor how remote and impossible its ideals had become in a world grown practical and materialistic, while the Ital- ians, like Ariosto, viewed the old order as a man might view the games of children and consent to play them for the amuse- ment of his leisure, Spenser believed the Middle Ages had seized, by a kind of divine instinct, upon a portion of eternal truth, surely divine and enduring. The ideals of chivalry he separated from the actual age that gave them birth, in which they had never, indeed, been more than counsels of perfection, and set forth the celestial pat- tern as a thing of unceasing worth. It is his peculiar, his crowning glory that he, beyond all other poets, or for that mat- ter, philosophers, perceived the splendor of that immense structure of mediaeval ideal- ism, perceived beyond orders of knight- hood, courts of love, crusades and quests and mysteries the true import of the vis- ionary scheme. Still less should we expect our "whity- brown" academic historian — supposing him to have seen the "crowning glory" of Spenser — to execute a critical return like this: Spenser is inconclusive. Nothing really happens in his poem, nothing is done. "The Faerie Queene" is like a labyrinthine flower, whose unfolding we can watch, or a liquid evening sky upon which, as we gaze, the magic rose appears, to glow and fade. If this be a national epic, it celebrates no na- tional undertaking or achievement. No foundation is laid of city or state, no im- perium established, no Ilion besieged, no Jerusalem captured. It would seem as If we had here a poem typical of the incon- clusiveness of all romance, beginning no- where and leading nowhere; It would seem as If the poetry of romance must logically end in a preference for the dream to the act; must, like the youthful Keats when he cried, Hence, pageant blitory, hence {tided clicatl look upon events as so far and no farther of Interest 01 11 as matter for the poet's vision. Then romance l» parasitic and the antithesis of epic. For epic values the act, as drama values It, knowing that in the act, and not in the emotion which m:iy aooompany it, the prompting "t the >','»i app The sustained Interest of Professor

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Oct. 30, 1913J Tlie Nation 4:13 Dixon's work arises from the continuous presence in it of that un-American thing — an idea. We have seen how he ap- plies it to the study of Spenser. Here are three other applications of it: Take what side you prefer in such a de- bate, the infirmity of narrative poetry in the laal >\ho can be unaware of It?— is the Infirmity which springs from the Insistent, overwhelming presence of the ar- tist in his work. Whether we take Byron or Keats, Tennyson or Browning, the reader never escapes the poet. He [Scott] only in the century to which he belonged desired passionately and sin- cerely to display an age and a society rather than himself, and in his eagerness to revive it surrendered, as it were, con- sciousness of his own personality. Who now among the poets puts himself to school with Milton? To-day we have with us the ritual of the soul and its sorrows — "the dialogue of the mind with itself has commenced"; we have the wistful specula- tion, the vague desire, the frail wayward charm, the delicate nuance, the dim half- tones, "an exquisite faintness, une Jadeur wquise." To the poisie intime they belong and you prefer them, Ic naif, the strange, the subtle; you prefer the enchanted reve- rie. You object that the beauty of "Paradise Lost" is outward, not shy, modest, shelter- ed, elusive, pens! I hat you say, how- ever, is true also of the Parthenon. Diary: 1818-78. By Lady Frances Shel- ley. Edited by her Grandson, Rich- ard Edgecombe. Vol. II. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $3.50 net. The second volume of Lady Shelley's diary is more interesting, in some ways, than the first. It is the journal of a mature woman who has not lost the en- thusiasm of her girlhood, and who is daily thrown with some of the great- est persons of her time. The earlier volume, it will be recalled, was in large part a record of her devotion for the Duke of Wellington. Though happily married to an amiable man, the fervor of her feeling was for the hero of Wa- terloo. Much of the present volume is taken up with him also. For many years Lady Shelley could (and did) boast herself among his most intimate friends. Lady Wellington was impos- sible, and the Duke, if not quite a phi- landerer, was fond of pretty women, and depended on them for much. In the correspondence with the Duke here reprinted there are a hundred allusions to another married woman with whom the Duke's relation was even closer. She is spoken of as "the Tyrant"; the Duke complains, with somewhat heavy-hand- ed facetiousuess, of her exactions and her jealousy, and Lady Shelley pretends in turn to commiserate him, and to envy "la Tyranna." Lady Shelley sur- vived her, but was destined to lose the Duke's friendship. The incident may fairly be called the tragedy of her life. The Duke had written a long and detail- ed letter on England's weakness in coast defence. The letter was addressed to a subordinate, and was intended to be confidential. The subordinate show- ed it to Lady Shelley, and she iftade the fatal mistake of fancying that the interests of the Duke and of the coun- try would be served by widening the circle of its readers. The matter comes to the ears of the Duke, and he is furi- ous. His letters to the poor lady are fairly brutal in their scorn and resent- ment, and no pleas for forgiveness move him. After some time his resentment seems to have cooled, but the intimacy was never resumed on the old footing. Nevertheless, as in her girlhood she had worshipped him as the greatest man that had ever lived, so on his deatn she laments him as the greatest and best of men. Lady Shelley was not given to indis- criminate idol-worship. In the year 1819 there are some amusing entries about Sir Walter Scott, then famous as a poet, but hardly as yet suspected in connection with the Waverley novels. After dining with the Scotts she writes: "The only drawback to Scott's society is his wife, who is universally acknow- ledged to be the greatest bore in Eu- rope. Scott himself speaks with a tire- some drawl. This gives a monotony to his voice which, like the drone of a bagpipe, provokes a yawn, even when one is amused by what he is narrating." Presently the conversation, which was general, turned on "Waverley" and the Scotch novels. "I ventured to say," writes the diarist on the following day, "that, in my opinion, their heroes and heroines are for the most part insipid, and that sufficient justice had not been done to the female characterization. Scott said that the fault was probably due to the author's fear of being charg- ed with immorality; he therefore made his characters as blameless as possible." The passage leads one to turn to Lockhart, where are several mentions of the Shelleys at about this date. Scott values Sir John for his knowledge of horseflesh (he was long famous on the turf), and — "I like his lady very much. She is perfectly feminine in her man- ners, has good sense, and plays divine- ly on the harp; besides all which, she shoots wild boars, and is the boldest horsewoman I ever saw." Of Shelley the poet, a cousin of Sir John's, Lady Shelley makes casual mention from time to time, but with no evidences of pride in him as a person or a poet. The great world in which the Shelleys mov- ed was in another system than "young Bysshe Shelley's" world of dreams. Half-Lengths. By the Right Hon. George W. E. Russell. New York: Duffield & Co. This is another volume in a series which opened with the admirable "Col- lections and Recollections" of fifteen years ago. Inexhaustible seem Mr. Rus- sell's reminiscences, mingled with crit- icism, of British men and events dur- ing the nineteenth century. And no wonder; for Mr. Russell, a grandson of the Duke of Bedford and a grand- nephew of Lord John, inherited two generations of memories, political and social traditions, and the great Whig gospel. To these he has himself added rich stores, derived partly from personal experience and partly from wide read- ing. In this volume he draws a con- trast between Newman and Manning which reveals afresh the tragedy of Newman's disillusion and the truculence of Manning's curialized zeal. It would be difficult to quote a single passage in which Newman is more keenly analyzed than the following: Newman was too much of an Idealist. He idealized the Calvinism in which he had been brought up, but soon found that it was hopelessly inadequate to the demands of the intellect and the broad facts of hu- man life; and in his reaction from it he went perilously near the ways of thought which a few years later were stigmatized as Liberalism. When he adopted the Trac- tarian position, he idealized the Anglican Bishops; and the dissipation of that ideal by contact with Episcopal realities is the history of his submission to Rome. As a Roman Catholic he found even larger and more promising scope for Idealism, and disillusionments even profounder and more grievous. That to the end he idealized the Church of Rome — "the one oracle of truth and the one ark of salvation" — I cannot doubt, hut he soon ceased to idealize Roman Bishops as he had before ceased to ideal- ize their Anglican brethren; and to these must be added Cardinals, and Jesuits, and politicians, and editors, and, in short, all the agents by which the Church of Rome does its practical work. Mr. Russell also contributes consid- erable sketches of the eighth Duke of Devonshire (Lord Hartington) ; of the first Lord Coleridge, "the most interest- ing" of the "great" men whom the au- thor has known; and of Labouchere. The last is the freshest and most enter- taining, and this sample note from Lab- by to Russell, when the latter was re- monstrating against Truth's strictures on the Gladstone Administration in 1892, will show its quality: My dear Russell — Never be drawn. Let a licentious and scurrilous Press say what it likes, and sit tight. . . . My radical- ism goes to the utter destruction of the aristocracy. So, of course, I call attention to young patricians, and compare them with those children of the people, [H. P.] Cobb and [F. A.] Channing. This is in- volved in being on the side of destruc- tion. On these longer memoirs there follow fifteen "miniatures" of persons as un- like as the Duchess of Buccleuch and Adelaide Procter, Lord Kimberley, Henry Kingsley, and Baron Ferdinand Rothschild. Papers on Cambridge and Oxford, and slighter causerirs on a doz-

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4=14= The N n,tion [Vol. 97, No. 2522 en miscellaneous topics, complete the volume, which lias, so far as mono- logues can have, much of the charm of mellow conversation. Notes mi Friday of this week I'utnams will 1 rinn out "The Lure of the Little Drum," ■i thi 1 [

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Oct. 30, 1913] ,T li e ]ST a t i o n 415 1 for economy, then the scope of the vnii rprlse 1 the quality Improved. I volumes ibly more satisfactory in form than the Greek. The subject of the monograph "The Life of Robert Toombs'' (Macmlllan), by Dlricfa Bonncll Phillips, was an able and pictur- esque Georgian. He was born in 1810 and came to manhood just When his State was mad for State rights in connection with herokee question. He disliked Jack- son and became a Whig. He was a fluent and able debater and was well informed. He entered Congress in 1845, when the Wilnmt proviso was about to open the last Btage of the slavery controversy, and served until 1861. Like other Whigs, he opposed the early pro-slavery agitation and ac- eepted the compromise of 1850; but he approved the Kansas-Nebraska act, joined rty in 1855, and followed Southerners as rapidly as could pected from a man who had an un- usual sense of his own dignity. He was mentioned for the Confederate Presidency, became Secretary of State, and resigned his office to be a brigadier-general. After the war he refused to ask for amnesty and died an unpardoned Confederate. To write a satisfactory life of such a man demands wide knowledge and scholarship. Professor Phillips has shown himself well fitted for the task. He is an authority on Georgia history; he has the scientific spir- it, and he has the touch of an able his- torian. The book is an agreeable and valu- able contribution to the history of the great sectional controversy. Professor Phillips does not, however, un- dertake to discuss Toombs's shortcomings, and the distinguished Georgian had some di Hi tencies. His speeches, even those his biographer finds very able, are unpleasant- ly subjective. They abound in "I" and "we." They are always forceful and deal with many subjects, but they do not always show careful study of facts; e. g., the as- sertion (p. 149) that "the protective Whigs" desired "no more revenue than the eco- nomical wants of the government required, and in levying that revenue to discriminate for our infant industries." Toombs was too much of an individualist to work har- moniously with others. He could not be content as a Secretary of State to follow Jefferson Davis, and became a brigadier- general five months after he entered the Cabinet. As an army officer, he displayed courage on the battlefield, but he chafed in the intervals between battles and criti- cised the conduct of the war openly. He opposed the accepted policy of restricting cotton production and defied the execu- tion of the law. When the war was over, be washed his hands of the problems of resto- ration and did not try to build up what be had done so much to destroy. Honest in public life, bold in uttering his views, he was nevertheless an egoist, and he had the shortcomings of an egoist. All this appears in Professor Phillips's excellent narrative, but the reader is left to find it for himself. Perhaps it would have been better if some careful balancing of good and bad characteristics had been made by the author. Dr. William S. Stevens's recent work on "Industrial Combinations and Trusts" (Macmillan), though one of the least pre- tentious publications on that subject, is most useful. There is a refreshing ab- j polemics, the author being obvious- ly ol the opinion that whal the reader de- sires is facts. Dr. Stevens, in short, fur- nishes the Trust theorist with all the tools he needs and leaves him to use them in accordance with his common sense. By so doing he has earned the gratitude of busy persons, who are unable, by their own efforts, to keep their office and library fil- ing cases adequately supplied with the proper records of industry, the enactments of legislation, and the decisions of courts. He provides us with typical pooling con- tracts, with the agreements on which cer- tain representative Trusts were founded, with various enactments showing the char- acter of legislative opposition to the Trust, and with citations indicating the nature of the judicial attack. All this, however, but faintly indicates the wealth of perfectly authenticated information. If anything has been said or done relative to the formation of Trusts or to the course which they should conceivably be made to follow in the future, the reader will be likely to find a record of it here. He will keep the hook near at hand, in company with his dictionary, his Statesman's Year Book, his Poor's Manual, and other works of fre- quent reference. In its Camden Third Series the Royal Historical Society continues to issue vol- umes of variety and interest relating to aspects of British history. Following the publication of the Register of John of Gaunt (Vol. XXI), two now volumes have appeared (Vols. XXII and XXIII, London, office of the Society), one containing the official diary of Lieut.-Gen. Adam Wil- liamson, deputy lieutenant of the Tower, 1722-1747, and the other extracts from the archives of the Marquess of Bute relating to English merchants and the Spanish In- quisition in the Canaries during the years from 1586 to 1594. The value and novelty of the material thus rendered into print and the large number of similar ineditcd documents that are known to exist, await- ing publication, give to English history a special charm for the student. England has always excelled in the number of her serial publications established especially for the issue of manuscripts and edited texts. Among these serial issues that of the Camden Society, now for some years united with the Royal Historical Society, holds a high place. Its third series has reached the twenty-third volume and enough material is at present in the hands of editors to meet the demands of three or four years to come. Gen. Williamson's diary has for a fron- tispiece the admirably clear drawing of the Tower and its liberties, made for the in- formation of the Privy Council, by order of Lord Dartrnouth, major-general of the Ordnance, between 1681 and 1689. The plan had already been reproduced by the Society of Antiquaries in the fourth volume of its well-known VetttBta Monument a. The diary itself is of some importance for the ca- reer and idiosyncrasies of Williamson, who had served under Marlborough, and more for the history of the Tower, at a not un- important period. It presents also a view of some contemporary events from a new point of view. In general, however, it value is rather antiquarian and biographical than historical, though in an appendix of notes, filling nearly half the volume, Joh» Charles Fox, a master of the Supreme Court and the editor, has gathered a large mass of useful information and has printed many supplemental documents, chiefly re- lating to Jacobite movements and prisoners during the dates of the volume. The vol- ume of "Canary Inquisitions" forms a kin* of appendix to Lea's "History of the In- quisition of Spain," though only such parts of the Inquisition Records have been print- ed as concern English merchants during the period of the Spanish wars in Eliza- beth's reign. The extracts are interesting not only from the religious but also from the commercial point of view, as affording an instance of the difficulty Governments have in repressing trade, when the general interest of the traders is against them. The text, in Spanish with an English trans- lation, is of importance for the history of early English commercial ventures in Afri- ca and the West Indies. As illustrating the treasures of the mu- niment rooms of England, attention may be called to the report of the Historical Manuscripts Commission on Manuscripts in Various Collections, the latest volumft of which, the eighth, has just come to hand (Wyman & Sons, volume seven not yet issued). In these volumes, the publicatio» of which was begun in 1901, have been cal- endared the manuscripts of forty-two cor- porations, chapters, and private persons, all of which throw light, and some a flood of light, on phases of the history of Eng- land. The eighth volume contains calen- dars of the manuscripts of the Hon. Frede- rick Lindley Wood, M. L. S. Clements, Esq., and S. Philip Unwin, Esq. The first is par- ticularly rich in the section dealing witk the rebellion of 1745, forming an almost continuous narrative of events from the eve of Prestonpans to the morrow of Cul- loden. Though the papers do not modify or even materially add to our knowledge of the '45, they do furnish a number of fresk and interesting details and serve to cor- rect sundry small misconceptions. The most interesting portion of the second series concerns the Irish and English Par- liaments of Charles I, and includes a manu- script journal of the Irish House of Eoro> for the period 1640-1641, which contains a number of passages not to be found in the printed edition or elsewhere. The third series describes two diaries of a weaver, John Button, at Coggeshall in Essex, re- counting events of the last half of the sct- enteenth century. The contents of the sec- ond diary, containing certain guild rules and other similar details, has been printed very nearly in full. "Deck sports filled up another day. As extremely unpleasant young woman witk a horse-laugh carried all before her, and e saw three birds and a seal" (H. Frank Wallace's "The Big Came of Cen- tral and Western China," Duffleld). Whei, in an opening chapter, one finds sentence* and sentiments such as these, stylistic and personal prejudices tempt one to close the book. Mr. Wallace is unhappy is tact and in expression until he reaches the scene of his hunting grounds in central China. Here we cease to skip and find In- teresting facts and good diction. His de- scription of a native Chinese hotel is ex- cellent, though it can be fully appreciated

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4=16 rT li e N a I i n [Vol. 97, No. 2522 only bj In ■ bo b 1 iced Its Bights, Its dirt, and sensed its ilogy of Hwa- ■ ■" t mountain, makes good read- ■ . I Id thj me a ad sweel scented, star- pi rfumed 1 be a lr, .1 Qd on the little scarlet lilies made crimson spashes. Indian pinks nestled by the pathway, and over all lay the solemn, Inspiring stillness of a mountain." The central purpose of the book is confined to a v chapters, those relating directly to the big game. Of each group of animals we And an excellent summary of appear- ance, life, and habits, followed by a de- tailed account of the stalking and procur- ing of the game written in a manner to delight the hearts of all sportsmen. Among the more important of these wild creatures are such rare and interesting types as the takin, the Kansu wild sheep, and wapiti; the white-maned serow, Lord Bedford's roe-deer, and the Mongolian gazelle. Eight takins, one of the least-known of large mammals, were in sight one day, three bulls, three cows, and two calves. Two of the bulls were sparring, while the calves were frisking among the rocks. A stalk was decided upon, and an hour and a half later the hunters reached the summit of the mountain, an altitude of eleven thou- sand or twelve thousand feet: The ascent was very similar to the coun- try over which we had already come. In the saddles, open grassy patches. Leaning on the stunted larches which bordered the edge of these little glades rested long roof poles and coffin boards, for the country swarmed with woodcutters. No tree was of any size, for in a country where fuel is precious, every large tree, with a happy disregard for the future, is chopped down and cast into the fire. Others are sliced into coffin boards and carried down the hillside on men's backs, and so by mule to Sian-fu. Replanting is unheard of, and to exemplify the deforestation of the hill- sides, the first remark a Chinaman will make on seeing any well-timbered country which is new to him is, "Ah, there are some good roof poles!" or "What splendid coffin boards!" according as he is of an op- timistic or a pessimistic turn of mind. The remainder of the adventure deals with the actual stalk. The remarkable ability of the author to detach his mind from the excitement of slaughter of the animals to a comprehensive consideration of the en- vironment is an example which a host of writers upon sport might follow. It gives to the volume an interest which holds al- most any type of reader, while the careful, detailed observations of the animals them- selves make the book a valuable addition to science — the new field-science which is so necessary now that mankind is so rap- idly inheriting the earth and elbowing off the splendid beasts which have evolved with him through the ages. The pencil sketches of the author and many photographs round out these notes. A map clarifies the route and the position of the larger Chinese towns; three appendices treat respectively measurements, etc., estimate of ex- penses, and tables of distances and stages, while an excellent index facilitates in- stant reference to all the subjects of in- terest. Brentano's has brought oui In an edition 1 with the recently republished novel, "Sprite .,, "Impressions ,i h cnadi 11 i li 1 ance in 1891. The author adds a couple of new articles and a prefix gests that the two volumes may now be laid "upon a satinwood table, while the reader do es or lies bach to com Ider whether lie our earlier to our later style." There can really be no question that "Hail and Farewell," the three volume work on which lie is now engaged, exhibits him in a more silken, clinging, stylistic garment than this early col lection of criticisms. In compen- sation, "Impressions and Opinions" is ad- dressed less exclusively to those who are enamoured with the supple personality of the writer and who share his languid disdain for all things English save the works of George Moore. In 1891, Moore was a young man, an aggressive aesthete, a hater of com- merce and convention, charged with fresh memories of French art and letters, eager to make his mark, writing with something of the precision, vividness, and tang of Haz- litt finishing off Gifford or distilling the conversation of authors. His truculent as- sault upon "our dramatists and their lit- erature" and his papers in behalf of a free theatre may still be relished. The articles on Balzac and Turgueneff show the insight and intense appreciation of a fellow novelist who has passionately studied these masters to steal the secret of their technical tri- umphs. But the prize pieces, we should say, are My Impressions of Zola, Meissonier and the Salon Julian, and Degas. Here, as distinguished from the filmy caricatures of "Hail and Farewell," we find an earnest and incisive definition of the talents in question, and full length portraits, drawn from the life, a little harshly outlined, perhaps, but brilliant, speaking, and permanent. Mr. Moore has put a sentence into his preface which he hopes we will quote— why not in- dulge him? When he was "sinking in a flood of public disfavor caused by 'Spring Days' . . . 'Impressions and Opinions,' like a big Newfoundland dog, dived after him and brought him to shore." Members of the Gesellschaft fiir Typen- kunde des XV. Jahrhunderts have recently received three very interesting issues, 1912: 3, and 1913: 1 and 2. The first named is ac- companied by an index of Cologne print- ers, referring to type-facsimile sheets ed- ited by Ernst Voullieme and published :n several earlier issues. (A separate title page for these sheets accompanied the dou- ble number 1912: 1-2.) The same is- sue, and 1913: 1, contain facsimile repro- ductions from Augsburg and Ulm printers, edited by Dr. Voullieme, and of Leipzig i, edited by Konrad Haebler, as well as of printers from smaller cities. 1913: 3 is exclusively the work of Victor Madsen, of Copenhagen, and gives specimens of the work of a number of Italian, chiefly Vene- tian, printers, from the collections in the Royal Library of Copenhagen. In addition to these regular publications, the Society this year has distributed among its mem- bers some original leaves from fragments of incunabula placed at its disposal for the purpose. Reuben Cold Thwaltea, writer, and lec- turer on American history at. the Univer- sity of Wisconsin, died on Wednesday of last week at his home in A idi On He was horn at Dorchester, Mass., in 1853, and Ion. He took a course at Yale in poel graduate work in 1874, and received thi dei ree of LL.D. from the University of Vv"! eoni 1904. In 1886 be bet ami 1 a ad superin 1 I Society of Wisconsin. For ten years be editor of the Wisconsin state Journal. Among the books published by Mr. tea are: "Down Historic Waterways," "The Story of Wisconsin," "The Colonies, L492-1750," "On the Storied Ohio," and "Original Journals of Lewis and Clark." The work that gave him his chief note, however, was the editing of "The Jesuit Relations," in seventy-three volumes, a task which occupied five years (1896-1901) and which resulted in throwing a flood of new light upon early Western history. As editor of seventeen volumes of the Wiscon- sin Historical Collections, and head of the State Historical Library, he was re- sponsible for a new Western interest in the amassing of historical data; while his connection with the University of Wiscon- sin enabled him to turn many scholars into the field. The Hon. Emily Lawless, daughter of the late Baron Cloncurry, died last week in London, England. She was a writer of novels and verse. Born in Ireland, she lived at Hazelhatch, Gomshall, Surrey. Her published works include "Hurrish," "Major Lawrence, F.L.S.," "Plain Frances Mowbray," "With Essex in Ireland," "Grania," "Maelcho," "A Garden Diary," "With the Wild Geese," "Maria Edgeworth," and "The Book of Gilly." Ludwig Max Goldberger, Commercial Privy Councillor and formerly president of the Permanent Exposition Commission, died last week in Berlin. He was the au- thor of "The" Land of Unlimited Possi- bilities," a book on contemporary Ameri- can affairs. He was born at Tarnowitz, Silesia, in 1848. Science Mr. Abraham Flexner is at work on the second of the series of books which the Century Company is publishing for the liureau of Social Hygiene. The volume deals with prostitution in Europe. "The Constitution of Matter," by Prof. Joseph S. Ames, is announced for issue next week by Houghton Mifflin. Wonderful progress made in the science of genetics during the last three years makes it almost obligatory for an author to rewrite a general treatise on the sub- ject as presented in 1909. This Mr. Wil- liam Bateson frankly admits in a note to the third Impression, printed In 1913, of his book on "Mendel's Principles of Hered- Ity" (Putnam). An effort is made to bring the subject up to date by the addition of some eighteen pages of notes to be used as appendixes to the several chapters, but the essential changes in point of fit nil biological interpretations of the ai cumulated mass of details bob rcelj maJ 1 in effort successful. For many years Prof. Marcus Ilartog, of University College at Cork, purposed writ- ing a general treatise on reproduction nil ed for laymen having Interest, but no tecb- ii" a 1 i 1 alning. Finding I sll li ' LI able to complete such 1 work, be bai a compromise In ■ 1 a enl it led '* Problems of Life and Reproduction" (Putnam). Her,'

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Oct. 30, 1913 I The Nation 417 are brought together eleven essays which ho had published in various journals and 1 rt dozen years, but three of somewhat older date. There is con- siderable revision and annotation that the essays may include new discoveries. One on fertilization has been largely rewritten, and another extensively remodelled in order to bring out the author's doctrine of "mito- kinetism" as the action of a new and pecu- liar force by which he conceives the phe- nomena of mitosis may be explained. Those who are Interested in Hartog's views will be glad to have these papers collected in indsome form, and others may read tin ni «itli profit, but it is an occupation that for the most, part may not be under- taken light-heartedly. There is an extra- ordlnarily 1 oploua index. "Vertebrate Embryology" (Frowde), by J. W. Jenkinson, is an effort to state the present view of a limited portion of the subject with abundant and often very ex- cellent illustrations. It deals with the struc- ture, origin, maturation, and fertilization of the germ cells, the mechanism of seg- mentation, and the formation of the germ- inal layers. The development of the embryo is followed only in the early stages, but with some explanatory extension, and for the purpose of giving a sound basis for the medical man, the detailed organogeny being reserved for a later volume. Much space, about a quarter of the book, is de- voted to the foetal membranes and to the placenta. American authorities are cited, but the reader is left with the impression that the author is not very familiar with the contributions from this side of the At- lantic. Written as an obvious protest against the modern methods of teaching botany, F. L. Sargent's "Plants and Their Uses: An Introduction to Botany" (Holt) pre- sents a curious and perhaps helpful point of view. The author begins with the as sumption that the obvious and most inter esting questions to ask about a plant are "What is it? What is it good for? or What does it do?" With these as a guid- ing principle, it follows that the work differs radically from any of the text- books now in use. For it lays emphasis, not upon processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, reproduction, and so forth, but upon the plants that touch the every-day existence of all of us, such as the foods, beverages, drugs, fibres, and the like. The first half of the book is taken up with de- scriptions and historical notes upon the introduction into cultivation of all the bet- ter-known economic plants. The usual routine ground is covered, but tersely and with some haste, and the chief emphasis is laid on industrial botany, if there be such a science. It is unfortunate that the first modern textbook that approaches botany from this side should have inaccuracies of statement and a certain lack of perspective. For instance, opium is a narcotic, not an intoxicant (p. 184) ; the Para rubber tree is Hevea brasiliensis, not H. guyanensis (p. 281), and there is no mention of the Straits Settlements' great new rubber in- dustry based on this Brazilian plant, no mention of the important Mexican rubber Caxlilla elastica; among the fibres, the sisal hemp, which has controlled the eco- nomic destiny of Yucatan, is not cited; and nlso the statement about the origin of peat and coal (p. 298) perpetuates a very Agassiz, and later was an associate in general misconception that one might have natural sciences at Johns Hopkins. Among expected the author to correct. These valu- the learned societies of which he was a able fuels arise not by the accumulation ! member were the Royal Society of Arts, in bogs of vegetable matter and its slow | London, and the Philadelphia Academy of decomposition "in the presence of water," but by a partial decomposition, ultimately stopped by the water acting as a barrier to the oxygen of the air. A considerable part of the book is devoted to systematic botany, and this section is a distinctly disappointing feature. There seems to be no real attempt to clarify this phase of the subject, and, surprisingly enough, there is no mention of the sequence of plant families, now so generally adopted, based on the great work of Engler and Prantl. Also, pages 404 to 427 are rather need- lessly taken up with a wholly original sys- tem of cabalistic characters, the written equivalents for which would have occupied scarcely more space, and have been im- mediately intelligible. The book is very carefully indexed and will undoubtedly fill a useful niche as a general work of interesting information about plants. A welcome announcement of cartographic progress in Argentina is made in a recent publication of the official Geographical Mili- tary Institute, entitled "La Carte de la Republique Argentine," by Col. B. G. Apa Natural Sciences. Just Lucas-Championniere, surgeon, died in Paris on Wednesday of last week while he was reading a paper on "Prehistoric Trepanning" before a committee of the Academy of Sciences. He was born in 1843, and was a member of the Academy of Medi- cine. His father was the founder of the Journal de midecine et de chirurgie. He himself was a member of the Aeademie de Medecine. Drama WILT JAM WINTER'S REMINIS- CENCES. The Wallet of Time. By William Win- ter. New York: Moffat, Yard & Co. Two volumes. $10 net. In these two handsome and substan- tial volumes, comprising more than 1,350 pages, Mr. Winter gives a compre- ricio (Buenos Ayres, 1913; 110 pages, many ! hensive survey of the American stage maps). The volume contains a scholarly as he has known it during the period review of work already accomplished, with a valuable list of all maps that have ap- peared and a useful bibliography of works on Argentina. Index maps are included to show the distribution of sheets in the pro- posed map of the republic on scales of 1:1,000.000 and 1:100,000. Samples of the proposed maps are included at the end of the book, from which it appears that the 1 :100,000 sheets of the standard map will be printed with brown contours and hill shading, blue hydrography, and black roads, names, etc. The contour interval appears to vary in different districts, but will be at most 20 metres; hachures in black will in- dicate exceptionally strong slopes. An echo of the Transcontinental Geo- graphical Excursion of 1912 has lately ap- peared in the proceedings of a meeting held near the end of the excursion at the University of Virginia, under the auspices of the Philosophical Society of that Uni- versity. The intention of the meeting was to promote the cultivation of geography as a subject of university study in the United States, and with ' that object ad- dresses were made by Professors Partsch of Leipzig, Oberhummer of Vienna, Gal- of nearly sixty years in which he has been actively engaged as a dramatic critic. No man living is better quali- fied by experience and ability for such a task, and this instalment of it— for the work is not yet completed — is nota- ble for its literary quality and the ful- ness and accuracy of its detail. With the exception of Edwin Booth, Joseph Jefferson, and Richard Mansfield, of whom Mr. Winter has already published separate biographies; Henry Irving and Ellen Terry, upon whose lives he is now busy; and Lester Wallack, William War- ren, W. E. Burton, Mr. and Mrs. Kendal, and some others of lesser note who are to be considered in a sequel, all the more prominent players of the last half of the nineteenth century, who have ap- peared in this country, are dealt with in this book. The work is further en- riched by miscellaneous essays on vari- ous aspects of the theatre, managerial developments and policies, the art of acting, the interpretation of famous characters, the modern social and sex- lois of Paris, Chisholm of Edinburgh, and Uftl drama> aQd gQ forth> a„ Q( whj(.h Chaix of Geneva, all of whom briefly de- 1 scribed the status of geography in the uni- versities of their respective countries. It was particularly appropriate that these ad- dresses should be delivered at the Univer- sity of Virginia and that they should now be published for extended distribution through the Southern States, for no col- lege or university in that part of our coun- try has yet recognized geography to the extent of making it the subject of a pro- fessorial appointment. The death is reported from Baltimore of Dr. Philip Reese Uhler, a noted scientist and for many years provost of the Peabody Museum of that city. He was born in Bal- are written with the vigor of intense conviction and an eloquence that charms even in those occasional instances where it may fail to convert. In compiling this work Mr. Winter has not hesitated, as he tells in his preface, to make use of his earlier writ- ings, many of which are now out of print. It is not likely that the sion of them cost him much trouble, for his attitude to the theatre has not changed in the lapse of years. Nor is he afraid of being called a laudato lions at ti. He knows, as all old play- goers know, that except In contempo- timore in 1835. He had spent three > at Harvard as assistant to Prof. Louis raucous drama, the actors of preceding

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1 1 8 r 1 ' 1 1 < s Niiiion [Vol. 97, No. 2522 tions were more capable and more rersatile than those of to-day, because In the old stock companies they had unities of Improving their facul- ties which no longer exist. His denun- ciation, upon purely artistic and other grounds, of the present system of ig- norant and conscienceless commercial management, is as sound as it is tren- chant. The system lias spelled ruin and disgrace for the theatre wherever it has prevailed. The only hope of a theatrical revival lies in the success of that revolt against its domination of which, happily, there are signs in many directions. And it is encouraging to find a man of his experience and au- thority speaking out so clearly and so boldly concerning the higher and most legitimate functions of the stage as a potential agent in the promotion of right standards in taste and ethics, and concerning the heavy responsibility that rests upon all — whether managers or critics — who connive at a profitable degradation of public morals. At the same time he is careful to explain that it is not the mission of the stage to be didactic, but, under the guise of hon- est and rational — not necessarily highly intellectual — entertainment, to suggest what is wholesome, good, or noble. Some strange reflections are aroused by his summary of the proper qualifications of a dramatic critic. There is undoubted- ly a need for a few such paragons. Not every reader will agree with all •f Mr. Winter's estimates of the play- ers whom he celebrates, but even those who differ from him will admire the analytical skill and descriptive power with which he supports his opinions. And his intimate acquaintance with the theatrical world enables him to flavor his biographies with the attractive spice of personal reminiscence. Thus he gives a most interesting account of the ec- centricities of that great actor, Junius Brutus Booth. An admirable analysis of the Falstaff of Hackett, commonly accepted as one of the finest embodi- ments of the character ever given, fur- nishes another admirable chapter. His essay on Edwin Forrest, as man and actor, is a most striking bit of distinc- tive, yet judicious, criticism. "A vast animal bewildered by a grain of ge- nius" is one of his felicitous phrases. On Charlotte Cushman he pens a glob- ing eulogy, and he pays a tribute of loving appreciation to that rare old artist, Mrs. G. H. Gilbert. The comic- genius and remarkable versatility of John E. Owens receive a recognition as just as it is generous. He praises the romantic powers of Charles Fechter very highly, but disapproves strongly of his Hamlet, an impersonation which has been vastly admired by other compe- tent authorities. It should be noted, laowei echter was in his deca- dence bi r«v 1 tied this country. i ne Bplend d ente of Sal- vini, in such parts as Conrad, Saul, Niger, and [ngomar, be bestows the most eloquent laudation; but towards the Shakespearean performances of the great Italian he is more than cool. That in these assumptions Salvini, who knew no English, and very little about Brit- ish commentaries and traditions, de- parted widely, in form and spirit, from established conceptions, may be grant- ed readily. His Hamlet, indisputably, was utterly un-Shakespearean, but his Othello, surely, was a masterpiece, at all events from his own point of view. In his broad contention that English actors are, almost of necessity, the best interpreters of English poetic master- pieces, Mr. Winter is on tolerably safe ground, if a possible exception be made in the case of the Germans; but there are exceptions to most rules, and there is no particular reason why an Italian, for instance, should not comprehend such parts as Othello and Coriolanus. Two of the most notable chapters are those on Modjeska and Sarah Bern- hardt. To the former he awards the highest rank as woman and actress, ex- tolling especially her Adrienne, Camille, and Portia. He is more reserved in his praise of her Juliet, which he charac- terizes as too mature; her Viola, which he calls "finical, indefinite, and there- fore abortive," and her Rosalind, in which he notes a deficiency of exuber- ant physical life. These will be hard sayings to many. To the present writer the Rosalind of the gifted Polish wo- man was the most poetic known to the modern stage, and, barring the broken English, perhaps the nearest to the Shakespearean ideal. In dealing with the career of Sarah Bernhardt, Mr. Winter is just, if severe. The mbst fer- vent worshippers of that remarkable wo- man could not ask for a more hearty recognition, than he accords, of her ex- traordinary histrionic talents and her mastery of technical resource; but he asserts, what is the inexorable fact, that her art, in the main, has been de- voted to ignoble and pernicious ends, that she has never furnished a single study of chaste or exalted womanhood, and that there is no reason for sup- posing that she could do so. Moreover, she has not scrupled to seek profit in rank sensation and advertisement; and he argues that she has only succeeded in acquiring notoriety at the expense of permanent tame. Money, he remarks, is always to be made from inclusions into the sewers. Although he selects Bernhardt as a flagrant example of the harm done by purveyors ol thi modern feverish and unclean drama, he does not span less conspicuous offenders. He berates some of his most esteemed performers for their traffic in such pi stllent st ul .hi caustical- ly humorous In his castlgatiorj of the hypocrisy that, undi 1 dramatizing literary masterpieces, ex- tracts particular incidents for exhibi- tion for the gratification of a vulgar taste. His comments upon certain speci- mens of the "advanced" English, French, German, and Scandinavian drama af- ford entertaining reading. Further refer- ence to them, or to the many excellent biographies of which no mention has been made, is impossible at this time. The general nature and quality of the book have, perhaps, been sufficiently in- dicated. It is full of good things for the general reader as well as the theatrical enthusiast. Augustus Thomas's latest play, "Indian Summer," produced in the Criterion The- atre on Monday evening, is of a rather disappointing character. The first two acts are in his very best manner, and constitute first-class comedy, but the third act degen- erates into somewhat cheap and conven- tional melodrama, while the fourth is hazy and inconclusive. Those scenes which deal with the development of a romance between a middle-aged artist and a young girl, in whom he has found inspiration and reju- venation, are wholly charming. They are written with fine feeling and imagination, they are clever studies in characteriza- tion, and are admirably acted by John Mason and Martha Hedman. The melo- dramatic incidents which temporarily threaten to keep the lovers apart are of wholly subordinate interest. Incidentally Mr. Thomas enters a plea for the chari- table treatment of erring women by sisters who have not succumbed to temptation, or, perchance, have been less tempted. The first half of the piece was received with an enthusiasm which was not maintained dur- ing the later acts. Winthrop Ames has opened the season of his Little Theatre with a production of the "Prunella" of Laurence Housman and Granville Barker, Which was played origi- nally, with marked success, under Mr. Bar- ker's management in London. It is a piece of excellent literary quality, written partly in verse, containing an attractive mixture of quaint Characterization, satirical hu- mor, and pretty sentiment. Archaic in form and romantic in many of its details, it is completely modern ill spirit. The theme of it is the peril that ignorance may bring to innocence, and the satire is directed against the old puritanical system of do- mestic education. Prunella is a little or- phan maiden, daughter of a confiding moth- er and a vagabond artist, who has been reared in the strictest seclusion behind the walls of an old-world garden by three maiden aunts, Prim, Prude, and I iws nothing of the world, or of evil, and has qi m a young man. There- fore, when Pierrot, the chief ol j trolling players, comi < nice into her sanctuary, she regal and, being persuaded to ail simplicity, is m " love's mys- to follow him, ■ the world. Three years u ing been deserted, bul still loving, 1 ruin. Phil tier al tl 1 rot, sa- 1 in. ,1 and tnoi 01 1 after a life of I i, 1 , and mourning Prunella, w hum I I lead HI old

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Oct. 30, 1913] The Nation 4,19 roystcring companions, types of vice and folly, try In vain to rally him. When his lost love reappears he takes her for a md when she holds out her arms to him, he believes thai she is asking him to die. For her sake, being regenerated by the true love that has succeeded to the iKsion, he is oven willing to do this, and, his sincerity being thus proved, the Curtain falls upon a scene of reconciliation. This is tin I,, ton of a fable which is embellished by many strokes of happy fancy and some scenes of moving senti- ment The moral of it all seems to be conveyed in the discourse of an ancient gardener, admirably sketched, who explains that, nature will overrun everything, if it be not kept within bounds by proper prun- ing. Fantastic as the piece is in its gen- eral structure, it, is by no means devoid of i or of genuine dramatic force, while iticular lessen which it inculcates is undeniably sound. But plainly, in the case of youth, too much knowledge of a certain kind may be as mischievous as ex- cessive pruning. As a specimen of the and Intellectual drama, however, "Prunella" is a welcome addition to our stage, and it is beautifully mounted and, on the whole, well acted at the Little Thea- tre, although the elocution, as is almost 1 le now in a poetic play, leaves much to be desired. The merit of some of the verse is greatly obscured. Mr. F. R. Benson, the distinguished Shake- spearean actor-manager, sends the follow- ing letter for publication: I do not understand why at the moment I am undergoing a somewhat unenviable notoriety in stage journalism, as I have never given utterance to the expressions attributed to me concerning either the New York theatres or the New York pub- lic. In fact, I cannot remember having referred to them recently in any public lec- tures or press interviews. I have not had the pleasure of being much in New York, but I have passed three or four very pleas- ant evenings in its theatres, listening to the work of my fellow-craftsmen, and I should be loath to be put in a false position in their eyes. I have often said and still hold that it is hard for any large modern city to be a suitable nursery or cradle for art. because of the ugliness and inhumanity of modern cities as we know them to-day, not. as I believe, as we shall know them to- morrow. It is pleasant to be assured that Mr. Benson has not been making impolite ut- terances about the New York theatres and the New York public, but what most per- sons interested in the theatre wish to know, and what this letter does not tell, is to what extent he is associated with the re- ported determination of the Stratford man- agement not to permit the company of which he is the head to give the city a taste of its quality. New York may not be suitable for a nursery or cradle of infantile art, but it knows how to appreciate and reward the finished artist. It is incredible that Mr. Benson should be afraid of submitting his players to the test of criticism by audiences accustomed to the standards set by Edwin Booth, Salvini, Henry Irving, Ellen Terry, and Forbes-Robertson. "Interlopers," having failed at the Lon- don Royalty, will be followed there soon by "The Pursuit of Pamela," a new comedy by C. B. Fernald. The heroine is a young lady, married at the early age of sixteen, who, in her flight from temptation, provokes the hero to a series of adventures extending to the furthest corners of the earth. The first act takes place in Honolulu, the second in Japan, the third in Hongkong, and the fourth in Canada. This lady is to be played Gladys Cooper; lately appearing in "Di- " at Wyndham's, where her place will be'taken by Marie Doro. Dennis Eadie is to have an important part. Charles Hallam Elton Brookfield, joint examiner and censor of plays, is dead in London. Mr. Brookfield, who was born in, 1857, went on the stage in 1879, and until he retired, in 18S9, he was associated with the Bancrofts, the Kendals, and Sir H. Beerbohm Tree. He played in almost ev- erything from farce to Shakespeare. His appointment as joint censor with G. A. Redford was made on December 8, 1911. He wrote and produced nearly fifty plays, of which "Dear Old Charlie" was the most frequently mentioned at the time of his appointment. Music After twice hearing Elgar's new orches- tral work, "Falstaff," Robin H. Legge, of the London Telegraph, could not make up his mind whether he quite liked it or not. He found in it "a vein of quaint humor, as when Falstaff sleeps; of rare beauty and charm, as in the interludes; and even more in the exquisite closing scene of the fall and death of Falstaff." The whole *s "a masterpiece of music, prodigiously stamped with Elgar's own remarkable per- sonality." But it is all extremely compli- cated, and much of it seemed so obscure that this critic concluded that the fault lay in the fact that Elgar, who conducted the novelty at the Leeds Festival, "is not the best explainer of his own music." From the Government Printing Office in Washington we have received a "Catalogue of Early Books on Music," by Julia Greg- ory, prepared under the direction of O. G. Sonneck, chief of the Division of Music. In 1902 the library began systematically to collect old books on music published before 1800 in various languages. The collection now embraces probably more than a third of the entire output before that year, and it was deemed that publication of a cata- logue was advisable in the interest of musi- cology at home and abroad. To students this volume will prove invaluable, for, whereas the compositions of the old masters have been printed abroad in monumental editions under the editorship of competent musical scholars, it Is entirely different with the old books on music, few of which are accessible in modern reprints. The aim of Mr. Sonneck has been to get as many of these books as possible rather than first editions when there was no intrinsic reason for favoring these. An index to anonymous works follows the regu- lar text. Part iv of Vol. II of the Catalogue of the Allen A. Brown Collection of Music in the Public Library of Boston has been Issued. It includes the names Penseron to Rossini. Among important heads are Part Songs, Periodicals, and Pianoforte. A new edition of Finck's "Success in Music and How it is Won," with a chap- ter on Tempo Rubato by Paderewski, has been issued by the Scribners at a price within the reach of all music students. From the same publishers we have received reprints of Fuller-Maitland's "Schumann" and Sir Julius Benedict's "Weber," two books which, though written a number of years ago, are still the best on their sub- jects in our language. While Schumana holds his own, Weber is unjustly neglected, especially in the opera houses. A perusal of Benedict's pages brings to mind how much we lose by this neglect. While some London theatres have entirely abolished music between the acts, partly from motives of economy, partly because no- body seemed to listen to it, others are en- couraging it by introducing new features. Thus, the Comedy Theatre announced that "The orchestra will commence at 8 P. M., followed by Miss Evelyn Tyser, violinist." The Queen's Theatre has engaged, besides the usual orchestra, which plays betweea the acts, a string quartet, which plays ia the foyer in order to interest the ladies who may wish to leave their seats. Cleofonte Campanini will conduct person- ally the three performances of "Parsifal" to be given in Chicago this season by the opera company of which he is now the general director. He will also produce Massenet's "Don Quichotte," besides "Mon- na Vanna," Franchetti's "Cristoforo Colom- bo," Grecchi's "Cassandra," and Leonca- vallo's "Zingari." Among the new singers engaged are Florence Macbeth, Rosa Raise, Marta Dorda, Beatrice Wheeler, Amy Evans, Giovanni Martinelli, Lucien Muratore, and Rolf Errolle. A Verdi document of historic importance is described in foreign journals — a copy of the vocal score of "Lohengrin," with Italian words, which was used by Verdi te follow the performance of that opera ia Bologna in 1871, and which he copiously annotated in pencil. It shows no lack of appreciation for the music. The word"bello" occurs frequently, and he has even a "bel- lissimo" for the dramatic climax of the first scene of Act III. There are some adverse criticisms, too; he finds fault with the slowness of the declamation, particularly in the speeches of the King and the Her- ald, but this slowness was a fault of the singers which Wagner himself severely cen- sured at other performances. Verdi alsa points out that the long ensemble which follows the King's prayer has no dramatic value, and makes the scene halt— "fredda la scene" is a note which occurs repeatedly. Evidently the performance was most de- fective. Verdi notes all the cuts, remarks that the tempi were often hurried, and that the chorus at almost every entry sang abominably out ot tune. To Wagner, nerer- theles's, these performances at Bologna, be- ing the entering wedge for his operas la Italy, seemed so important that he wrote about them to his friend, ArrlgO BoItO, nm appreciative letter, which is published ia his collected works. Probably no other conductor is in such demand as Arthur Niklsch. He ha ' invited to conduct "Parsifal" next year ia Barcelona, Madrid, Rome, Milan, Paris, London, and Buenos Ayres. But he I fused all these offers becaune of his reg- ular engagements in Leipzig and Herlia These allow him, however, to preside orer the season of German opera in

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4= Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2522 li 1 Ing, when Londoner 1 . >\ ho havo ofti d idmlred the 1 atei preta 1 Ions ol "Tris- tan" and the Nibelung operas, will have their 11 r :1 1 ha 1 0 hear his " Hi Istersing it" also. The ol her day, a Eter 1 onducl Ing ii the 1 ■ I hi Ival, Nikisch left London ■ o'clock, and twenty-five hours later rehearsing the Gewandhaus orches- tra in Leipzig. Nikisch evidently has tak- 111 Hans Kichter's place as the idol of Eng- land. Art AUSTRALIAN PAINTING. Sydney, October 1. An "exceptionally strong" annual ex- hibition affords an opportunity of noting some advances in Australian methods of painting. At the same time it is observ- able that the greatest advances are those made by Australian artists in England. Denied adequate encouragement by the communities that reared them, the best painters have gone to Europe, first to learn their art, and then to breast the competition of their rivals in the Old World, as American painters had once to do, and as Australian men of letters still do. There some of them have been wonderfully successful, as Australian singers have been. One has received the bronze medal of the Paris Salon; two others have gained enviable distinc- tions there; a fourth, Mr. Lambert, is said to be taking in English portraiture the place left vacant by Mr. Sargent; while others have had their pictures hung "on the line" at the exhibitions of the Royal Academy. Some of these have come back to Australia, "bringing their sheaves with them," but the best re- main to reproduce, as Lord Beaconsfield hyperbolic-ally (and, as is known, insin- cerely) said, "the glories of ancient Greece under the murky skies of Eng- land." Easily the chief of the small Aus- tralian band, Mr. Lister-Lister, the pres- ident of the Royal Art Society, once more fills the central space of the gal- lery with one of his huge canvases. Nat- urally, the site selected as the seat of the Federal Government has waked the rivalry of two artists, and two large pic- tures perpetuate a scene that will soon have ceased to exist. The verdict of every spectator is expressed by Mr. Grif- fin, the American architect from Chi- cago, who lias designed the laying out of the ground and the erection of the more imposing structures — that it is an ideal site for a capital city. So it ap- pears, as we gaze. A vast expanse of fairly level country, suited to afford the "magnificent distances" of Washington, the eye, and seems to crave ex- i ion. Mr. Lister has evidently striven to lis picture the artistic unity that nature has denied to the scene. What he has accomplished in this direction will be the more visible if we contrast his painting with a rival work of more than equal dimensions on the same theme. This is fuller of detail, and delineates the church and village and the farm- houses that dot the landscape. These have disappeared from Mr. Lister's pic- ture, painted from a different point of view, but the work gains by their ex- clusion or omission. Here we have only nature. The blue of the distant foot- hills, the deep blue of the sky, the deep- er blue of the Molonglo River that winds through the scene, and the white gum- trees in the foreground, lend it a unity, though it is the unity of a few ele- ments. The scene is characteristically Aus- tralian. Yellow, which science tells us is the real color of the sky, still dom- inates the land, as in so many Aus- tralian pictures — whether arising from the lovely wattle, or from the thickly sown Pride of the Heath, or from other wild flowers still. It takes long to ac- custom one's self to that Chinese dom- inant, or to blend it with the blues of river, hills, or sky. The blue-birds hop trustfully quite near the spectator, as they do everywhere in Australia, where nature still lords it over man. There, too, are the white gum-trees in the fore- ground, resembling no other tree, and proclaiming the spirit of endless divi- sion— the bole sometimes dividing into two trunks, each bough into half-a-doz- en boughs, and every bough into an in- finity of branches. Nowhere else in the world, perhaps, are there such trees, with their contorted forms and the wreckage of brittle boughs at their foot. Some water-colors by the president are still finer than his oils. That of the breakers on the rocks reproduces an everlasting scene, yet it is here "as fresh as on creation's day." The boulders on the sea-beach have an individuality of their own, dyed green with algae and richly browned or umbered by lichens. Even the sea-pools on the sand, rightly or wrongly, are sky-blue. The Great Australian Bight, by Mr. Will Ashton, is the finest seascape in the exhibition, and the drawing and coloring are doubt- less impeccable. The falling of lum- inous tints on the waves from a few rosy cloudlets in a clear sky is a truly picturesque incident. A parallel scene, by Mr. James Ashton, skilfully shows the gleams of a tropical sunset tinting the indigo-blue waves of the Indian Ocean. Neither is hackneyed, yet neith- er compares with a sea-view hung some three years ago, and then commented on in these columns, where moonlight on the sea was a dream of beauty. Two well-known scenes in the Blue Vlountains arc the orphan Rock al Ka toomba and the Three Sisters at Went- worth Palls, three towering monoliths that bear traces of much weathering and are richly colored. They are only the most conspicuous objects in a rock- scape where almost everything is con- spicuous. To the right we observe, high up the mountain, a granite physiognomy that reminds us of Hawthorne's "Great Stone Face"; to the left are, as it seems, though seventy miles distant from the sea, large stretches of sea-waves, which are probably but the haze hanging over the mountain slopes; and behind are precipitous cliffs, with a sheer fall of 1,000 feet. Other landscapes are fine enough, but have little in them that is distinctive of Australia. A few foreign scenes — English, Tyrolean, or Italian — might belong to another planet, so alien are they. To a foreigner, looking at it with eyes trained to other aspects of nature, we owe our introduction to the romance of the bush. Mr. Blamire Young had add- ed a new quality of beauty, hardly to be discerned even in the paintings of Stree- ton, by a fresh handling of the hard Aus- tralian light. But Hans Heysen does something more than this. He infuses or expires a new atmosphere. Have we not wandered through that tract of bush many a good time before? We have, and we have not. We saw those strange trees, but saw them with our natural eyes — at best, with the keenly penetra- tive eyes of a Lister or an Ashton. Now we see them with the unsealed eyes of the spirit, or at least of Mr. Heysen, who has painted such gum-trees as were never before seen, save in "faery lands forlorn." Are they illusions? We had best cherish them, for they will soon be gone. Meanwhile, we willingly remain under their spell. For the first time, the portrait-portion of the gallery is adequate. Unhappily or otherwise, we have among us no Watts, with his "passionate pursuit of strength," as Carlyle said of him; and these portraits are purely naturalistic. In Sir Normand MacLaurin, once of the Challenger Expedition, now the honored chancellor of the University and presi- dent of the Royal Society, we see the strong face of one who has had many a tussle with the inequities of things and the perversities of men, but has held on his course unflinchingly, while the Sen- ator has found trenchant utterance for his robust convictions. To this striding ruler a delicate portrait of the late Mr. Broinowski, long the foremost ornithol- ogist of Australia, furnishes a lit ting counterpart. It embodies at once 1 treme frailty of age, "like an old ladj washed in milk," as was said of Car- dinal Newman, and the life-long grief of the Polish exile. The genre paintings arc variouB, but the beet of I hem are again I he « 01 it. Signor Dattilo Rubbo delin- eates the must characteristic types that have ever been produced In An

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Oct. 30, 1913J T h. e N" a t i o n 4=2± No other Australian painter could have so powerfully exhibited the Aftermath of the Strike. Everything in it is deep- ly realist; the disused pick and shov- el, standing idly against the wall of the poor cabin, the unused teapot and cup, the belted trousers, and the upturned toes of the boots appeal powerfully to the spectator, while the miner sits bit- terly reflecting, with chagrined face. ipg in the belief that it may have an educational effect, the picture has been bought for the National Gallery. Is it not the same head and face, the eame personality, in fact, but slightly disguised, that we discern in another masterly delineation? Those six gam- blers— are they not the striker over again? A lady of our acquaintance re- duces the six to two, and these possibly to one. And as we turn to the portrait of the painter, we are confronted, we f- 1 1. with the true and only source of both or all the types. A man can paint no one and nothing but himself, and the striker, the gamblers, the dead-beat, or stone-broke old man in another charac- ter-painting, and even the old woman in a companion picture, are all alike variations of the Neapolitan immigrant painter's Protean personality. J. C. Fiiuu ice THE MEANING OF THE PRESENT INACTIVE MARKET. If it is to be assumed — as it some- times seems reasonable to assume — that a continuous movement of prices on the Stock Exchange foreshadows the subse- quent general course of events in gener- al industry, then the inference from the market of the past two months would naturally be this: The sharp Wall Street recovery of September should have prophesied a generally favorable turn of events in trade; based, like the Septem- ber stock market, on the two facts that the predicted autumn money stringency had not occurred, and that the uncer- tainty as to what the new tariff's provi- sions would or would not be was at last removed. But the further inference, strictly drawn from the later markets, would also be that this show of reviving cheerfulness in business circles would be comparatively brief, and would be succeeded by a spell of despondency, re- peating the Wall Street despondency of October. In due course, if the market were still to be taken as a forecast, this spirit of reaction and doubt would be ar- rested by the discovery that it had been carried further than circumstances of the industrial situation warranted. It is conceivable that this will be ex- actly the sequence of events in general business, as it has been thus far on the Stock Exchange. But it is scarcely true that the stock market necessarily, and in all respects, foreshadows the casual fluctuations of industrial activity. The business history of the past six months, for instance — in this country at any rate — has by no means fulfilled the proph- ecy of the agonized stock markets of the first few months of 1913. The trade de- velopments at the end of 1911. and the beginning of 1912 were not such as might have been predicted from the violent collapse on the Stock Exchange, in the preceding August and September. That was no doubt because, on both oc- casions, the primary source of the Stock Exchange disorder was the condi- tion of things in Europe, not in the United States. Nevertheless, the gener- al fact remained, even then, that the course of Wall Street prices marked out tendencies, temporary if not permanent, in the broader field of trade. Perhaps a more important matter for consideration on such occasions is the question, exactly what the causes were behind a given decline on the Stock Ex- change, and exactly how far those caus- es, taken by themselves, were bound to influence trade prosperity as well as the course of financial values. In the present case, causes at work are admit- tedly numerous. Judge Gary, in his speech to the Iron and Steel Institute on Friday of last week, asked and answer- ed, from his own point of view, the ques- tion, "Why is business prosperity so frequently and seriously interrupted?" His judgment was that "it is largely because of much unnecessary agitation and ill-considered criticism by those who have not the nation's best interests at heart"; that "capital, always timid, has been seriously affected by this unreason- able and uncalled-for agitation and at- tack," and that consequently "it is be- coming almost impossible to procure on fair terms, on good security, and at a reasonable rate of interest, the neces- sary capital to equip or liberally main- tain going and successful properties." The judgment from so high a quarter commands respect, and even those who may not concur in it, as a final explana- tion of the existing state of things, will agree that anything which increases timidity in the domain of capital must be an aggravating influence. Yet two other facts must be considered with it — one, that the same condition of the mar- ket for corporation loans exists, in much more disconcerting shape, in foreign money centres where a wholly different explanation is current for it; the other, that Judge Gary's explanation, taken by itself, would have left no excuse or apol- ogy for any different condition during the past ten years. Agitation and crit- icism, often far more angry and embit- tered than at the present moment, have existed throughout that stretch of time; but the same period has comprised ad- vancing Stock Exchange prices, boom- ing trade, and an investment market which has absorbed wholly unprecedent- ed quantities of new corporation securi- ties. The usual habit of economic reason- ing, in problems of this sort, is to con- sider, first, the conditions which exist in the world as a whole; secondly, the ex- tent to which those conditions, in the markets where they are most emphat- ically in evidence, have affected the course of things in all other markets, and, finally, the prospect for finding a way out of the embarrassment for all the communities involved. Thus considered, the problem is a large one; not capable of solution by any such simple formula as Judge Gary's. The inference, in the light of past experience, is that the situation must be watched and studied in the quarter where the unpleasant phenom- ena are most in evidence — in England during 1899, in the United States during 1903 and 1907, in Germany during 1911, and in Europe generally at this moment. There is thus much of distinct encour- agement, in the present perplexing situa- tion, to American observers — that, by common agreement of all European eco- nomic critics, the position of the Unit- ed States is to-day intrinsically the strongest of any great market in the world. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Albery, F. F. D. Michael Ryan, Capitalist. Columbus, O.: Rowfant Press and Bind- ery. Annesley, Maude. The Sphinx in the Laby- rinth. Duffield. $1.25 net. Aydelotte, Frank. College English. Oxford Univ. Press. 60 cents. Barrett, S. M. Hoistah : An Indian Girl. Duffield. $1.25 net. Bond, A. Russell. With the Men Who Do Things. Munn & Co. $1.50 net. Bosher, K. L. The House of Happiness. Harpers. $1.25 net. Brown, C. R. The Quest of Life. Boston: Pilgrim Press. $1.25 net. Browne, Belmore. The Conquest of Mount McKinley. Putnam. $3.50 net. Burgess, Thomas. Greeks in An Boston : Sherman, French. $1 35 net. Burnett, Frances H. T. Tembarom. Cen- tury. |1.40 net. Burroughs. John. The Summit of the Years. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $1.15 net. Castle, A. and E. The Golden Barrier. Doubleday, Page. $1.:S0 net. i'. S. An Introduction to the Study of Social Evolution. Century. $2 net. Chinard, Gilbert. L'Ame'rique et le RSve exotique dans la Litterature francaise. Paris: Hachette. Clay, Albert T. Legal Documents from 1, dated in the Seleucid Era. Part II, Babylonian Records in the Lihrary of J. Pierpont Morgan. Privately printed. nd, Grover. The Independence of xecutive; The Government, in the Chicago Strike; The Venezuelan Boun- dary Controversy. Princeton University (Stafford Little Lectures.) $1 net each. Crawford, M. C. The Romance of the ton: Ltttle, rones, Plorsnca. The Inner Man Dillingham. $1.25 net. Crowell, J. F. The riiccr Chlrpars ton: Pilgrim Press. $1 net. Deland, intry Cousins. D. Ap- $1.30 net. Dix. Beulah M Mother's 801 Holt. II 95 net.

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4=22 The N al ion [Vol. 97, No. 2522 Duffleld, J. W. Bert Wilson, Marathon Win- Sully & Klelnteich. Fisher, Irving. The Purchasing Power of Money. Revised edition. Macmlllan. $2.25. Fletcher, Horace. Fletcherism: What It Is. Stokes, $1 mi. Funk & Wagnalls New Standard Dictionary. $30. Oairdner, James. Lollardy and the Refor- mation In England. Vol. IV. Macmil- lan. $:i net. Garvie, A. E. Handbook of Christian Apologetics. Scribner. 75 cents net. Goldsmith, E. 10. Toby. Macmillan. $1.25 net. Goodrich, J. K. The Coming Canada. Chi- cago: McClurg. $1.50 net. Grayson, David. The Friendly Road. Dou- bleday, Page. $1. Cicat Debates in American History, from the Debates in the British Parliament on the Colonial Stamp Act to the Debates in Congress at the Close of the Taft Ad- ministration. Edited by M. M. Miller. 14 vols Current Literature Publishing Co. Hall, Bolton. The Mastery of Grief. Holt. $1 net. Halleck, R. P. New English Literature. American Book Co. $1.30. Halsey, Forrest. A Term of Silence. Des- mond FitzGerald. $1 net. Harris, Corra. In Search of a Husband. Doubleday, Page. $1.35 net. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. Vol. XXTV. Harvard Univ. Press. Herford, Oliver. The Jingle-Jungle Book. Century. $1 net. Hichens, Robert. The Near East. Illus- trated by Jules Guerin. Century Co. $6 net. Hodges, George. Classbook of Old Testa- ment History. Macmillan. $1 net. Home University Library. Nos. 68 to 72; Bury's History of Freedom of Thought; Councilman's Disease and its Causes; Farmer's Plant Life; Harrison's Ancient Art and Ritual ; Tower's Germany of To- day. Holt. 50 cents net, each. Howells, W. D. Familiar Spanish Travels. Harper. $2 net. Income Tax Law. Harris, Forbes & Co. Johnson, A. F. Miss Santa Claus of the Pullman, Century Co. $1 net. Foline, \. H. Rambles In Autograph Land. Putnam. $2.50 net. Jordan, i>. S. War and Waste. Doubleday, Page. J1.26 ael Judson, H. C. Songs Toward the Sun- light. Stewart & Kidd Co. Stewart & Co. $1.50. Kate Douglas Wiggin Calendar. 1914. Sully & Klciirteich. Kirkham, S. D. North and South. Putnam. $1.75 net. Knight, W. A. A Bedouin Lover. Pilgrim Press. 50 cents net. Lippmann, J. M. Making Over Martha. Holt. $1.20 net. Lowell, A. L. Public Opinion and Popular Government. Longmans. $2.25 net. Lucas, E. V. Loiterer's Harvest. Macmil- lan. $1.25 ifet. Lyster, Lynn. Ballads of the Veld-Land. Longmans. 75 cents net. Moffett, Cleveland. The Land of Mystery. Century Co. Mother Goose. Illustrated by Arthur Rack- ham. Century Co. $2.50 net. Nelson, A. W. Yankee Swanson: Chap- ters from a Life at Sea. Sturgis & Wal- ton. $1.50 net. Ogilvie, W. H. Hearts of Gold and Other Verses. (Snowy River Series.) Oxford University Press. Olcott, F. J. Story Telling Poems. Boston: I Houghton Mifflin. $1.25 net. Ordway, E. B. Synonyms and Antonyms. Sully & Kleinteich. $1 net. Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. X, Tom- bal-Trahysh. Oxford Univ. Press. $1.25. Park, J. Edgar. How I Spent My Million. ] Boston: Pilgrim Press. 75 cents net. Pearson, P. H. The Study of Literature. Chicago: McClurg. $1.25 net. Peets, Elbert. Practical Tree Repair. Me- Bride, Nast. $2 net. Rawnsley, H. D. Chapters at the English Lakes. Macmillan. $1.75 net. Reed, Myrtle. Happy Women. Putnam. $2 net. Rogers, Reginald. A Northern Voyage. London: Heath, Cranton & Ouseley. Rossetti, Dante Gabriel. Poems and Trans- lations (1850-1870). Oxford University Press. Scientific American Reference Book, 1914. Compiled and > net; by mail, $4.00. Fouquier-Tinville was one of the most potent and sinister personalities under the Reign of Terror. His ac- tivities, influence and downfall are all part of an intensely dramatic career. He denounced and brought to the scaf- fold no fewer than 2,400 victims, rang- ing from Marie Antoinette to Robes- pierre and St. Just. A real contribu- tion to the history of this period, based on original and unpublished documents. New York G. P. Putnam's Sons London ANCIENT HISTORY By HUTTON WEBSTER, Ph.D. Professor In the University of Nebraska. QIVES especial prominence to the social, industrial, and commercial life of the Ancients. Art, literature, religion, and po- litic;il di •• know that //,, /„■„, and adi ertisi i m th\ ,i ine can '" purohaged from us at advanta ,;, lus ,,i ices by PUBLIC LIBRARIES, SCHOOLS COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES \. O. UcCLURG «V CO., CHICAGO The Flowery Republic By FREDERICK McCORMICK Is Hie mosl authorital ive woi k on the new China. R2.50 m t. Bj mail &2.70. D. APPLETON & COMPANY, New York

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The ■on % =- V VOL. XCVII— NO. 5223 THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 6, 1913 Kf;K. ^RICE TEN CENTS JUST COMPLETED The New Ideal Edition of Shakespeare The Tudor Shakespeare Published under the general editorship of Prof. William Allan Neilson, Ph. D., of Harvard University, and Prof. Ashley Horace Thorndike, L. H. D., of Columbia University. THE FACTS ABOUT SHAKESPEARE. By the Editors Supplements the introductions and the notes to the individual plays, and as the Fortieth and Final Volume of the TUDOR SHAKESPEARE, gives a corrected account of Shakespeare's life, environment, work, and reputation. {Superior cloth and leather, sold only with the set.) Sets complete in forty volumes, including The Facts About Shakespeare, in box. Superior Cloth, $14.00 net the set. Leather , $22.00 net the set. Each play or volume is edited with an introduction, complete text, notes and glossary, by a scholar of unquestioned standing, so that the edition represents all that is best in American scholar- ship. Alphabetical List of Plays and Editors. All's Well That Ends Well. John L. Lowes, Ph. D. Antony and Cleopatra. George Wylls Benedict, Ph. D. As You Like It. Martha M. Shackford, Ph. D. Comedy of Errors. Frederick Morgan Padelford, Ph. D. Coriolanus. Stuart P. Sherman, Ph. D. Cymbeline. Will. D. Howe, Ph. D. Hamlet. George Pierce Baker, A. B. Henry IV, Part I. Frank W. Chandler, Ph. D. Henry IV, Part II. Elizabeth Deering Hanscom, Ph. D. Henry V. Lewis F. Mott, Ph. D. Henry VI, Part I. Louise Pound, Ph.D. Henry VI, Part II. Charles H. Barnwell, Ph.D. Henry VI, Part III. Robert Adger Law, Ph.D. Henry VIII. Charles G. Dunlap, Ph.D. Julius Caesar. Robert M. Lovett, A.B. King John. Henry M. Belden, Ph.D. King Lear. Virginia C. Gildersleeve, Ph.D. Love's Labour's Lost. James F. Royster, Ph.D. Macbeth. Arthur C. L. Brown, Ph.D. Measure for Measure. Edgar C. Morris, A.M. Merchant of Venice, The. Harry M. Ayres, Ph. D. Merry Wives of Windsor. Fred P. Emery, A. M. Midsummer-Night's Dream, A. John Cunliffc, D.Litt. Much Ado About Nothing. William W. Lawrence, Ph. D. Othello. Thomas M. Parrott, Ph. D. Pericles. C. Alphonso Smith, LL. D. Richard II. Harding Craig, Ph. D. Richard III. George B. Churchill, Ph. D. Romeo and Juliet. The General Editors. Sonnets, The. Raymond M. Alden, Ph. D. Taming of the Shrew, The. Frederick Tupper, Jr., Ph. D. Tempest, The. Herbert E. Greene, Ph. D. Timon of Athens. Robert Huntington Fletcher, Ph. D. Titus Andronicus. Elmer E. Stoll, Ph. D. Troilus and Cressida. John S. P. Tatlock, Ph. D. Twelfth Night. Walter Morris Hart, Ph. D. TwoGentlemen of Verona, The. Martin W. Sampson, M. A. Venus and Adonis, and Lucrece. Carleton Brown, Ph. D. Winter's Tale, The. Laura J. Wylie, Ph. D. Each volume of the Plays and Poems may also be had separately. Illustrated. Superior cloth, 35 cents net; leather, 55 cents net. Postpaid 7 cents extra. A New One-Volume Tennyson with New Copyright Material — The Complete Works of Alfred, Lord Tennyson New Edition in One Volume, with the Laureate's original notes, a Memoir, especially prepared by his son Hallam, Lord Tennyson, and Watts's well known portrait reproduced in photogravure. NOTE.— Macmillan's is the only Complete and Authorized Edition of Tennyson's Works con- taining all the poems in copyright, and the latest texts of the earlier poems. Cloth, $1.75 net. Half morocco, $3.50 net. Published at 64-66 5th Ave., N. Y. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY On sale at All Bookstores

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11 T li e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2523 rr The Nation A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [.Entered at the New York City Post Office as second-class mail matter.] The Nation Is published and owned by the New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Villard, President; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Blmer More, Editor; Harold deWolf Fuller, As- sistant Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada $3.50, and to foreign countries comprised in tin- Postal Union. $4.00. Address THE NATION, Box 704, 2Veio York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 423 Editorial Articles: Sanity and World-Betterment 426 Detecting the Deteetaphone 426 An Old but Disappearing Type 427 Some Shipping Problems 428 Card-Cataloguing the Stage 429 Stamp-Collecting 429 Special Articles: Miscellaneous German Books 430 News for Bibliophiles 431 Correspondence : Scientific Bell Ringing 432 Teachers of English 433 Church Advertising 433 Mr. Moody's Letters 433 Opera in Munich 434 Literature: Empires of the Far East 434 The Joy of Youth 435 A Narrow Way 435 The Desired Woman 436 The United States and Mexico, 1821- 1848 ' 436 Football for Public and Player 436 The Poem Book of the Gael 437 English Local Government 438 The Problem of Evil in Plotinus 438 Notes 439 Science 441 Drama 442 Music: Gustav Mahler.— Tsehudi, the Harpsi- chord Maker. — Charles Dickens and Music 442 Art: Art and Common-Sense 444 Finance : Wall Street and the Banking Bill 444 Books of the Week 445 Educational TheWOLCOTT SCHOOL, DENVER, COL Superior climate. Accredited with Eastern Colleges for Kills. Fine music advantages. Gymnasium. 1 VIE FISK TEACHERS' AGENCIES, EvEitisTT o. Fisic iV Co., Proprietors. Bo i"", -a Park St. New York,156FifthAv. Washington, is-17 D St. Chicago, 28E. Jackson lid. Denver, :;i 7 Mas. rem. Portland, 816JournalBd. Berkeley, 2161Shatt'kAv. Los Angeles, 343DouglasBd Send to any address above for Agency Manual. PROVIDENT TEACHERS' AGENCY 120 Tremoiit St., Hoston, Mass. We have good vacancies now. Teachers and officers recommended for schools, colleges, and universities. Director, JAMES LEE LOVE, A.M., formerly of the Faculty of Harvard University. Harlan P. French, Pres. Vincent B. Fisk, Sec'y. THE ALBANY TEACHERS' AGENCY knows how. Twenty-two years of successful ex- perience in bringing together good schools and good teachers. Send for Bulletin, 81 Chapel St., Albany, N. Y. w WANTED— FOR AN EASTERN WOMAN'S college, an associate professor of economics : man or woman. 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' More than 1,400 new examples . are added, . of which nearly seven hundred are equations and problems. With the new strong features, the book is in full har- mony with present needs. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY NEW YORK CINCINNATI OHIOAGI Chicago and the Old Northwest By MIL0 M. QUAIFE This book is in scope and subject- matter a history. But in language and content it is as thrillingly interesting as romance. It is a history of the founding of old Fort Dearborn at the mouth of the Chicago River at the time when the modern metropolis of Chicago was but a wilderness hunted over by Indians. It describes the "Fort Dearborn massacre," the contest of the British and Americans for the Indian trade of the great Northwest, and the Indian wars, massacres, and frontier experiences which figured in the development of Chicago. The work is the most absorbingly interesting contribution to the history of the Northwest that has appeared in years. The book is attractively illustrated. 470 pages, 8vo, cloth. 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Nov. 6, 1913] T li e ]ST a t i o n 111 FOR YOUR LIBRARY Just Ready LIBRARY EDITION Just Ready of A History of the People of the United States From the Revolution to the Civil War By JOHN BACH McMASTER VOLUME 8, just published, marks the completion of this treasure of American history. It rep- resents the intelligent and laborious research of thirty years, and is a monument to the author's extraordinary industry. McMaster's work is a history of the people in the strict sense, rather than a mere history of the government. It deals with social quite as much as with political activities. So intimate is this history, so vivid and readable, that its pages often read like records of contemporaneous events. The work shows skill, animation, brightness, force and charm, and is unquestionably the most important history of the people of the United States ever written. Special binding. Complete in 8 volumes. Frontispiece to each. $24.00 net per set HARRIET BEECHER STOWE By MARTHA FOOTE CROW. A biography of this noble author, full of the essence of Americanism, optimistic and inspiring. $1.25 net. By mail $1.35. ROBESPIERRE And the Women He Loved By HECTOR FLEISCHMANN. A picture of the in- corruptible Robespierre, not as a vampire or a Nero, but as a lady's man, which he undoubtedly was. $4.00 net. By mail $4.20. TWO ON A TOUR IN SOUTH AMERICA By ANNA WENTWORTH SEARS. A bright, breezy, amusing account of a journey made by a New York woman and her husband. A jolly travel book of ex- ceptional interest. $2.00 net. By mail $2.16. WOMAN IN SCIENCE By H. J. MOZANS, Ph.D. After outlining woman's capacity for scientific purposes, Dr. Mozans takes up, step by step, her achievements in all the departments of pure science from the earliest times to the present. A fountain of inspiration for those interested in the cause of women. Frontispiece. $2.50 net. By mail $2.70. ADVERTISING AND SELLING Principles of Appeal and Response By HARRY L. HOLLINGWORTH. This book has resulted from the cooperative attempt on the part of a group of practical business men to formulate and systematize those facts and laws which relate to the processes of appeal and response in the selling and advertising of goods. Illustrated. $2.00 net. By mail $2.16. THE LIFE OF JESUS In the Light of the Higher Criticism By ALFRED W. MARTIN. An especially timely study of the life and teachings of Jesus, treated his- torically and philosophically, but in the clearest, simplest fashion. $1.50 net. By mail $1.62. JUNGLE DAYS By ARLEY MUNSON, M.D. The experiences of an American woman doctor in India. One of the most remarkable records of human achievement published in recent years, and a book that warrants a perma- nent place in every library. $2.50 net. By mail $2.70. ALL THE DAYS OF MY LIFE An autobiography by AMELIA E. BARR. The auto- biography of a woman full of years and of honors, whose days have been brimming with work, renun- ciation, sorrows, joys, and continuous Christian faith and fortitude. $3.50 net. By mail $3.70. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING By E. MEUMANN. An experimental investigation of the economy and technique of memory. The work of a genuinely great scholar and clear thinker. $2.00 net. By mail $2.16. THE FLOWERY REPUBLIC: CHINA By FREDERICK McCORMICK. The history of the developments -ii the last few years, together with the exciting story of the Chinese Revolution, told by the famous war correspondent, who was an eye wit "The best book on the new China.'' Illustrated. $2.50 net. By mail $2. To. * D. APPLETON & 35 WEST 32d STREET, COMPANY, Publishers NEW YORK

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LV The ISTution [Vol. 97, No. 2523 bSeo£s E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY TVS ASK YOUR BOOKSELLER TO SHOW YOU THESE FROM OUR FALL LIST JUST READY NEW ILLUSTRATED I IDOL'S LOR CHILDREN The Bible Story and Its Teaching lor Children By Baroness FREDA DE KNOOP With a Fine Series of Illus- trations from Paintings by the Old Masters reproduced in colors. 40 plates, cloth, gilt top, $2.50 The Book ol the Sagas By ALICE SPENCER HOFFMAN With six illustrations in color, twelve full-page drawings, and many in the text. Cloth, gilt, $2.50 The Wild White Woods By RUSSELL D. SMITH A hunting and trapping story for boys in their teens. $1.35 net; postpaid $1.47 THE LITTLE SCHOOLMATES A new series of stories edited by Miss FLORENCE CON- VERSE, which show child life in other lands, and the characteristic ideals which come to America from each. In Sunny Spain By KATHARINE LEE BATICS. Now ready. $1.00 net; postpaid $1.10. Under Greek Skies By JULIA D. DRAGOUMIS. $1.00 net; postpaid $1.10. Now Ready. A Boy in Eirinn By PADRAIC COLUM. $1.00 net; postpaid $1-10. Ready Shortly. Each has a frontispiece in colors and other illustrations. Send for a descriptive cir- cular. LOR VERY LITTLE FOLK Tales ol Two Bunnies By KATHERINE PYLE, author of "The Rabbit Witch," etc. Delightful little tales for those just learning to read. With drawings by the author of the funny, furry Bunny Boy and Girl of the story. 8q. l2mo, $1.00 net; postpaid $1.10. Masters of Past Time A new translation by Andrew Boyle, in half-tone. Friendship By CLIFFORD BAX Divine Discontent By JAMES GUTHRIE Freedom By A. MARTIN FREEMAN Solitude By NORMAN GALE Romance By ERNEST RHYS Childhood By ALICE MEYNELL Each, most attractively bound, 75 cents net; postpaid 80 cents. The Fall of Constanti- nople By J. M. NEALE A Century of Essays An Anthology. Lost Illusions By BALZAC The Divine Providence By SWEDENBORG L PUBLISHED BY E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY 681 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK We supply also the new and standard books of all publishers, including many foreign books. By Eugene Fromentin Willi four plates in color and others Cloth 8vo, $2.50 net; postpaid $2.67. The Gathering of Brother Hilarius By Michael Fairless An illustrated edition of this beautiful mediaeval allegory, uniform with "The Roadmender." Eight illustrations in colors, $2.50 net, boxed; postpaid $2.65. The Story of My Heart By Richard Jeffries A companion volume to the above, and to "The Roadmender." Eight illustrations in colors, $2.50 net, boxed; postpaid $2.65. The Baconian Heresy By J. M. Robertson A strikingly- able and convincing confutation. Cloth, 8vo, $6.00 net. France To-day its Religious Orientation By Paul Sabatier A study of the struggle for religious freedom in the heart of the French nation. Cloth, $2.00 net; postpaid $2.12. The Mystic Way By Evelyn Underbill A wonderfully fruitful description and analysis of the type of life called mystical. Cloth, 8vo, $3.50 net; postpaid $3.67. The Jews and Modern Capitalism By Werner Sombart A study which has excited wide discussion in Germany, England and here. Cloth, 8vo, $5.00 net; postpaid $5.17. Prestige A Psychological Study of Social EstimatesByLewisLeopold Cloth, 8vo, $3.00 net; postpaid $3.15. NEW NOVELS The Egotistical I By Ellen W. Tompkins Humorous, sympathetic, wholly charming. $1.00 net; postpaid $1.10. Snow Upon the Desert By S. Macnaughtan By the author of "A Lame Dog's Diary," etc. $1.35 net; postpaid $1.47. Barker's By E. H. Lacon Watson An author's experiences in the publishing business. $1.35 net; postpaid $1.47. The Way of All Flesh By Samuel Butler In Mr. Arnold Bennett's opinion, "one of the great novels of the world." New edition ready this week. $1.50 net; postpaid $1.62. THE FELLOWSHIP BOOKS Books through which one may share with a friend that which he has found most potent for increasing enjoyment of art, literature, and nature. The Joy of the Theatre By GILBERT CANNAN The Quest of the Ideal By GRACE RHYS A Spark Divine By R. O. LEHMANN NEW VOLUMES IN EVERYMAN'S LII RAR Llie ol Gladstone By G. W. E. RUSSELL Letters From the Underworld By DOSTOIEFFSKY The Pretenders, Pillars of Society, etc. By IBSEN Life in Mexico. By mmk. CALDERON DE LA BARCA A Literary and Historical Atlas of Africa and Australasia An Inland Voyage and Travels with a Donkey By R. L. STEVENSON Bound in cloth, 35 cents net per vol.; in red leather, 70 cents net; postage 8 cents. /Esop's and Other Fables An Anthology The Organon of the Rational Art of Healing By HAHNEMANN The Social Contract and Other Essays By ROUSSEAU

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The Nation wu )i)i:K. TBUB8DAY, NOVEMBER 0, 1913. The Week r ordinary circumstances the elections held in the November follow- ing the inauguration of a President are not looked to as furnishing any strong Indication of the feeling of the country towards the new Administration. But in the present instance the circum- stances are not ordinary. As a person- ality, President Wilson has asserted himself in a way that is highly unusual, both in manner and in matter. He has performed the unprecedented fqat of holding Congress in continuous special session not only through the summer, but through the autumn months, and this in spite of the completion two months ago of the great task for which it was primarily assembled. Apart, too, from any personal aspect of the situation, the country has now had two months in which to consider a reduction of the tariff so radical as to afford a searching proof of the reality or unreality of that feeling of alarm which protectionists have always said was bound to seize upon the country when face to face with such a change. In view of these rapid and signal developments, it was inev- itable that the elections in many parts of the country should have taken on a special significance. The outcome in each separate instance is, of course, de- termined in the main by local factors. But taken as a whole, the country will not fail to read, in the result in New York city, in New Jersey, in Massachu- setts, in Maryland, and elsewhere a vic- tory for the Wilson Administration. The prestige of the President comes out of the test distinctly heightened. Next in interest to the question wheth- er the elections would show any indica- tion of a reaction against the new Ad- ministration at Washington and the work of the Democratic Congress was that of the light they might throw on the status of the Progressives. The near- est approach to encouragement for the party was given in Massachusetts. In that State Mr. Bird, the Progressive can- didate for Governor, polled about 10,000 votes more than Mr. Gardner, the Repub- lican candidate; but this showing is at- tributable to the personal strength of Bird and the opposition aroused by some of Gardner's utterances and by his stand as one of the leading advocates of se- vere restriction of immigration. The vote for Bird, however, fell about 54,000 short of that for Walsh, the Democratic candidate. Apart from this one bit of encouragement, the Progressive vote of Tuesday confirms the conclusion, to which enrolment figures and scattering elections have been so distinctly point- ing ever since the Presidential election, that the hold of the new party on its following is steadily declining. And the exhibition of strength which the Demo- cratic party has given is bound, in the nature of things, to accelerate this pro- cess. These State elections are demon- strating, beyond reasonable doubt, what the Presidential election showed plainly enough — that in a three-cornered fight the Democratic party is sure to be over- whelmingly victorious unless one of its two opponents is reduced to insignificant proportions. And of the two it is cer- tainly not the Republican party that will efface itself. Prom now on, the gravita- tion of the Progressives towards their old Republican attachments is likely to be more pronounced than ever. The blow which the voters of New York laid upon the skull of Tammany this Tuesday is the most smashing which was ever dealt the Hall. Crash- ing majorities overwhelmed it from every side. It could not even elect a Sheriff in the County of New York! No such splendid opportunity had ever before come to the outraged people, and they seized it eagerly and with joy. The election returns yield evidence of what was suspected in advance, that thousands of even nominal Tammany adherents jumped at the chance to re- pudiate and destroy the stupid and sor- did leadership of Murphy. Upon that Boss at Baltimore last June hisses and execrations were poured from all parts of the Democratic National Convention. Yet he then met them all with a face of brass, secure, as he thought, in his con- trol of the city of New York, and of the State Legislature. But now all this power has been dashed from his hand, his own familiar friends have lifted up their heel against him, and even among his Tammany intimates- he can expect only averted looks and reproaches. At the Southern Commercial Congress at Mobile, now ended, there was an al- most unprecedented display of the inter- est of Americans in South America and South American trade. Besides Presi- dent Wilson and other officials, the dele- gates heard representatives of Brazil, Argentina, and the Central American and Pacific States. Senor Pezet, of Peru, invited them to send their "men into Pan-America to ascertain what is need- ed there." A recent Government report shows our exports to all Latin-America for the last fiscal year to be approxi- mately $335,000,000, against $123,000,000 in 1903, a gain of 183 per cent. During the same period exports to the rest of the world increased only 64 per cent. But the figures are deceptive as to Yan- kee enterprise, for they prove simply how the consuming power of the repub- lics south of us has increased, and dis- close nothing as to the share the United States has supplied. Indeed, this share, as the Bureau of Commerce has just as- certained, was in 1911 no larger than in 1901. On Saturday, November 1, the pro- cess of "collecting at the source," a cardinal feature of the income-tax law, went into active operation. Although it is also a salient feature of the law that the tax will hit only some four hun- dred thousand individuals, those who counted on the popularity of the bill with all the rest of the hundred million people of the country, on the ground that it does not trouble them at all, will find their expectations in a considera- ble degree disappointed. The vexations attending the process of exemption will affect, in one way and another, millions of persons. This may have been quite unavoidable if the double purpose of col- lection at the source and of a high ex- emption from the tax was to be fulfilled; but, avoidable or not, it will be found a great nuisance, and, until the people get accustomed to it. will provoke an enor- mous amount of irritation.

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4r^ I T li e JN" a t i o n LVol. 97, No. 2523 spend money cheerfully, but they dis- like extremely to be compelled to take a lot of petty trouble to comply with of- ficial forms, and especially when that compliance involves the making of dec- laim ions about their personal affairs. Some of the faulty provisions of the section were amended in the House; but the general imperfection of its work- manship was left uncured. It was wide- ly expected that the form of the section would be thoroughly recast in the Sen- ate; but nothing of this kind was done. The result is that, after the lapse of months during which the Treasury of- ficials have had the opportunity of an- ticipating and straightening out every probable difficulty, their efforts have fallen so far short that the law goes into effect with the financial world at sea over its requirements. The experience is not without its lesson in regard to the banking bill. Imperfections in that measure may be lightly brushed aside by Congress or the President, but that will not prevent the working out of their natural consequences if retained in the law. And while the imperfections in the form of the income-tax bill en- tail, after all, nothing more than a cer- tain amount of worry and inconveni- ence, the defects that have been pointed out in the banking bill are capable of producing evil results of a most sub- stantial and lasting nature. The Secretary of the Navy's endorse- ment of Winston Churchill's propos for an international sabbatical year in the matter of battleship building has in turn been endorsed by Congressmen with a unanimity which may have come as a surprise even to Secretary Daniels. We do not recall when Speaker Clark has said anything to better purpose than his forcible arraignment of the craze for naval construction. Between Mr. Clark and Mr. Mann, who pointed out that large navies are partly to be explained by a desire for contractors' profits, there was left little to be said. If steps to- wards a formal agreement among the nations for a temporary suspension of naval armament increase are to be tak- en by any Government, the initiative should come from ourselves. Emanat- ing from Washington, the proposal is not likely to arouse the jealous fears and suspicions 1 he lnt< rna- tlonal state of mind in Europe. But one caution is necessary: in suggesting a naval holiday to the nations, this Gov- ernment must not in any way imply that in its own case' there are certain exten- uating circumstances which unfortunate- ly, etc. It is this readiness to legislate for others that makes the peace propos- als of certain statesmen ridiculous. Mr. Bryan, replying to criticisms by the anti-saloon people in Maryland, who object to his stumping the State for Blair Lee, Democratic candidate for the United States Senate and a leading op- ponent of the State-wide Local Option bill, declares that local option is a State issue, and that therefore his present course is not inconsistent with his Ne- braska record. The point is not only well taken, but should serve as a re- minder of one of the principal benefits of the system of direct election of Unit- ed States Senators. Under the old meth- od, it would have been impossible for voters to act upon the United States Sen- atorship on its merits, either personal or political. In such a situation as the present one in Maryland, where the liquor question is a burning issue, they could not elect a State Legislature, on the basis of their views of this issue, and at the same time make effective their desires as to the United States Senate, on the basis of their views upon national issues. Under the direct-elec- tion plan, the matter presents no diffi- culty. The people can vote for State leg- islators on State issues and for United States Senators on national issues. In the end something of the same kind of benefit will result for our State govern- ments as is coming to our cities through the- growing separation of municipal questions from national and State poli- tics. That a serious movement is on foot at Washington to put a stop to the gross abuse of the franking privilege is pleasing information. The privilege of a free use of the mails within reasonable limits is to be continued to members of Congress under the plan proposed, but in- stead of an unlimited power of franking they will be entitled to a specified quan- tity of special stamps, after the exhau tion of which they will have to pay post- age on any additional documents or let- ters they may wish to send through the mails. Along with this scheme of re- form and economy, the Democratic lead- ers are working out a plan for the pre- vention of the great waste that goes on in the printing of needlessly large edi- tions of public documents. While in this virtuous mood, the gentlemen who are pushing these reforms might well include a third in the field of their ef- forts. The leave-to-print abuse, which so mars the Congressional Record, has just been illustrated in an extreme form. A Missouri Representative, having got the customary "unanimous consent" for leave "to extend his remarks," procured the insertion in the Congressional Rec- ord of a eulogy delivered by ex-Secre- tary Nagel upon the late Adolphus Busch, the St. Louis brewer. The opportunity for an excellent test of one of the principal formularies in the Progressive creed is afforded by the Government's suit for the dissolution of the Harvester Trust. In Attorney-Gen- eral McReynolds's brief, George W. Per- kins is named as the father of the Har- vester Trust. When the suit comes to trial and Mr. Perkins appears in court, will his line of defence be that the In- ternational Harvester Company is not a Trust, that it does not represent monop- oly, and that it has, in fact, encouraged competition — this being the latest in- genious argument in behalf of industrial combinations; or will Mr. Perkins ex- hibit the courage of his convictions and fight the Government's suit on the the- ory that the age of competition is dead and that cooperation has come to stay? This is the inconsistency observable in the usual procedure of Big Business in the face of Government prosecution. Out of court the Trust advocates never tire of inveighing against the outworn, medi- aeval theory of competition in contrast with the new and "inevitable" law of combination. In court, they usually ar- gue that there is no such thing as mo- nopoly, and that equality of opportunity in business flourishes under the stim- ulus of scientific cooperation; coopera- tion being that principle of business by which George W. Perkins, instead of competing with his rivals, works har- moniously with himself. Wisconsin has issued its first llfi aurance polli \. and hi nee has actually begun tli' expei mt of State Ll Burani e in 1 in: ci trj - The la^ pro- viding for it Was passed in l'.UI. It is- sues seven different kinds of policies,

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Nov. 6, 1913I Tlie ISTation 425 but at present they are limited to a max- imum of $1,000. When two thousand policies have been issued, the amount will be raised to $2,000; and when three thousand have been issued, it will be in- creased to $3,000, which is the limit un- der the law as it stands. Premiums may be paid monthly, and profits are event- ually to be returned to policyholders. Care has been taken to keep down the cost of operating the system. No paid agents are employed, but applications will be received by city, town, and coun- ty clerks and treasurers, officials in banks that receive State deposits, and State factory inspectors. No new offi- ces have been created in connection with the plan. State insurance is not a new thing for Wisconsin, as it began to in- sure its public buildings, including those of the University, in 1903. The burning of the Capitol in 1905 left a deficit in the insurance fund of $190,000, but the State stuck to the system, and the ac- cumulations in the fund since then have wiped out the deficit. There is so much debate about moth- ers' pensions that the first definite re- port on the Oregon law will be of inter- est. Four months' operation has pro- duced certain unexpected results. The first is the encouragement to fraud, 50 per cent, of the applications having been refused. "In many cases," according to the local investigators, "perjury has been committed, and false affidavits as to financial status made." On the other hand, deserving widows have shrunk from the publicity of asking State aid. "In the mass of inquiries confronting the pension officers it has been felt that there may be many needy and proud mothers whose wants are not even known." But a graver fault is attend- ant upon the stoppage of the old local aid within struggling families. Says the Seattle Post-Intelligencer: The law has filled the children's homes very nearly to capacity through the giving up to institutional charge ot the children ot unsuccessful applicants. Prior to the taking effect of the law, mothers made every effort to hold the children of the family together. When it was discovered that absolute penury is a condition prece- dent to the granting of a pension, families began to break up. If not characteristic faults, these may at least be said to be fundamental dif- ficulties in a scheme the objects of which all applaud. The scope of the Oregon law may be gathered from the fact that in the average county are 60 pension- ers, costing $1,200 monthly, and that the State outlay for the year is estimated at $300,000. Christabel Pankhurst is a resident of Paris, but in spirit and tone she is a citizen of New York. Can anything be more typically native than Miss Pank- hurst's explanation of the criticism that has been stirred in this city by the na- ture of some of the articles in the Suf- fragettet It is all very simple, accord- ing to Miss Pankhurst: In New York, vice is organized, blatant, and powerful. There vice is a huge busi- ness. The people concerned in it believe the articles in the Suffragette are bad for the trade. These interests are now alarm- ed, and from the tone of some of the arti- cles appearing, I believe a portion of the press is subsidized. What is Christabel doing in Paris? Her place is in New York, where every pro- test against the exploitation of filth in the theatre obviously emanates from some one interested in the maintenance of white slavery; where every person who has his doubts about sex-hygiene in the public schools is directly inter- ested in the perpetuation of the social evil; where every exception taken to the wild statistics of the would-be world- reformers is obviously dictated by per- sonal interest in the maintenance of child labor, infant mortality, and tuber- culosis in the tenements; where every one in general who disagrees with you is either vicious or subsidized. The slogan of the up-to-date crusader is no longer, "Whoever is not for me is against me," but, "Whoever is not for me is in the pay of the Tenderloin." The bill to end the regency in Ba- varia, and to permit the present Regent to proclaim himself King, has passed the lower house of the Bavarian Parlia- ment by a vote of 122 to 27, two Demo- crats joining the twenty-five Socialists in the opposition. As the upper house has already sanctioned the measure, the termination of the reign of the crazy King Otto is at hand. That has lasted since June 13, 1886, when the tragic end of King Ludwig took place in the lake of Starnberg. The old Prince Regent, whose death occurred last year, was bit- terly opposed to taking the royal title; not only thrice, but many more times, did he refuse the crown. The present Prince Regent has from the first been ready to have the title bestowed upon him, and as he is now nearly sixty-nine years of age, he was indisposed to have any delay interposed. While Bavaria can hardly be said to have suffered by the regency, it has involved much circum- locution and unnecessary expense. Curi- ously enough, the Regent for whom this Constitutional change is so cheerful- ly made is by no means as popular as his father, who would not accept the honor. "Shortage of food and fuel," "general strike," "privations for the poorer class- es"— these phrases occur in a dispatch, not from Pennsylvania or Massachusetts, nor yet from England or Belgium, but from New Zealand. A bitter struggle is going on there between the employers and the Federation of Labor. The Com- pulsory Arbitration and Conciliation Act was passed eleven years ago, and has doubtless been very effective in the pre- vention of strikes and lockouts; but it appears that the designation of New Zealand as a "land without strikes" was somewhat premature. As for the "poor- er classes," who have been brought so quickly face to face with serious priva- tions, we were almost led, not many years ago, to conclude that nothing an- swering to that description continued to exist in New Zealand after the labor par- ty got control of affairs. New Zealand, like some of our Pacific Coast States, is indeed, as it has been called, a po- litical experiment station, and the ex- periences of these communities will yield valuable instruction. But even in a laboratory of physical science it is usually necessary to experiment for a long time, to make all sorts of tests for verification and the elimination of chance factors, before one can arrive at a trustworthy conclusion. To clamor for the adoption of the single tax, or the initiative and referendum, here in New York, because of results alleged to have been shown by a few years' experi- ence in Saskatchewan or New Zealand, is childish. A far more extensive ex- perience would be needed to give force to such an argument, even if there were no other defect in it; but there is be- sides the question to what extent the facts alleged as to these distant places may be due to the advantages they pos- sess in the shape of great undeveloped areas open to exploitation by a small population.

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4=2 6 Tlie N ntion | Vol. 97, No. 2523 SANITY AND WORLD-BETTERMENT. "The American mothers are unable to nurse their children for the necessary nine months. This is the cause of all the infant mortality we hear so much about." We find this in the report, in a Chicago newspaper, of the first of a se- ries of lectures on sex hygiene which are given, for the benefit of fathers and mothers, in the public school buildings of that city. There are a number of sober and sensible things in the lecture. There are a number of other things which, like the part we have quoted, exhibit that taint of rash irresponsibil- ity which mars a good deal of the very recent agitation for world-betterment. When the lecturer spoke of "the in- fant mortality we hear so much about," the mothers who hung upon her words could put but one significance upon what she was saying — that infant mortality is on the increase, and that this increase is due to our modern con- ditions. But what we actually "hear so much about" in the writings of health authorities on infant mortality is that the infantile death-rate ought to be cut down far below what it is, not because it is higher than it used to be, but for pre- cisely the opposite reason. It is be- cause infant mortality has been so de- cidedly reduced by modern effort that hygienists are able to insist on the prac- tical duty of reducing it still more. A certain amount of exaggeration, and especially of exaggerated emphasis, is to be expected in all reform movements. But the thing that we have in mind, which is encountered on all sides these days, and of which the assertion we have cited is a small but convenient ex- ample, involves something more than exaggeration. The state of mind behind it is something very different from the justifiable over-enthusiasm of the re- former. It amounts to little less than sheer irresponsibility, and it not infre- quently betrays a want of fundamental soundness which, for lack of a better term, must be classed as a moral rather than an intellectual defect. It is a state of mind of which Felix Adler, in a re- cent address, discussed a number of sig- nificant illustrations. "Those," he said, "who seek, and we admit earnestly and iy seek, to promote the moral im- provement of mankind are often them- selves unwittingly sowing the seeds of moral evil." His instances were drawn from many sides — ranging from the moral confusion that lias been shown in (he case of Sulzer to that exhibited by a prominent social worker who, in con- nection with the minimum-wage agita- tion, declared that she regarded it an open question whether a girl was not justified in choosing a life of shame rather than struggle to get along with inadequate wages. He found an illus- tration of essentially the same false vi- sion in the attitude of tnose who, hav- ing awakened to the fact that the coun- try has suffered from fetich-worship of the Constitution, are ready to plunge into the opposite extreme, to deify the mother-wit of the masses and scorn the teachings of experience. And, in an- other way, the crude proposals of popu- lar eugenics were held up as illustrating forgetfulness of the deepest and most precious elements of human life. To the voice of sober criticism we are quite aware that the exponents of easy- going world-betterment have a ready an- swer. To find fault with them, to ex- pose either the dangers of their pro- posals or the looseness of their asser- tions or^ the audacity of their argu- ments, is to write one's self down a re- actionary. It is no doubt true that op- position to proposals of social-better- ment often does rest on mere narrow- ness or obstinacy. But to put that brand on all conservative judgment, all careful thinking, is to exhibit once again the very quality of which we have been speaking. A man may be a sincere ad- vocate of and worker for progress, yet be thoroughly impressed with the knowledge that the world was not made yesterday. When confronted with the proposal that the regulation of child la- bor should be made the business of the national Government, on the ground that conditions are getting desperate, it is not standpatism, but simply truth and soberness, to point out that, so far from conditions being desperate, remarkably rapid progress has been made in the matter without national interposition. When told that without the initiative and referendum nothing can be accom- plished for the people against the wick- ed moneyed interests, it is merely san- ity, not obstructionism, to point to things like the growth of effective con- trol of public-service corporations in the principal States and in the nation, the smooth and rapid course of the <■ pre hensive and radical factory legislation enacted in New York, the progress of the workmen's-compensation movement, the adoption of the income-tax amend- ment to the United States Constitution. There is no institution of mankind, whether social or political, which can- not be shown to fall sadly short of ideal perfection in practice. It is easy to prove that marriage is a failure, that parental authority is a curse, that punishment of criminals causes crime, that respect for the law breeds injustice, that education stifles originality, that private property and the competitive system cause want and misery. All you have to do is to fix your mind on the cases in which these things are true, and refuse to bal- ance them against those of the opposite kind, or to consider what evils are threatened by the alternatives. And to this must be added the more special, but still extremely important, confusion of thought to which irresponsible re- formers are so generally addicted — the substitution of the assertion that an evil is growing worse for the mere assertion that the evil exists. Whether infant mortality is increasing or diminishing, whether conditions in our city tene- ments are worse or better than they were forty years ago, may be all one to the muckraker or the sentimental agi- tator; but to the sane thinker it makes all the difference between a case and no case for the advocates of rash or revo- lutionary remedies. DETECTING THE DETECT APHONE. The use — and abuse — of the dectecta- phone in the New York campaign has been such as to raise many queries. One of them relates to the morality of the whole procedure, as employed in poli- tics, and in the case of men not suspect- ed of being criminals. The historically- minded may well ask if we are not see- ing the revival, in a modern democracy, of a method made abhorrent by ancient tyranny and oppression. Is not the de- tectaphone in an Executive office an ar- tifice worthy of a Dionysius? Does it not remind oik; of an eavesdropping Grand Inquisitor? Yet what we all set down as an act of suspicion and cruelty in one age, some of us are ready to ac- . i.iiin ;is one df the linest instruments !'\ IT ill\ eillell [Or ell, Ml III". I lie I llltll. But does it elicit Hie truth? This is a point more Important than Me' other. In ;i mechanical age, il Is easj to in-

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Nov. 6, 1913.I Tlie Nation 4,27 . duee people to believe that a piece of machinery is the best aid we have in tbe true from the false. Wires and membranes cannot lie. Automatic records are more trustworthy than hu- man testimony. Mechanism is surer than mind. But all such glib and com- fortable assurances, easy as it is for the unthinking to swallow them whole, need to be examined. It is necessary to know, first of all, something about the mechan- ic as well as the mechanism. Proof by photography used to be thought infalli- ble. But photographs can be faked. Dr. Cook had a photograph of the North Pole and also of the summit of Mt. Mc- Kinley, neither of which he ever saw. And it would appear that the detecta- phone can be "doctored" — or, at least, directed. If left to work with mechani- cal accuracy, it yet cannot guard, more successfully than the telephone, against impersonations. We had last week the alleged record by detectaphone of a con- Tersation between Sulzer and Delaney. The latter at once affirmed that it was forged; that if any conversation of the sort ever occurred, it must have been taken part in by somebody pretend- ing to be Delaney; and then he added one convincing point. The record as given made Sulzer ask only a few brief questions. At the actual interview be- tween them, Delaney affirmed, Sulzer talked an hour. This is a fine touch of verisimilitude. Sulzer was always talk- ing an hour-. If the detectaphone did not show this, then it was a lying spirit. What we would urge is merely the folly of abdicating human reason in the presence of a machine. There is no me- chanical road to the truth and nothing but the truth. In judging any kind of evidence, whether it comes from the lips of men or from films and registers, we simply have got to stick to what we know of probability and what we know of human nature. Some things are flatly incredible, even if a machine ticks them off to us. A sagacious mind will insist that a machine can get out of order, or be bedevilled, easier than the great maxims of human conduct can all be shattered. It is not a question of re- fusing to believe one's eyes or ears; it is simply the rational attitude of main- taining that when the eye or ear seems to report a huge improbability, it is nec- essary to scrutinize closely the appar- atus— or its operator — by means of which we get the impression. Even in a detectaphone, things may not be what they seem! Take the matter of some of the con- versations which Sulzer alleges to have passed between himself and Judge Mc- Call. The hint is given that, if their ac- curacy were challenged, a confirmation by detectaphone might be forthcoming. But a thousand detectaphones could not make a man in his senses believe that McCall ever used to Sulzer the language which the latter pretends to repeat. "Never mind the taxpayers," McCall is said to have urged the Governor. "If you will stop Hennessy and quit inves- tigating graft, everything will be all right." There was much more of the sort. But Judge McCall was quite right in saying that it was needless for him to deny that he had ever uttered such words. It is not a question of charac- ter or of motive. Men simply do not talk in that way. If a machine says they do, then the machine lies. If that be libel, let the machine make the most of it — and sue! Human credulity is, we know, almost boundless, but that is only a reason for resisting every attempt to impose upon it. And against these mechanical at- tempts we ought especially to be on our guard, since they are so insidious in an age which almost deifies machinery. There is no way of substituting any- thing for the human intellect as the final judge of what is true. All the aids and devices that can be invented are to be welcomed, but what they are able to furnish is, after all, only so much more evidence. And that evidence, with all the rest, has to be weighed and sifted by the mind. AN OLD BUT DISAPPEARING TYPE. There was buried on Sunday a man of great riches and great folly, dead at thirty-seven. His end was undoubtedly hastened by excesses, though these were not all of the vulgar, roistering kind. It was a case, rather, of temperamental de- bauchery, an entirely perverse and mis- taken attitude towards life. His com- ing into control of millions of money went to his head. He could think of nothing but speed and glitter and splurge. For him travel must mean spe- cial trains breaking the record. The thing to do was to toss the waiter a $1,000 bill and tell him to keep the change. Son of a Stock Exchange "plunger," his sole idea seemed to be to make of life one prolonged plunge. Plen- ty of lights and a continual parade were closely bound up with his notion of hu- man happiness. He ostentatiously took for his motto: "A short life but a merry one." It was certainly short, but was it mer- ry? Putting the matter merely on the ground of the "fun" to be got out of life, did not this man make a sad mess of his opportunities? Reckless prodigality and riotous living are often preached against and condemned as sinful, and so they are. But mere reproach on moral or re- ligious grounds, or reminders of the fearful looking for of judgment which at times must haunt the sinner, cannot strike home as does the very spectacle of a mad career defeating itself and carrying its own punishment along with it day by day. With many, we think, a more powerful appeal could be made on the score of stupidity and futility than on that of wickedness alone. The argu- ment underlies President Eliot's address on "The Durable Satisfactions of Life." Satisfactions may be sought, and plea- sures, but they ought to be of the sort that go on mounting from year to year, and do not burn out miserably to the socket. What punishment of habitual sins could be more severe than the satie- ty which dogs them? A giddy youth can- not get flown with wine more than so many times; he cannot very long find exhilaration in lighting cigarettes with $100 bills; his most wild and foolish in- ventions in the way of indulgence and revelry soon pall upon him. An im- mense weariness inevitably descends upon him, and the moments recur often- er when he turns with something like loathing from the devices to which he has resorted in order to make his jaded sensibilities vibrate, with the mournful confession, "I have no pleasure in them." And often, as in the instance referred to, just as the period has been reached when plans should be maturing and the outlook for durable satisfactions broad- ened, the furies come and slit the thin- spun thread of life. The rake is an old type. If we have the poor always with us, so we seem to have the gilded fool. But there is some comfort in the thought that the type is, on the whole, disappearing. Especially in this country has the placing of large wealth in the hands of a young man i ceased to mean the almost inevitable

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-42S T li e Natio n | Vol. 97, No. 2523 moral degeneration which was once thought of as the general rule. It is not so much an access oL' virtue which is re- sponsible for the change, as an access of good sense, with improved social stan- dards and new convictions of public duty. It is no longer "good form" to be a harum-scarum debauchee. Instead of being thought amusing, he is regarded as disgusting. And there is a gain in the very fact of being more accustomed to large fortunes. Our society is stead- ier about them now. They do not so frequently intoxicate youth coming into their possession. It would be possible to name a considerable number of young men, with a great deal of money at their disposal, who are among the most sober- minded of citizens, and who give their time and money to civic duties. If the old type of jeunesse dorce still lingers, with its warnings, the new type of steady-going and useful young million- aire is all the time becoming more abun- dant. Fashion, even in morals, is a great thing to have on the right side; and in the matter of which we are speaking there can be no doubt that the fashion is better than it used to be. What we have still to contend against is a kind of surviving tradition in favor of the flam- boyant young "spender." He is pictured as somehow far more genial than his op- posite. Clive Newcome is pitted against Barnes. But we are coming to see the fallacy of all this. To be a "good fellow" does not necessarily imply that a rich young man must necessarily be a great fool. There can be as much real joy of life in the long and interested pursuit of some object worthy of human intelli- gence as in devotion to things that per- ish with the using. And the world is hap- pily awaking to the need, in the face of all the discontent and political peril which the sight of misemployed wealth provokes, of insisting that richesse, too, oblige. SOME SHIPPING PROBLEMS. The passage by the Senate last Fri- day of Senator La Follette's bill for pro- moting safety at sea, and for improving the conditions of service of American sailors, abolishing arrest and imprison- ment as a penalty for desertion, has been heralded as a long step towards making the ocean more attractive for young Americans. If the bill b a law, every one must hope that it will achieve the ends sought. There are those, however, who insist, from the shipowner's point of view, that the bill will hinder the long-deferred revival of our shipping. Mr. Robert Dollar, of San Francisco, to whose articles on the ocean- carrying problem we have already re- ferred, declares that Senator La Fol- lette's measure is "the most vicious and bad bill that has ever been aimed at our shipping." Whatever allowances must be made for such words, because of Mr. Dollar's personal interest as an owner, the fact remains that the re- adjustments called for by the bill, whether justified or not, will further handicap American ships in their com- petition with foreign vessels, by increas- ing the cost of operation. Mr. Dollar's opinions are unusually weighty, for several reasons. He is sail- ing his steamers under the English and American flags, side by side, in the same trade, and is, therefore, able to give ex- act figures as to comparative costs. He is avowedly eager to have the service conditions of seamen improved, and he is absolutely opposed to subsidies from the Treasury of the nation. As to the latter, he expresses his views in the fol- lowing vigorous language: To our Congressmen I cannot help re- peating what I have said on many occa- sions. The shipowners want none of your subsidies or assistance of any kind or de- scription. We have given up going to you as beggars, with our hats in our hands, and now tell you to give us no advantage of any kind whatever, but we demand that you put us on exactly the same footing as other nations put their shipowners; namely, per- mit us to buy our ships where we can get them cheapest, and to operate them under the same conditions as our foreign competi- tors are doing, and give us no better terms than they enjoy of any kind or description. The American shipowners will do the rest and give our country an American merchant marine worthy of the name. Care in framing any legislation is fur- ther dictated by the fact that two of the three recent happenings of serious import to our merchant marine have re- sulted only in discouragement. Thus, when Congress made it possible to pur- chase ships abroad and obtain an Amer- ican registry for them, it was believed that much of the 2,000,000 tonnage un- der foreign flags now owned by Ameri- cans would promptly hoist the Stars and Stripes. Not a single vessi however, availed itself of this legisla- tion— the remedy upon which Pn Cleveland laid such stress in the eigh- ties. Again, the Panama Canal is on the verge of completion, yet, despite the glowing prophecies of high officialdom, our shipyards are not teeming with or- ders for new vessels to use it. While there has been some talk of new lines, it has chiefly related to foreign vessels, and little or nothing has been done on this side of the ocean. Where is that wonderful trade to come from of which Mr. Wilson spoke on Monday of last week? Mr. Dollar declares that there is not one vessel in the great lumber -carry- ing trade of the Northwest which is large enough to make a profitable voy- age with lumber from San Francisco to New York by way of the Canal. The length of the voyage necessitates big ships. There are only six American pas- senger steamers running to the Orient from our Pacific Coast, and, under the law, as they are owned by railways, they cannot use the Canal. Obviously, if that new waterway is to have any great effect in building up our merchant marine, it must needs be a matter of slow growth. It cannot over- come the handicaps which Mr. Dollar holds responsible for the prostration of our shipping. He is equally skeptical as to the effect of the 5 per cent, rebate to American ships in the Underwood tariff. This he declares "is a joke and makes shipowners smile"; for it will only "in the slightest degree equalize . the excessive cost of building and oper- ating American ships as compared with foreign ships." The two millions of gross tons of American-owned foreign ships go profitably under foreign flags. The question, then, is how can they be assured the same profit under our flag? Is this possible, with due regard for humanitarian conditions and safety at sea? The question deserves most care- ful study and calls for a revision of our laws, not in piecemeal style, but as a whole. Mr. Dollar itemizes several gov- ernmental handicaps which the Secre- tary of Commerce ought to be able to mitigate or do away with altogether. Mr. Steven l!. Ayres, lately Congressman from New York, thinks we should have a Commerce Commission to pre1* enl 1 ebal ing, and to exclude Crom our ports for- 1 ic.ii ships guilty of this or of bi In of any & on In restrali This seems to offi r bul taint bope ol All ing our shipyards and our harboi American 01 p pi and

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Nov. 6, 1913J T li e N" a t i o n 4=29 (ar-reaeblBg inquiry into all phases of this difficult but vital problem. < AL'D-CATALOGIING THE STAGE. 'I heatrlcal managers have often on their lips the phrase, What the public wants. The layman has not always been convinced that they knew quite what is implied by it. He, poor man, in survey- ing any theatrical season, has seen little more than an unclassifiable variety of plays. Besides raw, so-called red-blooded, red-lighted pieces, he has observed spec- tacular phantasies, roaring farces, cer- tain excellent subdued comedies, some- times with settings as remote as the eighteenth century, with an occasional Shakespeare. He wonders whether pop- ular tastes are sufficiently homogeneous to be embodied in the term "public," and concludes merely that a good play will nearly always go and that a certain number of poor plays contrive to have their runs. He is still sanguine to the extent of believing that the best in hu- man nature can be stirred by the stage, but that, left to itself, the human-na- tured public will not always select the best. But it now appears that the layman has been ali wrong. While he has been groping, the theatrical manager has been employing such a scientific device as the card catalogue. Mr. George Cohan in the current McClure's has divided emotions felt by an audience into three large classes: tears, laughs, and thrills; and enumerates well-known managerial tricks to produce each. Some of the leading "tear-getters," to use his matter- of-fact phrase, are the following: "A child in a nightie saying his 'Now I lay me'"; "a little child dying on the stage"; "any love-scene played in the moonlight"; "an errant woman at bay and crying out, 'I am not a bad wo- man'"; "a lost child returned to its mother"; "a character laboring under great sorrow with a smile on his face." Nearly all these details are documented by reference to recent successful plays. The "laughs" are too well known to need citing; most of them are varieties of slap-stick humor. The writer reckons, for instance, that "Mr. Field's favorite trick of poking his forefinger periodical- ly in Mr. Weber's eye is worth a large fortune." But the layman will be sur- prised to learn of some of the ingenuous ways by which "thrills" are produced. Sometimes a pistol which has no part in the action is kept in sight to help along a dull scene, or the stage is dark- ened without logical reason, simply to create an effect of ominousness. In such a scene it is well to have a man carry- ing a lantern, because a human being's shadow on the wall never fails to thrill. Oddly enough, the indication of mere lapse of time has an exciting effect; that is the reason for the frequent use of a loud-ticking clock. Other theatrical managers have at- tempted to explain the art of present- day drama, but we recall no such can- did expose as this. We suspect, how- ever, that there is much more which has not been told, and that plans are mak- ing to consult the public even further. It is well enough to know what will make people laugh or weep, but what of the persons who hate above all things to shed a tear in public? What of others who laugh and then are ashamed to think of what has caused their merri- ment? "One character steps on the sore foot of another character, causing the latter to jump with pain" — what decor- ous lady cares to be caught in the act of shouting for glee over that? In some way the card catalogue must consult the public on these matters. Since moving audiences is a cold-blooded "proposi- tion," nothing which will serve their convenience is too calculating. A hint might be taken from certain periodicals which in a preface explain to a reader how he should feel towards the story which follows. At least there could be an indication in advance precisely when the tears, laughs, and thrills were to be expected, that the audience might be properly braced for them; the stated times in conjunction with the ticking clock would, besides, be most effective. The persons who will profit most by Mr. Cohan's revelations are, of course, the budding playwrights. To them these will be what the rhyming dictionary is to the aspiring poet, and much more. Let them remember that Shakespeare himself was economical, and was glad to borrow good old standbys. Knowing that a ghost was a "thriller," he prompt- ly put one in "Hamlet"; only, the ghost, unlike the "pistol," really has something to do with the play. But our looser re- quirements make it much easier for the writer. Dramatic conscience is all right so long as the public desires it, yet what purpose will it serve if, just when the central character is developing into the quiet resignation which the theme de- mands, the audience is waiting anxious- ly for the smash of a flying water pitcher? Mr. Cohan has at least furnished the explanation of a modern trait of the drama. It requires no more than a quarter-century of retrospect to see that the great run of plays to-day are a jum- ble of incoherent incidents. Even the lighter plays and musical comedies once had a definite fabric. "The Old Home- stead," "Pinafore," "Robin Hood" re- veal a conscience, with adherence to a central theme. The tripod and cauldron figure in "Robin Hood" because men must eat, not because at that point the public thought that a fire on the stage would look pretty. It is just possible that human nature has not changed much since those days, and that an audi- ence would still be quite content to have even comic plays hold together. In that case the manager's card catalogue is an index simply of the things which have recently had some success on the stage, not of what might he successful. No embryonic Gilbert now living need de- spair. STAMP-COLLECTING. The grand prize trophy awarded at the International Philatelic Exhibition last Thursday evening was a bronze fig- ure of Diana. Doubtless the goddess would be as astonished as pleased at this latest tribute to her, and yet what could be a more fitting symbol of the successful stamp-collector than an image of the patroness of hunting? Nor need even a resident of Olympus feel any hu- miliation in this association. Stamp- collecting is only a hobby, it is true, but how many other hobbies are honored with learned disquisitions in the encyclo- paedias? This is all the more notable when the youthfulness of the pursuit is considered. There is no ancient smell about stamp-collecting. Collectors of rare books may boast that their hobby goes back at least as far as the time of Henry VIII, but stamps are not only a modern, but a late invention. The first British penny and two-penny stamps were not issued until 1840. Here, how- ever, the superior keenness of the stamp-collector's genius sh" Books, even printed books, wen a century old before any one bethought

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4=SO T li e 1ST a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2523 himself of the delight of preserving the choicesl of them for any purpose beyond that of merely reading them, and the Idea might not have occurred to anybody then If a monarch had not strongly aid- ed In iis Inception by wrecking the mon- asteries where they were chiefly to be found. But stamp-collecting began al- most as soon as there were stamps to collect. No less than three great British insti- tutions lent their aid in the inaugura- tion of this very modern hobby. It was an official of the British Museum who won the distinction of being actually the first to collect the new objects; the Times opened its columns as early as 1841 for an advertisement asking for gifts of cancelled stamps for a young lady; and the following year the new hobby was ridiculed in Punch. Under such auspices, the speedy establishment of the new interest as one of the most serious occupations in which man can engage was certain. Only twenty years after the gifts of cancelled stamps were sought for the young Englishwoman, Strasburg, then a French city, published a catalogue of stamps issued up to that time. Forty years more, and the over- burdened collectors were considering the formation of a universal union in order "to discourage unnecessary or specula- tive issues." For by this time, the pur- suit had gone such lengths that special- ization had to be resorted to. As a schol- ar nowadays may limit himself to the genitive case in Anglo-Saxon literature, and his pupils confine themselves to the subjective genitive in the Anglo-Saxon "Chronicle," so most stamp-collectors were soon compelled to restrict their efforts to the issues of one country, or to some related but narrower interest, such as postcards or newspaper-wrap- pers. Yet, no matter how small the field which the stamp-collector finally admits to himself is all that he can attempt, this element of completeness constitutes its glory over that of any other hobby to which his friends may be devoting their energy. For what is a stamp but a stamp? If it happens to be a work of art, or the opposite, or to be of an odd shape, this circumstance may add to its appeal to the eye, but that is all. Its place in the precious album is fixed, not by intrinsic value or artistic merit, but Bolely by the fact that its absence would leave a vacant space in the series to which it belongs. To some extent, this consideration applies to other collecting hobbies, but with two important quali- fications. One is that indicated by the words, "to some extent." The other is of a more profound character. Who- ever collects books, however ignorant or indifferent he may be regarding their contents, is reminded now and then that they once served, and quite possibly still serve, a higher purpose than that for which he desires them. From such extraneous interests the stamp-collector is free. As he gazes with awe upon the one known copy of the one-cent stamp of the 1856 issue of British Guiana, his soul thrills with joy. He may be utterly oblivious to the shape, size, color, or decoration of the bit of paper before him. Its mere presence satisfies him. His album will never hold the priceless issue, but it is here, and that is enough. The heedless world has not lost it. Is there any other pursuit in life which is so absolutely detached from considerations of intrinsic worth? Collectors of gavels and canes and ink- stands may protest that their affection is as pure, but their claims will not bear the slightest investigation. These ob- jects were made to endure, and, though they have been raised beyond their ex- pectations to the class of collected things, they are capable of use yet, if occasion require. But a stamp, which to-day is and to-morrow is cast into the cancelling machine, what hold has it upon immortality except just this, that it has lived? MISCELLANEOUS GERMAN BOOKS. Among the German writers whose fif- tieth birthday gave rise to appreciative articles "Otto Ernst" is not a stranger to America, where his "Flachsmann als Erzieher" has been played and his auto- biographical novel, "Asmus Sempers Jugendland," has had not a few read- ers. Ottomar Enking, in a sympathetic study, "Otto Ernst und sein Schaffen" (Leipzig: L. Staackmann), reviews the author's development (in life he is Ernst Schmidt) as suggested in that novel, and comments on the stately number of books of verse, drama, and fiction that bear his name. He does not be- long to the vanguard of revolutionary Young Germany. During that storm- and-stress period he was absorbed in teaching and proselyting for a broader conception of the German "Volksschul- ideal." lie wrote and lectured in fa- vor of an aesthetic education, which, though indicated by Schiller, had been completely lost sight of; and he entitled one of his treatises "The Renaissance of Pedagogy." Ernst Schmidt the teach- er is the best interpreter of Otto Ernst the writer. For though neither his plays nor his stories have a distinct Tendenz, they all hold a message and have a strong ethical quality. The latest book by Otto Ernst himself, "Aus meinem Sommergarten" (L. Staackmann), is a remarkable speci- men of his wisdom and humor. In these talks with his readers he treats a variety of homely topics: the follies of fashion and the vagaries of social eti- quette, the relation between parents and children, the pleasant and unpleasant sides of summer travel, etc. But the most delightful papers in the book are those in which he seems to draw upon his experiences with children. In all these glimpses of child souls and pic- tures of child life there is a refreshing spontaneity. Ernst's prose is simple; it does not partake of the stylistic ex- travagances which frequently offend good taste and judgment in the writ- ings of the younger men. Though he has no special creed to promulgate, he offers an abundance of suggestion. Dr. Max Kemmerich, whose book, "Zur Geschichte der menschlichen Dummheit," attracted a great deal of attention, has published another volume of studies along similar lines, "Prophe- zeihungen: alter Aberglaube Oder neue Wahrheit?" (Munich: Albert Lan- gen). He has earned for himself a unique place in the German book-world, for his knowledge of the history, folklore, and religions of mankind is amazing, and his impartial attitude in the quest for truth is admirable. In a previous work he had collected data showing the range and the power of popular superstitions; in this book he produces abundant proof that there are "superstitions" with a grain of truth that can be verified by science. Among them is the gift of prophecy, not so long ago absolutely denied and now admitted to exist, though the inferences it suggests will not be applied to our reading of life until many more decades have passed. He closes his preface with a plea, not for faith in his statements, but for doubt; for doubt, as he under- stands it, is not satisfied with criticism of individual facts, nor stops with hypo- theses, theories, or dogmas. Excluding all prophecies which through numerous revisions and modifications of their orig- inal form have lost their trustworthi- ness, he passes in review the prophets of antiquity, Hebrew, Greek, and Ro- man, and analyzes some remarkable ex- amples from the Middlo Ages and more recent times. About two. hundred pages of the volume are taken up by well-sub- stantiated reports of individual cases of historical importance. Such is the prophecy of an abboi in I he ..invent of

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Nov. 6, 1913] The Nation 431 Lehnin concerning the fate of the house of Brandenburg, of another seer who foretold the horrors of the Thirty Years' War, of Christian llcring of Sax- ony, who predicted the political events many in the latter half of the nth century; of .Tohann Adam Muller, who warned the King of Prus- sia of the Napoleonic menace, of Ca- irisiOD of the French Revolution, and others. The final chapter deals with the relations of science and proph- ecy. The literary life Of Austria is so curiously centralized in Vienna that one rarely thinks of writers, publishers, and magazines in other cities of the Haps- burg empire. Yet Budapest has a dozen writers, like the Orientalist Bacher, the polylingual translator Wechsler, the his- torian and journalist Stern, the essay- ist Georg von Lukacs, and the clever contributor to Simplicisslmus, Frau Marie Liebermann, known under the pseudonym "M. Roda Roda"; Graz has Peter Rosegger, Wilhelm Fischer, and Rudolf Hans Bartsch; Prague has Au- gust Sauer, Friedrich Adler, and Hugo Salus; Salzburg has Prince Wrede, Dora Hohlfeld, who, although of Wesphalian origin, is of Pan-German significance, and Hermann Bahr. Recently Inns- bruck has come in for its share of lit- erary activity as the home of a new magazine and a publishing house, Der Brenner and "Brenner-Verlag," which attract independents and secessionists from various standards, yet preserve a wholesome reverence for the masters of the past. Among the books publish- ed by the Brenner-Verlag that have aroused attention are two volumes of essays by Carl Dallago, "Philister" and "Otto Weininger und sein Werk," which have been highly commended for their impersonal philosophical spirit. Dallago is one of three authors whose names ap- pear on the title-page of "Studien iiber Karl Kraus," the others being Ludwig von Ficker and Karl Borromaus Hein- rich, one of the editors of Simplicis- simus. The subject of these studies is a much-disputed figure in the literary world of Vienna, where he has long fought journalistic corruption and other abuses, and a writer highly appreciated as an ethical force in German letters by men whose judgment is not biassed by local prejudices. Dallago calls Kraus an "anti-intellectual," aflame with just wrath against the spirit of trade and barter which is no longer a character- istic of his race, the Jews, but of mod- ern society, regardless of race. He rec- ognizes a boundless human kindness as the fundamental quality of the charac- ter of Kraus, but a kindness which, when trodden upon, changes into hard- ness. He sees evidences of this in the style of Kraus, which could not be as polished as it is, were it not so hard. Dallago gives the outsider a key to the position of Kraus in the literature of Austria and Germany by quoting this passage from one of his writings: Wehe der Zeit, in welcher Kur.st die Erde nicht unsicher macht und vor dem Ab- grund, der den Kunstler vom Menschen trennt, dem Kunstler schwindlig wird und nicht dem Menschen. Wilhelm Bolsche, who has traced for us the line of evolution from the bacil- lus to primeval man, unravelled the mysteries of love-life in nature, and told us the secrets of the star-world in graceful prose, has just published a new book. It derives its title "Stirb und Werde" (Jena: Eugen Diederichs) from Goetho's Und so lang Du das nicht hast, Dieses Stirb und Werde, Bist du nur ein triiber Gast Auf der dunklen Erde. In the initial paper on the colors of the primeval world, he conjures before the reader's eye the survivors of the past or their descendants among the Saurians in the tropics. There are sug- gestive perspectives into the mimicry of nature, glimpses of the work of Luther Burbank, and reminiscences of the superstitious fossil-lore current among savage tribes and seriously be- lieved by scientists only a century ago. The next paper deals with "moldavite," a puzzling glass-like mineral, which was referred to by Goethe and has since been recognized to be of celestial origin, having come down in a shower of meteors during the tertiary period. A chapter on the riddle of life begins with the experiments of Jacques Loeb and deals largely with the theories of Svante Arrhenius about the wanderings of life germs in the universe. A de- lightful paper, entitled "Kunckel mein Ahnherr," tells of a maternal ancestor of Bolsche, to whom the Pfaueninsel near Potsdam was given by the Great Elector in expectation of the services which the pseudo-scientist was to render the sovereign. For in this beautiful spot Kunckel conducted those alchemis- tic experiments which ended in bank- ruptcy, when the results turned out to be little more than bits of broken glass! Helene Voigt-Diederichs has for many years been in the foremost rank of the women who are writing German poetry. Now she appears as the author of a slim volume of travel, "Wandertage in England" (Albert Langen), which as appropriate frontispiece contains a re- production of Whistler's Chelsea Fish- ermen. It is an unpretentious book of random personal impressions, but it sug- gests a well-informed and finely recep- tive mind and a broad conception of life. An interesting contribution to Goethe literature is "Frau Barbara Schulthess," by Gustav von Schulthess-Rechberg (Zurich: Schulthess & Co.). For in the circle of fair and clever women that entered into the life of Goethe, this Swiss matron deserves a prominent place, since it was in her house that the original manuscript of "Wilhelm Meister" was discovered some years ago, as also the "Gesang der Geister fiber den Wassern," which Goethe had written in sight of the Staubbach at Lauterbrun- nen. Numerous letters from Frau Schulthess have been published in the Goethe Jahrbuch and have directed the attention of Goethe scholars to her re- markable personality. She was a sympa- thetic friend and faithful patron of La- vater, when he was pastor of St. Peter's Church in Zfirich and an eccentric rath- er difficult in intercourse. Lavater's fre- quent reference to Frau Schulthess in his letters to Goethe led to a corre- spondence between her and the latter which soon acquired a degree of friend- ly intimacy. They met during Goethe s Swiss voyage in 1775 at the house of Lavater, and Goethe paid a high com- pliment to the judgment and the taste of his new friend by sending her copies of almost everything that he wrote in the following twenty years. Frau Schulthess was the type of Swiss com- mon-sense, but she was intellectually and spiritually of finer fibre than the aver- age Swiss woman of her social standing. A woman who could gather about her such people as Zimmermann, F. L. von Stolberg, Miller, Schlosser, the Duchess of Anhalt-Dessau, the Duke of Weimar, and keep for many years the friendship of Lavater, Kayser, and Goethe, must in- deed have had a rare personality. A. vox Ende. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. The bibliographical history of Thack- eray's ballad of "The Three Sailors," or, as it is now more commonly styled, "Little Billee," is fairly well known, but the last word has not yet been said even on that subject. Thackeray had attained a considerable reputation both as a litterateur and as Michael Angelo Titmarsh, art critic, when returning from Cairo he found himself at Rome something of a lion among the Brit- ish artists in the Eternal City. He was called upon to preside over a festive gath- ering at Bertini's. The festive character of the proceedings was somewhat impaired by the general discontent over a recent official appointment to the British Academy at Rome, which was highly unpopular in English circles. After a good many grumpy speeches a fresh turn was given by an artist offering to take the bass part in a glee. This was followed by a call for a song from the chair. Titmarsh had to ac- knowledge his inability to sing, but offered to produce a recitation if a little time were given him for reflection. The result was the ballad of "The Three Sailors," which he recited or chanted in a deep and doleful voice to the great delUht of the company. One of the artists present was Samuel Bevan, who has described the scene in his "Sand and Canvas," published In 1849.

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I : \2 Tlic Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2523 Thackeray was very unwilling that the ballad should appear, but yielded to the Inalsten m, wiio printed it in his book, its next appearance In print was in L864 in the North British Re«i an article upon Thackeray, and later In the same year Bevan, who had preserved the al manuscript, sent it to the Auto- graphic Minor, where it appeared in fac- simile. It is noteworthy that although ay allowed Be van to publish the he did not include them in any of his writings Which appeared dur- ing his lifetime. They were first included in 1869. It is possible that this absence of an authorized edition led to (he formation of many versions differing greatly from the original. One of these that was current in Oxford University in the sixties was com- municated to me by the late Mr. E. W. B. Nicholson, Bodley's Librarian, and is printed in the "Papers of the Manchester Literary Club" for 1911. Manuscript copies were also in circulation; and one of these lies before me now. It has been doubled for insertion in the pocket to be produced when net .led. And fur! he]-, for its better ration, it has been put into a limp binding, such as is often used for mu- sic. It varies in several particulars from the received text, perhaps the most interesting being the substitution of the name of Nelson as the Admiral who dis- penses such even-handed justice in the last verses. This manuscript has at different periods been decorated by humorous draw- ings, not destitute of Thackerayan flavor. There is a facsimile in the "Editor's Box" (1880) of a drawing by Thackeray in which Little Billee stands between Gorging Jack and Guzzling Jimmee. We may sum up by saying that there are two versions of "Little Billee" showing slight differences, and both vouched for by the author's manuscript, and also a tra- ditional version which departs very far from the original. A fresh and curious point remains to be considered. M. Gabriel Boissy contributes to Les Annates of May 4, 1913, an interest- ing article on the popular songs of Pro- a which he gives the words and music of several ballads that are current in the of Frfideric Mistral. Among the specimens of the "pfiriode ancienne" is this ballad of "Notre Dame de la Garde," which, in modernized form, reads as follows: Y a trol 1 Marseille — Qui sunt partis ponr Malacca. Apree trols Quite paeseee Bur l'ean, — le pain, q ier. On tira a la courte pa i lie, — pour gavOlr qui sci ail in eurertt tire la courte pallle, — au capi- talne elle a .rim. "All! monte, monte, brave mousse — rtessus rec-iieile du grand mat." Quand fut monte dessus I'echelle, — le mousse hi- nut a pleurer. "Ah! monte, monte, brave mousse— dedans la grand mfii." Quand fui monte sur la pommelle, — le mousse mlt a pleurer. "Ah ! monte, monte, brave mousse — sur la pommelle •<•• pi al. Bui it 1: I h. n: ul.il la. ullu e which : ,e chief! Hi ace, the exen appropriate tor b u golf, or 11. win;', iii. lee. 1, 1 society in oi thai in.: itlon "I their

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Nov. 6, 191 3 I The Nation 433 pllshments it may be added that there Has 1 nitly unveiled in Christ Church, Isle of Hogs, a tablet to record a successful peal of 5,040 changes rung In three hours by eight ladies. There are gratifying signs that this fas- cinating art which gives free scope to the tual faculties, and is also of value standpoint, may receive more extended recognition in America. Its introduction would insure a needed reform in the treatment of belfries, and present : recreation to those individuals who possess the physical organization requisite for the apprehension of this particular music. Auihur H. Nichols. r 29. HERS OF ENGLISH. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: The letter of "Middle West" In your issue of October 16 seems to me to make an important contribution to the discussion of the problem of required Eng- lish in college. It is true that "freshman English" is often entrusted to the teachers of least experience, and it is equally true that satisfactory instruction in that kind and grade of work requires on the part of the instructor unusual skill and consider- able knowledge of human nature. The dif- ficulty is not that the instructor in "fresh- man English" knows too much about Eng- lish literature or writes too well. The dif- ficulty is usually that he is too young or too inexperienced, or both, to have ac- quired the tact, sympathy, and judgment necessary to deal successfully with such an intimate subject as composition. There is sometimes a second difficulty — that he has no clear notion as to the aim of the "freshman English" course. He does not realize what kind and degree of excellence he should require of his students. There Is probably a third difficulty — that he is not in touch with the best and most pro- gressive thought on methods of teaching composition. There may be even a fourth difficulty — that he is more interested in his own advanced research than in the grop- ings of the freshman mind and the fal- terings of the freshman pen. In view of these difficulti -s, I have some- times wondered if the following plan might not better existing conditions. If large schools must employ inexperienced teach- ers for freshman English, would it not be practical to put over them, as supervisor, a man or a woman of thorough training, of broad experience with men and schools, and of deep sympathies? The prospective young instructed might have a semester's course on aims and methods with this su- pervisor before he should be permitted to teach at all, and he might teach under careful direction until he should have found himself. The organization of the course and the management of delicate cases should be in the hands of the su- pervisor. The supervisor should be a per- son deeply interested in the problems of freshman English, and his time should be given exclusively to that course, as teach- er and as director. Under his advice the young instructor could certainly avoid some of the mistakes that provoke such serious criticism. If I may, I should like to add a few words about another topic much under dis cussion of late— the scholarship of the English teacher. None of us knows too much; there is not a day of a teacher's life that he does not wish he were wiser, better instructed, and more thoroughly trained. Why, then, these constant flings at young people who aspire to the train- ing sometimes symbolized by the letters Ph.D.? All doctors are not dry-as-dusts, y one knows who has had the good fortune to meet a fair number of them. No sensible person would contend for a moment that all scholarship is labelled With the Ph.D.; neither ought any sen- sible person to contend (as some seem to do) that scholarship, whether labelled with the Ph.D. or not, is a worthless and even worse than worthless product. Investiga- tion stands for progress, and the advance of accurate scholarship in America is a matter for national pride. That is rec- ognized abroad if not at home. Moreover, many of our greatest scholars are con- spicuously broad, unassuming, sympathetic, and human in spirit, and clear and logical in method. Why be so bitter against a whole class because an occasional member of it fails to attain the high standard set before them? Surely there is nothing in scholarship and accuracy, per se, that pre- vents one's becoming a good teacher. A Teacher op English. Tpsilantl, Mich., October 27. are both rational and spiritual. There is abundant work for her which can be most successfully undertaken in a quiet, dig- nified, and gentle spirit. Should not the church be a home, a place where little children are led into ways which are pleas- antness and paths which are peace? Should it not furnish refreshment for the weary and a sanctuary for the oppressed? There those who battle in life should find in- spiration and hope. There may fitly be spoken the final words of benediction for those who have reached the end of the journey. The right conception is, I think, embodied in some lines of George Macdonald: Oh, holy Sabbatb bells ! Ye have a pleasant voice! Through all the hind your music swells And uian with one commandment tells To rest anil to rejoice. As thirsty travellers sing, Through desert paths that pass, To hear the welcome waters spring, And see, beyond the spray they fling, Tall trees and waving grass, — So we rejoice to know Your melody 1 > i ■ ir 1 1 u ; I'or when our paths are parched below, Ye tell us where green pastures glow, And living waters run. Charles Giddings. Great Barrington, Mass., October 30. CHURCH ADVERTISING. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Is a tendency towards sensational advertising invading some of the Protestant churches? The papers lately brought in news of "a special baseball service" on a recent Sunday evening in one of the Methodist churches in New York city. The minister quoted from Connie Mack and John J. McGraw. Billy Sunday, now an al- leged revivalist, wrote a strenuous letter, in the course of which he said: "I'll be work- ing to beat hell all next week, but I'll lay off long enough to look at the scores." The service was attended by some of the famous players, all of whom, it is said, slipped out by a side door after the service to avoid the. crowd. This is quite interesting, and is, perhaps, typical of a tendency in some of the Prot- estant churches to resort to advertising methods which savor, at least, of moving- picture shows and the bargain counter. The Protestant churches at present are in none too strong a position. Complaint is made that attendance is falling off, and some congregations bewail the scarcity of men at the; services. Is sensationalism and blatant advertising a genuine remedy or merely a quack panacea? Whatever may be the fundamental errors of the Roman Catholic Church, it neverthe- less commands the respect of many Prot- estants, because, to a marked degree, It maintains an impressive dignity. It does not attempt to be a vaudeville or a circus. ' lunch counter, nor yet "a rubber- nock car" for travellers to the celestial city. The Protestant Church still has splendid opportunities. She is to a marked degree divesting herself of many of the hideous doctrines of the old theology, and, appar- ently, to some extent is trying to adapt herself to theological conceptions which MR. MOODY'S LETTERS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Your recent praise of "Some Let- ters of William Vaughn Moody" was, I think, exceptionally welcome in these parts. Only a few days earlier Mr. John Macy, a Socialist with a sprightly pen, discussing Mr. Moody's writings in the literary columns of a Boston newspaper, went out of his way to make a furious attack upon your reviewers. One of them, the late Dr. William Everett, he venomous- ly described as "a dull scholar and a bad orator" ; and he called your reviewers in general "a crew of desiccated academics," adding that "to be a member of the crew, the only requirement was, and is, to have one's brain covered with fungus (inedi- ble)." His invective would lead the pub- lic to suppose that the Nation supercilious- ly discouraged young American poets, and that it had treated Mr. Moody with en- vious contempt. Mr. Macy could hardly have chanced up- on a more inept proof of his accusation than your criticisms of Mr. Moody. To he sure, the Nation in 1899 briefly censured the florid style of Mr. Moody's introduc- tion to an edition of Milton; but upon his really important works It bestowed from the beginning of his career the most cor- dial praise. As early as 1901, wi Moody was almost unknown, it called at- tention in two appreciative reviews to his remarkable merits as a poet, and thereby it did much to establish his vogue. Throughout his career it greatly encour- aged his lyric talents, and upon hi paid him a noble editorial tribute. Fur- thermore, we owe the only complete edi- tion of Mr. Moody's works to another "desiccated academic," Prof. John M. Man- ly, who, like Mr. Moody, labors under what Mr. Macy regards as the fatal hand' having graduated from Harvard and hav- ing tauerht English at Chicago.

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4:3 I The N a Lion [Vol. 97, No. 2523 1h.1l Mr, Moody was not at Ml bi B1 as a dramatist, thai be created an unnat- ural character In the hero of "The Great Divide," that his true powers "ore those of a lyric 1 al bis peculiar merit Inti rpret lyrically the spirit of his own age in short, every idea that Mr. Mary emphasizes In his criticism, the Nation r< ?li r arrived at long ago. If those ideas are sound, how did it ever hap- pen that "desiccated academics" exeogitat- ed them? It they are "inedible fungus," bow do (hey sprout in the brain of a so- cial revolutionist? E 1 I N EST B KRNBAUM. Harvard University, November 'J. OPERA IN MUNICH. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Munich has been getting so much harsh criticism— some of it quite deserved— at the hands of the American musical critics lately that I beg you to allow me to de- fend it from the charge of having "good second-class opera," which you make in the admirable article "High Music and Plain Americanism," printed September 25. Really it is not as bad as all that, for surely performances of "Siegfried" and "Meistersinger," to cite two examples which I recently heard, with Mr. Knote, Mr. Feinhals, Dr. Kuhn, Edyth Walker, Maud Fay, and Hermine Bosetti, deserve to rank as first class. And in ultra-mod- ern works, such as "Salome" or "Elektra," even the Metropolitan offers nothing bet- ter; the orchestra, chorus, and scenery are also of approved excellence. That in French or Italian performances Munich is behind New York goes without saying, but what European city is not? On the other hand, the Mozart operas, except perhaps "The Magic Flute," are better sung and better staged here than anywhere else. Jacques Mayer. Munich, October 17. Literature EASTERN EMPIRES. Empires of the Far East: A Study of Japan and her Colonial Possessions, of China and Manchuria, and of the Political Questions of Eastern Asia and the Pacific. By Lancelot Lawton. In two volumes. Boston: Small, May- nard & Co. $7.50. Can sixteen hundred printed pages of document and discussion upon Asiatic problems be made entertaining? Mr. Lawton, the London Telegraph war cor- respondent in Japan, has the courage to think so, as is evident in his assem- bling of materials for an understanding of the political questions confronting the Powers concerned in the future of the Pacific. He has, however, enlarg- ed upon them at such length that the ordinary man will despair of ever find- ing time to read these sober pages, while the special student is not likely to pay much heed to his personal opin- ions. To be plain at the outset, his work is too much of a brief to be satis- factory as a book of reference, and too heavily loaded with pieces jiisli/icatives to stand a chance of popular approval. Yet there is much in these two bulky volumes that is admirable. They are mainly about Japan, and might well have been called a study of the Jap- anese Welt-Politik. Prom the stand- point of an Englishman who realizes the commercial nature of this Politik on the part of a sea-Power situated like herself, it excites apprehension, and the seriousness of his fear has disposed him to examine the problem with greater thoroughness than any publicist who has preceded him. If his labors have no other result than that of impressing upon his countrymen the folly of treat- ing Japan as a negligible factor in the civilized world, it will have accomplish- ed all that the author expects. But his attitude is rather too controversial to obtain for him a patient hearing from both parties. He has nothing good to say in behalf of the English alliance with Japan. It is his conviction, after several years of residence in the East, that it is a one-sided arrangement into which England was pushed by fears of Russian aggression and of isolation in Asia, from which, however, Japan has procured every advantage, chiefly through sharp practice. It remains to- day an alliance with irksome obliga- tions that compel England to exalt the prestige of Japan at her own expense and to the detriment and cost of her own colonial possessions. Under its pro- tection Japan has been free to intrench herself to the prejudice of every Euro- pean state, including her ally, while the only Power that has shared with her any advantage obtained in Manchuria is Russia, with whom she has joined hands perforce in a grand robbery. Without conceding the justice of the criticisms upon British policy in treaty revision there is fair ground on the part of the Powers for dissatisfaction with Japan's conduct in Korea and Man- churia, but the main source of the dif- ficulty lies in the fact that she has sought for herself all the profits to be derived from intimate knowledge and propinquity, while the Western Powers are so imperfectly informed and so re- mote from the region of commercial competition as to be disadvantaged from the outset. The contrast between Ja- pan's fair promises to preserve an open door and her brusque determination to keep it open for herself alone may not be moral, but it is extremely human. To call it "Asiatic" is only to say the same thing. If England is unable at present to re- gain the benefits of equal opportunity in South Manchuria the ultimate solu- tion of the trouble must be looked for in the countervailing efforts of Russia in the same territory. Nothing can be gained by denouncing the treaty and making an open enemy of Japan. Two equally selfish Powers like those now contending for mastery on the Pacific seaboard are bound, so long as they con- tinue in rivalry, to leave some open- ings for outside influence. If the an- tagonism endures, the cost of military preparation will exhaust one party or the other until he is willing to pur- chase support from an outsider by com- mercial concessions; if it returns to normal economic conditions and exploi- tation is desired, the outsiders who have most labor and capital to offer are sure eventually to be called upon. In the latter case the Chinese will pro- vide the labor and the Anglo-Saxon the capital. In describing the efforts of Russia to regain her position in the Far East, Mr. Lawton provides an informing chapter on the projected Amur Railway. He does not appear to reflect that her faith in her own destiny, as shown by this colossal project, is a sufficient guarantee of her determination to hold Japan in check and, incidentally, to afford open- ings for foreign capital. In a para- graph, which does justice to Russia's ambition, we are told that her course is as irresistible as that of the mighty river along whose wild bank she will carve her way. Like the Amur itself, she has encountered, and will yet encoun- ter, difficulties of the most stupendous char- acter. Confronted by obstacles no less for- midable in the sphere of human effort than those mountainous and rocky obstacles of Nature which checked the Amur in the mysterious, silent past, she twists and turns but does not retreat. She bores her path onward to the great Pacific outlet, and, like the Amur again, all the signs are that, having achieved her object, she will so broaden and deepen her course that nev- er can human agency overwhelm or divert her. There is still in Russia the impatient, determined spirit of that Czar who flouted the perplexities of engineers by calling for a map and drawing a straight line between St. Petersburg and Moscow upon its sur- face, decreeing that this was the route for a railway. It matters not that the vast territories through which the Amur Railway must go are unexplored, or but partially surveyed; the construction of the line is resolved upon and completion is only a question of time. Which means that Russia is prepar- ed to expend upon 1,300 miles of rail- way through a wilderness under the Arctic Circle nearly as much as we have spent upon the Panama Canal, and thereby open to exploitation a territory about the size of Alaska and probably twice as valuable. As an observer, Mr. Lawton has the advantage of a professional training and is at his best. Nothing in the book is so good as the chapters called Side- lights on the Russo-Japanese War, in which he tells us what he saw personal- ly and describes the qualities of both

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Nov. 6, 1913J The Nation 435 the combatants with candor and consid- erable acuteness of comment. As an historian, however, he displays a lack of the same degree of training. His of the history of Japan and its change of government, though evidently submitted to competent critics and purged of prescriptive misstatements, is unsatisfactory, because it deals with historical material alter the manner of the journalist. A single illustration of what is meant must suffice. The sum- mary compares Japanese and European feudalism without noting the important difference that in Japan the Samurai collectively were professionals in a much stricter sense than were the knights, that they owned no land, and that the system there did not rest on tenure for military service, while the peasant, who had nothing to do with the military, held his fields direct from the overlord — a fundamental dissimili- tude that rather vitiates the comparison. The chapters devoted to the Constitu- tional period afford a full and on the whole a fair account of the process by which Japan exchanged an antique au- tocracy for the machinery of Western governments. It does not appear from the author's description of the home pol- itics of Japan to-day that parliamentary institutions there are in any adequate degree representative of the will of the people. It is still a country governed, as of old, by men who hold themselves re- sponsible to their clans rather than to the nation, or even to the Emperor in whose name every measure is advocat- ed. The adoption of European laws is regarded as equally abortive because "the code recognizes a European moral- ity which must be impracticable for many years among an Eastern people with Eastern traditions, an Eastern temperament, and an Eastern faith; and it embodies ideals for which po- litical parties with conscientious scru- ples have fought for long but never yet attained. It may be regarded as pre- scient rather than practical, but nothing could indicate more distinctly the dif- ficulties which Japan has undertaken to surmount in order that she may pre- serve her position in an altered age." From history and politics the author passes in turn to the question of Asiat- ic immigration and the attitude of America and the British colonies to- wards the Japanese. He does not be- lieve that white men are the victims of blind folly or race prejudice in opposing Oriental labor. "They are merely as- serting the principle which has gov- erned nations from time immemorial, a principle which decrees that the peo- ples of the earth who have lagged be- hind in the scheme of civilization shall pay the penalty of their tardiness. If the Oriental races wish to override that principle, they can only achieve their object by force of conquest. If they choose this, the only means of attaining their object, will they find the white man prepared to meet them?" The prop- osition is at least frankly presented; the only solution suggested, until the struggle comes, is rapid white coloniza- tion. As a whole, the book, though pro- lix and venturing upon too many topics, is one of sufficient study and discern- ment to deserve a place among the best upon modern Japan. CURRENT FICTION. The Joy of Youth. By Eden Phillpotts. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. In "Widecombe Fair," we have been told, Mr. Phillpotts deliberately and defi- nitely concluded his series of Dartmoor tales, intending to busy himself in the future with a very different sort of work. Different this story is, in setting and detail, but not, we find ourselves gratefully noting, in its human sub- stance. We are unable to agree with his latest American publisher (oddly enough, he has had half a dozen of them thus far) that "in this new vein Mr. Phillpotts can hardly fail to attract a wider circle of readers." Such element of novelty as it has, unless its character of timeliness makes it carry, is not of a sort to tempt the palate of the general. As usual with Mr. Phillpotts, the scene opens with a meeting between the hero and heroine. This time, to be sure, they meet not on some high tor or by some painted wood of Dartmoor, but in the cast-room of the British Museum. The background is as carefully arranged, and as important, in one instance as in the other; only here it embodies the majesty of Art as the more familiar set- ting embodied the majesty of Nature. The hero is, in fact, a young artist, a painter, paradoxically modern, who adores the Greeks and boasts himself one of them, and for the rest swears by Nietzsche and Schopenhauer. Scion of an English county family, and very rich, he has chosen Florence as his home, and merely happens upon the British Mu- seum and the heroine during one of his flying visits to England. There, provi- dentially, he "collides heavily" with that young lady; and talk ensues. They have not met, but have common ac- quaintance; indeed, she is betrothed to a man of his own county. She has an affection for that man, but there is young blood and new blood in her veins, while he is a reactionary, a Briton of the old school. That, at least, he is in feeling if not in act; the fox-hunting, for-God-and-country squire of old would never have permitted his lady such pre- nuptial freedom as Sir Ralegh Vane yields to his Loveday. But if the god- like young painter is to carry her off, Sir Ralegh himself is to be consoled with a mate of his own kind. Meanwhile, the story. Loveday pro- cures leave of absence, and wanders and worships in Italy, under chaperonage, with Bertram the painter. She is very beautiful, and he cherishes a dream of getting her to pose as Venus in his half- finished masterpiece. When he finally suggests it, she is affronted, but, pres- ently discovering, on the eve of parting, that she loves him, she offers herself for his model, as the greatest service she can do him. He thereupon discovers that he loves her, and therefore cannot permit her to be Venus for his brush — pretty matter for a lover's quarrel, of which, with the aid of Sir Ralegh, the end is comfortably in sight. This narrative is adorned with a great many pages of brilliant talk about "Ruler-Art," which may be enjoyed for their own sake by the few who know enough to enjoy them. In human sub- stance, as we have hinted, the narrative is very much like Mr. Phillpotts of Dart- moor. Loveday, in her healthy inno- cence and beauty, is sister to his hero- ines of moor and tor; Bertram might, but for his education and special bent, be one of those forthright, independent shepherds and crofters of old acquaint- ance. Above all, these people have a frankness of speech and a directness of action which belong to a world, we sus- pect, purely Phillpottsian. A Narrow Way. By Mary Findlater. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. It is an odd fact that while slow-wit- ted people are often lovable, slow books very seldom are. Perhaps the reason is that when one finds a book dull one gen- erally throws it aside before one has had time to grow fond of it, while in the matter of people one cannot be so reck- less. Here, at any rate, is a novel which, while not brilliant and hardly even in- teresting, is sure to make a pleasant im- pression if one will give it a chance. The heroine in particular engages one's af- fections. She has been brought up by the strictest of maiden aunts in the nar- rowest of suburban worlds, but, unlike most modern heroines in such circum- stances, she is neither melancholy nor rebellious. Her high spirits and warm affections outlast a childhood in which running is a misdemeanor, and going out when there are clouds in the sky a hazardous undertaking. Though not, so far as appears, as clever as we are told she is, she has a quick intelligence and a happy faculty for deriving amusement even from the most annoying circum- stances. It is Kitty alone that gives life to the book. (One wonders, by the way, wheth- er the prototype of Kitty is not really the "old lady" to whom the very charm- ing dedicatory poem is written.) The hero is not nice enough for her, and one cannot help feeling — though the thought seems not to occur to the writer — that he is rather selfish, under the circum- stances, to snatch her up. Such is our

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L36 T li e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2523 faith in Kitty's talent for happiness, however, that when the marrii finally brought to pass it is not for her we are sorry, but for the merely hypo- thetical young wooer who should have appeared to claim her. The Desired Woman. By Will N. llar- ben. New York: Harper & Bros. Whatever qualities Mr. Harben's work may lack, it is at least as indige- nous to America as "The Old Home- stead" or " Way Down East." And it has not a little of that engaging crudity which helped to win those stage classics their enormous public. The style con- forms to the best rural usage, hesitat- ing between broad vernacular and the stilted and "elegant" speech which is supposed to belong to town culture. The hero and the villain are Atlanta men, and partners in the conduct of a bank. The Desired Woman is a moun- tain girl of supernal beauty and amaz- ing power of mind. The villain wins her heart, but casts her aside in order to make a rich marriage. The hero, who has long loved the girl in secret, re- sents this treatment of her, but appar- ently it does not occur to him to break partnership with the wicked one. He merely devotes his life to serving his adored at a distance, asking nothing. The villain has a suitably unhappy time of it in wedlock, but he is finally releas- ed by the death of his wife and child; whereupon the self-effacing hero fancies it is all over with his hopes: "Oh, God, is It actually to be?" he groan- ed inwardly. "Ought it to be? Here am I, eager to gratify her every wish, while he can give her only the dry, crushed re- mains of his manhood, a bare scrap of his past affluence. He scorned the sweetest flower of womanhood that ever bloomed, and now crawls through his own mire to pluck it!" RELATIONS WITH MEXICO. The United States and Mexico, 1821- 1848. By George Lockhart Rives. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 2 vols. $8 net. The history of our Southwest is close- ly connected with that of Mexico. It is, however, usually found incorporated in the general history of the nation or grafted on the history of Texas. It is Mr. Rives's purpose to rescue it from such an environment and to make it a continuous and self-centred narrative. In his second volume he gives us a com- prehensive history of the Mexican war, and in the first he treats with equal de- tail the story of the events which led up to that war. It is not a part of his plan to give merely the leading but there is care to tell all that seems essential to the correct understanding of the narrative. The scope of the first volume is seen from the fact that one chapter treats of the Florida treaty of 1819, another of the Mexican revolution against Spain, two of the characteris- tics of the Mexicans, another of north- ern Mexico, another of the settlement of Texas, while another, on Mexican politics, brings the reader to the be- ginning of the quarrel which resulted in Texan independence. To that strug- gle five chapters are given, Texan an- nexation and its diplomatic relations with the United States and Mexico are treated in six chapters, and the politi- cal phase of annexation gets five chap- ters. Probably the first thing that impress- es the reader when he takes up the book is the absence of that partisan tone which formerly made a treatment of this period either an anti-slavery or a pro-slavery argument. It is a pleasant surprise to find at last that we are deal- ing with a national movement, like other notable extensions of our frontier. Mr. Rives willingly admits that the South wished to extend the area of slavery, but he does not make that the occa- sion of arousing the resentment of the reader. His detachment is, no doubt, most unaccountable to certain older writers, but the modern student who believes that the sectional ebullition was a temporary though violent phase of our history will not be disappointed. Such a student may well ask that slav- ery be placed somewhat in the back- ground so that he may see some of the other things which made up the history of the day. Mr. Rives has written a scholarly and readable book. He has used the sources, manuscript and printed, with care and discrimination. He seems to have over- looked no important material. He has drawn from works in Spanish and French languages as freely as from English books. He has included many pertinent quotations. His characteriza- tions of men and parties are vivid, yet judicial. The footnotes, bibliography, and index are excellent, and there are good maps. A particularly commendable feature of the book is the full appreciation it shows of the point of view of the Mexi- cans. These people, we are reminded, are either full-blooded Spaniards, full- blooded Indians, or persons born of a union of the two stocks. They are high- spirited by inheritance. They do not employ reason when it is a question of ing their national integrity. They consider their civilization the old- est and best in the Western Hemi- Bphere, and they are not willing to ac- cept the prevalent American feeling that they are inferiors in either courage or ideals. If we would understai told with con < .vc must be able to take hla point of view. It may be added that from the time when John Quincy attempted to purchase Texas for a mere song to the beginning of the Mexican War our attitude was just that which would most irritate the Mexicans. Stu- dents of existing problems may find in the perusal of these pages some useful suggestions on a present vexing pro- blem. Mr. Rives has not hitherto appeared before the public as a writer of history. He is described as a busy man of af- fairs who has never written a doctor's thesis, although he has long been a trustee of Columbia University. It is undoubtedly a pleasant thing to have a good history on the old lines, one in which human interest is not slighted, and in which the political and military affairs of the actors of history are held to be as important as the wheat supply. It is also a wholesome thing that we « have another good historical writer who is not at the same time a teacher of history. This can be said without reflection on the teachers. They have done a vast deal to advance the cause of sound history. Their burrowings have been remarkable, their insistence on method has been invaluable, and they have made excellent collections of sources. Most of their efforts have been without specific monetary reward, or the hope of it. But the teacher may be a very bad writer of history. The pedagogical temperament is frequently the opposite of the writer's tempera- ment. It may stand for attention to de- tail, for evenness of emphasis, whereas the good writer must have power of synthetic arrangement and great facil- ity of expression. Thus it has turned out that while we have had some ex- cellent writers among the teachers, we have had many who made historical lit- erature a dull and lifeless waste. Along with the rise of the new school came the tendency to push into the back- ground the older type of historian. He who was not a professor dared not do more than prepare a memoir, or write popular narratives in some of the more realistic fields. Some eminent excep- tions have occurred, as Mr. Rhodes and Mr. H. C. Lea. It is encouraging to see another effort like theirs. It is the opin- ion of the reviewer, though himself en- gaged in college teaching, that Ameri- can historical literature would be en- riched if we had more historians whose principal business was not history tea' ing. They would be men who could de- vote all their energies to the interpreta- tion of the facts collected by the diligent university investigators. Football for Public emd Player. By Her- berl i'''d ("Right Wing"). New York: Frederick A, stokes Co. $1.60 net. Many prison:; think of football "iilv as a spectacle attracting thousands, as the gladiatorial gamea attracted the

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Nov. 6, 1913] The 1ST a t i o n 4,37 multitude in the Roman Empire. To others football is merely an expression of the vitality of youth and a manifes- tation of college spirit. Only a few 1 tine nature of football preparation and play and the ethical r its training. This volume, writ- ten by an enthusiastic believer in the game, one who has had experience as player, student of the game, and sport- ing writer, emphasizes these more im- I aspects. Though written both for public and for player, the book is neither a detailed and technical description of the fundamentals of the game nor a picturesque recital of the more dramatic (laments. It assumes that the reader has a knowledge of rudiments and rules and that he desires to know something about the finer points of in- dividual technique, of team play, sys- tem, and generalship. After reading the book the ordinary spectator will find his icnt of the game increased many fold; the lover of the game will be im- pressed with the enthusiasm, wide know- ledge, and excellent judgment of the author. An introductory chapter contrasts the English and American games of foot- ball, showing the suitability of the lat- ter to American climate and tempera- ment. This is followed by a very in- teresting, though somewhat overdrawn, parallel between football and warfare, in which the author compares line play to infantry, wide running to cavalry, and the kicking and passing game to artillery. The general similarity of the strategy and tactics of football and of warfare is pointed out, the use of the kicking or passing game as a "demoral- izer," followed by the concentration of the greatest number of men upon the weakest point of the enemy when the time for "shock action" arrives, being a standard form of football generalship. The greater part of the volume deals with football from the coach's stand- point, few persons having a wider ac- quaintance among football experts or a more comprehensive knowledge of lead- ing styles of play than the author. The relation of captain and coach, the value of the trainer, the principles underlying the selection of material for the various positions, and the standard formations of attack and defence are considered in order. Numerous diagrams illustrate the formations and shifts used by lead- ing teams, and more than a dozen ex- cellent photographs of actual games bring out features of both individual play and concerted* team work. Perhaps the most interesting section of the book deals with the basic princi- ples of generalship. The author divides the field of play into zones, taking into consideration the wind, and the distance of the ball from goal lines and from side lines, and outlines the general style of play that is most valuable and most objectionable in each zone. The author is a firm believer in the "loose ball" game, and for a team equipped with a good punter no fault with his general policy can be found, save that in football as in warfare the best strategist some- times does the least expected thing, and success or failure rather than sound theory is occasionally the best test of generalship. In a chapter intended for the ordinary spectator the author notes the mistaken policy of choosing seats near the side lines rather than high in the stands, and of watching the game as a whole rather than the work of individuals, of the line as a unit, or of the backfield as a team in interference. The ability to dissect the play of a team and to discover its elements of strength and weakness is most difficult for the ordinary spectator to acquire, but adds much to an intelli- gent appreciation of the game. A brief and convenient summary of the penal- ties that may be imposed is included in this chapter. A number of broad generalizations are made concerning types of teams. The author notices that Western teams emphasize the ofience and Eastern teams the defence, that the former are more radical and the latter more conserva- tive in adopting innovations, and that the former depend much upon trick plays, the latter rather upon sound the- ory. Yale teams are characterized by "power and resource," Harvard by "brilliance," Princeton by "speed," and Pennsylvania by "variety." Yale is usually superior in line play, Harvard has better backfields, and Princeton ex- cels in following the ball. The Army and Navy are well drilled, but erratic in execution, and the Carlisle Indians are noted for the variety of their attack, while seldom having a well-rounded team. Among the smaller colleges Trin- ity is mentioned as having the most dis- tinctive system. The author notes, however, the general tendency towards standardization of play, and believes that the differences in the various sys- tems of play are disappearing. A brief chapter discusses genius in football, giving numerous examples of remarkable individual feats. Along this line Princeton has contributed more than her due share. The closing chap- ter considers the ethics of the game, commenting on the recent improved spir- it of sportsmanship and of courtesy be- tween contending teams and on the more satisfactory relations between athletics and scholarship. In physical makeup the book may be criticised for its too frequent typographical errors and for its lack of an index. "Touchdown" at the bottom of page 119 should obviously read "touchback." The Poem Book of the Gael: Transla- tions from Irish Gaelic Poetry into English Prose and Verse. Selected and edited by Eleanor Hull. Chicago: Browne & Howell Co. The appearance of a new Irish an- thology at once raises in the mind the query whether there is room for anoth- er such publication. With respect to Anglo-Irish verse, that is, to the Eng- lish poetry written in Ireland, the an- swer might perhaps be in the negative. For many collections of Irish-English poetry have long been in circulation, and there exist two excellent antholo- gies of recent date, Brooke and Rol- leston's "Treasury of Irish Poetry" and "The Dublin Book of Irish Verse." But with the Gaelic poetry of Ireland the situation is different. While some mod- ern songs have long been popular in English versions, very little has yet been done towards compiling represen- tative collections from the whole poetic literature, whether in the original Gael- ic or in translation. Moreover, new pieces of value and interest are constant- ly brought to light by scholars, and the whole work of selection and trans- lation will have to be done over re- peatedly for many years to come. Irish prose, thanks partly to Miss Hull her- self, and in still larger measure to such translators as O'Grady and Stokes and Lady Gregory, is already well known to English readers. Some acquaintance with the great popular hero-tales of mediaeval Ireland has come to be a part of general literary education. But the Gaelic verse, which is still only im- perfectly known to the specialist, is far harder than the prose to present to a foreign public. Apart from the univer- sal and inevitable difficulty of translat- ing poetry, the Irish metres are so elab- orate, and the language is so different from English in form and syntax, that the interpreter is at a special disadvan- tage. Every skilful and intelligent at- tempt, therefore, to make this body of literature better known and understood should be heartily welcomed. The books with which it is most nat- ural to compare Miss Hull's are Dr. Sigerson's "Bards of the Gael and the Gall," published in a revised edition in 1907, and Prof. Kuno Meyer's "Ancient Irish Poetry," published in 1911 her work differs in important particu- lars from each of these collections. Dr. Meyer's volume deals only with the old- er poetry, which it presents in closely faithful, though thoroughly idiomatic, prose translations. Dr. Sigerson includes selections from Gaelic poetry of all pe- riods, translated by the author with much skill in imitation of the rhyme and metre of the original. Miss I lull's collection resembles Dr. Sigerson's in its range, but is rather more extensive and includes, in particular, a number of modern Irish pieces only recently made Ible. In her translations t'

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4:8H The Kiiiion [Vol. 97, No. 2523 tor follows no single method. Some- times she uses metrical versions made by others, and among these are a num- ber of good ones that have been hith- erto unpublished. Often she makes her own rendering, either in verse or more literally in prose. It happens, conse- quently, that independent versions ot some of the best poems are found in all three of the collections named, and it is often interesting and illuminating to compare them. Not because of essen- tial differences in interpretation, for the day is now past when reputable translators from Irish indulge in wild guess-work, but because the varying versions may show the English reader exactly what the problems of the trans- lator have been. In general, the metri- cal renderings are more successful in the ease of the modern pieces, the rhythm of which is closer to English, than in the case of the ancient poems with their strictness of form and parsi- mony of words. But the effort to achieve the almost impossible is always tempt- ing, and probably few students have ever read the Old Irish jeu d'esprit on the scholar and his white cat without trying to get it into English verse. Per- haps no one has succeeded better at this particular task than Mr. Robin Flower, whose version appears on page 132 of Miss Hull's book; but he has fallen far short of the neatness of the original. A number of the other verse translations from early classical metres are more successful, and one of the most notably effective is Miss Hull's own rendering of the remarkable "Song of the Old Woman of Beare" (p. 147). Of some importance from another point of view is Miss Hull's opening selection, a translation of long portions of the "Saltair na Rann." This is a difficult old Irish poem of the tenth century, and her version, the first pub- lished translation of any considerable part of the poem, deserves favorable recognition as a specimen eruditionis. The place of the "Saltair" in Irish lit- erary history is also important, but we should not say that its intrinsic excel- lence would entitle it to stand in a se- lected list of poems of permanent and universal interest. The same remark would apply to a number of the little prayers and incantations — interesting specimens of popular verse — included among the selections from Modern Irish. But Miss Hull doubtless did not mean to compile a strict sort of an- thology on the model of Palgrave's "Golden Treasury." That engaging task is still left for somebody else to perform, and her collection will be of great help to the person who under- takes it. Miss Hull's introduction does not at- tempt any historical survey, but com- ments with intelligence and sympathy on some of the characteristic features of Irish poetry. She speaks of its elab- oration of form, which gives evidence of long and systematic cultivation of the art, and also of the range and re- finement of the sentiments it expresses. And she insists particularly, we are glad to note, on the joyousness of much ot the early poetry — "more robust in the pagan, gentler and more reflective in the Christian," production. Her obser- vations on this subject, it is to be hop- ed, may help correct prevailing miscon- ceptions as to "Celtic melancholy." English Local Government: The Story of the King's Highway. By Sidney and Beatrice Webb. Xew York: Long- mans, Green, & Co. $2.50 net. The output of what is sometimes call- ed "the Webb laboratory" continues to maintain its accustomed standard of ex- cellence, even though Mr. and Mrs. Webb and their secretarial staff pursue their investigations somewhat after the man- ner of a tariff board drafting a report on the wool schedule. All these vol- umes on English local government have the earmarks of an official statement made to order with a proper background of historical investigation and a very unmistakable group of recommendations for improvement. In fact, we believe that Mr. and Mrs. Webb would frankly accept such characterization as true to their intention, and would agree that they deal with the past chiefly to show the need of reform in the present and to strengthen their argument as to the way such reform should be effected. There is no essential difference between the minority report of the Poor Law Commission, drawn up a few years ago ly the Webbs and issued in a style uni- form with the local government series, and the other volumes of that series, which deal with county, borough, manor, and parish. All are in the fashion of Parliamentary blue books, though the product of private enterprise and sup- ported by ample private means. In a series of studies, at once so com- prehensive and inclusive, by-products are inevitable. One of the most nota- ble of such by-products is that which forms the subject of the volume here under review: the King's Highway. To the Webbs its story seemed worth the telling as a study in administration. Therefore, before proceeding with the original plan of continuing their treat- ment of the structure of local govern- ment with a description of the various statutory local government bodies, which will form a third treatise supple- mentary to the "Parish and the County" (1906) and the "Manor and the Bor- ough" (1908), they have issued in a single volume of more than 250 pages a history of road administration in Eng- land, and are to follow it up with a re- \ ised bibliography of roadmaking and maintenance which will include no few- « r than 6,000 items. To be attracted by the subject of this volume the reader need have little in- terest in the "problems" of the present or concern for the reformation of local methods of control, such as is sought for by the writers of all these volumes. He will find the novelties of the subject a sufficient inducement to peruse the work. The story begins with earliest times, though conditions before the six- teenth century are dealt with very briefly in a single chapter, and covers the days when roads were used only for foot service, of men and animals; continuing through the days of horse- drawn vehicles to the last half-cen- tury of bicycles, tricycles, motor- cycles, motor cars, and motor omni- buses, which are revolutionizing the whole method of road construction and control in the United Kingdom and Ire- land. The bulk of the volume is taken up with the story of the turnpikes and the turnpike Trusts, the glorious era of the stage coach, the "calamity" of the railways, the work of "Pontifex Maximus" Telford and "the magician," Macadam, and the extraordinarily fu- tile efforts of nineteenth-century states- men to grapple successfully with a problem that was construed as a local matter at a time when increased govern- mental control had already become a tecessity. The latest road-using vehicle, the motor omnibus, which is proving terribly destructive, not only to life and limb, but also to the road surfaces, is introducing a factor of tremendous im- portance to those concerned in the up- keep of the roads. Though England has to-day a larger mileage of dustless roads than any other country, and is spending for the United Kingdom nearly eighteen million pounds a year on the administra- tion of highways, a sum apparently far in excess of the total road expenditure of any other country, yet the standard of maintenance is rising, and the de- mand for the future of a road that shall be a "solid, coherent, waterproof, con- vex-surfaced, decently side and subsoil drained mass, secured against elemental disturbances under suitably proportion- ed working heads," is raising a serious financial problem. To the solution of this problem the last chapters of this volume are an important and suggestive contribution, and they cannot but be of interest to every American reader whose pleasure or business it is to travel on the King's Highway, or who is called upon to face similar road conditions in his own country. The Problem 0/ Evil in Plotinus. By B. A. G. Fuller. New York: G. P. I 'ut nam's Sons. $2.25 net. It is to be feared that the title of this book, to most of those whose eyes fall upon it, will suggest a work of highly specialized learning applied to highly abstract speculations. Those who for

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Nov. 6, 191 3 J The ISTation 4:39 this reason pass the volume by will over- j look an excellent piece of literature deal- ing with the most poignant and human of philosophical questions and one of tip most profound and human of philoso- probli in of evil, in the most gen- eral sense, is the heart of the religious problem; since religion is that part of human life which stands at the point where men's judgments concerning what is good, and their judgments concerning what is real, meet and press for final and practical adjustment. The question, therefore, is the one among the topics of philosophy which has, perhaps, play- ed the greatest role in untechnical re- flective literature. It is the theme of the three most typical and influential of English religious poems — one repre- senting the Puritanism of the seven- teenth century, another the Deism of the eighteenth, and the third, "In Me- moriam," a phase of latitudinarian An- glicanism of the nineteenth. The reasonings which enter into much modern reflection on this theme, as well as into such mediaeval dealings with it as are exemplified in some notable pas- sages of the "Divina Commedia," can be clearly traced back to those ideas of the Platonism of later antiquity which owe their fullest and most coherent ex- pression to Plotinus. The connection between the thought of the ancient phi- losopher and the arguments of eigh- teenth century optimism, illustrated in the second of the English poems men- tioned, is peculiarly close. If Pope learned the theodicy versified in the "Essay on Man" from Bolingbroke, Bo- lingbroke in turn evidently "conveyed" it from Archbishop King; and King, for the most part, merely transmitted the assumptions and arguments which had come down through the schoolmen from neo-Platonic sources. The favorite no- tion of the Enlightenment that the "best of possible worlds" must abound in all possible grades and diversities of being —and therefore all possible degrees of imperfection — was precisely the cardinal principle of the emanationism of Plo- tinus. But this notion yielded, so to say, diverse by-products, which had nothing directly to do with the problem of evil. It had, for example, a distinctly "ro- mantic" tendency, quite out of keeping with the usual assumption of eighteenth- century rationalism, that all life, all art, and all institutions should be made to conform each to a single "standard- ized" model of excellence. There was, again, an odd incongruity between this assumption of Deistic theology, and the assumption of much eighteenth-century political theory, that the best of possible societies would be one in which all the members were equal — and as much alike as possible. So wide-reaching are the historic bear- ings of the theodicy of Plotinus, of which Mr. Fuller has given us the first thoroughly satisfactory presentation in English. His book, however, is by no means of a purely historical interest. He deals also, penetratingly and honest- ly, with the great problem itself; and, like many of the most serious of con- temporary writers on the philosophy of religion, arrives at a species of dualism as his conclusion. Notes The tenth volume of "The Cambridge His- tory of English Literature," entitled "The Age of Johnson," is about to appear from the Putnam press. The same house has in hand for this season: An illustrated edition of Thomas Hardy's "Under the Greenwood Tree"; "Ethics and Modern Thought: A Theory of Their Relations," being the addresses which were recently delivered by Rudolph Eucken at New York University; "The Book of the Dead: The Papyrus of Ani," a reproduc- tion in facsimile, edited, with hieroglyphic transcript, translation, and introduction, by E. A. Wallis Budge, keeper of the Egyp- tian and Assyrian antiquities in the Brit- ish Museum ; "England Since Waterloo," by J. A. R. Marriott, the concluding volume of "The History of England," edited by Charles Oman; "Old Court Life in Spain," by Frances Elliot; "My Path," a volume of memoirs by Lilli Lehmann, and Byron's "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage," edited by A. Hamilton Thompson, the last a Cam- bridge University Press book. "The Colonizing Activities of the Eng- lish Puritans" is the title of a book by Arthur Percival Newton, which is an nounced by the Yale University Press. The work has an introduction by Prof. Charles M. Andrews. Prof. Eduard Prokosch will bring out, through Holt, a "Lese- und Uebungsbuch." George W. Jacobs & Company have in preparation a "Life of Raphael Semmes," by Colyer Meriwether, and "Hunting in the Upper Yukon," by Thomas Martindale. Mr. Reginald Wright Kauffman has com- pleted a new novel of New York life, call- ed "The Spider's Web." It will be brought out by Moffat, Yard & Company. Smith & Elder are issuing this week the full account of the British Antarctic ex- ploration, under the title "Scott's Last Ex- pedition." The work is in two volumes, the first to contain the journals of Capt. Scott, the second the scientific investigations un- dertaken by Dr. Wilson and others of the party. This material has been arranged by Mr. Leonard Huxley, and there is a preface by Sir Clements Markham. Prof. I. Gollancz has edited for the Oxford University Press "Patience, an Alliterative Paraphrase of 'Jonah' by the Poet of the 'Pearl.' " It is the first instalment of a series of Select Early English Poems of which Professor Gollancz is the editor. The next four numbers of the series will be "The Parliament of the Three Ages," "Win- ner and Waster," "Death and Life," and "Scottish Field." In each instance there will be a facsimile of the manuscript. "Castelvetro's Theory of Poetry," by H. B. Charlton, is announced by the Manchester University Press. The Geographical Journal for October contains an instructive account of the American Transcontinental Excursion of 1912 organized to celebrate the sixtieth an- niversary of the foundation of the Ameri- can Geographical Society of New York. Mr. G. G. Chisholm deals with the economic aspects of the excursion. Mr. H. O. Beckit, of Oxford, describes some of our national parks, and Mr. A. G. Ogilvie gives his impressions of the vegetation of the United States. A fairly realistic idea of the geography of our country is gained from them. There is also given Prof. H. X. Dickson's presidential address to the Geographical Section of the British Asso- ciation, in which he discusses the urgent problem of "finding suitable accommoda- tion" for the increasing population of the world. He believes that there will be an increase of the growth of immense seaports like London and New York, while the geo- graphical causes for the establishment and maintenance of other great cities are stead- ily diminishing. Since we are making se- rious inroads on our resources, he holds that w-e should address ourselves to a stock- taking of them and suggests the formation of a committee jointly by the great national geographical societies for collecting the necessary information. The relation of Rumania to the Balkan question is shown by Mr. Frederick Moore in the National QeograpMc Marjaeine for October. Although the existence of a secret treaty with Germany and Austria is doubt- ful, he says that Rumania is recognized as a "silent partner" of those countries. It has a remarkable prosperity, its rich soil ranking it among the great grain-growing countries of the world. Mr. George Ken- nan graphically describes his unusual ex- periences during a journey in the Cau- casus. In its nearly twelve million people there are forty-six different nationalities, and the language "changed every ten or fif- teen miles." He found a remarkable simi- larity of some of the mountain villages with an Arizona Indian pueblo, illustra- tions of both of which are given, and their folklore is strangely alike. The mysterious life of the common eel is the subject of an interesting article by Fish Commissioner Hugh M. Smith, and the wonderful success of the anti-typhoid vaccination in our army is described by Mr. A. G. Grinnell. There was not a single case of typhoid fever In the first nine months of the present year. We may record here the appearance of two more volumes in Macmillan's Fiction Library: Pierre Loti's "Disenchanted" and Mrs. Humphry Ward's "History of David- Grieve. " A collection of jests and funny anec- dotes, suitable for the after-dinner speak- er, has been made by Thomas L. Masson and published by Doubleday, Page & Co. Mr. Masson's connection with Life ought to make him a good judge in this sort of thing. The scholarly monographs and notes of the late Prof. Frank Egbert Bryant, of the University of Kansas, have been put to- gether in a memorial volume entitled "A History of English Balladry and Other Studies" (Badger). Everything contained in it has been printed elsewhere except

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I !() The Nation | Vol. 97, No. 2523 ay which glveH its name to the ii)l- 1,. 1 urn This is a careful examination of 1 in- comparal tvelj te'w popular ballads that come down to us from a period before the seventeenth century, and of many metrical compos! In on tj or anol ner resemble ballads, but arc not. Owing in part to the absence of convenient sum- ma) I and in part to the lack of an definition of the literary form under dis- cussion, the essay leaves on the mind of the reader, in spite of Interesting glimpses of the conditions surrounding the produc- tion of popular literature in England, a strong sense of agitation rather than ad- Much of this impression is doubt- less due tu the confessedly unfinished state ol the authors manuscript. Probably he is more adequately represented by the only other Jin per ol considerable length, a sharp criticism of (lie psychology of descriptive writing as formulated in Lessing's "Lao- eoon." The remaining notes serve chiefly to complete the record. Opinions may con- ceivably differ about the perfect good taste of the introduction, but there can be no question that no honor was done to the memory of a conscientious scholar by neg- lecting to correct in proof the quotations in Early English. Failing to find in the Oxford Dictionary not only such "well-known words" as "Af- ricander," "Africanderism,"and "Africander- dom," but even "African," the Rev. Charles Pettman, a resident of the Cape for nearly forty years, has come forward to supply the lack a hundredfold. His bulky vol- ume, "Africanderisms : A Glossary of South African Colloquial Words and Phrases and of Place and Other Names" (Longmans, Green), is full of interest for the philologian, while the American layman with an le inine b!i e comments rj on Judge In 1 lie

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Nov. 6, 1913] Tlie Nation 441 International Critical Commentary with the nine pages on that book In this volume, or I wily essay on Sacrifice in the Bncyclopedla Blblica with his treatment of1, the same subject in the chapters on the I tich, to marvel at the success with j which he has held himself in curb. It will be difficult for any one to prepare a better popular manual of introduction to the Old ncnt. The career of John Paul Jones offers an Inviting subject to the biographer be- an Important bearing on Amer- ican history and because it deals with n tive personality. In the first [ones was the founder of the tradi- tion of a brave and successful American naval officer. What Nelson was to British naval men and Jean Bart to the French- men, he was to those who serve our own country at sea. He entered the navy in a crowd of incompetents, men whose sea experience was derived from the merchant of the maritime colonies, and wh< had little understanding of the dash and itlng courage necessary to make a greet fighter. Above such men he was lift- ed by his impetuous will, his disdain of in- trigue, and his insatiable thirst for glory. His was a figure around which romance naturally gathers. On the one hand, his written life presents an excellent picture of the shortcomings of those who launched our Revolution, and it shows us the many difficulties with which the naval branch of the Government was surrounded. On the other, it is a picture of wonderful achievement, a picture which the man of average taste and purpose will ever like to see. How popular it is may be under- stood from the fact that the latest biog- raphy ("The Sailor Whom England Feared," by M. MacDermott Crawford; Duffield & Co.) is the fourteenth that has appeared since the death of Jones, to say nothing of several novels whose theme he has been, among them romances by James Fenimore Cooper and the elder Dumas. If one demands a life of Jones in the best sense, he will be disappointed in the book under review. It lacks historical per- spective, it confines itself to the deeds of its hero, it is not critical in even a slight degree, it does not rest upon research, and, in short, its historical significance is small. It is filled with overstatement and contains some misstatements. For exam- ple, Benjamin Franklin is characterized as "the heavy-jawed old Quaker" (p. 97). The phrase is erroneous as well as offensive; Franklin was not a Quaker. In another place we read: "The navy was controlled by the gentlemen from Massachusetts, and John Quincy Adams, its virtual dictator, filled the desirable posts with those who had the luck to please him, without the slightest reference to their fitness" (p. 65). John Quincy Adams was nine years old when the Revolution began. That John Adams did not appreciate Jones may well ' be true, but he assuredly thought he was acting for the best interest of the service in seeking to advance sea-captains from his own State. As a personal biography, Mr. Crawford's book has a better standing. It contains energy, motion, and imagination. The language is simple and direct. The formal arrangement of the parts is nat- ural, and although the Irrelevant matter is sometimes in bad taste, it is not abundant. There is a deal of human action in the book, and wicked men and beautiful women all play important parts. It is a readable one-volume biography and gives one the flavor of Jones's remarkable life of ad- venture. For those who do not wish to read the longer work of Mrs. de Koven, re- viewed in the Nation July 17, 1913, it will prove an entertaining book. "Rival French Courts" (Macmillan) is the somewhat ambiguous title under which S. H. Lombardinl has written a readable and well-informed account of the experiences of Madame de Staal Delaunay at Sceaux, at Versailles, and in the Bastille. Mademoiselle Delaunay's youth, in a convent and then in the family of the Marquis de Silly, was full of joy and love; by her grace and wit she was the acknowledged queen of a small circle of admirers. But towards the close of Louis XIV's reign fate placed her as a lady-in-waiting to the eccentric Duchess of Maine. This capricious duchess, daughter of a still more capricious father, was by birth a Conde, and, having married one of Louis XIV's recognized bastards, nour- ished hoties of becoming Queen of France after Louis XIV's death. Meanwhile, before that event had taken place, she dared to shake off the oppressive yoke of Versailles and seek pleasure in her own way as queen of a topsy-turvy rival court, with preten- sions to wit and literature, at Sceaux. In 1718 she involved herself and all her house- hold, including Mile. Delaunay, in the fa- mous Cellamare, conspiracy, and in conse- quent confinement in the Bastille. Mile. Delaunay's imprisonment lasted eighteen months, but was not without compensations of a romantic sort. After her release she again became lady-in-waiting to the Duch- ess, and was conveniently married to* a Cap- tain in the Duke of Maine's Swiss Guards, named De Staal. Her memoirs, published soon after her death in the middle of the eighteenth century, were much read at the time. They are the outpourings of a clev- er mind and of a sensitive, philosophic soul, with a note of sadness running through them. Sainte-Beuve said they ought "to be re-read at the beginning of each winter, at the end of autumn, beneath the November trees to the sound of the falling foliage." Mr. Lombardini's biography is made up for a considerable part of generous selections from these memoirs and from let- ters which Madame de Staal wrote in 1747. Mr. Edmund Gosse has been appointed an officer of the Legion of Honor in recog- nition of his services to French literature in England. Price Collier died suddenly on the Island of Funen, in the Baltic, where he was a guest at a shooting party. He was born in 1860, and received his early education at Geneva, Switzerland, and later at to versity of Leipzig. In 1882 Harvard gave him the degree of bachelor of divinity. For two years he was European editor of the . and (luring the Spanish-American war was an officer in the navy. His repu- tation as a writer rests mainly on his of various nationalities, his last work, "Germany and the Germans from an American Point of View," having caused considerable 6 Other books from Mr. Picket Pin and his Friends," "America and th from a French Point of View," "A Parish of Two," "England and the English from an American Point of View," and "The West in the East from an American Point of View." Science The Yale University Press will publish a second set of lectures on "Water Con- servation by Storage," by F. H. Newell. Prof. W. A. Noyes is preparing for Holt "A Textbook on Chemistry." The eleventh annual report of the Recla- mation Service presents a brief review of the work accomplished during its ten years' existence under the direction of F. H. New- ell. The fundamental object of the service is the reclamation of arid lands by irri- gation, with the result of providing many homes on small farms; for "with high-grade fruit culture even five acres will support a family, and is regarded as a competence." The number of independent farms now served is about 14,000, and is steadily rising; projects now planned will irrigate an area several times as great as that already util- ized. One of the fallacies shown in ten years of practical experience is that re- clamation is not cheap; the cost of per- manent dams and canals is relatively high; much higher than the temporary works of pioneers. Another early fallacy was that after water is provided in the main canals, no further cost would be called for; as a matter of fact, much work has still to be done in preparing fields for best service from the canals and ditches ; work is also needed in the construction of drains, by which to withdraw the irrigation water and prevent the accumulation of alkali. One of the greatest difficulties is to procure the right kind of farmers for the cultivation of the reclaimed land. The new settlers are not like the early pioneers; they show less spirit of cooperation than the early commu- nities possessed, and the present settlers on irrigated lands are not so capable of adapt- ing themselves to the conditions that they find there as were their less aided prede- cessors. It was expected, when the service was started in 1902, that the farmers them- selves would construct the smaller distribut- ing canals; but experience has shown that this also must be done by the governmental service; thus thousands of small structures, such as gates, flumes, siphons, culverts, and bridges, have been built, as well as enor- mous dams and long main canals. The rigid enforcement of the Eight-Hour law has in- creased the cost of construction ; for when half an hour additional work would com- plete a job, it is stopped at the end of an eight-hour day, because no discretion is left to the employer; and it is then neces- sary to bring a gang of men back again, sometimes over a considerable distance, to finish some minor detail. An Important lira nth of the service is the irrigation of the hinds of Indian reservations, for which several projects are now in The total net cost to June 30, 1912, has been rt present- Other details of in One of the useful volumes in the already large series of Cambridge Manuals of and Literature is Prof. T. B. Wood's "The Story of a Loaf of 1

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4=4=2 T li e N" atio n Vol. 97, No. 2523 (Putnam). Inasmuch as the author has treated the various aspects of the wheat- growing ami manufacturing Industries in 1 somewhat popular though scientific man hit, the book is not without considerable Interest and value to the general reader. For the serious student of agricultural economics or of industrial and mechanical science, however, it contains little that is new. After presenting in the earlier chap- ters a sketch of the growing and market- ing of wheat, Professor Wood proceeds to a discussion of such investigations as are in progress to the end of improving the quality of the cereal, from the standpoints of both the fanner and the miller. In some respects, this is the most interesting and Important part of the volume, for it in- cludes a treatment of such matters as se- lection and hybridization, on the one hand, and of impurities in the grain and percent- age of water in the kernel, on the other. Then follow short chapters on the milling industry, baking, the chemical composi- tion of bread, and its food value. A classi- fied bibliography is appended containing not only the main sources which have been drawn upon in the preparation of the vol- ume, but also the best literature for the interested reader to consult whenever fur- ther information is desired. Drama A new book promised shortly by Mac- millan is "John Millington Synge and the Irish Theatre," by Maurice Bourgeois. A volume of two plays by Brieux, "Blan- chette" and "The Escape," will be issued by John W. Luce & Company, with a trans- lation by Frederick Eisemann. "Tante," the play which the English dra- matist, C. Haddon Chambers, has built upon the foundation of Anne Douglas Sedgwick's novel of the same name, and which has just been produced in the Empire Theatre, is one of the best light comedies presented in this neighborhood for a considerable time. Dramatically it is not very strong, for it is deficient in action, and the climactic scene arises from conditions which are barely credible, but it is full of exceptionally good character drawing and is uncommonly rich in witty and satirical dialogue. Erom first to last, it is consistently amusing. Unlike most pieces of a similarly humorous char- aeter, it has a definite purpose — to which it adheres steadily and effectively — the ridicule of the so-called "artistic tempera- ment," the contemptible meanness, vanity, and envy which too often underlie it, and the essential hollowness of most of its pre- tences. The heroine, known as Tante to her intimate circle of sycophants, is a bril- liant, pianist, whom incessant adulation has converted into a creature of utter insincer- ity and selfishness. Her most affectionate demonstrations are heartless poses, design- ed to extort admiration. She lias adopted a ward — for her own gratification — upon whom she lavishes endearments, but when the girl — who is her devoted slave — wins the love of a man who is too clever to be im- posed upon and too honest to flatter, she agrees to their marriage, with the deliber- ate intent of separating them afterwards. In this she succeeds temporarily by an in- sidious appeal to the young wife's grati- tudi which is supposed to be stronger this is the weak spot In the plot — than her love lor her husband. Mill in her moment of apparent triumph her jealousy Impels her to reveal herself in her true colors, and the reconciliation of her victims naturally follows. The moral of the piece is id in the ultimate exposure and de- feat of Tante by the two persons, the young husband and an old female companion, who never accepted her at her own valuation, or paid the least attention to her tantrums. There is some degree of legitimate exag- geration in the piece, but the spirit of it — for which a liberal amount of credit, of course, must be allotted to the original au- thor— is thoroughly sane and wholesome, especially in these days of artificially manufactured reputations. Ethel Barry- more, an attractive actress of limited ca- pacity, plays Tante with a certain amount of mimetic cleverness, but very little in- sight or real power. But she was support- ed admirably, especially by Charles Cherry, who gave a highly finished and forcible em- bodiment of the downright sensible hus- band ; Eileen van Biene as the wife, and Haidee Wright as a shallow and venomous little parasite. This is a play which merits and seems assured of success. Cyril Maude, one of the most popular of London's actor-managers, made what was virtually his first appearance in this city in Wallack's Theatre Monday evening in his favorite part of Christopher Bingham in Capt. Marshall's comedy, "The Second in Command." The play is tolerably well known in this country, John Drew having been very successful in it years ago, and needs no description here. It does not carry its age well. The artificiality and improbability of the plot, with its swift succession of convenient coincidences and calculated climaxes, stand out more ag- gressively than ever. But the military in- terest, the sympathetic if somewhat trite characteristics of the central personages, and the brightly humorous dialogues still exert a potent theatrical charm. As the kindly, honest, brave, unselfish, but some- what Stupid Kit Bingham, Mr. Maude made an emphatic personal hit. It would be ab- surd to attempt any formal estimate of the abilities of an actor, noted for his ver- satility, after a single performance, but he is evidently a comedian of rare intelli- gence and accomplishment. His imperson- ation, Monday evening, was absolutely hu- man, lifelike, and consistent. The character seemed to lit him like his own skin. He was particularly effective in those pas- sages Where he had to express the mar ticulate emotion of a deeply sensitive but shy man, in which the perfect simplicity and naturalness of his methods were ex- ceedingly attractive and convincing. The humorous side of the part he illustrated with delightful lightness and vivacity. But ice must study the peculiar acoustic prop- erties Oi the QOUSe. Monday night lie was sometimes almost Incomprehensible owing to the lisp, pi ablj asi timed, with which be spoke. He appears to have some exceedingly capable actors in his jiany, notably Mr. Montagu Love. His daughter, Margery Maude, has a refined and pleasing personality, but could scarce- ly be playing leading parts if she were not the daughter of the manager. "Androcles and the Lion" having failed to attract at the London St. James's Theatre Granville Barker and Llllah McCarthy will levive John Masefleld'l translation of the Norwegian play, "The Witch," first intro- duced to London by Miss McCarthy in January, 1911. She; will, of course, be seea in her old part of Anna Petersdotter, the weird woman who, inheriting preternatu- ral powers from her witch-mother, even- tually uses them to her own undoing. Woman is at last to have a theatre ot her own in London, to be called "The Wo- men's Theatre." The new enterprise owes its birth to the Actresses' Franchise League. It finds a home at the Coronet, where on Monday, December 8, a beginning will be made. For the occasion, Mrs. Bernard Shaw has translated Brieux's three-act play, "La Femme Seule." The principal part has been accepted by Lena Ashwell, with whom will be associated Sarah Brooke, Nina Boucicault, and Fisher White. "La Femme Seule" will be given on three evenings of the week, and Bjornson's "A Gauntlet," with Miss Ernita Lascelles as Svava, en the others. The London Daily Telegraph announces that a site has been selected for the pro- posed Shakespearean Memorial National Theatre in London. It lies somewhere in the neighborhood of the Academy of Dra- matic Art: The ground covers an area of an acre and a half, more than sufficient for all necessary purposes. The price will absorb pretty nearly all the funds at present i« the hands of the organizers, and the vital question, consequently, remains — where is the money requisite for the building of the theatre to come from? Still, now that they have something concrete to go on it is by no means improbable that subscrip- tions will flow in more freely than hither- to; in any case, the transaction, regarded merely in the light of an investment, is a sound one. Music Onstav Mahler. By Paul Stefan. New York: G. Schirmer. $2. Tschudi, the Harpsichord Maker. By William Dale. Now York: E. P. Dut- ton & Co. $2.50 net. Charles Dickens and Music. By James T. Lightwood. London: Charles H. Kelly. 2s. Gd. "In view- of the fact that Mahler died some time ago, it becomes the duty of conductors and the public to take cog- nizance of his works." This sentence, from a provincial newspaper, -written in perfect naivete, amusingly indicates the usual German attitude towards men of genius, Gustav Mahler was quite as great a composer as Kiehnrd Strauss, and as an operatic and concert conduc- tor lie \v;is second to none the world has seen; yet as long as he lived he was constantly harassed and abused, and to bis Compositions little attention was paid till after his death, lie bad ar- dent advocates in the newspapers, and in 1908 one of these, Paul Stefan, pub- lished a book, "OustaV Mahler's lleri tage," in which those who bad hamper

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Nov. 6, 1913] The Nation 443 ed the great conductor in Vienna were severely taken to task. Subsequently, Herr Stefan brought out "Gustav Mah- I. p A Study of his Personality and Work," of which in a few years four editions were sold, bearing witness, like the concert programmes, to the greatly increased interest in his works; and this little book has now been translated faithfully by T. E. Clark in the hope of paving the way for Mahler in England. There is likely to be a greater demand for it in New York, where Mahler arous- ed so much enthusiasm as conductor, for several seasons, of the Philharmonic Orchestra. During the season that Richard Wag- ner conducted the Philharmonic con- certs in London he was not permitted to put more than two or three of his own compositions (selections from his operas) on the programme. Mahler, without being forbidden (for he made his own programmes), put on only a very few of his many compositions during his activity in New York. He dis- liked forcing himself on the public; Herr Stefan relates that while he was director of the Imperial Opera in Vien- na he forbade the artists there to sing his lyrics, lest he should be sus- pected of influencing them, or they of seeking for favors. Stooping to con- quer was an attitude he never indulged in; on the contrary, he cultivated the gentle art of making enemies by rigidly living up to exalted ideals, which pro- voked the wrath of performers and hearers alike. Interesting details re- garding his conflicts are given by Herr Stefan. In Vienna, as in New York, there were outbursts of pedantic wrath at the alleged liberties he took with the scores of Beethoven and other masters. We cannot too strongly urge the reader to peruse pages 49-57, on which are reprint- ed Mahler's remarks in answer to these charges — remarks which must convince any one that it would have been "no less than sacrilege" for Mahler not to edit the scores as he did, following the example of Wagner. For Beethoven, so great was his adoration that he per- formed twenty-five of his works, as against only fifty-two by all other com- posers. The public was in Vienna, as in New York, entirely on his side. Not only was the house sold out when he conducted a Philharmonic concert, but the concerts sometimes had to be re- peated— a thing unheard of before or since. The key to his great success was hinted at by himself in a letter he wrote in 1884 to Angelo Neumann ask- ing for a position, in which he referred to himself as one "who is not without the power of breathing fire and enthusi- asm into works of art, and also into the artists taking part." In Herr Stefan's brief sketch of Mah- ler's career we get interesting glimpses of men who helped him, among them Hans von Bulow, Anton Seidl, and Ar- thur Nikisch, Sixty pages are devoted to a brief description and estimate of his ten symphonies and the other composi- tions, of which a full list is given in the appendix. The author writes of these with enthusiasm as well as critical in- sight. William Dale's book on Tschudi, the harpsichord-maker, gives a brief but vivid account of one of the most distin- guished London craftsmen of the eigh- teenth century, who, though a foreign- er by birth, identified himself complete- ly with the musical and social life of his adopted home and became the foun- der of one of the leading firms of piano manufacturers in England. Tschudi and his son made 1,200 harpsichords during their career; these were highly valued by Handel, and their fame spread to Germany, to which one was sent for Frederick the Great. The author ex- plains why harpsichords were replaced by pianofortes, the demand for which, for practical as well as musical reasons, soon far exceeded the demand at any time for harpsichords. Another aspect of musical life in Eng- land is presented in Mr. Lightwood's book. This writer inclines to the be- lief that no great author has made a more extensive use of music to illus- trate character and create incident than Charles Dickens; and he thinks that, from an historic point of view, these ref- erences are of the utmost importance, because they reflect to a nicety the gen- eral condition of ordinary musical life in England during the middle of the last century. With painstaking care Mr. Lightwood has gathered the references to music and musicians scattered through the novels and other books, and he suggests to club members that a plea- sant evening might be spent ii» render- ing some of the music thus referred to. A list of the songs and instrumental pieces alluded to is included in the book. It does not indicate that Dickens was interested in classical music; his taste appears to have been strictly English. After visiting St. Peter's at Rome, he wrote: "I have been infinitely more af- fected in many English cathedrals when the organ has been playing, and in many English country churches when the con- gregation have been singing." His pre- dilection was for national airs and old songs, his knowledge of which was ex- traordinary. His special aversion was church bells, on which he waged as fierce a war as on itinerant musicians. For several years there were few musical entertainments in this city worth mention- ing before the 1st of November. This year gan with a rush before the middle of October, for no obvious reason, unless H be thai the dentury Opera Company set the pace. Rut whereas last year the vio- linists had the right of way, the pianists predominate this season. Maud Powell and Cordelia Lee, to be sure, have been heard, but they were outnumbered by the pianists, among them some of the most prominent artists in the world — Harold Bauer, Josef Hofmann, Teresa Carreno, and Paderewski. Harold Bauer gave a unique aspect to his recital by putting only two composers on his programme — Bach, who was represented by three preludes and fugues, and Beetho- ven, three of whose sonatas Mr. Bauer played in the true classical style. Teresa Carreno, who is distinguished not only as the leading pianist of her sex, but as the composer of the national hymn of Vene- zuela, was much applauded at the first Philharmonic concert for a performance of Tchaikovsky's first concerto, which proved that in her sixtieth year she still holds her own for brilliancy, power, and charm. Josef Hofmann, who began as a boy, when he played like a genius, and then degene- rated into a youth of mere talent and routine, to rise again, in his manhood, to the stature of genius very little below that of Paderewski, played, among other things, Liszt's wonderful sonata with an elemental power, an insight, and an artistic absorption which made a sensation. The cli- max came, nevertheless, with Paderewski's playing of Chopin's sonata with the funeral march, last Saturday. In the German part of his programme there were noticeable traces of the illness which had delayed his appearance by a fortnight; but when he reached Chopin his patriotic enthusiasm, combined with his supreme artistry, gave results that thrilled the hearers. Pader- ewski never heard Chopin, nor Liszt, yet no pianist, unless it be Rubinstein, ever played their works with his consummate art. The notorious theft of the Mona Lisa from the Louvre is to be made the cen- tral theme of an opera composed by Max von Schillings, the well-known conductor of the Wiirttemberg Court Opera at Stutt- gart. Le Mineatrel informs the world that Richard Stra'uss's latest work, "Potiphar's Wife," is almost completed. It is to be a musical pantomime or "wordless play," unfolding a series of Biblical pictures and incidents. The idea of the pleci did not take root in Strauss's mind or in that of his collaborator, Hoffmansthal. It origi- nated with a German nobleman. Count Kess- ler, who resides mostly in France; while studying the picture in the Louvre, La Chastet€ de Joseph, he was struck with the possibility of turning the Biblical story to account in the form described- To strauss, who happened to be In Paris at the time, and to Mr. Dlagalew, the director of the Russian Ballet, he com- municated his ideas on the subject, and both of them approved enthusiastically of the project. One of the most popular of Viennese plays, Arthur Schnltzler's "Liebelel," a study of every-day life, the tragic hap- penings of Which arc recounted In distinctly Viennese parlance, was music a is ago by a German composer. Neu- mann by name, and produced with in Frankfurt, where he is conductor. Later the opera reached Berlin, and now it has been given in Vienna, where Schi drama is as familiar as household words. The unpretentiousness of its p]

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I II The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2523 11 e cell IU I Qualities, and, above all, the refreshing melodiousness of many numbers, earned for it, a friendly recep- tion. This is easily understood "lien it Is recollected how very few operatic works that have been brought out during the past years in Germany have aimed at any- I e but abstruseness and eccentricity. Art Art and Common-Sense. By Royal Cor- tissoz. New York: Charles Scrib- ner's Sons. $1.75 net. For his memoirs of Saint-Gaudens and La Farge the veteran art editor of the Tribune is widely known, but this ingathering of newspaper reviews and notices, with a few more ambitious mag- azine articles, presents even more in- terestingly a distinct critical personal- ity. Mr. Cortissoz flies the flag of com- mon-sense. For minute analysis or cheese-paring erudition he has scant sympathy or respect. Let a man ex- press his likings and dislikes clearly without probing pedantically into re- moter causes — such seems to be his law, while amenity is assuredly his gospel. The main thing is to be understood, and never to be tedious. This policy, which Mr. Cortissoz pursues with marked suc- cess, writing as he does a lucid and gentlemanly English, has respectable precedents for itself. Vasari must have had a very similar ideal when he wrote his immortal "Lives." In this spirit Mr. Cortissoz discusses the present state of European art, including the Post-Im- pressionist and Cubist movements, Velasquez, the art of the Prado, Pintor- ricchio, Carpaccio, Whistler, Sargent, Rodin, Alfred Stevens, Sorolla, and Zuloaga — to name only representative subjects. At the outset Mr. Cortissoz admits that "there are some impenetrable mys- teries about a great work of art." It is a notion that never troubles him there- after. Indeed, he is so cautious in avoid- ing the impenetrable that he remains cheerfully at the rim of most critical problems. Not always. Of a calculat- ing type of talent or somewhat cold genius, he is an excellent critic. It would be hard to find within equal com- pass anything more just and illuminat- ing than the essay on the work and personality of Whistler. Again the com- mon-sense tactics triumph in avoidance of fads and specious popularities. Mr. Cortissoz sees through the flimsy tex- ture of Sorolla's art, laughs the Ex- pressionists out of court, and notes un- flinehingly the going off of Rodin. At times, however, common-sense becomes almost indistinguishable from careless- ness or whim. There are essays of ex- ceedlng thinness — Rembrandt, Gtreco, Goya, for example. It is amazing to read that Raphael's exquisite portrait of Castiglione lor some mysterious rea- son lacks precious quality as paint, al- most stranger to be told that Rem- brandt generally has this preciousness, and otherwise is a rather simple and honest realist. Titian, too, is not pre- cious in his surfaces. Obviously, com- mon-sense uses the word precious in some sense unfamiliar to mere persons of taste. To be precious as regards paint is to resemble closely Vermeer, Chardin, or Alfred Stevens. It all sounds a little too easy. Perhaps the most interesting group of papers is that concerning four great American architects, Richardson, Hunt, McKim, Burnham. Yet here also the casual and gentlemanly way has its dis- advantages. Mr. Cortissoz's only reply to criticism of the bad planning of the Boston Public Library is, "I have never gone broodingly about the testing of its every corner." Full information could, of course, have been had by go- ing cheerfully to almost any librarian, and, to many, a waiver of consideration of the plan of a building must seem also a waiver of the entire critical is- sue. In the case of Zuloaga, Mr. Cortis- soz's aversion to a certain dryness and slowness of workmanship with harsh- ness of color is merely an indirect and unhappy way of saying that he doesn't like Zuloaga's grimness. All the alleg- ed technical defects enumerated are nec- essary qualities in the expression of a particular kind of mood. It would have been simpler, briefer, and more col- loquial, and as criticism equally con- vincing, to say "Damn Zuloaga!" We have wished to put fairly the two aspects of common-sense as the critic's guide. It will take him safely and pret- ty far, but not very high. For a book on art that runs off like good talk, grat- itude is due. Mr. Cortissoz has in am- ple measure the scholarship he treats so cavalierly in others. For years he has provided in New York journalism, a pretty rare article, a sane, independent, fully informed, and entertaining crit- icism of current and older art. The gleaning from many years which this book offers recalls vividly past obliga- tions and raises the hope that now and then in the future Mr. Cortissoz may consent not to be sensible. To find him in a mood of unreasonable doggedness or of positively indiscreet enthusiasm might well lend added savor to a second collection of essays. There must be mo- ments when the ensign of common-sense may safely be dipped. a forthcoming book (Houghton Mifflin), by W. A. Lambeth and Warren H. Manning. Finance We may expect from Holt this week "On Mi.- Truth ei Decorative Art," by Lionel ir- Foe "The Cubies' A B C," promised this week by Putnams, is a satire on the in cash. In all these points the machinery merely duplicates tne present National Banking law, under which all banknotes are printed bj the 1; men! ami issued to lianas bj tU8 Controller, but <ml\ when an equivalent amount in Covernmeiil bonds is lodged

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Nov. 6, 1913J Tlie ]ST a t i o n 4=4:5 oy the bank with the United States Trea- surer, and when a redemption reserve in (ash has been established. On what, then, is based the allegation of "flat money," in the case of the new lau as compared with the old? Undoubt- edly, on the language of the pending bill, declaring the notes to be "obliga- tions of the United States," which the present national bank currency does not profess to be. The Government, to be sure, would have no more power to in- crease outstanding note circulation than it has to-day — probably less, because, un- der the present law', an issue of Govern- ment bonds automatically increases the banknotes. The currency would be bet- ter insured of redemption (since the cash reserve maintained against it is much larger) than are the present bank- note issues. But the notes are declared to be obligations of the Government and "advances to the banks"; the re- serve is put up by the banks, not by the Government; are not the notes, then, when they are first created, fiat money? It is a pretty case for argument — which, indeed, becomes more interesting, the more the actual facts of the note- issue machinery are ignored. It is an argument in which either side can seem- ingly prove its thesis, if the premises on which its reasoning is based are admit- ted. In such a case, the real solution will usually be found by some one who applies to the problem the methods of simple common-sense. Such a person, if familiar with the history of the pend- ing bill, would say without much hesi- tation that its statements as to "Govern- ment obligations" and "advances to the banks" are no less senseless and super- fluous, and no more an authorization of fiat money, than if the British Exche- quer were suddenly to declare that Bank of England notes are a loan by the Brit- ish Government to the Bank. But he would also probably conclude that, inas- much as superfluous and senseless dec- larations are a blemish in legislation, those declarations should be stricken from the pending bill — even if the pro- cess were to hurt the feelings of that eminent economist in whose behalf they were probably slipped in, our peripatetic Secretary of State. BOOKS OP THE WEEK. Allen, C. S. The Well-Bred Dolls. Boston: Pilgrim Press. $1 net. Allen, W. C, and Grensted, L. W. Intro duction to the Books of the New Testa- ment. Serlbner. n's Fairy Tales. Illustrations by \V. H. Robinson. Holt. 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Nov. 6, 1 9 1 3 The Nation v Notable Issues in the Century Co.'s Fall List The N^ar East B] ROBEBT HICHBN3, with eighteen lllns- Qubbi . i ■■■■ elve in i lie m ( ti rfgina] canvases, and many i >ta line photo- grapi |6.00 net, carriage 26 cents. Romantic America B] BOBEHT HAVEN SCHAUFFLEB, nu- ilior of "Romantic Germany." piece In color, and seventj is, plates in tint, by Maxfleld Par- .1 r . Jose] h Penni 1 1, Winslow Homer. Albert 1'iiif .v.-.nii net, carriage 19 cents. I he Reminiscences of Augustus Saint-Gaudens Edited and amplified by bis sen, Bomer dens. 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Edited by Char- lotte Porter. 40 vols. Cloth, 75c. per vol.; leather, $1.00 per vol. "By all odds the best edition now accessible." — [The Living Age. THOMAS Y. CRO WELL CO., New York The Open Court A MONTHLY MAGAZINE Devoted to the Science of Religion. The Re- ligion of Science, and the Extension of the Re- ligious Parliament Idea. The November number, containing many inter- esting articles in the field of higher criticism and comparative religion, popular expositions of the philosophy of math- ematics, discussions of anthropology and his- tory, political and inter- national questions from the standpoint of sci- entific principle, now ready. A free sample copy will be sent to any reader who will mention The Nation. The Open Court Publishing Co. 122 South Michigan Ave., Chicago

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VI The 1ST a t i o ii "Vol. 97, No. 2523 MOFFAT, YARD AND COMPANY IMPORTANT FALL BOOKS MOFFAT, YARD AND COMPANY THE WALLET OF TIME |'.i-s.mi;i 1 . Biographical, and Critical Reminiscence of the American Theatre, 1701-1012 By WILLIAM WINTER About 1,400 pages. Two volumes, boxed. PHce, $10.00 net. Post- ag< , •"■11 cents extra. A Special Edition only, strictly limited to 1,250 copies. Printed 011 pnre nis paper, miitle for (his edition. Beautifully illustrated. To read this work Is to read the personal as well as professional history of many of the greatesl players who have appeared on the American stage. Personal recollections and theatrical history. Man- agers and management, plays and dramatists are discussed and de- picted, as well as actors and acting. v null sumptuous work in two large volumes, containing upwards of 1,:100 pages, handsomely illustrated, representing the best in Ameri- can literature. There is no lover of the theatre in this country — the greatest theatre-going country in the world — whether it be col- lege professor, dramatic critic, actor, or cle/gyman — man or woman who can afford to he unfamiliar with the contents of this monu- mental work, THE PANAMA CANAL By EARLE HARRISON Size 7%xll%. .fl.00 net. Postage, S cents. Illustrated in full color by color photography from the original aotochrome photographs by Mr. Harrison. These sixteen pictures of the Panama Canal, taken direct by the author, and printed under his supervision, are the most beautiful ever issued on this subject. These pictures appeared in the July number of Scribner' s Magazine. THE SPIDER'S WEB By REGINALD WRIGHT KAUFFMAN Author of "The Hoiixr of Bondage," etc. Illustrated by Jean Paleo- logue. 12mo. $1.3.j net. Postage, 12 cents. A story in every way equal to "The House of Bondage," which was a masterpiece of narrative. This new story is written in the liest manner of the author, and while the story is the important thing, the incidental causes that go to support the tale throughout arc matters of great moment to all Americans. LOUIS XI AND CHARLES THE BOLD By Lieut.-Col. ANDREW C. P. HAGGARD, D. S. O. Large Bvo, gilt <<»/». Illustrated, Price, $4.00 net. Postage, 18 cents. Colonel Haggard needs no Introduction, ami the story of the cruel and treacherous son of Charles VII. Of France, told in his inimitable Style, makes fascinating reading. SOCIAL SANITY By SCOTT NEARING 12mo. Cloth, $1.25 net. Postage, 12 cents. A timely and able book by a writer well known for his writing on Sociological and Economic Questions. In his book Professor Near- Ing treats or certain influences and problems of the greatest import- ance to our present-day civilization. THE NEW DAWN By AGNES C. LAUT Illustrated by Jean Paleologue. 12mo. $1.35 net. Postage, 12 cents. We are always sure of a good story from Miss Laut, anil the present story is about the biggest thing she has ever done. There is a vastness in conception and a concentration and strength in the narrative that are remarkable. THE MEMOIRS OF MIMOSA Edited by ANNE ELLIOT 12mo. Illustrated Jacket. $1.25 net. Postage, 10 cents. The intimate confession of a brilliant yet undisciplined woman, who resolves "to live every moment of her life," and succeeds in doing so. One of the most delightful books of the year. THE CUR AND THE COYOTE By EDWARD PEPLE Author of "A Night Out." "The Prince Chap." Illustrated by R. L. Goldberg. 50 cents net. Postage, 5 cents. The thousands of readers who have so often laughed over "A Night Out" will gladly welcome this new story by the same author. Publishers MOFFAT, YARD & COMPANY New York Lord Lyons A Record of British Diplomacy By the Right Hon. Lord Newton. With Portraits. 2 Vols. 8vo. $8.50 net (Postage 38 cents). Lord Lyons was the British representative at Washington during the period of the Civil War; subsequently he was Am- bassador at Constantinople for two years; and finally he spent twenty years — from 1867 to 1887 — as Ambassador at Paris. Recollections of a Peninsular Veteran By the late Lt.-Colonel Joseph Anderson. C.B., Knight of Hanover, of the 78th, 24th and 50th Regiments (1805-1848). With Photogravure Portrait. 8vo. Pp. xvi+299. $3.00 net (Postage 15 cents). His career was almost continuously as adventurous as it was distinguished. After retiring from the Service, he settled down in Australia, where these memories were compiled. They are written in a simple, unaffected style, and form a record of the manners and customs, of the mode of warfare, and of the military and social life of a bygone generation. Painting in East and West By Robert Douglas Norton, Author of "The Choice." Cr. 8vo. Pp. x+301. $1.40 net (Postage 11 cents). The art of painting, which in the days of Gothic church-building contributed so much both to the education and the pleasure of the community at large, has admittedly come to appeal to ever-narrowing circles, until to-day it cannot be said to play any part in popular life at all. This book seeks to discover the causes of its decline in influence, William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland: His Early Life and Times, 1721-1748 By the Hon. Evan Or a uteris. With Plans and Illustra- tions. 8vo. $3.50 net (Postage 17 cents). Extra-Biblical Sources for Hebrew and Jewish History Translated and edited iiy the Rev, Samuel A. B. Mercer, Ph.D. (Munich), Professor of Hebrew and Old Testa- ment, Western Theological Seminary, Chicago; au- thor of "The Oath in Babylonian and Assyrian Literature." With 3 Maps and 3 full-page Illustra- tions. Cr. 8vo. Pp. xvi+210. $1.50 net; by mail $1.(11. American Citizen Series E'dited by Albert Bushnell Hart, LL.D. Public Opinion and Popular Government By A. Lawrence Loweix, President of Harvard Univer- sity. 8vo. $2.25 net; by mail $2.38. President Lowell considers comprehensively the most vital difficulty of modern government — the translation of Hie will of the individual into the accomplished fact of public action. The Abuse of Party, the Initiative, the Referendum, Woman Suffrage, and the Relation of Skill and Democracy, are among ill. live topics treated by (lie distinguished author in a non- partisan, fresh, and scholarly manner. Organized Democracy An Introduction to the Study of American Politics By Frederick a. Cleveland, Ph.D., LL.D. With Biblio- graphies and Index. Crown 8vo. Pp. xxxvi + 479. $2.50 net; by mail $2.66. "A masterly book . . . comprehensive . . . never wearl some and always informative." — San Francisco Chronicle Hongmang' |DocUct ILibrarp A Tale of the House of the Wolfings By William Morris. F"cap 8vo. $0.75 net (Postage 5 cents). Leather, $1.00 net (Postage 5 cents). Vincent de Paul, Priest and Philanthropist, 1576-1660 By E. K. Sanders. Author of "Angelique of Porl Royal," etc. With 8 Illustrations. 8vo. $4.00 net (Postage 15 cents). "Vincenl 1 1 mi lias long demanded a biographer, ami by a rare stroke of lucl tie has found Hie right . . . Tii,. authoi Been to have long hoarded the subject in her heart and in have found some secret response to St. Vincent's spirit." — Lo nil on 'linns. Published by Xongmans, (Breen, & Go. Fourth Ave. and 30th St. New York

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The WeUml®? Tm'WmiJi VOL. XCVII— NO. 2524 THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 13, 1913 ptf.Jife. PRICE TEN CENTS HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY'S LATEST IMVO'RTAJSTT 'BOOKS Harrison Gray Otis By SAMUEL ELIOT MORISON An excellent piece of biographical writing as well as a notable contribution to the history of American politics in the first half of the nineteenth century. Illustrated. Two vols. $6.00 net. Carriage 37 cents. A Confederate GirPs Diary By SARAH MORGAN DAWSON "A living voice from the past of the Civil War comes to us from the pages of cinatingly interesting, a volume of real life." — Chicago Tribune A Confederate Girl's Diary.' Illustrated. $2.00 net. By mail $2.15. It is fas- Hawthorne and His Publisher By CAROLINE TICKNOR This volume cannot fail to appeal strongly to those who desire to become better acquainted with Hawthorne's personality, as well as to students of the social and political conditions of England and America fifty years ago. Illustrated. $3.00 net. Postage 16 cents. Charles Follen McKim: A Study of His Life and Work By ALFRED H. GRANGER An appreciation of the life and work of one of the most interesting and effective men of his age, whose achievements in architecture through the last quarter of a century stand unique and unrivaled. Illustrated. $6.00 net. Postage 27 cents. Personal Recollections of Vincent van Gogh By His Sister ELISABETH DU QUESNE VAN GOGH. Translated by Katherine S. Dreier A vivid and intimate personal picture of one of the greatest Post-Impressionists, told by his sister with a quaint simplicity and a touching affection tha*t make the book notable in the annals of biography. Fully illustrated. $1.75 net. Postage extra. The Truth about the Railroads By HOWARD ELLIOTT "No one can read these notable addresses of Mr. Elliott without feeling that the secret of the success of his career ha« been the candor with which he has dealt with his public all these years of his leadership. There is a straightforwardness about everything he says which cannot but make his hearers feel that he is entitled to the square deal which he is asking "—Boston Transcript. With frontispiece portrait. $1.25 net. By mail .$1.36. ON A VARIETY OF TOPICS THREE LORDS OF DESTINY By SAMUEL M. CROTHERS. The general idea of these lec- tures is that of ways of escape from the fatalistic conception of life— the three great ways of Courage, of Wisdom or Skill, and of Love. $1.00 net. By mail $1.10. STOWE NOTES By EDWARD MARTIN TABER. "A book of unusual charm for the lover of nature, and especially for the mountain lover."— Brooklyn Eatjle. $3.50 net. By mail $3.70. THE LITTLE BOOK OF MODERN VERSE By JESSIE B. RITTENHOUSE. About 150 selections from the work of contemporaneous American poets. $1.00 net Bv mail $1.07. OUR COMMON ROAD By AGNES EDWARDS. "These essays are human— little gems of thought, with an appeal that is pretty close to all of us." $1.00 net. By mail $i.in. LINCOLN AND SLAVERY By ALBERT E. PILLSBURY. "An invaluable addition to Lincolmana."— Grand Rapids Herald. 75 cents net. By mail 82 cents. THE HEALTH MASTER By SAMUEL HOPKINS ADAMS. The story of a doctor who established himself in a household with a view to following out tb.3 Chinese plan of keeping the family well instead of letting it get sick and then trying to cure it. $1.35 net Bv mail $1.46. THE WOLF OF GUBBIO By JOSEPHINE PRESTON PEABODY. A new poetic comedy by the author of "The Piper." $1.10 net. Bv mail $1.1 s. 4 Park Street BOSTON FICTION THE STORY OF WAITSTILL BAXTER By KATE DOUGLAS WIGGIN. "Aside from its delightful love story, the tale is full of striking studies of varied New Eng- land types."— Philadelphia Telegraph. Illustrated. $1.30 net By mail $1.44. OTHERWISE PHYLLIS By MEREDITH NICHOLSON. "You like it all, but you love Phyllis." — Chicago Inter Ocean. Frontispiece by Gibson. $1.35 net. By mail $1.48. THE HAND OF PETRARCH By T. RUSSELL SULLIVAN. "Seven stories of ,l, charm."— New York Herald. $1.30 net. By mail $1.42. HAGAR By MARY JOHNSTON. A strong pica for the emancipation of women, by the author of "To Have and to Hold," etc $1.40 net. By mail $1.54. VALENTINE By GRANT RICHARDS. "A far better novel than its pre. I sor, 'Caviare.' "—London Mhciitriini. $1.::.". net. By mail $1.46 HAPPY-GO-LUCKY By IAN HAY. "As enjoyable and refreshing a bit of Action as there is about."— Chicago Tribune. Illustrated. $1 26 By mail $1.37. SIMPSON By ELINOR MORDAUNT. "An undisguised love story- i and enjoyable/- Idvanct $1 35 net By mail 11.49. Illustrated Holiday Bulletin sent FHKE on request. HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY 16 East 40th Street NEW YORK

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11 T he Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2524 The .Nation A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. ei at the New York ("Hi/ Post Office as second-class mail matter.] The Nation Is published and owned by the New York Evening Poet Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllard, President; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elinor More, Editor; Harold .deYVolf Fuller, As- sistant Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada $8.60, arnl to fureic/n countries comprised in the Postal Dnlon, .$4.00. Address THE NATION, Box 704, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesev Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. 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Nov. 13, 1913] The Nation 111 1 11 1 f 1 [ 1 ii 1 ii 11 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ] < 1 1 1 1 : 1 1 1 11 ■. 11 1 1 1 it: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 [ 1 1 1 1 s 1 11 1 [ ; 1 1 1 ( 1 1 111 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 , 1 1 » ! . 1 . 1 n . l : i 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 m : 1 , 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 r 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! . l : t . i 1 . 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 l 1 1 ■ 1 . 1 1 l_^ Pictures forYourHome jEDICI PRINTS, a series of reproductions in color after the great masters — Corot, Constable, Durer, van Eyck, Gainsborough, Giorgione, Holbein, Lancret, Lippi, Miere- veld, Nattier, Raeburn, Raphael, Rembrandt, Terborch, Titian, Vandyke, Vermeer, da Vinci, Whistler, and many others. A catalog with 250 illustrations sent on receipt of 1 5 cents in stamps. The subscribers to these work* include the principal institutions in the world. In the United States the}) are at the Library of Congress, Metropolitan <?Museum, N. Y., Boston £%Cu:eum of Fine Jltts, and many others. SOLD SINGLY AT PRICES WITHIN THE REACH OF ALL. AN EXCELLENT GIFT FOR ANY MEMBER OF YOUR FAMILY. FOSTER BROS., 4 PARK SQ., BOSTON MICHAEL HEILPRIN AND HIS SONS A Biography By GUSTAV POLLAK "Three lives of singular beauty are unfolded here."— The Nation. Illustrated 8vo. $3.50 net, postage 30c. extra DODD, MEAD & COMPANY Publishers New York THE GREAT ART GIFT-BOOK OF THE YEAR ART By Auguste Rodin (Translated from the French of Paul Gsell by Mrs. Romilly redden.) With over 100 illustrations In photogravure and half-tone. Buckram, $7 50 net: three-quarter levant, .$15.00 net; carriage additional. A book which takes its place at once as the most Important art book in years. It covers practically the whole range of art. and abounds in memorable analyses of the works of the masters of painting and sculpture, ancient and modern. Send for descriptive circular. Small, Maynard «fc Co., Publishers, Huston Now Ready JULIUS CAESAR Being the Seventeenth Volume In a [few Var- iorum Edition of Shakespeare. Edited by Horace Howard Furness. Jr. Cloth. $4.00. Half mo- rocco, $5.00. Postage extra. J. 11. MPFINCOTT COMPANY, Publisher*. Philadelphia. Autograph Letters of Celebrities Bought and Sold. Send for price II WalterB.Benjam!n,225 5th Av.,N.Y. ESTABLISHED 1887. UK COLLBCTOfB," $1 a jr. ARTIFICIAL PARTHENOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION By JACQUES LOEB, Member of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. This now work presents the first com- plete treatment of the subject of artificial parthenogenesis in English. It gives an ac- count of the various methods by which un- fertilized eggs can be caused to develop by physicochemical means, and the conclusions which can be drawn from thorn concerning the mechanism by which the spermatozoon induces development. Since the problem of fertilization is intimately connected with many different problems of physiology and pathology — we need only mention the natural death of the ckk cell and the prolongation of its life by fertilization ; the fertilization of the egg by foreign blood and the im- munity of the egg to blood of Its own species ; the relations between heterogeneous hybridization and artificial parthenogenesis, between fertilization and cytolysis, and be- tween permeability and physiological effici- ency of acids and bases, etc. — the bearing of the facts recorded and discussed in the book goes beyond the special problem Indi- cated by the title. 318 Pages. 12mo. Cloth. Postpaid, $2.68. The University of Chicago Press CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. AGENTS The Baker and Taylor Company, New York, N. Y. ThcCambridge Univ. Press. London and Edinburgh Karl W. H ierscmann Leipzig The Maruzcn-Kabushiki-Kaisha, Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto The Flowery Republic By FREDERICK McCORMICK is the most authoritative work on the new China. 82.50 net. By mail 52.70. D. APPLET0N & COMPANY, New York innivereit^ of California publications BUSINESS CYCLES. By Wes- ley C. Mitchell. xviii+610 pp. 77 charts, quarto. An analytic description of the compli- cated processes by which seasons of busi- ness prosperity, crisis, depression, and re- vival come about in the modern world. Bound in buckram $7-S° Sewed, papercoversonly 5.00 Expressage, 50 cents extra A FINANCIAL HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA, by W. C. Fankhauser. 308 pp $2.50 WOMEN IN TRADE UNIONS IN SAN FRANCISCO, by Lil- lian R. Matthews. 100 pp. .#1.00 THE LAUNCHING OF THE INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD, by Paul 1\ Brissenden. S2 pp 75 •1 / / r UBT OF 111 1.1 9 1 \ D P WILL r.l. BEST OH M'ri.n THE UNIVERSITY PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA READING CASE FOR THE NATION To receive the current numbers in a con- venient (temporary) form. Substantially made, bound la cloth, with The Sation stamped on the side In gold. Holds two volumes. Papers easily and neatly ad- justed. Sent, postpaid, on receipt of 75c. THE NATION, I'O ~e«ey Street, New York..

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The Nation \/u YORK, THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 13, 1918. The Week Mr. Asquith's references to the .Mexi- can embroilment, in his Guildhall speech Monday night, are the most sig- nificant and hopeful development, touch- ing that difficulty, which the past week has brought forth. The British Prime Minister's explicit statement destroyed a whole brood of lying rumors. The corre- spondents from Mexico have been in- venting all kinds of malign British ac- tivity in secret opposition to President Wilson's Mexican policy. It was Eng- lish support and English gold that were stiffening Huerta, while greedy British concessionnaires lurked around the cor- ner. But none of this stuff and nonsense can get a hearing again after Mr. As- quith's clear utterance. In the plainest words he asserted that Great Britain had no thought of taking a line of her own in Mexico; that his Government admitted to the full the primary obliga- tion of the United States to take the lead in seeking to restore peace to that distracted republic; and that he was ready to cooperate with President Wil- son in the heartiest way. Moreover, Mr. Asquith's language conveyed a scarcely concealed warning to Gen. Huerta. The Prime Minister declared that the recog- nition of the Provisional President of Mexico last March was purely routine. This was before the United States Gov- ernment had made, or had had an oppor- tunity to make, any announcement of policy. But since then there has been an exchange of views between Washing- ton and London, with the result, after "the freest and frankest discussion," ot "the most perfect cordiality." The Prime Minister could hardly have gone further in notifying Gen. Huerta that, if he was counting upon any sort of di- version in his favor by Great Britain, he was doomed to disappointment. Nor is there any reason to doubt that France and Germany are taking in all this business the same friendly and helpful attitude as England. Diplomat- ic negotiations of the kind undertaken by President Wilson must have involv- ed an exchange of views all round; and it is only reasonable to assume that what England has agreed to has also ob- tained the assent of France and Ger- many. The concern of those two coun- tries in Mexico is entirely non-political. They have highly important commercial interests there, but it will be enough for them, as Mr. Asquith states the case for England, that the United States will have full regard for legitimate foreign investments in Mexico. Naturally the continued disturbances in that country have caused much disquietude in Eu- rope. In the Economiste Franqais for November 1 no less an authority than Paul Leroy-Beaulieu asserts that the Mexican situation weighs upon the financial markets of the world almost as heavily as that in the Balkans. This must be three-quarters prophecy to one- quarter of actuality, if we may judge by the evidence obtainable from the financial markets themselves. But there can be no doubt that prolonged anarchy in Mexico, or a war with the United States, would have serious consequences of a financial sort in Europe. All the more auspicious, then, is the evidence that President Wilson has been able to assure the European Governments that their Mexican interests will be safe in his hands. The usual post-election diagnosis of the condition of the Progressive patient has now been made, and the following bulletins have been issued: The Bull Moose party has breathed its last— Dr. La Follette. The Progressive party is the only one with strength intact. — Dr. Johnson. If anybody is so peculiar as not to be satisfied with either of these analyses, there is nothing to prevent him from making one of his own. Dr. Johnson backs up his verdict with a bit of rea- soning. The question in Massachusetts was, he says, Which party shall sur- vive, the Republican or the Progres- sive? "Massachusetts answered in no uncertain tones." Well, Gardner and Bird divided 244,000 votes bi them in such a way that the Progres- sive got 11,000 more than the Republi- can, while Gardner's associates ran from 50,000 to 75,000 ahead of their Progres- sive opponents. There does not Bi be anything so terribly conclusive about that answer — except, indeed, that neith- er party has the slightest chance to elect a Governor in that once well-nigh im- pregnable Republican stronghold. La Follette is on surer ground when he terms the Progressive movement noth- ing more than a protest, although he goes further than many will be able to follow him in declaring that the Pro- gressive vote a year ago was not a Roosevelt vote. Yet few will deny that the party is on the wane, with reunion with the Republicans its only path to victory. Attorney-General McReynolds has rul- ed against the sub-section in the tariff act which provides for a 5 per cent, dis- count on duties upon goods imported in American bottoms, and his decision will probably be generally accepted as set- tling the matter. Yet there is a possi- bility of its being contested in court; and this possibility rests on a wider basis than might at first sight be sup- posed. The Attorney-General's opinion, as stated by the Secretary of the Trea- sury, is "that the 5 per centum discount to American vessels only cannot be giv- en without impairing the stipulations of existing treaties between the United States and various other Powers, and that consequently the sub-section, by the expressed terms of the proviso, is inoperative." 11 this opinion is sound — as it almost certainly is — well and good; but if, by any chance, it should be pronounced erroneous, this woulu plainly to involve the consequence that not only goods imported in American bottoms, but also those that come in the ships of almost every commercial nation in the world, would be entitled to the discount. This was manifestly not in the least the intention of Congrc : the courts would doubtless so rule; but since that intention will be defeated in one way if the Attorney-General's opin- ion stands and in another way if it. fails, would it not be mere common- sense to repeal the sub-section at The President last Thursday heard protests against the segregation now go- ing on in the departments at Washing- ton. Like Mr. McAdoo, he took the ground that reports in the press as to

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+4=3 T li e ]NT a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2524 this drawing of the color line were greatly exaggerated — except that Mr. McAdoo, in the same breath, also denied it altogether. But at the very hour that Mr. McAdoo was saying this, the segre- gation going on in the office of the audi- tor for the Post Office was completed, the sixth division's colored and white clerks being separated at that time. Mr. Wilson's plea that there has not been much segregation thus far is wholly be- side the point. If only ten clerks were segregated, it would be a cause for a na- tional protest, because it would be an entering wedge for the establishment of caste in the Government service. No one can say what this precedent set by Mr. Wilson's Administration will lead to. As the Chicago Tribune puts it: Segregating negroes is unjust. It deepens the line of social discrimination against them. It officializes race prejudice. It is contrary to the spirit of the Constitution, to say nothing of the work of President Wilson's political patron saint, the Decla- ration of Independence. It has no such pragmatic justification as may be urged for white supremacy when the want of educa- tion and moral discipline among the negroes makes their dominance dangerous. It is race prejudice in its least defensible form. The compromise award of approxi- mately 7 per cent, increase of wages, granted by the Trainmen's Arbitration Board, is about what was generally ex- pected. The basis of the public's approv- al must be chiefly confidence in the good will and the good sense of the two neu- tral arbitrators, Seth Low and John H. Finley. This confidence is expressed in the strongest language by the repre- sentatives of the railways on the Arbi- tration Board in the introductory re- marks of their dissenting opinion. There is force in some of the criti- cisms made by the dissenting members. Against the Board's statement that "it cannot be controlled by the argument for standardization, although it may be influenced by it," the dissenting opinion flatly declares that "standardization is chimerical and uneconomic"; and if this dictum is directed against the opin- ion stated by the Board that because rates of pay are uniform throughout the country in the railway mail service the railways should aim at conforming with this practice, we think the dissent is well grounded. The dissentients point out that the Board rejected the train- men's plea of increased risk, finding that in point of fact risk has decreased. But on the subject of the increased cost of living, the dissenting opinion contents itself with saying that this has not been sufficient to justify the increase grant- ed. In this it is probably mistaken. This increase in the expenses of the roads, following not only upon previous wage-increases, but also upon the insis- tent demand of the public for greater safety of travel, must necessarily bring very sharply to the front the claim of the companies for higher rates. The question is to come up before the Inter- state Commerce Commission on Monday, November 24. The state of general opin- ion on the subject is very different now from what it was two or three years ago. The Board points towards an in- crease of rates as a consequence of its award. In addition to the increase in their pay-roll, the companies, if they are to satisfy the just demands of the public for greater safety and for other needed improvement, must expend great sums on rolling stock and road- bed; and it must not be forgotten that a serious enhancement of the cost of these things comes from the high rates of interest prevailing in comparison with former years. In the opposite scale of the balance, it is true, must be placed the constant tendency of the in- creasing scale of their business to re- duce cost per unit; and it is only when a balance is struck between these things that a conclusion can fairly be reached as to whether an increase is justified. Illinois is again undergoing agitation for amendment of its peculiarly rigid Constitution. By this it is bound against submi-tting amendments to more than one article at a time. Yet the provi- sion was not inserted in the Illinois Constitution through carelessness. In the thirties, the State was sharing the mania for internal improvements that afflicted its neighbors. In 1837 the Leg- islature authorized appropriations of $10,000,000 for this purpose. With a population of 500,000, it accumulated a debt of $14,000,000. Small wonder, then, that the Constitutional Convention of 1848 sought to tie the Legislature hand and foot. When the Convention of 1870 assembled, the Legislature had been running wild in another direction. It passed private laws by the thousand. Some one said of it: "The Legislature meets In ignorance, sits in corruption. and dissolves in disgrace." Again the framers of the Constitution did not feel like entrusting it with too much power. The result has been that, as last year, advocates of rival amendments have blocked one another, and the Constitu- tion has steadily become antiquated. A new Convention is urged. The simplest move would be to amend the over-rigid article, and thus permit the submission of a group of amendments at the same time, if necessary. The Gargantuan appetite of a great university for money claims justifica- tion in the case of Columbia by some- thing better than its recent growth and demonstrable physical needs. The report of President Butler emphasizes, not statistics of registration and expen- ditures, but the thoroughness and vari- ety of the University's service. Presi- dent Butler can point with pride, on the one hand, to the concern felt for the character, preparation, and homoge- neity of the 800 students of Columbia College and the 600 of Barnard; to the productive scholarship of his faculty; to their stimulating relations with the universities of the Old World. On the other, he points out that the enrolment of 3,602 students in the summer session, 1,684 in Teachers College, 1,828 in ex- tension teaching, and 1,913 in evening technical classes, has brought the regis- tration up to 13,120 — an extraordinary total; that since in 1890 "the prosecu- tion of policies of expansion" was form- ulated, public donations have risen from a mere driblet to the aggregate of $25,- 776,704; and that many of the 900 uni- versity officers are doing notable work in their association with governmental or voluntary enterprises of various sorts. Columbia, in other words, can go before the giving public upon a com- bination of the issue by which our State universities appeal to the taxpayer and that by which the most conservative Eastern colleges have always claimed their clientele. New York's growth as a centre of edu- cational, scientific, and artistic activity has, in the past fifteen or twenty years, been even more striking than Its growth in population and wealth. The latest manifestation in this general ilii is the announcement, at a meeting of the Chamber of Commerce, of a gift, by a member unnann id, r half a I

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Nov. 13, 1913J The ]STation 4=4,9 dollars to provide a building for a pro- posed College of Commerce. This, with $200,000 which has been pledged by oth- ers for the same general purpose, but which, if the new offer is to be accept- ed, will go to the installation of a com- mercial and civic museum in the new building, will, so far as externals are concerned, assure a fine equipment for the new enterprise; the expense of maintaining the institution is, however, to be borne by the city, and accordingly its actual establishment becomes a true question of municipal policy. The British party newspapers, in their comment on Saturday's two bye- elections, have struck the familiar note. A bye-election that goes against the Government is to the "ins" a matter of small significance, but to the "outs" a tidal wave. At Reading the seat vacat- ed by the new Lord Chief Justice has been lost by the Liberals to the Union- ists. In Scotland the Liberals have suc- ceeded in holding a seat, but by a ma- jority reduced from more than 2,000 to about 500. The Unionists are assert- ing that Home Rule has turned the country against the Government. But a plain factor in at least one election was the unfortunate split in the Liber- al-Labor coalition. In 1910 Sir Rufus Isaacs won the seat at Reading that he has now vacated by a vote of 5,094 against 4,995, a slim majority of 99. On Saturday the Liberals had a Socialist- Labor candidate as well as a Unionist against them. The Liberal and Social- ist candidates together polled, by an odd coincidence, just 5,094 votes. It is true that even against both, the Unionist would have had a majority of 50 votes. But the change from a Liberal majority of 99 to a Unionist majority of 50 would hardly have seemed revolutionary. Yet partisans do not go into these niceties, and there can be no doubt that the loss of Reading will be felt by the Liberals as a severe blow. Political discussion in England is not so much superior to what w'e know in this country in the matter of sticking to the point. There as surely as here, If a critical press or party opponents can pick a minor flaw in the speech of a public man or the policy of the Gov- ernment, everything else is for the time forgotten. The latest illustration of this is the reception accorded Lloyd George's address on the reform of the English land laws. The subject is one of vast importance, and it was dealt with by Mr. George in a serious and solid manner. But in the course of his speech, where he was touching upon the damage done to crops by game pre- serves, he spoke of pheasants eating turnips. Instantly the cry broke out. The man was utterly mistaken. Phea- sants had never been known so much as to peck at turnips. Lloyd George replied, adducing information given him by two or three farmers. Their ex- perience, however, appears to have been unusual. As a rule, pheasants do not eat turnips. But the thing has gone on resounding through England as if it were all that Lloyd George had talked about. No, there was one thing more. He had alluded to the large amounts of land taken out of cultivation to make deer parks. But what about the land used up in golf links? Never a word about this from Lloyd George, and he a golfer! Was there ever so huge an inconsistency? This flank attack, too, he sought to repel, but the mischief had been done. Pheasants and golf-links! One would think that the whole land debate in England had come down to those two words. Yet the English are so sober and consequent in their politi- cal discussions! If it had been Ameri- cans, now, or the flighty Irish! Having recently, in his official capac- ity, to unveil a statue, Mr. Augustine Birrell made the suggestion that the time might come when orators would be employed to go about the streets of great cities and veil statues. It would be the duty of such speakers to show cause why the effigy of this or that pub- lic man, too hastily erected, should no longer encumber the view, and lead wondering visitors to ask why it was ever set up at all. If Mr. Birrell were to extend his humorous proposal to the point of abolishing statues on the score of their artistic offence, he would find many to second his motion. New York could furnish quite a crop of statues as fit candidates for taking the veil, and Washington many more. Yet when a speaker at a meeting of artists in Wash- ington declared that the capital had more sculptured ugliness than any city in the world, Mr. Bryce protested, af- firming that he could not, as a patriotic Englishman, allow that supremacy to be denied to London. Champions of Latin nowadays are used to shocks; they are constantly hearing of the decay of Latin in West- ern high schools, or the colleges. But they must feel more than the usual pang in reading the news that Uruguay has legislated the subject out of her schools. Worst of all, the dispatch has reminded the editor of the South Amer- ican that in the schools of Venezuela and Colombia alone does Latin survive in vigor. Various reasons are assign- ed for its abandonment in the rest of "Latin-America." The question of state and church is involved; while the prac- tical motive is strong upon the Spanish- American, whose chief ambition is to be "modern." Of course, some were re- luctant to recognize Latin as an an- tique. "Many educators fought valiant- ly for its retention. Some states waver- ed in their policy; under one regime it was abolished; under another restored, only to be cast out again when its op- ponents returned to power. Argentina fluctuated many years in her policy; Chili has but recently discarded the subject." Even an institution like the University of Buenos Ayres, we are told, uses Latin only as an adjunct to the scientific study of Romance grammar. President Yuan Shi-Kai's election by a majority of the Chinese Parliament has already been followed by the expulsion of its rebellious wing, numbering 300 members. This came after an attempted curtailment of Yuan's power by the new Constitution, and thus lends color to the predictions that he would carry things with a strong hand. Ex-President Eliot has recently come back from the East with a clear sense of the need of har- mony in China. Granted this, he says, and the Government "can carry on safe- ly any kind of republic. There has al- ways been in Chinese manners and cus- toms a large element of democracy; the people have been accustomed to a good degree of local self-government; Chinese official life was open to all sorts of peo- ple on a high educational test; and, finally, the Chinese are patient, indus- trious, honest, and chiefly concerned, each man and each family, with their own affairs." Bad as a despotism would be, the want of a strong government would be worse

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4r>( > Tlie Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2524 THE CASE OF PINDELL. 1 think you have a little daughter. Think what it would mean to her all the remain der of her life to say that her father had been Minister to Russia, and of all the honor that will go with it to the third and fourth generations! In these touching words did that great statesman, Senator Lewis of Illinois, of- fer an important governmental post to one of his country-editor supporters, Pindell, of Peoria, the "original Illinois Wilson man." But this did not comprise the whole of Lewis's lure to Pindell. "You will meet with the delightful com- panionship of the English and other offi- cers connected with the various lega- tions at St. Petersburg, and would be so- cially and officially treated as my letters to those abroad would serve you." If the Senator had been Mr. Bryan himself, the thing could not have been better done, more grandly; and when after all this Senator Lewis informed Pindell of Peoria that he would only need to serve for a year; that he could live at a hotel during this period, and not bother with any Embassy dwelling; that the State Department would see to it that there should "be no treaties to adjudicate and no political affairs to bother with," and that "trips to Berlin and Vienna and the other capitals of Europe, and also Stockholm, and perhaps to Copenhagen, and all the attendant delights that go .with such trips" would be thrown in, naturally Pindell yielded. What mortal man could have resisted such a tempta- tion? If the prospect painted by Senator Lewis was thus irresistibly alluring, we confess that there is one thing that puzzles us. Why should the Ambassa- dorship have been forced on Pindell of Peoria more than another? We can un- derstand, of course, that the State De- partment could not resist giving J. Hamilton Lewis the disposal of one of its Ambassadorships; sooner or later every one in public life turns to this talented Senator for aid and counsel. And then we have become accustomed to regard the diplomatic service of the United States as the roosting place of the nouvcaux riches, and as the means of paying political debts. But that does not help to explain why it was so im- portant that Peoria should have an Am- bassador all for its own, why it should be Pindell of Peoria, and not Snook of Aurora, or Gould of Bone Gap, or Holl of Kankakee, or Lennie Elouise Hazel ol the Coal City (111.) Courant — if one must have Illinois editors for Russia. But since Mr. Pindell was to promise to resign on October 14, 1914, after tast- ing the delights of Copenhagen, Stock- holm, and Vienna, it may be that three of these other fellow-journalists of ours are to be successively nominated to see Europe at Uncle Sam's expense, and for the glory of their little daughters unto the third and fourth generations. Now, all of this has its attractive and its humorous side; but, seriously speak- ing, does not this case of Pindell ap- proximate a scandal for the Wilson Ad- ministration? Needless to say, we ac- quit the President of any knowledge of Mr. Lewis's letter; probably he knew nothing about the request that Pindell should resign within a year; to him may only have been told that dread po- litical and party secret as to why it must be Pindell of Peoria, and that Mr. Bryan wished this appointment made. But it is undeniable that Mr. Wilson's appointments to the diplomatic service have as a whole been cruelly disap- pointing. He came into office in debt to no politicians or bosses, and with a long record of fidelity to the principle of mer- it in the civil service as the only proper basis for appointment and promotion; yet he seems to have yielded to politi- cal pressure much as if he were Taft or McKinley or Roosevelt. The old tra- dition of the use of the diplomatic of- fices as party rewards is not yet brok- en. We do not overlook or fail to give Mr. Wilson credit for such excellent ap- pointments as those of Messrs. Walter Page and Henry Van Dyke. But these are offset by the choice of men like Messrs. Gerard and Penfield, who, what- ever their fitness, were latterly chiefly conspicuous for the size of their cam- paign contributions. We have had loud and numerous pro- tests against Mr. Morgenthau's selection for Turkey, not because of any unfitness — he is conspicuously fit in many ways — but because he was the man who rais- ed the funds for the Wilson campaign, and our growingly sensitive public con- science does not like to see the man who financed the campaign rewarded with high office. It is too much like pay ment for services rendered. Some of iii elections have suggested the thought that Mr. Wilson was mindful of the old Princeton charges, in the days of bitter controversy, that he did not stand by his friends. The case of Pin- dell is to us inexplicable from any point of view. Ours is a long-suffering pub- lic; it has been accustomed to see- ing misfits in our legations abroad and to smiling at the extravagances of those who sought them for social reasons or for the sake of display. But in this case, we fancy the public's smile will be a little wry. SHOULD THE CURRENCY BILL BE AMENDED? The time has now clearly arrived when the programme for legislation on the banking and currency bill should be definitely settled, in regard to the question whether or not the House mea- sure should be carefully reconsidered, with a view to further perfecting it in administrative details, and to correcting any provisions which are shown to be handicaps to its efficient operation. If such a programme were to be adopted, it would be evidence that the bill is not expected to pass in the extra session, of which barely two weeks remain. If the bill were to be made law within that period, its consideration by the Senate committee, its report by that commit- tee to the Senate, its debate on the Sen- ate floor (where debate is unrestricted by the rules), its reference to a confer- ence committee of both houses, the ac- tion of that committee on the sections which differ in the House and Senate bills, the debate and action of both houses on the conference report — all of these numerous stages would have to be completed by November 29. Such an achievement would be possi- ble, we imagine, only if the Senate com- mittee were to report an unamended bill, or one with merely nominal amend- ments. The matter therefore rests, so far as regards the interests of sound legislation, on the question whether or not the existing House bill needs to be extensively amended. Our own judg- ment is that a number of highly impor- tant amendments are required. We believe that, in at least three es- sential particulars, the bill requires amendment: in the number of regional banks, in the composition of the Federal reserve board ami Its relation to the Ad- visory Council, and in the langUB the not' 1 Ion. Furl bermore, it

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Nov. 13, 1913J The Nation 4:51 is probable that the bill, in order to work properly, must be amplified or amended in its provisions for the Gov- ernment bonds behind the present bank circulation, and in its detailed arrange- ments as to the manner of preparing the proposed new notes, of prescribing their denominations, and of guarding against mutilation or counterfeit. This last- mentioned class of stipulations — embod- ied with great care in the existing Na- tional Bank act — are singularly lacking in the House bill. The question of the number of region- al banks is not merely a matter of arith- metical or geographical preference. It involves the problem into how many separate banking districts the country could be divided without creating a number of districts whose respective banking power and capital resources would be so far inferior, compared with a district containing one or more great commercial centres, as to leave the re- gional banks of the weaker districts at a perpetual disadvantage. The argument that this result would be inevitable, with a dozen separate institutions of the sort, seems to us very strong. It should ap- peal particularly to people who expect to check the tendencies of the "Money Power." For in proportion as the in- terior districts are made relatively pow- erful by a larger area and more diversi- fied industry, population, and resources, covered by each of them, to precisely that extent would be avoided the dispar- ity arising from the concentration of trade resources and accumulated wealth in the Eastern cities. The sweeping powers of the national board itself are conferred with entirely too little reservation or restriction. With Mr. Aldrich's theory that this Fed- eral Reserve Board would manage the country's banking business, we do not agree. Its larger powers are clearly de- signed for use in financial emergencies. But for that very reason, the hasty, im- pulsive, or unwise exercise of those pow- ers (such as we have witnessed often enough in the exercise of the Treasury's discretionary powers over the money market) should be guarded against with the utmost care. It is not necessary that bankers should have a dominating voice in the national board; but it is, in our judgment, absolutely essential that people directly in touch with the finan- cial and business situation should par- ticipate officially in its deliberations. The Bankers' Convention thought that a minority membership in the board it- self, chosen by the regional banks, would solve the problem. The alterna- tive of admitting to all meetings of that board (though without a vote) the Ad- visory Council similarly chosen, in or- der that their judgment might be sure- ly obtained, has appealed to us more strongly. Regarding the composition of the board itself, the argument has of late been pressed that the three Govern- ment officers, now proposed for it, ought not to be included. It has been urged that, as regards the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Agricul- ture, membership would mean imposing on men already exceptionally busy with other matters, and often overworked, the burden of these new responsibilities, and that, in the case of the Controller of the Currency, it amounts to placing on the board the public officer who should be its agent. This is the theory of the pres- ent National Bank law. That question, and the question whether the eight-year term, now provided for members of the board, ought not to be extended, deserve consideration. With the objection of Mr. Vanderlip and others to the pending bill's descrip- tion of the proposed new notes as "obli- gations of the Government," "issued for the purpose of making advances to Fed- eral reserve banks, and for no other pur- pose," we entirely concur, but not on the grounds assigned by Mr. Vanderlip. His argument that the notes are fiat money, because, though a "loan to regional banks," they "have no reserve whatever provided by the Government," leads no- where at all. Real fiat-money issues are forced loans, made because it is in- convenient for a Government to borrow otherwise, and because a Government's creditors can be forced by law to take the notes. But even assuming the as- sertion of the bill to be correct, as Mr. Vanderlip appears to do, that the notes are loans by Government to banks, we should have a queer in- version of the fiat-money theory. As a simple matter of fact, they are not fiat money; nor are they Gov- ernment "advances" to the banks. They are simply notes whereby the banks are permitted, on the basis of rigidly pre- scribed reserve, collateral, and redemp- tion guarantees, openly to borrow from the public for the purpose of providing convenient but temporary Instruments of exchange. The language of the act which describes this operation different- ly from the description of the issue of national banknotes in the existing law, is mere jugglery with words and defi- nitions, and ought to be either radically changed or stricken entirely from the law which it defaces. DEMOCRATIC REORGANIZATION IN NEW YORK. All that has happened since election day confirms the first vivid impression made by the great rout of Murphy and his crew — namely, that Tammany has become impossible as the synonym of the Democratic party in New York city. The Hall has usurped the name, but only to sully it. The burden of Tam- many has long been grievous to honest Democrats, in and out of New York, and now they feel that it is too great to be borne. In some way or other, the party must cut itself loose from the Wigwam. The sentiment in favor of this is to-day cumulative. It was first reflected in the press. Then came Presi- dent Wilson's telegram congratulating Mayor-elect Mitchel, "with all my heart." This could not but be taken as highly significant. On the face of it, a Democratic President was cheering on a man who had badly defeated the Demo- cratic party in New York city — the only party, at least, so entitled to call itself on the official ballot. But behind the form of words everybody could see that the President must be rejoicing over the downfall of men who were merely masquerading as Democrats, and that he was looking forward to a rescue of the party name from vile associations. The publication of his telegram to Mr. Mitchel at once gave an added impulse to the movement for thoroughgoing Democratic reorganization in New York. Some of the early suggestions of ways and means struck wildly. Tam- many was to be "destroyed" out of hand. But this could hardly mean that 250,000 voters were somehow to be compelled to declare that they would never again support a Tammany ticket. Others pro- posed that Tammany should be "reform- ed," preferably "from the inside." Mur- phy was to be made to walk the plank, and some gentleman in hiding in the hold o!' the ship brought out to take command. But this could impose on only a few. Those who have wintered

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45° iC ' I ' 1 1 e 3ST atio n [Vol. 97, No. 2524 and summered with Tammany know that the more you reform it, the more it remains the same thing. There have been several "new" Tammanies within the past twenty-five years, but each one has presently reminded the city of the evil spirit that went into the house, swept and garnished, taking with him seven devils worse than himself. Tam- many reformed from the inside would be either a farce or a tragedy. Tam- many's "inside" is the last thing that it would be wise to exhibit to a city al- ready nauseated by the outside! Even the more astute Tammany men see this, and are thinking of themselves dropping the name. They perceive that it taints everything it touches, that it is a drag to the Democratic party in State and nation alike; and they now have the happy thought of simply leav- ing it off their letter-heads and their party calls. But if the thing remains, the getting rid of the name will amount to nothing. It is the Tammany spirit, not its nomenclature, that the city is now roused against. What decent Dem- ocrats are asked to drive out and sup- plant is a corrupt organization, which would smell no sweeter by another name, or without any name at all. And there is a growing conviction that tne work is to be done by organizing a Dem- ocratic party in the city entirely inde- pendent of Tammany Hall. It is not a question of a temporary protest, or of a factional secession — such as was too much the character of the Irving Hall Democracy, and even the County Democ- racy— but of a broad and comprehensive and persistent effort to band together reputable Democrats in New York. Their hope would be, of course, to make of themselves so strong and permanent a political force that they could, be- fore long, carry the party primaries and win the right to be known officially as the Democratic party. But there should be no illusions about the nature of the work that it will be necessary to do. It will be no holiday task. The best brains and the finest organizing and executive ability that can be procured will be requisite; and while no time must be lost in beginning to plan and invite co- operation, a great deal of time Will have to be spent on the complex details and the arduous execution. City Democrats could be immensely helped by a reorganized Democratic par- ty up the State; and there are signs that Tammany will soon be compelled to retract its claws from above tiie Bronx. All that Gov. Glynn has thus far said, with all that he has done, im- plies that he is keenly alive to the im- portance of an up-State Democracy whol- ly independent of Tammany. This was for years the policy of the ablest Demo- cratic leaders in New York. Little by little it was lost sight of, and under Gov. Dix it was frittered away. If Gov. Glynn is able to restore it, as there is every indication that he will endeavor to do, he will deserve well both of his party and of the State. Certainly, the ele- ments for a new Democratic alignment, throughout the interior of the State as well as in this city, lie ready to the hands of intelligent and honest party managers. It is a golden opportunity. If availed of as it should be, Democrats of New York will be enabled to hold up their heads a'gain, as in the days of Tilden and Cleveland; and if Tammany is finally reformed altogether, there will be thousands of Democrats in other States — and some even in Washington — who will rejoice to see the curse re- moved. THE LAST OF THE VICTORIANS. With the death of Alfred Russel Wal- lace there disappears the last of that great breed of men with whose names the glory of the Victorian era is insep- arably bound up. The reign of Queen Victoria extended from 1837 to 1901; but it is with a group of men all of whom were in the full vigor of their powers during the two decades from 1850 to 1870 that we associate the idea of the Victorian age as a distinctive epoch. If, in the mind's eye, we could marshal the long procession of their de- parting figures, it would be indeed an impressive array. The line — unless we were to go back to Macaulay, who died in 1859 — stretches back just half a cen- tury from the present date, for it be- gins with Thackeray, whose death, at the age of fifty-two, took place in 1863; and then came in succession — to name only the most shining figures — Dickens and Mill and George Eliot and Carlyle and Darwin and Browning and Tenny- son and Gladstone and Spencer. Wal- lace, surviving in the full enjoyment of his intellectual and spiritual energy to the age of nearly ninety-one, is now no more, and he was the last of the line. It cannot be said that Wallace took as large a place in the story of his time, that he was as potent an influence in its life or in the moulding of its thought, as any of the illustrious ten the roll of whose names we have just called. This is true in spite of his undisputed claim to independent and simultaneous pro- mulgation, with Darwin, of a discovery which forms one of the landmarks in the history of human thought. The doc- trine of natural selection was conceiv- ed and expressed as clearly by Wallace as by Darwin; and, had there been no Darwin, quite possibly the name of Wallace would be attached to it. Yet by no means certainly; for, though Wallace, too, supported the theory by a rich store of observed facts, the domi- nating element in its conquest of the world of science was that marvellous array of varied evidence, collected with infinite patience, analyzed with rare pre- cision, and discussed in an exemplary spirit of scientific impartiality, which, beginning with the publication of the "Origin of Species" in 1859, formed the unrivalled distinction of Darwin's work. As for the attitude of these two scien- tific wortnies towards each other, the history of thought might be searched in vain for anything more ideal. Never has there been more absolute contem- poraneity in the announcement of a great discovery; and yet never has there been a more complete absence of jealousy or strife. Neither of the men seems ever to have cast so much as a breath of doubt on the merit of the other. In Wallace's latest book, written after the close of his ninetieth year, the names Darwin and Darwinism are used with a total absence of arricre pensie — without the slightest hint that the fame which has accrued almost entirely to Darwin alone ought in justice to be shared with a greater approach to equality by his fellow-discoverer; and Darwin's atti- tude was equally high-minded. And this record derives added interest from its contrast witli what happened in the case of a greater than Darwin. Newton was not less high-minded than Dar- win, not less superior to the ordinary ' jealousies of scientific rivalry; hut through the overzeal of friemls tie wm dragged into a controversy with Leib- nitz over the Invention of the Inflnlteel- mal calculus which gave rise to much

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Nov. 13, 191 3 J T li e N" ation 453 bitterness, but which the judgment of posterity has unmistakably settled by recognizing the full claim of each to the honor of independent discovery. Wallace's equal share in the original promulgation of the doctrine of the origin of species by means of natural selection is his most signal title to fame; but it is by no means the mea- sure either of his scientific achieve- ments or of his general powers. Indeed, in ranking him among the truly notable figures of his generation, one thinks not so much of his most famous achieve- ment, but rather of the wide sweep of his scientific labors, the freshness and originality of his outlook, the vigor and energy of his attack on all manner of questions relating to man and society, and a certain quality of largeness which marks his style as it does that of the £reat Victorians generally. In one re- spect, he stands perhaps alone among them, though it is natural to couple with him in this two others of very different type. We refer to the zeal with which Wallace, even in extreme old age, looked forward to the salvation of mankind in a not too distant future through radical changes in the institu- tions of human society. In John Stuart Mill, the hope and purpose of human betterment burned with a steady flame throughout his life; the salient fea- ture of Gladstone's career was the pro- cess, the reverse of that witnessed in most men, by which he gradually passed from extreme conservatism to the most advanced liberalism consistent with the English ideal of safe and orderly pro- gress. Wallace's temper was wholly dif- ferent from that of either the philoso- pher or the statesman; nor was it, in relation to human affairs, the temper -of the man of science. His dicta, both upon the wretchedness of the present in comparison with the past and upon the possibilities of the future in com- parison with the present, are guided rather by a noble, but almost blind, en- thusiasm than by the clear light of rea- son. It is more than half a century since the epoch-making paper embodying the conclusions of Darwin and Wallace was read to the Linnaean Society. The doc- trine of natural selection had to fight its way to general adoption, but before very long it acquired supreme domin- ion; and this not only in the biological sciences, but in almost every domain of human thought. During the period of its struggle for acceptance, the greatest difficulty it encountered arose from the misunderstanding of its true meaning by scientific men who opposed it; in lat- er times misunderstanding of its true meaning by unscientific men who have swallowed but not digested it has been productive of a not inconsiderable crop of shallow and mischievous judgments. In both these respects its history has been remarkably similar to that of the doctrine of Malthus, to whose work both Darwin and Wallace owed the first impulse towards their discovery. And the analogy holds pretty closely as to a further stage of the matter. That the doctrine of Malthus has been exploded a thousand times, everybody knows; but those who really know the doctrine know that what has been exploded is only a misunderstanding of it. The case with the Darwinian theory is somewhat different, as is natural in view of the infinitely greater complexity of the pro- blem. The researches of the past fifty years, and especially of the past twen- ty, have undoubtedly made necessary many modifications of the views ex- pressed by Darwin. They have brought about a considerable shifting of empha- sis in this respect and that; and they have of course filled up great gaps which he left in the doctrine of hered- ity. But the essence of the matter re- mains a§ he left it, and even the modi- fications are in large measure of a kind that he allowed for. When a man talks of Darwin as a "back number," or the doctrine of natural selection as "explod- ed," it is pretty safe to set him down as one of those to whom the latest thing in the newspapers is the last word of science. PANAMA AND SOCIALISM. A familiar tag in current literature dealing with our achievements on the Isthmus of Panama is one which de- scribes the building of the Canal as an impressive demonstration of Socialist theory. The Socialists, we must admit, have themselves been cautious in citing Panama as an argument in behalf of their economic and political principles. They are aware that it is an instance which cuts two ways. But the general public, to which Socialism is vaguely synonymous with the extension of gov- ernmental functions, seems to have bern impressed by the record for zeal and ef- ficiency which the Government, as its own contractor, has established on the Isthmus. The splendid system of sani- tation which made the building of the Canal possible, the model housing for the American employees, the manage- ment of the food supply, have all been quoted as illustrations of what can be done by a nation which sets itself to a great task. The idealism of it all is the fact upon which Mr. Ray Stannard Bak- er has laid most stress in an article in the American Magazine. Efficiency and idealism undoubtedly have been mani- fested at Panama, but to what extent has Socialist theory really been justi- fied? By the Socialists themselves, govern- ment ownership and operation is not ac- cepted as unqualifiedly tantamount to Socialism. The more advanced element among the Socialists has, as a matter of fact, come to look upon the entrance of the state into the economic field as a menace to the ultimate fulfilment of the Socialist ideal. What the average citizen looks upon as Socialism, these radicals are now in the habit of de- scribing as "State Capitalism." In the extension of governmental functions in industry they profess to discover a seri- ous danger to the emancipation of the working class and the establishment of true industrial democracy. What shall it avail them that the state take over the management of railways and mines and other public utilities, if the "classes" at present intrenched in power retain control of the state? The more conserv- ative elements among the Socialists, those, for instance, at present in control of the Socialist party in this country, have no such fear of "State Capital- ism"; but they, too, are careful to de- fine the conditions in which state own- ership can approach the Socialist ideal. In Socialist platforms and speeches the demand for the extension of government powers is now qualified by the phrase "under democratic control." The need for making a distinction between social democracy and benevolent despotism is plainly felt. From this point of view the Panama Canal does not lend Itself to the Social- ist argument. It is precisely a benero- lent despotism that has been function- ing on the Isthmus. The results obtain- ed have been obtained through a system

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4=54; The X a lion [Vol. [)7, No. 2524 of almost military discipline. Gifted autocrats like Col. Goethals and Col. Gorgas have imposed their standards on an army of workmen gathered from all corners of the earth. A benevolent Gov- ernment has built model homes and hos- pitals and furnished the workers at Panama with much better food than the average inhabitant of the States can obtain, at prices lower than those which obtain in this country. Panama, there- fore, is not an experiment in economic democracy, for the double reason that political and social conditions there have been regulated from above, and that it has been isolated from the play of economic forces which prevail in the world at large. If Government abattoirs could sell meat at lower rates to the peo- ple of any State than to the people of every other State in the Union, we should have a real parallel to Panama. And if popular elections would always give us a Goethals for the post of con- struction engineer and a Gorgas for sanitary engineer, the parallel would be still closer. A nation's idealism may very well have been brought into play at Pana- ma; and it may be that in the course of time the same spirit of idealism will be applied to the humdrum occupations of a people. But it may as well be rec- ognized that idealism and efficiency are net necessarily coincident with democ- racy. New York could very probably be made a model city in a few years if Col. Goethals were installed as JVlayor with absolute powers, if Col. Gorgas were placed in absolute charge of the Health and the Tenement-House Depart- ments, and if Gen. Leonard Wood, let us say, were to receive an absolutely free hand with the police. This fact may well be kept in mind when we are asked to consider, as so frequently we are, the superior efficiency of municipal gov- ernment in Europe. Eminently desira- ble as it would be to apply German stan- dards of municipal foresight, economy, and honesty to our own city govern- ments, it is a question whether this na- tion would welcome, or ought to wel- come, such improvements at the cost of democratic initiative. It is the hope of our best citizenship that the standards of municipal government in this coun- try can he raised without impairing the spirit of democracy. But It is certainly no argument in behalf of the possibility of such a consummation to speak of what has been accomplished by military methods at Panama. CHAPTERS FROM IMPOSSIBLE AU- TOBIOGRAPHIES. (From "Lotus Days," by Th-o-o-e Eto-s-v It.) The ship was now stemming the swirling current of the La Plata. In another hour or two we should be in Buenos Ayres. I sighed. Those soft, languorous days under the southern sun were over. Life with its hurly-burly would have me in its grasp. I shuddered as I thought of what awaited me there in the restless metropolis — the throngs in the street; the noise: the con- fusion; the crowded halls; the salvos of applause; the lecture platform with the glare of the calcium lamp trained on the speaker's table; the frantic rush from the lecture hall to the hotel, to the City Hall, to the museum, to the aquarium, to the foundling asylum, to the railway station; the stuffy Pullman berth — the prospect ter- rified me. I smiled wistfully at the cap- tain of the boat. He was a good man. Through a terrific three days' gale he had navigated his ship without a word of advice from me. From him I turned to my friend the archaeologist, for whom I had formed a particular attachment. We had spent many hours together every day of the voy- age, but I had told him nothing of the lat- est excavations in northern Arabia, of the funeral customs of the Aztecs, of the law of divorce among the Egyptians of the seventeenth dynasty. He used to beat me regularly at quoits and horse billiards, and I was happy to be defeated. Now it was all over. . . . The ship was swinging in to her dock. I looked down on the waiting crowd and discerned several young men with note books and lead pencils. "Gentle- men of the press," the captain whispered. I shuddered. (From "Fragments and Embers," by B-m-l-ne P-nkh-rBt.) In the garden where I used to play dur- ing my long summer vacations there was a gay Chinese pagoda, where the grown-ups drank tea when the weather was fine. At other times it stood locked, as a precau- tion against us children. The Chinese pa- goda was a palace of faery to us. There was just one window, a large window with many little panes of blue and red and yel- low. We would climb up on chairs and peer through this window into the dim, mysterious interior. The window fascinat- ed me. It seemed to shut off the common world we knew from a world of enchant- ment. It held me spellbound, but it fright- ened me, too. I was torn between the de- sire to find out what lay beyond the win- dow and the fear that something might happen to those lovely little panes of glass. One day the village drunkard's son climbed over the garden wall. He picked up a stone and sent it crashing through the window. I shrieked and fled. To the present day I cannot hear the noise of broken glass with- out a rush of tears to my eyes. (Frcm "Con a ( age an," bj .1 ck I. ml n.) My evolution Into a lover of peanut-but- ter wae pred rsl mo- ment the cosmic life breathed Into the plas- mic germ that was destined through the ajons to become Me. How otherwise ex- plain this horror for blood which possesses mo at the sight of a mutton chop? I am a Socialist, but my gorge will rise at the sight of the red flag, because it reminds me of raw beefsteak. As we eat, so shall we think. So long as humanity's molars go tearing through brawn and muscle and cartilage, how shall man at- tain the life of mystic contemplation, of surcease from struggle, of sublime acqui- escence? So I reason as a man. As an author I find walnuts and whole wheat ideal. They give me the requisite energy for producing my novel once every four years, and my short stories twice a year. Life is made to dream. I sense the call of the cloister. To sink into the depths of contemplation, to reduce myself to the state of the abysmal thinker, that is all I have ever asked of life. The sharp stac- cato of my typewriter rasps my inner ear to the awful procession of the ages. My faith is unshaken in the ultimate Nirvana, where book royalties and moving-picture scenarios are as naught. (From "Upward to the Light," by V-ct-r-a-o Hu-rta. ) Let me confess. I adore flowers ; their color, their fragrance, the exquisite archi- tecture of leaf and tendril and filament. My favorite flower is the lily, but they are all dear to me. In their infinite variety they are so many tiny silver voices swell- ing to a mighty chorus in praise of Crea- tion— the true, the beautiful, the good. I have been at pains to master the sym- bolic language of flowers, the rose for loy- alty, and the violet for self-sacrifice, and the primrose for tenderness and mercy, and the pansy for remembrance. Without flow- ers, without poetry, without music, life would be unendurable. I grudge the hours which I must spend away from my gar- den, harassed by the cares of state which fortune has thrust upon me. RECENT ITALIAN LITERATURE. Rome, October 23. Since the death of Carducci and Pas- coli, the last survivors of the great school of modern Italian poetry, no pre- dominant figure has appeared in this field. Although a number of writers, some of them cultured and talented, continue to bring out slim volumes of verse, a very small part of this produc- tion is of a high order, or, indeed, can be held to rank as real poetry at all. "Volumes Written in Verse" is the sar- castic title of a review of recent Italian poetry by a severe but by no means un- fair critic in the Nuova Antologia. Italy is not perhaps in much worse condition, in this dearth of poetical output, than are other countries to-day, and it should seem as though poetry wore not the form of literary expression best adapted to modern life and ideas. One of the most sympathetic contemporary Italian poets is Angelo Orvleto, and in his lat- est volume, "Le Bette Leggende" (Mi- lan: Treves), he tells seven romantic and symbolical tabs in verse which, if

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Nov. i.?, [913 X li e ]NT a t i o 11 4=o5 not of the very first rank, is always dis- tingul tied, and genuine, and has moments of real poetic reeling. Lam- lis "La Corona dei mesi" (.Milan: Lanzinl), a sort of poetical call ndar of the months, dedicated in an odd and lat absurd preface to the author's late lamented grandfather, is not without some inspiration and fresh- ii riptions of the charac- teristic features of the different seasons. Franco Caracci's "C'ampane a Sera" (Palermo: Sandron) is an imitation of Pascoli, impregnated with melancholy, but lacking in clearness. Giuseppe Scalia, in his volume of "Rime" (Ca- tania: Giannotta), aspires to imitate Carducci; he does not lack culture; and his sonnets give evidence of a sense of poetry, but he shows little originality. "I Canti dei Veechi Goliardi," by Curio Mortari (Padova: Nuovi Goliardi), is the beginning of a lengthy account in verse of a somewhat complicated crime. Giovanni Orsini's ambitious "Poema di Lepanto" (Milan: Libreria editriee milanese) is so full of uncouth words and disused expressions that the author has found it advisable to append a glos- sary to his production. D'Annunzio did the same thing in his poems on the Turco-Italian war, and he is evidently finding imitators in this as in his oth- er idiosyncrasies, but then D'Annunzio's war poems are really inspired poetry. In the field of fiction, too, the output is not very abundant, and no novels of the first rank have appeared quite re- cently. Fogazzaro is dead, and D'Annun- zio, since "Forse che si, forse che no," has written nothing but plays in French verse and a few strange but powerful essays. The most interesting of recent Italian novels is perhaps Luciano Zuc- coli's "La Freccia nel Fianco" (Treves). It is the story of a girl of refined feel- ings and originality brought up among opulent surroundings by worthy but ex- tremely commonplace and bourgeois parents. Deprived of such human inter- course as was likely to attract her, she accidentally becomes the friend and con- fidant of a little boy of seven, the son of a brilliant, clever, extravagant roue" and an irresponsible, sensuous, and equally spendthrift mother. The parents are separated, and each in turn has charge of the boy, who is hurried about from Paris to Vienna and from Milan to Monte Carlo, now living in a style of lavish luxury, now made to subsist in strict economy. Child as Brunello is, he understands instinctively how utterly impossible is this manner of life, and the author has depicted his mental development with rare insight, so that one is attracted by the portrait of the boy, who in less skilful hands might have become an insupportable prig. The girl Nicoletta loses her little companion, who is carried off from the villa where he was staying with his lather, to Paris, and in due course, hav- ing refused the hand of a noble suitor v, horn she despised, marries a rich and kind-hearted manufacturer, with whom she lives happily for some years. Then Brunello appears on the scene once more, no longer a child, but a handsome, fas- cinating, highly cultured youth; the rec- ollection of past comradeship cannot be cancelled — this is "the arrow in the side" whence the novel takes its name — and inevitably develops into a deeper and more dangerous feeling. Both feel this; Nicoletta declares that she could never survive if she were unfaithful to her husband, to whom she is really at- tached. Passion having at last over- come both moral scruples and reason, she keeps her vow and commits suicide. The these is a bold one, but Signor Zuc- coli handles it with a sure touch and a thorough mastery of style; he begins in a gentle idyllic tone, the main plot being varied with descriptions of scen- ery and humorous episodes, but as he nears the end the tints become more sombre and the manner more dramatic, leading up to the final tragedy. Grazia Deledda continues her cycle of Sardinian stories, which have now reached a considerable number, and her latest volume, "Canne al Vento" (Treves), is not very different from its predecessors. Her object seems to be the same throughout her literary ca- reer, viz., to make her readers under- stand the conditions of life in her na- tive island, and the characters, necessi- ties, and ideas of the people. Although the plots and episodes vary, the tone and coloring are always the same, al- ways of the gloomiest and most melan- choly; and in this we do not think that she is quite true to her subject. Sar- dinia is not the hopelessly depressing place she depicts it, nor are all its in- habitants so utterly without will power. In the novel under review the charac- ters seem even more helpless than in the others; they are indeed canne al vento — reeds blown this way and that by the wind — and no one has the strength to fight against fate. Yet in the end, except for the strange, faithful old serving man, Efix, an almost Bibli- cal personage, both in his mode of ex- pression and in his way of thought, who dies amid the sound of wedding bells, the characters marry and presumably live happily ever after, if any one can ever be really happy in Grazia Deledda's gray world. The account of the wander- ings of Efix, begging his way with two blind companions, from fair to fair and from festa to festa, is one of the most curious and powerful episodes in the book, and has more than a touch of Gorky; yet one Is at a loss to under- stand why he ever set forth on his trav- els, or why, having done so, he ever re- turned. Ricciotto Civininl's "Gente di Palude" (Treves) is another novel of local col- or, the scene being laid at Maccarese, a vast swampy district in the Roman Cam- pagna, near the sea. Like most writ- ers who deal with this part of the world, the author seems so filled with its overpowering natural features that he accentuates them unduly, depicting his characters as though they, too, were wholly and perpetually absorbed in the great marshland. Some of the pictures of the lonely life in the Campagna are effective, but there is much exaggera- tion and at least one impossible episode. Among the collections of short stories Ugo Ojetti's "L'Amore e suo figlio" (Treves) may be mentioned. The au- thor, who is a journalist, art critic, and dramatist, as well as a writer of fic- I tion, is at his best in his humorous, keenly satirical sketches on topical sub- jects, such as he often publishes in the Corriere della Sera, but in this volume the stories are, with one exception (the first, which gives its title to the book), rather unpleasant in tone, although written in a concise, effective style. The characters are mostly disagreeable, and often vulgar, and the situations, if grim- ly ironical, are of the kind which makes one feel uncomfortable. Of a different order are Riccardo Pierantoni's "No- velle Marinare" (Rome: Nalato), tales of seafaring life, full of that love of the sea which characterized the author from his early youth. One of them, "Giallo e Nero," is based on the experiences of the brothers Bandiera, when, as Austrian naval officers, they took part in the joini Austro-Anglo-Turkish expedition to Acr*, in 1840. It was in making researches for this tale that the idea suggested it- self to Signor Pierantoni of writing the book which he published some years ago on the fatal expedition of those same Bandiera brothers to the Ca- labrian coast, a valuable addition to our knowledge of Italian Risorgimento his- tory. A melancholy interest attaches to these novelJe, which were collected and partly revised by this promising young writer on his deathbed, and brought out after his premature decease by his mother and sister. A book which cannot be classed either as poetry or fiction, although it shows both imagination and poetical feeling, is Emilio Bodrero's "I Giardini di Adone" (Rome: Bontempelli). The author, a busy official in a Government depart- ment, finds time to devote to the high- est forms of culture and to philosophical studies, and has acquired a purely clas- sical spirit and style such as is equalled by very few moderns. He is a human- ist to the finger tips and thoroughly steeped in Greek thought and feeling. After bringing out essays on various Greek philosophers, he has produced In this new volume a series of dialogues on philosophical subjects set forth In language of rare beauty. His style now

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45( > T h e !N a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2524 reminds one of the stately logical pe- riods of Plato, now of the witty satire of Lueian, and all through there runs a .in 11I' paradox which is never unreason- able, with a genuine sense of fantasy and poetry. The spirit of these dia- logues is a tendency to rebel against soulless rationalism and cold materialis- tic reason. Fantasy, in the author's view, is everything, whereas bare facts and plain truths are but a small part of the higher and more real truth of life. One of the most characteristic es- says is that entitled "Ahasuero 0 la verita"; the dialogue is held in some mythical Eastern land under the sway of Prester John. There all the famous mythological personages of tradition are gathered together — Linus, the foun- der of song; Hippolita, the Queen of the Amazons; Marcus Curtius, who rode into the abyss in the Roman Forum; St. Ursula, who was martyred with her 11,000 companions; Roland, the female Pope Joan, Til Eulenspiegel, Naundorf, etc. — awaiting the day when they shall be called back to the world. But the wandering Jew Ahasuerus, who sym- bolizes cold reason, comes in among them and tells them that they are myths and that they never have exist- ed; to which Prester John and the oth- ers reply that they are the real truth, for humanity has created them, the crea- tures of its dreams and fancies, as an in- citement to great deeds: Reality! But for what object would it ex- ist if not to render humanity sublime in its dreams? We are progress and history, we whose existence you bestially deny. All that you say is blind, incomprehensible formula, whereas what man requires is fantasy. Wherefore have you killed it, O implacable destroyer? But you will not prevail, O mortal enemy, and we shall al- ways be history and truth, morality and ex- ample, when, after our victory we shall return to the world which awaits us in or- der to understand itself once more. Shame and curses on him who bereft humanity of its fairest creation ! The witty dialogue between Lueian of Samosata and the impostor Alexander of Abonouteichos follows somewhat on the same lines, and tends to prove that by imposing on humanity one renders it happy. In a different vein is the dis- cussion in "La Passeggiata" between Polyphilus the poet, Xenodotus the archaeologist, and Heliodorus the philoso- pher on the monuments of Rome, the archaeologist maintaining that only the ancient buildings and remains should be preserved and excavated, and all the work of the Middle Ages and the Renais- sance ruthlessly swept away, while the poet is for the preservation of every- thing that is beautiful, and holds that a temple turned in later ages into a church is lovelier than a Bold, carefully preserved ruin where all is ticketed and catalogued. The philosopher, acting as arbiter, decides that each age will be judged by posterity for what it pre- serves and for what it produces, and that sometimes, in destroying the relics of the past, men may be producing doc- uments of yet greater value. "There is a fate which none of us know, where- fore on the manner in which we shall know how to live among our memories, posterity will base its judgment on our value." Altogether, "I Giardini di Adone" is one of the most remarkable and original books published in Italy in recent times. Luioi Viixari. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. The Bibliophile article of the Nation of September 11 has just come to my notice, in which Mr. Leo Newmark writes of a rare German translation of Boswell's "Life of Johnson" published by Nicolovius at Ko- nigsberg in 1797. About the translator, who signs as M. L., Mr. Newmark says: ". . . a little bibliographic research soon disclosed her to have been one Dorothea Mathilde Liebeskind. More research re- vealed nothing further about her." I see no reason why the investigator should have encountered the difficulty ex- pressed in the last sentence. The reference works to which one naturally turns for information on a German author of the end of the eighteenth century readily yield the desired data. Dorothea Margaretha (I do not find Mathilde) Liebeskind and her lit- erary activity are briefly, but adequately, treated in several volumes of Meusel's "Gelehrtes Teutschland" (5th ed., 1796 ff.), as also in Goedeke's indispensable "Grund- riss zur Geschichte der deutschen Dich- tung" (2nd ed., Vol. VI, pp. 426-7). From these sources it appears that Frau Liebes- kind, first married to J. N. Forkel, a musi- cal director, afterwards to J. H. Liebeskind, a prominent jurist in Munich, was born in 1765 as the daughter of a Gottingen pro- fessor, Wedekind. During her younger years, from about 1790 to 1797, she must have been exceedingly busy with rapid hack translations from the English. Her numer- ous titles as quoted in Goedeke include, for instance, Godwin's "Caleb Williams" (1795), and voluminous renderings from the novels of Mrs. Radcliffe, Mrs. Lennox, Mrs. Char- lotte Smith, and other sensational and phantastic writers of that day. Even this list, however, fails to record a not unim- portant part of Frau Liebeskind's efforts, not published under her own name, in the field of semi-scientific works of travel and history, as, for instance, the "History of the American Revolution," by David Ram- say, the South Carolinian. A number of theso more scholarly translations were brought out with the cooperation and un- der the name of no less a personage than the high-minded, but ill-starred, Johann Georg Forster (1754-1794), whom literary and political history remembers in connec- tion with Cook's "Voyage around the World . . . during the years 1772, 3, 4, and 5,'' and with the short lived revolutionary movement at Mayence in the years 17:>2 and 1793. Speaking of Mrs, Liebeskind's German Boswcll, Mr. Ncw111.nl. mentions with ap- parent surprise the liberal taste which Friedrich Nicolovius, its iiul.liHli.r, ;l have presumed generally to exist am... the Germans for translations from the English. As a basis for this statement he refers to a translation of Butler's "Hudibras" which the same publisher brought out in the same year as that of Boswell's "Life of John- son." Here, too, a little research would easily have shown the wide range of Ger- man interest in English letters during the last half of the eighteenth century, a range of interest that included far less attractive things than old Butler's crude, but vigorous, attack on English Puritanism. As a matter of fact, the 1797 edition of "Hudibras," published at Konigsberg, was merely a re- vision of the translation by D. W. Soltau, originally published by Hartknoch in Riga in 1787. But even that was no first attempt at introducing Butler's satire to German readers, nor indeed the last. Only a few years ago, "Hudibras in Germany" was considered sufficiently important to be made the subject of a special study by Prof. Harvey W. Thayer in the Publications of the Modern Language Association of Ame- rica, Vol. XXIV, pp. 547-584. Mrs. Liebeskind as a translator from the English and Butler's "Hudibras" in German prove thus to be topics well within the range of ordinary bibliographic knowledge. But for a right appreciation of the Ger- man attitude not only towards English, but towards foreign literature in general, it is necessary to keep in mind a fundamental principle which in no small measure dis- tinguishes the German people from most of their neighbors on both sides of the Atlantic. It would be folly to try to ex- press it more tersely than it was put by Goethe in his famous last letter, addressed to Wilhelm von Humboldt a few days before the great poet's death. What Goethe there says of individual development applied, he felt sure, no less to national culture: Das beste Genie ist das, welches alles in sich aufnimmt, sich alles zuzueignen weiss, ohne dass es der eigentlichen Grundbe- stimmung, demjenigen, was man Charakter nennt, im mindesten Eintrag tue, vielmehr solches noch erst recht erhebe, und durch- aus nach Moglichkeit befahige. A. R. Hohlfeld. Correspondence HETCH-HETCHY: THE REAL POINT IG- NORED. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In urging the Senate to take time for reflection before giving away Hetch- Hetchy, you have done a service to the val- ley through which its waters flow and to which they are a vital necessity. The Ir- rigated parts are hut small and sparse oases. I have passed over that country four times of late, and there have been hours when only a wilderness of gray sand was visible from the train. To this parched territory the waters of Hetch 11.1. hy right- ly belong, and when It Is BSTVed there will be no surplus left for San Franelseo. (Jive them away now and you leave hundreds "f thousands of acres as barren as the street. This feature of the case has been carofully concealed by I he San Kra nelseo press, which has answered John Mulr's |ilea for Hie seen cry with ridicule; but In a Question of life ..1- death, affecting a rerj large territory, ridicule will 1. a rdly 1 onnt.

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Nov. 13, 191.'] The Nation 457 \l, Chtiri b, U C. for the district, says the farmers are willing to surrender the water. What farmers? Certainly not those who have not yet procured water, and who are In the vast majority. not San Francisco need the water? Not now. And when it does there is abun- dance of surplus water in the American, the Yuba, and the Feather, to say nothing of Tahoe and the other lakes. John Gamble. Baywards, Cal.. November 3. DEANS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In turning over a number of college catalogues the other day, I found myself constantly facing the word "dean"— dean of women, of course; dean of the school, de- partment, college (the name was legion), of engineering; dean of the college, depart- ment, of arts and sciences, liberal arts ; dean of the school of agriculture. But there were other deans — dean of the school. department, college, of education; dean of the school of journalism; dean of the school of chemistry (actually) ; and — dean of deans. The last title strikes one as Bib- lical, the others, most of them, as essen- tially Miltonic. But I would catch the sig- nificance of it all, and am wondering if a reader of the Nation might not spring up to my aid. What, pray, is all the deanerie about? Is it true that the word once meant some- thing, and now, like "judge" and "colonel," in certain districts, Is travelling the slip- pery path of nonsense? It looks as if "judge" and "colonel" and "dean" were ex- hibits of that same species of snobbery (English usage) which clings to American modes of thought ; I find also, as in these other cases, that the further one travels from the centres, the more lush is likely to be the growth of deans. In some of our State universities, indeed, it is difficult to escape them. Mark Twain once spoke of not being able to fire a revolver off your back porch in Cambridge without bringing down a two-volumer ; there is a place I know, west of Suez, where you can hardly hurl a stone at a cat without bruising the shins of a dean. And the dean may be a very pleasant fellow, too; he is simply un- der the shadow of a monstrous name. Some say that presidents are to blame — that if they wish to raise a man's salary without hurting any other man's feelings they create some sort of hecus-pocus, and name the man dean of it. But there must be other, more philosophical, explanations. I am aware of a department of journalism of two instructors, one of them a dean. I know of a department of education, exactly on a plane with a department of political science or of physics, and yet the head of the department is called dean. I have in- timations of a graduate school, without graduate courses, and yet it is presided over by a dean. Not many years ago there appeared in one of our leading dailies an article on "The Flummery of Caps and Gowns," the point being that there was no tradition, no texture of life, which made it worth while for us in America to play with these aca- demic adornments; the practice was un- democratic. This protest, I imagine, was without avail; perhaps the tradition had already been created; and possibly the vice of flummery is venial. But not so with the sin of snobbery. Would it be imagin- able, I wonder, for this "snobbery of deans," as well as all other species and varieties of snobbery, to die a national, hasty, and certain death? Edward A. Thurber. University of Oregon, October 29. CAFETARIA. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The following is taken from the Evening Port: "Downstairs there is to be a caffitaria, that modern expedient for get- ting the most lunch for the least money." In this town we have several of these in- stitutions, though our spelling is cafeteria. Now can any of your readers throw light upon the origin of the term? It is quite recent, say within ten years, or even less. It looks like an American growth; I have not found anything resembling it in French, Italian, or Spanish dictionaries. It serves to designate an eating place somewhere between a tea room and a restaurant. J. M. Hart. Ithaca, November 1. DIALECT POETRY. To the Editor of The Nation : Sir: "I' b'en a-kindo musin', as the feller says," since I read the letter in last week's issue under the caption, "Is 'Hoosier Poetry' Appropriate in the Nation?" The writer refers to the dialect verses which you quoted in your editorial, "The Hoosier Poet," as "barbaric puerilities," a "dialect that needs no example or precept among our young people" ; and he ends his tirade with the sweeping assertion that "the ex- istence of such corruptions of English is merely a misfortune; their reproduction in the Nation is a calamity." May I offer a humble remonstrance to this jeremiad? Literature Is a reflection of life. When an author depicts a person, he should make him speak "in character," and we know that some characters do not ex- press their thoughts and emotions in choice English. Dialect literature gives us a con- vincing portrayal of such people. We and our children respond to their sentiments without any desire to imitate their idio- syncrasies of speech. Surely such expres- sions of wholesome human natures are not "barbaric puerilities," but their natural mode of utterance, distinguishing them from better educated mortals. The virile personality of Natty Bumpo thrilled me as a child; his quaint forms of expression, instead of "larning" :ne bad grammar, only amused me and intensified my appreciation of the naturalness of his character. Shall we banish "Uncle Remus" from our fireside for fear that "the little boy" (and children of a larger growth) may become corrupted by his homely dialect? Must Joel Chandler Harris never appear in the pages of the Nation? Or, by extension, shall we expur- gate from the works of the immortals the blundering Dogberry or the inimitable Mrs. Malaprop, because, forsooth, they murder the King's English? Coming home to clas- sic Boston, near which the writer of the protest lives, must Lowell's poem of New England rural life, "The Courtin'," be in- terdicted on the ground that "the existence of such corruptions of English is merely a misfortune; their reproduction in the Nation is a calamity"? So, Mr. Editor, as a reader of the Nation who believes that the use of your pages in presenting good dialect literature is not a "misuse," but tho sane appreciation of a valuable form of literary expression, I make a plea for the Hoosier Poet and all good dialect writers whose prose and verse pulsate with human joys and sorrows. Con- tinue to publish extracts from their writ- ings for our delectation, and have no fear that "the gobble-uns '11 git you, if you don't watch out!" L. G. Painter. Columbus, Miss., October 26. OPIUM SMOKING IN JAVA. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Opium smoking is the chief vice of the inhabitants of Java. The whole of the opium consumed in Java is manufactured by the Dutch Government of the island, at the government opium manufactory in Batavia. The profits are very large. Mark well that the importation of opium is en- tirely prohibited, and that no opium poppies are grown in Java, the poppy heads used in the manufacture being especially imported for this purpose by the Dutch Government from British India. It is therefore evident that, if the Government of Java could be induced, in the interests of humanity, to. renounce its profits, and to close its opium, manufactory, the practice of the vice in, Java would cease at once. Bertrand Shadwell. Oaroet, Java, September 18. AN EMINENT SOCIOLOGIST. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir : News comes from Florence of the death of one of the most distinguished of Italian sociologists, Scipio Sighele. He was born at Brescia in 1868, gradu- ated at the University of Rome, and then resided for many years in the Trentino, that painfully Italian part of the Austrian Empire, whence his family came, and whence he was banished by the Austrian Government for asserting his ideals of political liberty. He was lecturer on crimi- nal law at the University of Pisa, profes- sor of criminal sociology at the University of Brussels, and member of many scien- tific and literary academies. A lawyer by training, he became Inter- ested in the scientific study of criminology, then under the leadership of Lombroso, and with his accurate studies, particularly of crowds, he was soon recognized as a pioneer in what is termed collective psy- chology. In fact, his principal works are (I give here the French titles, because these books are better known in this coun- try in their French translation) "La Foule criminelle," "Le Crime a deux," and "La Psychologie des sectes." In these books, besides scientific accuracy In the collect- ing and presenting of facts, we find a broad knowledge of literature, criticised from the psychological point of view by a man who was himself both scientist and artist. While investigating with painstaking erudition social evils and the character of crowds, he studied the individual, both In actual life and in the masterpieces of fiction. This is attested by such works as "Letteratura

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458 rn 1' \i e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2524 1 id "Nell' arte e aella scienza." The foundation of his philosophy of gov- ernment was thai the psychology of col- lected Individuals is far Inferior to that t each Individual taken separately. There is in this conclusion a suggestion of pes- simism, particularly if it is applied to parliamentary government — a subject on which Sighele made a special study (see his essay entitled "Contro il parlamentaris- mo" and his latest book, just issued, "Morale privata e morale politica"), But he was, on the contrary, very optimistic. His con- stant theory was that the individual should be better educated, so that the crowd, the social gathering, and the political assem- bly might eventually be improved, and by their work in turn improve the individual. Thus in its scope his life's work had a background of ideal philanthropy. Though his name will live chiefly on ac- count of his scientific work, Scipio Sighele was popular in Italy largely for his politi- cal significance. As an exile of Austria, as a preacher of unflinching irredentism, and as one of the first to voice that na- tionalism which recently found glorious manifestation in the campaigns of Tripoli, Sighele was a kind of national hero. And his numerous contributions to the best magazines and dailies brought his ideas fre- quently before the public. It is, indeed, to be regretted that a life so productive and so useful should be cut off at the age of forty-five. In his work in collective psychology Professor* Sighele had an international reputation. In Italy his name remains as a symbol at once of a broad and studious mind dedicated to a lofty purpose, and of the highest ideals of patriotism. Rudolph Altrocchi. Harvard University, November 10. Literature COLOMBIA. Colombia. By Phanor J. Eder. With 40 illustrations and 2 maps. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $3 net. If there is one country in South Amer- ica which has a definite claim on the in- telligent sympathy and interest of the American people, it is the Republic of Colombia, and yet if there has been one country in South America about which it has been difficult to get accurate in- formation, it is our neighbor across the Isthmus. To be sure, various travellers have given us some insight into its geography and the manners and customs of its people. Millican, the orchid hunter, wrote a capital account of his travels and adventures, but it was published more than twenty years ago, and is dif- ficult to procure. Wirt Robinson, in his "Flying Trip to the Tropics," gave us a good picture of the Magdalena River and of the bird lite that he encountered on his hasty trip. American Minister Scruggs, in writing "The Colombia]* and Venezuelan Republics," enabled us to see the civilized part of Colombia and the manners and customs of Bogota through the eyes of a diplomat. And Loraine Petre, in his "Republic of Co- lombia," gives a very fair account of that part of the country which can most eas- ily be visited, and, in his "Simon Boli- var," a painstaking, minute study of the military side of her War of Inde- pendence. But there has been no book to which one could turn for accurate in- formation and satisfactory description of the country as a whole. At last we have in the present vol- ume an adequate book on Colombia which it is a pleasure to welcome. No writer in Scribner's useful South Amer- ican series has given evidence of know- ing his country so intimately, thor- oughly, and sympathetically as Mr. Eder. Although his work lacks the bril- liant originality of Professor Denis's "Brazil," it takes very high rank in the series. Mr. Eder has, to be sure, written frankly from the point of view of the mere business man. Historical and so- ciological material has been used only to give the necessary background. Nev- ertheless, the historical part of the book is well and thoughtfully written. Unlike Petre, whose work is marred by frequently expressed animosity against Santander, Mr. Eder rightly calls that remarkable man one of "the best type of public men South America has pro- duced. Well versed in politics and juris- prudence, Santander was a constructive statesman who relied upon law, not force, for the maintenance of govern- ment, amply earning the title that has been bestowed on him, el homore de las leyes — 'the man of law.' He was ever a sincere patriot, subordinating his per- sonal ambition to his country's wel- fare, and his public record has but few stains." We know all too little about this man, although his character and achievements really earned him a place alongside of Washington and Jefferson. As a result of his three years in the Harvard Law School and of his own personal acquaintance with the mining laws of Colombia, Mr. Eder has been able to write an unusually good chap- ter on government and law. A clearer exposition of the laws of any South American republic has not appeared in any book which has come under the re- viewer's notice during the last twelve years. It is brief, but very much to the point. There is a useful appendix giv- ing the amendments to the Constitu- tion adopted in 1910, but as Mr. Eder himself says, the Colombians, a few exceptions apart, have never really understood, do not to- day understand, their own Constitution ; . . . the Constitution has no vital effect upon in' nation's life or laws; Inner spirit it has none ; and though there is much dis- cussion over it, and to-day all political parties proclaim themselves "constitu- tional," that is, adherents in the main of the existing Constitution, yet a reading of it furnished us surprisingly little assist- ance In arriving at any complete under standing of the actual workings of the Government. Mr. Eder admits that revolutions will occur, but he also contends that they will be less of a menace and less de- structive to Colombia than a coal strike to Great Britain or a railway strike to the United States. The author appears to belong to a family some of whose members have been in business in Colombia for half a century, chiefly in the rich Cauca Valley. This fact, while adding to Mr. Eder's qualifications for his task, has been the cause of two defects. The more serious is that he takes it for granted that his readers have a good general knowledge of South America. Of course, this leaves him free to make his book more informative for the well- prepared reader, and it is quite possible that the time has arrived when our knowledge of South American history and institutions should enable us to use more advanced handbooks. The second fault, not a serious one, is that Mr. Eder lays too much emphasis on the Cauca Valley. Yet he recognizes his natural prejudice for the part of the country where his family has lived, and he has tried, by consulting the best au- thorities, to do justice to those portions of Colombia with which he is not per- sonally acquainted. His excuse for call- ing particular attention to "The Valley" is that the opening of the Panama Canal will benefit Cauca as much as, possibly more than, any other part of South America. Its seaport of Buenaventura, if ever properly developed and drained, has a great future. Mr. Eder has not felt the necessity of discussing the way in which the Republic of Panama achieved its inde- pendence. At the same time, as he en- joys the rare distinction of being fond of both Colombia and the United States, his remarks on the present attitude of Colombians towards us are worthy of careful consideration. With the author- ity of intimate personal knowledge, he writes: "In spite of the lapse of so many years, the unsettled 'Panama ques- tion' is still a burning one in Colombia." Colombians "dread a Yankee attempt sooner or later to overpower South America, and believe their land to be the outpost which will be first attack- ed. They have already felt the talon of the Eagle; they have a hysterical dread that the voracious bird will again swoop down upon their country. Hys- terical is the only word. Suspicion of the designs of the American Govern- ment is carried to absurd limits." In the word "hysterical" he has put his finger a1 the verj core of the trouble. The question for the careful reader nf his book to answer is, llow tar is it the duty of the United States to attempt to effect a cure for this hysteria? CJn like a recent magazine writer who would have us take from Panama her

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Nov. 13, 1913J Tli e Nation 459 southern provinces and hand them back to Colombia — on the theory that two wrongs make a right— Mr. Eder offers no suggestions as to how we may help Settle this burning question. He does, however, point out repeatedly the pos- sibilities for enlarging Colombia's com- merce and the opportunities for mak- ing investments in her mines, ranches, and plantations. His friendliness to Colombia has not led him to overlook her faults. In crit- icising her economic policy he does not matters.- Speaking of the Mag- dalena River, Colombia's chief highway, he says: "Its utility, actual or latent, is limited, and to have staked the early railroad-building energies of the nation, and largely its pecuniary resources, too, on establishing connection with this frail artery of trade without any seri- ous attempt to improve its navigabil- ity, has been Folly, Waste, Crime." In fact, Colombian statesmen will find many unpalatable paragraphs. A cur- rent joke illustrating the character of some Colombian railways is worth re- peating. Says one passenger to another, "We seem to be going more smoothly." "Yes," replies his friend, "we are off the track now." The development of Colombia's nat- ural resources is retarded on every side by lack of roads: Rich mines to which machinery cannot be taken except at frightful cost, forests of valuable timber too remote from the seas or navigable rivers to be available for international trade, agricultural lands that could supply a large share of the world's tropical products, did not the freights eat up the profits — these lie fal- low and unworked. Dozens of articles that the country itself produces, prime necessi- ties like salt, sugar, rice, flour, potatoes, are imported from abroad because that is cheaper, despite high duties, than trans- porting them from one part of the country to another. Roads and railroads are in- deed the crying need. If anything is needed to help the Amer- ican reader to a sympathetic considera- tion of the stumbling-blocks that have lain in the way of Colombia's progress from the beginning, it is a few weeks' experience of travel in the central Andes. On the other hand, Mr. Eder is able to testify: The resources of the country are daily developing, its income daily increasing, yet its national debt per capita remains one of the smallest of any of the American nations. There is scarcely a country in the world, therefore, which offers to the enterprising financier a better field for a large bank and loan venture, with a high and legitimate profit and a fair margin of safety. This may sound, taken by itself, too san- guine, but Mr. Eder well knows the difficulties of carrying negotiations through to a successful termination. From personal experience he has found that the Colombian Government and people are "not easy to negotiate with." They cannot easily be made to perceive the standpoint of the foreign banker and investor. We are almost forced to the conclusion that Colombia does not at heart really desire foreign capital. To those boosters of our foreign trade who are wont to say that if we make our goods satisfactory and can compete in regard to prices, we can sell our wares without difficulty, Mr. Eder re- plies: "How large a role anti-American feeling plays to the advantage of the European exporter it is impossible to estimate accurately: that it is enormous cannot be doubted.'' With regard to our own commercial travellers, it is a plea- sure to learn that "the much-beridiculed, language-ignorant, 'dago'-despising, to- bacco-chewing, grossly impolite type of Yankee 'hustler' is rapidly disappear- ing." At the same time it is discourag- ing to find that our manufacturers who ship goods to Colombia still ignore the first requirements of packing. They either make the package so heavy that the additional customs and freight charges ruin the consignee, or so flimsy that damage and breaking due to trans- shipments and mule-back journeys, and exposure to heat and wet, cause the goods to arrive in a state that is little likely to cause future orders. At the risk of tiring the ordinary read- er, Mr. Eder has ventured to give a considerable amount of space to care- fully compiled data with regard to eco- nomic conditions that should prove of the greatest value to intending visitors, be they tourists, commercial travellers, or investors. Specific details are furnish- ed in regard to the number of coffee plants that can be planted to the acre, the character and source of Colombia's exports, and the size and resources of her banks, laboriously compiled from annual reports and private sources of information. A word must be said in regard to the photographs, which are not only well chosen, but, a far less common occur- rence, are actually placed so as to illus- trate the text. For some of the best, the author acknowledges his indebted- ness to the recent expedition of the American Museum under the leadership of Frank Chapman. The publishers have not treated the book fairly in the map, which, a too faithful copy of Codazzi, is not up-to-date as regards railways, and, although giving conspic- uous notice to some places long since defunct, actually fails to locate such im- portant points as La Dorada and Nemo- con. It would also make the Peruvians smile to see that their northern boun- dary is the Amazon. If only Colombia would undertake to govern the Putu- mayo as well as to claim it on the maps! CURRExXT FICTION. The End, of Her Honeymoon. By Mrs. Belloc Lowndes. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. In "The Chink in the Armour" Mrs. Belloc Lowndes developed, somewhat la- boriously, a story of crime and mys- tery. Here she does something of the same sort in a far better way. The plot is ingenious, but the reader does not feel that he is examining the merits of an intricate invention. The mystery itself absorbs him from the beginning. Here is the opening situation: A young pair arrive in Paris late one night, the last night of a three weeks' honeymoon. John Dampier is, like his wife, English by birth, but a painter who has lived long in Paris, and who now brings his bride to Paris as home. It is an Exhibition year, and when they reach the hotel, they find that the land- lady, though Dampier had written, has not suitable rooms for them. Rather than go elsewhere, they stay, the wife in a room adjoining that of their host and hostess, the Poulains, Dampier in some garret cubicle which is vaguely spoken of and which, of course, the young wife does not see. In the morning Dampier has disappeared. To the wife's amaze- ment, the Poulains deny that he has been there at all. They assert that she has come there alone, and show a strong desire to be rid of her. Fortunately, there are certain fellow-inmates of the hotel to whom she can appeal — an Amer- ican Senator, his daughter, and son. The police are notified, the morgue is visited, the American and British consulates are appealed to. Finally, the Prefect of Police is interviewed, and as a result the house is searched. Nothing is found, and the outlook seems hope- less. By this time the younger Amer- ican is in love with Mrs. Dampier, and believing that Dampier is dead, swears to discover the truth. The reader who guesses the answer before it is present- ed to him in black and white will be a clever person. Betty Musgrave. By Mary Findlater. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. Neither Scottish scenes, the descrip- tion of some extraordinarily eccentric and diseased personalities, nor the in- terest of a simple thread of sentimental action, quite saves this book from color- lessness. Partly responsible are the small number of characters, and the highly subjective cast of the story. In the first chapter we are introduced to the only three personages of importance: Betty, daughter of a ruined house, her father dead, and her money gone; her mother, a vicious woman, addicted to drugs; and Oliver Lacy, the rather lackadaisical young hero. It requires no penetration to perceive that the action is to lie sim- ply in Hetty's struggles for a livelihood,

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4=eo T li e N" a t i o ii [Vol. 97, No. 2524 tier efforts to reform her mother or re- strain her, and in Lacy's unexciting methods of love-making. In trying to inject a moral interest into this rather uninspiring course of events, the author has only succeeded in giving us too much psychology. The ending is long foreseen and conventional; the mother dies, a victim to her vices, and Betty and Oliver are quietly married. The only passages of merit are those de- scribing the wholesome young girl in contrast with several distasteful and snobbish figures of the London society into which her family connections car- ry her, a "poor relation" of independent type. The Dominie of Harlem. By Arnold Mul- der. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. Dominies still exist in Harlem — but in a Harlem of the Middle West, a little settlement whose people havet preserv- ed the customs of the Fatherland and let the "Dutch of it" persist in their na- tures. To this conservative community came a new minister, the "Dominie," of the new generation who wished to "melt the snow" of prejudice and narrowness in Harlem. He began at once with a series of crimes. He went out canoe- ing, failed to ask after the health of the soul of his flock on meeting them, and laughed on Sunday. To cap it all, he eloped with the daughter of a man who had left the church in anger and had himself married by a Methodist preach- er. Ultimately, his manhood overrode popular sentiment, melted the snow of his parishioners' hearts, and put him at the head of his headstrong community. "The Dominie of Harlem" is a pret- ty tale, prettily done. To many readers it will be news to be told of Dutch peasants in twentieth-century America. Their squabbles, social and religious, their condemnation of the use of Eng- lish as the worst of sins, their struggle against progress and colleges and fresh air, make a pleasant if not a startling narrative. If You Touch Them They Vanish. By Gouverneur Morris. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Gouverneur Morris here returns to an earlier and pleasanter style. It is a sort of modern fairy tale, with a Poor — but rich — Boy for a hero, misused for all his millions, an old Irish nurse for a Fairy Godmother, a New York society girl who has lost her all in the vague machinations of finance for a Fairy Princess, and for a background a vast, sweeping valley of soaring rocks and billowing pine forests far up on the Canadian coast. To this private domain the Poor Boy retires when he Is shun- ned by the world for an offence he never committed. His old nurse goes with him, the only human being who believes in him, and the only one whose face he will consent to see. Here in the wilder- ness the Poor Boy surrounds himself with a whole community of kindred spir- its. He peoples it with all the suffer- ers of the world who have been wrong- fully accused and imprisoned. With them he conducts great enterprises, de- velops his domain, establishes a commis- sion government by three persons, a man, a woman, and a child — who must not be in any way related to the other members of the commission, lest the slipper should unduly influence affairs of state — builds houses, schools, and pub- lic edifices. But through it all he knows that, while he may talk to his friends, if he touches them they will vanish. How the old nurse brought a helper to the valley, and how in the end the Poor Boy found that they did not always vanish when you touched them, are things not to be set forth here. Mr. Morris has handled his difficult subject with a graceful touch. PLATO'S LETTERS. The Authorship of the Platonic Epistles. By R. Hackfonth. New York: Long- mans, Green & Co. $2 net. The renewed controversy concerning the genuineness of the thirteen "Pla- tonic" Epistles is of more than techni- cal interest. It affects not only the avail- ability of much attractive material for the historian of Greece, but our concep- tion of Plato's character. It is no light thing to assume that Plato was capable of the silly mysticism of the second epistle, the scholastic pedantry and sophistic rhetoric of the third and oth- ers; the obscurities, affectations, and tasteless jests of the sixth; the disin- genuousness of the thirteenth; the clumsy irrelevance and ponderous elab- oration of Platonic formula in the philo- sophical digression in the seventh. In the recent renewal of the debate all the apparatus of professional philol- ogy and an appalling lexicographical industry have been brought to'bear upon a question which a really cultivated lit- erary instinct ought to be able to de- cide by one attentive reading. Our own "cultivated literary instinct" rejects the letters peremptorily. But it is not easy to translate this inner light into con- straining objective arguments. The ever-swelling philological literature of the controversy is largely concerned with the setting up and knocking down of men of straw. The genuineness of the letters can never be proved by show- ing that they contain no gross and pal- pable errors of history, and that in vo- cabulary and idiom they diverge less widely from the usage of Plato's later writings than the zeal of Karsten and other early objectors affirmed, or that they conform more or less closely to Isocratean precepts for the avoidance of hiatus. The errors and exaggerations on both sides cancel one another. We have seen no treatise on the subject from which we could not quote demon- strable misapprehensions of the text. The broad grounds for the rejection of the epistles are simple. Their accept- ance by antiquity hardly creates a pre- sumption in their favor. Antiquity was uncritical in this matter and accepted hundreds of demonstrably spurious epis- tles. All but a few extremists admit that several of the "Platonic" collec- tion are forgeries. The others, then, may be. We think they are. In the first place, there is no equal amount of Platonic text that is so tame, that con- tains so few really fine or beautiful sen- tences. Secondly, the entire writings of Plato probably present fewer "remi- niscences" of notable and quotable Pla- tonic passages than these letters. It is easy to misapprehend or confuse this is- sue. We are not speaking of the itera- tion and enforcement of fundamental Platonic principles, nor of the verbal repetition of idiom and formula, but of the allusive and scholastic literary rem- iniscences of famous Platonic passages which we do not find in Plato, and ex- pect to find in a forger. These two broad considerations would suffice, in our opinion, to determine the question. More subjective, perhaps, are arguments drawn from our ideal of Plato's charac- ter. It is always possible to argue that the real Plato "gave himself away" in the letters. And it is not easy to refute those who choose to believe that the author of "The Republic," "Gorgias," and "Phaedo" wrote letters of the "burn this" type, and had a private understanding with Dionysius that insincere letters of recommendation should begin with the polytheistic word deal. The or inaiy lexicographical arguments, as we have said, prove little either way. A clever Platonizing rhetorician writing within a generation or two of Plato's death would be able to avoid gross errors of vocabulary, lie would be more likely to betray himself in slight deviations from the older usage of ordinary words. We suspect that ?): dij\a /XV" tuaTtpa. Herat roh t6 i/xbv f/8os Swafitvois Kplveiv. 1 oth the thought and t 6 ha'f- technical phrasing here seem to smack of Alexandrinism. These introductory reflections have kept Mr. Hackforth's volume waiting too long, but have anticipated the substance of our criticism of it. Mr. Hackforth's conclusion is that iii, iv, vii, vili, and xiii are genuine; i, ii, v, vi, and xil spurious, and ix, x, and xl doubtful. In support of this judgment he reviews the letters seriatim, but by no means ex- haustively, reaffirming the chief obJec> tions of German investigators to the epistles which he rejects and endear cu- ing to weaken the force of thai] ments against those which he a<

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Nov. 13, 1913] T li e !N" a t i o n 461 He does not, so far as we have observ- ed, anywhere meet the two main argu- ments on which we have rested the is- sue, unless the scanty collection of par- allel passages within the dialogues in Appendix B is to be regarded as an an- swer to our condemnation of the epis- tles for excess of Platonic reminiscence. His introduction gives a sufficient, though incomplete and narrowly techni- cal, history of the "literature" of the controversy. It concludes with his own chief original contribution to the sub- ject. Roeder, on the basis of the tabu- lation of 246 "rare Platonic words" oc- curring in the epistles, had affirmed a "general lexical affinity" between the epistles as a whole and Plato's later writings. Mr. Hackforth. reduces Roeder's list from 246 to 126 by tables constructed from the special lexica for Thucydldes, Xenophon, Demosthenes, Isocrates, the other orators, and Aris- totle. Within this group of 126 he establishes a list of 38 "special words" occurring in Plato only in the later dialogues, and by the use of these two lists he finds that the lexical affinities with these dialogues of the epistles which he accepts are a few per cent, higher than those of the epistles which he rejects. This is an interesting illus- tration of the law that every "style-sta- tistical" investigation only imposes a more laborious task on the next inquir- er. We are unable to see that it proves anything else. And Mr. Hackforth's English common-sense constrains him to "face the fact" that no amount of affinity can afford conclusive proof of Platonic authorship. It can only indi- cate that the letters in question "either are the works of Plato, or the Forger has been very skilful" — even so, more skilful, that is, than the forger of other letters, a conclusion with which we have no quarrel. The Loss of Normandy (1189-1204): Studies in the History of the Angevin Empire. By P. M. Powicke, M.A. Manchester: University Press; New York: Longmans, Green & Co. $5 net. In the general history of European politics the Normans of the eleventh and twelfth centuries hold a position of no small importance. As conquerors they made their influence felt from Ire- land to the Mediterranean; as organ- izers they established in England and in Sicily the first modern states in Western Europe, both well in advance of their contemporaries in economic and military strength and in the precocious vigor of their fiscal and administrative systems. While the dominant element in these countries was Norman and ruled with all the stern masterfulness of the Norman character, it was quick to as- similate and transmit the culture and institutions of others, and much of the significance of the Normans lies in their work as intermediaries. Whatever their Scandinavian inheritance may have been, it is now well understood that the conquerors of England had be- come Frenchmen long before the Bat- tle of Hastings, and the significance of the Conquest lies largely in the connec- tions then established with the culture and law of northern France, a fact of which the English language is a peren- nial reminder. Oddly enough, Normandy, especially on its institutional side, has received little attention from English historians, who have been slow to admit the Con- tinental origin of fundamental institu- tions like the jury and to grasp the larger implications of Norman history. Freeman's elaborate "History of the Norman Conquest" is little more than a political narrative, written with lit- tle real understanding of underlying conditions on either side of the Chan- nel; his "big Sicily" ends with the Greeks, his "little Sicily" with the Romans. French scholars have done more, but their special studies have gen- erally failed to make clear the interna- tional relations of their subject. The truth is that the history of Normandy is a difficult field of study, largely be- cause of the paucity of original mate- rial. There is no parallel to the Domes- day survey or the Anglo-Saxon law- books, and the scattered fragments of the exchequer rolls make a sorry show- ing as compared with the pipe rolls and the legal treatises of Plantagenet England. The ore does not lie on the surface, and requires patient and even ingenious search. Under these circumstances a work like Professor Powicke's, already fore- shadowed by various special articles, deserves a warm welcome. He sees his subject broadly, is abreast of recent in- vestigation, both in France and Eng- land, and writes with point and vigor. Although the events of the reigns of Richard and John occupy five chapters, the book is not so much a narrative of the separation of Normandy from Eng- land, as a series of studies concerning the Angevin empire, viewed as the most advanced and self-sufficient country in Europe during the early years of the thirteenth century, and as thus illus- trating in an especial degree the char- acteristics of a mediaeval state. There are here set forth for the first time, at least in English, the geographical basis of the wide-reaching empire of Henry II and his sons, the common elements in its administration, and the nature of the ducal government in Normandy, the empire's origin and centre. The col- lapse of Angevin power is then traced through the campaigns of Richard and John to the organization of the newly acquired domains by Philip Augustus, while the appendix throws light on the vexed question of the condemnation of John by the court of peers. The most original part of the work is probably the portion which uses the operations in Normandy to illustrate the workings of a mediaeval state in time of war. Based on the exchequer rolls of 1180- 1203 and the chancery enrolments of John's early years, these chapters show forth the concrete detail of military and fiscal affairs as we could never learn it from the chroniclers. We see how in Normandy, a land of chattellenies rath- er than of shires, the ducal castle and its adjacent demesne were the real unit of administration, and we get a vivid notion of castle life in peace and in war. We can follow item by item the many thousand pounds which went to the making of Chateau Gaillard, where Richard utilized the knowledge of Syrian fortifications which he had gain- ed on his crusade, and we can see at their work the Saracen mercenaries and Frankish artillerymen whom he brought back from the East. The same invalua- ble sources show us the reckless finance of an age which knew no bud- get and was just discovering how easy it was to borrow. On the results of the Norman wars Professor Powicke can hardly be ex- pected to say anything very new. The division of the baronage, here traced out in an appendix of much interest to genealogists, formed the law of treason I and the law of aliens; the loss of the continental domains developed English nationality and prepared the way for the Great Charter. For France the great fact was, of course, its geographical unification and the enlargement of the royal power. Some direct influence was probably exerted by. the more advanced and more highly centralized Norman system upon the judicial and fiscal de- partments of the Capetian government, but the exact process is not yet under- stood, and the problem is not here rais- ed. The important thing is to "remind ourselves that when the Normans be- came French they did a great deal more than bring their national epic to a close. They permitted the English once more to become a nation, and they established the French state for all time." A great people can hardly ask a more glorious end for its history. The Life of Lyman Trumbull. By Hor- ace White. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. $3 net. The life of Lyman Trumbull offers some difficulties for the biographer. His long career in Congress can, of course, be traced with accuracy through vari- ous series of official documents. Outside of his public utterances, however, and the record of his public activities, ma- terial of a personal nature is scanty. Of the several thousand letters preserved

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4=32 T h e Nation [ Vol. 97, No. 2524 among his papers, and now in tin; Li- brary of Congress, nearly all are the work of his correspondents; for of his own letters he rarely kept copies, and i'i \\ of value seem to have been preserv- ed by his friends. On the other hand, Trumbull's career identified him so closely with epoch-making events in our national history, that the biographer who essays to give an adequate accounl of his influence or achievements must either narrate much history of a gener- al rather than personal nature, or else assume that the reader himself knows that history exceptionally well. Opin- ions will differ regarding the method which Mr. White has pursued. He has certainly written a good many pages in which Trumbull does not appear at all, and his use of the Trumbull letters sug- gests that the importance of the collec- tion may not be in proportion to its bulk; but he at least makes clear throughout the part which Trumbull played, and adds to American political biography a notable and welcome con- tribution. Trumbull's rise to national promi- nence was rapid. From the moment when, in 1855, he entered Congress as a Senator from Illinois, the course of events brought him into opposition to the slavery forces and to Douglas, his senior colleague; and although he was at one with Douglas in opposing the Le- compton Constitution, he had no sympa- thy whatever for Douglas's attitude of indifference to the ultimate fate of slav- ery itself. His speech in opposition to the Crittenden compromise was one of the strongest which that futile proposi- tion elicited. On the other hand, his friendship for Lincoln did not blind him to Lincoln's subserviency to politi- cal interests, or to the weaknesses of Lincoln's military policy. Of the Cam- eron scandal, an ineradicable blot on Lincoln's Administration, and of the essential untruthfulness of Lincoln in the matter of the appointment of Har- vey to the Portuguese mission, Mr. White gives an account which spares neither Lincoln nor Seward. Very in- teresting, too, is Trumbull's own ac- count of his visit to Bull Run, and of the panic and stampede of the Union troops. The treatment of a telegram which Trumbull sent to his wife on July 22, 1861, is a vivid reminder cf the devious ways of military censorship. Trumbull wrote: "The battle resulted unfavorably to our cause." What Mrs. Trumbull received read: "I came from near the battlefield last night. It was a desperately bloody fight." Of the important measures which Trumbull had large share in framing, the first was the Confiscation Act of Au- gust 6, 1861. Mr. White is in error in saying, in his first mention of the act (p. 168), that it "did not confiscate anj other than slave property," unless he has in mind the actual effect of the act rather than its terms; lor the first sec- tion of the act expressly provides for the confiscation of all property used for insurrectionary purposes. The pro visions are correctly summarized later (p. 173). A similar inadvertence oc- curs in the discussion of the Emancipa- tion Proclamation (p. 222). Mr. White writes: Moreover, if the President had legal au- thority to issue th« proclamation, then he. or a successor in office, could revoke it. . . . The proclamation did not purport to rest upon any constitutional power, but upon war powers solely. The first of these statements implies, apparently, that the President could by proclamation reinslave those whom by proclamation he had set free: a doc- trine directly opposed to the famous ruling decision of Lord Mansfield in the Somerset case. The second state- ment is true, in a sense, of the prelim- inary proclamation of September, 1862; but the Emancipation Proclamation it- self, of January 1, 1863— the only one, of course, which actually had effect — affirms that the action of the President is "warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity." The Freedmen's Bureau and Civil Rights bills of 1866 were also largely Trumbull's work; and while the former failed to pass over Johnson's veto, the latter, though vetoed also, became law. The veto of the Civil Rights bill was, for Trumbull, the parting of the ways. Hitherto he had supported Johnson, but the action of the President seemed to him to endanger the freedom of the negroes, and he not only devoted him- self to passing the bill over the veto, but in the Congressional campaign of 1866 was the leading figure on the Re- publican side (pp. 273, 277). His au- thorship of the Thirteenth Amendment, in force in 1865, would of itself have made him a national figure, and he did not intend that the results which the amendment had achieved, or the pow- ers of enforcement which he believed had been secured to Congress under its second section, should be put in jeo- pardy. Yet he was no blind follower of his party, and in the impeachment of Johnson he met the supreme test of courage by voting, with six other Re- publicans, for acquittal. Of the more conspicuous events of Trumbull's subsequent career — his oppo- sition to the Ku Klux act, his insist- ence upon the investigation of the scan- dals of Grant's Administration, his share in the Liberal Republican move- ment of 1872, and his appearance as one of the counsel for Tilden in 1877 — Mr. White gives a circumstantial and sympathetic account. No recent book of American political biography has had the advantage of such intimate personal contact by the author with the events and personages described. In the long list of writings through which Mr. White has recorded or interpreted the history of his time, this his latest book will hold, we are confident, a notable place. The Principles of Judicial Proof. By John Henry Wigmore. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. $6 net. If any one is entitled to try an experi- ment in teaching the law of evidence, it is the author, or, as he modestly styles himself, the compiler, of this book. He has studied this branch of the law long and thoroughly. He has taught it many years. He has published a monumental treatise, under the title of "A System of Evidence in Trials at Common Law," and has compiled a huge collection of cases on evidence for classroom use. Yet whether any one is entitled to try the experiment made in this volume is a question upon which teachers and stu- dents of law will differ. Evidence is a topic which every member of a law- school class feels that he must study, even when it is not a prescribed course in the curriculum. It generally is, and ought always to be, a major course, in point of time allotment. If an entirely novel addition is to be made to this course it must obtain a still larger allot- ment of time at the expense of other courses, or the time heretofore given to the topic as now taught must be short- ened. Even Professor Wigmore is not very confident that his experiment will be successful. While he does not hesitate to assert that "there must be a proba- tive science," he admits that "the science may as yet be imperfectly formu- lated or even incapable of formulation." If it is incapable of formulation, ought the entire body of law students to be forced to buy an expensive law book, and spend one-quarter of the time avail- able for an important topic in the chase of what may turn out to be an ignis fatuus? Again, granting that the experiment is justifiable, the further question arises, ought it to be made as a preliminary to the course in evidence or as a supple- ment to it? Now, the object of the ex- periment is to train the advocate in the art of "contentious persuasion," and to train the judge in the correct applica- tion of the scientific principles of judi- cial proof. But, unless the existing rules governing the admissibility of evidence are to be ignored, or to be subjected to radical modifications, it should seem that a knowledge of those rules should precede a study of the present volume. An advocate does not enter upon his task of persuading the jury or the court, nor does a Judge render a decision, un- til the evidence is all in. And what evi- dence is in must always depend upon the rules of admissibility. Unless,

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Nov. 13, 1913] Tlie Nation 4.63 therefore, this experimental study of the science of proof has for one of its main purposes the abrogation or radical modification of the existing rules of ad- missibility, it ought, we submit, to sup- plement the present course in evidence. An examination of the material re- prlnted in the volume before us leads to the same conclusion. Part iii, the author assures us, "represents the ulti- mate and most difficult aspect of the principles of proof"; namely, the method of solving a complex mass of evidence in contentious litigation, of determining why "a total mass of evidence does or should persuade us to a given conclu- But every case which is reprint- ed in this part of the volume, as a pro- bli 1:1 tor the student's consideration, fur- nishes only the evidence which was deemed admissible under existing rules. The problem presented is not how the case ought to have been tried; not what evidence ought to have been admitted, but, after all the witnesses had been ex- amined and all rulings upon the admis- sibility of evidence had been made, what should have been the decision of the jurors, or of the court, if the scientific principles of proof were properly ap- plied. A course in which such problems are to be dealt with ought to supplement, not to precede, the ordinary course in evidence. If Professor Wigmore's exper- iment were made with a select class of graduate students while actively engag- ed in legal practice, it would be extreme- ly interesting, and its results would be valuable. Notes Holt will bring out next week I. M. Ru- binow's "Social Insurance," and "Statis- tical Averages," by Frank Zizek. On Friday Putnams issue "The Old Bos- ton Post Road," by Stephen Jenkins; "My Beloved South," by Mrs. T. P. O'Connor; an illustrated edition of Thomas Hardy's "Under the Greenwood Tree," and "Me- moirs of Rt. Hon. Henry Labouchere, M.P., by Algar Labouchere Thorold. Longmans, Green & Company have in preparation: "Royal Spain of To-day," by Tryphosa Bates Batcheller ; "Lord Lyons, a Record of British Diplomacy," two vol- umes, by Lord Newton; "Life and Letters of George Villiers, Fourth Earl of Claren- don," two volumes, by Sir Herbert Max- well; "The Life of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham," two volumes, by Basil Wil- liams; "My Art and My Friends," the reminiscences of Sir Frederic H. Cowen ; "Shakespeare's Stories," by Constance and Mary Maud; "Clio, a Muse, and Other Es- says, Literary and Pedestrian," by G. M. Trevelyan ; "English Prose, a Series of Re- lated Essays for the Discussion and Prac- tice of the Art of Writing," selected and edited by F. W. Roe and G. R. Elliott; "The Vices of Virtues and Other Vagaries," by the author of "The Life of a Prig"; "The Development of English Theology in the Nineteenth Century (1800-1860)," by the Rev. Vernon P. Storr; "The Church in Rome in the First Century, Being the Bampton Lectures for 1913," by the Rev. George Edmundson; "Churches in the Mod- ern State," by John Neville Figgis; "Some Loose Stones, Being a Consideration of Certain Tendencies in Modern Theology, Il- lustrated by References to the Book Called 'Foundations,'" by the Rev. R. A. Knox; "The World's Redemption," by C. E. Rolt, and "Memories of a Soldier's Life," by Sir H. M. Bengough. "The Collected Papers of Henry Sweet," edited by H. S. Wyld, will be published shortly by the Oxford University Press. The volume contains papers written by Pro- fessor Sweet in a period of more than thirty years. All are philological except a long essay on Shelley's nature poetry read to the Shelley Society, but never published. A large part of the book is devoted to pho- netics. In January Mr. G. K. Chesterton's new novel, "The Flying Inn," will be published simultaneously in England and this coun- try. John Lane Company will issue it in America. "General William Booth Enters into Heaven" is the title-poem of a volume of verse by Nicholas Vachel Lindsay which Mitchell Kennerley brings out this week. "Gruss aus Deutschland" is the title of a reader for high schools and entering classes at college which is about to appear in Heath's Modern Language series. The au- thor is Professor Holzwarth, of Smith Col- lege. Mr. Leon H. Vincent has brought together a dozen literary sketches which he pub- lishes under the appropriate title of "Dan- dies and Men of Letters" (Houghton Mif- flin). The subjects run from the pure dandy, such as Beau Brummell, to a great poet, such as Lord Byron — although Mr. Vincent deals almost exclusively with the social side of Byron's life. The "Noble Poet" is also rightly included in this col- lection for the sentiment, sincere enough, with which the present sketch of him opens: "I like the Dandies; they were al- ways very civil to me, though in general they disliked literary people." But Mr. Vincent is more amusing when he deals with lesser men, such as Rogers or Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, where the cynicism of the subject lends savor to his own wit. "The Ancient of St. James's Place," he writes of the former, "was not to be put down by trifles, such as being run over or robbed. He wore a grim and sardonic air as of one who intended to see all his coevals off the stage of life, and marvelled a little at their impudence in delaying to mal an exit. . . . Writing from Woburn in December, 1849, Milnes says, 'Rogers has been here— very cross and very much petted. He stumps about most wonderfully, and has lately had the gratification of the of several old people younger than him- self.' " Among thr other sketch Thomas Moore, Peacock, Disraeli, and Hen ry Crabb Robinson. There are portraits and the printing is excellent. Richard G. Badger, of Boston, has gath- ered nine of James Russell Lowell's essay- reviews into a volume which he publishes as "The Round Table." The books review- ed range in date from "The Works of Wal- ter Savage Landor," published in 1846, to the third volume of Palfrey's "History of New England During the Stuart Dynasty," in 1864. Other titles are "Nationalism in Literature" (suggested by Longfellow's "Kavanaugh"), Thoreau's "Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers," "Elsie Venner," "The Marble Faun," "Disraeli as a Novelist," "The New Timon" (which Low- ell cleverly attributed to Bulwer, the real author), and "Browning's Plays and Poems." Some of the work is good, as, for example, this characteristic passage on the influence of the country schoolhouse, sug- gested by Palfrey's "New England" : Passing through some Massachusetts vil- lage, perhaps at a distance from any house, it may be in the midst of a piece of woods where four roads meet, one may sometimes even yet see a small, square, one-story building, whose use would not be long doubtful. It is summer, and the flickering shadows of forest leaves dapple the roof of the little porch, whose door stands wide, and shows, hanging on either hand, rows of straw hats and bonnets, that look as if they had done good service. As you pass the open windows, you hear whole platoons of high-pitched voices, discharg- ing words of two or three syllables with wonderful precision and unanimity. Then there is a pause, and the voice of the offi- cer in command is heard reproving sume raw recruit whose vocal musket hung fire. Then the drill of the small infantry be- gins anew. . . . Now, this building, and others like it, were an original kind of fortification in- vented by the founders of New England They are the martello-towers that pro- tect our coast. This was the great discov- ery of our Puritan forefathers. . . . The opening of the first grammar-school was ning of the first trench against mo- nopoly in church and state. That is the mature Lowell; but it can- not be said that most of these essays add to his reputation as a critic. They are, in simple truth, burdened with a great deal of smart and rather empty moralizing through which runs a deafening fusillade of similes and metaphors. The clever metaphor was always Lowell's temptation, but in these pages his weakness is a vice. The publisher of the volume, with the ex- ception of one footnote, gives no indica- tion of the source of these essays. The little book of "The Roadmender," half autobiography under a quaint alle- gorical disguise, half musings on the beauty of the world in mystical religious vein, was first published in 1902, and in the eleven years since then, without any puffing or adventitious aids, has made its way into the mind and heart of all lovers of the fine and precious in letters. It was known almost from the beginning that "Michael Fairless" was only a pen-name under which the author, Margaret Fairless Barber in real life, chose to disguise herself, and con- jecture was soon rife as to her character and life. She wished to remain unknown, bul her friends have rightly concluded that, if the world was to speak of her at all, she would have preferred to have the truth spoken. For that reason her sister, \t. Haggard, and one of the friends Into "hose family she was adopted and Who cared for her in her illness, William Scott Palmer CM. E. Dowson), have now told the s;mple story of her years In a slender vol- 1 it led "Michael I r Life and Writings" (Dutton), We shall not at- tempt here to retell that narrative, for those who have read "The Roadmender" and "The Gathering of Brother Hllarius"

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464 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2524 will wish to go to tho book itself. It is all In good taete, and might almost be a part of Michael Fairleas's own notes, though without the last, refinement of art which was a part of her nature. We might per- haps have been better satisfied, too, If a tew 0] the trivial details of her childhood in her Yorkshire home were omitted, and more were told of her mature life before she was casi down on her "mattress prison." She died in L901, In her thirty-third ye tr, indomitable in her joy, and a watcher of things beautiful until the very end. l'ut minis have issued a handsome volume in "Poetry of Heroism," selected and edit- ed by John and Jean Lang, with sixteen drawings in color by W. Rainey. The com- pilers of this anthology have attempted to furnish in verse a chronological history of the British nation. Solemnly introduced by "God Save the King," the scheme be- gins with Cowper's "Boa'dicea" and extends to Kipling's ballads of the Empire and to recent songs of Canada, South Africa, and Australia. Most of the pieces one looks for are included, but occasional embarrass- ment has been caused, the preface explains, by the restrictions of copyright. Are these responsible for the omission of Rossetti's "White Ship"? The editors provide frequent introductions, and a glossary of difficult words in the case of early English and Scotch selections. It is seldom that an account of a great building intended for the casual reader is as adequate as the volume on "West- minster Abbey," by W. J. Loftie (Lippin- cott). Picturesquely he leads the reader through the Abbey and its environs at the varied epochs of its history, tracing its growth as a building, and alluding pleas- antly to the persons connected with it and to the great scenes enacted in it. The lat- ter half of the volume describes with hu- morous and anecdotal touches the Trifo- rium with its muniments and its "wax-fig- gers" ; the Poets' Corner and Chapter House; the heraldry, the monuments, the epitaphs, and the monastic and collegiate buildings grouped at various times round the Abbey proper. Mr. Loftie makes no pretence of adding anything to our know- ledge of the building or of its history, and commits occasionally rather strange errors, but he is to be commended for accomplish- ing his task without an unnecessary pro- fusion of architectural terms or of his- torical dates and names, and without laps- ing into the guidebook style, of which we have already so many terrifying examples. "Sketchy" would be a more accurate word than "short" for the title of Benjamin Griffith Brawley's "A Short History of the American Negro" (Macmillan). Even so, the book is readable for two-thirds of its 230 pages, and that portion of it is adapted by its straightforward style as well as by its assembling of leading facts for use as a textbook. But the latter part of the volume has a characteristic that is unfor- tunately common in books dealing with the negro and written from a strongly sympa- thetic point of view, namely, the glorifica- tlon of individuals of the race who have achieved unusual success. Instead of a scholarly survey of the progress of the ne- gro since slavery, we find a sentimental "Who's Who." Alter a few perfunctory and Inadequate 1. hi people and their history, Mr. John MacDonald, in "Czar Fer- dinand and his People" (Stokes), gives a useful and entertaining account of the per- sonality of the present ruler of Bulgaria and a narrative of the chief events of his reign. The tone is that of mild panegyric; the author constantly praises the tactful, patient, and persistent policy by means of which Ferdinand raised himself from the position of a prince tributary to Turkey, and. unrecognized by the great Powers of Europe, to that of an independent monarch, the head of a powerful army and the lead- ing spirit in the victorious Balkan alliance. The climax of Ferdinand's career was the capture of Adrianople on March 28, 1913. Soon after that date this volume was ap- parently completed. Its story of progress, prosperity, and triumph reads strangely at the present time, when Bulgaria, weak and exhausted, has been stripped of nearly all the fruits of her victories. The only hint of coming disaster in Mr. MacDonald's book is its concluding sentence: "The League, which, it was hoped, would develop into a permanent, pacific Confederation, sho ve symptoms of a revival of the race hatreds and antagonisms that in the past made the Serbs and the Bulgars the Turk's easy prey." In the present taste for horror our dra- matists may discover sources for popular plays in M. Georges Soulie's "Strange Sto- ries from the Lodge of Leisures" (Houghton Mifflin), translated from the Chinese. Their author lived in the seventeenth century — not the eighteenth, as the translator informs us — and occupies a position as a stylist and raconteur somewhat resembling La Fon- taine's in France. M. Soulie' does not tell us in his introduction that about half of the tales of the "Liao Chai" collection, from which he has selected twenty- five, were translated thirty-three years ago by Pro- fessor Giles under the title of "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio." He has epitomized rather than translated them, "it being impossible," in his opinion, "for a Westerner to retain all the 'ong and useless talking, all the repetitions that Chinese writing and Chinese taste are equally fond of." On the other hand, it must be added that the art of the Chinese story-teller lies so largely in his wealth of metaphor and in his leisurely approach to a climax that the fragment of charm which may remain in a careful translation evaporates entirely in a paraphrase. There are, however, some pleasant conceits to be found in these weird tales, such as that of the man who be- came so friendly with a judge from the under world as to get from him a new heart (the seat of intelligence) and pro- cure a comely face for his wife. For the most part the themes deal with Taoist devilry, ghosts, vampires, and the like; but from all of them one gains glimpses of the daily life and ideas of the Chinese which seldom appear in books written about them by foreigners. The Buddhist theory of me- tempsychosis offers a range to the imag- ination that rather staggers the Western mind, though it presents complications highly alluring to the Oriental. Besides I IliS, iS I lie roll' epl lull III I lie OVel' SOIll ,'111(1 the under soul after death, the former ranging through the universe and assuming various shapes, the latter able to i te ) fin corpse and svori havoc among human beings, On the whole, t he accepted oo How the story teller more - 1 1, ill situations and greater variety of Interest than can be found within the limits of real- ism imposed by custom upon the fiction of the West. The pleasantest thing about Mr. C. S. 01- cott's "Country of Sir Walter Scott" (Houghton Mifflin) is the feeling that any- body, and anybody's wife, can in these troubled days be so deep in the lore of the magician whose spell for so many has been broken by more modern appeals to the emotions. In preparation for his pilgrim- age Mr. Olcott made a careful study of all Scott's poems and novels, and in following him on his tour through Scotland and Eng- land one has the assurance of being in the hands of a well-informed guide. A good deal of human interest is mingled with the description of places, and the photographic illustrations are well taken and clearly re- produced. The book can be recommended as a good one in its kind. To follow the winding course of the Seine in a trim little steam yacht must be a pleasant and restful way of spending a holiday. Sir Edward Thorpe gives an ac- count of such a journey in "The Seine from Havre to Paris" (Macmillan). Two open- ing chapters, dealing with The Hydrogra- phy of the Seine and The Seine as a Waterway, are interesting in themselves and would be of considerable value to any wanderer, not inoculated with the speed virus, who cared to emulate the author's sensible example. Excellent sectional charts of the river are appended, and throughout there is careful information concerning lights, locks, anchorage, and other nautical matters. Sir Edward's de- scription of the charming towns and vil- lages, castles and abbeys, by which the Seine flows, is sympathetic and readable, but one who follows Mr. Percy Dearmer through the "Highways and Byways" of Normandy does so inevitably Jiaud passibus cequis. "The "comic relief" in the way of little adventures that happened to the par- ty on the yacht does not impress the can- did stranger as particularly uproarious, and, since the book is intended for gen- eral circulation, these touches might have been omitted without eclipsing the gayety of nations. In "With the Russian Pilgrims to Jeru- salem" (Macmillan), Mr. Stephen Graham writes with full sympathy for the point of view of the devout, simple-minded, credu- lous peasants whose companion he became on the trip by boat from Constantinople to Jaffa and thence on foot to the holy places. He does not share their faith in the coarse frauds shown to them, but ad- mires the spirit behind it: for him "true religion takes its rise out of mystery, and not out of miracle" (p. 286). He is not seriously repelled eves by the "gos- pel of stupidity" preached by the strange fanatic monk, Father Yevgeny, on board the crowded, filthy pilgrim vessel. His tone throughout the book Is indicated by the opening words of his preface: "Tho Jour- ney of the Russian peasants to Jerusalem has never been described before In any lan- guage, not even in Russian. Yet it Is the most significant thing is the Russian Ufa of to-day. In the story lies a great OS tionai splo." Willi a genuinely iui I'ui effort to oatoh ii"1 ipirll ol the moil unlntallectual ai i the great Cn churches, Mr, Graham unites ■ winning

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Nov. 13, 1913J T la e Nation 4,65 literary style. "Dear old Dyadya" and "Abraham, the Eternal Pilgrim" are living figures In his book, whether or not the reader shares the author's opinion of them. The description of the baptism in the Jordan is masterly in its quiet, dignified feeling, coupled with a frank recognition of the external grotesqueness of the scene. The. volume is illustrated with excellent photographs taken by the author. In the six neat octavo volumes of their series of "Tabulae in Usum Scholarum," soon to be followed by others, Mar- cus & Weber, of Bonn, make it possible for every one interested in Greece, Rome, and al and Renaissance Europe to form his own library of facsimiles. At a cost Qf six marks per volume (except for No. 6) ( 11. can possess the cream of the great col- lections which are too expensive for even most college libraries. The publishers and editors are to be congratulated on the excellent quality of the reproductions, the Judicious choice of subjects, and the high Standard of the accompanying letter-press and bibliographies, In Vol. I, the editors have drawn upon the Greek MSS. of the Vatican for a connected series of fac- similes beginning with the Codex Vaticanus (one of the oldest Bible MSS.), and the ven- erable Dio Cassius, and terminating with several dated MSS. of the Renaissance. South Italian monasteries are well repre- sented. Vol. II forms an admirable intro- duction to the new science of papyrology. It Includes the oldest literary papyrus, Timotheus's "Persians," and the marriage contract of Sll b. c. ; the only original yet discovered of an Egyptian Governor's edict; several ostraca ; a good wax tablet; the oldest fragment of a parchment codex of any Greek classic; a leaf of Euripides's lost "Cretans," of the second century of our era; and many dated business documents and letters, with several literary frag- ments, especially of Homer. Vol. Ill begins with reproductions of five Virgil MSS. and of the Bembine Terence. Among the other MSS. may be specially mentioned the famous palimpsest of Cic- ero's "De Republica," the Lateran Livy, the Latin-Arabic New Testament fragment of Siguenza, and interesting Humanistic MSS. from 800 on. Almost all are accurate- ly dated. No. IV is especially valuable. The early inscriptions, from the Lapis Ni- ger on, are well represented. The bulk ot the plates reproduce the walls of the Gal- leria Lapidaria of the Vatican; the re- viewer has for years used his own photo- graphs of these very inscriptions for class- room instruction, and found them most sat- isfactory material. Among .the other plates are two of the ancient map of Rome, the Forma Urbis ; the famous Damasus inscrip- tion, and fourteen of mediaeval and Re- naissance inscriptions, largely dated; sev- eral are of interest to the art student, par- ticularly the beautiful photograph of the tomb of Nicholas V. Vol. V contains spec- imens of the handwriting of Erasmus, Pirkheimer, Luther, Melanchthon, Zwin- gli, Calvin, and a host of other distin- guished men of the sixteenth century— in- dispensable to the student of the history and literature of that period. Vol. VI is the most profusely and beautifully Illus- trated of the Tabulae, and of great general Interest. The plates open with the Glzeh lortrait statues in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts; Delbriick utilizes several other | statues and busts in American collections, and the Copenhagen Glyptothek gives him some of his handsomest subjects. Of special interest or beauty are the Teje and Ame- nophis II of Berlin; the Turin Rameses II; the Takuschit at Athens; the Boston 1 r; the Harvard Amastris (?); sev- eral busts of stylish Roman ladies, and three or four painted portraits. The last five plates are beautiful facsimiles of Greek and Roman portraits on gems and coins; the cameos are particularly remarkable. The twenty-five pages of bibliography which follow the one hundred and sixty-five pages of text in the "Life and Writings of Maurice Maeterlinck," by Jethro Bithell, are quite correct in their suggestion that the virtue of the text itself is mainly bibliographical. The author shows a cred- itably wide acquaintance with recent French, Belgian, and German works, but with the indications of the whereabouts of various books and articles in these lan- g iiiges and in English, his capacity for nervice is virtually exhausted. The criti- cism is the embarrassed and haphazard criticism of the unpracticed man, unfur- nished either with vivid personal impres- sions or with any fixed method in the ap- propriation and assimilation of materials supplied by others. Some of the judg- ments are naive. One may respect the real imaginative power exhibited in works like "Les Aveugles" and "L'Intruse," and yet be surprised to see them brandished over Lessing's head in triumphant refuta- tion of his dictum that no man can write a good tragedy before thirty. For these deficiencies in matter the style offers meagre compensations. The author, who is nothing if not contemporaneous, feels the full constraint of the modern obliga- tion to be easy, and the injection of so- ciable parentheses into sentences not too shapely at the outset is carried out with unflinching perseverance. What the cult of vividness has in store for us when it shall have wrought its pure and perfect work among its less enlightened votaries may be inferred from the following comment on "Aglavaine et Selysette" : "What Maeter- linck has contributed to the problem is that he makes the two women love each other as well as the man they sandwich." (Published by Walter Scott.) It is to be regretted that George L. Clark's "Silas Deane : A Connecticut Lead- er in the American Revolution" (Putnam) should not have been written with less partisan fervor and more scholarly thor- oughness. Mr. Clark appears to have used the well-known printed collections of Deane papers and a few other standard works; but the particular sources of extracts and statements of fact are nowhere indicated and the documents are in many cases so carelessly and inaccurately quoted as to throw doubt upon the quality of the entire work. Of the main facts of Deane's life, Mr. Clark gives a readable account, though one marred by frequent inelegance of lan- guage and occasional repetition. His heat- ed partisanship, however, joined to sneers at those of Deane's contemporaries who distrusted or opposed him, overtops the mark, and will do little more, we fear, than confirm the opinions of such as are already convinced. The crucial test of Deane's career is not that he exceeded his instructions, for his instructions were vague and 'scanty enough to leave him pretty much to his own discretion; or that his accounts were in confusion, for his transac- tions were of necessity devious, and he had no time to put his papers in order when recalled by Congress; or that he was be- lieved to have used his office for private gain or to have accepted later an English bribe, for his long years of poverty nega- tive such an assumption. What brought upon him obloquy and contempt was the fact that, in a moment of disappoint- ment, despondency, and chagrin, he lost faith in the American cause and wrote in favor of reconciliation with Great Brit- ain. For that, far removed as it might be from treason, there was no forgiveness. Mr. Clark's defence is that Deane's dis- couragement, and his weakness in yield- ing to it, were not greater than Elijah's, or John the Baptist's, or Savonarola's, or Je- rome of Prague's, or Luther's. We cannot think the argument convincing, even when supported by such startling illustrations. Grimmelshausen's "Simplicissimus" is one of the most remarkable books produced in Germany in the seventeenth century. It is now for the first time translated into English (Dutton). The translator, or ed- itor, who signs himself A. T. S. G., re- veals in the preface singular views as to the history of German literature, saying, for example, that there is little reflecting the spirit of the German people "to be dis- covered in the prose romances which ap- peared between the time of Grimmelshausen and that of Jean Paul Richter. But the influence of the latter was completely swept away in the torrent of idealism by which the fictions of the idolized Goethe and his followers were characterized, and his do- mestic realism has only of late made its reappearance in disquieting and sordid forms." What is said of Grimmelshausen is true enough, though it takes no account of German scholarship since 1877. The im- portant matter is, however, that the trans- lation, in somewhat archaic but fluent Eng- lish, is accurate and idiomatic. The pub- lishers have given the book, in paper, print, and binding, a pleasant suggestion of previous generations. With "Dante and the Mystics" (Dutton) Mr. E. G. Gardner adds another excel- lent study to those he has already devoted to the great Italian poet-apostle. In this book he surveys the writings of the early Christian and mediaeval mystics, from St. Augustine and Dionysius to Ubertino da Casale and the Mechthilds of Magdeburg and Hackeborn, and cites their many an- ticipations of essential doctrines and par- ticular conceptions ot the "Divine Com- edy." The quotations have for the most part been adduced before, but they have never before been brought into a collection so well ordered and so illuminating. Me- diaeval mysticism takes two principal forms. One is the religiouo experience de- scribed by St. Catherine of Siena, known a? the spiritual espousals of the soul with Christ. The other Is an intellectual antici- pation of the vision of the Divine Essence, as in the momentum ini< llirjrntim after which St. Augustine and St. Monica sighed Dante's mysticism is for the most part of the latter type, but his sympathy with the experiences of emotional mysticism is none

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4G • 1 by the compound title. Two-thirds of the mi ei M. ii w in, ;i pa 1 ie 1 detailed discussion, supplemented by numerous charts and diagrams, of the world's prin- cipal industries. Here are included not only those industries which arise from the cultivation of the soil, grazing, lumbering, mining, and fishing, but also the numerous lines of manufacture associated with chem- icals, machinery, and shipping. No attempt has been made to arrange the material by regions or even by political divisions, as has been the custom of many earlier writ- ers. On the contrary, each industry, al- though it portrays, at least to a limited extent, the trade activities of the separate countries, is treated as a unit irrespective of its predominance in any particular coun- try. In a word, the subject has been ap- proached from the monographic rather than from the geographic standpoint. The second part of Professor Smith's book is given over to a discussion of the com- merce of the world, and is largely descrip- tive. Here the author seems to have drawn rather freely at times upon his earlier works, entitled "The Organization of Ocean Commerce" and "The Ocean Carrier." The world's principal trade routes are de- scribed and the volume of commerce that traverses them is considered. Furthermore, an attempt is made to explain the causes, mainly geographic and economic, which have given rise to the great shipping centres of the continents. And, finally, the influence of geographic factors upon the commercial policies of nations is discussed. For the use of those readers who desire a fuller treatment of the various topics than the general plan of the book would admit, there has been included a list of references at the close of the chapters. Dr. Charles McBurney, the well-known New York surgeon, died suddenly at the home of his sister in Brookline, Mass., on Friday; this was scarcely a week after his return from a hunting trip in Maine. In late years he had been in broken health and lived in retirement on his estate at Stockbridge, Mass. He was born in Rox- bury, Mass., in 1845, received his A.B. from Harvard in 1866, in 1869 the A.M., and the following year the degree of M.D. from the College of Physicians and Surgeons. In this college, after being an assistant ami lecturer, he became in 1889 professor of surgery; from 1892 to 1907 he was pro- fessor of clinical surgery, and then was made emeritus professor. It was particu- larly in hospital work that Dr. McBurney gained the experience which made him so eminent as an authority in accident cases. For thirteen years he was the chief consulting surgeon at Roosevelt Hospital, and through him the private pavilion in West Fifty-ninth Street, directly opposite the College of Physicians and Surgeons, known as the William J. Syms Operating Pavilion, was erected in 1892. Dr. McBur- ney, it will be recalled, was summoned to at tend President Mi I Inlej at the I Ime of his assassination. Lmong the medical SO- 'e 1 e ,,l , iiii-li the BUrgi 1 nbei or honorary member were those of Edln burgh, Paris, Rome, and 1 Constantinople, Sir William 1 1' in', Preece, formi lect rlcia a of tin 1 trll i, Po i Office, dl 'i in 1 urn 1,, 11 ,11, linn da) of lasl «Hii'. Born in Wales In L884 and pducated at King's 1 !olI< ge, 1 inn in - as an ant hurily on I lie telegraph a n,l I. h phone, having introduced the latter in Eng- land. in the early eighties he also began experiments with wireless, and it was through his support that Marconi was en- abled to build up his system in England. Sir William Preece collaborated with va- rious friends on telephonic and telegraphic manuals. Allied Russel Wallace, an appreciation of whose scientific achievements is given on a nnt h,r page, died in London on Friday, in his ninety-first year. He was born at Usk in Monmouthshire, and after studying at the Hertford Grammar School, he be- came a surveyor and architect. He was engaged in scientific expeditions to the Amazon and to the Malay archipelago; in 1886-1887 he lectured in America. His pub- lished works include: "Travels on the Ama- zon," "Palm Trees of the Amazon," "The Malay Archipelago," "Natural Selection," "Miracles and Modern Spiritualism," "The Geographical Distribution of Animals," "Tropical Nature," "Australasia," "Island Life," "Land Nationalization," "Bad Times," "Darwinism," "Vaccination a Delusion," "The Wonderful Century: Its Successes and Failures," "Studies, Scientific and Social," "Man's Place in the Universe," "My Life," "Is Mars Habitable?" "The World of Life," and "Social Environment and Moral Prog- ress," the last-named having been published so late as last year. Drama and Music Plays ~by Bjtfrnstjerne Bjfirnson. Trans- lated from the Norwegian with an In- troduction by Edwin Bjorkman. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50 net. The plays of Bj0rnson deserve an Eng- lish version as complete and authori- tative as Mr. Archer's Ibsen. Mr. Bjorkman, neither in his choice of plays nor in the quality of his transla- tions, has made an attempt to begin such a task. He has chosen "En Hanske" ("A Gauntlet"), which has been put into English at least three times before, most recently by Mr. Far- quharson Sharp, for the volume pub- lished in Everyman's Library; "Over Evne," Part I ("Beyond Our Power"), which has been translated into English at least once before; and "Det ny Sys- tem" ("The New System"), translated here, we believe, for the first time. The first play is -a plea for equality in pur- ity between the sexes, the second a study in the futility of religious and therapeutic hysteria, and the third a revelation of the heroism required Cor a successful fight against rotten com- mercial morality, it is particularly dis- appointing that flic, author should not ha ve replaced "En 1 [anske" by ;t trans- lation of the powerful Becond pari ol "Over Evne." The volume la, i «n le, 1 ben, a promise of a c plete English 1 ersion <d i:.|iiiiisoii's plays. As a mallei- ni (act, it is unworthj of Mr. Bjorkman.

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Nov. 13, 191 3 Tlie Nation 4=37 It seems to have been written in haste; at any rate, it contains much English familiar only to the hack translator. Annoying ignorance of English idioms like the following greet the reader on almost every page: "Think only" (for "Just think of it"); the question, "Have you read it?" is answered, "If I have read it?"; "It put such courage into us, as if we might make the whole world over." "I am thinking of — think- ing of — of what our dear daughter is made up." With this sort of translation Ameri- can readers are, alas! all too familiar. In the present case it not only pro- duces the usual fatigue and irritation, but it also gives a false impression of Bj0rnson. It makes him seem queer, remote, and orpnic, when he is really unusually straightforward and col- loquial. English readers will get a much better notion of "En Hanske" by reading the inaccurate but thoroughly idiomatic version of it appearing in Everyman's Library. The three plays give a fair impres- sion of one of the least original ele- ments of Bj0rnson's versatile genius — his ability to present a study of a so- cial problem in a severely realistic play. In both "The New System" and "A Gauntlet" he clearly imitated worK which Ibsen had done immediately be- fore him. The first was written two years after "The Pillars of Society" and is dangerously like it in both subject and plot. "A Gauntlet," written after "Ghosts," in a manner infinitely less effective than that of Ibsen, demands sexual purity of the man. In both of these plays Bj0rnson is flighty and in- decisive, largely because he insists on preaching the cure for evils that he has not taken the time thoroughly to under- stand. "Beyond our Power," a drama writ- ten without thought of the stage, is not so clearly a play of social comment. It is an imaginative account of the self- deception of a Pastor Sang, a clergy- man in a remote part of Norway, who believes that he can work miracles through the power of prolonged trance- like prayer. As a reflection of life amid the bleak and stern rocks of the more Arctic parts of Norway, the play is im- pressive. As a criticism of the life which it portrays, it remains incoher- ent, largely because Bj0rnson writes of Pastor Sang not with the poise of an observer, but with the enthusiasm of a devotee. All of these plays are permeated with the author's great energy. Written as they were with a gusto which is unmis- takable even in the translations, they give the reader a sense of immense moral earnestness confused by its very vehemence. Indeed, Bj0rnson, preacher as he was and wished to be, talked more effectively through his personal- ity than through his work. He was the man he wished his countrymen to be. His life and spirit transcended the small intellectual and social condi- tions against which he fought. His per- sonality was the enthusiasm he wished to instil into the cynical and jaded pragmatists of his country. For all these reasons Bj0rnson was, and always will be, of much greater importance to Norway than to the rest of the world. His peasant stories and some of his comedies we may continue to read with sheer delight. His social dramas we shall consult only as students of the life of the North. Lady Gregory's "Our Irish Theatre" is promised by Holt this week. The Oxford Shakespeare — the complete works — has been reissued by the Oxford University Press, with the addition of forty-nine full-page illustrations, many of them in colors. Reproductions have been made of paintings of Shakespearean scenes by W. Hamilton, F. Wheatley, Edwin Ab- bey, J. F. Rigaud, Henrietta Rae, R. Smirke, R. Westall, and others. The edit- ors have also used W. W. Quatremain's wa- ter-colors of the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre at Stratford and of Ann Hatha- way's cottage. The "General John Regan" of George A. Birmingham (Canon Hannay), produced in the Hudson Theatre, proved to bo one of the most entertaining Irish comedies witnessed here in a generation. Many of the pieces presented here by the Abbey Theatre play- ers, while strong in a dramatic and im- aginative sense, and essentially truthful in spite of their admixture of fact and idealism, were neither attractive nor con- vincing. Synge, Yeats, Lady Gregory, and their associates were dealing with types wilder and older than those employed by Mr. Birmingham — a point which has to be borne in mind — but the fact remains that to the ordinary comprehension they seem less real and less human. The story of "General John Regan" is as slight as it is improb- able. An American tourist — to amuse him- self— declares that he is preparing a biog- raphy of a famous soldier and patriot, ex- president of Bolivia, who was born in the town of Ballymoy, the scene of action. He wonders there is no statue of this purely imaginary hero in his native place. A local doctor, Lucius O'Grady, promptly declares that there is a statue, and that the Lord Lieutenant is soon coming to unveil it. He then provides the American with all sorts of details of the imaginary Regan life, and by sheer force of impudem pels his friends, an innkeeper, a priest, an ex-major, an editor, and others, to back him up in his assertions and help him to convert them into solid fact. And he car- ries all his plans Into effect in the face of all sorts of difficulties and puts up his statue — a second-hand figure from an un- dertaker's stock— in face of the \,,,. assertion that no sneh person as Regan ever existed. This yarn, of course, 1 eal. It is simply a framework to hang the different characters on; but these are all vital and easily recognizable types. The doctor, the mainspring who moves all the other puppets, is, of course, In one sense an imaginary creature, but he is, never- theless, genuinely Irish in his audacity, his humor, and his resourcefulness. In Eng- land it has been played, with immense suc- cess, by Charles Hawtrey, the most accom- plished stage liar of his day. Here it was undertaken by Arnold Daly, an actor of second-rate powers, with less striking re- sults. But he succeeded partly, by the sheer force of opportunity. Harry Harwood, as an innkeeper; W. G. Fay, as an editor; A. G. Andrews, as a landlord, and Maire O'Neill, as a servant girl, were all exceedingly good. The general representation was excellent, and the mingled wit and humor of the dia- logue kept the audience in continuous mer- riment. Rehearsals are in progress at the Little Theatre, in London, of G. K. Chesterton's fantastic comedy, "Magic." The cast is now complete, and includes O. P. Heggie, Franklin Dyall, Fred Lewis, William Far- ren, and Frank Randall. The piece con- tains only one female character, which has been allotted to Grace Croft. The publishing house of G. Schirmer has opened a large branch in London, for the special promotion and sale of American music throughout England and the Conti- nent. Of Paderewski, Sir Frederic Cowen writes in his reminiscences, just published: We would sometimes go and have a game of billiards together, or else occasionally he would come to my house, and leave be- hind him not only lasting memories of his wonderful piano-playing, but more expen- sive ones in the form of jarred strings and broken hammers. He was not accustomed to the touch and mechanism of a small Broadwood grand. Next to his art, keeping late hours and playing billiards were his favorite occupa- tions— and probably are so still. I recol- lect one evening, in a provincial hotel, when several of us adjourned to the billiard room, to find it on the point of being 1 losed. This would not do for Paderewski, so we induced the manager, at the risk of losing his license, to allow us to play sub rosa. The shutters were shut, the door was locked, and we played on until close upon five o'clock in the morning. The catalogue of the British Museum Library contains no fewer than thirty-three pages of books by or relating to Richard Wagner, while the list of his compo with the selections and diverse arrange- ments of them, runs to 183 pages. The lat- est addition to the list of books concern- ing Wagner, issued in London, is by Percy Lindley. It is entitled "Parsifal and War- ner's Other Operas," and sets forth in sim- ple language the story of Wagner's last music-drama, together with notes on its composition, a bibliography, and a of firs! tations in Europe and Original casts and dates of first performances of other of Wagner's operas are also included in the book. Evidently Cosima and Siegfried had no reason to fear competition from the per- formances of "Parsifal" to be given In many European cities as soon as the copy- right expires on the last day of this year. News comes from Bayreuth that the de- mand for tickets for next summer's festlv.il has exceeded all records. Bizet's "Carmen" a few weeks ago had its 500th performance in Brussels. Concert agencies in Prussia are alarmed at the agitation to pass a law which regn-

Page 565

4=63 Tli e Nution [Vol. 97, No. 2524 their business and allows an agent ;i commission of 5 per cent, as a maximum Art Colonial Furniture in America. By Luke Vincent Lockwood. New and greatly enlarged edition, with 867 illustrations of representative pieces. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $25 net. Any notion that this country is bar- ren of artistic traditions should be dis- pelled by perusal of this book. Making allowance for the derived character of early American cabinet work, a dispas- sionate critic, comparing this publica- tion with any of the standard exposi- tions of European national styles, must feel that the colonists, during the bet- ter part of a century and a half, made furniture which in exquisiteness of de- sign, refinement of motive, adaptation to use, and the other marks of a vital, progressive art stood up well with that of any contemporary nation. The arts of an era, whether noble or ignoble, spring out of the common life; and mere- ly to glance through the illustrations of Mr. Lockwood's book, especially if one is already familiar with recent works on American silver, is to realize that Copley and Stuart were not accidental. One wonders why, indeed, there were not more Copleys. Moralizing on this theme may be in- spired by Mr. Lockwood's book, but noth- ing of the kind will be found within its covers. Like most works of its sort, it avoids generalizations. It is through- out explicit, particular, and descriptive. Tt necessarily contains much repetition. Over and over again occur variants of this phraseology: "The cornice is heav- ier than in the preceding figure and con- sists of a quarter-round, a fillet, a cyma recta, a fillet, a cove, a fillet, a cyma reversa, a fillet and a cove. The dimen- sions are 7 feet 3 inches in height, 6 feet 2V2 inches in width." One longs at times for a little more grace of style to help carry one over the details. English writers on the arts and crafts often put into their work a vigor of expression and intensity of conviction that does not in the least hurt its precision and clar- ity Mr. Lockwood, like most American authors of books of this class, affects an almost legal dulness of manner. One notes here and there a carelessness that is surprising in a master of arts of Trin- ity College. The grammarian in one re- sents so inexcusable a slip as this, from page 43, Vol. I: "At the base of each of the outer ones is cut two geometrical designs, and in the centre one is carved three rosettes." One wonders, again, what proofreader failed to "query" this sentence from page 51 of the same vol- ume: "All the oak chests were made in the most substantial manner; the oak forming the frame, and the sides of the iwers is about one and a quarter Inches In thickness." Against the subject matter of this edition, which contains 651 pages, as against 352 pages in the 1902 edition, little can be said, unless the author's judgment should be challenged as re- gards an occasional choice or omission. It might conceivably be urged that the new work would have gained in appear- ance of catholicity if the author, in the decade between editions, had gone a lit- tle further afield among easily accessi- ble public and private collections. In this, as in the earlier work, but two pieces have been selected from the very important collections of the American Antiquarian Society, in whose new building at "Worcester are several val- uable objects of furniture acquired in the past few years. If nothing else were taken from this collection (besides the two-seated chair and a -slate-topped table which are described), one would have expected at least that mention should be made of an extremely interesting turned chair brought to this country by or for Richard Mather. Again, since it seemed wise to in- clude under bedsteads a picture and de- scription of the famous Countess of Devon bed, which is not in this country at all, it might be asked whether the claims were considered of Mrs. James A. Garland's Elizabethan bed, with the original hangings, which was shown at the Copley Society's retrospective exhi- bition of the decorative arts in Copley Hall, Boston, 1911. The legend that Queen Elizabeth slept in this bed may or may not be founded in fact; the piece of furniture, at all events, is very remarkable, and would interest many readers. Several illustrations have been drawn from the admirable collections of Dwight Blaney, Francis H. Bigelow, Hollis French, and Dwight M. Prouty. It is natural to ask why nothing was obtained from the superb collection of Mr. Charles H. Tyler. These omissions are noted only to suggest to the reader and prospective purchaser the limitations of even the best book yet published on American Colonial furniture. The author's great indebtedness to the Bolles collection of the Metropolitan Museum and the Pen- dleton collection at the Rhode Island School of Design is evident. Longmans, Green & Co. have In press "Policy and Paint, or Some Incidents In the Lives of Dm] ley Oarleton and Peter Paul Rubens," by the author of "A Lire el' Sir Kenelm Digby." We have received the very handsome pri- vately printed catalogue, "The Ffoulke Col- lection of Tapestries." Charles Mather Ffoulke early won a competence as a mer- chant. Being Invalided, ho turned to travel and collecting. His studies ol tapestry be- gan in the Archaeological Museum at Flor- ence about 1887, and three years later came 1 he opporl unity to buy 1 1 nl Ire Barberlnl collection of 135 pieces. At various times Mr. Ffoulke added some 50 pieces to this nucleus. His later years were passed in Washington, where his tapestry gallery was a place of resort. He devoted himself gen- erously to all good public causes connected with art, and died in 1909 deeply regretted. The collections of tapestries constantly overflowed the Washington house, and many were sold, notably the Romanelli life of Christ from the Barberinl looms, which now decorates the choir of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine. This catalogue reg- isters all the pieces that passed through Mr. Ffoulke's hands, about 300, and thus is a record of twenty years of indefatigable collecting. The catalogue portion is com- piled from his own notes, there is a per- sonal and biographical preface by Glenn Brown, and a general introduction by the Belgian expert, Krnest Verlant. None of the Ffoulke tapestries antedates the six- teenth century, and most are of the seven- teenth and from Flemish looms. The famous makes of Beauvais, Aubusson, and Gobelins are also well represented, with a sprinkling of Italian examples. Mr. Ffoulke evidently loved the fully developed pictorial styles, and was singularly neglectful of the lovely Gothic weaves and their naive derivatives in sixteenth-century Germany. He was suc- cessful in getting considerable portions of famous series, such as the Months of Lucas and the Achilles suite designed by Rubens. About a hundred of the pieces are finely reproduced, a few in colors, so that the cat- alogue forms a valuable repertory of class- ic examples. It is printed in folio on fine paper, the composition and press work re- vealing that fastidious excellence which one expects in publications bearing Frederic Fairchild Sherman's imprint. The edition is limited to 250 copies, and sells at $50 net. Finance THE CAUSES OF GLOOM. It is a familiar comment of the day that a cloud of gloom has enveloped all the great money markets of the world, and the prevailing inference is that all of them are in the same box, and that the box is an extremely uncomfortable one. But this conception of the posi- tion of affairs requires more close exam- ination. There are certain underlying influences which affect all financial com- munities, but even that is largely be- cause of the influence of some markets upon others. The particular distresses of Europe are not present in this coun- try in any similar measure; but we feel them here, because we are cut off from the usual access to Europe's resources of capital. In America, there is absolutely nothing of such apprehension as there was in the early autumn of 1907; for in- stance, that our large financial interests are caught in a trap. We are, in fact, already well past the time of year when the cord of credit had absolutely snapped on that occa- sion, and no one is talking of a "crisis."

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Nov. 13, 1913J T li e 1ST a t i o n 4,69 The situation has quite as little reseni blance to the autumn of 1906, when Wall Street gasped with dismay at the inti- mation that European lenders, to whom we ware indebted for prodigious lines of • credit, were shutting their doors to the New York borrowers. On both of those occasions, the machinery of American finance was seriously out of gear; every- thing was over-exploited; we had used up our own capital and had run to the limit of our command of Europe's capi- tal resources. We were the danger- point of the whole uncomfortable situa- tion, and nobody knew it better than ourselves. Thanks to our retrenchment of the past few years, our prudent finance, our proper utilization of the bounties of na- ture, and our suppressing of extrava- gant speculation, we are not in an in- trinsically weak position to-day, but in a position intrinsically very strong. London does not threaten to refuse us credit which (as in 1906) we might use in drawing on the Bank of England's gold; it sends us gold to which it ad- mits we are entitled as a matter of com- mercial settlement, but urges us not to insist upon our rights. Paris has not been taking our new securities up to the hilt; it has been taking our gold in unprecedented quantities, on a basis which makes the French market our debtor on the economic balance sheet. This is scarcely a situation which can be described as a show of weakness on our part. But it is equally true that we cannot wholly disentangle ourselves from the embarrassments of Europe, and the Eu- ropean situation is certainly difficult to read. How much of the gloom and ap- prehension which appear in all foreign comments on the foreign situation is a matter of mood and sentiment, and how much the result of something radically wrong with European finance, one hesi- tates to say. It is at least extraordinary —unprecedented is not too strong a word — that Lombard Street should be talking of a 6 per cent, bank rate when the Bank of England holds a gold re- serve never but once exceeded at this time of year, with a ratio of reserve to liabilities abnormally high for Novem- ber. Such things give a sense of unreal- ity to the situation, whose embarrass- ments, nevertheless, are extremely real. What we know of the tangible factors in that foreign situation is that capital was in exceptionally active use up to the middle of 1912; that Paris had been lending with rather rash profusion to all the rest of the world; that Berlin and Vienna had been speculating extrav- agantly in stocks and land; that the Balkan War came like a thunderbolt into that vulnerable position; that, ever since, the Continental public has been sitting on its money, equally distrust- ing banks, governments, and investment securities, and that, in the very face of Giambalvo, J. G. How to Become a Citizen this, the Continental Governments have °£u thf United states- Brooklyn, N. Y.: ' The Author, embarked on a career of unexampled Gibbs, George. Madcap. D. Appleton. $1.30 extravagance in tax requisitions and ' net- Gowen, H. money market borrowings. These are the patent facts. It used to be an ace'epted maxim that Europe had to go through an economic crisis once every ten years or so. One of them came with the Paris crash of 1882; another in the Baring trouble of 1890; a third in the "Boer War panic" of 1899. It was not much more than a decade from then to 1912 and 1913. Nowadays, crises of this sort (except in the United States) are much more apt to be marked by a prolonged and exact- ing strain, followed by slow recovery, than by the sharp and sucTden credit collapse of earlier years. When that is so, the gloom is apt to be deepest just before the horizon brightens. Poems and Ballads. El Dorado. Yonkers- Trail to $1 net. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Bos- Adams, S. H. The Health Master ton: Houghton Mifflin. $1.35 net. Austin, Mary. The Lovely Lady. Double- day, Page. $1 net. Babson, R. W. The Future of the Working Classes. Boston: Babson's Statistical Or- ganization. Bain, Mildred. Horace Traubel. A. and C. Boni. 50 cents. Barca. Mme. de la. . Life in Mexico. No. 664 Everyman's Library. Dutton. 35 cents. Bassett, S. W. The Story of Wool. Phila. : Penn Pub. Co. 75 cents net. Beaumarchais's Le Barbier de Seville. Ed- ited by F. H. Osgood. Boston: Ginn. 45 cents. Benson, E. F. Winter Sports in Switzer- land. Dodd, Mead. $4 net. Boos, W. F. At the Fountain Head. Bos- ton: Small, Maynard. 60 cents net. Bourne, H. E., and Benton, E. J. A His- tory of the United States. Boston: Heath. Bradley, G. D. The Story of the Pony Ex- press. Chicago: McClurg. 75 cents net. Brierley, J. Religion and To-day. Boston: Pilgrim Press. $1.25 net. Brown, E. A. "Broke": The Man Without the Dime. Chicago: Browne & Howell. $1.50 net. Cannon, F. J., and Knapp, G. L. 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Nov. 13, 1913I The Nation A New Volume in THE WORLD TODAY SERIES The Coming Canada by Joseph King Goodrich A CONCISE handbook of the great country north of us. Written especially for the busy man, it is at once a history and a study. The won- derful natural resources of Canada, its agricultural possibili- ties, and its future development along other lines of material pros- perity are dealt with in an inter- esting way. I he chapters setting forth its attraction for sportsmen and tourists will be especially appreciated. Illustrated. 12mo. Net $1.50. AT ALL BOOKSTORES A. C. McClurg & Co., Publishers LETTERS AND MEMORIALS OF WendellPhillipsGarrison Editor of The Nation 1865-1906 In one volume, crown 8vo, S00 page*, with photogravure portrait. During the forty-one years In which he edited the Nation, with a thor oughness, ability, and conscientious devotion unsurpassed in the records of American journalism, Mr. Garrison was an indefatigable correspondent never employing an amanuensis, but writing tens of thousands of letters with his own hand to his contributors, who embraced practically all the leading American scholars and critics of the period. From a dozen groups of these, which have been kindly loaned by the recipients, a sufficient number of selections has been made to illustrate the relations between Mr. Garrison and his great corps of contributors, the frankness and tact which he exercised towards them, and the wide range of his interests, tastes, and sympathies. The volume also con- tains a brief sketch of his life, a dozen of his best poems, and several of his characteristic editorials, re- views, and essays, besides a fine photogravure portrait. Price, tl.SO net, postpaid. Houghton Mifflin Company BOSTON NEW YORK An Important New Travel Book AcrossUnknownSouthAmerica By A. HENRY SAVAGE-LANDOR Author of " In the Forbidden Land," "An Explorer's Adventures in Tibet," Etc. LOST to the world for eighteen months, Mr. Savage- Landor penetrated a vast unexplored region of Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Chili and the Argentine, covering a total distance of 13,750 miles. He experienced some of the strangest adventures that ever fell to lot of explorer. A work that adds materially to our knowledge of South America. The New York Times says: "Mr. A. Henry Savage-Landor's account of his perilous journey through the wilds of South America, from ocean to ocean, in which he travelled altogether 13,750 miles, is the most thrilling tale of adventure he has yet told. It is a brave and thrilling story told simply, in a manly and unaffected way." Profusely illustrated from nearly 300 photographs, in- cluding eight in color, maps, etc. In two royal octavo volumes in box. $10.00 net; carriage charges extra LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, BOSTON THE PHILOSOPHY OF ART By EDWARD HOWARD GRIGGS MHAT is Art ? What does Art do to the artist who creates; to the stu- dent who appreciates? These ques- tions underlie this work, which deals with the meaning and function of sculpture, painting, music and poetry and their interrelation. The author's purpose and method may be com- prehended from his remark that it is " not a restatement of criticism and philosophy, but the condensed result of twenty-five years' study of works of art, in each of the four fields, recording and interpreting what these mas- terpieces have done to my senses, emotions, imagination and intellect." A comprehensive bibliography mid a full index add to the value 1 f the book. Price $1.50 net; by mail, $1.60 Send for a complete list of books by Edward Howard Griggs, Including rianill ks to his Tar- Ions lecture courses. Published by B. W. 225 Fifth avenue, HUEBSCH New York REMARKABLE DISCOVERIES IN EGYPT PROF. FLINDERS PETBIB BOW devotes his entire time to the Egyptian Research Account (So- ciety), whose discoveries relate to the history, arts and sclencec of ancient Egj pt, and to dynastic age. The Society, managi mlttee of forty eminent men and women, pnblisbet an annual quarto volume, profusely Illustrated, "( great value, that should he In hundreds .if public and private libraries. Circulars >>< the tions and books freely furnished, vi,ir< UK wiixi.ni roi'i.KY WINSI.OW, 525 Beacon St., Boston. THE MONIST A QUARTERLY ($2 per year) which contains orig- inal essays on the burning subjects of philosophy and science, including both the world-worn problems of all times and the most recent up-to-date theories. Readers of the Na- tion are offered the opportunity of re- ceiving free a spe- cimen copy of this Magazine. Regular price 60 cents, THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO. 122 SOUTH MICHIGAN AVENUE CHICAGO NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER FREE The Issues of The Nation for November and December will be sent without charge to new subscribers for the year 1914. The Nation, 20 Vesey St., New York

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11 The Nation. [Vol. 97, No. 2525 ' v The Nation A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the New York City Poet Office as second-class mail matter.) The Nation Is published and owned by the New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllard, President; William J. Pattlson, Treasurer; Paul Elmer Mure. Editor; Harold deWolf Fuller, As- sistant Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada $3.50, and to foreign countries C07nprised in tin: Postal Union, $4.00. Address THE NATION, Box 794, New York. Publication Office. 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. 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D.C.Heath&Co.,Publishers,Boston,NewYork,Chicago The Flowery Republic By FREDERICK McCORMICK is the most authoritative work on the new China. $2.50 net. By mail $2.70. D. APPLETON & COMPANY, New York hi 1 pert secretary, accustomed to handling work on financial correspondence and general office duties, now holding similar post nn leading daily, who desires to make change, because of change in management, Best references. Salary $25. Address Miss J. B. C, care The Nation, 20 Vesey Street, N. Y. C. SECRETARY TO EDITOR ON NEW YORK .) dally, accustomed to entire charge of cor- respondence and general office duties, wishes to make change, because ot change In management, and would like similar post, nr with publishing house. Itest references. Address Miss C, care The Nation, 20 Vesey Street, N. Y. NOVEMBER and DECEMBER FREE The issues of the Nation for November and December will be sent without charge to new sub- scribers for the year 1914. The Nation, 20 Vesey St., New York

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Nov. 20, 1913] Tlie Nation 111 LATEST BOOKS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS Treasure Mountain By EDWIN L. SABIN Two of the "Bar B" boys turn prospectors and have strik- ing adventures on the gold trail. Illustrated by Rowe. $1.50 Airship Cruising from Silver Fox Farm By JAMES OTIS The exciting experiences of the Silver Fox Farmers in the airship "Smuggler." Illustrated by Copeland. $1.50 Christmas Tree House By MARY F. LEONARD A sequel to "Everyday Susan," and just as full of lively interest for girls of 12 to 16 years old. With 8 illus- trations. $1.50 Dorothy Brooke across the Sea By FRANCES C. SPARHAWK Adventures of two typical American college girls among foreign scenes. Illustrated by Merrill. $1.50 Boys' Life of General Sheridan By WARREN LEE GOSS An inspiring biography of the great commander and description of his campaigns. 6 maps, 16 full-page illustrations. $1.50 The Boys' Wellington By H. F. B. WHEELER A clear, readable account of the career of the Iron Duke. 16 illus- trations. $1.50 net The Story of Robert the Bruce By ROBERT L. MACKIE A biography that reads like ro- mance. Illustrated by Williams. $1.50 net In the Days of Lionheart By WALLACE GANDY A story of boys' life in the reign of Richard Coeur de Lion. Illustrated by Orr. $1.50 net The Northmen in Britain By ELEANOR HULL Authoritative history of an inter- esting period (787-1066). Illustrat- ed by Williams. $1.50 net In the Once Upon a Time By LILIAN GASK Story of the age when men lived in trees and caves. Illustrated by Wil- son. $1.50 net Lessons from Nature's Workshop By WILLIAM J. CLAXTON Entertaining chapters on birds, bees, ants, etc. 8 illustrations. $1.00 net The Conquerors of Peru By HENRY GILBERT History of the Spanish conquest 0 retold from Prescott. by Maybank. $1.50 net Illustrated Heroes of Modern Europe By ALICE BIRKHEAD A score of chapters on Dante, Lu- ther, Peter the Great, Napoleon, etc. 16 illustrations. $1.50 net For Boy Scouts Boy Scouts in a Lumber Camp By JAMES OTIS Further adventures of the Boy Scouts of Penobscot, begun in "Boy Scouts in the Maine Woods." 4 illustrations by Copeland. $1.25 For Uncle Sam, Boss Or, Boy Scouts at Panama By PERCY K. FITZHUGH Full of authentic information about the big Canal, and a capital story, too. With 4 illustrations by Fisk. $1.25 For Camp Fire Girls Camp Brave Pine By HARRIET T. COMSTOCK A realistic description by this popular writer of the summer camp of five Camp Fire Girls and their Guardian on a de- serted New Hampshire farm. With 8 illustrations. $1.25 net Stories from Dutch History By ARTHUR H. DAWSON A view of Holland from its first settle- ment; based on Motley. 16 illustrations. The White Duckling Translated by NATHAN HASKELL DOLE A representative collection of Russian folk tales. 8 colored drawings by Bilibin. $1.00 net Heidi By JOHANNA SPYRI A beautiful holiday edition of this famous story, at a reasonable price. \<\v plates, large type, handsome binding. 16 illustrations in color by Copeland. $1.50 net Story of the French Revolution By ALICE BIRKHEAD Causes, main events, and results of the great social upheaval. 16 illustrations. $1 .60 net Tanglewood Tales By NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE Elaborate holiday edition. 14 colored Il- lustrations, 16 drawings In black and white, etc. $1.50 net THOMAS Y. CROWELL COMPANY, NEW YORK

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IV rThe Nation | Vol. 97, No. 2525 History of Japanese Mathematics BY DAVID EUGENE SMITH AND YOSHIO MIKAMI This work sets forth, in a style that the non-mathematical will have no difficulty in follow- ing, the history of the native mathematics of Japan. It traces the development of the science from ine earliest pe- riod, when the influence of China was only slightly in evi- dence, down to the nineteenth century, when the mathemat- ics of Europe finally replaced the ancient wasan. In par- ticular it tells the interest- ing story of the soroban and the sangi, the abacus and com- puting rods of Japan; it relates the history of the rise of high- er mathematics in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; it sets forth in a non-technical manner the work of scholars in the field of the yenri, the native calculus of the country, and it shows the nature of the prob- lems that were studied, prob- lems that display the same pa- tience that is seen in the in- tricate ivory carvings of the Japanese artisan. Professor Smith's interest in the history of mathematics, his first-hand acquaintance with Japan, and his large col- lection of books and manu- scripts on the native wasan, fit him peculiarly to write upon the subject. The work is profusely illus- trated with facsimiles from important books and manu- scripts in the collection of Professor Smith. Price, Cloth, $3.00 net. The Open Court Pub- lishing Company will be glad to send inter- esting advance infor- mation concerning its new books to any read- erof"TheNation"who will ask for it. Send for our latest book-list. THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO. 122 SOUTH MICHIGAN AVENUE CHICAGO DE LUXE EDITION OF THIS FAMOUS AND DELIGHTFUL CLASSIC OF THE NORTHWEST, BEAUTIFULLY PRINTED, MAGNIFICENTLY ILLUSTRATED, AND SPLENDIDLY BOUND. The Canoe and the Saddle By THEODORE WINTHROP TO WHICH ARE NOW FIRST ADDED HIS Western Letters and Journals Edited, with an Introduction and Notes, By JOHN H. WILLIAMS Author of "The Mountain That Was 'God,'" Guardians of the Columbia," etc. The Royal 8vo, 500 pages, with 1G plates in color, 64 halftones, and 60 other illustrations, showing the great scenery of the Northwest, reproductions of celebrated historical pictures, Indians and Indian Life, portraits, etc., etc. Bound in y2 vellum (leather), with silk cloth sides, gilt tops and boxed. Price $5.00 net; express 30 cents extra. Winthrop's fascinating romance of travel remains our most vital picture of conditions in Washington and Oregon during the territorial period, sixty years ago. The value of his book, for all who are interested in Western history and adventure, has been doubled by the addition of his letters and diaries, which cover his entire stay on the Pacific Coast, beginning at San Francisco early in 1853, and closing with his overland trip East via Salt Lake City in October. J. H. WILLIAMS, Publisher 630-632: PROVIDENT BUILDING, TACOMA, WASH. Animal Communities in Temperate "America A Study in Animal Ecology Designed to Serve as a Reference Work and Toxtbook. By VICTOR ERNEST SH10LFORD, of the Department of Zoology In the University of Chi- cago. This volume presents the principles of field ecology, illustrated by the more widely distributed animal habi- tats of the t astern half of temperate North America, and the aquatic habi- tats of a much larger territory. Six chapters deal with general principles. In several chapters the animal com- munities are considered from the point of view of modern dynamic ecology. A valuable feature of the book is the threi hundred figures of widely dis- tributed animals chosen to represent the chief types of animal communi- ties and their characteristic modes of life. 380 pages, Svo, cloth; $3.22 postpaid. The University of Chicago Press CHICAGO, TI.MNOIS. AGENTS The Baker and Taylor Company New York TheCambridge Univ. Press, London and [Edinburgh Karl W. Hicrsemann Leipzig The Maruzen-Kabushiki-Kaisha, Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto LIBRARY RESEARCH 1 1. in Bo "m mi'l Harvard Ubra rles. Ancient and modern language! Translation! revision of manuscript*! etc. miss M. II. BUCKINGHAM, M Chnuimit Street. Boston, Man. "At McCLURG'S" It is of intere-t and importance to Librarians to know that the books reviewed and advertised in this magazine can be pur- chased from us at advantage- ous prices by Public Libraries, Schools, Colleges and Universities In addition to these books we have an exceptionally large stock of the books of all pub- lishers— a more complete as- sortment than can be found on the shelves of any other book- store in the entire country. We solicit correspondence from li- brarians vnacquainted with our facilities. LIBRARY DEPARTMENT A. C. McClurg & Co. CHICAGO Strindbcrg's By the Open Sea A novel 1 li.ii .1 iea m 11 Insull you: intelligi m - Ami 'i.i 11. in 1 11 in 1 iih Si lii' n mei 11.2 B.W.Hu9b8ch,PubliBher,225Fifthgvenue, New "i ork

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Nov. 20, 19 1 3] The ]STation v PIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIW Pictures forYourHome | jEDICI PRINTS, a series of reproductions in color after the great masters — Corot, Constable, Diirer, van Eyck, j Gainsborough, Giorgione, Holbein, Lancret, Lippi, Miere- veld, Nattier, Raeburn, Raphael, Rembrandt, Terborch, Titian, Vandyke, Vermeer, da Vinci, Whistler, and many others. A catalog with 250 illustrations sent on receipt of 1 5 cents in stamps. | The subscribers to these Wor^ include the principal institutions in the world. In the United States the}) are at the Library of Congress, Metropolitan <5%tuseum, N. Y., {Boston CXCmeum of Fine Jlits, and many others. j SOLD SINGLY AT PRICES WITHIN THE REACH OF ALL. AN EXCELLENT GIFT FOR ANY MEMBER OF YOUR FAMILY. FOSTLR BROS., 4 PARK SQ., BOSTON ' A practical liandboolc for income tax payers, by an authority. The Income Tax Law of 1913, Explained By GEORGE F. TUCKER, of the Bos- ton Bar, joint author in 1895 ot "The Federal Income Tax Explained." Cloth. Price, $1.50 net. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, Boston Foreign Books and Magazines Correspondence Solicited E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY 681 Fifth Avenue, near 54th Street NEW YORK JUST PUBLISHED PAUL ELMER MORE'S THE DRIFT OF ROMANTICISM An admirable group of papers on such authors as William Beckfonl. Cardinal New- man, Walter Pater, Fiona MaCleod, Nietzsche, and other leaders of the ro- mantic movement. $1.25 net. Postpaid, $1.37. Boston HOUGHTON MIFFLIN < O., NewYork ■III IIHIIIII 1 E D I iiinmrii IIHIIUII Ety? (ftffritfbmtB Souk Number OF The Nation WILL BE PUBLISHED DECEMBER 4TH Besides its regular circulation, several thousand extra copies will be sent out. There will be reviews of Holiday publications and numerous notes on Juvenile Books. Usual Rates for Advertising.

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VI r T 1 l e Nation | Vol. 97, No. 2525 il:;;:llllillilllH New Macmillan Books. The Best Holiday Gifts "A Book of world-wide interest' Col. Roosevelt's Own Story of His Life Theodore Roosevelt: AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY This exceptional story o vigorous and easily flowing class of readers. To the lover of the stre people of the country parti ment, this autobiography w Prom his boyhood days hood days in the Wild West, United States, Col. Roosevel things which he learned and may give others. Taking the initiative in tional — his autobiography is interest. Decorated cover. f a life replete with human interest, told in Col. Roosevelt's characteristically colloquial style, is one that will make a strong and satisfying appeal to every nuous life as well as to the student of contemporaneous history, to the young cularly, who all find a special attraction in personal narrative of active achieve- ill afford keen satisfaction and high inspiration. in Long Island, his adolescent youth at Harvard University, his young man- and through a diversified public career which led to the Presidency of the t was a learner as well as a born leader. In this book he tells of the many how he learned them, relating them primarily with a view to the help they many of the most important events of our times — both national and interna- a unique record of men and events, and of a career of almost unparalleled Gilt top. liichlu illustrated. Octavo. .$2.50 net; post-paid .$2.75. New Books of Art and Science The Gospel Story in Art A History of Land Mammals The Message of Greek Art By JOHN LA FARGE A beautiful volume revealing Christianity as depicted by the great artists of the era. Illustrated. $5.00 net in the Western Hemisphere By W. B. SCOTT The marvellous story of the de- velopment of American animal life. Illustrated. 95. OO net By H. H. POWERS, Ph.D. Ancient Greek characters as re- vealed in their art by the author of "Mornings With Masters of Art." Illustrated. $2.00 net New Books for Boys and Girls The Stranger at the Gate The Voyage of the Hoppergrass Children of the Wild By MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT A modern Christmas story of unforeseen happenings by genial "Barbara." Illustrated. $1.25 net By EDMUND LESTER PEARSON The story of a wonderful voyage, adventurous, exciting, and humor- ous. Illustrated. $1.35 net By CHARLES G. D. ROBERTS Remarkable stories of young animal life as seen from a boy's forest camp. Illustrated. $1.35 net New Novels of Realistic Interest The Valley of the Moon Van Cleve Tide Marks By JACK LONDON One of this author's best love stories, the hero again an unfor- getable type. Illustrated. .$1.35 net By MARY S. WATTS By MARGARET WESTRUP A modern American story, invit- "A literary find. A Cornish ing in the intensity of its realism. novel of unusual interest." Cloth. $1.35 net Cloth. $1.35 net "A masterly achievement — bis with great truths" MR. WINSTON CHURCHILL'S The Inside of the Cup By the author of "Richard Carvel," "Couiston," "A Modem Chronicle," etc. "This brilliant novel is a sign of the times and a book of the times every one should read." — Truth (London). "What truth and what stimulation in every page!" "Mr. Churchill has done nothing more arrest ingly sincere and thought-compelling." — T. I'.'.s Weekly (London). "The product of an epoch. ... A notable book. . . . Very much a work of and for the times. ... to be commended to all thoughtful people, particularly to professing church people." — The Churchman (New York). Illustrated Cloth, $1.5" net. Macmillan's Illustrated Catalog of Books for Christmas Gifts Mailed Free to any Address I'iiIiIInIkmI nt \<-w t orlc THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Oil Willi' wherever book* are noIiI llilillliilllffi

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The Nation .\//u YORK, THURSDAY, VOVEUBBR 20, 1913. The Week In Presidential messages it is quality, not quantity, that counts; and Mr. Wil- son's announcement that he intends to adhere to his own precedent in regard to brevity as well as in regard to the delivery of his messages to Congress in person will be accepted with satisfac- tion by the public, without distinction of party. His speech at the opening of the regular session of Congress will doubtless be much longer than the ad- dress with which he opened the extra session; but the very fact of oral de- livery precludes the idea of such long- drawn-out dissertations as have been recently the fashion in messages from the White House. Of the many ways in which the Presidency towers above everything else in this country, there is perhaps none more remarkable than its power of commanding public attention. This unique advantage can be frittered away by too frequent use of the oppor- tunity, reducing a Presidential utter- ance to the level of an ordinary occur- rence; and it can be greatly weakened by mere overdoing in point of quantity. Mr. Wilson, since his inauguration, has been sparing in the number of his ap- pearances, not only in person but even in print; and his utterances have been brief as well as few. Evidently, all this is no accident, but the carrying out of a fixed policy. Of the entire twenty-six, Good Govern- ment asserts that only two were really necessary. As to President Taft, it goes on to say that "his Administration made an average of sixty-one special excep- tions a year, and his record at the end of his term was unusually bad. In the last seven months of his term he issued fifty-two orders affecting seventy-two persons." Thus it will be seen that, by comparison, and especially in view of the great pressure for offices put upon him during his first months in office, President Wilson has in this matter done considerably better than his prede- cessor. But this does not mean that he ought not to do better still. One recognized test of fidelity to the principles of civil-service reform is the number of "special exceptions" to the rules made by Executive order. In this respect a comparison is made by Good Government between the record of Pres- ident Taft and that of President Wilson. The latter had, up to October 1, made twenty-six special exceptions — that Is, appointments in the classified service without examination. Of these one was simply the renewal of an order issued by Mr. Taft, one was to permit a Jap- anese to take service in the Geological Survey, ten were reinstatements of men who, it is alleged, had been removed for political reasons, three were for ap- pointments to minor clerical positions. The threat which Secretary Houston now directs against one of our most time-honored democratic institutions — the Congressional distribution of free seed — would be more dismaying if it were less familiar. Three hundred thou- sand dollars are annually wasted upon this form of official courtesy, when they might be spent on perfecting new seed varieties, or in other work of a really beneficial sort to agriculture. Wasted! When, from the point of view of your rural Congressman, there is nothing that so warms the cockles of political remembrance as an unwearied zeal in supplying the constituency with sun- flower and pumpkin seed! When there are instances on record of families, by concerted effort, obtaining enough peas or beans for a substantial addition to the household larder! Then, too, there is the value of maintaining a paternal tradition from those brave days when the Western pioneer actually required such governmental assistance. Those who feel alarmed will doubtless find consolation in the futility of similar un- dertakings by the Secretary's predeces- sors. iness will not permit. Mr. Bryan has the gravity not only to . attribute the criticism of this appointment to "ma- licious misrepresentation," but to assert that the President will not allow this "to interfere with his right to nominate to the Senate the best qualified men within his choice for conspicuous and responsible positions." Pindell of Peoria the best qualified man when the country might have called on such men as W. W. Rockhill and John W. Riddle, who have spent years in the diplomatic service — Rockhill his whole life— both having been at St. Petersburg and other capi- tals. What may we not expect next from Mr. Bryan? We sincerely wish that the Senate would not confirm this nomination — though that is, we sup- pose, too much to expect — because of its obvious unfitness. Mr. Pindell of Peoria having denied that he ever received Senator Lewis's letter in regard to the Russian Embassy, and Senator Lewis having attributed its paternity to a discharged employee, Mr. Bryan and Mr. Wilson are going ahead with their plan of giving Pindell of Peoria a pleasant vacation for a year or so at St. Petersburg. He admits that lip cannot stay out the full term, as his bus- It would be a public misfortune if Mr. Wilson's Secretaries should deliberate- ly assume the Rooseveltian attitude of charging everybody who disagrees with them with malice or improper motives. This is the second or third time that Mr. Bryan has been guilty of this. The criticisms of his appearing in vaudeville with bell-ringers and yodlers he brush- ed aside as based on a tissue of mis- representations and being due solely to a malicious purpose to injure him. Mr. McAdoo sees in the protest against seg- regation chiefly an injury to Mr. Wil- son through misrepresentation of facts; and his foolish outcry against the con- spiracy of the Wall Street bankers to depreciate the value of their own bond holdings will be recalled. Apparently, in the Pindell case the net result of crit- icism is to make the Administration more obstinately determined than ever to make a blunder. A National Convention of the Repub- lican party in 1914, held in order to con- fess that control of the National Con- vention of 1012 was determined by the delegates from rotten boroughs, would be something of a novelty. Yet It is recommended by the lay committee of the Republican National Committee. Only by a Convention can the basis of representation in Conventions be set right. We shall hear much more of this next month when the full National Com-

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4=72 rT lie Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2525 mlttee takes the matter up in earnest. For the present, the plan deserves notiee as one sign more of the feeling among Republicans that they must rehabilitate and reunite their party if they are to have a dog's chance in 1916. There is no longer a vestige of the comfortable belief that Wilson would make such a mess of it that any old party — d fortiori, the Grand Old Party — could beat the Democrats in the next Presidential elec- tion. Nor is there much left of the an- cient hope that a popular reaction against tariff reductions will surely re- store the Republicans to power. They are now in that chastened mood which means penitence and reform. To suc- ceed, they know that they must deserve to succeed; and they contemplate, even if with a sigh, "a course of moral train- ing as necessary. As a sign of it comes the suggestion that they will take Judge Hughes as their candidate next time. But this will doubtless only make him go into active training for a vigorous re- fusal to permit the use of his name. Among the arguments for the city- manager plan of commission govern- ment, adduced last week at Toronto by a committee of the National Municipal League, one was striking for its omis- sion. As previously emphasized by Secretary Clinton R. Woodruff, it is the contribution of the plan to the ending of partisanship in city administration. "The scrapping of the old municipal ma- chinery, the advancement of the com- mission form, the evolution from it of the city manager," he pointed out, had for one of their common aims the in- creasing elimination of party tickets and party feeling. "Candidates come forth on the basis of their individual merit and strength, with no adventi- tious aid from party labels." But gov- ernment by departmental commission- ers alone, except in isolated instances In central and southwestern cities, still la- bors under bondage to party lines. The employment of a city manager, by focussing public interest on individual efficiency, by calling experts from city to city, with no more thought of poli- tics than a business firm would take, by giving the chief executive a longer term, by reducing the salaries and du- ties of the commissionerships, thus making them attractive to the public- spirited citizen, rather than to the pro- fessional politician, is a notable step to- wards more freedom. A pledge of the pirlt is already to be seen in Ohio, where Dayton is now considering call- ing to her service the most efficient of the State's municipal officers — ex-Mayor Hunt of Cincinnati. Everybody knows that competition is more expensive than combination. The peo- ple are learning the truth. They find that the cost of living is higher now than it was before the combinations were destroyed. We find this bit of economic wisdom in an article that sings the praises of the great "Trusts" as the sheet-anchor of American prosperity. It is not worth examining with any seriousness, but it suggests a question. What has become of the great stock argument of the Trust advocates, the thing we used to hear more than any other in the early days of the great combinations? In those times, the advocates of monopoly were continually talking of the economies of concentrated production, and pointing with pride to alleged reductions of the price of this or that staple after the gi- gantic combinations had been formed. Some of these assertions were true, oth- ers not; but even in the case of the true assertions, examination was pretty sure to show that the low-price tendency was in full operation before the Trust was thought of, and that the best that had happened was that the formation of it had not put an end to the process. But we have been hearing almost nothing of the kind at all now for some years. That the combinations have been "de- stroyed" will be news to most people; but certainly "the cost of living is high- er now than it was before the combina- tions" were created. That the combina- tions have been the cause of this, we do not assert; but when the figures pointed the other way, they certainly had no better title to the credit than they now have to the blame. Whatever the weaknesses or merits of the sixty-seven grievances of the em- ployees of the Southern Pacific Railroad, in the strike just ended, the region af- fected must find it a matter of chagrin that prompt steps could not somehow have prevented the final breach. The dispute reached an issue with very great rapidity, especially when its progress is compared with that of the threatened strike of Eastern trainmen this sum- mer. Yet with the rice and sugar crops awaiting transportation, the Southwest- ern interests to be hurt were extensive; and however radical the original differ- ences, the immediate cause of the strike concerned only the method of debating them. The members of the four railway brotherhoods demanded a conference be- tween the railway heads and their repre- sentatives as a federated body. This re- fused, 98 per cent, of them voted for a walkout. Meanwhile, the railways had offered to submit the matter to the Fed- eral Board of Arbitration and Concilia- tion. Their step was belated, but it is scarcely creditable to the employees that it was futile. In the swift develop- ments that immediately preceded the strike a few newspapers and the San An- tonio Chamber of Commerce filed pro- tests; but such bodies as the New Or- leans exchanges made no move. The ef- ficacy of their subsequent action, with that of the whole press, the agricultural bodies, and President Wilson, in ending the strike, shows how easily the expense and vexation of the four days' tie-up might have been avoided altogether. We are entitled to a bit of satisfaction over the reduction in the homicide rec- ord of our thirty largest cities from 8.4 per 100,000 of the population in 1911 to 8.1 in 1912. The figures are from Mr. F. L. Hoffman's report in the Spectator of this city. Chicago still keeps well ahead of New York, with a rate of 9.6 to 6.8 for Manhattan and the Bronx, and 4.4 for Brooklyn. Even this last figure is higher than the rate in Paris, which is 3.6, although the French capital leads Europe in this respect. For London the figures are 1.31, and for Copenhagen the five-year average is only .45! This would mean no more than one homicide a year in a city like Denver or St. Paul, and only 21 for Manhattan and the Bronx, instead of 456. The unfavorable side of the statistics for 1912 is the increase in homicides in the South. Despite the concern that is manifested over the prev- alence of crime there, the ten-year aver- age of 15.7 went up last year to 20.2. This is more than double the rate in the Western and Central States, and almost ElVe times that of the East. Memphis stands at the top with no less than 64.3 per 100,000, and this showing is made darker by the tact that it is an lm over the figures of 1911 by 11.8. Charles ton, the nearest city to Memphis in this « ( 1 : . 1 ;• 1 . . :t 1 .1 . • Mud of d isti net ion. l;if,s lie- hind with 40.4, closely followed by At-

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Nov. 20, 1913] Tlie Nation 4=73 lanta with 39.9. To the Atlanta Jour- nal, this is a "fearful rate." If there is any real interest in the revived plan of the National Associa- tion of State Universities for a Feder- al I niversity at Washington, it must centre upon the definition of its aim and Bcope. President James of the Univer- sity of Illinois, for example, who favors >it, has long pleaded for State support in building up a local institution that should "make it unnecessary for any son of Illinois to leave its borders to pursue any branch of learning," no mat- ter how high or specialized. Many oth- er Western University heads have spok- en to the same effect. What, then, is left for the Washington institution to attempt? This apparent contradiction, however, will give way if a real place for it to fill in "advanced work" can be shown. The advantage of its nearness to the bureaus and departments of the Government would be as obvious as in Paris, Berlin, or Buenos Ayres. Yet the universities in those capitals, as of countries in which education is far more centralized, and state patronage of the arts far more confirmed, than in the United States, can offer but an imper- fect parallel to the functions of a "Na- tional University" at Washington. Some- thing less grandiose, something of more specialized effectiveness, is probably in the mind of the Association; but of this the public has not yet been informed. The University of Nebraska, through a publishing house of this city, has just issued the first number of the Mid-West Quarterly, a magazine interesting in it- self and even more interesting as a sign of the times. The articles are, naturally, not all of equal merit. One, on "The Lit- erary Interregnum," is a bit amateur- ish, and another, however clever in ex- pression, makes one ask what kind of philosophy is taught where Socrates and Bergson are coupled together as expo- nents of the same truths. No doubt, too, the rest of the articles might be called academic by those who have become ac- customed even to the better of our com- mercial magazines, but they are ad- dressed frankly, we may suppose, to the smaller public, and they are academic in the good sense of the word — thought- ful discussions of the deeper problems of the day as seen from the angle where literature and education and life meet and cross one another. This Quarterly will be taken by some as a confirmation • of the common opinion that the brains of the country are draining from our Eastern to our Western institutions. But that is another, and very tangled, story. Meanwhile congratulations to the Mid- West, and wishes that it may flourish. The present issue is all the work of Lin- coln, but the prospectus indicates tiiat articles are welcome from any quarter — even from the East. A heavy slump in Cubist and Futurist stock is reported from Paris. The hang- ing committee of the Autumn Salon has borne down heavily on the fragmentary isosceles ladies with their pink and blue passions. The Salon authorities have borrowed a leaf from the Futurist phi- losophy, and "with a disdainful and mag- nificent air of destruction" kicked pret- ty nearly the entire clutter out of doors. The Cubists may be partly at fault, but the chief blame must rest with the Fu- turists. Their very name brought trou- ble on the whole business. If they had called themselves anything but that, the path of revolutionary art might have stretched forward beyond the horizon. If they had called themselves, let us say, Post-Cubists, then there might have been room for other advanced schools, the Pluperfect Cubists, the Hexagonal- ists, the Parabolists, the Parallelopipe- donists, the Zeroists. But in their van- ity Signor Marinetti and his followers seized upon the name Futurist, and thereby preempted what remains of eternity. Since the future was thus pre- viously engaged, there evidently was nothing for revolutionary art to do but revolt against the future by seeking a return to something of the sanity and common-sense of the past. The pace of modern life is exemplified in the speed with which the cubistico-futuristic cycle of civilization has rounded to its full. Six hundred years from Giotto to Mari- netti, and three years from Marinetti's beginning to Marinetti's finish. Just after having made his admirable and humane proposal for a year of inter- national rest in naval construction, the First Lord of the Admiralty announces that next year the number of officers and men in the British navy will exceed 150,- 000, and that 1914 will see the largest naval appropriation bill the country has yet had to shouider. In time of com- plete peace, Great Britain is thus to have more sailors afloat and ashore than she mustered during the height of the Napoleonic wars, when the coasts were directly threatened. Again it is the German bogey which is called forth. In a few weeks, doubtless, we shall have a counterblast from Germany as a result of this speech of Mr. Churchill — and so it goes. But it is not only the naval fleet which is to cost so dear. Mr. Churchill asserts superiority for the British hydro-aeroplane, as the War Of- fice recently claimed it for the British aeroplane. He adds, however: "That is not enough. We must have superiority in everything, not in aeroplanes alone." Britannia must rule the air as well as the wave, and, as he admits that French genius and German perseverance have thus far outstripped England, he calls the nation to sacrifice in these words: You have to make up your minds to spend yearly more money and pay month after month the toll of precious lives. The keenest eye, the surest hand, and the un- daunted heart must be offered, risked, and sacrificed in order to attain, as we shall •undoubtedly attain, that command and per- fection in aerial warfare which will be an indispensable element in naval strength and naval security. All this is certainly an added reason why our Congress and President should now take the lead in working for the year of naval holiday which Mr. Church- ill first suggested. Yuan Shi-Kai's last manipulation of China's new Parliament is not so dras- tic as first reports intimated. It is not a question of abolishing the national as- sembly and erecting an appointive ad- ministrative council in its place, but of cutting down the membership of Parlia- ment and substituting an appointive council for the present elective Senate. That this means preparation for the establishment of a Dictatorship does not necessarily follow. It is the logical out- come of the test by force of arms which the Radical party invited. When the insurrection in the South of China came to an end, a swing towards the concen- tration of power in the hands of Yuan Shi-Kai became inevitable. But, after all, there never was reason for suppos- ing that China would be saved the pain- ful and laborious apprenticeship In par- liamentarism and democracy that every nrtion must pass through.

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4:7-4 r l^ T li e 1ST a, t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2525 •■SEDITION," AT HOME AS I) ABROAD. Larkin, the Dublin strike leader, serv- ed only two weeks of his seven months' imprisonment. He was released by order of the Government at London; and his first words on obtaining his freedom were that the Government had made a greater mistake in letting him out of prison than in putting him in. In this opinion, Mr. Larkin is certainly wrong; but that the imprisonment itself was a mistake there is very little room to doubt. Before the Government had acted, sober opinion in England, as ex- pressed both in radical and in conserva- tive journals, had strongly condemned the action of the Dublin judge and jury. The London Spectator is what, in the glib nomenclature current in this coun- try, would be called "reactionary"; and the Spectator says of the Attorney-Gen- eral's plea for conviction on the charge of seditious utterances that it is the sort of thing "we expect to read in a trial for lese-majesti in Prussian Poland, or in a conspiracy trial at Agram." The radical London Nation naturally takes a not less serious view of the matter. It speaks of the prosecution of Larkin as a "war on words such as any advanced thinker or free talker might use .with relevance in the heat of argument or controversy"; and it declares that "no Liberal Administration can without deadly hurt" identify itself with such proceedings. Recent experience in our own coun- try has furnished more than one paral- lel to this Dublin affair. At Paterson and at Lawrence we have had instances of the same kind of forgetfulness of the abiding principles both of free speech and of fair play, and the same kind ot short-sighted policy. On this side of the Atlantic as on the other, the explana- tion is obvious enough; in the stress of a situation charged with the danger of lawlessness on a large scale, and already marked by disorder and grave economic disturbance, there is great temptation either to stretch the law, or to apply it with all the rigor that extreme and virtually obsolete provisions admit. And, so far as concerns either real justice or the practical effect on men's minds, there is little to choose between down- right stretching of the law and the ap- plication of provisions which, by com- mon consent, are regarded as a dead letter. It is felt in all such cases that the court has condemned the man to punishment not as the doer of the spe- cific act charged against him, but as a champion of the cause which he was engaged in promoting. A striking il- lustration of all this was furnished in the recent case of Haywood, whose sen- tence at Paterson has just been reversed on appeal, with a sharp rebuke to the court below. But in relation to all this it is nec- essary to make a vital distinction — a distinction which philanthropic sympa- thizers with labor leaders" are very much given to overlooking. The distinction happens to come out with special clear- ness in connection with the case of Larkin. In the indictment he was charged not only with using seditious language, but also with inciting to riot and inciting to robbery. But on both of these latter counts, though a considera- ble amount of evidence was adduced against him, it was insufficient to con- vince the jury, and he was acquitted as to them both. Between the language of discontent and direct incitement to vio- lent or lawless acts there is a distinction the recognition of which makes all the difference between a land of free speech and a land of despotism. It is true that the line may sometimes be difficult to draw. It cannot be defined in a hard- and-fast way as a mere matter of the words employed. Language which, in ordinary circumstances, would be taken merely as an expression of opinion or the utterance of a vague hope or desire, may assume in time of trouble and dis- order all the character of a direct in- citement to violence. In such a situa- tion as that at Dublin, if Larkin had been proved guilty of incitement to vio- lence, no such severe strictures as those of the Spectator and the Nation would have been made on the verdict against him. But even with these distinctions well in mind, the actual course which ought to be taken in reference to the utter- ances of agitators cannot be laid down with anything like entire definiteness. There is in all this a higher expediency, whose claims may be said to be co- ordinate with those of justice itself. It is the dictate of that higher expediency that the rigor of the law shall not, ex- cept under the pressure of the clearest necessity, be invoked for the purpose of what would have the appearance of an invasion of the right of free speech. There is danger, to be sure, in this pol- icy; for in so scrupulously avoiding the appearance of violating liberty it is al- most impossible to avoid the reality of sanctioning license. But it is a choice of evils; free speech, even when it pass- es the line of rightful liberty, performs the invaluable function of the safety- valve. The result necessarily is an ap- parent inconsistency, which in extreme cases is pointed to as a reproach and even an outrage. The great example of all this is that of the Chicago anar- chists. They had been preaching vio- lence for years, and had not been mo- lested; but when their preaching took bodily shape in the murder of the Chi- cago police, the inciters to the deed were hanged. And both in not stopping the mouths of the anarchists while they were only talking and in hanging them when murder had come of it, the Chi- cago authorities were acting upon those principles of the highest expediency which defy exact formulation, which must always be more or less open to dis- pute, but the application of which con- stitutes one of the most crucial tests of a nation's genius for government. MEDICAL PROGRESS. Mr. Abraham Flexner's article, in the November Atlantic, on "The German Side of Medical Education," deals pri- marily with the underlying elements of the situation as a whole. And yet he points out so many definite features in which the position of medical education in Germany differs — in almost every in- stance to its advantage — from that in this country that the article is anything but a series of glittering generalities. The causes of superiority in the Ger- man medical system are briefly summar- ized by Mr. Flexner as follows: First, the high minimum level of organ- ization and equipment, below which the Government will permit no medical school to live; second, the prolonged and serious secondary-school training, which is abso- lutely, without exception, exacted of every student in the medical faculty; third, the freedom of the German university, which gives the professor the strength and lei- sure to work and encourages the capable student to do more than the minimum re- quirements of the curriculum for gradua- tion; finally, the high respect In which the practicing profession holds the teaching profession, and the custom of calling teach- ers freely from university to university. The one great factor in our own situa- tion which operates to offset these points of superiority is the steady flow of mag-

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20, 1913] X h. e US' a t i o n 4=75 niflcent gifts which American nun of wealth have been directing to the sup- port of medical education and the fur- therance of medical progress. "The Ger- man medical scientist," says Mr. Flex- ner, "looks with envy and wonder upon the munificence of the great American benefactors of medical education." It is the defect of this method that it has not the effect of directly raising the general standard. But even the general stan- dard is powerfully affected by the exam- ple of one or two great schools; and the method of private initiative has the ad- vantage that in any one place, without waiting for the adoption of a "country- wide" policy, an institution may be built up to almost any desired degree of ex- cellence. Since Mr. Flexner's article was writ- ten, two events have occurred which give fresh point to this last considera- tion. From an anonymous donor there has come to Cornell the magnificent gift of $4,350,000, which is to go into the general fund of the medical depart- ment in New York city. No part of the money is to be used for new buildings, and with an addition of $200,000 a year spent chiefly in getting the best possi- ble men, the Cornell Medical School may be expected to take an important place in raising the standard of medical edu- cation throughout the country. The other event, though not so daz- zling, is, if anything, even more signifi- cant. The General Education Board has given to Johns Hopkins Medical School a special endowment of about $1,500,- 000 for the inauguration of a new de- parture in medical teaching — new not only in this country but in the world. This fund is to be used for the purpose of so reorganizing the Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pediatrics that the professors and their staffs in these departments shall completely withdraw from paid practice in order to devote their entire time to the care of patients, teaching, and research. That this new departure is in the nature of. an experi- ment must be admitted; but that it will succeed and yield signal results is ren- dered highly probable by the nature of the gift, which was made not on chance notion of some well-intentioned indi- vidual, but as the result of representa- tions made to the General Education Board by the Medical Faculty of the Johns Hopkins University and the trus- tees of the University and the Hospital. To realize the advance that was in- stituted by the Johns Hopkins Medical School when it opened its doors twenty years ago requires an effort of mem- ory. To make a four years' course nec- essary for graduation when three years was the maximum at American medical schools and two years was the usual period, would in itself have been a pret- ty bold step; but the requirement of an A.B. degree — and a good A.B. degree at that — or its equivalent as an essential for entrance was a truly radical inno- vation. But this was only an index of the kind of training that the school it- self was to give. To do this effective- ly, it had the advantage of the complete cooperation of a great hospital, and the even more inestimable advantage of the extraordinary quality of that group of men who formed the nucleus of its Fac- ulty. About these men were soon gath- ered others, whose ability in their own fields and whose devotion to science were hardly, if at all, less marked. The effect of this example upon medical edu- cation throughout the country was al- most instantaneous; and, apart from its example, the Johns Hopkins Medical School has been sending out a stream of notable men who fill many of the most important posts in American insti- tutions of teaching and research. This splendid service has been recognized by the General Education Board not only in the making of the endowment, but in bestowing upon the fund the name of the man who, above all others, has been the mainstay of the work of the Johns Hopkins Medical School. Dr. Welch is so modest and self-effacing that he may not set much store by the name; but he will be at one with all the rest of us in hoping that the William H. Welch Endowment for Clinical Education and Research may prove a shining landmark in the history of American medicine. HOW POLITICAL PRINCIPLES TRI- UMPH. South Africans will always retain a grate- ful memory of the statesmen who had the courage to carry into effect self-govern- ment for the Transvaal and Orange Free State, which paved the way to the estab- lishment of the Union of South Africa. I deem it a grand privilege and honor to be associated with the movement in con- nection with the memorial to Sir II 11 Campbell-Bannerman. This was a cablegram sent by Gen. Louis Botha, Prime Minister of South Africa, and read at the recent unveil- ing at Stirling of a statue of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. Talk about time bringing its revenges! In this tribute, with its collocation of names, there is a reminder of mighty political changes, and a complete reversal of the popular judgment on men and measures, brought about in a few years. In the dark days, at once of the Boer War and the Liberal party, Campbell-Bannerman was expos- ed to all kinds of opprobrium. He was a pro-Boer. He was a Little Englander. He was the impotent leader of a hopeless party. But in his own lifetime all this largely passed away, and now he is ac- claimed, even by his former opponents, as a statesman of large and sagacious mind; while the man who a dozen years since was leading his people in a war against England, but to-day is Prime Minister of a self-governing Boer com- monwealth under British sovereignty, offers his grateful recognition of what Campbell-Bannerman did for South Afri- ca. History can show few transitions so rapid as this. In his address at the dedication of the statue, Mr. Asquith briefly sketched the qualities in Sir Henry which enabled him to carve out his success. He was not at all a genius, as genius is ordi- narily defined. He had no striking per- sonal gifts, whether of oratory or indi- vidual charm or political adroitness. A simple-minded man, he had early form- ed his political convictions, and clung to them with extraordinary tenacity, through good report and through evil. So meagre was his stock in trade! Peo- ple were inclined to hold him in light esteem during all the period from, Bay, 1899 to 1904, when he was doing the thankless work of leading the dispirited and demoralized Liberal party. A mere stop-gap, he was thought to be. If ever the time came to form a Liberal Cab- inet, a man of more brilliant parts would be necessary. But at last the politicians and the newspapers waked to the fact that Campbell-Bannerman had established himself in the confidence and m of the people. His dogged sticking to his job when others ran away, his steady adherence to principle, his indomitable spirit and unyielding devotion to the cause he had made his own, slowly built up for him a solid popular strength. The old ridicule died out. There was a story of the London

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4L7G Tlio Nation | Vol. 97, No. 2525. 'Finns sending an agent around the country to sound public opinion about Sir Henry, and his telegraphing to headquarters: "Not safe to make fun of Campbell-Bannerman; he is very strong with the people." So he certainly proved to be when the tide turned in favor of the Liberals. No one seriously contested his right to be summoned by the King to form a Lib- eral Ministry. He saw fulfilled the task at which he had labored in hours of gloom. His sure reward came. But above any personal satisfaction he may have felt in this, must have been his rejoicing in seeing the principles for which he had so stanchly stood come to their triumph. They had had their period of discrediting and eclipse. The enemy raged, faint-hearted friends quailed or slipped away, but, as Mr. Asquith said, Sir Henry maintained "a calm, unwavering confidence that never failed." He simply could not renounce his political creed merely because it seemed to be for the time unpopular. Bred in Liberal tenets, he refused to be- lieve that they could be washed away by a temporary wave of Jingoism. In season and out of season he asserted them, and lived to see them applied in England and in the conferring of self- government upon South Africa. This last achievement has already been ac- claimed as the wisest as well as the most astonishing work of English states- men in our day. It must not be forgotten that Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman's bestowal of self-government on the Transvaal and the Orange Free State was violently op- posed by the English Conservatives. They denounced it as a step fraught with danger, and made the direst pre- dictions of what would follow. None or these forebodings has been justified. South Africa is contented under the new regime and is loyal to the British Crown. Yet the same men who proph- esied the contrary are now auguring countless woes if Home Rule in local affairs is granted to Ireland. One would think that these prophets of evil might be stayed, for a time at least, by recall- ing their sad misreading of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman's gift of self-gov- ernment to South Africa. THE I\ TERNATIONAL MARINE CON- FERENCE. The International Conference on Safe- ty at Sea, which began its work in Lon- don on Wednesday of last week, is of unusual significance because of the Ti- tanic and Volturno disasters. Much has been done by the several nations and by the force of public opinion to better the conditions revealed by the loss of the "unsinkable" White Star vessel. But the Volturno disaster has again brought out the need of standardizing the regu- lations of all the seagoing nations. Of these, twelve are represented in the Lon- don Conference, the British and Ameri- can delegations being especially note- worthy; the former is headed by Lord Mersey, who presided over the Titanic inquiry; the latter includes Senator Bur- ton, of Ohio, who will well represent the travelling public, and Andrew Furuseth, the militant head of the International Seamen's Union, to whom the passage by the Senate of the La Follette bill is largely due. He may be trusted, togeth- er with J. Havelock Wilson, general sec- retary of the British Seamen's Union, to voice the wishes of the men before the mast and their comrades in stokehold and engine-room. Naturally, the question of boats and life-saving appliances takes a large place on the programme, and next to it comes that of bulkheads and watertight com- partments. The picture of the burning Volturno will confront the conference when it deals with fire-extinguishing ap- pliances. The regulation of boat, fire, and bulkhead drills follows naturally, as well as the question of the efficient man- ning of boats. The reasonable and prop- er use of wireless telegraphy and the laying down of new rules as to assist- ance to be given to ships in distress are other matters that have their place on the programme, and of course the pro- blem of ice warnings and steamship routes is not to be overlooked. Besides these there will be many minor yet vi- tally important matters to be consid- ered, as, for instance, the question of better methods of launching and releas- ing lifeboats so as to prevent their be- ing dashed against the sides of the ship in high-running seas. This was the cause of the terrible loss of life, when the officers of the Volturno made their grave error of judgment. It is admit- tedly idle to hope for a device that will absolutely insure the safe launch- ing of boats in such storms as the in- coming Atlantic ships reported last s\ eek. Had the Titanic not been favored by the calmest night one could possibly encounter in mid-ocean, the loss of life would have been far greater. But thc- important point is that, despite the warn- ings given by the loss of the Rio Ja- neiro off the Golden Gate and the Re- public near Nantucket, and other disas- ters, no effort was made to end the shortage of boats and rafts and to rem- edy defective lowering tackle. For above a century there was no change made in the historic block-atid-tackle davits un- til the quadrant davit carried on the Titanic began to come into use. It should seem, therefore, as if one outcome of this conference might well be the establishment of an international bureau for the testing of new safety de- vices and bringing to the attention of the various nations those which demon- strate their worth. There seems to be no field for human ingenuity in which the inventor has so many difficulties in obtaining recognition for his talent as. this. Anybody who can suggest new schemes for increasing the comfort of passengers and enhancing the luxurious surroundings of the first-cabin travel- lers on the first-class boats gets a hear- ing easily enough. It is the old story: the owner has not been interested in in- creasing his capital investment by add- ing costly equipment which attracts no trade and which may never be used, and never can be used in a terrific storm. Not that all ship-owners are heartless; their side of the situation must be con- sidered as well as that of the other par- ties in interest. We have already called attention to the enlightened views of Robert Dollar, the owner of numerous American and British cargo ships ply- ing on the Pacific Coast and to the Far East. Such as he will watch the pro- ceedings in London with considerable anxiety, lest the Conference fail to dis- tinguish between the needs of cargo ships and those of passenger vessels, and saddle all kinds of boats with unneces- sary expense. Take, for instance, the question of the manning of lifeboats. Mrs. Florence Kelley, who was a passenger on the Kroonland, one of the eleven vessels that went to the rescue of the Volturno, points out in the current Survey that the Kroonland carried lifeboat accom modations for 113 more persons than

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Nov. 20, 191 3 J The Nation 4=77 she is allowed to carry, but only 26 sea- iiu n. She asserts that to eke out the crews of the two lifeboats that went to the Volturno it was necessary to draf. two waiters and two stokers. All the other boats were useless for this rescue work for want of able seamen. Obvious- ly, 26 seamen for a ship the size of the Kroonland seems a ridiculous number, but can any vessel of this tonnage afford to carry seamen enough to man 34 life- boats? Allowing only six to a lifeboat, that would mean 204 seamen who would be falling over one another in performing their few deck duties. Obviously, to work out a problem like this with justice to all concerned will require the greatest care. Perhaps the use of kerosene- engined lifeboats may help here, though they would add to the fire danger. As for the wireless equipment, for which the American delegates are expected to take a firm stand for all ships, it is in- teresting to note that the London Fire- men's and Sailors' Union has passed a resolution binding its members not to sign on any ocean-going steamer after May first, 1914, unless it carries wire- less. But if two operators for the wire- less on tramps are insisted on, they will have nothing whatever to do except in the rare emergency of an accident tc their own vessel, or some near-by ship. It is thus the old question between profits and humanity which chiefly con- fronts the London Conference. On many points there will doubtless be immediate agreement, but a long session may be looked for, and will be needed, if due regard is to be given to all the interests involved. THE TWILIGHT OF THE WHITE GODS. Last week there came into the New York auction room a number of marble statues by American sculptors who were famous fifty years ago. Hiram Powers's Greek Slave was the most noteworthy. With her one touched an almost pre- historic phase of American aesthetics. In her day she was a veritable declaration of the artist's rights and independence of clothes. About her serene form was fought and won the battle for the sculp- tor's liberty in our free republic. Some sense that the Greek Slave is still a celebrity, if an obsolescent one, carried the bidding somewhat above a thousand dollars— perhaps a half of what it would cost to copy her reputably in fair Car- rara. If the Greek Slave, speaking rev- erently, was on the bargain counter, her famous white contemporaries were no- where at all. We decline to set down the pitiful prices that were paid for characteristic works of Thomas Ci aw- ford, W. W. Story, and Harriet Hosmer. ft is enough to say that in no case would the auction price have bought the rough block of marble. When one recalls that these were the great names of fifty years ago, that Pow- ers's work may be said to have estab- lished American sculpture in the eyes of Europe, that Harriet Hosmer had the friendship and admiration of the Brownings, and Layard, and Leighton, that Story enjoyed a fairly consecrated celebrity through Hawthorne's eulogy of his Cleopatra in "The Marble Faun" — when one considers this fallen great- ness, one is driven to sincere if trite re- flection that all passes and naught is perdurable. Fifty years ago no reputa- tions could have seemed more safely be- yond vicissitude. And now one hardly knows whether to blame a public so forgetful of the taste of its fathers, or to praise the courage of those who ven- tured to pay anything at all for an art so completely passed from fashion. Per- haps our grandchildren will similarly make a merit of bidding in a bronze by Saint-Gaudens or Rodin at something less than the value of the metal. Of course, there are reasons for the obscuration of these white gods. The time has passed when the most enthusi- astic amateur will undertake the whole- sale domestication of life-sized marbles. All this belonged to an ardent age be- fore any pale cast of decorative fitness had dimmed the desire for the single fine piece. When the lambrequin fell the marble statue began to totter. Its unavailableness is now become fairly tragic. Only forty years ago it is en- tirely conceivable that at the prices of this sale some thrifty young couple would have cheerfully begun housekeep- ing with Zenobia. She is, after all, only eight feet tall — ceilings were then high — and would have seemed such an in- vestment! Upon the case of the twice humbled Palmyran queen we must linger. It is a capital instance under the rubric apt- ly named by Mr. Huneker "The Pathos of Distance." It was Harriet Hosmer's first venture in the grand style. Anx- ious Mrs. Jameson, the erudite and charming Layard, the friendly Brown- ings, eagerly watched the working out of the theme. Zenobia had a place of hon- or in the British Universal Exposition of 1862. After European acclaim, Ze- nobia came to Boston in 1864. Eulogies in prose and verse were heaped at her feet. Fifteen thousand people visited her in a few days. When she passed to New York, Bancroft, Bryan, Eastman Johnson, Kensett, Gifford, Drs. Beecher, Bellows, and Huntington, turned out to do her honor at the private view. The poet Whittier wrote of the statue: It very fully expresses my conception of what historical sculpture should be. It tells its whole proud and melancholy story. . . . In looking at it, I felt that the- artist had been as truly serving her coun- try, while working out her magnificent design abroad, as our soldiers in the field and our public officers in their depart- ments. Whittier and his fellow-admirers were in the main right. Zenobia is one of the best American statues of neo-classic type; for that matter, one of the best marbles that anywhere grew out of the tradition of Canova, Gibson, and Thor- waldsen. Zenobia is free from the frigid- ity of her type; she has only a mini- mum of the tricks that rightly go out of fashion. Admitting the unsuitability of marble statuary in the modern habi- tation, good taste and historic sense combined should have made a score of American museums compete vigorously for Zenobia and for her notable prede- cessor, the Greek Slave. That they did not is an indication of a peculiar defect in our civilization, the inability to de- tect any sort of artistic excellence when it is not presented in the passing forms of the day. At least, lovers of the last aesthetic mode, we are not Bourbons learning and forgetting nothing. Artis- tically, we learn very little and appar- ently forget everything. HARD AND EASY GOLF COURSES. Some of the golfing comments of Var- don and Ray, as they sailed for England, may strike American readers as a bit ungracious. It is true that the two pro- fessionals had pleasant things to say of their stay here. They had only thanks for the hospitality shown them, and spoke in praise of our golfers, particu- larly of Evans and Ouimet. But when their expert opinion on certain polnt3

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i ;s The IsT ;i i i 11 [Vol. 97, No. 2525 was squarely asked by the Interviewers, both Vardon and Kay lock tor their motto, vera pro gratis. They did not think thai American amateurs could hold their own with the English. They believed that the United States, in spite of its wonderful advance in golfing mat- ters, is still a country backward in this sport as compared with England and Scotland. And they were of one mind in ili« taring that the great majority of American golf courses are far too easy. By this they meant, of course, that the hazards and the nature of the greens here do not sufficiently call for the high- est golfing skill. A fine American retort to this might be made, but it would only betray ig- norance. Vardon and Ray might be asked why, if our links are so kinder- garten, they did not make lower scores on them. If it is so dead easy to ne- gotiate our courses, why did they let Evans beat them both at Chicago, and Ouimet lead them by five and seven strokes at Brookline? Moreover, Var- don and Ray made, on the average, as low scores over our confessedly more difficult links as they did when playing those they describe as childishly easy. How could that be? One can imagine the sneer with which newspaper para- graphers will put the question. The point is worth examining. There has been, during the past year or two, a great stiffening up of American golf courses. This is, of itself, a tacit admis- sion that they have been too easy, judg- ed by the scientific rigors of the game. Yet a great many people have been but dimly aware of the real difference be- tween an easy links — a real "gentleman's course"- — and one trapped on correct principles. Such players have known that they could not do as well at, say, the National Links, or Piping Rock, as over their own familiar and facile grounds, but they often express wonder why the crack golfers who can make a low score even over Myopia are not able to do very much better over a no- toriously easy links. They may cut their cards by two or three strokes, but that is all; and it is thought to be mys- terious. The fact is, obviously, that this is to lose sight of the true basis of compari- son between hard and easy golf courses. A certain number of strokes are nor- mally required to get over the easiest links ever known. That is, If there are 18 holes, and not more than three of them single-shot holes, it will be impos- sible for even the most skilful players to do, as a rule, much better than "even fours." This simply means that mere- ly to cover the actual distance, and with- out regard to unusually lucky approach- es or long putts, the ball has to be hit an average of four strokes to each hole. Top-notch players often go lower than that, and do so the more readily on links presenting few difficulties; but even on these they cannot, in the nature of the case, go so much below their score on a hard course as the inconsid- erate poor player thinks they should. What he is thinking of is his score, and the great difference between his best on an easy links and on a course where the handiwork of nature has been reinforc- ed by the malignity of man. If the lat- ter means ten or twelve strokes more for him, why should not the easy links mean ten or twelve less for the profes- sional? We have already explained why not. It is the duffer who furnishes the real test of comparison between easy and hard golf courses. Diabolically placed traps and tricky curves in the greens scarcely exist for the professional; he plays as if they were not there. That is the reason why he cannot make a much lower score on links where the hazards actually are not there. But for the poor player they mean dismay and destruction. He comfortably announces that he usually "goes round in the eigh- ties." But this is on a course far from up to date, and probably in July or Au- gust, when the ground is baked so that a topped ball will run almost as far as one truly hit, and when any kind of sloppy shot will reach the green with- out getting into trouble. Transfer this complacent gentleman to a links like Garden City, formidable with a narrow fair-way and trapped so as to punish every bungled shot, and his mortifica- tion, or rage, will tell the real story of the difference between the hard and easy course. Many a soi-disant "eighty man" has essayed the National Links re- peatedly, without being able to get un- der a hundred. This greater severity of the English links is correctly assigned by Vardon and Ray as one of the reasons why the English standard of amateur play is higher than ours. There are other rea- sons, which will leap to the mind of every informed person. It is not mere- ly a question of championships. With the exception of Walter Travis, our ven- turous amateurs have not fared well in England — though Schmidt gave the Brit- ish a bad quarter-of-an-hour last year. The chances are obviously against any man who has to fight his way through a tournament against a high-class field. Hilton did it in 1911, but was early put out in the American championship last year. It is to be said, however, that the differences favoring the English are rap- idly disappearing; and with the ten- dency now prevailing in this country to make golf links a sharper test of the fine points of the game, it may well be that Vardon and Ray, on their next visit, will find the conditions more near- ly equalized. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. Although not a "Thackeray expert," I have a suggestion to offer on the point raised by Mr. William E. A. Axon in the "News for Bibliophiles," November 6, 1913. The question is that of priority between "the bold British boy," Little Billee, and the "pious French Middy," the hero of "Notre Dame de la Garde." A daughter of the late Prof. Ferdinand B6cher calls my attention to the words "To the air of 'II y avait un petit navire' " under the title of "Little Billee" in my volume of Thackeray's ballads, and quotes a fragment of a song of which that is the first line, and which her father used to sing. 11 £tait un petit navire Qui n'avalt jamais naviguG. Quant ils Les vivi'es vinient it manquer. lis tirent-s-a la COUrte paille Tour voir qui, qui Berall mange. I.e plus jeune de l'equipage C'est lui qui, qui Bera mangfi. II moil tu sur la graiulc liune Oli, Salnte Vlerge, oh ma patr C'est nicii qui, qui Bera mange. Whether the nolo referring to the song is Thackeray's or not, it shows that some one before Mr. Axon connected Thackeray's i)ii Had with a French one, of which the Erag >' quoted la pretty certainly a ver- sion. The version, too, us even I his frag- ment is enough to Show, is nearer to Tn&t 1 - eray than the one quoted by Mr. Axon, .1 i in in. 11:; middy" is the more the hero tor bt Ing ' lii 1 ei un. As for the relationship between "Little Billee" and the "Petit Navire," It seems to mo most probable that in an informal way it Is about the same as the cousinship botweon the originals and Thackeray's "imitations" of Bfiranger, Horace, and sundry Qor-

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Nov. 20, 1913J Tlie Nation 4=79 ongs. It may be that having picked up tin French song he fitted the ■ah in his mind with burlesque lines and stanzas In English, which remained un- v.i in. 11, and perhaps uncompleted, until festive gathering at Bertini's" of which Mr. Axon speaks. If he had had the "Petit Navire" In mind, "Little Billee" is exactly what he would have written; the naive attempts at sentiment are just the marks which his shafts always sought. The conspicuous piety of the hero is carried only two commandments beyond the nor- mal to beeon ure; being "le plus jeune do l'equipage," what more natural than that he should be particularly appe- tizing? The note— "To the air of, etc."— may not be authoritative, but if it is Thack- eray's it might be taken as an informal acknowledgment of an informal indebted- ness. I hope that the fragment of the "Petit Navire" quoted here may be enough to identify it to some one who can supply the whole. Robert P. Utter. Correspondence GETTING THE BEST OUT OP THE BEST. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: To the general principle of "getting the best out of the best" no one can take exception, but, in the opinion of the pres- ent writer, Mr. Charles S. Knox, in his letter of recent date to the Nation (October 30), has failed to consider sufficiently the differences between athletics and culture or learning. It may be doubted if the "best results" in athletics has the same meaning as the "best results" in culture, using this latter word in the general sense of intellectual accomplishment. In athletic activities what is desired and sought is superiority to rivals for a season in athletic sports; in lower terms, and often, it is to win a victory in a particular sport, over a par- ticular team, in a particular game. The rewards to the individual athlete are the class numeral or the "university initial on [his] breast," his photograph on the sport- ing page of the daily paper, the admira- tion and applause of female youth, and the approval, not unmixed with envy, of his fellow "students." In a word, the spirit of athletics or sport is rivalry, its character- istic is the defeat of an opponent, and its rewards, though resounding, are evanescent, not to say trivial. In intellectual activities the idea of com- petition should be discouraged, mutual help of individuals should be fostered, and the acquisition of knowledge for its own sake should be the ideal. The chief reward should be the pleasure and satisfaction of accomplishment; not that we need dwell wholly on this high plane, for other more tangible rewards such as prizes, fellow- ships, and honors should be offered. But in scholarship there is no place for the ephemeral rewards of praise from "the student body, or the student press, or the press of the community." Not notoriety and applause for a day, for the victory of a It may be doubted if in many cases the "cum laude or summa cum laude . . . or some such honor is awarded for the work of a single term," or in "a narrow, specialized course," in which "the student had merely to commit to memory" a sylla- bus which the examining professor had made. Those honors are usually reserved for the completion of a college course, and are in fact an expression of praise from "the thoughtful public at large" through its spokesman for "distinction in . . . in- tellectual training and prowess." The praise is quiet, indeed, but it may be doubt- ed if the thoughtful public is ever blatant. Moreover, the praise thus given is ade- quate to the accomplishment. Four years of even assiduous study in college mean, after all, but a small accomplishment from the point of view of the public, large and vital as that accomplishment may be to the individual student. The fault is not in the under-praise of intellectual labor, but in the over-praise of athletic and other spec- tacular activities. Following out the cycle of the past, ours may be called the Age of Noise, in which characteristic it may be hoped the intellectual life will not share, but will maintain its tradition of quiet modesty. As to the contention of the writer of the letter to the Nation, that "proposals to grade men in classes by merit rather than by age or alphabetized names, and to carry forward the superior men faster and further than their fellows, are quickly re- jected as hostile to democracy and to the 'American spirit,' " we may express more than a doubt, especially as the plan advo- cated is, in some States, in use in the most democratic and American of institu- tions—the public schools. The feasibility of merit grading has certainly come up for discussion in one at least of our more ad- vanced educational institutions, and no question of the un-Americanism of the plan has ever there been raised. The chief objection to grading by merit in the college is a practical one. It is al- most impossible for the college, with the income and teaching staff at its disposal, so to arrange its curriculum, its schedule of classes, as to provide for the merit classifications which, to be really effective, must be subject to frequent revisions. Moreover, there is, and should be, greater diversity in the methods and individuality of teachers in the college than in teachers of the more elementary school, and it is a question whether what would be gained by merit grading might not be offset by what would be lost in the student's efforts to adapt himself to the new methods of the new individual teacher. Furthermore, it may be questioned if the segregation and more rapid advancement of "the best" men is, after all, desirable from the point of view of those men them- selves. To the present writer it seems that herein is involved a false view of edu- cation, namely, that education consists sole- ly in what a student learns from his teach- ers while pursuing a more or less definite college course. To the present writer, and he believes to many others also, this is not what "education" connotes. Many of us believe that, no matter how narrow a man's day, but fame and commendation for years, specialty may be, he is helped therein by for a lifetime of labor, should be the schol- the sum-total of his knowledge on all sub who knows everything. We may close our ears to the derisive laughter this statement probably occasions, while remark- ing that the ideal can be striven for if not attained; and we may point out that non- segregation of the best may perhaps lead us some steps nearer to this ideal. The best men— the number is not enor- mous—in a class which they outstrip will have time to spare, will have leisure. Being "the best," they will not waste this time in frivolities, but will use it in read- ing and study for recreation and profit. They may do this under the direct guid- ance of their teachers if they wish, for any teacher would be glad to direct such a man, or at their own sweet and unguided will, which may in some instances be best. Not infrequently, as the present writer knows, a chance remark of a teacher will suggest to such a "best man" a most in- teresting and profitable course of reading. Is not the knowledge thus voluntarily ac- quired of far more value to the student than would be to finish his prescribed course six months or a year before his less gifted associates? Or than would be to acquire a twelvemonth more of the spe- cialized knowledge of his particular course or profession? Such extraneous knowledge may not lead to success, but at least it will lead to sedate pleasure and quiet content; will be a solace in the years when success no longer counts. On the other hand, would not merit clas- sification incite many men, purse-poor and not of exceptional ability, to overexertion in order that they might save time and money by "keeping up with the best"? And doubly to men of rare capacity who know the sting of poverty should be given every opportunity for the broader outlook. It is no kindness to hurry them through col- lege and into the world. Doubt may be permitted, too, as to wheth- er the English system, which the writer of the letter to the Nation praises so highly, is, after all, much superior to our own. Its faults are different, but not, therefore, less serious. Certainly the English system has been severely criticised by Englishmen, and in recent years it has seemed to be un- dergoing a deep searching of heart. As your correspondent says, "We cannot safely ignore the inequalities in man." Therefore, let "the best" take more — but not of the same medicine, nor in larger doses. And instead of saying, "Let us have 'pass' and 'class' in our colleges," let us say to our young men: Let us have more quiet and persistent search after know- ledge and truth and less noisy seeking af- ter success and rewards. Leonard M. Passano. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Novem- ber 13. GETTYSBURG, AND THE PRESIDENT WILSON, UNITED STATES. ar's ideal. jects; that the ideal specialist is the man To the Editor of The Nation : Sir: One of our English cousins, Sir Francis H. Champneys, Bart., who occupies the exalted position of president of the Royal Society of Medicine and of its twen- ty sections, has some remarkable Ideas about the United States. In his opening address, printed in the official bulletin for October, he says: We read this morning In the paper that

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4=SO The Million [Vol. 97, No. 2525 It Is the Jul ation of the amal- gamation between the Northern and South- ern States hi America, al Gettysburg, on July 1. Kii 1 >. y* i 1 since, 1 Gettysburg took " I 1 ucla 1 period of tlic war, and after that the United States was form- ed, it is Interesting to r that, and to remember thai It has taken fifty years not onlj i" , but to consolidate, the United States, which is another thing. \mi thi that i-s that the present h oi the United States of America is tlic first Southern person who has ever occupied that position. And I read in the 'rimes to-day thai he at fust refused to be present at Gettysburg, fifty years after the of his side; but that he afterwards reconsidered his action and determined to be present. ... I see in the papers that this meeting of the veterans on the field of Gettysburg is not altogether free from risk for them, and I see that a provident Government has stacked a thousand cof- fins in full view of the veterans in the park, for anybody to take advantage of who feels inclined to do so. We have got no coffins, gentlemen, and, I think, no skeletons, eith- er; but if we are to consolidate the Society as we ought to do, we have to remember that the time has come to "think im- perially." . . . At the time of the formation of the United States of America each State re- served its own peculiar rights; and with so much tenacity have they preserved them that a man may be married in one State and not married in another. . . . It is quite conceivable that, at some time or another, one State may plunge the whole of the United States into war. And so the United States is but fifty years young! It is a beautiful compliment to Miss Columbia, who we thought was beginning to feel her age a little and re- semble the classic features of Miss Democ- racy. But what of Washington and Jeffer- son and Madison and Monroe? Sic transit gloria mimdi. G. H. Hot Springs, Va., November 12. WILLIAM PITT PREBLE LONGFELLOW. To the Editor of The Nation: Sin: The recent death of Mr. Longfellow has removed from us a man whose services to the cause of architectural studies, ex- tending over a long period of time, have been equalled in value by those of few other men in America. It would, indeed, be hard to name another whose range of in- terests germane to architecture has been so wide, and whose theoretical and tech- nical equipment was so varied and so thorough. A man of liberal scholarship and finest literary culture, Mr. Longfel- low was also a mathematician and an en- gineer, as well as an artist; and, what is not, I believe, so well known, he was an accomplished musician and a musical com- poser of uncommon gifts and attainments. He never sought notoriety. In the rude struggle of competition his fine nature could take no part. And although in early life he had the practice of architecture as a vocation keenly at heart, his mind was, at the same time, largely occupied ■with the history and philosophy of the art. It was thus not unnatural, with his temperament, that after a brief period lie should withdraw from actual practice and devote himself to study and writing. He was, I believe, gradually led to this course by the establishment of the Ameri- can Architect — a periodical of which he be- came the first editor. The leading articles by him, with which the pages of that Jour- nal were enriched during the time of his editorship, would, if gathered together, form a volume of great value to students who look upon architecture as a liberal art. After resigning his post as editor, Mr. Longfellow devoted a vast amount of time to editing the "Cyclopedia of Architec- ture" (New York, 1895), to which he con- tributed a large part of the subject mat- ter. In this laborious work he succeeded in gaining the collaboration of some of the most competent American writers. He also contributed largely to Sturgis's "Diction- ary of Architecture and Building," and to the pages of many periodicals. Among his last works were "The Column and the Arch" (New York, 1899), and "Ap- plied Perspective" (Boston, 1901). Both of these volumes are written in his most care- ful and lucid style. In "The Column and the Arch" he endeavors "to trace in se- quence the main thread that binds the suc- cessive phases of European architecture, and the evolution of the two leading fea- tures of its forms, the classic order and the arch." This book is marked by historic scholarship no less than by architectural acumen. In the "Applied Perspective" he not only shows complete mastery of the in- volved geometry of the subject, and perfect lucidity in discussion and demonstration, but also, what is rare in such treatises, a fine sense of the artistic value of perspec- tive. Mr. Longfellow wished, as he once said in conversation, to help his reader "to see perspectively," and to realize how things are beautified by perspective. As a lecturer his subject matter was carefully thought out, and was always well arranged. In debate he was cautious in statement and deliberate in utterance, but always weighty. In conversation he was reserved, but ready with serious and thoughtful remark when occasion required, and at other times he was delightfully en- tertaining, and, with his fine sense of hu- mor, often amusing. His numberless activities in connection with the American Institute of Archi- tects, the Boston Society of Architects, the World's Columbian Exposition, and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts were untir- ing and fruitful. He was a sailor, too, and was fond of sailing. For some years he spent a part of every season cruising in his yacht. Into this recreation he put the same in- telligent study that was characteristic of him in whatever he did. Few men have been better acquainted than he with the design and construction of a sailing boat, He was also a skilful photographer, and Kept abreast of all developments in this process. His works, his refined nature, and his unobtrusive life have enriched the community in which he lived. Charles H. Moore. Winchester, Bag., November 6. CREDIT GIVEN. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: My attention has been called to the 1 ;u 1 that In a recent book of mine, entitled "European Cities at Work," the translation of an advertisement from a German news- paper as well as certain material bearing upon the government of German cities was not credited to "The Government of Euro- pean Cities," by Prof. W. B. Munro, of Har- vard University, from which they were taken. The book was prepared in large part as magazine articles and as lectures, with no idea at the time of publication in book form. This explains the omission of ac- knowledgment, which I desire to correct. Frederic C. Howe. New York, November 14. THE OPIUM VICE IN JAVA. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir : I can now give you a few more facts upon this subject. The Dutch Gov- ernment of Java, having manufactured its opium at the "Government opium manufac- tory" in Batavia, proceeds to distribute it throughout the country. For this purpose the opium is enclosed in small leaden tubes, stamped with the Government seal, and sent to the Government agencies in the various towns and villages for retail sale. The tubes are of different sizes and are sold at prices (given here in American money) varying from 5 cents to $3.50, ac- cording to the quantity of opium which they contain. I visited the "opium verkoop plaats" (as these retail agencies are called) in Garoet, a small town among the moun- tains in the Preanger regency, and saw the opium sold to various purchasers at a lit- tle wicket window opening upon the street. I followed one of the purchasers to an opium den, where I found all the wooden bunks full of Chinamen smoking opium. It is only fair to state here that, if I am correctly informed, which I believe to be the case, the opium is sold exclusively to Chinamen at the "opium verkoop plaats"; but there are 300,000 Chinese in Java, and they control almost the whole of the native retail trade. It is therefore probably a simple matter for the natives to buy opium from the Chinese, if they wish to do so. It is a difficult and delicate matter to procure information on this subject; but I have been able to ascertain that, when the population of Java was only 16,000,000 (it is now nearly double that number), the yearly profits of the Government from the sale of opium were 12,000,000 gulden ($5,000,000), and it does not seem possible that so large a profit can be derived from the opium con- sumed by the Chinese alone; but even if the Chinese be the only victims, why should the Dutch Government grow rich by cor- rupting the Chinese? We have here the singular spectacle of a Christian Govern- ment making a profit by fostering a de- structive vice in its own territory. Unfor- tunately, this spectacle is not unique. Many private persons formerly made for- tunes by importing opium into Java, but the Dutch Government has now acquired for itself the whole of the profits from tills vice by entirely prohibiting the importa- tion of opium. From one point of view, this Government monopoly In opium Is for- tunate, because the closing of the Gov- ernment opium manufactory In Batavia would now instantaneously end the opium vice In Java. Bertuand Shadwell. Djnkjukiirta, Java, September 26.

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Nov. 20, 191 3] The Natio 11 481 THE ANAGRAM. (It will be recalled that Joseph Severn was the devoted companion of Keats in his last illness at Rome.) Within the circle of the lamp's bright glow Were placed the letters of the poet's name, From which to find new meaning was my aim, By patient shifting of them to and fro. But sole result of all my efforts slow, Like some faint spark where I had hoped for flame — As if John Keats could only magic frame! — Was just a phrase of two short words: "Thanks, Joe." Such little words! And his the voice to sing Sweet as his own gold-throated night- ingale, Flooding with liquid ecstasy the air, Yet churl in this. Then quick remem- bering The love that 'twixt those friends did once prevail, I saw a grateful heart enshrined there. Imogen Clark. Literature THE SISTER'S SON. Uncle and Nephew in the Old French Chansons de Oeste: A Study in the Survival of Matriarchy: By William Oliver Farnsworth, Ph.D. New York: Columbia University Press. $1.50 net. The bearing of the literary relation- ship of "the sister's son" upon the larg- er question of the existence of mother- right among the Indo-Germanic peoples is growing clearer as fresh evidence is adduced. The only reasonable explana- tion of nephew-right is the existence of a matriarchal state of society in which inheritance passed through the female line. The traces of this state of society in the early laws and practices of cer- tain peoples make reasonable the theory that the primitive laws of inheritance among the peoples of Western, North- western, and Northern Europe gave way before the Roman law granting to the father the domination of the family. Recent historians of mother-right have gone far afield for evidence of its exist- ence in the practices of remote peoples and of exclusive tribes. The aborigines of Australia, South America, North America, and the islands of the sea have been studied, as well as the liter- ature and the laws of Asiatic races. These historians have strangely neglect- ed the literary testimony of European peoples. In 1901 Prof. F. B. Gummere contrib- uted to the "Furnivall Miscellany" a charming essay on "The Sister's Son" in the English and Scotch ballads. In closing Professor Gummere remarks: I think this persistent mention of a sis- ter's son in the ballads something which indeed may not do much for the legal as- sumption if we take it as an isolated fact, but which, as a part of the cumulative proof furnished by Tacitus, by Germanic legend, by old genealogies, by romance, hints if it does not prove an older law in the case. There are wider fields to search; any one can think of stray instances in Celtic lit- erature; and systematic investigation could doubtless bring additional and welcome evidence from this as well as from other stores of tradition. There are, indeed, other wider fields to search, and the widest of them is the field of old French literature in gener- al, and more specifically the French epic poetry of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Dr. W. O. Farnsworth's dissertation will not reach the general public, but the theme is well chosen and possesses that human interest the absence of which in many dissertations was recent- ly deplored by your review-er of the Kit- tredge Festschrift. The first three chap- ters of Dr. Farnsworth's monograph contain the evidence he wishes to sub- mit in the form of textual citations with literal translations; the last three chap- ters contain little that is original, though the author has conveniently re- viewed in them the scattered opinions of Hartland, Bachofen, Lang, Kova- lesky, Dargun, Westermarck, Schrader, Lippert, and other writers on Mutter- rccht. Dr. Farnsworth has thus made himself familiar with the chief au- thorities in the larger field, and has very amply justified his study of the French epic by showing its wealth of evidence concerning the existence of a sentimental relationship between the mediaeval man and his sister's son. Of any legal recognition of this rela- tionship in old French popular litera- ture there is not a trace. In the cen- turies when the French epic came into bloom nothing remained of this rela- tionship but a sentiment. How strong this sentiment was, as a literary con- vention, is a matter upon which there can be no doubt after reading this for- midable array of evidence. Indeed, Dr. Farnsworth's evidence is pressed down and running over, and if we would make any comment upon the artistic arrangement of the material, it would be that he is guilty of much needless repetition in marshalling his proofs. It is sufficient here to recall some of the more notable examples of this re- lationship in mediaeval French litera- ture: King Mark and Tristram; King Arthur and his nephews Lancelot, Ga- wain, Gahariet, and the unnatural Mordred; the Fisher King and Per- ceval (Peredur) in the Grail ro- mances; Charlemagne and his nephews Roland and Baudoin; King Louis and Raoul de Cambrai; Simon the butcher and Hugh Capet; Naimon and Ogier le danois; Guillaume d'Orange and his nephews Vivien, Bertrand, etc. As may be seen by consulting E. Langlois's "Table des noms propres, etc." (Paris, 1904), these are but a few examples of this relationship brought out in the biography of old French heroes. The relation of uncle and nephew is the one most often used for purposes of identi- fication in the earliest French narrative poetry, and upon this relation are cen- tred some of the most starring situa- tions in this poetry. What is true of the Christian heroes is true also of the Saracens and the traitors: Ganelon the traitor in the "Roland" is subsequently provided with a numerous following of nephews. (Cf. Ernst Sauerland, "Gane- lon und sein Geschlecht im altfran- zosischen Epos," in Stengel's "Ausgaben und Abhandlungen," No. 51.) How epic nephews displace historical sons in the case of Charlemagne may be seen in J. W. Determann's "Epische Verwand- schaften im altfranzosischem Volks- epos" (Burg, 1887), and in the case of Guillaume d'Orange in J. Bedier's "Les Legendes epiques" (I, 130). That it was natural for the author of the twelfth-century chansons de geste and romans d'aventurc to invent uncles and nephews for their heroes, there can be no doubt. Professor Gum- mere's remark is as true of the French narrative poetry as it is of the English ballads, that "famous men are provided with a sister's son, while later tradi- tion gives them, or would give them, sons of their own flesh." Why this sen- timent, unsupported by law or actual family conditions, persisted with such remarkable force in the subconscious- ness of the French is unexplained. Dr. Farnsworth, while reserving an opinion (p. 224), thinks this survival may ar- gue against Professor Bedier's theory of eleventh-century inspiration for the epic, on the ground that poets who did not approach the legendary epic mate- rial until that date would not be justi- fied by contemporary custom in their insistence upon this relationship; he opines that the relationship must have its roots in a loifg tradition regarding these heroes. There is no objection, however, to supposing that poets, when treating for the first time quasi-histori- cal heroes, even in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, should think in terms made conventional by the thought of many generations of Germanic ances- tors. The force of the sentiment is la- ter felt in the Italian court poets, Boiardo, Pulci, and Ariosto, who still conventionally insist upon nephew-right

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4=82 T li e Natio 11 LVol. 97, No. 2525 as implying special affection, authority, and the obligation of vengeance. Even in Spain, as Dr. Farnsworth points out, there aro traces ol" it In the legends of Bernardo del Carpio and the Siete In- fantes de Lara. In this connection it may be further noted that when the Cid marries his two daughters to the two rather suspicious characters, the In- fantes de Carrion, he commissions his nephew, Felez Muiioz, to watch over the two brides in loco parentis. Even the sentiment attached to this relationship weakened under the actual conditions imposed by the accepted Ro- man laws of inheritance. The sentiment in favor of the sister's son broadened to include the brother's son, and many texts simply used the term "nephew" without qualification. In the latest mediaeval popular literature the son comes into his own, and we cease to hear of the nephew's privileges and obli- gations. But when we speak in terms of centuries, the nephew's literary down- fall seems quite sudden. After holding his own for perhaps thirteen centuries of our era, the nephew passed out with the passing of interest in the geneal- ogies of popular narrative poetry where he had made his last stand. Boys still often resemble their maternal uncles in character and in outward favor, but of blood-feuds and inheritances nowa- days, point de nouvelles! That later authors are, however, at least sporadi- cally conscious of the force of this bond is shown in the following: Marcus, sister's son to Barnabas. (Colossians, 4:10.) Upon condition, Publius shall not live, Who is your sister's son, Mark Antony. (Shakespeare, "Julius Casar," iv, 1.) Where I must strike against the man they call My sister's son. (Tennyson, "Guinevere," 568.) And most mediaeval of all, in Racine's "Phedre" (i, 1), where Hippolyte says of the Athenian Princess Aricie: Mon pere la reprouve; et par des lois se- veres II defend de donner des neveux a ses freres. We have lost a relative who was once closer than a brother; but if any one wishes to find him again, he should go to Dr. Farnsworth's thesis. CURRENT FICTION. The Coryston Familf). By Mrs. Humphry Ward. New York: Harper & Bros. Mrs. Ward's voice sounds always fainter and farther away; presently we shall begin to believe it an echo, and not a voice at all. No doubt, the English world which she portrays does still ex- ist, but its existence is a survival; and of her own art she retains little more than the familiar technique. Some day, perhaps, nineteenth-cen- tury fiction in England will be summed up as the Epic of the Dowager. With- out the tradition of the dowager the tale of the Coryston family would never have been. From the opening scene Dady Coryston has the "heavy" part, and heavily she plays it. Politics, or party, is the absorbing interest of her life. To her idea of party she is ready to sacrifice justice and fair play, as to her idea of family she is ready to sac- rifice husband and children. The hus- band, an amiable and honorable gentle- man, she has dominated from the altar, and though she has finally estranged him, she has so well managed that his death leaves her mistress of the Cory- ston estates, and the eldest son inherits little but the title. In viewing this sit- uation, Lady Coryston apart, the Amer- ican reader should try to "see red." To get the English point of view he must regard this diverted inheritance as a species of sacrilege. Lady Coryston should have retired to her dower house, on allowance, while his new lordship, so to speak, took the pot. That she did not is in itself a thrilling circumstance. It frees her from the restricted sphere of the ordinary dowager. She does, of course, go to the unworthy girl whom she suspects of being about to accept her favorite son; but every dowager in fic- tion must do that as a sign of good faith, just as every villain in melodrama must smoke a cigarette. Lady Coryston is not dependent upon that kind of thing for her effects. She is the monster the world has dreaded — the dowager with the upper hand. Young Lord Coryston might have been a striking figure if Mrs. Ward had in- vented him twenty years ago: now he impresses one simply as the ingenuous, eccentric dreamer with whom Messrs. Hewlett, Locke, et al. have sufficiently acquainted us. That the. prospective heir to an income of £70,000 a year should not believe in property, might well trouble the person who had the legal disposal of it; but it is because Lord Coryston makes himself politically offensive to her that she disinherits him. The second son, in whose favor a new will is made, then proposes to marry the daughter of a political ene- my, and only the physical downfall of his mother prevents him from being cut off in turn. The romance of Marcia, daughter of the house, is quite separate, and involves that question of the yok- ing together of disagreeing believers, to which we are always likely to find our- selves returning in the pages of Mrs. Ward. Van Cleve. By Mary S. Watts. New York: The Macmillan Co. Gen. Nathan Burke was the pattern of a distinguished Ohioan of our grand- fathers' time. Van Cleve is a repre- sentative Cincinnati citizen of our own day and generation. The history of his second score, virtually coinciding with the eighteen-nineties and the first dec- ade of the twentieth century, is not so stately a performance as Nathan Burke's "biography." And very properly not, for the feat of reviving a bygone liter- ary fashion is obviously uncalled for in the portrayal of a contemporary hero. Consequently the Thackerayan manner, which occasioned much admiration — and some uneasiness — among commenta- tors on the earlier book, is little in evi- dence in "Van Cleve:" Having defined Van Cleve as a rep- resentative Cincinnatian of to-day, we hardly need to add that Van Cleve is a business man. He is, however, no sucn sublimated specimen of our dominant type as Mr. Dreiser's formidable "Fi- nancier." Van Cleve's hardheadedness was, we fear, largely superficial. It chiefly evinced itself in hard work, self- denial, and the honesty that "sweareth to his own hurt and changeth not." Its only domestic manifestation was an occasional protest — never effectual — against chronic impracticality, and it was not incompatible with a large mea- sure of genuine though unostentatious chivalry. Witness his supporting of a thriftless family— grandmother, aunt, cousin, and uncle — in their endless mi- grations in search of a congenial social atmosphere; also his war-time journey to Cuba, undertaken in behalf only of a girl's reputation, and later the act of conscience by which he precipitated his own financial ruin. It is rather as the appreciative his- torian of Ohio manners than as a search- ing analyst of character or an inventor of absorbingly interesting events that Mrs. Watts excels. We have here a plot that depends entirely upon a manufac- tured misunderstanding, perfectly trans- parent to the reader, but, until the last chapters, quite impenetrable to the char- acters of the story. Gold. By Stewart Edward White. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. Holding to his theory that the indi- vidual man's struggle towards perfect adjustment with his environment is the great, impressive drama of life, and that the "sex element" does not neces- sarily exercise even an instant influence on this great drama, Mr. White has pro- duced a vivid narrative of the days of '49, with only males as its characters and no reference to woman save a bare mention of that "fair sisterhood" which is ever a vanguard of the march to For- tune's beck. There is fighting a-plenty in these pages, and there is mighty striving, deeds of bloodshed, thievery, massacre and madness and hope and despair, but the pictures are true — or at least bring with them the conviction of truth. And even in the most exciting passages one must note the lack of the forced ami

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Nov. 20, 191 3 J IT h. e 1ST a t i o 11 4,83 artificial technique that prescribes "dra- plot" and "sex element" and "ar- tistic balance" and all the rest of the cut-and-drled components of the novel- maker's rule of three. "Gold" is the first of a promised tril- ogy. The other books which Mr. White announces he will write will also deal with earl] clays in the West, and will be called "The Gray Dawn" and "The Rose 1 la \ n." Mother's Son. By Beulah Marie Dix. New York: Henry Holt & Co. One puts down this novel with sur- prise that there should be so many Ger- mans ?n Puritan Boston. At least, one must suppose there are from the account of what befell Elizabeth Willard, au- thor of "The Toy Soldier," after she met Vashti Leissner, herself an author of no small renown, as well as wife of a German-American and mother of a brood of German-American infants. All Germans who came to Boston visited the Leissners, and, of course, when Eliz- abeth and Mrs. Leissner decided to co- operate as playwrights, Elizabeth met them. She even met the young Herr Lieut. Hugo Waldemar Gunther Men- ring, who had unwittingly been the original of "The Toy Soldier," but who had the misfortune to be cashiered and banished to America by his indignant family. He was a pretty boy, and his German friends in Boston who knew his story distrusted him for a Mutter- sohnchen and officer. They were much surprised when he actually succeeded in the real estate business, and even suc- ceeded in selling motor-cars. But even then he had difficulty in persuading Elizabeth to marry him, because she was so interested in her books and plays — despite her youth she had a daz- zling way of tossing off successful man- uscripts at short intervals. In the end, however, Herr Lieut. Hugo Waldemar Gunther Mehring proved to the satis- faction of even his bitterest compatriot and critic, big Julius Hasse, that he was no longer Muttersohnchen, and con- vinced Elizabeth that she loved him. But it was necessary for him first to go through the Titanic disaster, which was rather distressing for all concerned. Partners. By Margaret Deland. New York: Harper & Bros. Mandy Hinch, keeper with her aged mother of the post office of the little town of Purham, Vt., is reminiscent in her sensitiveness and her retiring dis- position of the first of all portraits of the sort, half a century before Miss Wil- kins and Sarah Orne Jewett — Hepzibah Pyncheon. In the space of a hundred pages the little book weaves about her the shroud of impending tragedy, and then snatches it away. Thanks to a change of parties at Washington, Mandy is informed that her resignation from the post which for twenty years has been her sole support, is accepted. She some- how manages to keep the full force of the news from the frail old mother, even after William Sprague, the kind- hearted appointee, arrives from Boston. In the' dismay which these two feel over the insoluble problem before them, one way of escape plainly presents itself. It is not a hard one for Sprague, whose bachelorhood is not confirmed, and who needs a housekeeper; it is hard for Man- dy, sentimentally true to the dead sol- dier sweetheart of her youth. Mrs. De- land's picture of her women is consis- tent; the contrast between the great emotional value and the impoverished intellectual worth of their lives gives a kind of poetical interest to the little story. GENERAL MEADE. The Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade. By George Meade. Edited by George Gordon Meade. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Two volumes. $7.50 net. The most interesting feature of this elaborate life of Gen. Meade, the joint work of his son and grandson, is the remarkable series of letters from Meade to his wife, written, for the most part, during his service in the Mexican War and the Civil War. The letters, hither- to unpublished, not only give an almost daily account of military operations in camp and field, but record also with un- restrained frankness the writer's im- pressions of his superior officers and military associates, and his opinions of political events as related to the wars. Meade joined the army in Texas in September, 1845, and served actively un- til April, 1847. He was opposed at first to the war, believing it to have been "brought on by our injustice to a neigh- bor, and uncalled-for aggression" (I, 154); and he was long of the opinion that actual hostilities could be avoided. He found Taylor "a plain, sensible old gentleman," laughing at the excitement in the North and scouting the idea of war, and unable, as a stanch Whig and an opponent of Texan annexation, to "enter heart and soul into his present duties" (I, 26). The letters abound in scathing criticism of the volunteers, whom Meade describes as "perfectly ig- norant of discipline, and most restive under restraint." Thanks to the "miser- able economy of our Government," the waste of ammunition caused by lawless and reckless firing is such that "six months of this volunteer force will cost as much as five years for a regular force of equal size" (I, 91). The policy of Polk is treated with contempt. Meade was not blind to Taylor's limitations as a commander; but for the political machinations which took the conduct of the war out of his hands, planned im- portant movements without consulting him, left him for months without suffi- cient troops or supplies, and yet threw upon him the odium of incapacity, the letters repeatedly voice condemnation. At the same time, war having begun, his sympathies were with those in Con- gress, who, like Crittenden and Inger- soll, were for pushing it vigorously de- spite their hostility to Polk. "Finish the war, and then give it to the Administra- tion," he wrote laconically in February, 1847 (I, 181). The Civil War letters, which fill the last half of Volume I and the first half of Volume II, form one of the most im- portant contributions to the history of the war that have lately been published. Into the thorny mazes of tactics and strategy, with which the letters abound, and upon which still centre the con- troversies of military critics, space for- bids us to go. In such points Meade's version of his own course, along with the versions of his associates, is au- thoritatively set forth in the official re- ports. One is impressed throughout, however, by Meade's seriousness and frankness, his devotion to duty, his clear view of what ought to be done, his vast powers of concentration and work, and his modesty. No more in private than in public did he claim honors or rewards beyond what an impartial judg- ment would accord him. His letters show him as loyal to his friends and generous in his estimates of his mili- tary superiors, but at the same time pro- foundly distrustful of the politicians at Washington, and bitterly resentful of the persistent efforts of Greeley and others of the press to belittle or censure him. He was first and always a sol- dier, and upon his conduct he desired a soldier's, and not a civilian's, verdict. Meade perceived at once the flaw in Wilkes's course in the Trent affair, though doubting if war with England would result. Seward's letter he did not like: "it is specious and pettifogging" (1, 241). For McClellan, under whom he at first served, he had regard and re- spect, yielded but slowly to the convic- tion that McClellan's excessive caution, unfitted him for high command, and con- demned roundly the political intrigues which attended his removal. Of Burn- side and Hooker he writes warmly, yet with unerring perception of their faults. The long and dreary controversy over Gettysburg naturally bulks large in these volumes, and on the whole reflects credit on Meade's modesty and poise. He knew what he had done and why he had done it, gave praise or blame to his subordinates as he believed the case warranted, and protested only against <onal attacks of those who would not, or could not, understand why he had not pursued and destroyed Lee's army after defeating it. Of Grant he seems never to have entertained a high opin-

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■ IS I T li e ]ST a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2525 Ion, and In the crowning disappoint- ment Of his career, the unjust promo- tion of Sheridan over him, he saw the working-out of personal qualities in Grant whose existence he had early dis- cern! (I. For the rest, the work is a compre- hensive life of Meade. The letters are briefly annotated where necessary, and are allowed to tell their own story; where they fail, the author and editor supply a well-written narrative. There is a good account of Meade's career from 1847 to 1861, when as an army en- gineer he was engaged in lighthouse construction and in the survey of the Great Lakes; and his activities as mili- tary commander in the South after the war are briefly sketched. About one- third of Volume II is given to an ap- pendix, comprising a few official dis- patches and extracts from newspaper ar- ticles, together with twenty-four maps of the Gettysburg campaign. Roads from Rome. By Anne C. E. Allin- son. New York: The Macmillan Co. $1.25 net. "The main purpose of these Roman sketches is to show that the men and women of ancient Rome were like our- selves." Such are the opening words of Mrs. Allinson's preface, and they are justified in the six character-sketches that follow, though we might add that the setting of the stories shows the spe- cific state of life under the early empire quite as much as the common ground Of humanity that was the same then as now. There is little action in the stories; they are concerned rather to set forth, in a manner reminiscent of Pater, the self-revelations of charac- ter that might come to such men as Catullus and Horace and Maecenas and Ovid in some critical hour of their lives. To our taste this method succeeds bet- ter in the case of a reflective poet like Horace than of a creature of passion and impulse like Catullus, and the chap- ter called The Phrase Maker is per- haps the most successful in the series — is in itself a refined piece of phrase- making, and something more than that. We cannot give a better idea of the manner of the book than by quoting three paragraphs from the beginning, middle, and end, respectively, of this sketch, with its motto from Horace him- self, "Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit": But the master of this charming outlook evidently had his mind on something else. He was a man about fifty- five years old, short and stout, and with hair even grayer than his age warranted. As he leaned back among his cushions on a stone bench, so skilfully placed under an ilex tree that his face was protected while the sun fell across his body, he looked an unromantic enough, no better than any other entleman past his prime, seeking the sunshine and intent on physical com- fort. But now, like the phantom in Brutus's tent at Phillppl, a grim question stole upon him out of the shadows of his memory. Was it possible that his fight on that field it had been, not a folly, but the golden moment of his life? Had Athens taught him something even profounder than the art which had made him Rome's best lyric poet? He had forgotten much of her humiliation, and of his own Roman pride in her subjection during those days when he had lived, in youthful hero-worship, with the spirits of her great past. Had she, after all, not only taught the sons of her masters philosophy and the arts, but taken them captive, as well, by the imperious ideals of her own youth, by her love of free- dom and of truth? "Davus," he called out, "make haste. I have had a visit from the shades, and it has been as unpleasant as those cold baths the doctor makes me take." Then, as he saw the look of fright on the wrinkled face of the old slave who had been with his father when he died, he broke into a laugh and put his hand on his shoulder. "Calm your- self, my good fellow," he said, "we shall all be shades some day, and to-day I feel near- er than usual to that charming state. But in the meantime there is a chance for Bac- chus and the Muses. Tell them to get out a jar of Falernian to-night, and do you unroll Menander. The counsels of the di- vine Plato are too eternal for my little mind. And, Davus," he added thoughtfully, as he rose and leaned on the slave's willing arm, "as soon as we get to the house, write down, 'Greece took her captors captive.' That has the making of a good phrase in it — a good phrase. I shall polish it up and use it some day." Such is the manner of the book, but its interest is greater than can be shown in any extracts. There is no sense of effort in the writing, and no harsh pe- dantry in the details. As one reads, it is as if one were wafted in a pleasant dream back to the Rome of Caesar and Augustus and to the Athenian schools of the philosophers. A New Government for the British Em- pire. By F. W. Bussell, D.D. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. $1.25 net. The vice-principal of Brasenose pos- sesses the art of being severe without being unparliamentary. In common with the rest of mankind, he "lacks the method of drawing up an indictment against a whole people." Yet he is able to make out a damaging case. Reasons for anxiety may, he says, be summed up as follows: the dangerous rivalry of interests, sectional conflict, a landless people, an aggrieved industrial prole- tariat, professional statesmen, threat- ened retirement from public business of a still influential and ti << ted 1 lass, pre- miums on official and expert services, disappearance of gratuitous duties Issu- ing out of the life of ordinary citizens, ubiquitous distrust of direct consulta- tion of the people, deadlock of govern- ment by equally divided parties, increas- ing use of coercion, and complete de- cay of moral force in the state. To these symptoms of a thoroughly unhealthy condition may be added the universal lack of respect for authority. Such a bill of particulars would be disheartening were it not suggested throughout this work that the real char- acter of the British nation remains sound, despite the fact that all public and political influences, methods, and vocabulary are alike demoralizing. The difficulty is that an entirely false view is given by the insincere rancor of par- ty spirit. "Friendly intercourse between the classes," we are informed, "is still the rule in actual life; but we may easily drift into civil war some day, be- cause we are so often told that we are already engaged in it." In other words, the bitterness of Parliament and party (though often fictitious) can easily be reflected with disastrous effect on the whole national life. This position, it is maintained, is owing, not to the sup- posed application of "democracy," but to the fact that no effort is made to ap- ply it at all. There is nothing novel in such a pre- sentation of contemporary British affairs. These views have been expressed time and again, but seldom with such sound learning and such genuine philosophi- cal reflection. The work before us is scholarly without being academic, stren- uous without being noisy, large with- out ignoring the littleness of human existence. While seemingly revolution- ary, it really preaches a return to first principles. It demands an exten- sive system of devolution — without that democracy will always remain what it is to-day, an empty imposture, disguis- ing absolute government in an anony- mous and peculiarly distasteful form; as precarious in tenure as the older despotisms, and far less dignified, con- tinuous, and efficient in its policy. What is really needed? First, the dissolution of the Commons, only in name a predominant or popular cham- ber; next, the devolution of local pow- er to four or five provincial assemblies; then, the creation of an Imperial Sen- ate, to be erected on the foundations of the House of Lords, insensibly passing out of the chrysalis of pure heredity into wider interests and usefulness; finally, an enlargement or restoration of the influence of the sovereign. King Edward as I Knew Him. Remi- niscences of Five Years' Personal At- tendance upon His Late Majesty, King Edward the VII. By C. W. Stamper. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. $2 net. As a work of unconscious humor, this deserves more than casual notice. Sel-

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Nov. 20, 1913] The Nation 485 dom has the innocent flunkeyism which doth hedge about a king more quaintly recorded itself. This is not to reflect upon the author's social standing. He lot, as report has had it, the King's chauffeur, hut his motor expert, who was in charge of all the royal cars. He never drove the King, but always had a seat beside the chauffeur, in order to direct him, and to be on hand in case of ac- cident. As there was no room for a footman, the duties of that functionary devolved upon him. Hut they might have devolved upon any of the King's gentlemen in similar circumstances, and the flunkeyism of these reminiscences is not essentially different from that whiclf any of them might show if he were to take to print. That Mr. Stamper has a genuine rev- erence for the memory of his former employer there is no manner of doubt. The amusing thing is that he does not suspect how little likely his narrative is to induce reverence in his readers. He honestly believes that the King "was a great man and had great ways." But the ways here recorded are the little ways of an ordinary man. By their tes- timony the late King must appear to Mr. Stamper's readers as an old gentle- man who had been spoiled all his life and could but remain spoiled to the end; &. good-natured old gentleman when noth- ing interfered with his personal plans or comfort; a martinet in the conduct of his household; a kindly master, for the most part, in speech and manner, but without consideration for his servants when his own convenience was in ques- tion ; a man who attracted people, but not because of any exceptional fineness in his own nature or carriage: a "good fel- low," in terms of royalty. He had, says Mr. Stamper, "a keen sense of humor." These pages show it broad rather than keen, and continually at variance with courtesy and consideration for others. Harry Lauder is his ideal of humor on the stage. The King goes to see him and "laughs a great deal"; the next day he says to his motor expert, "Put your hat on, Stamper. Did you like the play last night?" "Very much indeed, your Majesty." "Yes, I thought you would, because you would understand it. It was really very good, very funny." He loved to play little practical jokes On the persons who served him, gentle or simple, and never lost the chance of twitting a victim. He loved the slap- stick touch in everyday life. When Stamper seizes a horse by the bridle to get him out of the way of the car, and is lifted off his feet, the King is con- vulsed with mirth. Physical mishaps arouse in him the delight of the small boy or the music-hall audience. Stamp- er dances down a lot of gillies at a ten- ants' ball at Balmoral. "My discomfi- ture of the Scotchmen greatly amused his Majesty. 'Look at Stamper,' I heard him cry, 'just look at him!' A moment later I slipped and fell, which made his Majesty roar with laughter." The King must have everything go according to schedule. "Stamper" was responsible if anything went wrong: then would Majesty lift its voice and complain that Stamper was always mak- ing mistakes. The motor expert boasts, however, that "he never saw the King lose his temper with any but those who knew him and whom he knew well" — which, reduced to unroyal terms, would seem to be much like saying that Smith was always a perfect gentleman — except at home. Notes The Century Co. will soon have ready: Theodore Dreiser's "A Traveler at Forty" ; an "Advanced American History," by S. E. Forman, and "Beyond the Pasture Bars," a new school reader by Dallas Lore Sharp. Among the books which Putnams issue this week are "Folk-Ballads of Southern Europe," by Sophie Jewett, and "Little Stories by Big Men," compiled by Annabel Lee. The same house has in press "The Son- nets of William Shakespeare, New Light and Old Evidence," by the Countess de Chambrun, and "The Story of the World," by Elizabeth O'Neill. A third collection of stories by L. P. Jacks is promised next week by Holt. The same house will publish later in the season Inez Havnes Gillmore's novel "Angel Isl- and." A forthcoming book in the list of George W. Jacobs & Company is a "Life of Ad- miral Semmes," by Colyer Meriwether. Smith & Elder are bringing out Sir Sid- ney Lee's inaugural at East London Col- lege, entitled "The Place of English Lit- erature in the Modern University." Mr. Hilaire Belloc has translated into English "The Romance of Tristan and Iseult" from the French of Joseph Bedier. M. Bedier's version, made up of fragmen- tary French poems of the twelfth century and later variations, was crowned by the French Academy. The translation will be published by Messrs. Allen. Mr. R. O. Winstedt is preparing for the Oxford University Press a "Malay Gram- mar." It will be the first work of the kind in English. The following are additions which Dutton makes this autumn to Everyman's Library: "Life of the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone," by G. W. E. Russell; "Life in Mexico," by Mme. Calderon de la Barca; Dostoievsky's "The Idiot"; "The Fall of Constantinople, or Theodora Phranza," by the late Dr. T. M. Neale; Balzac's "Lost Illusions," with an introduction by George Saintsbury ; R. L. Stevenson's "An Inland Voyage" and "Travels with a Donkey"; "A Century of Essays," an enlarged yEsop, being a col- lection of fables; Swedenborg's "Divine Providence," specially translated under the auspices of the Swedenborg Society, and an Atlas dealing with Africa and Austral- asia and embracing a period from the Pyra- mids to the present. Books in preparation by the Oxford Uni- versity Press include: "A Glossary of Tudor and Stuart Words," by W. W. Skeat, completed by A. L. Mayhew; Map's "De Xugis Curialium," edited by M. R. James; 'Studies of the Odyssey," by J. A. K. Thom- son; "Concise Dante Dictionary," by Paget Toynbee; "Catalogue of Coins in the Pun- jab Museum, Lahore," by R. B. White- head, and in the World's Classic series Miss M. Betham- Edwards's "The Lord of fhe Harvest." Sir James Murray is seeking, for the "New English Dictionary," to fill up some gaps in the history of the word "transept." He would be glad to get examples of it before Leland (1540), or between Leland and Anthony Wood (1692), or a Latin form of any age in actual use — that is, not in modern dictionaries which may have sim- ply invented or inferred it. "The Youtn of Goethe" (Dutton), by P. Hume Brown, is the work not of a special- ist in German literature, but of a distin- guished Scottish historian whose previous essays in biography have concerned them- selves with his fellow-countrymen, George Buchanan and John Knox. "The Youth of Goethe" is written with this historian's ac- customed accuracy, knowledge of the sources of information, and judicial so- briety. So thoroughly normal is the com- position of the book that no one quality is conspicuous. Dr. Brown does not profess to fill a gap, nor does he notably add to the literature on his subject already easily accessible in German. He does, however, give one of the most orderly accounts in English of a many-sided personality, and to the narrative of Goethe's early life he properly correlates an exhibit of Goethe's writings up to and including the "Ur- faust." The two English writers to whom the Nobel prize for literature has been awarded in the dozen years since its foundation are both natives of India. Rabindranath Tagore, the recipient of this year's honor, is a native of Bengal. His predecessor, Rudyard Kip- ling, is a native of Bombay. If Kipling is spoken of as an Anglo-Indian author be- cause he wrote in English of an India which he has made his own, it is equally proper to apply the term Anglo-Indian to Tagore, whose present fame has come to him as a poet in the English tongue; but with this difference, that the India of Tagore is, nat- urally, far more real than the highly ro- manticized and dramaticized land which goes by the name of Kipling's India. The poems with which Tagore has so rapidly come to the front were written originally in the Bengali tongue, but the author has him- self rendered them into an idiomatic Eng- lish. The Nation has already expressed at some length its opinion of the work of Rabin- dranath Tagore, in reviewing (May 15) his volume of prose-poems entitled "Gitanjall," and there is little more to be said in regard to his more recent volume, "The Gardener" (Macmillan). The present collection of "lyrics of love and life,", as he calls them. were for the most part written much earlier than the "Gitanjall." and show rather the mysticism Implicit in the modern Hindu's notion of love than the love Implicit In his 8 I tm • P 1: ^

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ls T Ji e N a lion [Vol. 97, No. 2525 tty and gentle ami shot Hi lly with meanings, as ma 1 b ludged from 1 in . .<• 1 w n lair specimens : in. You waik<-ii ii\ 1 in' riverside path with the full pitcher upon your hip. Why did you swiftly turn your Ca mi' 1 nrough your fluttering \ 'ii '.' That gleaming look from the dark came upon me like a breeze that sends a shiver through tin' rippling wahr and sweeps away to the shadowy shore. 11 i:u in like the bird of evening that hurriedly Hies across the lampless room from the one open window to the other, and disappears in the night, You are hidden as a star behind the hills, and I am a passer-by upon the road. But why did you stop for a moment and glance at my face through your veil while you walked by the riverside path with the lull pitcher upon your hip? 58. One morning in the flower garden a blind girl came to offer me a flower chain in the cover of a lotus leaf. I put it round my neck, and tears came to my eyes. I kissed her and said, "You are blind even as the flowers are. "You yourself know not how beautiful is your gift." In the uniform edition of Anatole France's works in English now appears "The Opin- ions of Jerome Coignard," competently translated by Mrs. Wilfrid Jackson (Lane). Not the least delightful portion of this vol- ume is the introductory chapter in which the author gives us an exquisite apprecia- tion of his earlier presentation of Mon- sieur Coignard in that rare book, "At the Sign of the Reine Pedauque." In those ear- lier "memoirs" the mellow philosophical rascal lives again, says our author, "as Socrates does in the Memorabilia of Xeno- phon. ... It is a work that makes one think of those portraits of Erasmus by Holbein that one sees in the Louvre, at Bale, or at Hampton Court, the delicacy of which never wearies the sense of appre- ciation." "The Opinions," less distinctively a work of imagination, is cast in the form of dialogues and conversations held by the genial ecclesiastic as he drank his pint at the Petit Bacchus or turned over a volume of Cassiodorus at the book shop of Mon- sieur Blaizot. Coignard is a good Catholic; for the rest, he is Anatole France apply- ing his suavely cynical criticism to gov- ernments, science, the army, academies, revolutions, historians, and the idea of jus- tice. In April, 1900, ex-President Cleveland delivered two addresses at Princeton, in- augurating the Lectureship on Public Af- fairs which Henry Stafford Little, an alum- nus of the University, had endowed in his honor. The subject of these first lectures was "The Independence of the Executive." The next spring he lectured twice on "The Venezuelan Boundary Controversy," and two years later he gave a lecture on "The Government in the Chicago Strike." These lectures have now been published in three small volumes by the Princeton University Press. The natural interest of the topies they discuss was enhanced by the circum that the lecturer had played a lead- ing part in the events considered. This cir- cumstance gives the volumes the value at- 11 g to first-hand historical material. David Starr Jordan's "War and Waste" (Doubleday, Page) is described in a prefa- tory not 1 and editorials having the purpose oi sition to war, to war scares, and to wa accessories In general. The title address ,, 1 ii. livered at ! he 1 la n a rd 1 talon In \'.^ L. The other papers are reprinted from the World's Work, the Atlantic, the Indepen- dent, and other journal! some of them pub- lished abroad. A few of the titles are "The Pest of Glory," "The Net of the Usurer," "Fort Graft," "The Dream of Universal War," "Anti-Alien Legislation in Califor- nia," and "The American Peace Policy." We have more than once expressed ap- preciation of the Home University Library of Modern Knowledge (Holt), the new titles of which bring the total up to seventy-two volumes. "From Jefferson to Lincoln," by Prof. William McDonald, of Brown Univer- sity, is a sketch of our national history as related mainly to three lines of develop- ment, constitutional growth, the growth of the party system, and slavery. "Germany of To-day," by Charles Tower, gives about half of its two hundred and fifty pages to various features of the mechanism of the Government, the Kaiser, the Reichstag, po- lice, law courts, armed forces, imperial finance, etc., and the remainder to such topics as education, industrial organization, agriculture, and the intellectual life. Dr. J. B. Bury, the well-known historian of the Later Roman Empire, contributes "A His- tory of Freedom of Thought." The some- what bitter spirit which Dr. Bury allows to crop out here and there against religious intolerance seems not entirely in accord with his clear recognition, on pages 55 and 56, that some influence or other had chilled to practical extinction the earlier growth of Greek science generations before the in- fluence of Christianity had entered the field. It is quite possible that modern civilization had to slough off something more than mere theological obscurantism before the sun of modern intellectual freedom could shine forth. That the editors of the Home University do not take its limitation to "modern know- ledge in any narrow spirit is shown by the inclusion of such subjects as Miss Jane E. Harrison's "Ancient Art and Ritual," the aim of which is to show that "these two divergent developments have a common root, and that neither can be understood without the other. It is at the outset one and the same impulse that sends a man to church and to the theatre." This birth of art "by way of ritual out of emotion" leads the author naturally to considerable con- cessions to present-day "Expressionists," but it is doubtless a mere trick of typo- graphical depravity which makes her say that art should come "out of life keenly and vividly livid." Dr. William T. Council- man, of Harvard University, writes of "Dis- n'l Its Causes" in a way to be oi great practical value to any Intelligent reader though of coin:!' the work is not Intended as a "family doctor-book." He cautions the devotees of eugenics that there is as l ii a a "exi ess of 1 heory a od dea rt b oi facts" in I In lr 1 nine, a ml I li.il at tempts to 1 niim in e heredity should be limited strict ly to heredity of disease. "Plant Life," bj J. Bretland Farmer, professor of botany in the Imperial College of Science and Technology, of London, deals with plant form from the point of view of function. The main thesis in "The Origin and Nature of Life," by Benjamin Moore, profe bio-chemistry in the University of pool, is that the hiatus betwei living and the living is bridged not at 1 level of bacteria or animaleula:, wh search for the passage has been Invarlabl; unsuccessful, but at a depth of life beyond the reach of the microscope and possessing a unit lower than the living cell, as we con- ceive of that cell from the tissues of ani- mals and plants. These volumes are sold at fitty cents each. Discussion of Hamlet's mental condition has for the moment been eclipsed by simi- lar searchings as to Strindberg. The lat- ter presents a less interesting problem, Itbough scarcely less perplexing. If Strind- berg could be dismissed summarily with the title of fool, in which light he fre- quently enough appeared, much would be gained, for we cannot feel that any real profit can be got by reading his works. But in the background of his nature it is easy to see the spectre of greatness. He combined in an extraordinary way resolute idealism with impulsive fear. Of a sudden he was prone to be overcome by a sense of terror at his unconventional position and to wish for death; at other times he was sickened by the incongruity of his visions and the facts of life, and gave up the struggle out of hand. In the midst, for instance, of one of his many amours, he was impressed by its sordidness, and, with all the heroics of the Romanticist, at- tempted suicide. An account of this adven- ture is found in a volume which has just appeared from the Appletons' press, "Au- gust Strindberg, The Spirit of Revolt: Studies and Impressions," by L. Lind-af- Hageby : He undresses by the shore, throws him- self into the cold water, and swims out into the open sea. After a struggle with the waves, he returns exhausted. Beckon- ing Fate to do her worst, he then climbs an alder tree in a state of perfect nudity. The icy October gale responds, and, when he descends shivering, he is satisfied with the first part of the expiatory act. Without pursuing the analogy to Hamlet further, for Hamlet never did anything quite so silly as this, even with a "meth- od," it may be noted that Strindberg found in this Danish prince a kindred soul. Miss Lind-af-Hageby has set forth the facts of Strindberg's life with much fulness and without any desire to excuse^her subject of great moral blame. Towards the lit- erary works she is a bit less critical, though showing none of the unthinking adulation with which the book market has lately been flooded. The question which each critic of the Swede should ask himself is, Did Strindberg write anything which Is not vitiated by his mental confusion? Another work, this by Strindberg him self, comes to us from 1'ni n s, "The Red Room," a book which was liir.l publil bed in 1879, and which gave its author his lii-st literary prominence Though in the form of a novel, the book Is sufficiently autobiographical to warrant brief mention at this place. The hero, Arvid Falk, a Jour- nalist, is, of course, Strindberg, here rep- resented as ai ill: I who undergoes a series of crushing disillusions, I phase of Swedish society is satirized, the author finding embodiments of the Seven

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Nov. 20, 191 3] The Nation 4:87 Deadly Sins. Respectability is proved to be a sham under which the banker, the publisher, the clergy, carry on their cor- rupt practices. The contrast with this picture of wretched time-serving is fur- nished by the occupants of the Red Room of a restaurant, where gather artists of all sorts struggling by their wits to eke out an existence. That most of them fail argues not their incompetence, but the bru- tality of the world. Some of the sketches have undeniable keenness, for Strindberg always saw concretely. This quality con- tributed both his strength and his weakness as a writer. It was noted so long ago as 1884 by Bjornson : "He has been a pietist, and so he Is still, in spite of many expe- riences— not religiously, but morally. A cause is for him only persons; bring them out, Whip ti Miss Margaret Ladd Franklin's bibliog- raphy, "The Case for Woman Suffrage," is marked by accurate workmanship and sober 1 i nation. About four hundred titles of books and pamphlets, thirty-three Con- gressional reports (1874-1912), twenty-four plays, nearly six hundred articles in pe- riodicals, fifty-five leaflets in series pub- lished by the National American Woman Suffrage Association, and eleven current suffrage periodicals — the first four divi- sions arranged chronologically, the latter two alphabetically, and all together rep- resenting the opinion of twenty-three cen- turies, from Plato down — here is a brist- ling arsenal for propagandists, alike friends and adversaries of the ideas preach- ed by the National College Equal Suffrage League, which is sponsor for the book. The task of the agitator will be lightened by the full index to authors' names, but es- pecially by the rating attached to a large number of the entries. The laurels are awarded to Wendell Phillips, Mill, Higgin- son, and Mrs. Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Only next in importance are the utterances of David G. Ritchie, Lady Grove, and Max Eastman; and after these follow, among others, Ibsen, Mrs. Putnam, Jacobi, Veblen, Prof. William I. Thomas, Lydia E. Bekker, Professor Cairns, Mrs. Olive Schreiner, and Miss M. Carey Thomas, the last of whom writes the introduction to the volume. As a rule, the estimates are corroborated by an analysis of book or article or by a significant excerpt. If terse finalities of judgment occur, such as "platitudes" or "too bitter for present persuasiveness," or "flippant, yet without wit," they prove the compiler a rational woman, and leave her devotion as a suffragist unimpugned. What makes this bibliography a readable book in large part is the sense of humor betray- ed in the critical comments. The opinions quoted fairly reveal the growth of the movement, from Mill's summing up in 1869: "We have had the morality of submission and the morality of chivalry and generos- ity; the time is now come for the moral- ity of justice," to F. H. Barrow's in 1908: "Our chief plea . . . for woman suffrage is not that she is now denied a right . . . but that the time is ripe for her to be call- ed on to bear her share of social responsi- bility." With this sweep of thought, one wonders why Ellen Key, the emotional ex- pounder of the feminist argument from re- sponsibility, has not been included. Rear-Admiral A. T. Mahan's "Major Op- erations of the Navies in the War of Amer- ican Independence," which was first pub- lished fifteen years ago as a chapter in the "History of the Royal Navy," an English work in seven volumes under the general editorship of Sir William Laird Clowes, is now reprinted by Little, Brown & Co., without material change. It is written in the author's well-known author- itative manner and the style of presenta- tion is concise and telling. It is not, how- ever, a history of the American navy in the Revolution. One must not look in it for an account of naval organization, or of the achievement of such ships as were sent to engage in individual enterprises against the mistress of the sea. Not even the bril- liant career of John Paul Jones is men- tioned. The probable reason is that Jones's achievements were not regarded as major operations. The British writers have con- tended that Jones was a privateer, or even a pirate; but one cannot believe that the distinguished American officer would coun- tenance so uncharitable a view towards a man who in fighting spirit was the one glory of the American navy of the Revolu- tion. The author wishes to show us the importance of sea power in our struggle for independence. He gives chapters to Ar- nold's defence of Lake Champlain, the British attack on Charleston in 1776, with other operations on the coast, the effect of Howe's Philadelphia campaign on the Sara- toga campaign, and the operations of the navy on the coast in connection with the defence of New York, Rhode Island, Geor- gia, and the Carolinas. Besides these chap- ters there is an extended account of the operations of British and French fleets in the second half of the war, in both the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans. Consider- ing the purpose for which the book was originally written, it is not surprising that it is chiefly a history of British naval op- erations in our Revolutionary' War. In a brief introduction, which is written ex- pressly for the present American reprint, Rear-Admiral Mahan points out two les- sons of the war, in fact, of all wars. They are that war, once begun, is likely to spread much farther than was at first ex- pected, and that the best means of de- fending a nation in war is to be ready on the sea. The latter argument, for which the author is widely known, continually reappears in the body of the book. In or- der to support the narrative of naval events on the Atlantic Coast, an outline of land operations is introduced. It is very brief, and contains no new matter. In fact, the reviewer has discovered one error. The commander of the loyalists at Moore's Creek (p. 31) was Donald McDonald and the husband of Flora McDonald was named Allan. But such a slip is unimportant in a book which within its scope is sane and scholarly. In Norris A. Brisco's "Economics of Busi- ness"'(Macmillan) a commendable effort has been made to express, In clear and simple language, the fundamental principles under- lying business enterprises. This was made possible only by a thorough study of the methods which have been practiced in the successful management of business ventures, and by the careful examination of the large volume of recent literature which treats of the various phases of business itself. After outlining the economic basis of busi- ness, the author proceeds to a discussion of such questions as usually are considered in present-day works on corporations and scientific management. Here are included, among other topics, the types of business organizations, the principles of scientific management, the function of the entrepre- neur, the analysis of cost accounting, fac- tory and labor efficiency, buying and selling, and the principles and mediums of adver- tising. The work is adapted to meet the two- fold purpose of serving as a textbook for classes in business administration as well as to assist business men in their efforts to obtain greater efficiency in their special lines of work. After having written on the love affairs of Madame de Stael, George Sand, Byron, Shelley, and Catherine the Great, Mr. Fran- cis Gribble must have been hard pressed to find a heroine whose amatory exploits would not appear in the nature of anti- climax. There remained Messalina and Is- abella II of Spain. For the moment Mes- salina is neglected in favor of the young queen who "danced away her throne" — "The Tragedy of Isabella II" (Badger). "Not only was her love of dancing excessive," says Mr. Gribble, "her choice of partners was unfortunate." No more so, perhaps, than Mr. Gribble's choice of subjects. Lov- ers of the prurient may open this volume with full confidence that every detail re- lating to the dancing and the partners will be therein treated. For Mr. Gribble holds that "the scandals must be realized in order that the political movements may be understood." Perhaps a truer state- ment of the author's method would be that it is necessary to introduce a few dry facts of history for the better understand- ing of the scandals, for the book contains little else. In his use of sources Mr. Grib- ble is wholly uncritical. He relies in large part upon the back-stairs gossip printed in the partisan press of the day and upon the lively imaginings of contemporary for- eign tourists. Many of these narratives are obviously false, but they serve to make history readable. A few errors and mis- prints have crept into the text. The panics upon which F. W. Hirst, the editor of the Economist, has written in "Six Panics and Other Essays" (London: Methuen), have nothing to do with finance. The panics are all over an "invasion of England" by a foreign Power. The first was caused by an alarmist letter written to the Times by the aged Duke of Wellington in 1847 as to the utterly unprotected state of England's coast and the danger of a French invasion. The second followed a very few years later (1851-1853), and this, together with the third (1859-1861), was also over "the French." The fourth was in connection with Stead's famous "Navy Scare" in 1884. By this time the French bogey had relinquished the centre of the stage and the fourth alarm was not specific as to the particular enemy. Germany, how- ever (in 1906), loomed up as the foreign foe and caused the Dreadnought panic with its "We want eight, we won't wait" chorus — much the most expensive panic of the se- ries. The latest, which belongs indeed to the present year, Is the "Airship Panic," when, in February and March last, people in England affected to believe that Ger- man airships were nightly surveying the northeast coast! This one fitly crowns the series. Mr. Hirst's descriptions of the six are full of humor, but there Is throughout

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. I 88 r I ^ The N.'ihon [Vol. 97, No. 2525 his writing on this subject, a SXVO iiiiliy- natio againsl the whole business of manu- (aci tiring vi a r sea n s w hlch well becomes so stanch a disciple of Cobden and Bright. \i .1 11 j times be 1 ha 1 ge 1 dli eel ly and imli- rei tlj thai these 1 hings a 1 e deliberately worked up by the "ring" of m: or war material; perhaps this is the main In his perspective, for it is in blc to credit those people with such great power and such remarkable Ingenuity as he seems to attribute to them. Nevertheless, are a powerful correct [ve to the infeetion of "Jingoism" and ma: be cordially recommended to those who are fortunate enough not to remember too far back in the past. The volume contains besides the "panic" essays, and an enthusi- astic appreciation of John Bright, an in- 1 teresting paper on Priedrich List, who is described as the "Father of the German Zollverein," and a discussion of English newspapers. There is a pleasant flavor of scholarship about Mr. Hirst's writing; he belongs to the school of the classical eco- nomists of the mid-nineteenth century and shows that it is still possible to write of latter-day finance in the language of Bage- hot. Miss M. E. Hirst's little book on "The Story of Trusts" (London: Collins' Clear- Type Press) is an excellent introduction to the subject for the general reader who wants a bird's-eye view of the world-wide tendency towards industrial combination so marked within the last twenty years. In the space of some 250 small pages she con- trives to pack a great deal of information. The chapters on Trusts in England and Government Monopolies are particularly in- teresting to the American reader who, judging from the account of Trusts in America, which is on the whole accurate in its details, will feel some confidence in what he reads of the rest of the world. The r on Trusts and Tariffs makes it the author's sympathies lie; she points out in passing that Russia of all European countries "has surround- ed herself with the highest tariff wall — an average ad valorem duty of 131 per cent. According to the estimate of a recent investigator Russia has also created a rec- ord in Trusts. M. Leroux-Zuyeff declares that there are at least nineteen hundred Trusts and syndicates in different parts of the Empire." This chapter is headed by Mr. Havemeyor's famous remark, "The tariff is the mother of Trusts." The chap- ter on Unpopularity of Trusts is perhaps 1st satisfactory in Miss Hirst's book. It discloses more animus than do the others. We note in it the curious mis- statement that the so-called Coal Trust "compelled the independent mines who had no other carriers to sell their output to these companies at 65 per cent, of the average market price" (italicization ours). It was at (13 per cent, of the average tide- water price — a very different thing, for it included the rate of transportation, the railway taking the 35 per cent, as its rate. James Carter Beard, illustrator and au- ■ lied Saturday at his home in New Orleans, La., aged seventy-six. He was born in Cincinnati. In the work of illustration he made a specialty of pictures of animal \s an author he is remembered for "Little YVorl omes and Tin ir Tenants," and "Hilly Possum " Science THE INVENTOR OP1 ANTISEPSIS. Lord Lister, His Life and Work. By G. T. Wrench, M.D. (Land.). New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co. $4.50 net. The very .simplicity of the life of Lis- ter makes the task of the biographer anything but easy. Here is no gripping story of a man who overcame adverse social conditions, no picturesque rise from penury to professional prominence and royal favor. When Joseph Lister was born in 1827 at West Ham, just out- side the London of that day, it was into comfortable conditions and a Quaker environment. His father, like his fath- er before him, was a wine merchant, but also a man of much talent who did a great service in improving the construc- tion of lenses for microscopes. Educat- ed in a good Quaker school, young Lis- ter went to University College in 1845, and two years later passed to Univer- sity College Hospital and its medical school. Here he came especially under the influence of Sharpey, who seems to have done much to give Lister scientific interests and that insight into method which was later so helpful to him. Af- ter his graduation and some hospital ex- perience, Sharpey sent him, at the age of twenty-five, to Syme, at Edinburgh, one of the great surgeons of the world. Lister went to Scotland in 1852 as a visitor, but he soon became Syme's house surgeon, and later, in 1856, his son-in-law, and remained in the north twenty-five years. In 1860 he went to Glasgow as a professor of surgery, re- turning to Edinburgh nine years later to serve as professor of clinical sur- gery. In 1877 he took a similar posi- tion at King's College Hospital in Lon- don, holding it until 1893, when he reached the prescribed age of retire- ment. In 1883 he had been made a baron and was raised to the peerage in 1897. Lady Lister, long his constant companion and a devoted helper in his scientific and literary work, had died in 1893, leaving no children. Lord Lister himself died in 1912, after being much enfeebled for eight or ten years. When Lister's eightieth birthday came It was proposed to collect his papers and publish them as a memorial of the master. This was accomplished by a small committee of his friends, and in 1909 two stately volumes issued from the Clarendon Press, carrying not every thing which Lister had printed, but all which he held to have abiding interest or cared to have preserved outside of his contributions to several large trea- tises on surgery. The introduction to these memorial volumes contained some biographical information and an appre- ciation of the work there recorded. There was still abundant opportunity for a fuller account. This story Dr. Wrench, himself an ardent Listerian, lias written, and, all things considered, has written it well. 1 was an excellent teacher and a good surgeon, but. neither his teaching nor his operative skill would have given him much more than a local reputation. He was also a careful and enthusiastic investigator, having been well trained by an excellent physiologist. Wrench rather overrates the value of these ex- perimental researches, and few will ac- cept his opinion that Lister was a pro- founder philosopher than Pasteur. The experimental work was, however, of the utmost immediate value in aiding Lis- ter to apply the teaching of Pas- teur to the burning problem of the prop- er treatment of wounds. Here it was that the genius of Lister showed itself, not in recognizing the importance of the problem, for every surgeon whose mind reached beyond the edge of his scalpel knew that, but in perceiving that the doctrines of Pasteur showed the way to the solution. To realize the seriousness of this pro- blem is nowadays hard. So accustomed are we to the salubrity of the modern hospital and to the comparative safety of operations that few of us appreciate what a different place a hospital was fifty years ago. It was then almost ac- tually dangerous to have an operation performed, even in the best of hospitals. The chances of the patient were better in his own home, or in the open air, as the experience of American surgeons in the Civil War abundantly demonstrated, although the significance of this fact was but slowly recognized, and even now is not known to Dr. Wrench. The mortality of cases operated on in the great hospitals of Europe (or of Amer- ica, for that matter) was appalling. Pyaemia and hospital gangrene abound- ed in the surgical wards, and the glow of erysipelas was everywhere. Some of the most distinguished operators were obliged from time to time to close up considerable parts of hospitals, even in the case of comparatively new build- ings, in order to try some form of house- cleaning in the hope of changing the unfavorable conditions, but with no clear knowledge of what these condi- tions really were. Those who care for figures illustrative of this state of af- fairs will find some in this book, par- ticularly those compiled by Sir James Simpson, but for greater detail should look in Lister's articles or read the story as told by some of the German surgeons, for example Lindpainter (Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Chirurgie, VII, 187). Such conditions existed also in the Infirmary when Lister went to Glasgow, and under such conditions lie worked there. It was not, however, until early in 1865 that his attention was clearly directed to a possible connection be tween the existing surgical troubles and

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Nov. 20, 1913J The Nation 4,89 the questions of putrefaction discussed by Pasteur nearly two years earlier. Les- ter at once began to seek some method of destroying the microbes of a wound by chemicals and some means of keep- ing the wound from the air which was supposed to carry the microbes. There is reason for thinking that the earlier experiments were made with various sulphites, but this is not set forth here, or in the collected articles. Be that as it may, Lister very soon took up car- bolic acid, which was just then in favor as a deodorizer of sewage, and so pre- sumably was a destroyer of putrefaction. Success was not immediate, but on the 12th of August, 1865, came the first really good results, and this is the birthday of Listerism and antisepsis and all that follows. The first application of the method was to compound fractures in which a portion of a broken bone protrudes through the skin, conditions peculiarly favorable to the entrance of dirt and microbes. Later the method was ex- tended to abscesses, and with such suc- cess that a further extension to actual operations naturally followed, leading ultimately to new operations, such as not even the most reckless had been willing to undertake. Along with this progress went the development of high- ly complex methods of bandaging to keep out the air, bearer of microbes, and presently the adoption of a spray of carbolic acid to prevent the access of microbes during the operation, or while changing bandages. Wrench tries to make it appear that the spray was not really a part of Lister's scheme and that he adopted it more because of his good nature in accepting a suggestion than from any belief in its efficacy. It is true that he became skeptical about the spray in a few years, but he did not abandon it until about 1887 after using it above fifteen years; Schultze says they were spraying in Edinburgh in October, 1871. He gives also a full ac- count of the antiseptic bandage and the way it came about, and at some length derides the modern system of asepsis, with its endless complexity. This com- plexity comes from the recognition that scrupulous care is required to keep away the microbes found on the surface of the body of the patient or on insuffi- ciently cleaned instruments, or, again, in the hands and person of the oper- ator, and thus to preserve aseptic con- ditions. The doctrine of antisepsis pos- tulated the internal air as the carrier of germs by which the wound or its secretions might be contaminated; it also demanded careful and special cleansing of hands and instruments, but not with the scrupulosity of the aseptic system. Wrench declares that asepsis shows even less good results than antisepsis, in the fully developed Listerian method, and should be abandoned. That opens up a large question which can hardly be discussed here. In a measure, he is perhaps right, however, in urging that the aseptic system is becoming over- loaded and topheavy, and lacks the adaptability of the simpler Listerism. The truth probably lies somewhere be- tween the two extremes, and there is a real danger of making too much of certain details and losing one's self among them. One needs what has been carelessly called an "antiseptic con- science," but one needs most of all a clear understanding of the fundamental principles as Lister insisted again and again. It is perhaps worth while to remind the reader that, now that the obscurity of the sources of infection has been largely removed, the fundamental principles of antisepsis and asepsis are really the same. Given an aseptic field of operation, asepsis strives to keep it clean, but when the field is presumably septic some form of antisepsis must be adopted; it need not, however, have the full complexity of the original Lister- ism, and it is perfectly clear that the free use of carbolic acid has many lim- itations; in fact, Lister himself early de- clared that the antiseptic means might be very various. The successful outcome of the applica- tion of the antiseptic treatment in Glas- gow and Edinburgh was in itself a great victory, but with it came a period of anxiety. This is perhaps the most interesting part of the story of Lister because of the opposition which his new method aroused, and because of the pa- tience and quiet persistence with which he passed through these trials. Not only was he long without honor in his own country, but in other lands the mes- sage fell for a time on deaf ears. The message had been delivered first in 1867, and speedily some operators began to use carbolic acid and sought to do as Lister did, but mostly with unsatis- factory results. Only a few had suf- ficiently grasped the principles involved to succeed and became real and success- ful Listerians. It was in Germany that the triumph of Listerism soonest be- came general, but the course of events was not exactly that which Wrench gives, as the reader may easily see if he take up the address given by A. W. Schultze early in 1872, that of Thiersch in 1875, or again the various articles of v. Nussbaum. Immediately after the first publication by Lister, Thiersch had be- gun to use the method as he under- stood it, and he continued its use at Leipzig, with varying results, though the best of them were admittedly not as good as those reported by Lister. Oth- er German surgeons also took up the antiseptic treatment early and eagerly, and for a time there was great enthusi- asm. By the middle of 1871 this had much diminished, and there was even considerable opposition or actual en- mity. The difficulty was that the meth- od was not really understood, not even by many who had gone to see Lister at work. Then came a change. Surgeons still went in large numbers to Edin- burgh to see whether Lister really got the results which he reported, and to learn how he did it and why they could not. Gradually some of them acquired a clear understanding of the procedures to be employed, and went home to prac- tice for the first time the real Lister- ism. The conditions at Munich are a good illustration. For years v. Nuss- baum, although he well knew Lister's success and thought highly of his meth- od, had made no systematic use of tine antiseptic treatment; he had, he says, "nur hier und da gelistert." In 1874 he was in despair because of the frightful amount of pyaemia and gangrene (up to 80 per cent.), and determined to give Listerism a critical and thorough trial. His success was immediate and remark- able, and he at once became a most zealous disciple and perhaps the most capable and successful promoter of the doctrine. When Lister visited Germany in the spring of 1875 the acceptance of his teaching was nearly complete and his reception at various universities was most enthusiastic. In marked contrast to this was the attitude of the surgeons of England and this country. As early as 1869 the meth- ods of Lister were well known in Amer- ica, and a certain small amount of com- mendation and acceptance is found in the medical journals, but there was no general adoption of the antiseptic treat- ment. There was, indeed, much pro- nounced opposition. In view of what followed it is worth while to rescue this gem from a medical journal of 1872 and add it to Dr. Wrench's narrative, with the explanation that the writer was a Southern surgeon of much experience and was highly praised when he died three years later. Commenting on what he had heard a year or two before in an Eastern medical college, he contin- ues: To credulous auditors it, would have seem- ed very fitting that a statue of brass should be erected to Professor Lister, and that to preserve the fitness of things it should be placed in juxtaposition to or.e of Pandora, and while the latter should lie figured with her box in her left hand, containing all the ills which afflict the tinman flesh, the former should hold in his right, hand a vial of carbolic acid, the panacea to all the Ills to which flesh lias fallen heir. . . . To conclude in the soberest earn' though Mr. Lister's convoy, freighted with (Tins and carbolic acid, launched as it was in the shallowest waters, engen- dered a popular breeze which has landed its author in the chair of clinical surgery in of Edinburgh, it. requl prophetic vision to but a little paticn> ItlUg a little while longer, to see this argosy of tinsel theories and overvalued goods stran<i

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4=iH ) i on the shores of professional opin- ion. Lister came to the United States in 1876 to attend the International Medi- cal Congress at Philadelphia, but, al- though he had some devoted followers, his reception seems to have been cool. In the next year or two the antiseptic treatment began to be tried more gen- erally in American hospitals, but, de- spite the fact that Lister had fully come to his own in England, and London had finally paid him homage, its general adoption here was painfully slow. It came at last, and with it, or close upon its heels, came the shoots of that doctrine of asepsis which now blooms fresh and full. Already, alas! the ap- preciation of the fame of Lister begins to wane, and little is done to preserve a very vivid memory of him. Recently your reviewer examined a dozen of the smaller books on surgery in English — such as students sometimes read, if per- chance they read anything — and it is surprising to see how completely the very word Listerism has disappeared. A suggestion of it lingers in domestic washes and lotions, and the reader may put a penny in the slot at the next cor- ner and get a piece of "germ-proof lis- terated pepsin gum," but all sense of the real significance of Lister and his work is going fast. This is perhaps inevita- ble The achievement of Lister, though it made an epoch, is intangible. Few surgeons are now teaching who really knew the prelisterian conditions from personal observation; soon there will be none, and we cannot expect students to have any deep interest in a state of things which has gone and need not come again. We are in the midst of that beneficent progress in medicine no less than in surgery which, though it go back to Pasteur, really owes every- thing to Lister, who clearly saw the way and pointed it out to a cold and skeptical generation by walking in it himself; but even Pasteur would be . easily forgotten by those who are inter- ested chiefly in practical things, had he not left apparatus and methods to bear his name. Dr. Wrench devotes relatively little space to the man in private as dis- tinguished from the surgeon and in- vestigator, and here the reader must read somewhat between the lines. The book has a portrait of Lister in his later years and a picture of the house where he was born. There are also il- lustrations showing the infirmaries at Glasgow and Edinburgh. The book is very well made, and the few typograph- ical errors which have attracted our at- tention are not serious. Tlie Nation may soon be expected from the press of the Century Company. Dr. Ora Willis Knight, chemist and geol- ogist and at one time State Assayer of Maine, died last week in Portland. He was born in Bangor, Me., in 1874, and graduated B.S. from the Maine State College. He was the author of "List of Birds of Maine" and "Birds of Maine." Drama To Everyman's Library Duiton will soon add Hahnemann's "The Organon of the Ra- tional Art of Healing." Dr. Alexander Smith's "Elementary In- organic Chemistry," for high-school use, Dutton will include this autumn in Every- man's Library another instalment of Ib- sen's plays— "The Pretenders," "Pillars of Society," and "Rosmersholm." "English University Drama, 1540-1603," by F. S. Boas, is announced by the Oxford University Press. We have received from Macmillan two more volumes of the Tudor Shakespeare, "The Tempest," edited by Herbert E. Greene, and "Antony and Cleopatra," edit- ed by George Wyllys Benedict. These except for a volume on "The Facts About Shakespeare," which is in preparation by the general editors, Professors Neilson and Thorndike, bring the series to completion. A versatile actor is as rare as a black swan in these days. The English actor-manager Cyril Maude, now appearing in Wallack's Theatre, has already clearly demonstrated his right to this title, a fact that invests his en- gagement with a special interest. Thus far he has acted three parts, widely differing in character and manner, without any betrayal of mannerisms peculiar to his own personal individuality, except an occasional indis- tinctness of utterance. This, in itself, is a notable feat. As Kit Bingham in "The Second in Command" he proved himself a comedian of refinement and intelligence, with pleasant veins of humor and sentiment; in "The Ghost of Jerry Bundler" he evinced a capacity for melodramatic passion, and in "Beauty and the Barge" he furnished an ad- mirable example of realistic burlesque. "The Ghost of Jerry Bundler," by W. W. Jacobs and Charles Rock, is an ingenious little "shocker." He plays the part of a commer- cial traveller, who makes a bet that he will terrify his companions by impersonating a ghost in whose existence they disbelieve. Leaving them, as they suppose, to perfect his preparations, he suddenly breaks in upon them, in an apparent condition of shrieking hysterical terror, declaring that ho has un- expectedly encountered the apparition itself. Having made them all sufficiently nervous, he permits himself to be pacified and bids them "good night," only to return in the guise of the ghost. He fright so effectually that one of them Shoots and kills him. The piece is worthy of the Grand Guignol. In his counterfeit terror Mr. Maude exhibited a striking and of theatrical resource and physical power, and Indisputa- bly stirred hli audience, but did not quite convey the thrill of veracity. The i laboi I tion of the symptoms was excessive. His agitation was palpably more mu cular than emotional, and afforded no concl of his ability to interpret real passion with genuine eloquence. As the affable and amatory Captain Bai icy in the "Beauty and the Ba rge" of w. w. Jai obs and L. N. Parker, Mr. U a udi pn | Vol. 97, No. 2525 sented a complete metamorphosis from the spruce young bagman. The piece Itsi 11 n fleets very little credit upon either of its au- thors, beingconstructed on the purely conven- tional lines of the nautical farce and melo- drama dating from the period of Dibdin and Marryatt. Its story is absurd and its dia- logue of the cheapest. But to Barley there clings a faint odor of truth. There is no- thing of the bargee about him. His dom- inating attribute of affability alone would exclude him from that class. He can be as- sociated with the type of ancient shell- backs, boatmen, or loafers, all inveterate liars, who infest British watering places. Mr. Maude knows the breed — Nat Goodwin, who tried the part here years ago and tried to idealize it, failed miserably — and em- bodies this variation of it delightful- ly, softening its asperities and gracing it with cleanliness and vivacity. Although his impersonation is touched by the spirit of burlesque, it is perfectly consistent, and true enough in many of its details to be human. His exact status as an actor is still uncertain, but he is an accomplished artist. There is some good and much inferior work in "The Strange Woman" of W. Hurl- but, at the Lyceum Theatre. The play is based upon a useful dramatic idea, the con- trast of old and new thought and of cos- mopolitan and rural manners, but the con- struction is slipshod, and much of the char- acterization is conventional and extrava- gant. The first two acts are virtually a manifesto against official marriage regu- lations of any kind. The heroine, an Ameri- can who has lived in Europe since child- hood, married a brute. Having left him, she attributes her sufferings to the cere- mony which enslaved her, and determines never to marry again. When she meets her ideal, a gifted young artist from Iowa, she agrees to be his mate, but only on con- dition that their union shall be one of mutual agreement, free from all legal con- tract. Naturally, her arrival in Iowa, with these views, which she promulgates boldly, creates a lively local disturbance. But her married critics are so open to attack that she is able to discomfit them utterly. She triumphs all along the line, but she is so affected by the unselfish devotion of her lover's mother that she resolves to sacri- fice all her own feelings rather than wound the old lady's, and so elects to conform to custom and be married in the usual way. The conclusion is sane, but is by no means a logical or convincing result of the pre- mises. But the character of Inez is well conceived and drawn and is enacted with so much cleverness, distinction, and force by Elsie Ferguson that the play is likely to prosper in spite of its defects. The idea of a repertory theatre for Lon- don, producing only the best plays by the greatest authors, living and dead, and charging the sum of (ourpe 0: scat in the house, was outlined recently in a lecture by Miss Rosina Fllippi. The 1,. me she said, has met with unqualified 1 : in Italy, and it' if works in LondOE she proposes to extend it to all the larger towns in England. Describing the theatre now in existence In Milan, where it wai tounded by "Umano," the I rlend ol 1 as Ital ian poor, she said it contained 8,800 seats, all cushioned, comfortable, and pom ln| ;ni uninterrupted view of a qui

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Nov. 20, 191 3 j T li e Nation 4=9± all priced at fourpence each. The theatre was constructed out of a dilapidated drill- hall. Plays by Alexandre Dumas, D'Annun- zio, Maeterlinck, Pinero, J. M. Barrie, the Greek dramatists, Goldoni, Sheridan, Shake- speare, and Moliere, had been produced. Music Forty Songs by Adolf Jensen. Edited by William Foster Apthorp. Boston: Oliver Ditson Co. $1.50. Twelve Songs by Claude Debussy. Ed- ited by Charles Fonteyn Manney. Bos- ton: Oliver Ditson Co. $1.25. Folk Songs of Eastern Europe. Edited by Ralph Radcliffe Whitehead. Bos- ton: Oliver Ditson Co. $1.25. The Rose Bearer. By Richard Strauss. New York: Chappell & Co. In no other department of music has there been so great a change within the last quarter of a century as in the field of vocal entertainment. Before 1890 there were few song recitals. It took the supreme art and popularity of Lilli Lehmann, Sembrich, Nordica, Schu- mann-Heink, and others to convince the public that lyric songs may sound as well in a concert hall as in a drawing room. To-day everybody who has a few hundred dollars to pay for a hall gives recitals, and while most of these are unprofitable to the singers, they help to make the public acquainted with a multitude of lieder. So large is the number of these songs, of the past and present, that there is a great and grow- ing need of guidance for those who de- sire the best; and it is from this point of view, particularly, that we must wel- come the Musicians' Library of the Oliver Ditson Company, which now in- cludes sixty-eight volumes, twenty-eight of which contain the songs of Schu- bert, Schumann, Franz, Brahms, Grieg, Liszt, Wolf, Tchaikovsky, and other masters, judiciously selected and edited by competent specialists. The Musi- cians' Library might be called an aid to the survival of the fittest, and it is encouraging to know that more than 200,000 copies of the song and piano volumes have been sold. The latest addition is a collection in- cluding forty songs of the 160 or so composed by Adolf Jensen, selected by the late William Foster Apthorp, and prefaced by a biographical and critical sketch from his pen. There are some "advanced" amateurs and professionals who look on the songs of Jensen as antiquated; but genuine melodies never become stale, and in his songs there are many such melodies, which when well sung at a recital are almost sure to be redemanded. Hans von Bulow, who had a great admiration for Jensen's pianoforte pieces, placed the songs above them. He admired in these, among other things, the orchestral rich- ness of the pianoforte accompaniment and Jensen's thoroughly idiomatic writ- ing for the voice; and he looked on him as the heir of Schumann, which opin- ion is shared by Dr. Riemann. Mr. Ap- thorp admired in his songs "great ele- gance, charm, and spontaneity of mel- ody, harmonic subtlety, warmth of emo- tional expression, and southern richness of coloring. ... If there is one word which describes his habitual vein bet- ter than another, that word is 'lus- cious.' " It was his lusciousness which endeared his songs to the public, but at the same time estranged the acade- micians: "His peculiar sensuous ten- derness, his love for the more languid chromatics, must have seemed weak and unworthy to those old Popes and Pa- gans. If there is one thing your dry- asdust abhors more than another, it is lusciousness!" Perhaps the most luscious of all Jen- sen's songs is the "Press Thy Cheek Against My Own." Mr. Apthorp once censured the editor of a volume of fifty mastersongs for including this one; now his own volume begins with it. On the whole his selections are judicious, yet one regrets the absence of several gems, notably "My Heart's in the Highlands" and "Row Gently Here, My Gondolier." The sympathetic sketch of Jensen's pa- thetic life given by the editor will in- terest those singers who use their brains as well as their vocal cords, and will add zest to their interpretations. For a striking and instructive con- trast to Jensen's songs, with their frank, broad melody, one may turn to the songs of Debussy, twelve of the best of which Mr. Manney has united in a volume. Debussy's songs are now in fashion. How long they will remain so, it is difficult to predict. While banishing melody from his opera, this composer graciously admitted that it is permis- sible in songs; but in his own songs it is not the most interesting element. The opinion is gaining ground that his best compositions are those for piano; and in his songs, too, one finds the chief allurements in the harmonic subtleties and the rhythmic peculiarities of the piano part. The present collection he- gins with the most popular of his songs, "The Mandolin," and includes other fa- vorites. The "Folk Songs of Eastern Europe" form a still greater contrast to De- bussy's than Jensen's do, for they are all melody, with only the simplest ac- companiment, which any one can play. There are fifty of them, representing fourteen nations, among them the Rus- sian, Polish, Hungarian, Finnish, Croa- tian, Bohemian, all of them famous for the beauty of their wild flowers of song, which fame this collection justifies. The most popular of Richard Strauss's operas, "The Rose-Bearer," is to be pro- duced this season at the Metropolitan Opera House. It owes its popularity largely to its waltzes, with which this composer entered into competition with Johann Strauss. Of these waltzes one can get a good idea by playing the vocal score, a beautifully printed volume of 451 pages, in which an effort seems to have been made throughout to avoid too great complexity. For the further study of this comic opera, before or af- ter its production, there is also a guide to the music by Alfred Schattmann, translated into English by Alfred Kal- isch (New York: G. Schirmer), a book of no less than 88 pages, analyzing the score in considerable detail, with a pre- sentation of all the musical themes — most of them amazingly inane — in mu- sical type. A story of the worth of these themes as fully elaborated must be deferred till after the production of the opera. Putnams will have ready this month "Latin Songs, Ancient, Mediaeval, and Mod- ern, with Music," by Calvin S. Brown. The Oxford University Press has in prepa- ration "Music of Hindostan," by A. H. Fox-Strangways. At the Metropolitan Opera House Rich- ard Strauss's much-talked-of opera, "Der Rosenkavalier," is scheduled for the early part of December, to be followed dur- ing the Christmas holidays by "L'Amore del tre Re," a musical setting of Sem Benelli's poetic drama by a young Ital- ian composer, Italo Montemezzi. The re- vival of "Carmen," long missed from the repertoire, will come after New Year's day. After "Carmen" will come Victor Herbert's one-act opera in English, "Made- leine," and later, in February, the first pro- duction outside of France of "Julien," the new opera by Gustave Charpentier, the composer of "Louise," who will come to America to assist at the rehearsals and be present at the New York premiere. Towards the end of the season Wolf -Fer- rari's "L'Amore Medico" will be given, and a revival of Verdi's "Falstaff," which Mr. Toscanini has been conducting with success in Italy. Besides the settings nec- essary for the novelties, new scenery has been provided for the entire "Ring" and for the operas revived. When Gounod's "Faust" was first pro- duced, the European critics did not like it, and a New York journalist declared there was only one melody in the whole opera. The London critics went to Paris and wrote scoffing accounts of it to their papers. There was one conspicuous exception — H. Chorley. He recognized its possibilities, but the managers and publishers were guid- ed by the adverse verdict of the others. Finally Chorley persuaded Tom Chappell to venture as much as forty pounds on the opera. He bought the English rights and made a fortune. As for Chorley, lie made for the opera, when first produced in Lon- don, an English version, Which has been in use at Covent Garden for half a 0

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4=^2 Tlie Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2525 11 la now to be replaced by a new one, by Alfred Kallsch. Excerpts from Lilli Lehmann's autobi- ography, to which she lias given tlie signifl- cant title, "My Way," have already appear- ed in some of the leading Continental papers, and tell of that most interesting period In her life, the Bayreuth days of IS75 and INTO, of her intercourse with Wag- ner, and of much that occurred there when the "Nibelungen Ring" was studied and first given. An English translation is in preparation, and will follow the original before long. Art A NOTE ON LITHOGRAPHY. London, November 5. From year to year I have noted the progress of the Senefelder Club, which is devoted to the advancement of artis- tic lithography, because its endeavor to reestablish an art that had fallen on ■evil days is, I think, one of the most interesting experiments made of late by artists. It is useless to point out the heauty of the art and its wide scope, use- less to repeat the history of its inven- tion, its triumphs, its commercial degra- dation, the efforts to revive it at the time of its hundredth anniversary, the failure that followed, and the indiffer- ence that prevailed until five years ago, when a small group of artists working in London formed this organization. The indifference, the ignorance, against which the Club had to contend at the start were all but hopeless. Print deal- ers, save the intelligent few, fought shy of lithographs; collectors, again with the rare exception, despised them. The size of the lithograph was one of the crimes charged against it, though lithog- raphers might protest that many etch- ings, Piranesi's, for instance, are often as large, and that many artists, notably Whistler, worked on stones as small as their copper plates. Then, the offence was in the number of prints that can be pulled from a stone, the collector prizing a print for its rarity rather than for any artistic value, and he re- fused to see that a lithographer can limit his edition of a print as well as an etcher, destroy the stone when it has yielded the number of prints re- quired, and show a proof from the de- stroyed stone if his word is not suffi- cient guarantee— the members of the Club restrict their editions to fifty. Even the average artist shared the general prejudice, and it is not so long since the Royal Academy, which of old had in- cluded the distinguished lithographer Lane among its members, rejected a lithograph on the ground that no me- chanical reproduction could be allowed on the Academy walls, now reserved for the real steel engraving and popular etching. When artists display such ig- norance of what a lithograph is, it is not so surprising that our wise cus- toms officials should once have refused to deliver the work of the Senefelder Club to an American gallery, because the prints were described as litho- graphs and were not lithographs: the customs officials' idea of a lithograph be- ing no doubt the flaming circus poster and the canned-goods label. But the last five years have made a difference. The dealer not only con- sents to look at lithographs, but hangs them on his walls, the collector finds a place for them in his printfolios. All sorts of straws show which way the lithographic wind is blowing — the num- ber of artists who now practice the art, the appointment of a special "Printer to the Club," the interest in lithog- raphy of the two or three London crit- ics who count and the consequent falling in line of the others who have no mind of their own, the more frequent use of lithographs in illustrated books and periodicals, the prices brought by litho- graphs in the saleroom. An excellent test was the dispersal of the late T. R. Way's collections, when at Sotheby's not only the Whistlers, but the lithographs by other artists, were in greater demand than ever before. Lithography, it is evident, is in the air. And, with their success, the members of the Senefelder Club have by no means slackened in their efforts. Their fifth exhibition, which has just opened, finds them in the gallery of Goupil & Co., the larg- est and most spacious in which they have as yet exhibited; showing the strongest work they have yet done; en- joying the official recognition of such honorary members as Leonce Benedite, conservateur of the Luxembourg; Campbell Dodgson, keeper of the Print Room at the British Museum; E. F. Strange, keeper of the Department of Illustration and Engraving at South Kensington; A. J. Parsons, chief of the Department of Prints at the Library of Congress; Dr. Hans W. Singer, assis- tant keeper of the Royal Print Room at the Dresden Gallery; Commendatore Ugo Ojetti, of the Superior Council for Art in Italy. The Club has attracted to itself a long list of lay members, who are to receive each year a signed proof specially drawn by a member, and this first year the edition of the first litho- graph issued for the purpose — The New Bay of Baiae, by the president of the Club — was exhausted before the ex- hibition opened; and J. McLure Hamil- ton is preparing the second. Because it is another sign of the way things are going with lithography, I may add that, while there are only elgbtei □ membi rs, already tlie lay members number eighty. All this success would count for lit- tle if the quality of the work done by members Bherrlll, whose books

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Nov. 20, 1913J Tli e Nation 4=93 a.'. 1 glass in France and England have won popularity, now presents "A Stained Glass Tour in Italy" (Lane). Italy is not a glass country, but, as Mr. Sherrill points out, it makes up in variety and Quality for What it lacks in quantity. As- sisi, Florence, and Arezzo must be seriously reckoned with even by those who know their France. A beautiful form of window, the round without tracery (orr/i/o), is pe- culiar to Italy. The best examples are of I half of the fifteenth century with such designers as Uccello and Ghiberti. Mr. Sherrill is a competent and agreeable cicerone, but possibly too intent on the main issue. It would, for example, do the tourist no harm to know that the chapel ^t the end of the North Transept of Santa Maria Novella is the Orcagna chapel, and under Strozzi patronage. The book is easy to read and contains thirty-three illustra- tions. Finance QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON THE CURRENCY BILL. [The purpose of the subjoined article is not to argue in favor of any one system or plan of the Banking and Currency bill against another, but to give a clear idea of the House plan— why it took its present form, whether it would accomplish the necessary reforms, and how the proposed new note-issue currency would work. The questions and answers are based on a num- ber of actual inquiries received from readers, dealing with all aspects of the pending bill.] Query. — Why should the present na- tional banking system be changed? Answer. — Because the present system creates no organism whereby a central- ized cash reserve and credit po*ver can exist, to be utilized by individual banks in an emergency. Because the note-is- sue machinery, being dependent on the supply of United States bonds required as security for such notes, cannot expand and contract according to the require- ments of trade for a larger or a smaller hand-to-hand circulating medium. The system is therefore unsatisfactory in dealing -with fluctuating trade condi- tions, and gravely inadequate in a finan- cial panic. Q. — Did our present system cause the panic of 1907? A. — It certainly did not; but it left the country's banking organism, when the panic had actually broken out, with- out the protection which the central banks of Europe give. Hence the pecu- liar phenomena of 1907 — the "scramble of banks for reserve money," the sus- pension of cash payments, the inability of employers to get currency for their weekly pay-rolls, and the premium on currency. Q. — What would a new system under- take to offer? A. — Opportunity for an individual bank to borrow from a central institu- tion, on the security of commercial pa- j). r already held as security for its Ov\n loans to its customers; thus releasing some of the bank's resources for other purposes. A note-issue system whereby individual banks might obtain from the same central institution, on proper se- curity, notes to pay out when their cus- tomers wished to withdraw their de- posits in that form, such notes to be re- deemed automatically when the custom- ers no longer had use for them. Pro- tection of all subsidiary banks by a strong central institution in a financial emergency — by taking over their sound commercial paper, in exchange for in- creased reserve money or for circulating notes. Q. — What is the theoretically ideal system for such purposes? A. — A single central bank. Q. — Why is not that system now pro- posed by Congress? A. — Because a single central bank, with branches, would necessarily be either under majority control of the banking interest (which public opinion strongly opposes, because of the result- ant extreme centralization of power in private hands), or under majority con- trol of political appointees (which would give political power and patronage, and would open possibilities of unfit ap- pointments under political pressure, such as public opinion considers danger- ous). Q. — Why is the plan proposed, in the pending House bill, of several central banks, each serving a specified district of the country? A. — On the ground that it would escape the dangers just referred to. Q. — How would it escape them? A. — By giving to each regional bank, under a board of directors controlled by banks in the district, the independent management of the business of a central bank in that district, but leaving the na- tional supervision in the hands of the Government. Q. — Would the plan meet the require- ments desired for a new system? A. — It would establish machinery whereby individual banks could redis- count their commercial paper; whereby the note issue could expand and con- tract along with the needs of trade, and whereby the banks in the district could resort to the regional central bank for support in a financial crisis. Q. — Does the bill provide the right number of regional central banks? A. — It is very generally admitted that twelve of them, as provided in the House bill, would be too many, because some of the districts would be relative- ly so inferior in financial resources to the others as to place them at a per- petual disadvantage and to prevent the regional bank from acquiring the strength which it should have. Q. — Why does the bill provide for a national board, with supervisory author- ity over all the regional banks? A. — First, because, as in the present national bank system, national supervi- sion over the details of the note-issue system is essential; secondly, because there are occasions in which a national emergency might require some national authority to insure that the regional banks should act in harmony. Q. — Why is this board to be made up, as the bill now stands, of political ap- pointees? A. — On the ground that governmental supervision could not properly be con- ducted by appointees of the interests which were to be supervised. Q. — Would the proposed national board manage the banking business of the country? A. — It would not; in all matters of banking policy the regional bank direc- torates act independently, subject to the above supervisory authority on excep- tional occasions. Over the ordinary bus- iness of an individual bank, the nation- al board has no control at all. Q. — Are the powers conferred on this national board too large? A. — The best critics hold that the powers conferred are necessary, but that their exercise ought to be restricted, at least by insuring that qualified repre- sentatives of the banking and business interests should have official right to participate in the discussion of policies by the national board. There are two suggestions for insuring this — giving to the banks a minority representation on the board itself, or giving to the ad- visory committee chosen by the banks, already provided for in the bill, the right to sit with the national board at all its meetings. Q. — Does the Government issue the notes? A. — It prints them, and delivers them to a regional bank which applies for them, which pledges an equal amount of high-grade commercial paper, and which establishes a 33 1-3 per cent, re- serve in lawful money against them. The Government cannot of itself put into circulation a single note, and it can deliver none to the banks except when a regional bank applies for them. Q. — Is it true that the notes would be fiat money? A. — Not unless a new definition of flat money is contrived. A Government cre- ates fiat money when it pays its own bills in notes, which it forces its credi- tors to accept by declaring that the notes are lawful money. Under the pend- ing bill, the Government would neither pay its bills by issuing the proposed new- notes, nor force anybody to accept the notes, nor declare them to be "lawful money." Q. — But are they not Government pa- per money?

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4=94 T li e Natio n LVol. 97, No. 2525 A. — Not more so than the present na- tional banknotes, whicn are printed by the Government, issued by it to banks applying for tliem (on deposit of Gov- 1 in mcnt bonds and maintenance of a 5 per cent, redemption fund), and redeem- ed by it. Q. — Why, then, does the House bill describe the notes as "obligations of the United States," and why does it refer to them as issued by the Government "for the purpose of making advances to Fed- eral reserve banks'? A. — The first declaration amounts to a Government guarantee of the redemp- tion of the notes. The second is non- sense, and was presumably inserted in the bill by the Bryan faction, who wish- ed to persuade their friends that the Government was somehow using money of its own, and lending it to the region- al banks; which is not in the least the case. This foolish assertion ought to be stricken out. Q. — Ought the Government to guaran- tee the notes? A. — It is a dangerous practice in its implications, and the experience with our present national banknote system proves it to be wholly unnecessary. The reasons why no popular distrust has ever attached to the present banknotes are that the notes are always redeemed by the Treasury out of the redemption fund provided by issuing banks; that the notes are prepared by the Govern- ment, are marked "national currency, United States of America," are counter- signed by the United States Treasurer and the Register of the Treasury, and are known to be abundantly secured by United States bonds pledged with the Government. Q. — Should not the notes be made re- deemable in gold, and not in "lawful money," and should not the redemption reserve be kept in gold alone? A. — There are good reasons for stipu- lating gold alone. Nevertheless, the pres- ent national bank circulation is and al- ways has been redeemable, under the law, merely in lawful money, and not in gold alone. Q. — Would there be any danger of in- flation of the currency, under the House bill's provisions? A. — That would depend on three things: The desire of individual banks to get notes instead of book credits or reserve money, in utilizing their bal- ances with the regional banks. The abil- ity or willingness of such banks to give up their own reserve moneyvin order to establish the 33 1-3 per cent, reserve against the notes, when the required ratio of reserve against deposits is much smaller. The extent to which the notes would go to the Treasury or the region- al bank for redemption, when no longer needed in circulation. Q. — Would they be promptly redeem- ed, under the present provisions of the bill, or would they go into pennant al genera] circulation? A. — An individual bank, with which such notes were deposited by custom- ers, would naturally redeem them quick- ly, because it can get reserve money by presenting them, and can thereby work more freely in the loan market. The proposed new notes cannot, under the bill, be used for bank reserves. Also, a regional central bank which receives the notes of another district, is required by the law to present them for redemp- tion, under penalty of a 10 per cent, tax ir it pays them out again. Q. — Ought the bill to be passed in its present form? A. — It undoubtedly needs amendment in the number of regional banks, in the restrictions on the power of the national board, in its misleading language re- garding the Government functions in the note issue. There is also need for more thorough consideration of such matters as the arrangement's for sub- scription to stock of regional banks, the provision for Government bonds now pledged against banknote circulation un- der the present law, and particular stip- ulations as to the printing of the notes, so as to guard against counterfeit. Q. — Is there not a chance of substitut- ing a satisfactory plan for a single cen- tral bank? A. — No such plan has yet been pro- posed whose provisions regarding con- trol did not encounter weighty objec- tions from unbiassed experts and from the public generally. Congressional opinion is, and has been all along, over- whelmingly against it. The enactment of any banking law on that basis, at the present time, is regarded as a political impossibility. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Abraham, G. D. Motor Ways in Lakeland. Seribner. Baker, A. Z. The Torn Book. Pictures in color. D. Appleton. $1.25 net. Balzac's Le Cousin Pons. Edited with notes by B. L. Bowen. Holt. Bastide, Charles. The Anglo-French Entente in the Seventeenth Century. Lane. $3 net. Bennett, Arnold. Paris Nights and Other Impressions of Places and People. Do- ran. $3 net. Bennett, Arnold. The Great Adventure: A Play of Fancy. Doran. $1 net. Bevan, Edwyn. Stoics and Sceptics. Oxford University Press. Birmingham, G. A. General John Regan. Doran. J1.20 net Birmingham, G. A. Irishmen All. Stokes. $1.75 net. Booth, Meyrick. Rudolf Eucken. Scribe Bowley, A. L. A General Course of Pure Mathematics. Oxford University Pn Bridges, Robert. The Growth of Love (Holiday edition.) Portland, Me.: T. B. Mosher. Brown, Mary E. Dedications: An Anthol- ogy of Forms. Putnam. Bryant, Marguerite. The Dominant Passion. Duffleld f\ BE oet, Buchan, John. The Marquis of Montrose. Seribner. Buchanan, Meriel. White Witch. Brentano. i net. Cal ert Ten Spirit ua 1 1 designs by Edward Calvert. Portland, Me.: T. H Mosher. Cannon, I. M. Social Work in Hospitals. Survey Associates, Inc. J1.50. Carr, S. P. Billy To-morrow's Chums. Chi- cago: McClurg. $1.25. Comfort, w. L. Down Among Men. Doran. $1.25 net. Coussens, P. W. A Child's Book of Stories. Pictures by Jessie Willcox Smith. Duffield. Crothers, S. McC. Three Lords of Destiny. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $1 net. Cuthell, E. E. A Vagabond Courtier: From the Memoirs and Letters of Baron Charles Louis von Pollnitz. 2 vols. Brentano. $« net. Dale, T. N. The Scientific Spirit Applied to Living Subjects. Pittsfield, Mass.: Sun Printing Co. 35 cents. Densmore, Frances. Chippewa Music — II. Washington : Government Printing Office. Dowling, M. C. Reading, Writing and Speaking Spanish. American Book Co. 75 cents. Dowson, Ernest. The Pierrot of the Minute: A Dramatic Phantasy in One Act. Port- land, Me. : T. B. Mosher. Eden, H. P. Bread and Circuses. Lane. $1.25 net. Edmundson, George. The Church in Rome in the First Century. Longmans. $2.50 net. Elliott, E. B. Algebra of Quantics. Second edition. Oxford University Press. Eucken, Rudolf. Ethics and Modern Thought. Putnam. $1 net. Fitch, George Hamlin. The Critic in the Occident. San Francisco: Paul Elder. $2. Fleming, J. A. The Wonders of Wireless Telegraphy. Edwin S. Gorham. $1.40. Gallatin, A. E. Portraits and Caricatures of James McNeill Whistler. Lane. $3 net. Gilbert, R. V. English Writers. Phila.: Penn Pub. Co. Gilchrist, B. B. Helen and the Uninvited Guests. Phila.: Penn Pub. Co. $1.25 net. Gordon. A. R. The Poetry and Wisdom of the Old Testament. Seribner. Grimm, A. L. Die sieben Reisen Sinbads des Seemannes. Edited with notes by K. C. H. Drechsel. American Book Co. 10 cents. Grinnell, J., and Swarth, H. S. Birds and Mammals of the San Jacinto Area of Southern California. University of Cali- fornia Press. Hall, F. W. A Companion to Classical Texts. Oxford University Press. Heine' s Atta Troll. Translated by Herman Scheffauer with introduction by Oscar Levy. London : Sidgwick & Jackson. Helston, John. Aphrodite and Other Poems. Macmillan. $1.25 net. Holland, W. J. To the River Plate and Back: The Narrative of a Scientific Mis- sion to South America. Putnam. $3.50 net. Horlick, Jittie. Jewels in Brass. Brentano. $1.35 net. Hughes, Thomas. Tom Brown's School Days. 1 Holiday edition.) Putnam. $3 net. Huneker, James. Old Fogy. Phila.: Theo- dore Presser Co. Irving. Tales from Washington Irving's Traveller. Illustrations by George Hood. Phila.: Lippincott. Johnson, Fenton. A Little Dreaming. Chi- cago: Peterson Linotyping Co. 75 cents. Johnston. Charles. From the Upanishads. Portland, Me.: T. B. Mosher. Judson, K. B. Myths ami Legends of the Great Plains. Chicago: McClurg. $1.50 net. Kellicott, W. E. Outlines of Chordate De- velopment. Holt. Kingsford, C. L- English Historical Litera- ture in llic Fifteenth Century. Oxford University Press. Klrkland, Winifred. The Christmas Bish- op Boston: Small, Maynard. $1 net. iii 1 .-, Annual Report on Eteformi and Progress in Chosen I Korea I L911 12 Seul : Government i lenei a I oi i Ihosi a i i. in:, Herbert. Die Monroedoktrin. Ber- lin : J. Guttent . Collected Poems. Put- II. UN .

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Nov. 20, 1913J r_T li e 1ST a t i o n 495 Lltsey, E. C. A Maid of the Kentucky Hills. Browne A Howell. $1.2:5 net. hoih. j;ic<iucs. Artiiii'i oogenesis ertillzatlon. University ot £2 50 qg1 it. University Tutorial ■ . i us. 90 cents net. r 1 Things 1 Remember. Lane. $3 1 II, Herbert. Life and Letters of the , Ion. -' vols. Long 10 IH't. 1 he Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley. New edition. Oxford 1 n W. E. Fish Cultures. Sturgis & Walton. $1 net. i An Essay on the S< Unl Ity Of Cincinnati Studies - Vol. viii. .1, T. H. Heredity and Sex. Colum- bia Univ. Lectures. Lemcke & Buechner fl.75 net. Morris, William. Prose and Poetry (1856- 1870). Oxford University Press. Murray, Gilbert Andromache : A Play in Three Acts. Portland. Me.: T. B. Mosher. Nalrne, Alexander, The Epistle of Priest- hood: Studies in the Epistle to^the He- brews. Scribner. Napoleon I. Unpublished Correspondence. 3 vols. Dufnold. $15 net. Lord. Lord Lyons. 2 vols. Long- mans. $8.50 net. Norton, R. D. Painting in East and West. Longmans. $1.40 net. O'Neill. Rose. The Kewpies, Their Book. Stokes. $1.25 net. Osborn, H. F. The New Order of Sainthood. Scribner. Ovington, M. W. Hazel. Crisis Publish- ing Co. Partridge, E. N. Glooscap the Great Chief and Other Stories. Sturgis & Walton. $1.25 net. Perkins. L. F. The Irish Twins. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $1 net. Prokosch, E. Deutsches Lese- und Uebungs- buch. Holt. Ramsay, J. H. The Genesis of Lancaster. 1399.) 2 vols. Oxford University Press. Renwick, George. Luxembourg: The Grand Duchy and its People. Scribner. Repertoire d'Art et d'Archeologie. Troisieme \ niiei' — Mil:' ; Quatrieme Annee — 1913. Paris: Bibliotheque d'Art et d'Archeologie. Richard. M. E. The Knight in Grey. Phila. : The Castle Press. Robinson, A. M. F. Songs from an Italian Garden. (Holiday edition.) Portland, Me. : T. B. Mosher. Roosevelt, Theodore. An Autobiography. Macmillan. $2.50 net. Sabatini, Rafael. Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition. Brentano. $3.75 net. Sanders, E. K. Vincent de Paul: Priest and Philanthropist, 1576-1660. Longmans. $4 net. Scott, W. B. History of Land Mammals in the Western Hemisphere. Macmillan. Selling Forces. Phila.: Curtis Publishing Co. Seton, E. T. Wild Animals at Home. Dou- bleday, Page. $1.50 net. Smith, Alexander. Dreamthorp. Portland, Me.: T. B. Mosher. Smith, Jessie Willcox. A Child's Book of Old Verses, Selected and Illustrated. Duffield. Songs of Adieu. Portland, Me. : T. B. Mosher. btrindberg, August. On the Seaboard. Cin- cinnati: Stewart & Kidd. $1.25 net. The Sermon on the Mount. Reprinted from the King James Version. Portland, Me.: T. B. Mosher. Towne, C. H. The Tumble Man. Illus. by Hy Mayer. D. Appleton. $1.25 net. Tynan, Katharine. A. Mesalliance. Duffield. $1.25 net. Usher, R. G. The Rise and Fall of the High Commission. Oxford University Press. Van Denburgh, E. D. My Voyage in the United States Frigate "Congress." Des- mond FitzGerald. $2.50 net. Van Gogh, E. Du Q. Personal Recollections of Vincent Van Gogh. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $1.75 net. Warwick, Anne. The Meccas of the World. Lane. Washburn. H. C. Illustrated Case Inscrip- tions from the Official Catalogue of the Trophy Flags of the U. S. Navy. Balti- more: Lord Baltimore Press. $1. Whetham, C. D. and W. C. D. A Manor Book of Ottery Saint Mary. Longmans. $2 net. White, H. C. The Federal Income Tax Law. Banks Law Pub. Co. $3 net. White, H. T. A Civil Servant in Burma. Longmans. $3.50 net. Wilde, Oscar. Fairy Tales. Putnam. $1.25 net. Williams, M. E. The Sorrow Stones: An Unfinished Story. Longmans. Wright, A. E. The Unexpurgated Case against Woman Suffrage. Paul B. Hoe- ber. $1 net. Wright, M. O. The Stranger at the Gate. Macmillan. $1.25 net. just Ready SOCIAL INSURANCE With Special Reference to American Conditions By I. M. RUBINOW, Chief Statistician, Ocean Accident & Guarantee Corpora- tion; Lecturer on Social Insurance, New York School of Philanthropy; Former Statistical Expert, U. S. Bureau of Labor. $3.00 net. By mail, $3.20. Among the topics here treated exhaustively and authorita- tively for the first time in English are: — Industrial Accidents; Employers' Liability; Compensation Laws; Accident Insurance; Economic and Industrial Aspects of Disease; Sick Insurance; Old Age Insurance and Pensions; Pen- sions for Widows and Orphans; Insurance Against Unemploy- ment, Etc. HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY "nevvVo5^ Indian Historical Studies By H. G. RAWLISfSON, M.A., late Scholar Emmanuel College, Cambridge ; Professor of English Literature, the Dec- can College, Poona. With Illustrations ami Maps. Crown Svo. $1.50 net (Post- age 10 cents.) Contents: Gautama Buddha— As oka — In- do-Greek Dynasties of the Punjab — Chinese Pilgrims in India — Ihn Batnta — Akbar — Sivaji the Maratha — Robert Knox — Ran.iit Singh and the Sikh Nation — Foreign Influ- ences in the Civilisation of Ancient India. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., Publishers Now Head i) JULIUS CAESAR Being the Seventeenth Volume In a New Var- iorum Edition of Shakespeare. Edited by Horace Howard Furness. Jr. Cloth. $4.00. Half mo- rocco, $5.00. Postage extra. J. H. LIPPIXCOTT COMPANY, Publish. .*, Philadelphia. $3,000 YEARLY BUSINESS OF YOUR OWN; mail order; success surf; honest, li original methods Write m clement MOORE, Specialist, N, ,v Egypt \. .1. REMARKABLE DISCOVERIES IN EGYPT PROF. FLINDERS PETRIE now devotes his entire time to the Egyptian Research Account (So- ciety), whose discoveries relate to the historv, arts and sciences of ancient Egypt, and to its pr'e- dynastic age. The Society, managed by a Com- mittee of forty eminent men and women,' publishes an annual quarto volume, profusely illustrated, of great value, that should be in hundreds of public and private libraries. Circulars of the explora- tions and books freely furnished. Address REV. OR. WILLIAM COPLEY WINSLOW, 525 Beacon St., Boston. THE GREAT AIIT GIFT-BOOK OF THE YEAR ART By Auguste Rodin (Translated from the French of Paul Gael! by Mrs. Rom illy Fedden.) With over loo Illustrations in photogravure and half-tone. Buckram. $7.50 net: three-quarter levant, $15.00 net; carriage additional. A book which takes its place at once as the most important art book in yeai covers practically the whole range of nrr. and abounds in memorable analyses of the ■ the masters of painting and sculpture, ancient and modern. Send for descriptive circular. Small, Maynard St Co., Publishers, noMon THE TRUTH ABOUT WOMAN By O. OAsqnolne Harder, DODD, MEAD* COMPANY - NEW YORK THE LIFE OF HENRY LAB0UCHERE By ALGAR LABOUCHERE THOROLD 8vo. With Portrait. By mail, $4.8 .50 net. "His varied career, his wit, and the stories . . . which have clustered round his name must have made the life as pleasant to write as it is pleas- ant to read. ... a book that is sure to be widely popular, partly from its amusing stories, partly from the picture it gives of a man who was as much admired and liked by half the world as disliked by the other, and partly from the real additions that it makes to our knowledge of political history of the last thirty-five years." — The London, Times;. Send for Holiday Catalogue. New York G. P. Putnam's Sons London A llemarktiblr Worhl A HISTORY OF CHESS By H. J. R. MURRAY Royal 8m, pp. 902, with many iUustrationt. Cloth Half Morocco .$12.00 Net . 14.00 Net The aim of this wort is threefold j to present b of i ii«' \.i i or bare existed Is different parts of the « Investigate the ultimate origin of those ind the clrcum the Inren- tl f chess : and lo trace the d< ' i of the modern European game from the flrst appearance or its ancestor, the Indian chaturanga, in the beginning of thi cenrurj of oui looks have been written Optra the history of CbeSS, but none cover- work. snni for complete Aeeoripttot circular. Oxford University Press American Branch ::. WEST B2D ST., NEW YORK.

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4:*m; The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2525 CHOICE BOOKS ON THE CENTURY CO.'S HOLIDAY LISTS The Best of the New Fiction T. Tembarom The new story by FRANCES HODGSON BURNETT, Prin- cess of story-tellers. Every- body loves "T. Tembarom." Delightful pictures by Chapman. Price $1.40 net, postage 12 cents. The Truth About Camilla By GERTRUDE HALL. A fasci- nating story of a fascinating Italian adventuress. Price $1.30 net, postage 13 cents. Westways By Dr. S. WEIR MITCHELL, whose "Hugh Wynne, Free Quaker," ranks as the great novel of the American Revolu- tion and one of the most power- ful novels of our times. Of equal brilliance and power is "Westways." $1.40 net, post- age 12 cents. The Thirteenth Juror A timely novel by FREDERICK TREVOR HILL, author of "Lincoln, the Lawyer," por- traying vividly the evils of a politically influenced judiciary. Price $1.20 net, postage 10 cents. John Barleycorn First and foremost, a powerful, gripping story — JACK LON- DON'S own story of what life has brought him, and of his experiences with alcohol. Price $1.50 net, postage 12 cents. The Tinder Box By MARIA THOMPSON DAVIES, author of that saucy and joy- ous success, "The Melting of Molly." You'll find it just as charming. Pictures by Jack- son. Price $1.00 net, postage 7 cents. The White Linen Nurse The irresistible new book by ELEANOR HALLOWELL AB- BOTT, author of "Molly Make- Believe." An adorable little book for a gift in its blue-and- white cover with its ultra- clever illustrations by Pfeifer. Price $1.00 net, postage 7 cents. The Jack-Knife Man The little book by which ELLIS PARKER BUTLER will be re- membered. Price $1.25 net, postage 11 cents. Murder in Any Degree Some of OWEN JOHNSON'S best short stories. Price $1.30 net, postage 11 cents. The Near East By ROBERT HICHENS, with eighteen illustrations by JULES GUERIN, twelve in the exquisite colors of the original canvases, and many illus- trations from fine photographs. Cover of Byzantine design, in gold and rich color, of exceptional beauty. Royal octavo, 268 pages. Price $6.00 net, carriage 26 cents. Romantic America By ROBERT HAVEN SCHAUFFLER, author of "Romantic Germany." An inspiring guide to our country's most interesting and picturesque places, rich in real information. 1 Delightfully made. Frontispiece in color and seventy-nine illustrations, plates in tint, by Maxfield Parrish, George Inness,Jr., Joseph Pennell, Andre Castaigne, Winslow Homer, Albert Herter, etc. Royal octavo, 340 pages. Price $5.00 net, carriage 19 cents. The Reminiscences of Augustus Saint-Gaudens Edited and amplified by his son, HOMER SAINT-GAUDENS. Two volumes, royal octavo, about 400 pages each. Frontispiece portraits in photogravure, and eighty-seven reproductions of Saint-Gaudens's work, and of photographs of interesting persons and places. Price, boxed, $7.00 net, carriage 36 cents. The House in Good Taste By ELSIE DE WOLFE, America's Most Successful Woman Decorator. A unique and delightful discussion of the problems of house furnishing which come to every woman, whatever her environment or her income. Four insets in color and forty-eight in black and white, showing interiors designed and carried out by Miss de Wolfe. Royal octavo, 300 pages. Price, $2.50 net, postage 20 cents. A Traveler at Forty By THEODORE DREISER, author of "Sister Carrie," "Jennie Gerhardt," etc. An unconventional travel book, with inimitable illustrations by Glackens. Price, $1.80 net, postage 14 cents. The Trade of the World By JAMES DAVENPORT WHELPLEY, who knows conditions of which he writes. An authoritative and brilliant presentation of many phases of international trade and the vital part it plays in world progress. Forty-eight illustrations from photographs of unusual interest. Price $2.00 net, postage 16 cents. Zone Policeman 88 By HARRY A. FRANCK, author of "A Vagabond Journey Around the World." A faithful, accurate, vivid picture of things as they are in the Canal Zone — fas- cinating for its tropical color, its intense reality, its racy humor. Many illustrations from snap-shots. Price $2.00 net, postage 12 cents. Three Little Books of Fun Daddy Do-Funny By RUTH MelCNRRY STU- ART. Jingles which have the swing of the real negro songs. Price $1.00 net, post- aye 7 cvntn. Books Miss Santa Claus of llii' I'll 1 1 iii.'i n The new book by ANNIE FELLOWS JOHNSTON, the most popular writer (or children to-day, and probably the most \> I read since Louisa Alcott. Chri I mas i 01 ev and alto- getber delightful illustra- (the frontispiece in coloi 1 Inald Birch. Price $1.00 nil. iiiishnii hi cents. The Jingle- Jungle Book By OLIVER HICRFORD. A smart little book for man nr maid. Price 75 cents net, postage s cents. Little Shavers Seventy-five of J. R. SHA- VER'S most popular and allng pictures from Life. I' rice $1.00 net, post- age 10 c nts. Every Child Should Have The Jungle Book *»• Arthur imekhnm Acw Illustrated Edition Mother Goose An ideal pieco of book- making, Sixteen Cull-page illustra- tions in rich color by the famous English artists, Maurice and Edward Det- nnilil Text in black, with a charming border in green on ever . page. Lovely cov- .1 in green ami gold. i'i lot $2.:.tt net, postage 15 cents. in. most beautiful edition dl Mill lie]' Cooi'.i' v\ it mail'' Twelve fascinating in color ami more than sixty delightful black-and- white drawings by the greatest of living illustra- tors for children. Arthur R 11 i i , too, designed the charming COVer and the pier title pari'. Prioi $2.50 net, postage M cents. The Century Co.'s new Holiday Catalogue is rich in hints for Christmas planning and buying. List of Books for Young Folk is invaluable. Sent on post-card request. THE CENTURY CO., Union Square, New York Its Classified

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•^t* w •Wellesley, MaiSi The JNacipn VOL. XCV1I— NO. 2526 THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 27, 1913 Kf:S?S§KICE TEN CENTS flic ■< ^ R I HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY'S GIFT -BOOKS of VJV V^VAJL ATT'RACTIOJV Mont St. Michel and Chartres By HENRY ADAMS. Introduction by RALPH ADAMS CRAM This brilliant work is not so much a study of the two great churches mentioned in its title as of the current of medievalism Id |,-,%i uplifted and embodied in them. It is written with a beauty and persuasiveness that make it readable for the ill as lor the architect and scholar. Beautifully illustrated. Boxed. $6.00 net. Carriage 32 cents. Charles Follen McKim: A Study of His Life and Work By ALFRED H. GRANGER This is a sympathetic and brilliant appreciation of the life and work of Charles F. McKim, one of the most interesting and i incn of his age, whose achievements in architecture, through the last quarter of a century, from the Boston Public ,- to the great Pennsylvania Station, stand unique and unrivalled. Lavishly illustrated. Boxed. $6.00 net. Carriage 27 cents. Thomas Jefferson as an Architect By W. A. LAMBETH and WARREN H. MANNING This interesting work shows for the first time on documentary evidence the nature and extent of Jefferson's talent as an architect. Beginning with some account of his designing of Monticello, the book then proceeds with the part he played in planning and carrying through that unique piece of American architecture, the buildings of the University of Virginia. Lavishly illustrated from a superb series of photographs' and other pictures. Limited to 535 copies, 500 for sale. Boxed. $10.00 net. Postpaid. The Life of Lyman Trumbull By HORACE WHITE James Ford Rhodes says: "You deserve the thanks of all students of history for bringing before them the great Senator in an attractive form and by the use of materials that would not otherwise have come to light. ... I am struck expressly with your account of the Confiscation Act, of the arbitrary arrests, and your telling the truth in regard to the dismis- sion of Cameron from the Cabinet." Illustrated. $3.00 net. By mail $3.19. Charles Gordon Ames Edited by ALICE AMES WINTER "It is a delightful reminiscence, in which one can trace the influences and processes which made him what he was — a man of radiant faith, a Christian humanist, a practical mystic. It is a book to prize for its sweetness and light, and for the impress of a man who lived the life of the spirit in the service of his fellow-man." — CJiicago Record-Herald. With frontis- piece. $1.25 net. By mail $1.36. ON A VARIETY OF TOPICS THE CONSTITUTION OF MATTER By JOSEPH SWEETMAN AMES. In this interesting book the Director of the Physical Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University sets forth the latest discoveries and the newest theories in a field in which science has been of late very active. $1.50 net. By mail $1.65. THE WOLF OF GUBBIO By JOSEPHINE PRESTON PEABODY. With the newly awakened interest in St. Francis of Assisi, this play, having the Saint for its leading character, should have a wide appeal. {Ready December 3.) $1.10 net By mail $1.18. THE RELIGIOUS REVOLUTION By JAMES T. SHOTWELL. This masterly study considers the evolution of religion, both historical and present, and discusses the problems and advantages resulting from modern freedom of thought. $1.10 net. By mail $1.18. ENGLISH INDUSTRIES IN THE MIDDLE AGES By L. P. SALZMANN. A compact history of the development through mediaeval times of such important industries as coal-mining, ship-building, metal-working, etc. $2.00 net. By mail $2.12. THE GREATEST BOOKS IN THE WORLD By LAURA SPENCER PORTOR. Acquaints the reader with limited time for reading with the master works of literature. $1.25 net. By mail $1.37. NEW LETTERS OF AN IDLE MAN By H. J. WARNER. "There is a good deal of entertaining matter in this volume. . . . 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11 Xlie Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2526 The Nation A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the A' tic York City Post Office as second-class mail matter.] The Nation Is published and owned by the New York Broiling Tost Co. Oswald Garrison Vlllard, President; William J. I'attisuu. Treasurer; Paul Elmer Mure, Editor; Ilarolil deWolf Fuller, As- sistant Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada $3.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $4.00. Address THE NATION, Box 794, New York. Publication Office. 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 497 Editorial Articles: The Banking Bill Amendments 500 Prophets of Evil 501 "The Satirist of the Victorians" 501 Oratory and the Press 502 "Rare" Books 503 Special A-rticles : Charles Francis Adams at Oxford . . 503 The General Elections in Italy 501 Correspondence : Bernard Shaw and the Law 506 Vocational Schools 506 Californian English 507 A Coleridge Concordance 507 The Farewell Speech in "Hamlet" .. 507 Literature : Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography 507 The Dark Flower.— The Garden Without Walls 508 The Trail to Yesterday 508 T. Tembarom 509 Ring for Nancy 509 Two Little Parisians 509 The Washington Manuscript of the Four Gospels. — The Text and Canon of the New Testament 509 Swinburne: An Estimate 510 The Truth About Woman 511 The Married Life of Queen Victoria.. 511 John of Gaunt's Register 512 The Story of Harvard 513 Notes 513 Science: The National Academy of Sciences.. 517 Drama : Shakespeare as a Playwright 518 Music 519 Art 520 Finance: Dull Times in Wall Street 521 Books op the Week 521 Till: ISOVICHBER ISSUE OF THE Quarterly Journal of Economics iniluiles the following article* THE TARIFF ACT OF 1918.. J". W. Taussig THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS OF THE REVENUE ACT OF 1918, J. lTust Published 'HBNNING: FRENCH LYRICS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY $1.00 PEIRCE: LOTUS PECHEUR D'lS- LANDE •" 4*o HARRY: COPPEE'S ON REND L'ARGE>'T 50 GINN AND COMPANY Boston New York Chicago London Atlanta Dallas Columbus San Francin o Just Published GYP. PETIT BLEU Edited by F. TH. 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Nov. 27, 1913J The Nation 111 u jj THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO, 1821-1848 A Complete Account of Our Relations with Mexico to the End of the Mexican War by GEORGE L. RIVES Recognized by Leading Reviewers as "a Standard Work" as well as Having a Peculiar Adventitious Interest and Value. JOHN BASSETT MOORE, Assistant Secretary of State, says: "The amplitude of the author's re- searches in historical sources, manu- BCTipl as well as printed, is attested mi everj page, while his thorough mastery of his subject and the di- rectness and lucidity of his style nave enabled him to impart to his narrative a remarkable vividness Mural Painting in America Explained for the Layman by the Eirst American Authority, Edwin H. Blashfield Carefully and Handsomely Illustrated. The sane and catholic attitude of the writer stands out in these words of his: "The public is as essential to the creation of art, as is handle to blade; it drives and enforces the purpose of the artist. There is need for the advisory companionship of the lay- man, the statesman, historian, eth- nographer, to insist upon types, to emphasize points in the celebration of wise policy, to show us how and where to illuminate the history of our people." $2.00 net; postage extra The Life of Francis Thompson At Last Written Everard Meynell With Whose Family the Poet Was Long Intimate, Gives a Clear In- sight Into His Nature and Makes His Personality Peculiarly Vivid. This is a wonderfully interesting j study of one whose character in some respects— its fineness and its delicacy— suggests Shelley. And so indeed do some of his experiences here described, such as his suffering at boarding school. Illustrated. $4.50 net and charm. The appearance at the present moment of this important, instructive and very enlightening exposition of the relations between the United States and Mexico during the formative and critical period to which it relates is singularly oppor- tune." THE NEW YORK "SUN" : "Quite indisputably a standard work." HOLIDJY BOOKS Henry van Dyke's Great Allegorical Poem The Toiling of Felix $1.50 net; by mail $1.69 Stevenson's Kidnapped Beautifully Illustrated with Full- color Pictures and Lin- ing Paper. By N. C. Wyeth $2.25 net; postage extra Paul Bransom The Artist, Has Illustrated the Holiday Edition of Kenneth Grahame's TheWind in the Willows With Ten Charming Full-color Pictures. $2.00 net; postage extra Ernest Peixotto Who Wrote and Illustrated "Romantic California" & "Through the French Provinces," Has Written and Illustrated Pacific Shores from Panama A Beautiful Voyage Discovered by the Author. $2.50 net; postage extra CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS book." THE THE "NATION" : . a scholarly and readable PHILADELPHIA LEDGER" : "PUBLIC "It is so interestingly treated that the work seems all too short." 2 vols. 100 net The Poems and Ballads of Robert Louis Stevenson Complete in One Volume with Por- trait. New Volume in the Scribner Series of Modern Poets This complete collection of all the verses written by Robert Louis Stevenson in a convenient and com- prehensive household edition was induced by the great and increasing popularity of Stevenson's poetry. The other volumes in this series, the same in style and in price and in purpose, are "The Poems of George Meredith," "The Poems of Sidney Lanier," "The Poems of Henry van Dyke," "The Poems of Eugene Field." Each $2.00 net George Renwick Author of "Finland To-day," Gives a Charming Description of Luxembourg Its Places and People, in a Volume of That Name. He describes a delightful little country particularly rich in scenic beauty and hardly known to the tourist. Illustrated. $3.00 net FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

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IV The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2526 GENERAL LITERATURE Cymbeline Edited by HORACE HOWARD FURNESS, Ph.D., LL.D., Litt.D. Being the Eighteenth Volume of A New Variorum Edition of the Works of William Shakespeare Royal octavo. Cloth, gilt top, uncut edges, $4.00 net. Half morocco, gilt top, $5.00 net. Carriage extra. This volume was the last work from the pen of the late Dr. Furness, who was known the world over as the greatest Shakespearean scholar of our time. In the Variorum Edition he left a monumental work unri- valled in its particular field. The continuance of it is fortunately as- sured under the editorship of Horace Howard Furness, Jr., whose many years' association with his father in the work has well equipped him for the task of editing the remain- ing plays. Colonial Architecture for Those About to Build By Herbert C. Wise and H. Ferdinand Beidlejian. With 207 illustrations. 8vo. Deco- rated cloth. Boxed. $5.00 net. Postpaid, $5.25. Being the Best Examples, Domestic, Governmental, and Institutional, in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Del- aware, with Observations Upon the Local Building Art of the Eighteenth Century. Symphonies and Their Meaning Volume III — fast Published Modern Symphonies Volumes I and II Classic Symphonies By Philip H. Goepp. Per vol- ume, $2.00 net. Postpaid, $2.12. As material for the study of the great works of music, these books are unrivalled. Handy Book of Curious Information By William S. Walsh. Crown 8vo. Half morocco, gilt top, $3.50 net. Postpaid, $3.75. 1'iii form with Llppincott'B Readers' Reference Library. An Invaluable volume of curious and bit* of knowledge inae- cosslble in any othei vorl of ref- ei ence m*mtv* % 33. ittpptttcott Company wabewa Complete Holiday Catalogue Mailed on Request THE GREATEST NOVEL OF THE YEAR HALL CAINE'S Masterpiece The Woman Thou Gavest Me Being the Story of Mary O'Neill Four large editions of this wonderful romance were printed within five weeks of publication. It is unquestionably the book of the year, and has been the greatest literary sensation known in America or England in years. $1.35 net. Postpaid, $1.50. HANDSOME GIFT BOOKS The Curious Lore of Precious Stones By George Frederick Kunz, A.M., Ph.D., D.Sc. With numerous plates in color and double tone. 8vo. Cloth, decorated in blue and gold, gilt top. Boxed. $5.00 net. Postpaid, $5.25. Being a Description of Their Sentiments and Folk-Lore, Superstitions, Symbolism, Mysticism, Use in Medicine, Protection, Prevention, Religion, and Divination. On Crystal Gazing, Birth Stones, and Royal Jewels. A Rose of Old Quebec Lady Laughter By Ralph Henry Barbour. Illus- trated in color by Gayle Hoskins. With page decorations in tint and decorated title-page by Edward Stratton Holloway. 12mo. Hand- some cloth. Boxed. $1.50 net. Post- paid, $1.65. The Barbour holiday book this season is a real pleasure-giving combination. The colored illustrations, beautiful binding, excellent letterpress, page decorations, and title, "Lady Laughter," are all in perfect harmony with the story, which is in Mr. Barbour's happiest vein. By Anne Hollingsworth Wharton, Author of "In Chateau Land," etc. Frontispiece by M. J. Spero, and seven illustrations in double tone. 12mo. Beautifully bound in blue, white, and gold. $1.25 net. Post- paid, $1.37. This charming romance produced in at- tractive holiday style is written in Miss Wharton's inimitable and entertaining manner. She has made use of the his- torical love affair between Lord Nelson and a Quebec beauty. Tales from Washington Irving' s Traveller Eight full-page illustrations in color by George W. Hood. 8vo. Cloth, with picture insert. Decorative lining papers. Gilt top. Boxed. $2.50 net. Postpaid, $2.70. Mr. Hood has caught the spirit of the tales in his beautiful colored illustrations and decorative lining papers. The letterpress is perfect and the volume makes a very at- tractive and valuable gift book. * The Book of the Epic By H. A. G(Ei:m;is. With 16 illustrations. 12mo. Cloth. $2.00 net. Post- paid, $2.12. The author tells the story of every great epic in entertaining prose. A book of this character has long been needed and should prove of great value and entertainment to the general reader who wishes to be familiar with the great works of literature. The Drama To-day By Ciiari.tox Andrews. $1.50 net. Postpaid, $1.62. A brief compendium of the drama to-day as it is practised, not only in America, but also in England and on the Continent, Your Child To-day and To-morrow By Sidonie Matzneb Gei bnbebg. Il- lustrated. $1.25 net. Postpaid, $1.37. An exceptionally sane, practical treat- inent of the problems which confront 1,1 1 hi rs and mothers. FINE ILLUSTRATED EDITIONS Old Italian Lace By Elisa Ricci. In two volumes, c color, photogravure, and white, sp French Color Prints of the XVIII Century With 50 plates in color and an in- troductory essay by Malcolm C. Salaman. Illustrated in color. Bound in buckram. Handsomel] decorated in green and gilt. Large octavo. $12 00 net. rown folio. With numerous plates in ccially mounted. $30.00 net. Eothen: or, Traces of Travel Brought Home From the East By A. W. Kinglake. With an Intro- duction by Samuel r,,. Bknsusan. il- lustrated in color by Frank Hrang- wyn. Crown quarto. Cloth, >;ilt top, boxed. $3.50 net. Lair.'- paper edi- tion, $10.00 net.

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The Nation M II' YORK, THURSDAY, NOVEUIIEK 27, 1913. The Week Mr. Choate's speech at the New York Chamber of Commerce dinner, proving so delightfully as it did to his hearers that age has not withered his wit or dimmed his wisdom, drove home with great force tne duty of giving the Presi- dent every support in his dealing with the Mexican crisis. Nor was this put forward as a mere banality or bit ot blatant jingoism. There was in it noth- ing of the spirit displayed in the appeal to Congress to "stand behind" Cleve- land when there was foolish talk of our going to war with England over Ven- ezuela. The plea now is for peace, and for aid of a President striving to main- tain it. Nor was it urged by Mr. Choate merely as a pious hope. He does not, of course, speak in this matter as a par- tisan, though such praise of Mr. Wilson as he uttered is peculiarly significant coming from a veteran Republican. The reason which he gave is clear and ought to be convincing. Mr. Choate has had experience in diplomacy, and it was doubtless with this in mind that he dwelt upon the chief argument for trust- ing the President. It is that he knows more about the Mexican affair than any- body else. Information from all sources, much of it official and confidential, has been laid before him, so that his know- ledge is certainly wider than that of any of his critics. It is not necessary to say that we have no sympathy -with the idea of an abject deference to the Chief Executive in every matter that comes up. His views on the tariff question, for exam- ple, or the reform of banking and cur- rency, are not to be meekly accepted just because they come from him. As legards those subjects, full information is open to all. And every man who knows what he is talking about is en- titled to assert his opinion, against that of the President, if need be. But the case is wholly different from a foreign complication so delicate as the Mexican. It is not a question of blind dependence upon another when we ought to be ex- ercising an independent judgment; but merely of suspending judgment on a matter where we do not know enougn to reach a sure conclusion, and of con- fiding hopefully in the President, who has the whole case before him — trusting him, that is, so long as we believe that he is doing his best, is keeping within the law, respecting the rights of other nations, and striving to the utmost of his power to avert war while maintain- ing the dignity and discharging the in- ternational obligations of the country. We are evidently in for fresh discus- sions of the Monroe Doctrine. Its sup- posed bearing on the Mexican complica- tion made them inevitable. And here a strange fact is to be noted. It is that whenever the time seems to have come to make a vigorous application of the Doctrine doubt is expressed of its real meaning, and of the wisdom of enforc- ing it in the given instance. This looks as if the Monroe Doctrine were a fine thing for political platforms and for ora- tions and essays, but that it has a dis- concerting way, in a crisis, of retiring to private life. And of late there have even been audacious voices to dispute its value at any time. Prof. Hiram Bing- ham, who knows his South America well, has called the Monroe Doctrine an anachronism and a folly; and in the De- cember Century Mr. W. Morgan Shuster elaborately argues that it has become only a disadvantage to the United States. Mr. Shuster, if he could have his way, would abolish it altogether, but suggests, as a feasible alternative, that we "modi- fy" it. But that is just what we have always been doing. Col. Roosevelt is at this moment engaged in modifying it in Argentina and Chili. He has, in fact, modified it to death, so far as those two republics are concerned. For them, he says, it no longer exists. But it must be preserved, he continues, to throw an ap- pearance of legality and Americanism about such acts as his seizure of Pana- ma. All this illustrates the great con- venience of keeping the Monroe Doctrine mysterious. It is more "elastic" than any currency ever devised. It means just what we wish it to mean, and is to be applied only when we think it wise. The presentation which began on Monday before the Interstate Commerce Commission at Washington, of the evi- dence on which the Eastern railways base their request for an advance in freight rates, is in many respects an event of high economic importance. When the application for higher rates was made in 1910, there was a very general feeling that to permit such in- crease might be merely to start a vicious circle. With rates increased, it was con- tended, demand for higher wages by the railways' employees would follow. In the end the shipper and consumer would suffer increased burdens, with the rail- ways no better off than before. But in the meantime, and without the rate in- crease, the demand for higher wages has been made, has been considered by arbitration boards, and has been grant- ed. In 1912 a 10 per cent, increase was thus awarded the engineers, involving additional annual expenditure of $2,- 000,000 by the railways; this year, the firemen's wages were raised 10 to 12 per cent, involving $3,000,000, and the wages of trainmen and conductors 7 per cent., involving $6,000,000. The railways do not, however, base their request for higher rates on these arbitrary changes alone. The general level of expenses has increased along with wages. During the three-year period since 1910, the railway brief of Monday sets forth, three of the largest systems — the Pennsylvania, the New York Central, and the Balti- more & Ohio— have invested $423,000,000 additional capital in their properties. The result has been an increase of $109,- 000,000 in the gross receipts; yet the in- crease in operating expenses and in tax- es for the period has been such that net income of the three systems for the pe- riod was actually $8,000,000 less in the fiscal year 1913 than in 1910. On all hands it is admitted that fur- ther large use of capital, to provide fa- cilities for the expanding traffic move- ment of the country, will be needed in the next few years. The railways agree in this conclusion; but Mr. Willard's not unnatural comment is that, unless the conditions were to be changed, "railroad managers would hardly be expected un- der the circumstances just stated to con- tinue large capital expenditures for bet-

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498 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2526 terments and additions if possible to avoid doing so." Everybody notes a Change of public feeling towards tbe rail- ways. This goes beyond the mere ques- tion in hand at present. Irrespective of an increase in rates, we think it clear that a different and better sentiment about the whole place and function of the railways in this country has been slowly forming. Forty or fifty years ago, there was some blind idolizing of railway promoters and managers. They were thought of as patriotically advanc ing our national development. Buc there shortly set in, not wholly without justification, an almost equally blind spirit of hostility to everything connect- ed with railways. To-day, however, their case is better understood, and a juster attitude towards them is shown by the public. It is certain that neither Con- gress nor the people would now demand impossibilities of them, or really, in the long run, countenance any gross injus- tice to them. This new feeling might easily be changed into the old antagon- ism by unwise railway policies; but, obviously, it may now be taken advan- tage of to procure not only a fuller un- derstanding of the entire railway pro- blem, but a just settlement of the diffi- culties to-day outstanding] The sharp disagreements in the Na- tional Conservation Congress at Wash- ington last week reflect the lack of unanimity among the host of those who now call themselves conservationists. One point of difference is whether the control of certain natural resources should be Federal or State. Another is concerned with the rate of development of these resources: a conservative sec- tion in favor of going slowly, with the exercise of the greatest care lest private interests get their hands upon what should be held tor the public, while a more radical section desires speedier exploitation. These two points of dif- ference have the appearance of uniting when advocates of State against Federal control are found crying out at the slow- ness of the national Government in al- lowing any use to be made of the re- served resources. Just here is the weak- ness of the case of the advocates of State control. Whatever the merits of their main contention, these are obscun il by an apparent willingness on their part to join hands with those who would take risks for the sake of the immediate ex- ploitation of the natural resources in question. They need to make unmistak- ably clear, first of all, that they stand firmly against misuse of any of these resources. Otherwise, the advocates of Federal control must inevitably gain the support of all earnest conservationists. It was a wise decision by the Fed- eration of Labor, last week, not to at- tempt at present the formation of a La- bor party in this country. There are certainly enough Richmonds in the field as the case stands. With the Progres- sives apparently intending to pursue their divisive tactics, and with the So- cialists playing for their own hand, it would be little that a national Labor party could expect to accomplish, for some years to come, except to hold the balance of power in certain Congression- al districts, or to send a few stray Rep- resentatives to Washington. It is pos- sible, too, that the Federation of Labor has found as much warning as encour- agement in the example of the Labor party in England. Many signs of dis- content with its practical achievements have been observable of recent months. A writer in the November Fortnightly goes so far as to argue its complete fail- ure. This is an extreme view, thougti some of the weaknesses pointed out in the Labor party's position and acts are undeniable. But even if the English La- bor party could be called a complete suc- cess, it would not follow that its meth- ods could be copied to advantage under American political conditions. such as to impress the whole city with its representative character, and to car- ry great weight through the personal standing and qualities of its members. Never has the time been more favora- ble for taking away from Tammany its intolerable position of domination, and its claim to be the Democratic party of the greatest city in America. With a permanent organization, through which the honest feeling of hundreds of thou- sands of Democrats can be expressed, we shall be able to look forward to the de- struction of Tammany's malign power in a not distant future. The movement for a permanent anti- Tammany Democratic organization in New York made a distinct advance, when the temporary committee of the Anti-Tammany Jeffersonian Alliance held a meeting for a definite organiza- tion. Among those present were a num- ber of men of the highest standing in the community, and some of the Demo- crats who took a leading part in the campaign for Mr. Mitchel. It was decid- ed to form a committee of eleven, whose duty it shall be to nominate members of a committee of 250, which is to under- take 1 he actual organization of an anti- Tammany Democracy, Upon the choice of these 250 will depend the success of the movement. There is reason to nope that when the list, is made up it will he Dayton, O, is in danger of getting her- self misjudged. In trying to link to her destinies first Col. Goethals and then Col. Roosevelt, she is offering a target to the dissolute newspaper paragraph- er, who will soon be suggesting that Dayton try the Kaiser, or Bernard Shaw, or Mrs. Pankhurst, or Harry Lauder, or any one of similar high-calibre publicity- power. And yet in the original sugges- tion of Col. Goethals there was an .idea worth considering. Only in a super- ficial sense would it be a step down for the builder of the Panama Canal to take up with the reconstruction of an inland city of the third class. One can easily imagine how the opportunity ex- ists at Dayton for setting up a scheme of city building and organization that might serve as a model the country over. It would be a source of pride that America should no longer have to go to Diisseldorf or Budapest for inspiration. A model Dayton from the hands of a Goethals would be all the more native because it would arise out of peculiarly native conditions — the devastation of flood or fire with which modern Euro- pean cities have scarcely to reckon. The terrible storm on the Great Lakes has already resulted in plans to call gov- ernmental attention to the need of in- creased provision for emergency refuges. The extent of the disaster must give weight to such proposals. Not less than 254 lives, according to the Toronto \l,nl and Empire, were lost, nine large ves- sels foundering with their entire crews. In all, eighteen ships, worth $3,000,000, went down, while tour inure were driven ashore and wrecked. Something more is il* il ileil than the infrequent liarlmrs, made— like those at Chicago and Mil-

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Nov. 27, 1913J T li e 1ST a t i o n 499 by artificial breakwaters at river mouths, tor vessels caught by late autumn gales. There are no sheltered bays. But by taking advantage of coves and islands, it is held that even such en- gineering work as this years $3,1)00,000 loss would go far to cover might pro- a number of safe shelters for a time of sudden stress. Upon representor 1 the Lake Carriers' Association that much of the appalling loss of life and property is preventable, a Govern- ment investigation to Canada, with the possibility of a Royal Commission, is already promised. The matter is worth similar study on this side the border. For any "back to the land" movement the present ought to be an unusually favorable time, owing to the remarkable and world-wide rise in the price of ag- ricnltural products. It has gone in very large measure to the farmer, despite de- fects in the middleman system, and is in great measure due to the failure of sup- ply on the farms to keep pace with the increasing demand of the cities. t A spe- cial possibility in the direction of rem- edy, in the case of our own country, is vigorously set forth in an open letter to Bolton Hall, author of "A Little Land and a Living," by William Borsodi, whose letter to the author prompted the writing of that book five years ago, and formed an introduction to it. Mr. Bor- sodi is impressed by the hundreds of thousands of immigrants who work in our mines and mills, save a thousand or two by the hardest labor and econ- omy, and with it go back to their na- tive land and buy a farm of two or three acres. These men might, with the same money, buy a good-sized farm in this country. He thinks that intelligent ef- fort by "an organization that should have the support of earnest, conscien- tious men" would result in the settle- ment on American farms not only of a large part of those who return to Eu- rope to go into farming there, but also of great numbers of those who remain to swell the population of our American cities. The plan seems worthy of at- tention. There can no longer be any doubt that the stage has become the great edu- cative force of our day-. An advertise- ment of a new "crime play" contains the following quotations from the "district attorney": "Our National Government spends twenty millions a year to exter- minate an animal pest, but not a dollar for preventive measures against the hu- man pest — the criminal." Every night intelligent audiences, hearing this terri- ble indictment of our much-praised Gov- ernment, must exclaim: "How true!" and go home wondering why no one has said it before. Why should our prisons not be full when we make haste to vote money for a crusade against the boll weevil, but never dream of spending a cent for schols, parks, or playgrounds? One would suppose that a nation gov- erned by public opinion would think it to its interest, not only to provide means of education for its youth, but to compel them to take a certain amount of ad- vantage of such provision. Yet did any one ever hear of a compulsory education law in the United States of America? No, we let our boys and girls run the streets all day and all night, and then clap them into prison as soon as they break some law. But all this will be remedied now. The stage has come to the rescue. In view of the long years of effort to open up the game of football and make it really football, it is rather amusing to read the complaints that there were no touchdowns scored in the most im- portant games of the year. It is even hinted that something must now be done to penalize the drop-kickers, who are be- coming so dextrous that, in Brickley's case at least, it is unsafe for his ad- versaries to let him get an inch beyond the centre of the field. Sentimentally, Harvard may have some regrets that the great superiority of her term was not demonstrated on Saturday by a touchdown, but the game from the spec- tator's point of view lacked nothing, it was interesting, varied, and exciting enough to stir any crowd, however olas6. Those who had not seen the modern game and remembered only the inces- sant line plunging of ten years ago, with everybody piling up in a heap, found it a revelation. Doubtless, the game can yet be improved, and will be; it is undeniable, however, that the re- habilitation of the kicking game and the introduction of the forward pass have worked wonders. The threat of the lat- ter keeps the lines extended and open even when it is little used. In the surroundings of the game itself and its conduct, time has produced a better and more sportsmanlike feeling between the rival bodies of undergrad- uates and the teams themselves. As spec- tacles, the chief contests are if anything more impressive than ever. But the ob- jections to the game persist; the over- emphasis on athletics remains. The Su- perintendent of West Point, a school very largely concerned with the develop- ment of the physique of its students and the bringing out of what are knovvn as the manly qualities, unhesitatingly condemns the game and asks for its abolition. Col. Townsley finds that tne injuries which result from the game are serious and are not counterbalanced by any great advantages. Ex-Commissioner Dean C. Worcester has given out an elaborate statement of the havoc wrought in the Philippines by the announcement of Democratic inten- tions in regard to the independence of the islands. His words would have a more convincing sound if they were somewhat less smooth and rounded. Af- ter depicting in glowing colors the mag- nificent business prosperity which had obtained up to a year ago, he says: This extraordinary commercial develop- ment was ruflely interrupted by President Wilson's expression of the hope that the boundaries of the United States might soon be contracted, made in his Staunton speech. Real estate values promptly fell 30 per cent. ; banks called loans and refused credit to back new enterprises; merchants can- celled orders. Now, real estate is not much in the habit of "promptly falling 30 per cent.," or any other easily ascertainable amount; and, furthermore, when such a state of business demoralization as is above described does set in, the effects of it have never been known to be swift- ly wiped out by a little encouragement in the color of the daily news. Yet Air. Worcester goes on to say: As months passed and no radical practi- cal action was taken by the political party i'. confidence was partially restored and business conditions progressed towards the normal, only to be again upset by the ement that Filipinos would be a majority in the upper house of the lature and by rumors of sweeping changes meat. h these chameleon-like changes have actually taken place in this brief pe- riod, the nature of business in the Phil- must be something quite unique.

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50( ) T h. e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2526 THE BANKING BILL AMENDMENTS. On Saturday the Senate, by its Bank- ing Committee, submitted two reports on the banking and currency bill, thus marking a new and highly important stage in the public consideration of that measure. Both the reports are states- manlike documents, eminently timely and proper in the case of a statute where avoidance of unwise provisions is so vitally important. The spirit of both conforms to the best traditions of the Senate. The changes proposed are numerous; they open up, in several cases, a legiti- mate field of debate. Yet neither the amendments of the six Administration Democrats on the committee, nor the amendments suggested by the five Re- publicans and Senator Hitchcock, are such as to affect the underlying purpose and principles of the bill, or to throw needless confusion into the discussion of it. On the contrary, we imagine that they will go far towards clearing up ob- scurities and allaying outside doubts or prejudices. The Democratic and Republican re- ports concur in certain points. Both approve the main structure of the House bill. Neither proposes substitution of a single central bank. The Republicans concede theoretical merits to that plan, but in the same breath declare it to be politically impossible, and affirm their faith in the workability of a regional bank plan, properly prescribed. Each report declares its adhesion to the plan for broad governmental supervision, and neither suggests appointees of banks as members of the national board. While the two reports concur in en- dorsing the greater part of the pending House bill's provisions, they also agree that in numerous important sections, much to the front of late in public con- troversy, the House bill needs recon- sideration and alteration. Each report falls in line with enlightened outside opinion in declaring that twelve region- al banks, as stipulated by the House bill, would be too many; that there is no room on the Federal reserve board for three Government officers, with their hands already full of other work; that the compulsory subscription, by nation- al banks, of 20 per cent, of their capital to a regional bank's stock, would be a needlessly heavy burden on those banks, and that better protection should be granted to the 2 per cent. Govern- ment bonds now pledged against circu- lation. Both agree in adding careful provisions for the printing of the notes; in dealing more equitably with interior banks in the matter of domestic ex- change, and in striking out the House bill's eleventh-hour provision, very ob- jectionably drawn, for a savings de- partment. Thus the two reports stand together on the need of extensive amendment to the bill, and in so doing they dispose of the notion, altogether too prevalent, that the public duty of the Senate con- sisted merely in ratifying all the House provisions, solely in order to get the law on the statute books in the extra session. Yet their plans for amendment differ in some material particulars, and it is on these differences that thorough Congres- sional debate will properly converge. The Democratic report would reduce the House bill's twelve regional banks to eight of such institutions, with branch- es; the Republicans would cut the num- ber down to four. This is fair matter for debate; our own present judgment inclines to the smaller number, though with branches. The Democrats would remove from the House bill the provision whereby 'the Secretary of Agriculture and the Con- troller of the Currency would be mem- bers of the Federal supervisory board of seven, but would leave on it the Secre- tary of the Treasury, all the rest to be named by the President. The Republi- cans propose eliminating all Govern- ment officers, and raising the number of its membership to nine, including the Secretary of the Treasury ex-officio. The Democrats make the official term six years; the Republicans eight. This Re- publican plan is preferable. In the matter of subscription to stock of the regional banks, two opposing theories are embodied in the proposed amendments. The Democratic report, on the basis of calculation of actual require- ments, reduces the subscription to 6 per cent, of the capital of subscribing banks, any unsubscribed balance to be offered to the public. The Republicans, on the contrary, would require the individual banks to underwrite the stock up to 6 per cent, of their capital, but meantime would offer it to the general public. The Democratic report would author- ize a Federal reserve bank to redeem pro rata, in the new circulating notes, the present outstanding notes of nation- al banks up to $36,00u,000 per annum, to cancel them, and to assume on its own account the 2 per cent. Government bonds pledged against them, which the Treasury shall then exchange for one- year renewable 3 per cent. Government obligations. The Republican plan pro- poses a similar operation, up to 50 per cent, of a reserve bank's capital. This is a practicable opening of discussion on one of the oldest and most trouble- some stumbling-blocks of the whole ques- tion of American currency reform. On the controversy as to stipulation of gold alone for the reserve maintained against the notes and for redemption of the notes, both reports propose a change, but the Republicans go further than the Democrats. The Democratic report advises that the notes be made redeem- able in gold alone at the Treasury, but in "gold or lawful money" at a Feder- al reserve bank, whose reserve against the notes may therefore be "gold or law- ful money." The Republican report pro- vides for redemption in gold alone, and for gold alone in the reserve — this on the explicit ground that "it is obviously unsafe to provide that one Government obligation may be redeemed with anoth- er Government obligation." So long as the notes, though issued under the aus- pices of regional banks, are declared to be Government obligations, this conclu- sion seems to us entirely sound. So also, we think, is the raising of the ratio of reserve, by the Republican re- port, to 45 per cent, of outstanding notes, instead of 33 1-3 per cent, in the House bill and 35 in the Democratic committee report. We should regard it as in all respects wiser if the clause declaring the notes to be obligations of the United States — which we hold as superfluous as it would have been in the case of the present na- tional bank notes — were to be dropped entirely. As it Is, both reports approve it. That both reports should also leave unchanged the absurdly objectionable language, whereby the House bill de- clares the notes to be issued "for the purpose of making advances to Federal reserve banks, and for no other pur- pose," is the greatest disappointment oi the committee's -work. For ourselves, we shall continue to urge the Senate and tin' House to strike out that clause,

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Nov. 27, 191 3 j The Nation 501 which states an economic falsehood, and which can have no other result than to mislead the public. PROPHETS OF ET1L. It was the rueful remark of a college professor, famous in his day for habit- ual pessimism: "Well, after all, the op- timists have the best of it in this world." This may have been, in his mind, only an ingenious way of con- firming himself in his view that this earth is a vale of gloom: how bad a planet it must be if even such sound and studied opinions of it as his own confessedly were proved so often to be wrong! Plainly, it was no place for a reasonable man; and pessimism was thus made triumphant even when op- timism appeared to be so. This kind of dubious Q. E. D. is, how- ever, rather a cold form of consolation for a public man who frequently sets himself up as a prophet of evil. There is Mr. Balfour, for instance. He has been called a pessimist, though he de- nies the charge. He did once ask, how- ever: "What would you think of me if I were pleased with everything that is going on in the world?" He is distinct- ly not pleased with what is going on in England and Ireland just now. His re- cent speech on the Irish question was steeped in melancholy. Of course, Mr. Balfour is opposed root and branch to all that the Liberals are attempting for Ireland, but he is opposed also to the plans of Sir Edward Carson. To the suggestions of a conference and a com- promise he is likewise hostile, although Bonar Law, the Conservative leader, has expressed a willingness to listen to Mr. Asquith's proposals. Whichever way you turn, there is, according to Mr. Balfour, no hope. All the possible courses are "bad." Here is his summing up of the situation: I look forward— I do not deny it— I look forward with the most gloomy apprehen- sions to the future whatever course be taken. I think we have been brought by this Radical statesmanship into a position from which no issue which the wit of man can contrive is without the gravest perils and will not carry with it serious disaster. It would be an exigent pessimist who could demand anything darker than that. When an English statesman aban- dons even the standard hope that "we shall somehow flounder through," things have gone pretty far. As against Mr. Balfour, however, the optimists are making play by reproducing former pre- dictions of his of an almost equally un- relieved blackness. The Irish outlook is, indeed, dark and troubled, and the most optimistic cannot at present do much more than hope against hope that in time will come a ray of light. But it is recalled that Mr. Balfour was fully as emphatic and fully as gloomy in his warnings, six or seven years ago, against what the Liberals were proposing to do in granting self-government to the Boers in South Africa. Nothing but disaster and woe could follow that blunder, he solemnly assured Parliament and the country. To cite his direful words then against him to-day does not, it is true, prove that he is entirely wrong about Ireland now; but it is a taking form of retort. It is obviously a dangerous thing for a public man or a political party to in- dulge too freely in forecasts of trouble. We have had many instances of it in our recent political history. The most striking, of course, have come from "ca- lamity-howlers" on the subject of the tariff. It would be almost ciuel to dig up now such a speech as Senator Smoot made only last May upon the certain disastrous consequences of the Under- wood tariff bill. The Utah Senator did not "see red"; he saw black. Every- where men out of work and starving, both industry and agriculture prostrate, and a wronged and angry people burn- ing with impatience to turn the Demo- cratic party out of power — such was his mournful vision. Any one listening credulously to his grieving prophecies could not but be overcome with special wonder at the absolute calm and general acquiescence with which the country made the transition from the old tariff law to the new. These are some of the perils that lie in the way of dabbling too often and too unguardedly in prophecies of evil. "THE SATIRIST OF THE VICTOR- IANS." To cultured Americans of the 70's and 80's London Punch meant George Du Maurier. Most of us lacked the special knowledge to relish the admirable po- litical cartoons of Tenniel and Lindley Sambourne. The racy draughtsmanship of Charles Keene was already only a memory, and it was twenty years be- fore his mantle was divided between Phil May and Raven Hill. Du Maurier dominated the interval, and nowhere more completely than in the America which later acclaimed "The Martian," "Peter Ibbetson," and "Trilby." A new biography, by Mr. T. Martin Wood, brings those days vividly before us. Mr. Wood explains the British vogue of the gentle satirist by his completely representative quality. He seized upon a new topic, the middle-class drawing- room, and drew its epic. The amiable pretences of the new strugglers, their somewhat desperate patronage of the aesthetic movement, their innocent way of blurting out the things one would rather have left unsaid — all this he caught with inimitable kindliness and humor. Detached artist as he was by his origins and ever professed to be, at bottom his standards were theirs. Ad- miration for the awkward grace of Brit- ish girlhood and young womanhood, a smiling respect for the sturdy crotchets of dowagerdom, fellowship for the lithe and rather languid young men who wore evening dress so convincingly and knick- erbockers most adorably, sympathy even for futile tongue-tied dons, egregiously complacent concerning themselves and one another — this was the note of Du Maurier. Nor in Du Maurier's gallery should the bathetic and scant-witted clergyman be forgotten. It is a world of the perpetual afternoon of the tennis tea or the more stately indoor cere- mony, with occasional graver glimpses of the compulsory communion of the dinner hour and its obligatory social sequels. It was probably the Frenchman in Du Maurier that gave him this perfectly lucid vision of the inevitable social di- lemmas of an eminently unsocial race. It is the unstudied and very casual mood of his people that makes them wholly amiable, even when they are in some artless fashion acquiring social estate. The tactics of these lion-hunters are so open that only the fiercest lion w-ould decline to let himself be caught. In much this fashion Mr. Wood sympa- thetically explains the popularity of Du Maurier among those he so gently ridi- culed. Very appropriately the book takes the form of a long essay, contain- ing what little biographical matter could be gleaned from Du Maurier's tranquil career. The decline of his work in the later time is sufficiently indicated. In-

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502 T li e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2526 deed, one or two of the early illust ra- tions for Vornhill suggest that Du Mau- rler had capacities not wholly realized in the long and willing servitude to Punch. Returning to the American vogue ot the artist, we need a somewhat different explanation. It was the gracious exot- icism of the work that beguiled us all, and yet an exoticism in which we had some remote part. Doubtless, our own eager girls envied just a little those slender Tennysonian maidens of whom nothing was expected save to be maiden- ly. As for our young men prematurely battling with the cares of business and the responsibility of being agreeable, the negligent irresponsibility of DuMaurier's well-groomed youngsters spoke of kinder conditions, where the show of wit was not exacted and the fear of ridicule was absent. Even the parvenus among us must have longed at times for a social order so nicely stereotyped that the real right thing might be unmistakably known of all men, and industriously imi- tated with good hope of ultimate suc- cess. It is indeed of the essence of the Du Maurier parvenu — and the character- istic which separates him from more tragic American or Continental affinities — that he or she is surely going to ar- rive. One feels the legitimate force of push plus money, and knows that what- ever probationary embarrassments the newcomer may undergo he will in turn requite to some newercomer. A sort of progressive poetic justice underlies all of Du Maurier's satire; his graphic dramas, unlike his novels, always end well. Du Maurier's people are merely engag- ed, somewhat ridiculously, in what he deemed essentially a worthy emprise. The intrinsic desirability of a glorified drawing-room, thfl sensibleness of seek- ing to improve lie's own — this was his fundamental anom, one might almost say his religion. His triumphs cannot be repeated, for the axiom has been rudely challenged, asd the cult of a gently bred society is on the defensive. The new people of Du Maurier brought rith their ascent a new crop of destruc- tive ideas to which he was wholly obliv- ious. While he drew, his way of think- ing was already an anachronism. Very significantly he carved his initials on the famous round-table of Punch along- side those of Thackeray, the disciple be- side the master. But in being anachron- istic, Uu Maurier was finely perceptive of his proper task. The business of an illustrator is less with coming ideas than with present face values. These Du Maurier presented with the most winning accuracy. His biographer writes truly: Already Du Maurier's art is very pre- cious; the environment of the people he de- picted is everywhere being smashed up. Our curiosity is sharpened for everything •that remains to reflect those people to us. Our debt to the mirror of Du Maurier's art increases every hour. ORATORY AND THE PRESS. Fragmentary accounts have reached this country of the Rede lecture on "Modern Oratory" which Lord Curzon recently delivered at Cambridge Uni- ' versify. He gave running estimates of many of the leading orators of the pres- ent and the previous generation. Some of his judgments were piquant, and some, as his references to Mr. Redmond and to Lloyd George, a little malicious. The cable told us of the neat way in which the speaker avoided the task of awarding the palm for oratory among all the English contenders whom he passed in review. He said: The finest speech in English of the last half-century was delivered at Gettysburg —a 81 Ch made by a man who had been a country farmer and a district lawyer, which ranks among the glories and the treasures of mankind. I escape the task of deciding which is the masterpiece of Brit- ish eloquence by awarding the prize to Abraham Lincoln. Lord Curzon, however, was upon more debatable ground when he entered into a comparison of the oratory of our day with that of a century ago. He believes that there has been a distinct decline. It is too nice a question to be decided off-hand; and weighty opinion could bs cited against Lord Curzon's view. Eith- er way, the reasons which he assigns for the alleged falling off in public elo- quence do not seem at all conclusive Hifl explanation is that high oratory is essentially an aristocratic art. Chat- ham and Fox and Burke and Pitt "spoke ::,-: they lived and dressed and drank — in a grand style." They were "a select r< ■ v% among the governing classes who form ed a close caste." And as social and political conditions to-day arc vastly ilil Cerent from what they were in "the . poch of English 00 atory" ( Lord Curzon means the second half of the eighteenth century), it is natural to ex- pect a great change in the standards and displays of public speaking. This has become vulgarized, in Lord Curzon's opinion. And for it the modern news- paper is largely responsible. "As re- porting improves, oratory declines." This is a hard saying. If the lecturer had said that garbled or misunderstood reports of a great oration must tend to discourage orators, one could have un- derstood him and even sympathized with him. But how the spreading abroad of the words of a public speaker, provid- ed they are accurately printed, can by itself do anything to lower oratory, it is difficult to see. This part of the com- parison between our day and Dr. John- son's is largely a question of degree. In his time there was reporting of Parlia- mentary speeches. He did it himself. Transcripts of the speeches of Fox and Sheridan were in circulation. How did we get, for example, Burke's address to the electors of Bristol, if it was not taken down or carefully written out? But the moment you grant that a legiti- mate motive and inspiration of the ora- tor lie in his sense of an appeal to an audience wider than the one immediate- ly before him, you destroy the inference that the broadcasting of his words through the press can injure either his art or his influence. There is, of course, something incommunicable in oratory. Neither types nor any other form of sec- ond-hand report can convey the real magic of eloquence. But this was not what Lord Curzon was talking about. He seems to think that the mere process of making oratory widely public de- grades it. Others might argue that it furnished a new stimulus to the orator, since it offend him so many more hear- ers to be persuaded or captivated. In fact, one of Lord Curzon's own ex- amples could be adduced against his con- tention. He ranks Lord RoBebery high among present-day speakers, saying that there is some justice in calling him "our only orator." He lias almost every gift Of nature; and is nearly unique today in being able to produce orations that are at the aanw time literature. Rose- bear's recent intimation that he should probably speak no more, Lord Curzon called "an unpardonable I arsat " Well, how has it been v. Ith Lord R* sehi rj In I tor Of report Ing his ipefil ■ if No man has. DOM more fully

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Nov. 27, 1 9 1 3 J T li e N" ation 503 reported; and no man has apparently cared more about being reported. The moBl careful preparations are made, (I luiH'ver Rosebery speaks in Scotland or a remote part of England, to have a rerbatim reproduction of his speech in tin' London morning newspapers next day. Indeed, a constant manifestation of Rosebery's oratorical temperament is his sensitiveness to external conditions of tli is sort. His friends have long known this and sometimes have acted upon it to aid him. He was once ad- dressing a great audience, and, for the first five minutes, appeared ill at ease. Then a note was handed up to him, read- ing: "Your Lordship is being heard perfectly in all parts of the hall." After that, he went on with excellent spirit and effect. Such an orator as that could not be hurt by knowing that he should be heard perfectly in all parts of Eng- land. Oratory may or may not have "declin- ed." It certainly has greatly changed. If it had not, the inference would be that speakers were lacking not only in native eloquence but in common-sense. The old style would often be singularly inept to- day. But if the highest oratory is not so frequently met with in our time as it once was, the reason must be sought in general causes such as seem to have dried up the greatest poetry and maae barren the upper ranges of imaginative literature. The press has sins enough to answer for without being loaded down with those for which it has no direct responsibility. "RARE" BOOKS. An ambitious young bibliophile is nearly $85,000 richer as the result of a jury's verdict in the Supreme Court of New York. The case was of a kind now almost classic, involving as it did ten- thousand-dollar Balzacs, promissory notes, the fine art of Wallingford sales- manship, and a customer more rich in goods than in guile. The law of negotia- ble instruments usually works hard on the victim, since fraud must be very clearly shown to invalidate a note of hand. In the present instance a jury held that fraud was proved, and the youthful disciple of Grolier not only had his outstanding notes cancelled, but was awarded a large sum of money of his own already paid out on his "contract." The jury's decision did not hinge upon the point that the defendant had been charged ludicrously exorbitant prices for his collection, of machine-made art books, but upon the specific fact that the booksellers, after guaranteeing their "rare" and "unique" editions, could not resist the temptation to make a couple of hundred additional sets bloom where only half a dozen were supposed to grow. Justice was thus rendered upon a technicality, though a technicality that is broad and sound enough. The pre- sumption is that if the publishers had been content with a modest profit of 2,000 per cent, instead of reaching out for a possible profit of 10,000 per cent, they would have been upheld by the courts. In marketing Balzacs at prices that are occasionally larger than one would have to pay for a first folio Shakespeare, and in marketing mining stock that oc- casionally sends its promoters to jail, the methods are strangely similar. In both cases the appeal is usually directed to the widow and the orphan: the elder- ly widow who has forgotten the ways of the world, and the rich orphan who has not yet learned them. In both instances the highest art of specious salesmanship is brought into play. Selling an extra- illustrated edition of Balzac is not a stroke of business; it is a campaign. The evidence brought forward in the case we have referred to shows how assid- uously the youthful would-be rival of J. Pierpont Morgan was courted by agents who traded upon the unsuspecting friendship of a boy. One of his inti- mate friends was the go-between. On the day when this innocent patron of the arts attained his majority he was feted at a banquet by his publishers, the cost of which was probably charged up to a little extra hand-tooling on the precious volumes. Balzac was merely the pivot about which this extraordinary campaign was waged. It need not have been Bal- zac. If the customer at the last mo- ment had expressed a preference for cop- per stock, the devoted agent would pre- sumably have had no difficulty in sup- plying him with a de luxe edition of cer- tificates of Red Eye common, guaran- teed to pay 300 per cent, annually with- in two years. as the purchaser is concerned. The rare books are usually sold not as to book- lovers but as to investors. The widow and the orphan are assured that in a very short time a customer will be found for the extra-illustrated Balzacs at an enormous profit. This is what one may call the rather sordid aspect of such transactions, even as regards the victim of the swindle. He does not al- ways come into court with aesthetically clean hands. To pay a foolish price for the love of a supposedly beautiful thing speaks rather well for the victim. To sink a large sum of money into a ridic- ulously impossible investment simply argues innocence, without anything of its charm. And yet even here it is dan- gerous to draw the line too sharply. In every field of connoisseurship the love of art and of a good bit of business have very frequently gone hand in hand. Pri- vate picture galleries are an investment as well as a luxury. There can be no doubt that the magnificent prices obtain- ed in the legitimate book-auction rooms are used by the unscrupulous dealers as bait for their victims. Like many evils, the rare-book fraud is simply an abuse growing out of a con- dition worthy in itself. The love for beautiful books is a taste of surprising- ly wide dissemination. Ten-thousand- dollar Balzacs are only for the chosen few, but there are a great many moder- ately well-off households in which the extra-illustrated Balzac or Voltaire, sell- ing at several hundred dollars, will be found. Here, too, we must discriminate between the natural love for beautiful books, the desire for a handsome and not too expensive bit of house-furniture, and the stimulating efforts of the book- agent. One must not peer too closely into the complexity of human motive. Money can be disbursed much more fool- ishly than on classic authors In full mo- rocco. It would be a pity if the inter- ests of the legitimate publisher were in- jured by the operation of the pirate de luxe. CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS AT OX- FORD. Oxford, November 4. The University did herself great hon- Another parallel between Balzac Ex- or to_day when she enrolled this distin- tra Illustrated and Copper Deferred may ! guished American among her graduates. . f . . .. . There are several occasions when honor- be found in the fact that both are fre- j l re rre ary degrees are conferred— at the quently commercial transactions, so far Encaenia, or Commencement, in June, at

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5Q4, The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2526 one of the many degree days during the term, at special gatherings or congress- es, such as the British Association, or at any one of the weekly meetings of Convocation during term. The prelim- inary procedure is slow, taking four or five weeks. The name is first proposed to the Hebdomadal Council, the next week the case is stated, the following week the voting takes place, and in the next Gazette an announcement is made in the following form under Univer- sity Agenda: In a mooting of Convocation, to be fol- lowed by a meeting of the Congregation of the University, to be holden on Tuesday, November 4, at Two o'clock, the follow- ing business will be presented to the re- spective Houses. T. B. Strong, Vice-Chancellor. Delegates' room. October 28, 1913. 1. CONVOCATION. 1. Honorary Degree. It will be proposed to confer the Degree of D. Litt., honoris causa, on Charles Fran- cis Adams, L.L.D., Harvard, late Lecturer on the History and Institutions of the United States of America. Oxford University is governed by a democracy of doctors and masters who week by week meet in Convocation and Congregation and pass upon the business prepared by a group of eighteen men, who, with the Vice-Chancellor and proc- tors, make up the Hebdomadal Council. A degree may be conferred in one of three places, the Divinity School, the most beautiful room in Oxford, dating from the fifteenth century; the Convo- cation House, or in the famous Sheldon- ian Theatre. By a piece of good luck there was contentious business to-day, so that Convocation had to meet in the theatre. Robed in a scarlet gown with gray trimming, and wearing a round velvet cap, Mr. Adams was first escorted by the regius professor of history to the Divinity School to await the decision of Convocation. At two o'clock sharp the Vice-Chancellor, Dr. Strong, escorted by the four bedells, entered a fairly well filled theatre, the senior bedell saying: "Intretis in Congregationem Magistri, intretis." Taking his seat, the Vice-Chan- cellor declares "causa hujusconvocationis est," etc., and immediately proceeds to the first business in hand, on this oc- casion the reading of the proposal to confer the degree; and asking in the old phrase, "Placetne vobis Domini Doc- tores, placetne vobis Magistri?" Unless the question is doubtful, one in I hears a "placet" or a "non placet"; and as no objection was raised, the bedells went for the candidate and escorted him to the steps leading to the Vice-Chan- cellor's seat. It was a glorious day, and the sun, streaming through the win- dows of Wren's majestic building, lit up a memorable scene, the centre of which was the alert, vigorous-looking old vet- eran, an historical representative of all that is best in American life, to whom the mother of English universities paid homage. As the public orator, Mr. Godley, had not returned from Princeton, his deputy, Mr. Powell, Fellow of St. John's College, made the presentation in the following Latin speech, many passages of which called forth hearty applause: Satis notum esse omnibus opinor, in- signissime Vice-Cancellarie, praelectiones de reipublicae Americana? institutis jam secundum annum apud nos a viris illustri- bus haberi. Horum alteri, Carolo Fran- cisco Adams, summum Academicum hon- orem hodie conlaturi sumus; qui cum de Bello Civili dissereret, dilucide ostendit quibus moribus, quibus viris, res Ameri- cana creverit. Quorum virorum cum tam singulare ex- emplar oeulis nostris proponitur, statim succurrit animo antiqua ilia Roma? con- dicio, cum non tam propter singulos cives quam propter singulas gentes nomen Ro- manum floreret. Cum enim civis alicujus et avum et proavum principes civitatis esse creatos, cum patrem legationis munus apud aulam Britannicam summa cum laude esse exsecutum cognovimus ; cum denique ipsum per totum bellum stipendia equo meritum, summa pericula "Pulcra pro Libertate" ausum, propter virtutem in Monte Meri- diano spectatam pro contione laudatum, Romanae alicujus gentis — Brutorum vel Deciorum — annales evolvere videmur, qui testimonium adhibent "Fortes creari for- tibus," et majorem exemplis et imaginibus nepotes ad virtutem accendi. Tales gentes, tales viros Angliae Novae provincia celeberrima procreare solet, sim- plicitatis, constantiaa, pietatis integerrima sedes ac domicilium, inter quos hie civis illustrissimus semper memorabitur, qui cum miles servis libertatem acerrime vindica- visset, mox rude donatus maximam operam enixe dedit, ut vulnera dilaceratae reipub- licae coalescerent, neque animi civium memoria cladium recentium exacerbaren- tur. Cujus rei insigne testimonium in Prslec- tionibus dedit, cum non suos, sed par il- lustre ducum adversorum. maximis laudi- bus extulerit, Robertum Lee et Thomam Jackson — bairep \aiveov reixos 7r^Xe papvapt- vokjlv. Denique, postquam arma togae ces- serunt, locupletissimus auctor de Ameri- canis rebus habitus, et inter praspositos Academiae Harvardiensi electus, summa gratia et dignitate apud universam civita- tem floret, dum juventutem cohortatur ut fortia facta patrum asmulantes sese patriae impendere sint parati. Marie tiia virtute, Benex; sic Itur ml astra. Praesento tibi Carolum Franciscum Adams, civem Americanum, ut admittatur ad gra- dum Doctoris in Litteris, Honoris Causa. (Translation) I think it is well known, Mr. Vice-Chan- cellor, that for the last few years lectures on American Institutions have been given hero by distinguished men, on one of whom, Charles Francis Adams, we are to-day pro- posing to confer our highest Academical distinction. In his lectures on the Civil War, he showed us clearly what was the character of the men who made America When such a striking example of Ameri- can character as we see before us to- day is presented to us, we think at once of the old days of Rome, when her great- ness lay, not so much in the character of Individual citizens as in that of her dis- tinguished families, When we hear of any Citizen, that his grandfather and great- grandfather were made Presidents of the 1 nited :- tates ; that his father fllh d high distinction the office of Ambassador l«. the British Court; that he himself serv- ed In the Cavalry throughout the Civil ri.i courageously faced great "For Fair Liberty's Sake," and 1 public honor foi his valor at South Mountain, we seem to be reading the rolls 1 of some great Roman family like that of the liriiti or the Decii, who prove the truth of the words The brave breed the brave, and the truth of the fact that it is the ex- ample or the painting of an ancestor which kindles the fire of valor in the hearts of his descendants. Characters and men like these have often been bred by New England, the famous and noble home of simplicity, consistency, and of loyal duty. He will always be remem- bered as one of her most illustrious sons, for his unflinching championship on the field of battle of freedom for the slave, and for his untiring efforts as a pri- vate citizen in healing the wounds inflicted by the war, and in remov- ing all bitter feelings of defeat. He gave a remarkable proof of this in his Lectures, by the unstinted praise which he bestow- ed, not on his own side, but on the illus- trious pair of Generals on the opposite side, Robert Lee and Thomas Jackson, Who was a Stone Wail on the battlefield. Finally since peace returned, he has been regarded as a sound authority on Ameri- ca, and has been appointed one of the Over- seers of the University of Harvard; and he is regarded by his country as one of her most influential men, ever exhorting the younger generation to emulate the brave deeds of their fathers, and to be ready to spend themselves in their country's service. A blessing on thy manly worth, Sir ; this is the path to Heaven. I present to you Charles Francis Adams, an American citizen, for admission to the Degree of Doctor in Letters, For Merit. By an interesting coincidence, Mr. Adams's Lectures appeared from the Oxford Press this week. A most unfor- tunate date was chosen for their deliv- ery— Eights Week, devoted to the boat races, when a Gibbon or a Mommsen would not have drawn good audiences. It is to be hoped that in future the Oc- tober term may be selected for these lectures on American history. The value of the volume, so it seems to me, is the presentation of the subject, "Transatlantic Historical Solidarity," by an active participant in a great strug- gle. It is an inspiring volume for young men to read, and I trust the old veter- ans will rejoice in the splendid tribute which the distinguished lecturer paid to his old foe, Robert E. Lee, for whom he rightly claims admission "among the world's great — one more American Im- mortal." William Osler. THE GENERAL ELECTION'S IN ITALY Rome, November 13. Peculiar interest attaches to the re- cent general elections in Italy, as they are the first to be held under the new electoral law, which has increased the number of voters from about 3,000,000 to more than 8,000,000. Under the old law the suffrage was limited to male citi- zens above twenty-one years old who could read and write and who paid B certain sum in direct taxes, and to per- sons who had served in the army, had certain school diplomas, or bad held public office. From time to time pro- posals had been advanced in favor ol ,

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Nov. 27, 1 91 3 J The Nation 505 a wider suffrage, but there was no gen-' 1 ral demand for Buch a measure, even on the part of extreme democrats. The only statesman who had always consis- tently advocated universal suffrage was Sig. Sonnino, who regarded it as the best way of raising the level of public life, especially in the southern prov- inces; but even he, while in office, had not attempted to carry out his ideas on inject. Sig. Luzzatti proposed a moderate ex- tension of the suffrage some years ago, but did not remain long enough in of- fice to carry it through. Sig. Gioli'tti, who had previously always opposed all measures of the kind, on his third re- turn to the Premiership suddenly pre- sented a bill granting the suffrage to all citizens above twenty-one years of age who could read and write, and to all il- literates above thirty, except certain specified classes of persons, such as criminals, etc. Every one was surprised at this' eolpo &i 81 ena, as there seemed to be no reason for a proposal which was so radical, and which nobody want- ed. The Socialists, who in theory were in favor of universal suffrage, and dared not oppose the bill lest they should be charged with inconsistency, secretly dreaded its consequences from the point of view of its effects on their own par- ty; the moderate Liberals openly dis- approved of it; the Clericals alone be- lieved that it would increase their strength. It was only the enormous prestige of the Prime Minister that ena- bled him to pilot the bill safely through the two chambers. As soon as quasi-universal suffrage had become law, the Chamber of Depu- ties felt that a general election was im- minent. But for a long time the date of the dissolution was kept a dead secret, and members remained on tenterhooks waiting for the Premier's word to put them out of their misery. At last the Chamber was dissolved, and the elec- toral campaign broke out in full swing. Never before had there been such ex- citement nor such electoral activity, and every party, every group, every individ- ual, put forth strenuous efforts to win the votes of the electors, both old and new. Yet there were no great princi- ples at stake, no important national pro- blems to be solved; the whole interest of the struggle lay in the effe'et which the new law would have on the five mil- lion new voters, while the cynical add- ed that, for the candidates, the election was of peculiar importance only be- cause now for the first time the elect of the people would receive a salary. The parties in the late Chamber were six in number, viz., the Ministerial Liberals, the Opposition Liberals (these two groups generally spoken of as Con- stitutionalists), the Radicals, the Re- publicans, the Socialists, and the Cath- olics. Each of these parties was sub- divided in lurn into two or more groups, sometimes in bitter conflict with one another, as in the case of the Reformist (or Moderate) and the Revolutionary Socialists. In the present election a new party has appeared on the scene, the Nationalists, consisting of a group of energetic and enthusiastic young men who stand for a more vigorous foreign policy, the increase of the army and navy, purer internal politics, and war to the knife against the Free Masons, the Socialists, and all who try to de- rive personal profit from the ignorance and gullibility of the masses, or who exercise illicit pressure on the state for class interests as distinguished from na- tional interests. A peculiarity of an Italian electoral campaign is the attitude of the Govern- ment, which always exercises great in- fluence, especially in the southern con- stituencies, by means of the prefects or provincial governors. A deputy who has the support of the Ministry in power is in a position to promise his constituents far more than any representative of the opposition parties, and for many years Italy has had what is the ideal of many American Democrats — a solid South, solid, however, for the existing Minis- try whichever it may be. The support of the Government is by no means al- ways limited to Constitutionalist candi- dates. Indeed, in the recent struggle no sharp distinction was commonly main- tained between Ministerialists and Anti-Ministerialists, and many elections were contested on other grounds than support of or opposition to Sig. Giolitti. In some cases the battle was fought over the Government's African policy, in oth- ers over questions of local administra- tion, in others again personal considera- tions predominated, while in a large number of constituencies the conflict was between Socialists and non-Social- ists, or between Clericals and anti-Cler- icals. The non-expedit had been official- ly withdrawn by the Vatican in many constituencies, and in others, Catholics, although they were not explicitly order- ed or authorized to vote, felt that they could do so without incurring ecclesias- tical displeasure. Count Centiloni, who may be described as the Vatican's elec- toral agent, obtained from a large number of candidates a written agree- ment not to support any policy injuri- ous to religious freedom or the inter- ests of religion (the actual text of the declaration is not known), independent- ly of the comparatively small number of professedly Catholic candidates. For all the 508 constituencies, the to- tal number of candidates was no less than 1,278, viz., 635 Liberals of vari- ous shades, 08 Catholics, 5 Nationalists, 137 Radicals, 376 Socialists, 4 Syndical- ists, 54 Republicans, and 9 undefined. As the election day drew near, the cam- paign waxed fast and furious, riots were frequent, especially in the ebullient South, with the result that there were many broken heads and three or tour persons were killed. On October 26 only 407 contests were decided; the re- maining 101, in which no candidate had obtained more than half of the votes recorded, had to be fought out again at a later date between the two candi- dates heading the poll. The machinery of the new law proved effective for pro- tecting the secrecy of the vote and pre- venting certain forms of electoral cor- ruption; but its working is complicat- ed and cumbersome, and will probably have to be greatly amended in the im- mediate future. As for the political results of this "leap in the dark," one's first impres- sion is that only the Socialists and the Radicals have succeeded in winning over a large part of the new masses of more ignorant voters. The former have in- creased their membership from 41 to 78, but by no means all of the new Depu- ties belong to the revolutionary wing of the party, while the divisions in the Socialist ranks are deep enough to ren- der them less dangerous than appeared at first sight. The Radicals have in- creased considerably, but their princi- ples are so indefinite and elastic that their gains have but little importance. The Catholic increase has not been as large as was expected, their number having grown only from 21 to 34, but apart from the professedly Catholic group a large number of other Deputies owe their election to the Catholic vote. The tiny Nationalist group is the only one all of whose candidates — five in number — have been returned. In Rome, the Nationalist, Sig. Medici, a member of a wealthy industrial family, ousted from the first division the outgoing mem- ber, Don Leone Caetani, a Constitution- alist supported by Socialists, Radi- cals, and Republicans, one of the few opponents of the Government's Afri- can policy; and Sig. Federzoni, a well- known Nationalist journalist, defeated both the outgoing Socialist member, Sig. Campanozzi, an ex-postal official, dis- missed from the service for gross mis- conduct, and Prince Borghese, a Radical landowner and the hero of the Peking- to-Paris motor race. These tw^o victories have had a more than local significance, placing the Nationalist movement at once on a sound Parliamentary basis. The Liberals have come off the worst, their numbers having fallen from 332 to 271, and among those elected the opponents of the Cabinet have increased their numbers. The revolt against the Premier's policy has been particularly marked in the South. In the city and province of Naples only three of the can- didates supported by the Government have been returned, while in Sicily sev- eral Socialists and Opposition Liberals have been elected. In Calabria and

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500 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2526 Apulia, too, the Opposition has gained strength. These results aeem to indicate clear- ly that, either in consequence of the widening of the suffrage or from other causes, the era of vague, colorless Lib- eralism is over, and that only par- ties who are thoroughly organized and based on definite principles are likely to gain strength. Probably there will be a general overhauling of the Liberal organizations throughout the country, but the only way in which the party can hope to withstand the onslaught of So- cialism and Clericalism is by acquiring more character and vitality. Possibly Nationalism, which is the healthiest po- litical movement arisen in Italy in re- cent times, may supply the necessary impetus, as it alone has something to offer the people instead of the universal panaceas promised by the Socialists for this life or the benefits promised by the Clericals for the next. There is still a great deal of indifference to politics in the masses, and, in fact, under the new law only 15 per cent, of the registered electors actually voted (under the old restricted suffrage the proportion was 65 per cent.), and a more vigorous Lib- eralism, especially if it follows the lead of the Nationalists in advocating an energetic foreign policy and fighting for purer politics — wherein the Socialists, in spite of their high-flown sentiments, have failed miserably- — is likely to win over a considerable number of those who have hitherto abstained from voting. Sig. Giolitti still retains a large major- ity, but the general impression is that he cannot count on it as implicitly as he could on that of the last Parliament, and that he is no longer able to manipulate elections to the same extent as before. An immediate crisis does not appear likely, but many competent observers believe that the Premier will retire be- fore many months have passed. The difficulty will then be to find a successor capable of taking up the burden, for no other statesman has proved himself the obvious leader. L. V. Correspondence BERNARD SHAW AND THE LAW. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In your editorial, "The Rule that Proves the Exception" (Nation, October 23), you speak of Bernard Shaw as the "best- known exponent" of that spirit that "is fighting for the one great impossibility, which Is that there shall be no rules In life, but only exceptions." This spirit, you go on to say, "does not attack laws, but law ; It does not attack definite institutions, but lea of institutions. It is anti-social; not in the sense that it antagonizes society ■ resent constituted, but the very Idea of social organization." The discovery that Bernard Shaw Is not attacking present laws and institutions, ia not antagonizing society as it is now con- si it utcd, might bo deemed sufficiently re- markable. But it pales into Insignificance before the further discovery that he is at- tacking law and the very idea of institu- tions and of social organization. By an un- conscious stroke of irony, the Nation ap pears to have arrived at a conception of Shaw identical with the one held by that unconscionable blackguard, Louis Dubedat, in the "Doctor's Dilemma," who, seeking r.o evade responsibility for his unsocial con- duct, protests: "I'm not a criminal. . . . I don't believe in morality. I'm a disciple of Bernard Shaw." Is it possible that the Nation takes Louis for a real Shavian? For Shaw's serious philosophy of rules and exceptions, we may turn to the preface of "Major Barbara" (the italics are mine) : The advantage of living in society are proportionate, not to the freedom of the individual from a code, but to the com- plexity and subtlety of the code he is pre- pared not only to accept, but to uphold as a matter of such vital importance that a lawbreaker at larye is hardly to be tole- rated on any pica. Such an attitude be- comes impossible when the only men who can make themselves heard and remem- bered throughout the world spend all their energy in raising our gorge against current law, current morality, current respectabil- ity, and legal property. The ordinary man, uneducated in social theory even when he is schooled in Latin verse, cannot be set against all the laws of his country and yet persuaded to regard law in the abstract as ritally necessary to society. Once he is brought to repudiate the laws and institu- tions he knows, he will repudiate the very conception of law and the very ground- work of institutions, ridiculing human rights, extolling brainless methods as "his- torical," and tolerating nothing but pure empiricism in conduct, with dynamite as the basis of politics and vivisection as the basis of science. That is hideous, but what is to be done? And after the declaration that he is "a revolutionary writer, because our inns make laic impossible," Shaw proceeds to tell what must be done. All this, I suppose, is part of his attack on law. You go on in your article to de rlbe Shaw as a man who, because the law does injustice in the exceptional case, antago- nizes all law, believing (to follow your exact phrasing) "that to live under the rule instead of among the exceptions is ludi- crous, indecent, and unjust." As it happens, Shaw has drawn and condemned this very type of character in "Captain Brassbound's Conversion," putting over against it the judge who makes the opposite, yet like, mis- take of supposing that because law is law it cannot do injustice. In fact, a funda- mental theme of this play is the very truth to which you declare that Bernard Shaw is blind: "the inexorable truth that life must be made up of law — and exceptions." The degree of Shaw's blindness to this truth may be grasped by listening to three sentences from his note to "Captain Brassbound's Conversion" : one of the evils of the pretence that our nth 1 list ract principles of instead of being mere 101 lal »cal folding is that persons of a certain tem- nl. take the pretence seriously, ami when tin law Is on the side of injustice, will not are, pi the situation and are driven mad by their vain strath' against it. Hick- ens has drawn the type in hi Man tr Shropshire in Bleat House Most public men and ail lawyers havi been appealed to by victim; ill this sense of injustice Hie ,„.,:. 1 unhelpable ol affliction! In e like ours. The most unhelpable of afflictions! There you have Shaw's own di 1 riptlon ol the \> try philosophy you attribute to him, the phil- osophy, in legal matters, of "no rules, but only exceptions." Bernard Shaw never said: The golden rule is that there are no rules. What he said was: "The golden rule is that there are no golden rules." His quarrel is not with rules, but with bad rules on the one hand and with golden rules on the other. It is not with law, but with bad laws on the one hand and with the doctrine of legal infallibility on the other. Not with the idea of institutions, but with bad institutions on the one hand and the doctrine that institutions are unchangeable on the other. Not with social organization as such, but with social codes that are not complex and subtle enough to embody the real desires and opinions of existing so- ciety. Laws that cannot be respected, Shaw and every other intelligent person knows, undermine respect for law. Institutions that excite contempt excite contempt for institu- tions. Hence he is the defender of both law and institutions in thundering' endlessly into our ears the truth that better laws and better institutions are possible. Radical sentiments from present-day writers always smell of anarchism to some noses; whereas the same sentiments culled from authors of some centuries of classical standing become highly respectable. There is not space here for the sly comments of Chaucer on the subject under discussion, for the visions of Sir Thomas More, the inspired ravings of King Lear, or the tre- mendous sarcasms of Swift. Let me, there- fore (in order to prove myself a thoroughly respectable person), conclude with a few lines from an intimate friend of Bernard Shaw's, that well-known snob and stand- patter, William Shakespeare: We must not make a scarecrow of the law, Setting it iii' to fear the birds cut prey, And let it keep one shane, till custom make it Their perch and not their terror. To which some one will probably be weak- witted enough to retort that these are An- gelo's sentiments and not Shakespeare's. Harold c. Goddard. Swarthmore, Pa., November 18. VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The vocational education, much ad- vocated of late, and temperately appraised by the Nation (July 3), is "working to a logical conclusion" in Los Angeles. So ex- tensive have the "operations of a modern school system" become, that at the opening of the current year the Board of Educa- tion fo§ind itself one-half million dollars short. High schools, intermediate schools, and grammar schools, witli grammar abolish- ed and vocational training substitut- ed, cover the city. Superintendents dash about town delivering strenuous addresses on Industrialism. Classrooms are in a flut- ter of excitement ovor the dally pro 1 of "Aud." calls, where distinguished, self- made men tell children how to become ed- ucated without studying. The LOS IngSlei SChOOll are an svolu ti,,n. Year bj 79M He \ have crowd. .1 nut i iiiture ; Orel grammar 1 1 "in t be schools, then l.alln lr I he Polytechnic

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Nov. 27, 1913J The Nation 507 High School, then prestige from the one academic High School. The pupils are noisy, "happy," and emp- ty. The teachers are compelled to take an informal oath to the vocational slogan of loyalty, efficiency, personality, and power. Persons who show formal scholarship in their teaching are levelled, or dismissed with a card saying, "By your own request your relations with the Los Angeles schools are honorably severed." The Teachers' In- stitute meets at Christmas-tide to talk about social obligation and brotherly love and to sneer at intellectual effort and at- tainment. Meanwhile, the products of the vocational movement are coming up to college, as Professor Gayley's "Idols of Education" has shown. They are the victims of pro- fessionalism in education. College responsi- bility is great. In four years or more, de- spite the presence of departments of edu- cation, as Professor Fite has signalized in the Nation of September 7, 1911, students must be cured of twelve years' petting and Ben1 forth equipped (1) with a profession and (2) with a decent sense of values. William Chislett, jr. Stanford University, November 17. CALIFORMAN ENGLISH. To the Editor of The Nation : Sir: I take "Cafeteria" (about which your correspondent inquires) to be of Califor- nian growth. It is probably formed on the model of the Italian oxtcriu, an inn or hos- telry, and connected with Italian caffettiera, or Spanish cafetera, a coffee-pot. It signifies a lunch room of good standing, capable of seating about 200 guests, where everybody has to help himself. On entering you procure a tray, knife, fork, spoons, and napkin at one counter; whereupon the cooks serve you with whatever dish and beverage you select at another ; then a check is handed to you. This is the custom in San Fran- cisco, where such places are in great re- quest. An orchestra performs from a mez- zanine during the busy hours. At Oakland the adjective "encinal" is applied to a line of cars that runs from the jetty along the coast through Alameda. The word is derived from Spanish encina, the live oak (Quercus agrifolia), an ever- green tree which grows abundantly along the foothills and on the coast in this lo- cality; it is, in fact, the species from which the town of Oakland was named; hence "Encinal Line" means the line that skirts the coast. Another word I noticed during my recent visit to California, which is not yet included in the dictionaries, is "renovatory." This denotes a small shop where garments, both male and female, are repaired and cleaned; there are several in different parts of the town. Golden Poppy. New York, November 20. A COLERIDGE CONCORDANCE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Will you give me space in your correspondence columns to announce my undertaking of a concordance to the com- plete poetical and dramatic works of Sam- uel Taylor Coleridge? The concordance will be compiled co- operatively, as have been Professor Coop- er's Wordsworth Concordance and Profes- sor Osgood's Spenser Concordance. With the approval of Mr. Ernest Hartley Cole- ridge, and the consent of the Oxford Uni- versity Press and of Mr. William Heine- mann, who holds the copyrights on some of the pieces, my concordance will be based on the two-volume Oxford Press text of "The Complete Poetical Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge," edited by Mr. Ernest Hartley Coleridge in 1912. I shall be grateful for any suggestions or information that may be offered to me. John Edwin Wells. Beloit College, Beloit, Wis., November 21. THE FAREWELL SPEECH IN "HAMLET." To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In "Polonius and the Zeitgeist," published in the Nation for October 30, the writer has no way of accounting for the farewell speech of Polonius to Laertes, ex- cept on the "ground that the author had a few gnomic sentences in his head on the subject of success in life, and thought the third scene of the first act of Hamlet as good a place as any." And he calls our at- tention to the fact that inasmuch as Laer- tes had already been to France, the situa- tion does not in any way demand such a speech. I wish simply to say that in view of such a situation, that of a young man's depar- ture, Shakespeare could hardly have avoid- ed this speech. It has been pointed out that there were certain very definite rela- tions between the drama and the fiction of the Elizabethan period. This convention of the "farewell speech" was one of them. By the time that Shakespeare was writing "Hamlet" the convention was too firmly es- tablished, and too well recognized, to be disobeyed merely because a particular sit- uation did not happen to make such a speech absolutely imperative. The convention had its origin in the prodigal son story, a fact which does not in any way controvert a later statement in the article quoted, that there is an ele- ment of universality about such a speech as that of Polonius. The prodigal son theme was one of considerable importance in litera- ture at, and before, the time of Shake- speare; particularly this phase of it, which so well suited the didacticism, real and pretended, of the age. The opportunity to give bits of worldly wisdom which the de- parture of the prodigal son offered was too good to let pass. There was a similar situation which offered as excellent an opportunity, the situation of the death-bed, in which an old man could discourse at length to hfs sons or daughters upon the philosophy and policies of life. The two situations came to have practical identity so far as the opportunities which they pre- sented were concerned. The advice given and the phraseology used, as can be seen from the works of Gascoigne, Lyly, Greene, Lodge, and others, were stereotype expres- sions in accordance with a convention. J. Clark Jordan. The University or Illinois, November 21. Literature THE PROGRESSIVE LIFE. Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography. New York: The Macmillan Co. $2.50 net. "Naturally," says Mr. Roosevelt in his preface, "there are chapters of my autobiography which cannot now be written." It is the simple truth to add that these unwritten chapters must surpass in interest any of those which he has laid before us. For there is al- most no raising of the curtain here, no revelation of that "inside history" which makes memoirs at once so fascinating and so valuable. Nevertheless, the Col- onel has no apparent difficulty in pro- longing his story to the limits of a siz- able volume, made somewhat inconveni- ent, it must be acknowledged, by the use of heavy calendered paper. The outstanding feature of the book Happens to be that which characterizes the autobiography of another public man, who, no more than Mr. Roosevelt, it is to be feared, would relish any com- parison between the two men. Senator La Follette's account of his career is hardly to be called a narrative: it is a discourse, strung upon a chronological thread. Now, Mr. Roosevelt can beat any man at that man's own game; and, accordingly, he outpreaches the Wiscon- sin Senator in both volubility and vocif- eration. It is La Follette who scores the worst single instance of sermoniz- ing, for he was allowed by his publish- ers to conclude his volume with thirty- five pages containing his fatal Philadel- phia address. But the Colonel does bad- ly enough by printing as part of one of his chapters a four-thousand-word letter to Charles J. Bonaparte which merely rehearses the points he has just lv on thundering into his reader's ears. An- other similarity of the new book to the older one is its terrible earnestness. Both La Follette and Roosevelt have seen things which struck them as amus- ing, and which they pass on to others, but one looks in vain for a real sense of humor in either. Most volumes of rem- iniscences are notable for their r< ing of anecdotes, but neither of these gentlemen has time or inclination to stop for such petty matters. "John Hay was one of the most delightful of com- panions," we are told, "one of the most charming of all men of cultivation and action." What a series of stories this statement would introduce in the ordi- nary autobiography! But Mr. Roose- velt's is not the ordinary autobiography. A nation is waiting to be saved, and only a torrent of words can avert its im- pending doom. What Mr. Roosevelt has done is to Write an apnlnoin. He tnkes up his deeds one after another, retells them briefly.

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508 T li e 3ST a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2526 and then immerses them in a Hood of explanation and justification. Even this method of treatment would give his book Importance if Hie explanation and justification contained new matter, but they do not. There is the same elab- orate balancing between extremes, cou- pled with the free use of superlatives, with which we have long been familiar. This iron necessity of recognizing two sides to everything, of finding some evil in every good and some good in every evil, leads Mr. Roosevelt to ludicrous lengths now and then, as when he quali- fies his abhorrence of conditions in Cuba prior to 1898 by the handsome confes- sion that there is much that he sin- cerely admires about the Spanish char- acter, and that there are few men for whom he has felt greater respect than for certain gentlemen of Spain whom he has known. Even Colombia is not utterly depraved. Its despoiler is "well aware that the Colombian people have many fine traits." But in the case of Panama, of course, it had to be judged "by the action of its Government." Al- ways Mr. Roosevelt's enemies are divid- ed into the wicked and the foolish. In the final chapters, however, in which he is dealing with his policy in foreign af- fairs, even this love of antithesis does not enable him to do his opponents jus- tice. His description of the men who wish to go faster than he in substituting peace for war is fantastic. Why should even a man with a "temperament" as- sert of them that "they rarely try to pre- vent their fellow-countrymen from in- sulting or wronging the people of other nations"? But if Mr. Roosevelt is unfair to his opponents, he makes up for it by un- stinted praise of his conduct in Cuba and of his seven and a half years in the Presidency. Just as he and those who think as he does are the only ones who can be said to stand for both peace and righteousness, so he and they are compelled to look back with regret upon the changes that ensued after March 4, 1909. Over "my successor" Mr. Roose- velt shakes his head sadly. Yet the most striking omission in the book is of the struggle with that successor in the summer of 1912. There is hardly a word of the events connected with either Chi- cago Convention. One chapter does not . fall into the category of all the rest. It is entitled Outdors and Indoors. Free not only from partisanship but from didacticism, relating itself closely to life in the Roosevelt household, it is the stuff of which genuine autobiography is made. Instead of proclaiming and reiterating that love of birds and the out-of-doors as well as of books is essential to any sound patriotism, the Colonel is content to let you see his love for these things, and the large part they may play in the life of the most energetic man. In all its characteristics, its limita- tions no less than its merits, the vol- ume is the Colonel's own. As auto- biography, it is open to criticism. As Mr. Roosevelt's autobiography, the crit- icism must be tempered with an ac- knowledgment of its essential fitness. CURRENT FICTION. The Dark Flower. By John Galsworthy. New York: Charles Scribner's sons. The Garden Without Walls. By Conings- by Dawson. New York: Henry Holt & Co. Mr. Galsworthy has given us an ac- count of the "love-life" of a modern Englishman, to the virtual exclusion of all else about him. Mark Lennan has a right to his temperament by virtue of his profession as an artist. His ambi- tion to be a sculptor is early recorded of him, and we perceive that he present- ly realizes that ambition. But we know nothing of his art beyond the fact that it distinctly does not lean towards the treatment of sex. And we get no glimpses even of his struggles towards success. The interest of the story is focussed upon the three episodes which mean most in the sexual-emotional ex- perience of the man. Each of them is complete in itself, and the separate parts are entitled, not without precedent, Spring, Summer, and Autumn. At nineteen Mark Lennan loves and is loved by a woman of thirty-six, the wife of his tutor at Oxford. The hus- band is a self-centred pedant, and she has never known passionate love till her infatuation for this handsome boy. It is the last appeal of her departing youth for a woman's happiness, and she yields to it desperately. They have come al- most to the crisis when a short separa- tion eases the boy's heart of its strain, and reveals to the woman how unnatur- al and futile is the union she has dream- ed of. The second episode finds Lennan, af- ter six years of study at Rome and Paris, just launched upon his career. Again it is a married woman to whom he is passionately drawn — another victim of formal wedlock, the chattel of a man for whom she has no love. She is of Lennan's own generation, of his own kind; should have been his mate, and at last consents to be, at all cost. She does indeed give herself to him: they are to take up life together on the mor row. But in the hour of their fulfil ment vengeance and death snatch her from him, and he is alone once more. The final episode takes place twenty years later. For fifteen years Lennan has been married, peacefully, to the sweet Victorian maiden who has loved him in youth. He loves her deeply, but his wooing of her has no place In these annals of passion. And at forty-six he wakes to the fact that he still has need of passion, of "l'amour," the spirit of Youth and of Spring. And there comes upon his path, while he is in this mood, a young girl who is the embodiment of that spirit. Circumstance and her own will offer her to his arms; she is for him to take. But history repeats itselt: like the partner of his earliest affair, he has his great desire, but "lacks the illness should attend it." His love for his wife triumphs, though tardily, over his passion for one who must, in the end, be his victim. It is a chronicle which few persons will find agreeable, and many will pro- nounce morbid. But it has neither mawkishness nor fruitless eroticism. There is a good deal of clever writing in Mr. Dawson's book. It displays the sensibility, the conscious fancifulness, which mark the work of a considerable group among the younger English story- tellers. Another item at variance with the tradition of John Bull the bluff and forcible: our own young novelists are, if cruder, far more robust. Outside of fiction, also, it is the English writers of the day who are volatile and exu- berant, not the American. "The Garden Without Walls" is exhausting. It has a highly excited nervous system. At im- mense length, and with tearful earnest- ness, it recounts the feebly erotic ex- periences of an Englishman of "temper- ament." He is too good to be bad and too bad to be happy: is forever dallying with the possibility of sexual satisfac- tion, which he calls sin, but is never man enough to compass it. At the end of all these pages we leave him in worse case than we found him: a person technical- ly sinless, but smirched beyond hope. The Trail to Yesterday. By Charles Alden Seltzer. New York: Outing Publishing Co. In romance it is rather unusual to marry off the hero and the heroine at the beginning of the story. There is something to be said for this plan; at least it gets the inevitable promptly out of the way. It is still more unusual for the hero to win the heroine's hand by threatening to shoot the parson on the spot unless she accepts him; but this, too, has the advantages of rousing curi- osity and of providing a pretty problem for the novelist. It also gives the hero an interesting handicap; it is rather hard to win the affection of a young lady after you have married her at first sight and at the pistol's point. These elements of novelty the jaded reader will find in "The Trail to Yesterday," but he will find no others. Most of the usual ingredients of Western stories are here — Eastern heroine, unscrupulous Eastern capitalist, Western bad man, straight-shooting Western hero (genua "Virginian"). Mix these with the novel situation just, described, and flavor to taste with cattle-stealing, shooting, and

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Nov. 27, 1913J Tlie Nation 509 s, and you have the story, present- ed in sprightly enough style. 7 Tembarom. By Frances Hodgson Bur- nett. New York: The Century Co. iii, « upon a time there was a small Loy who was very poor and had little to eat after his mother died. He was also a wise little fellow, and so he ac- cepted two dimes from a kind neighbor and bought newspapers to sell. His polite manners brought him many cus- tomera and friends, and soon he became office-boy in a newspaper office. He work- ed very hard, and was permitted to run the society page on the Sunday Earth. One day a lawyer came to see Tem and informed him that a relative had left him an estate in Lancashire, of which he was to take immediate posses- sion. It seemed as nice as a "vaude- ville show" to T. T., and he accepted. Only he did not forget his old friends. He provided for some in New York, in- vited others to visit him in England, proposed to a little girl at the same boarding-house, and when she refused him on account of his new wealth, launched her father Into business, and sailed away to conquer the old world. Obviously, not a problem novel. The story is not concerned with eugenics or Camily skeletons. Neither does it preach moral doctrine, save perhaps the good old gospel that the good and kind live happily ever after. The book is rather a modern fairy-tale in "American slang," of which we must admit the writer makes excessive and not always dexter- ous use. Mrs. Burnett has drawn a min- ute picture of story-book life as it might exist in a twentieth-century New York boarding-house seen through magic glasses. T. Tembarom is a not distant relative to Little Lord Fauntleroy. The story is similar, and there are similar studies of character — the staid English attorney, the conservative lord; Mr. Hobbs, the grocer, is supplanted by Mrs. Bouse, the landlady. T. T. is himself a genial successor to the little lord. Ring for Nancy. By Ford Madox Huef- fer. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co. This is such pure farce, and depends for its humor on situations so frankly extravagant, that it might well have had a plot of less complexity. Skimming the seas of summer persiflage, it is nev- ertheless constructed on a three-decker frame. The essential idea is one that has been sadly overused in the last few years: an eligible bachelor trying hard to escape the plots and lures of three de- signing women, only to rush, in the last chapter, into the arms of a fourth. But the three plotters and marplots each represent some form of worldly vanity to be satirized; the ultimate heroine ap- pears disguised as a maid, though she is really a lady during most of the story; there are two families, but slightly con- nected with the main action, whose for- tunes we must follow, and the hero has a positive genius for mishaps that — though each has its own Pickwickian humor — only hamper our interest as we try to follow the main thread. In the end, with the bachelor more and more fascinated by the maid, the romantic interest overpowers even the humor, and the reader takes the book seriously enough to rejoice in the happy marriage which caps the action. Two Little Parisians. By Pierre Mille. New York: John Lane Co. In his admirable studies of the soul of a child, the gifted French journalist and philosopher resorts to little of that sophisticated innocence which passes so frequently for understanding in our An- glo-Saxon literature of infancy. M. Mille's hero is not the victim of condescen- sion. On the contrary, his elderly friend and biographer concedes to little Caillou an outlook upon life which deserves re- statement in grown-up terms and under forms of grown-up logic. After all, the zoologist who describes a rare speci- men of beetle does not attempt to imi- tate the language of the Coleoptera. Cer- tainly in the case of M. Mille and Cail- lou the serious employment of scien- tific observation has not interfered with the delineation of exquisite little pic- tures of the child's mind. TEXTUAL CRITICISM OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. The Washington Manuscript of the Four Gospels. By Henry A. Sanders. New York: The Macmillan Co. $2. The Text and Canon of the New Testa- ment. By Alexander Souter. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 75 cents net. Attention should be called at the out- set to the completion of Von Soden's "Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments" with the publication of the second and final part containing the text with ap- paratus. In the first part of this im- portant work, which appeared at inter- vals between 1902 and 1910 and which is devoted to an elaborate introduction justifying and explaining the text and the selected apparatus of the second part, the author has had at his control more manuscripts, especially minuscules, than any previous editor of the text of the New Testament; has invented a new and ingenious notation for the codices, abolishing the distinction between un- cials and cursives, and has worked out a theory of textual criticism which dif- fers from that of Westcott and Hort, particularly in reference to what is com- monly called the "Western text." This theory, which has affected the textual opinions of Professor Sanders, main- tains that in the fourth century there were in existence three recensions of the text of the New Testament, one made by Lucian at Antioch (/£"), another by Hesychius in Egypt, of which Jerome speaks (//), and a third made by Origen and published by Pamphilus and Euse- Mus in Palestine (/). The ancestor of these recensions, it is argued, is the old- est attainable form of the text of the New Testament, the I-H-K text, and was known to all the writers of the third and second centuries. The divergences between this text and the quotations in early fathers are explained away by the assumption that Tatian's Diatessaron was widely used, and that it corrupted all extant texts. The place here assign- ed to the operation of the text of Tatian manifestly leaves no standing-ground alongside for the "Western text" which plays a leading part in the theory of Westcott and Hort. In the apparatus of the second part the witnesses are arranged according to recensions and families (except in the case of H), so that one gets at a glance, if one has mastered the notation, the history of the reading as the editor un- derstands it. In a second section of the apparatus are recorded in black type readings worthy of being regarded as original, what Westcott and Hort call "alternative readings"; while in a third distinct section information is given on less important textual matters. It will be seen from this statement of Von Soden's theory, an admirable account of which is furnished by Professor Souter, that the recension of Lucian corresponds to the Syrian text of Westcott and Hort, the Hesychian to their Neutral and Alex- andrian (between which Von Soden does not distinguish); but the Palestinian recension has only points of contact with their "Western text." Turning now directly to Professor Sanders's volume, we may state that it is not simply a collation, but also a study of the text of a manuscript of the gospels, purchased by Mr. Charles L. Freer, of Detroit, in Gizeh in 1906, and eventually to be transferred to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. The collation, it may be said, is at once clear, complete, and accurate; it may be verified now by reference to the fac- simile of the MS. which Professor San- ders has just published in a separate volume. Of the many readings pecu- liar to W (the notation of Gregory ac- cepted by Sand ms ; it is a 0 4 in Von Soden) it is tempting to quote the one in Mark iii, 21, where, after the state- ment that the family of Jesus (his peo- ple) went out to lay hold on him, all MSS. but W add: "For they said, he Is beside himself." This MS., however, removes the implication that Jesus was thought to be out of his mind, not by omitting the passage quoted, as Mat- thew and Luke do, but by reading: "For they said they were attached to him."

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510 T li e ITST a t i o ii [Vol. 97, No. 2526 The most noteworthy reading, however, which was known to Jerome but which has not been found as yet in any GreeK MS. except W, is the utterance ascribed to Jesus in one of the spurious endings of Mark (xvi, 9-20), namely, the words inserted between verses 14 and 15. As the passage is probably familiar to re- cent readers of the daily press, it is un- necessary to quote it. Those who are interested will find an exhaustive study of the saying in Gregory's "Das Freer- L.ogion," published five years ago. According to Dr. Sanders, the avail- able evidence points in the main to the lourth century as the date of W, the date, it will be remembered, of tne cele- brated Vaticanus and Sinaiticus. One quire, however, the first quire of John (I, i — v, 11) is in a different hand and on a different kind of parchment. This quire, the editor thinks, is slightly older than the rest of W; other experts have already taken issue with him in this opinion. The order of the gospels is, as in Codex Bezae, Matthew, John, Luke, and Mark. Apart from John xiv, 25 — xvi, 7, and Mark xv, 13-38, the text is complete and in excellent condition, as the specimen pages given in this volume suggest. Instead of contenting himself with a collation of the text and palaeographical observations, the editor discusses at length the problem of the text. In this study, he assumes, apparently, Von So- cmen's theory of recensions by Hesychius and Lucian; but in place of the German scholar's Palestinian recension, he pos- tulates with Hoskier the theory of early polyglots, and uses the expression "ver- sion tradition" to designate the type 01 text found in the bilinguals, versions, and Greek MSS. allied to the versions. Bearing in mind this definition and Von Soden's theory, the reader may be in- terested in a concise summary of Pro- fessor Sanders's conclusions about the types of text represented in W: (1.) The text of Matthew, which, apart from traces of Hesychian influence, is the same throughout, is the oldest example of that family of the recension of Lucian which Von Soden denominates K\ (2.) The text of Mark is erratic, like that of Codex Bezae. Up to v, 30 it is closely related to the Old Latin e, though Coptic and Syriac influences are felt. From v, 31 on, the text is akin to the Old Latin, but not to c; further- more, in this part there is no percepti- ble evidence of the influence of the re- censions of Hesychius or Lucian. (3.) The text of Luke is Hesychian up to viii, 12; from there on it is Lucian, with traces of "version tradition." (4.) The foreign quire of John (I, i — v, 11) presents a decidedly mixed type of text, while the rest of John is preeminent!} 1 ian. Passing over the elaborate theory, difficult to summarize fairly, by which Professor Sanders would account for the character of th" text of the archetype of W, we may close the no- tice by congratulating him upon his great achievement as the editor of what is probably one of the three oldest Greek manuscripts of the gospels. Professor Souter's little volume on the "Text and Canon of the New Testa- ment" is one of the best books in the admirable series entitled "Studies in Theology." The treatment of the text, which is at once trustworthy, readable, and informed, gives the work a place in- stantly alongside of the excellent man- uals of Lake and Kenyon. The descrip- tion of the formation of the canon, brief- er in compass, is supplemented by the addition of thirty or more pages of orig- inal sources bearing on the history of the canon. The Greek sources are fur- nished with an English translation; many readers would have welcomed an expert translation of the Latin sources also. One cannot escape the impression that the author, who is an eminent tex- tual authority, is hampered by the en- deavor to do justice in one small vol- ume to both canon and text. The editor ol the series should have given a sep- arate volume to each subject. The fail- ure to discuss Hoskier's original theory of polyglots, which, as we have seen, has affected Dr. Sanders's understanding of the Washington manuscript, is un- doubtedly due to considerations of space. On the other hand, the reason why Dr. Souter contents himself with a bare mention of W is to be accounted for by the fact that the English edition of his work appeared before Dr. Sanders's vol- ume. Swinburne: An Estimate. By John Drinkwater. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50 net. A passionate, interesting, irritating treatment of Swinburne, involved with a fiery exposition of Mr. Drink water's own conception of poetry and the nature of the poetic mind, the central dogma of his aesthetic creed being that "truth, in art, is merely conviction." We shall not quarrel here with Mr. Drinkwater's ro- mantic defence of romantic poetry. Neither shall we linger over the bal- ance sheet on which he sums up Swin- burne's defects and qualities. As com- pared with his recent hotly panegyrical work on William Morris, this estimate is well balanced, is within its limits crit- ical. He concedes, -on the one hand: that Swinburne is unique among the great poets of the world in the Inflexibil- ity of his manner and style; that he is sometimes intoxicated with the mere "life of words"; that lie produces nota- bly few memorable lines; that he wrote a good deal that cannot be justified ex- cept as technical exercise; that he over- works the anapaest; that his longer ly- rics lu'k evolution ; that he Lb d in the narrative sense; that lie does not understand dramatic form and tech- nique; that as a critic he gives way to the passion of the moment. On the oth- er hand, he contends: that Swinburne is a wonderful master of metrics; that he has as much thought as a poet needs, and treats in his twenty volumes a vast range of subjects; that he has a magnifi- cent abundance and intensity of pas- sion; that his prevailing mood and atti- tude are consistently and bravely "eag- er"; that, though there is much in him that belongs to imperfection, even to failure, there is more "that places him in the company of poets whose names are among the holy things of the earth." To most of this — praise as well as de- traction— the reviewer is ready to say, "Agreed." But so far as the defects re- cited above are concerned, who does not agree? And who does not agree, also, that Swinburne was one of the great masters of word-craft and musical sound? The present task of criticism in his case is to establish, if it be possible, his contested merits; more specifically to show that he does possess that intel- lectual substance and broadly represen- tative character which are rather gener- ally denied him, but without which he cannot maintain his place among the great poets of the age. We have enough, for the time being, of ardent aesthetic criticism in Mr. Drinkwater's manner. What we need now, what Swinburne needs now, is a critic who, undaunted by his vast verbal and emotional incon- tinence, will patiently study the evolu- tion of his ideas, with steady reference to the contemporary movement of ideas and events on the Continent as well as in England. In such a study the deca- dent passional note of the too well known "Poems and Ballads" would sink to a subordinate place, and high light would fall upon his flaming patriotism, his republicanism, the cosmopolitanism of his political sympathies, his angry anti-clericalism, his eloquent religious "positivism," his pantheistic conceptions of man and nature. Properly placed in his age and related to the forces which he celebrated, he would not appear as a great thinker; but he would emerge, in the opinion of the reviewer, with unique claims as the greatest poetical represen- tative in England of the world move- ment known as romantic humanitarian- ism. Now for the performance of this ser- vice to Swinburne, Mr. Drinkwater's aesthetic creed and his critical method totally disqualify him. Holding that "poetry is poetry" and the evolution of a talent is pseudo-scientific psychology, he dei hires that "whether or no a poet's art shows a steady growth in power from book to book is a question of but little importance" — which he Ignores Hold ing, furthermore, that "truth, In art, La merely com li 1 Ion," be Is concerned sole- ly wilh the intensity of that, conviction and the forms it takes. In strict consis- tency he has no OCCaslOO to inquire

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Nov. 27, 1913J T li e N" a t i o n 511 whether the poet is sane or mad, drunk or sober, physically normal or degener- ate ii<' has nil on asloo to co Swinburne's "truth" with the "truth" of his contemporaries, at home or abroad, or to number the multitudes for whom is spokesman. The temporary or ess, the con- formity or non-conformity of his stnse of truth with the general sense of Eng- lishmen or human traditions, does not properly enter as a question under Mr. Drinkwater's aesthetic creed. The only legitimate question for him is, "Does Swinburne's art veraciousfy represent Swinburne?" Mr. Drinkwater holds to this egoistic doctrine with sufficient firmness to war- rant him in disregarding Swinburne's intimate and unexplored relations with Continental poetry; holds to it with just sufficient tenacity to explain his indif- to chronology and to contempo- rary history, and his failure to claim for Swinburne the title which we have already suggested for him, the greatest poetical representative in English of the world movement called romantic hu- manitarianism. And yet Mr. Drinkwa- ter has, after all, a lurking feeling some- where in the dark glowing depths of his critical conscience that a great English poet must be a good Englishman. And so with a noble — one is tempted to say, with a jolly — inconsistency he harps again and again on the somewhat eso- teric idea that if the plain man could be duly purified and magnified, he would feel more like Swinburne than like any other English poet. For, says Mr. Drink- water, "the material that Swinburne took was that element in English poetry that through five centuries had corre- sponded with the general characteris- tics of the English tongue and meta- physic. And so his achievement became in a curious degree representative of the English people. We have greater poets; we have none of whom it can be said with such finality that we alone could have produced him." This is interest- ing and patriotic, but partly unintelligi- ble and wholly unconvincing. The Truth About Woman. By C. Gas- quoine Hartley (Mrs. Walter M. Gal- lichan). New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. $2.50 net. Mrs. Gallichan differs from most writ- ers in this field in showing no dispo- sition to harass the brute male. Men may differ with her — in self-defence they must— but they will find her genial, reasonable, and possessed of a large out- look upon life. In her view men are not less moral than women, though less religious; and they are not grosser in matters of sex, but only more down- right— a rare admission for which men should be grateful. Yet she supports the superstition that men are lacking in parental affection. Women, again, are not physically weaker than men, nor by nature less endowed with initiative. Nor are they more unselfish. "No one can have failed to note the immense egoism of the modern woman," who, through "an over-consciousness of rights," is in danger of becoming "intox- icated with herself." Yet in art, though woman has accomplished little, she is the only sex fitted to succeed — this con- clusion rests upon the fallacy of "su- perior intuition." And, after all, women are superior. By a copious use of the material of bi- ology and anthropology, mostly at sec- ond hand, it is shown that life is "es- sentially female" and that the male is (in the words of the late Lester F. Ward) "an afterthought of Nature," cre- ated merely for purposes of fertilization by an asexual female (monstrum hor- rendum!); and, further, that the earli- est state of society was matriarchal — or does this mean only that, for obvious reasons, blood-relationship was reckon- ed along the female line? Mrs. Gal- lichan is too candid not to reveal the weakness of this favorite feministic ar- gument. But what does it all matter? Does "fertilization" mean that there is no inheritance of paternal traits? And because female superiority prevails up to the time of the amphibians, are we to become amphibious — or prs-amphib- ious? Or because the two husbands of the hermaphrodite cirripede reposed in the pockets of their wife, does she ex- pect us to do the same? All this goes for nothing in the "Mod- ern Section," where Mrs. Gallichan speaks for herself. She has no love for the asexual female. On the contrary, she believes that the true happiness of women is to be found on the side of home and children; and that, even in public life (for she is a suffragist), there is an essentially feminine task to be done which is worthy of the highest in- telligence. She deplores the entrance of women into business, though she as- serts, quite justly, that present social conditions make it unavoidable. And she especially deplores all competition with men, all strife and jealousy of the sexes. Even in industry women should at least consider what men prefer to have them do. Somewhere among the possibilities there must be a peculiarly feminine work which will not only vin- dicate the rights of feminine intelli- gence, but bring women into cordial and generous cooperation with men. Tn matters of detail it must be said that Mrs. Gallichan's ideas are more or less vague. Her chief contribution, beyond many pregnant observations, is a gener- ous and clear-headed sobriety. Her advice to women is to "come out and be common women among common men." If this idea were generally accept d there might perhaps he more doing and less of the feministic assertion of "what women can do." If a woman has done something very good, what but an in- vidious implication is contained in the statement that it is done by a woman? Mrs. Gallichan herself is disposed to make much of the demand that woman must be "free." Yet it is proper to ask in what sense woman is not free. Can it be meant that a novel, a picture, a poem, is judged less admirable when the author is a woman? Or that, in the case of a surgical operation, men would deliberately prefer to risk their lives at the hands of a demonstrably inferior male? The truth is rather that, in all fields, an excellent work by a woman tends to receive somewhat more than its just share of praise. It is a com- mon charge of feminists that men are jealous of an intellectual woman. Yet most men would testify to the peculiar delight afforded by conversation, or co- operation, with a woman of fine intelli- gence. Under present conditions, how- ever, the so-called "intellectual" woman is apt to be a person deficient in human sympathies, one who prefers a profes- sional occupation to the enjoyment of family life. Now men have an equal aversion for the "intellectual" man, but we remember that most of the men engaged in intellectual occupations are husbands and fathers; as a matter of fact, your college professor is a high- ly domesticated animal. The truth must be faced that the combination of domesticity with an intellectual career, which is rendered easy and normal for the man, is for the woman extremely difficult. In this sense woman is clearly not "free," and the prevailing uneasi- ness shows that freedom has become a problem. But the conditions of her bondage have been neither created nor maintained by men. The real criminal is Nature, who has ordained that only women can be the mothers of children. A. steady grasp of this fact would do much to divest the subject of its un- pleasantness and might assist both men and women in devising some solution of the problem. Meanwhile, it is well to ask, with Mrs. Gallichan, whether suc- cess in the occupations of men is a nec- essary test of feminine intelligence and dignity. The Married TAfe of Queen Victoria. By Clare Jerrold. New York: G. P. Put- nam's Sons. $3.75 net. One need not be even middle-agod to remember the time when the name of Queen Victoria was a word to awake reverence, not only in England, but all over the English-speaking world. The demonstrations of the jubilee-year were not perfunctory or local. They reflected a real sense on the part of Christendom that the Victorian reign had made, in countless ways-, for progress and civ- ilization, and a general advancement in well-being to be strongly if vaguely ap- prehended by any intelligent subject or

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5 1 2 Tli e ]ST a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2526 citizen. How far the Victorian Queen was to be held responsible for what had happened during those fifty years was a question which few good subjects or citi- zens thought of urging. The beginning and end of the matter was that for half a century this little woman had been "The Queen, God bless her" — a living symbol of England's greatness. Since the death of Victoria, most books about her have been written gen- tly and with caution, lest the kindly tradition of her be disturbed. Her son's popularity as King no doubt tended to deepen the kindliness of that tradition. Certain official or semi-official publica- tions, such as the recent excerpts from her diaries, have taken care to present her to posterity in the most amiable light. This is all very well, but the obit- uary spirit has its limitations. Even funeral baked meats cease to be palata- ble after a time. The truth is, few in- telligent persons, in England or else- where, would, if put to it, allege that the worthy woman who gave her name to an era was in her own right a great Queen. She wished to be that, she be- lieved in her sacred authority and in her ability to exercise it. For a time, under the influence of Prince Albert, the throne seemed to be making some progress towards the absolutism which both were ready to assume if they could. But meddling with dispatches and scold- ing ministers were illusory means to the desired end; and after the death of the Prince Consort, that little boom in royal prerogative, such as it was, col- lapsed forever. The two ambitions which Queen and Empress never out- grew were that her husband should be remembered as a great man, and that their married life should stand as the supreme exemplar of a pure and happy union. Neither ambition has been quite at- tained. The present volume undertakes, in not too delicate a spirit, to explain why. Prince Albert is shown as a well- meaning, hard-working young man, who had been placed in a most difficult sit- uation, and did as well with it as he could, under all the conditions. He had been brought up as a potential husband of the young English Queen, but his mas- ter, Stockmar, had not thought it worth while to make an Englishman of him. Before his marriage he knew little of English politics, or, what was worse, of English society. True-born Britons dis- trusted him as a foreigner — one of the "marrying Hapsburgs," and his stiff manner and German accent were at once held up to ridicule by the caricaturists and broadside-writers of merry Eng- land. Our author gives a very full ac- count of the attentions of these gentry. Tin Lr freedom is amazing. They hurl gross insults at their young Queen and her Albert, they howl, they hiss, they leer. And it is plain that they express the emotions of the people. England came in time to recognize the faithful- ness and usefulness of the Prince — to the Queen; but never ceased to regard him as an interloper and a nuisance to herself. His stiffness, his secretiveness, his lack of humor — above all, perhaps, a certain acquisitiveness and "closeness" in money matters — kept him from the hearts of his wife's subjects. Of her own heart there was no doubt; yet (here again our author somewhat too obviously exults) their marriage was not the unruffled communion of two per- fect natures which the Queen loved to make it out. The young pair hardly knew each other at the time of their wedding. The Queen was arbitrary, the Prince was, fortunately, a man. The fact that such rank as he might have hoped for had not been given to him perhaps put him on his mettle. At all events, there were quarrels. Victoria threw tea in Albert's august face; Al- bert locked Victoria out: in the end, and in a creditably short time, he establisn- ed the fact that even a mistress and queen should have a lord and master. The point once made, there was little trouble to follow. It was the Queen's nature to depend on some man. Her de- pendence on Melbourne had been attend- ed with some tinge of emotion. Her al- legiance to Albert was destined to be- come an allegiance of mind and will as well as of heart. If he was not King of England before he died, he had at least made himself Queen. This writer's sense of the composite character of Eng- land's sovereign during those later years is facetiously indicated by his habitual use of compounds like "Victoria-Albert,'' and "the Queen-Prince." Taking them purely as a married pair, he thinks bet- ter of the husband than of the wife. He believes that Victoria's pride in Albert was a pride of possession; that her love (and frequent jealousy) were selfish; that she always thought of herself first, and of her husband as relating to her. The book, in short, though it throws some light on the private characters and relations of the royal pair, is malicious and ungenerous in tone. It represents a crude reaction against Victoria-wor- ship. John of Qauvt's Register. Edited for the Royal Historical Society by Sidney Armitage-Smith. Two volumes. Cam- din Third Series., XX, XXI. London: Office of the Society. Pew people interested in the forma- tion of an English Cabinet have any knowledge of the history and functions of the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- caster. It may be recalled that the of- liee, like some other political offices in England to-day, is a sinecure, and is usually given to a Minister whose as- sistance is necessary to a Government; and it may likewise be recalled that John Bright once described the Chan- cellor as the maid of all work of the Cabinet, and that the office was held from 1892 to 1894 by the retiring Brit- ish Ambassador, James Bryce. But why he should bear the exalted name of the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and who is the "Duke of Lancaster," and where are the lands of the "Duchy," probably few have been zealous enough to inquire. Behind the phrases, which are largely mere survivals, lies a long history, dating back to the fourteenth century, when there was a real Chan- cellor, a real duke, and a real duchy that played important and living parts in the affairs of the time. But the real- ity is gone to-day; the chancellor of a vast feudal estate has become a useful party ally, a member of the Cabinet, but not of sufficient prominence to un- dertake the duties of an important de- partment; the "duke" has been merged in the king; and the lands of the duchy, scattered over several counties of Eng- land and managed by subordinate offi- cials, are now crown lands, the reve- nues of which accrue, not to the Ex- chequer, but to the sovereign as part of his private income. The Register of John of Gaunt, edit- ed by Mr. Armitage-Smith, is the roll of grants, charters, and leases of the ancient possessions of the Dukes of Lancaster, as they existed in the reign of Edward III. These possessions at that time embraced territories in nearly every part of England and Wales, and over them the dukes enjoyed extensive rights comparable only with those which the King himself possessed. Many of the rights the King himself had grant- ed, and thus the Duchy of Lancaster was one of the greatest, if not the greatest, of the feudal immunities in England in the Middle Ages. Though at the time when this register was drawn up, 1371-1375, the duchy as such had not come into being, and though for two centuries, until after the disso- lution of the monasteries, additions con- tinued to be made, nevertheless, . the lands in the hands of John of Gaunt were already under a management and control that was as complete and uni- fied as was that of the duchy proper under Henry IV. To all intents and purposes the duchy was a miniature kingdom, except that its lands were widely scattered, and its administra- tion was so elaborate and complicated as to require almost as many officials and as much machinery as did the ad- ministration of the kingdom itself. How this vast estate was managed and how the many different parts wire welded together into a unified whole this regis- ter tells us in groat detail, ami the In formation thua furnished Mr. Armitage- Smith has epitomized in admirable fashion in his preface. The .hike had his council, with chancellor, Bteward,

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Nov. 27, 1913] The Nation 513 chamberlain, controller, and receiver, and below them were numerous officers varying in dignity, rank, and function. These men were concerned with finance, law, hunting, homage, and the house- hold; and stewards, receivers, feodars, and their subordinates were divided into groups; each with its given territory. For the student of feudalism the most important documents in the volumes are those that disclose the relations of lord and tenant and the obligations for war service. The material here printed forms but a small part of the large collection of private muniments belonging to the Duchy of Lancaster that were present- ed to the nation by Queen Victoria in 1868. Th( Story of Harvard. By Arthur Stan- wood Pier. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. $2 net. The unique distinction of Harvard University lies in its great traditions. It is possible for other universities to equal or, indeed, surpass it in re- sources, number of students, renown of teachers, and general prestige before the world, but there are three hundred years through which her history runs like a red thread of honor, from the first obscure founding of Anglo-Saxon America to the present moment. This is a possession which cannot be taken away. The Harvard traditions have a value inestimable, and it is of high im- portance that the story should be known and appreciated. A well-meant effort towards this end, like the book of Mr. Pier, deserves a welcome. The book is small, sketching in two hundred and fifty pages the rec- ord of the institution, with pleasant descriptions, at the outset and close, of life at the University to-day. Mr. Pier summarizes well the accounts of the more formal historians, Josiah Quincy and Benjamin Peirce, and draws abun- dantly from the letters and diaries of Harvard men of every period. His style is dignified, yet easy, and he shows good judgment in selecting for mention char- acters and events that deserve to be made salient. Little fault can be found with his presentment, except that it is incomplete. The book, indeed, seems meagre, when one thinks of what it might have told. For instance, as to Harvard's modern period, no time is better worth an emphasis than that of the Civil War, and Mr. Pier properly accords it extended mention. He has nothing to say, however, of the Confed- erates and their part, but there were noteworthy men among these. W. H. F. Lee, a distinguished cavalry leader, with many of the traits of his great father, was for a time a member of the class of 1858. About the same time the pres- ident of the Hasty Pudding Club was McKim, who laid down his life for the South; and the class-orator, in 1855, was James B. Clark, who served devotedly throughout in the Twenty-first Missis- sippi. They were good men, if mis- guided, and merit at least a word of recognition. As regards the Federal sol- diers, to whom our author confines him- self, he ought to have gone beyond the "Harvard Memorial Biographies," ap- parently his only source. Francis C. Barlow, for instance, the most brilliant of the Harvard soldiers, the only one, we believe, who on commemoration day had attained the full rank of major- general, won by exposures, wounds, and achievements almost unexampled even in that time, is quite ignored. As to the earlier period, it is a sad oversight to forget entirely Henry Vane, whose connection with the col- lege, though, indeed, most transient, was yet very momentous. As Governor of Massachusetts Bay in 1636, he presided over the meeting which founded the col- lege, and it was his voice that declared the vote valid, the creative word which gave the institution being. He sat that day in his chair of state, a youth of twenty-four, his great career all before him, with the long hair which had giv- en offence to the soberer Puritans, at- tired in courtly fashion, with the mien which Clarendon afterwards portrayed as "unbeautiful," though making "men think there was somewhat in him of extraordinary." Mindful of the grim pomp he had seen in the camps and courts of Europe, he had at his back a row of stalwart halberdiers, armed cap a pie — an incident in the Harvard story most picturesque, and deeply memora- ble. Here, certainly, Mr. Pier did not use his opportunity. Every good story has a prologue, and the story of Harvard has one which by no means should be left out. In Stratford-on-Avon stands the "Old House in the High Street," identified by the most eminent of our antiquaries, the late H. F. G. Waters, by certain docu- mentary evidence, as the early home of Katharine Rogers, mother of John Har- vard, from whom proceeded the little inheritance that first kindled in the Western Hemisphere the torch of a lib- eral culture. For this we have dis- tinct contemporaneous chapter and verse. At circumstantial evidence we look askance, but without pressing the matter unduly this may be said — that the families of Rogers and Shakespeare lived in close neighborhood and inti- macy at Stratford during the reigns of Elizabeth and James I; that the poet knew Katharine Rogers well, as, on the other hand, he knew well Robert Harvard, at length her husband, in his shop at Southwark, in London, hard by the Globe Theatre. So far the conjunc- tion would seem to be inevitable. Then looms up a possibility amounting per- haps to a likelihood, that no other than Shakespeare was the intermediary who brought together the Londoner and the fair, well-dowered maid in the remote Midlands, that he was a familiar guest in the home in Southwark which he had helped to establish, and that he, the genial family friend, held on his knee the little John Harvard, the first-born in the household. Could this touch of their foster-father with the most illus- trious name in literature be fairly estab- lished (and who can say after the feats of Mr. Waters what scraps may yet be found in the dust-heaps?) Harvard men would indeed have a tradition to prize. Mr. Pier's estimates of characters and events we think in general correct. We omit nothing which he has included, but an adequate portrayal of the noble story of Harvard should have in it much that is here left out. Notes New books of the Cambridge University Press (Putnam) include: "The Puritans in Power, a Study in the History of the Eng- lish Church from 1640 to 1660," by G. B. Tatham ; "Lectures on Dryden," by A. W. Verrall, and lectures "On the Art of Writ- ing," by Sir A. Quiller-Couch. Charles Welsh's "Studies in the History of Children's Literature" will be brought out early next year by the World Book Co., of Yonkers, N. Y. "Whigs and Whiggism," a collection of Disraeli's political writings, edited by Wil- liam Hutcheon, will be brought out by Murray, of London, uniform with Mr. Mony- penny's biography. Bibliotheca Sacra Company, of Oberlin, O., announces the publication in January or" "English Literary Miscellany," by Prof. Theodore W. Hunt, of Princeton. The vol- ume contains thirteen essays which have appeared in Bibliotheca Sacra, covering the entire range of English literature. The first session of the nineteenth Inter- national Congress of Americanists will be held at Washington, D. C, from Monday, October 5, to Saturday, October 10, 1914. Titles of papers to be presented at the meetings of the Congress should be sent as soon as possible to the secretary, Ales Hrdlicka, United States National Museum, Washington. It is also essential that a synopsis of each paper be placed in the hands of the secretary before July 30 of next sun "A Year with a Whaler" (Outing Publish- ing Company), by Walter Noble Burns, Is still another example of the growing habit ill sowing in the forbidding soil of hard labor and uncongenial surroundings on the nf reaping a golden harvest later, at the hands nf the booksellers. Mr. Burns has no unusual gift as a writer, but man- ages to keep a strong current of life throughout the 250 comfortably large-typed pages of his story. The scenes of the au- thor's adventures were mostly In the whal- ing regions of Alaskan and Siberian waters.

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514, Tlie 1ST at ion [Vol. 97, No. 2526 "Hunting the Blephanl Id Africa" (Mac- millan), by Capt. 0, H. Stigand, differs from the booh of Jamas Sutherland, noticed in these columns some months ago, in that Capt. Stigand is not primarily a profes- sional elephant hunter, with an average of nearly one bull elephant per week to his score tor a decade past, but an army officer, explorer, and field naturalist, who hunts elephants or other big game occa- sionally, as the spirit and opportunity sug- gest. The elephant hardly more than jus- tilies his place of honor in the title, since above half the chapters deal either with other forms of hunting or with the na- thes, the natural features of the country, and various other topics naturally suggest- ed to a writer of Capt. Stigand's keen pow- ers of observation. The closing chapter is a spirited attack upon the theory of pro- tective coloration in insects. Col. Roose- velt contributes a short Introduction, giv- ing a scarcely needed assurance of the au- thor's competence in the field covered by his book, and lamenting that he is too dif- fident in telling of his own achievements. It is difficult to understand how Violette M. Montagu could have written so dull a book on a subject that appeals so strongly to the imagination as does that gentle Irish priest who mounted the scaffold with Louis XVI ("The Abbe Edgeworth and His Friends," Brentano's). The narrative halts and rambles pitifully forward and backward through time and place. Yet the author doubtless believed that history should be interesting, for her brief bibliography of historical authorities consulted includes Hugo's "Quatre-vingt-treize," Dumas's "La Route de Varennes," and Balzac's "Les Chouans." The publishers have been at pains to make a thoroughly mediocre vol- ume outwardly attractive. The conviction that the eighteenth cen- tury in France was the century of the adventurers will be strengthened in any one who reads the new volume on "D'Eon de Beaumont: His Life and Times" (Badger). The authors, MM. Homberg and Jousselin, make plain that in this series of adventurers, D'Eon was the pure type to which his other eighteenth-century col- leagues, Cagliostro, Napoleon, Mesmer, and the llluminati generally, were but imper- fect approximations. He loved mystifi- cation and adventure for their own sakes; and if, after having been a captain of dragoons and a minister plenipotentiary to England, he assumed and kept for forty years the title and garb of Mile. D'Eon, we suspect that it was the result of nothing deeper than his incurable hanker for the sensational. The authors are inclined to exaggerate the part which the Chevalier played in the secret diplomacy of Louis XV and to explain too much on this score. Considering D'Eon's cleverness, it proves nothing that in his feminine rdle he should have imposed upon Beaumarchais, whom he tartly described as "one of those by whom one must be hated to retain one's self- 1 1 " And if he succeeded in deceiving HcaimiarehaiK, it was natural that Louis XVI and Vergennes, for whom Beaumar- chais was negotiating, should likewise have bet n deceived. The author of the "Mariage de Plgaro," who Incidentally had himself won his spurs as an adventurer, has discuss- ed In:, il.-.i I i iikh with the Chevalier at con- siderable length in his "Memoires." Unfor- tunately, however, it is as difficult to be- lieve Beaumarchais as it is to understand D'Eon. The present authors tell us that (hey have based their work on documents in the Archives of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and on a collection of D'Ron's pa- pers recently discovered, if this is so, the newly discovered papers told us nothing not previously known. The method followed is that of easy narration rather than that of rigorous history. This is as it should be, for in spite of the long and serious at- tempts to assign to one or the other sex this adventurer who was a credit to nei- ther, D'Eon does not belong to history, hut only to history's Chronique srandalense. The acceptable translation, by Alfred Rieu, makes it an entertaining story of an amaz- ing life. Louis XIV made himself the exclusive centre of radiance at Versailles and suc- ceeded so successfully in drawing all eyes towards his own person that people have paid relatively little attention to his bro- ther. In order to focus some light on the latter, Mr. Hugh Stokes has put together in an entertaining but uncritical volume entitled "A Prince of Pleasure, Philip of France and his Court, 1640-1701" (Bren- tano's), a mass of references to Philip which he finds in the seventeenth century memoirs and gossipy letters. Philip of Or- leans was the father of the Philip who ruled as Regent in 1715, and the direct an- cestor of Louis Philippe, who played the part of King of the French after 1830. His family offers interesting material for the student of eugenics. With the same parentage as Louis XIV, Philip lacked al- together most of his brother's notable characteristics; he had no dignity, no con- trol of himself, no manners, no aptitude for politics; only in the looseness of his morals did he much resemble his royal brother. All in all, he was a contemptible prince and a foolish husband. By his first, marriage, however, to Henrietta Anne of England, he became of some political Ira portance; for Henrietta was the able sis- ter of the restored Charles II. She was sent by Louis XIV in 1670 to arrange with the English King the shameful secret treaty of Dover and was often entrusted by Louis with secrets of state which were withheld from her shallow and suspicious husband. This was not conducive to domestic har- mony in the Orleans household. Any possi- bility of such harmony was banished by the fact that Philip became absurdly ob- sessed by the Chevalier de Lorraine and lavished upon him the affection and money which he owed to his own wife. In fact, when Henrietta suddenly died in 1670, it was commonly believed that she had been poisoned by her husband and his favorite. After her death Philip married the clevei Palatine princess known in literature as "Liselotte," but his life with her was no happier than with Henrietta. Besides be ing entertaining, Mr. Stokes shows how the personal motives and private hales in this Orleans family were allowed to Influence, : 1 miiie, 1,. ni, 1 he 1 rend ol Internal lona 1 relations in the reign of Louis XIV. "Lyrics and Poems from Ibsen" (Dut- ton), collected and arranged by Mrs. F. 10. Garrett, with an introduction by Philip II. Wieksteed, is a collection of cerium po etical translations made by the late Ed- mund Garrett, many of which appeared from time to time in the Westminster Ga- zette. The volume contains a complete ver- sion of "Brand," a rendering of Aasc's death scene from "Peer Gynt," translations of twenty-eight of the "Digte" and of five songs from the dramas. In almost every case the metre of the original has been reproduced in English, and the work is most of it excellent. Garrett seems al- ways to have been a careful literary work- man, usually to have caught admirably the spirit of the Norse poems, and often to have become a true poet himself. Al- though his version of "Brand" was writ- ten very rapidly, it is in the main highly successful. In the lyrical passages of work thus hastily done he is not at his best. The exquisite "Agnes, min dejlige som- merfugl" has eluded him, as it has baffled every previous attempt at transla- tion. The scene from "Peer Gynt," the beginning of a projected translation of the entire poem, is so good that the completed version would probably have been by far the best one in the language. It is the main body of lyrics, however, that will command the readiest interest. Garrett's versions of these poems ought to extend the knowledge and appreciation of this least-known as- pect of Ibsen's genius. One feels more and more the truth of Professor Brandes's re- mark, quoted by Mr. Wieksteed, that at some point in the battle of life Ibsen had a lyrical Pegasus shot from under him. In one of his verses the poet suggests that he deliberately neglected his lyric gift to fight the battles of mankind: What is life? A fighting In heart anil in brain with Trolls. Poetry? That means writing Doomsday accounts of our souls. In some of these lyrical translations we see the mysterious and illusive Ibsen whom we already know, as in "Spillemaend" ("Musicians"), which Garrett translates as follows: My thoughts went out to her nightly The silvery summer through; But the path bore down by the river in the alder-wood wet with flew. Ha ! Song with a shudder In it Is the spell I'm- a woman's will. That through halls ami high cat hedra I - Her dream he lo follow I lice still. I called from the pool the Kelpie ; I gold my SOUl for his art ; But when I limi mastered his secret She lay at my hrolher's hearl. Through halls anil high ca I heilra Is 1 played my way a lour ; Ami the shudder ami song of the torrent lias made my soul their own. Sometimes we discover a new, startlingly direct, and simple Ibsen, as in "Borte" ("Gone"): The hist . late guesl To the gale We followed | Good bye and the resi The night wind svvallo»ed House, garden, streel I at ion told gloomy, \\ here accents 1 ti m 1 Had made music to me. II was hul a feasl Wll b the (lark rninlng 011 ; She was hul a guesl, And now. she Is gone. LoverH of Ibsen's "Digte," or longer lyrics, will Mild most of them admlrablj lian:; luted In ( his volume, and some of (hem '

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Nov. 27, 1913J The Nation 515 sup'Tiily— notably "Stormsvalen,""Ederfug- len," and the tremendous "Paa Vidderne." The unlnstructed reader, on encountering the "Diamond Sutra," really endorses Max Mull. 1 a comment that "at first sight it may seem as if this metaphysical treatise hardly deserved the world-reputation which it Irfis attained." Its singular charm to the pfailosopbJc&l mind is evident, however, in n considerable number of translations into various languages, the latest of which, "''liiii Kang-Ching, or Prajna-Paramita" (Mutton), translated from the Chinese by William Gemmell, places the classic before the English reader in a convenient form mini by copious notes. The author of this sutra remains unknown, but its translator from the original Sanskrit into Chinese was a native of Kashgar, who be- eame First Minister of a Chinese-Tibetan or in 405. The work has always been 111 Asia as one of the two Chief documents of Mahayana Bud- dhism. Like the Confucian Analects it the form of question and answer, but are utterly unlike the ethical ;iii(l biographical matter of the Chinese classic. Like the Christian Gospels this Is supposed to come directly from the Mas- ter When asked by what name the scrip- ture should be known "the Lord Bud- • iii.i replied, Baying, Subhutl, this scrip- hall be known as 'The Diamond Su- tra,' the Transcendent Wisdom, by means of Which we reach the Other Shore. By this name you shall reverently regard it. And why? Subhutl, what the Lord Buddha dot tared as transcendent wisdom by means of which we reach the other shore, is not essentially transcendent wisdom — in its es- sence it transcends all wisdom." The phi- losophical nihilism of Buddha disclaims any idea of formulating a creed. "There is no law," he is quoted as saying, "by means of which a disciple may be defined as one having attained supreme wisdom." Such a statement seems to warrant Rhys David's contention that Dharma is not "law" as usually interpreted, "but that which un- derlies and includes the law." The process of reasoning permeating this sutra and, ap- plied alike to names and things, inevitably disposes of them all as unreal. Thus, "What are ordinarily declared to be systems of law are not in reality systems of law, they are merely termed systems of law." Mr. Gemmell supplies a useful introduction to his translation, dealing with the mean- ings of fundamental Buddhist terms. He has made a little book that every Christian missionary in eastern Asia ought to own and study. A recent volume of the Loeb Classical Li- brary (Macmillan) contains Petronius with a translation by Michael Heseltine, and Seneca's "Apocolocyntosis" with a transla- tion by W. H. D. Rouse. There has been no complete translation of Petronius for more than half a century, during which period a great deal has been done for the elucida- tion of an unusually difficult and in places obscure author. Hence a new translation is welcome. This version is well done on the whole. The section containing the "Cena Trimalchionis" will at once be compared with Professor Peck's version of "Trimal- chio's Dinner," to which it is much superior in taste. It suffers, to be sure, from too much English slang, but slang seems to be Inevitable in a translation of Petronius. Obscene passages are reprinted in the Latin, even when the obscenity is confined to a small portion of a sentence. This gives a curious appearance to many pages, and makes an unpleasant impression, although it was probably necessary in a version de- signed for general use. While absolute ex- actness is not to be demanded in a trans- lation, this version shows far too many quite unnecessary inaccuracies, with occa- sional downright errors. A single example will serve as a type. In §42 we read: "Me- dici eum perdiderunt, immo magis malus fatus; medicus enim nihil aliud est quam aninii c onsolatio." This is rendered: "The doctors killed him— no, it was his unhappy : a doctor is nothing but a sop to conscience." Here the change in sentence structure is unnecessary, as the literal ren- dering would make excellent English, while "sop to conscience" is a strange blunder. I h translation of the "Apocolocyntosis" by Dr. Rouse was Blade, as he tells us, many years ago. It has apparently not been re- vised, for there are too many actual mis- takes for us to believe that this represents his present attitude towards accuracy. Thus at the vevy outset we find this curious ren- dering: "Si quia quaesiverlt unde sciam pri muni, si noluero, lion responilebo" "Ask. if you like, how I know it. To begin with, I am not bound to please you with my an- swer." And yet translation is an arl ! There are some unsuccessful attempts at giving the spirit of Greek phrases by pseudo-bibli- cal reminiscences. The verse passages are Often very cleverly reproduced in rhyme, but the tone is sometimes open to criticism. Altogether we might have expected some- thing much better from this distinguished scholar. A thoroughly charming book is "Roman Farm Management" (Macmillan). being the treatises of Cato and Varro done into Eng- lish with notes of modern instances by "A Virginia Farmer." The charm as well as the practical value of the ancient works on agriculture, both Greek and Latin, has often been recognized by cultivated farmers, as recently by David Buffum in the Atlantic Monthly for September, 1911. The present book is also noteworthy because under the nom-de-plume A Virginia Farmer prob- ably lurks the personality of Fairfax Har- rison, railway president, director in nu- merous corporations, and financier. We have then here a proof not only of the enduring hold of the Classics, but of the little ac- knowledged truth that classical culture can go hand in hand with the insistent demands of modern business life. Only that portion of Cato is included which pertains to Agri- culture. Varro is given entire. The trans- lation, while free, is so good that the differ- ence in style between the two authors can be readily appreciated. It is, moreover, in excellent taste. That, however, which add;; particular charm to the volume is the use of modern instances illustrative of the statements of the text, taken from the au- thor's own experience or from his wide reading. A vein of humor runs through these notes which adds point to the 1 rlti cisms. This is sometimes combined with practical additions. Thus at the the translation of Cato, as a note upon Cato's direct io iur Vir- ginia Farmer adds "A Virginia Recipe for Curing Hams," followed by "A Virginia Recipe for Cooking Hams." He says finally: "To be thoroughly appreciated a ham should be carved at the table by a pretty woman. A thick slice of ham is a crime against good breeding." In "Jena to Eylau" (Dutton), Freiherr von der Goltz traces in detail, almost day by day, the disastrous retreat of the old Prussian army during the four months from October 14, 1806, to February 8, 1807. It is a continuation of his previous vol- ume, "Von Rossbach bis Jena und Auer- stedt," and covers much of the same ground as the excellent volumes of Von Lettow-Vorbeck. But it is more readable and less technical than most military his- tories and contains many interesting mili- tary observations of general application. "The events of this night [after Jena] stand for all time as a warning against the mistaken kindness of sparing an army in time of peace." "Fearlessness obtains more than subservience from the great men in history." He explains the Prussian debacle after Jena as due not so much to cowardice or panic as to the degenerate and arti- ficial conception of the art of war and of the soldiers' calling which obtained in heads of the octogenarian Prussian gen- erals. They had underrated the danger and not made the supreme effort at the out- set; when the blow fell at Jena they quick- ly gave up fortress after fortress in the vain delusion that in so doing they should facilitate an early peace and lessen the sufferings of the people. The lesson of the past which he draws for his country- men of the present is that a long neriod of peace, like that following the Seven Years' War or the war of 1870-71, with increasing wealth and comfort, causes military dry • rot. He exhorts Germans to be on their guard against all half-heartedness in military effort, against "diplomatic gen- erals," and against the tendency to over- value technical training in officers and to undervalue the importance of intense sus- tained effort, even in time of peace, on the part of the common soldier. These ob- servations have weight as coming from one who was trained under Moltke and Prince Frederick Charles, and who recently reorganized the Turkish army; tl that the latter went down to a defeat as complete as that of the Prussian army >" 1806 was due in part to defects for which the organizer was not wholly responsible. In fact, Jena to Auerstedt is paralleled In more than one respect by Kirk-Kilisse to Tchataldja; it remains to be seen whether Turkey can show a moral and military re- generation through defeat comparable to that of Prussia after 1806. Capt. C. F. Atkinson's translation is adequate, but his maps are atrocious; it is a pity that he did not reproduce the excellent maps of the German origin il. In William Stone Booth's "W01 Escapee by Americans" (Houghton Mifflin), B score of narratives, some of them hardly more than anecdotes, are collected. The editor's object, has been, he says, "to pro- sent an unhackneyed series of engrossing and trie I rue we cannot doubt, or that, almost withe ception. they contain the material of en- • fiction. But alas, being fact, th«J cannot be fiction, and their hackneyed and unillumlning style to which the purveyors of mere fact, for the most em condemned. Artists Ilka

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516 The 1ST a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2526 and Poo have pretended to use that style. They have kept the dry tone and worn phrase ot your earnest chronicler. But they have slyly illumined it, so that while they Beemed to be illustrating the superior Btrangenesa of (act over fiction, they were really bringing home the superior charm of fiction over fact. The effect of these pages is the less satisfying because it is not clear what part of them is the work of the edi- tor and adapter and what part is drawn from his original sources. He has confined his work, he says, "to the simplification, condensing, and clarification of each nar- rative. Where an adventurer tells his own story, his own words have been followed as closely as possible. . . . Quotation marks have been avoided in the text, but the breaks in the original form have been clearly indicated by the interpolations." We do not understand what this means, since there is seldom anything in the form of the page, or in the style, to distinguish interpolation from text. The incidents chosen by Mr. Booth cover a wide range of American adventure. War. shipwreck, piracy, the trail, the Fugitive Slave law, exploration, flood, fire, and tor- nado, yield their several opportunities for hairbreadth escape. There is plenty of ma- terial here for a thrilling book, but such a book cannot be made by compilation. Cer- tainly there is little in this one to tempt a second reading. One of the illustrations (facing p. 16) is the most striking thing in the book. It is almost as delightfully con- fusing to the eye as Hogarth's print of False Perspective. At first glance we see a small boat with a single sail bearing down upon us. A man seems to sit in the bow, facing us, his back to the mast. Then we observe a ship in the offing, and the le- gend beneath the picture, "He edged down towards her." We look again, and perceive that the sail bellies the other way, that the man grasps a tiller, and that in the con- fusion attending a shipwreck the jury-mast has evidently been shipped in the stern of the ship's boat instead of in the bow. The primary illusion is cunningly fostered by that humorist the illustrator, not only by facing the mariner the wrong way, but by introducing the detail of a shark's fin cleav- ing the wave in the opposite direction from that in which the boat is really going. Need we say that there is no shark men- tioned in the narrative? There must be something about Chile that conduces to dryness. Possibly it is the nitrate deserts of the north, or it may be "Sandy Point" in the Straits. Whatever it is, it has had a marked effect on most of the books that have been published in English about that republic. There never was a much dryer book than Hancock's "His- tory of Chile." Scott Elliot's "Chile" is the least interesting of any of the volumes in Scribner's Latin American series. And now we have another heavy, albeit useful, vol- ume called "Progressive Chile," by Robert F. Mansfield (Neale Pub. Co.). The author evidently lived for some time in South Cen- tral ''liile and is very familiar with the ag- ricultural region. Unfortunately he ap- pears to know nothing of the nitrate fields and still less of the great copper mines, whi'h is all the more singular when one considers the title of the book, for it is be- coming increasingly evident that Chilian 1. '.; . ' run: I he along mineral ral her than agricultural lines. One-fifth of the book is devoted to an excellent chapter on Classi- fied Husbandmen. It is carefully writ- ten and contains material not accessible elsewhere. There is no index, no map, and there are no pictures except the frontis- piece, A Pair of Spurs, which we take to be the author concealed as a Chilian ranch- man. The public libraries will need to add it to their shelves, but zealous indeed must be the reader who can grow enthusiastic over it. The rapidity with which new titles ap- pear in the Cambridge Manuals of Sci- ence and Literature (Putnam) indicates that its ideal of scholarly treatment in brief compass has found an appreciative market. The serial number had reached fifty a year ago, and twenty additional volumes bear the date of the current year. As to subject-matter, the catholicity of the editors has no apparent limit. Such themes as "The Modern Warship," treated by Edward L. Attwood, of the Royal Corps of Naval Constructors, and "Wireless Teleg- raphy," by C. L. Fortescue, professor of physics in the Royal Naval College at Greenwich, do not crowd out a new epitome of "The Moral and Political Ideals of Plato" or a consideration of "Mysticism in English Literature." These two subjects, by the way, have been assigned to women, Plato falling to the lot of Mrs. Adela M. Adam, of Girton and Newnham Colleges, while Mysticism is treated by Caroline F. E. Spurgeon, Docteur de l'Universite de Paris, now lecturer in Bedford College, of the University of London. The literature of America is referred to in this volume as "rich in mystical thought," but because 01 the restrictions of the author's plan, writers on this side the Atlantic are rigid- ly excluded, with the exception of a brief paragraph on Emerson, as influenced by Swedenborg and passing that influence over in turn to Carlyle, Mrs. Browning, and others. A volume on "Ancient Babylonia," by C. H. W. Johns, attempts, in the author's words, merely "to summarize, without argu- ment or discussion, the results now gen- erally admitted as probable," in view of the almost unmanageable finds of modern excavators and the greatly enhanced im- portance of native sources since the de- cipherment of the Behistun inscription of Darius the Great. The work of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania and the Univer- sity of Chicago in this field is briefly mentioned. The subject of "Comparative Religion" is considered by Prof. F. B. Jevons, under the various aspects of sacri- fice, magic, ancestor-worship, the future life, dualism, Buddhism, and monotheism. The object of the study of Comparative Religion, as he expresses it, "is not so much to ascertain what we men think as what we feel and how we act," the study of one important and interesting way in which our personality expresses itself. A volume on "English Monasteries," by A. Hamilton Thompson, aims especially to give a brief description of the plans of monas teries, with the position and use of their principal buildings. The first chapter is devoted to an historical sketch of the monastic orders. F. Sydney Eden contributes a volume to the Cambridge series on "Ancient Stained and Painted Glass," including under that heading anything prior to the year 1700. The closing chapter embodies an earnest appeal for some organized effort to preserve the stained windows still remaining from days of old in English churches. His sugges- tion is the creation of local councils en- dowed with statutory authority to protect all such ancient monuments within >their territory, the written consent of the coun- cil to be necessary even to the slightest repairs. One volume is given to "The Vikings" and another to "The Icelandic Sagas," the two agreeing as to the justifi- cation of the Norsemen's claim to the discovery of the American coast about the beginning of the eleventh century. In the field of economics two volumes are added, "The Theory of Money," by D. A. Barker, of the Indian Civil Service, and "Copart- nership in Industry," by C. R. Fay. Mr. Barker's book is confessedly in large part a digest of recent American literature on the subject, and he unhesitatingly admits that such American writers as Laughlin, Kommerer, and Irving Fisher have carried the theory of money definitely beyond the point reached by Professor Jevons A few pages are given to the subject of bimetal- lism, which is declared, however, to be of no great practical value. "Beyond the Atom," by Prof. John Cox, who worked for nine years with Professor Rutherford in the physics laboratories of McGill Uni- versity, is a sketch of the discoveries in radio-activity described more fully for the specialist in the works of Rutherford and Mme. Curie. Among the results achieved in this field, according to the author, is a removal of the quarrel between the phys- icist, who would have the earth a molten mass 100,000 000 years ago, and the geolo- gist, to whom this allowance is all too short for the deposition of the stratified material on its surface. The power of the newly discovered radio-active elements in- definitely to retard the cooling process gives to the geologist "a blank cheque on eternity" for all the time he needs, while the physicist is subject to no discredit for not having taken into account factors not then known to exist. Other volumes in the domain of physics are "The Earth: Its Shape, Size, Weight, and Spin," by Prof. J. H. Poynting; "The Atmosphere," by A. J. Berry, and "The Physical Basis of Mu- sic," by Alexander Wood. Biology adds two new titles, "Bees and Wasps." by Os- wald H. Latter, and "The Wanderings of Animals," by Hans Gadow. "Submerged Forests," by Clement Reid, is credited by the publishers to geology, though the au- thor warns his readers that there are some subjects which cannot be fitted into any hard and fast system M)f compartments of scientific knowledge. The volumes in this series average about one hundred and fifty pages, are illustrated where illustration can be of real service, and are provided each with a select bib- liography and a fairly full index. The treatment is scholarly, as thorough as the brief space limits will allow, and yet for the must part within tiie mental grasp of the Intelligent reader who is not a spe- cialist. They are sold at a uniform price oi forty cents. Developments in Auction DrldgS EOllOTJ one another with such startling rapidity ai almost to Justify the plethora of literal ure

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Nov. 27, 1913] The ]STation 517 devoted to the game. The first to expound Hi. latest count In volume form is Florence I ruin. Who tells us in "Auction High- bights" (Putnam) all about the Nullo count. "Nullos" are the "misere" of the antediluvian Solo Whist applied to Auc- n. 1 may be described as negative Xo- Trunips. They have the same value as Hearts, the latter taking precedence in the bidding, and the player bids for so many tricks less than the book of six. Miss Ir- win makes a strong plea for the Nullo count, holding that it tends to minimize the element of [uck in Auction. We are glad to that she agrees with the majority of the best players of Auction in discounte- nancing the absurd artificiality of the "high spade convention," which was intro- duced early in the year, and threatened at one time to strangle the game. Her argu- ments against any such arbitrary conven- tions are explicit and entirely sound. The thirty-six test, ha mis which the author gives are well selected and should prove an in- teresting study for the advanced players for whom the book is intended. "The Auctloi Book" (Dutton;. by Capt. H. S. Browning ("Slambo" of the Weatmdnater Gazette), is an imported vol- ume and illustrates in its scope the eon- m of British card players. "Royal Spades" or "Lilies," which have been uni- ly adopted in this country for more than twelve months, are advocated in the last chapter of his book as a pleasing in- novation, which the author hails as "the game of the future." He is likely, however, to modify his expressed opinion that the in- troduction of Royal Spades involves no radical change in the game of Auction. Ex- perience with the new count here has shown that it has revolutionized the system of bid- ding. Capt. Browning's book is professedly written for the beginner and the moderate player, who will find in it a clear exposi- tion of the underlying principles of Auc- tion, although the fact that the Royal Spade bid is dealt with only as an afterthought cannot but detract somewhat from its value. The Rev. Dr. Herrick Johnson, who died at Philadelphia on Thursday of last week, aged eighty-one, was a national figure in the Presbyterian Church and was well known as an author. Among his books are "Christianity's Challenge," "Revivals, their Place and Power," "Plain Talks about the Theatre," "From Love to Praise," and "The Ideal Ministry." Prof. John Eastman Clarke, head of the department of education of Boston Univer- sity, died Saturday at his home in Cam- bridge, Mass. Professor Clarke was born in Prospect, Me., in 1850. He graduated from Boston University in 1878, and in 1882 obtained the degree of Ph.D. in the same college. In 1909 he was elected profes- sor of philosophy at Boston University, and later professor of education in the College of Liberal Arts and Graduate School. The death occurred at Paris on Sat- urday of Etienne-Auguste-Edouard Simon, usually known as Lockroy. He was born in 1838 and was one of the best known French statesmen and writers. As a member of various Cabinets, first as Minister of Com- merce, then of Public Instruction, and finally as Minister of Marine, he was high- ly successful. During the siege of Paris in 1870 he commanded a battalion of in- fantry. Many of his writings on naval •questions were widely read. Science THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The autumn meeting of the Academy was held in Baltimore at the Johns Hop- kins University on November 18 and 19. T\\( nty-tvvo papers were read, nearly evenly distributed between the physical and biological sciences, only a fraction of which can be mentioned here. T. H. Morgan, of Columbia University, in a paper on "The Constitution of the Chromosomes as Indicated by the Hered- ity of Linked Characters," undertook to demonstrate a modification of Mendel's law of the quantitative basis of inherit- ance when more than one pair of char- acteristics are inherited at the same time, and to relate these to the division of the chromosomes in the cell. As an example, suppose that a yellow and a green pea are bred together, and that the yellow quality is dominant; then the hybrid contains the chromosomes or cell-nuclei denoting both yellow and green. In the next generation the char- acters will appear in the ratio of one yellow, one green, and two appearing yellow, but able to transmit both yellow and green. The yellows breed true with their own kind, the greens with theirs, but the others give yellow with yellows, and green with greens. If now there is another pair of characters, such as be- ing round or wrinkled, these are inher- ited in a similar manner. If the yellow pea is round, and the green wrinkled, according to Mendel it would be an even chance whether the round character stayed together with the yellow, and the wrinkled with the green, or whether they exchanged, but Professor Morgan finds that in the great majority of cases the characters stay together, or are link- ed. Various examples, both botanical and zoological, were described. In a paper entitled "The Action of Vital Stains Belonging to the Benzidine Group," H. McL. Evans, of the Johns Hopkins Medical School, described the action of certain dies which undergo no chemical changes when introduced into the body of an animal, but affect it in a very remarkable manner. The in- troduction of a cubic centimetre of trypan-blue into the peritoneal cavity of a mouse is followed in a few minutes by a strong blue coloration of the nose and ears, as was plainly evident in the live- ly small beasts handed about. This col- or persists for weeks without disturbing the animal. On the other hand, with azo-blue, no such effect takes place. It was shown that slight displacements of the sulphonic acid radical in the mole- cule caused the difference between posi- tive and negative vital stains. The ef- fect was shown to be due to the colloidal nature of the dyes, the positive dyes having the property of rapid diffusion, the negative none, the difference being due to the size of the particles of the dye. S. O. Mast, of Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, in a paper on "Changes in Pattern and Color of Fishes," with special refer- ence to flounders, shows that the floun- der possesses a great advantage over the leopard in that he can change his spots to a very appreciable degree, for the purpose of making himself invisible against the background of the bottom of the sea. In the first of a number of photographs the flounder was absolute- ly invisible against the background of mud covered with shells, which his mottled skin closely imitated. The background was then changed sev- eral times, and a series of checked or striped patterns placed under him. Al- though in every case the pattern was changed in a remarkable degree, from nearly black to nearly white, it was shown that the flounder could not imi- tate the background with any great ex- actness, especially in the case of stripes. He can perceptibly adopt various col- ors, showing color vision. As to how he is able to do this, and whether he can see the whole surrounding background with his two eyes on one side, it ^as de- cided, by placing one eye on one color and the other on another, that althougn two effects were produced, the adapta- tion is influenced chiefly by the pattern near the eye, and that no very close imi- tation of the background is produced. This session was concluded by the reading by the veteran academician, Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, of a touching tribute to his friend, Dr. John S. Billings, to which members listened with an inter- est seldom manifested in biographical memoirs. In Wednesday's session Dr. Simon Flexner, of the Rockefeller Institute, dis- cussed "Some Factors in the Epidemi- ology of Infection." These wrere not the effects of climate on insert or dust-borne germs, or the effect on the skin or mu- cous membrane, but other causes in- herent in pathogenic organisms, causing changes in virulence. If the micro-or- ganism is capable of being grown out- side the body, it may tend to a diminu- tion of virulence; while inside the body its virulence is enhanced. At times a sudden increase of virulence takes place, as in the case of plague, streptococcus, or infantile paralysis. In the case of the latter disease, due to an ultramicroscop- ic germ too small to be filtered out, it has been found that there is an extra- ordinary gain of virulence in passing it from one monkey to another. At the Rockefeller Institute this disease has been for four years thus transmitted, and has been longer continuously und^r

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518 T li e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2526 observation than any other germ, lis power rose and remained constant for three wars, when it suddenly lost its high degree of virulence and failed to kill. I,, l!. Mendi I, of \ ale University, in a paper on "Factors Relating to the Hole of the Inorganic Components of the Diet," show id the action of various foods on the neutrality of the blood. It is pos- sible to introduce acid into the blood without making the latter acid, it being the function of the kidneys to maintain the neutrality. Too much acid causes oedema, or accumulation of fluid, or nephritis. The acid may be removed by excretion in the urine, which changes in its solubility for uric acid. It is gen- erally known that it is desirable that this should be easily soluble in the urine, but Professor Mendel shows the effect in increasing this solubility of a large number of foods, particularly fruits and vegetables. Dr. H. A. Kelly, of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, reporting on "Radiotherapeu- tics in Surgical Affections," gave an account of the remarkaole success of the use of radium in the treatment of can- cer, and stated that this was at present the most hopeful treatment of that dis- ease. The action of the radium rays is quite different from that of the X-rays, and while burns are sometimes produc- ed, they are not permanent nor danger- ous. The action of the radium is very prompt, and it does not necessitate long confinement in a hospital, nor does it interfere with the resort to surgery in case of its failure. A number of pho- tographs showed the startlingly rapid and complete elimination of cancerous growths, sometimes in a few days. It was stated that the sooner a patient ap plies for treatment the more likely the possibility of effecting a cure. A. H. Pfund, of Johns Hopkins Uni versity, described the measurement of stellar radiation by means of a wonder- fully sensitive thermo-couple used in vacuo, and placed in the focus of the thirty-inch reflecting telescope of the Al legheny Observatory. The sensitiveness is so great that the heat of a candle could be detected at a distance of eight miles. Good-sized deflections were ob- tained from Vega, Jupiter, and Altair, and with a more sensitive galvanometer these would be much increased. J. A. Anderson, also of Johns Hopkins, ex- plained a method for testing screws, by which the new screws for ruling dif- fraction engine gratings are tested and brought to perfection by the application of an optical interferometer on tbi anting. 1 h i' these fhe art of ruling these ; by Howl. art lost, after his death, to be again suc- 1 1 : [eed, <:. P. Becker, of the United States Geological Survey, and A. L. Day, of the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution, described "Fresh Experi- nients on the Linear Force ot Growing Crystals," showing that small crystals forming trom solution mignt sustain and raise a weight of eighty kilograms, and that apparently negative results w 1 re explain d by an imp< 1 fei t disti i bution of the pressure. A. G. Webster, of Clark University, ex- hibited a new portable phonomet; r, 01 instrument for measuring the loudntss of sound, the present instrument being for a particular pitch nearly as sensitive as the ear, and giving the measurement in absolute measure. The instrument was used by L. V. King, of McGill Uni- versity, Montreal, who, in a paper en- titled "Phonometric Characteristics ot Fog-Signal Equipment," described the exploration of the acoustic field of the fog signal at Father Point, on the low- er St. Lawrence, this being the first such survey ever made, for lack of a suitable measuring instrument. It was shown how the sound frequently falls off in an irregular manner, owing to the varying temperature of the air over tbe cur- rents in the water. The output of sound energy in the horn was studied by an in- genious application of a resistance ther- mometer to obtain the temperature of the air before and after passage through the sounding apparatus. In the business meetings several mat- ters of importance for improving the efficiency of the Academy were discuss- ed, particularly the publication of regu- lar proceedings. It is safe to predict that the Academy is now entering on a career of increased usefulness and great- er distinction. Mention must be made of the enjoyable social courtesies pro- vided by the Baltimore members, includ- ing a reception by ex-President and Mrs. Remsen and a dinner at the Maryland Club. AliTHUlt Gobdon Websteb. Worcester, Maes., November 22. Drama Shakespeare as a Playwright. By Bran- der Matthews. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $3 net. To judge from internal evidence, this is in part a compilation of matter 1 ed for professorial lectures to college classes. And naturally it traverses much familiar ground. But it. possesses some distinctive; merits. It is attractive in style, quotes freely and aptly from ac- knowledged authorities, exhibil and accurate 1 ao ■ ledge, and discrim- inlly between what is ac- tually known — giving chapter and in support of its assertions and the or less plausible deductions of van 1 'i ii 11. | 1 ii of I thai e speare's life, with which it begins, while Indus! ry trust worthy detail brought to light by modern investiga- tion, rigorously rejects every uncorrob- orated legend. It is a scholarly and con- scientious bit of work. Professor Matthews is equally sound and careful in his description of the con- ditions prevailing on the Elizabethan stage. And his analyses of the Shake- in plays, their origin, structure, and authenticity, are full, shrewd, and perceptive. But in his main endeavor to determine the chronological order of them from their general literary and constructive character, and so to trace the course of development of the author as a dramatist and poet and to define his status as actor and manager, he is apt to be more fanciful and ingenious than convincing. It is only fair to add that he is never unduly dogmatic, but readily admits the conjectural quality of his arguments. Many of these are suffi- ciently plausible, but others, as he sees, are controverted by indisputable facts. What he really proves, if unconsciously, is that the whole subject is involved in such uncertainty that it is impossible to formulate a consistent theory con- cerning it. One of his difficulties is to account for the comparatively adroit stage-craft displayed in a piece admit- tedly so early as "The Comedy of Er- rors," and the slovenly construction of some of the far more notable plays which followed it, the sudden access of skill in the tragic masterpieces, and the disappearance of that skill in later pro- ductions almost equally remarkable for poetic genius. It is an interesting pro- blem, but there are so many known and unknown terms to the equation that any attempt to solve it now seems hope- less. As to the notion that Shakespeare, like many of our modern play-makers, devised certain characters to fit particu- lar actors, that may or may not be true. It is not quite so plausible, perhaps, as Professor Matthews seems to believe. We know nothing, or very little, of the actual histrionic accomplishments or abilities of the Elizabethan players. The reputation of Burbage himself may al- most be called mythical. All that we can safely assume is that in tragic parts be "I1 ased his auditors better than any- body else. But we have no standards of comparison, no such records as exist of the manner and methods of the great actors of a later generation. Shake writing for a stock company, must have known, of course, what play- ers would be likely to be cast for bis characters, whether tragic or comic, bur to bold thai bis inspiration was In any 1 or greatly Influenced, by dprehension of the histrionic ca- pacities of particular perf era is to adopl more than one violenl pr t,,,ii 11 implies either thai Shakespeare might have written better than he did, had be not been tearful of overtaxing

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Nov. 27, 1913J The Nation 519 his interpreters, or that his leading ac- inic of them boys, were incom- parably greater artists and geniuses thiin we have any reason to suppose. It is altogether probable that Shakespeare iTe devised a line of business, or an occasional phrase or episode, with pecial player in mind, but this is 1 speculation can safely go. Like other dramatists, he had to be content with the best players he could get. An interesting feature of the book is two maps, one of London at the end of the sixteenth century, showing the with which Shakespeare was identified, and the other of the same neighborhood as it is to-day. in our issue of November tS Lady Greg- ory's "Our Irish Theatre" was wrongly 1 redlted to Henry Holt & Co. It is pub- 1 by 0. P. Putnam's Sons. "Nowadays" is a three-act comedy by Middlcton, which Holt will shortly publish. Mr. <!. K. Chesterton's "Magic," which he 1 1 IN B fantastic coineily, is announced for immediate publication by Putnams. ibeline," a posthumous volume by etorace Howard FurnesB, will soon be added as Vol. XVTIT to Furness's New Variorum edition of Shakespeare. The first appearance of Forbes-Robertson in this country as Shylock was awaited with much interest. He never attempted the character in London until his farewell en-! gagement at Drury Lane, although he had 1 played it in Manchester and elsewhere. 1 Some of the English critics described his interpretation as a new reading, in which a certain fictitious nobility was Imparted to the Jew by representing him as inspired by racial and religious zeal. Henry Irving, undoubtedly, tried to do something of this kind when, in the latter half of the trial scene, he assumed an air of patriarchal dignity. The theatrical effect which he cre- ated was most impressive and pathetic, but it was achieved at the cost of consistency. He exhibited two distinct personalities. In his performance in the Shubert Theatre Forbes-Robertson committed no such artis- tic error. His embodiment, in all its parts, was consistent with itself and with the plain meaning of the Shakespearean text. He made it clear in the beginning that he hated Antonio because he was a Christian and a foe to usury — laying a notably ven- omous emphasis upon the declaration — and that motive was evidently the mainspring of his subsequent action. In this respect he followed traditional lines, but his portrayal, as naturally would be expected, was never- theless strongly individual, revealing much more artistic intelligence than power of dra- matic passion. In the street scene, in thac whirlwind of conflicting emotions — rabid hate, wounded avarice, and outraged affec- tion— he was by no means the equal of Edwin Booth, whose passionate utterance at this point was torrential. He lacked the physi- cal stamina or the histrionic impulse to illustrate the full fury of that storm, but be indicated the ravages of it with unfail- ing compn tension and infinite dexterity. His acting, in this crisis, was at least equal to that of Irving and only second to that of Booth, but disappointed the expectation aroused by his masterly work in the open- ing acts, in which his ideal of Shylock — a in 11 lull of latent strength, keen, supple, idndictlve, and sardonically humorous — was 1 with extraordinary vitality and t ion of detail. Here his elocution- ary skill and his power of facial expression displayed to great advantage. No actor of recent days, not even Booth, has so charged the lines of the Jew with vocal nice. And in the first half of the trial scene he was equally successful, play- Ing with remorseless and malignant inten- sity, and his portrayal of utter collapse, after Portia's triumph, if less theatrically than more violent agitation, was certainly more pathetic and perhaps more true His Shylock, although conservatives may carp at some of the little touches of modern realism which he introduces, will be accounted one of the three best known to this generation, while his representation of the comedy as a whole has been excelled only by Irving. "Grumpy," the new play which Cyril Maude has produced at Wallack's, is an in- genious and interesting melodrama, though not calling for critical consideration. But his performance of the central character, an octogenarian lawyer, who undertakes the solution of a criminal mystery in which his domestic happiness is involved, is un- commonly clever. His portrayal of an en- feebled body animated by an energetic will and an arbitrary but affectionate temper, showed a remarkable mastery of all the merely external mechanism of eccentric comedy. Mr. Maude is evidently a very able actor ; that he is a great one is yet to be proved. Mr. Chesterton's "Magic," recently pro- duced at the Little Theatre in London, seems to have puzzled the critics a good deal. A. B. Walkley writes of it: You never know what he is driving at, for the excellent reason that he hasn't be- gun by knowing it himself; one fancy, or one word, suggests another a la fortune (In pot. Thus the word "vegetarian" suggests the fancy "militant vegetarians," and "mili- tant" suggests Joan of Arc, and Joan sug- gests anti-vegetarianism because of her famous stake (steak — oh, no! decidedly Mr. Chesterton is not particular), and so on. Edward Milton Holland, who died sudden- ly in Cleveland on Monday, aged sixty-five, although never numbered with the great actors, was a performer of substantial abil- ity and sound training. His death inflicts upon the stage a loss which it can ill af- ford in these days. For many years he has occupied a distinguished place among American 'comedians, being recognized ev- erywhere as a player of refinement and versatility, gifted with a rich vein of dry humor. He was a son of the famous old comedian, George Holland, so long asso- ciated with the Wallack stage, and he himself made his first appearance before the footlights on those celebrated boards in 1855, when he was only seven years old. He was Master Thompson in "Parents and Guardians." One of his best achievements was his Gerridge in "Caste," and he was also an excellent Cool in "London Assur- ance." After brief experiences at Booth's Theatre and the Union Square, he I a member of the company at the U Square Theatre in 1868, and took a promi- nent part in many of the productions made there. A notably successful impersonation on his part was his Captain Redwood, the detective, in the successful play, "Jim the Penman." He made another hit in "Cap- tain Swift," and gave an excellent per- formance of Gregory Goldfinch in "A Pair of Spectacles." He won great praise, too, afterwards in Palmer's Theatre, with his Col. Moberly in "Alabama," and his Col. Tarter in "Colonel Carter of Cartersville." - he scored an emphatic success in "A Social Highwayman." For the last ten or fifteen years he has acted in many different parts in many theatres all over the country, and always with a liberal measure of popular approval. Music Berlin heard its six hundredth perform- ance of "Lohengrin" on October 15. The first was given in 1859, the one hundredth in 1876. The only two operas which have exceeded this number of performances in Berlin are Weber's "Freischiitz" (693) and Mozart's "Don Juan" (654) ; but these had many more years to reach those figures. An interesting Chicago concert, which might profitably be copied in other cities, was given by the Symphony Orchestra there on November 15. The programme was de- voted entirely to American music. Three composers, who are members of the Na- tional Institute of Arts and Letters — G. W. Chadwick, Edgar Stillman Kelly, and Ar- thur Foote — conducted compositions of their own. MacDowell was represented by his D minor concerto, played by one of his pu- pils, Edith Thompson. The concert closed with Stock's "Festival March," into which the "Star-Spangled Banner" is woven. Other numbers were the prelude to the third act of Victor Herbert's "Natoma" and Parker's "Northern Ballad." A notable event in Philadelphia was the first performance in America of Massenet's opera "Hon Quiehotte," on November IB, under the direction of Cleofonte Campanini. it. met with a favorable reception. Accord- ing to the Hiix'kiiI < 'on Tier's representative, "There is every sign throughout 'Don Quiehotte' that Massenet felt the thrill of inspiration while writing it, and penned his measures with no lack of the melodic fer- tility, vocal knowledge, and mastery of instrumentation that characterize nearly every opera created by that remarkable mu- sician." The London Philharmonic opened its 101st season with a novelty— Richard Strauss's "Festival Prelude." The Philharmonic has a subscription amounting to about $850 a performance. The expenses have in re- us increased 60 per cent., partly because of increased composers' fees, part- ly because of the need of increasing the iiimiln r of available plays to 110 from I, as in the good old times. Another the cost of providing exotic in- ts called for by modern scores. Only seven concerts are given. - of lyric song will be sorry to hear mbrich has cancelled all her recital ami concert engagements for this season. She has moved, on her husband's account, from Lausanne to the milder cli-

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52( > r_T h. e N" a t i o ri [Vol. 97, No. 2526 mate ol the Riviera (Nice), where she in- dulges in well-deserved leisure and a little teaching. Madame Schumann-Heink has boon made an honorary citizen of San Francisco by Mayor James Rolph. "The papers carry with them all the attendant privileges and honors usually granted to distinguished visitors. The honor was conferred upon Madame Schumann-Heink at the close of a great concert in the pavilion, and before an audience of ten thousand people." Puccini's "Girl of the Golden West" has taken some time to find its way to the opera houses of Germany and Austria. Only recently was the work of the universally popular maestro heard in Berlin and Ham- burg, and now it has reached Vienna, where, thanks to an unusually careful per- formance, it seems likely to establish it- self as an accepted favorite by the side of his "Boheme," "Tosca," and "Butterfly." Weeks of careful preparation, under the supervision of Director Gregor himself, a past master in the subtle art of putting an operatic work on the stage, were devoted to the study of the intricate music drama, the smallest parts were entrusted to accred- ited soloists, and the result has been a well- balanced and satisfactory performance. The death is reported from Munich of Hans von Bronsart, said to have been a fa- vorite pupil of Liszt. He was born in Ber- lin in 1830, and was well known both as pianist and composer. From 1887 to 1895 he was intendant of the Court Theatre at Weimar. Art The special autumn number of the Studio is devoted to "Peasant Art in Italy," with Sidney J. A. Churchill, Vincenzo Bal- zano, and Elisa Ricci as contributors. There are numerous illustrations of peas- ant houses, costumes, and utensils. The heraldic embroideries of Umbria and the semi-Oriental rugs of Southern Italy and Sardinia are fully illustrated. Jewelry is also strongly represented with a number of colored plates, presumably from Mr. Churchill's own remarkable collection. The survey is quite adequate for its purpose, but greater attention might well have been given to the trappings of oxen and horses, and to pottery. Here the plates are quite meagre and some are taken from originals which have no peasant quality. Archiv fiir Kunstgeschichte (Leipzig: E. A. Seemann), edited by Detlev von Hadeln, Hermann Voss, and Morton Ber- nath, is an art magazine of novel type. It offers, with briefest material descriptions, fine heliogravures of works of art which are unpublished or published in unsatisfac- tory or inaccessible form. In the first Liefcrung, which contains twenty folio plates, private collections, German, English, and American, are chiefly drawn on. The editors also mean to reproduce fine works of art which appear transiently at the dealers' or in auctions. The present num- ber ranges from Titian and Ludovico Car- raccl to Goya. Dutch Sculpture, Hans Leu, Bernard Van Orlcy, Cranach, are other characteristic titles. Of especially notable quality is a Rubens sketch, Peace and Prosperity, for the decorations at White- hall. Nothing later than the eighteenth century will be included. The Archiv will be indispensable for museums and libra- ries where the history of art is seriously studied. At thirty-six marks for eighty plates annually, in quarterly instalments of twenty, it is an astonishing money's worth. "The Masters of Greek Art" (Macmillan), by H. H. Powers, is a vivid and masculine review of the main tendencies of Greek art and life as reflected chiefly in the art of sculpture. Dr. Powers has the gift of con- creteness and contrives to be vivacious and even drastic at times without becoming cheap. At certain points one might be in- clined to contest his attributions and esti- mates. It would require much argument to convince your reviewer that the marvel- lous Demeter of Cnidus is of Praxitelian inspiration. Again, Dr. Powers is perhaps unduly scornful of the stylism of Polyclitus. Such schematization was a perfectly au- thentic expression of one side, and by no means the worst, of the Greek genius. Pre- cisely this strong flavor of personal likings and dislikings makes the book interesting, and injects into a much hackneyed theme an element of the unexpected. While the work will not fail to interest any specialists whose generalizing faculty is still alive, its chief public should be found among college students and the more intelligent sort of tourists. To this public it may confidently be recommended. Eleanor Rowland, in "The Significance of Art" (Houghton Mifflin), discusses painting, sculpture, music, and the minor arts. The weakness of most writing on aesthetics she attributes to the fact that the authors are generally either psychologists unversed in art or artists unskilled in introspection. Miss Rowland is evidently at home in both fields, and her book, which is a result of teaching, is clear, unpretentious, and stim- ulating. Her especial point of originality is the assertion of a law of materials. Sculpture is bound by the very limitations of bronze and marble to typical representa- tions especially expressive of weight and mass. Music, though in every way freer, is, still conditioned by the conventions of the notes and their harmonics. Painting is an almost unconditioned art, its material be- ing negligible. The crude statement of these positions does no justice to the fairness and ingeniousness of Miss Rowland's argu- ment. Occasionally her law of material drives her to rather untenable propositions. That no statue less than fourteen inches high, or in wood, or colored, is in the full sense sculpture seems a pretty hazardous maxim. Has Miss Rowland ever seen a really good lacquered wooden statuette of the Unkei school? or a monumental Egyp- tian bronze about four inches tall? or a fine Byzantine ivory? If such things are not in the completest sense sculpture, it would be interesting to learn what they are. Not to urge natural differences of opinion, Miss Rowland's affirmation of the natural divisions between the arts is whole- iii' Hid an excellent beginning for analy- sis within the respective territories. Even if we cannot chart the boundaries precisely, we may hope to reduce the debatable ground. The students are to be congratu- lated who receive instruction of the grade suggested by this stimulating little vol- ume. Mr. Somers Clarke, the author of "Chris- tian Antiquities in the Nile Valley: A Con- tribution Towards the Study of the An- cient Churches" (Clarendon Press : Frowde), is already known to many from his earlier writings, especially his interest in the preservation of St. Paul's Cathedral in London, threatened as it is by the excava- tion of the London subways. His concern for a modern work of Christian architec- ture is quite in accord with the self-sac- rificing solicitude evident in the efforts he has put forth in this volume to gather and preserve some account of the early Chris- tian churches of the Upper Nile. As a matter of fact, very little has been done in this direction. Butler's volume was not primarily architectural, and Mileham's study covers only the churches of Lower Nubia. The neglect, or even wanton de- struction, of these buildings by such men as Grebaut, when in charge of the antiqui- ties of Egypt, has justly aroused indigna- tion. Mr. Clarke began his survey of the ground among the meagre ruins of Soba on the Blue Nile, some thirteen miles above Khartum. Thence he proceeded north- ward, down the river to El Medyna. His many visits to the Nile in earlier years, combined with especial studies for this particular work, have enabled him to pre- sent in this volume a fairly complete sur- vey of the ecclesiastical buildings along the Nile, from the union of the two rivers to Middle Upper Egypt. The studies are not highly detailed, and the plans are not elaborate, but in a field so little investi- gated they form a distinctly valuable con- tribution. As a product of the southern- most reach of Christianity, this hybrid architecture along the Nile, simple and un- pretentious as it often was, is not a little interesting. In the structure of the great White Monastery, the home of the fa- mous community near Sohag, we find, nev- ertheless, a work of imposing proportions and impressive design, of which Mr. Clarke's plans and studies are the first adequate presentation to the modern world. They are especially welcome after the notorious- ly incomplete and incorrect discussion of the place by Am^lineau, who even mistook the insignificant edifice now serving as the church for the sanctuary of the ancient monastery, a really imposing building, as Mr. Clarke shows. The relation of these buildings to Byzantine architecture on the one hand and to their earlier Oriental an- cestral types on the other is a study of great importance, in which future archaeolo- gists and historical architects will find plenty to do. Only students of art and of 1 lie ancient world can appreciate fully the painstaking devotion with which the author has gathered together these fragments of an early chapter In Christian architecture and preserved them from destruction. If we Imw any criticism to offer, it is chiefly that the author lias made no use Of the Cam era, which often records Invaluable detail not discernible in a drawing. John de Wolf, landscape architect, who made extensive changes In Prospect and Carroll Parks, Brooklyn, and the City Hall Park, Manhattan, died In Bristol, R. I., on Sunday, at tin agi ol Ixtj tl He had studied In IOurope and this country. While

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Nov. 27, 1913J T li e 1ST a t i o 11 521 lu Europe on one occasion he designed the Villa Maria, Lake Como, Italy. He was employed lor years as topographer and hy- drographer of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. Finance hi LL TIMES IN WALL STREET. Last Monday, the total transactions on the New York Stock Exchange ac- tually fell to the smallest total of any full business day since 1888. Last Sep- tember the trading on the New York Stock Exchange was 75 per cent, of the total scored in the same month of 1912. Last October it was slightly over 50 per cent, of a year ago. During the five full days of last week, barely one-third as many shares changed nands as on the same days of last year. The weekly to- tal would have been called a dull No- vember business in 1895 or 1894. In November of 1895, the average daily business, allowing for the Sunday holidays, was 190,000 shares; in 1894, a landmark of financial stagnation, the November daily average was 160,000. Since then the daily trading of the month has reached such heights as the 870,000- share average of November, 1900, the 1,200,000-share average of 1904, and the 720,000-share average even as recently as 1909. During the first half of this present month the daily average busi- ness slightly exceeded 200,000 shares; it has not averaged much more than half of that this week. Such comparisons are easily open to exaggeration or misinterpretation; the tendency displayed may be purely tem- porary. "We had a series of 100,000-share days or less in the first half of last July; Stock Exchange business was all but non-existent. The reason for that stag- nation, it can now be seen, was that the market was "sold to a standstill." The result, however, was that the market presently began to rise, simply because the forces of depression had spent them- selves. During the next two months a vigorous recovery in prices was under way, with 20 per cent, more business in September than in July. This not un- usual experience is the basis for the assumption, fairly common in Wall Street, that if a stock market "goes dead" at the top of a prolonged advance, it means that prices must start moving in a downward direction, and that when the same thing happens at the end of a long decline, a recovery is at hand. In the present instance, this reason- ing would give at least the chance for agreeable inferences; but there are oth- er considerations which offset it. Purely from the standpoint of current earning power, the Stock Exchange is not to-day a cheerful place. Office expenses run on, and 100,000 or 200,000-share days do not •meet them. One large house not long ago reported a daily business of 500 shares, based on an out-of-town special wire service which cost $300 a day to maintain. That meant, for the present at any rate, commissions of only $62.50 a day. When the Stock Exchange market is really active, it is not unusual for the wire service of a prominent brokerage house to turn in buying and selling or- ders for 25,000 shares a day. When such business falls to 25,000 shares a week, as has been the case of late, the wire service is cut down, so as to take in only very prominent cities, such as Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and San Francisco. This means, also, heavy reductions in the clerical forces of brokerage houses in this and other cities. "Odd-lot" houses, which are seldom able to reduce their clerical forces in slack times, because of the immense amount of detail work involved in direct clearings of small customers, have not paid expenses for months. Orders for fractional lots usually represent one- fifth of the daily sales on the Exchange, and since the three or four houses mak- ing a specialty of this business have from six to twelve brokers on the floor, whose seats cost them $60,000 or $70,000 apiece, the firms can never pay expenses when total business of that character falls to the dimensions of the last few weeks. The same thing is more or less true of all other lines of Stock Ex- change business. In not a few instances, the pinch of the recent hard times in Wall Street has led brokers to raise loans even on their Stock Exchange seats; for even now as much as $25,000 can be thus obtained to bridge over an unremunerative period. Whether a"ll this is to change, and when it will change, are among the ques- tions of the day which puzzle Wall Street. In so far as the situation is gov- erned by the investment movement of the day, the answer is easy enough. Most professions strike a fair average of earn- ing power in the long run; but to the Stock Exchange is peculiarly and tradi- tionally reserved the function of earn- ing vastly more than a normal income, in a time of speculative enthusiasm, such as 1901, and balancing that by earning proportionately less in times when the pendulum of speculative activ- ity has swung the other way. But that leaves the question open, what the future has to offer in the way of better business. It happens that this is by no means the first occasion on which Wall Street has fallen into its present condition of despondency over its own business future. In 1894 and 1896, particularly, the familiar Wall Street comment was that all the great leaders were dead, and that Stock Ex- change business was "played out." Early in 1897, with trading at a standstill, and with seats on the StocK Exchange selling at $18,000, members of long standing fol- lowed one another in retiring from busi- ness; there was nothing in sight to promise better things. The sequel, in the next five years, is sufficiently well known. Nobody supposes that another 1901 is now in immediate prospect; but it is fairly safe to predict the eventual return of the investing public to the market. When, and how, and why that public will return, involves other consid- erations. No one could have answered the question in 1897. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Aked, C. F. The Divine Drama of Job. Scribner. 60 cents net. American Bible Society. Ninety-seventh Annual Report, 1913. Ames, J. S. The Constitution of Matter. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $1.50 net. Baldwin, J. M. History of Psychology. (Science Series.) 2 vols. Putnam. 75 cents net. Barrie's Quality Street. Illustrated by Hugh Thomson. Doran. $5 net. Beerbohm, Max. Fifty Caricatures. Dut- ton. $2 net. Bhartrihari. The Satakas or Wise Sayings of Bhartrihari. Translated from the Sanskrit by J. M. Kennedy. Boston: Luce. Blashfield, E. H. Mural Painting in Amer- ica. Scribner. $2 net. Boylan, G. D. The Supplanter. Boston: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard. $1.25 net. Bridges, Robert. Poetical Works, exclud- ing the Eight Dramas. Oxford Univer- sity Press. 50 cents. Brieux, Eugene. Blanchette, and the Es- cape: Two Plays. Translated from the French by F. Eisemann. Boston : Luce. $1.25 net. Bryce, Marion. Nancy in the Wood. Lane. $1 net. Burrell, D. J. In the Upper Room. (Short. Course Series.) Scribner. 60 cents net. Charles, R. H. Studies in the Apocalypse. Scribner. Charteris, Evan. William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland— 1721-1748. Longmans. $3.50 net. Clute, W. N. Laboratory Manual and Note- book in Botanv. Boston: Ginn. 50 cents. Crow, M. F. Harriet Beecher Stowe : A Biography for Girls. Appleton. $1.25 net. Dickens's Old Curiosity Shop. Illustra- tions by Frank Reynolds. Doran. $5 net. Distinguished Men of Philadelphia Pennsylvania. Philadelphia Press. Dalrymple, Loonn. In the Heart of the Christmas Pines. McBride, Nast. .">0 cents not. Fleisohmann. Hector. Robespierre and the Women He Loved. Trans, from the French by A. S. Rappoport. Appleton. Forman, H. J. London: \n Intimate Pic- ture. McBride, N'ast. $2.50 net. Fowler, N. C. 1,000 Things Worth Know- ing. Sully & Kleintcich. 50 cents net. Gibson Calendar — IOH. Doran. Godinex. P. L. The Lighting Book. Mc- Bride. Nast. $1.26 net. Gregory, Lady. Our Irish Theatre. Putnam. Guerber. H. A. Book of the Epic: The World's Great Epics told in Story. Phila. : Lippinco Hardy, Thomas. Under the Greenwood Tree. Putnam. $2 net. Harrison. Earle. The Panama Canal. Il- lustrated by color photography. Moffat, Yard. $1 net Haughton. H. L. Sport and Folk-Lore In The Himalaya. Longmans. $3.50 net. Hervicu. Paul. The Labyrinth: A Play In Five Acts. Huebsch. $1 net. Holmes, J. H. Marriage and Divorce. Huebsch. .".0 cents net. liousman, Laurence. Princess Badoura : A Tale from the Arabian Nights Retold. Illustrated by Edmund Dulac. Doran. $3 net.

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5^32 Tli e .Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2526 Jenkins, Stephen. The Old Boston Post Road. Putnam. Johnson, A. B. The Russian Ballet. Illus- trated by Rene1 Bull. Boston: Houghton «iffln. (7.50 net. Jonson's Poetaster and Dekker's Satiro- mastix. Edited by J. H. Pennlman. (Belles-Lettres Series.) Boston: Heath. Life Calendar— 1914. Doi an Logan, A. S. Vestigia: Collected Poems. Moffat, Yard. Loti's Pficheur d'Islande. Abridged, with notes, by Walter Peirce. Boston: Ginn. 15 cents. Lowis, C. C. Fascination. Lane. $1.25 net. McCaslin, Alvin. Watch Your Step! Huebsch. 50 cents net. Mencken. H. L. The Philosophy of Fried- rich Nietzsche. Third edition. Boston: Luce. $1.50 net. Meredith, George. Up to Midnight. Bos- ton : Luce. Middle English Humorous Tales in Verse. Edited by G. H. McKnight. (Belles- Lettres Series.) Boston : Heath. Moore, G. F. History of Religions. Scrib- ner. $2.50 net. Nearing, Scott. Social Sanity. Moffat, Yard. $1.25 net. New Jersey Insurance Report, Year ending 1912. Part II, Life and Miscellaneous. Trenton. O'Connor, Mrs. T. P. My Beloved South. Putnam. $2.50 net. Ordway, Edith B. The Handbook of Quo- tatlons. Sully & Klelnteich. 50 cents net. 11 borne, A. a. Speculation on the New York Stock Exchange— September, 1914- March, l:i07. (Col. Studies.) Longmans. Osborne, A. li. As It Is in England. Mc- Bride, Nast. $3 net. Phillips Calendar— 1914. Doran. Qulller-C ih, a. T. J n Powder and Crino- line. Fairy Tales Ketold. Illustrations in color by Kay Neilson. Doran. $5 net. Reid, Whiteiaw. American and English Studies. 2 vols. Scribner. $4 net. Robinson, (!. 1. Floral Fairies. Drawings by F. A. Carter. Floral Fairies Pub. Co. $1 net. Robinson, H. W. The Religious Ideas of the Old Testament. Scribner. 75 cents net. Rowland, Helen. The Sayings of Mrs. Solo- mon. Dodge Pub. Co. $1. Schulze, J. \V. The American Office: Its Organization, Management, and Records Key Pub. Co. Scott, Temple. The Use of Leisure. Huebsch. 50 cents net. Scott, William A. Money. 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Henry Holt&Co. ,%£■ ?& cCLURG'S RARE AND FINE IMPORTED BOOKS The Finest Collection in the Country NEW CATALOGUE Ready December 1 Sent FREE on request A. C. McCLURG & CO. Dept. P. 218-24 S. Wabash Avenue CHICAGO My Beloved South By MRS. T. P. O'CONNOR Aothor of "Little Thank You." 8vo. With Photogravure Frontispiece. $2.50 net. By mail, $2.75. These charming pen pictures of the home and social life of the South constitute a valuable contri- bution to the social history of the country. Mrs. O'Connor is a South- erner by birth, and among her friends and kin are numbered many who have been a part in the history of the South. Send for Holiday Catalogue. New York G. P. Putnam's Sons London HEREDITY AND SEX THOMAS HUNT MORGAN, Ph.D. Professor of Experimental Zoology, Columbia University. l2mo, cloth, pp. ix+282. Illus- trated. Price, #1.75 net: by mail, #1.90. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS LEMCKE AND BUECHNER, Agents. 30-32 West 27th Street, NEW YORK CITY SHAKESPEARE'S WORKS First Folio Edition. 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Nov. 27, 1913] T li e N" a t i o n v PICTURES FOR YOUR HOME Medici Prints, a series of reproductions in color after the great masters. Catalog with 25 "1 illustra- tions sent on receipt of 15c in stamps You will find many sugges- tions for a gilt at Ch istmss time. FOSTER BROS. 4 Park Square, Boston REMARKABLE DISCOVERIES IN EGYPT PROF. FLINDERS PETRIB now rlevotes his entire time to tbe Egyptian Research Account (So- ciety), whose (Uicoveries relate to the history, arts Mini sciences of ancient Egypt, and to Its pre dynastic age The Society, managed by a Com- mittee of forty eminent men and women, publishes an annual quarto volume, profusely Illustrated, of great value, that should be In hundreds of public and private libraries. Circulars of the explore tlons ami honks freely furnished. Address REV. DR. WILLIAM COPLEY W1NSLOW, 525 Beacon St.. Boston, THE GllEAT ART O1FT-B00K OF THE YEAR ART By Auguste Rodin (Translated from the French of Paul (Jsell by Mrs. Romllly Fedden.) With over 100 Illustrations In photogravure and halftone. Buckram, $7.50 net: three-quarter levant. $15. 00 net; carriage additional. A book which takes its place at once as the most important art book in years. It covers practically the whole range of art. and abounds in memorable analyses of the works of the masters of painting anil sculpture, ancient and modern. Send for descriptive circular. Sum II. tin j nu rd & Co., Publishers, Boston Animal. Communities in Temperate America A Study in Animal Ecology Designed to Starve as a Reference Work and Textbook. By VICTOR ERNEST sn i.i' ORD, of th : Department of Zoology in the University of Chi- cago. This volume presents the principles of field ecology, illustrated by the more widely distributed animal habi- tats of the eastern half of temperate North America, and the aquatic habi- tats of a much larger territory. Six chapters deal with general principles. In several chapters the animal com- munities are considered from the point of view of modern dynamic ecology. A valuable feature of the book is the three hundred figures of widely dis- tributed animals chosen to represent the chief types of animal communi- ties and their characteristic modes of life. 380 pages, 8»o, cloth; $3.22 postpaid. The University of Chicago Press CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. AGENTS The Baker and Taylor Company New York TheCambridge Univ. Press. London and Edinburgh Karl W. H iersemann Leipzig The Maruzen-Kabushiki-Kaisha, Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto A. practical Handbook for income tax payers, by an authority. The Income Tax Law of 1913. Explained By GEORGE P. TUCKER, of the Bos- ton Bar, joint author in 1895 of "The Federal Income Tax Explained." Cloth. Price, $1.50 net. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, Boston The Flowery Republic By FREDERICK McCORMICK is the most authoritative work on the new China. J52.50 net. By mail $2.70. D. APPLETON & COMPANY, New York ■\Hniversit^ of California publications BUSINESS CYCLES. By Wes- ley C. Mitchell. xviii+6io pp. 77 charts, quarto. An analytic description of the compli- cated processes by which seasons of busi- ness prosperity, crisis, depression, and re- vival come about in the modern world. Bound in buckram $7-S° Sewed, papercoversonly 5.00 Expressage, 50 cents extra A FINANCIAL HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA, by W. C. Fankhauser. 308 pp #2.50 WOMEN IN TRADE UNIONS IN SAN FRANCISCO, by Lil- lian R. Matthews. 100 pp. .$1.00 THE LAUNCHING OF THE INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD, by Paul F. Brissenden. 82 pp 75 COMPLETE LIST OF TITLES AND PRICES WILL BE SENT ON APPLICATION. THE UNIVERSITY PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA Foreign Books and Magazines Correspondence Solicited E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY 681 Fifth Avenue, near 54th Street NEW YORK Strindberg's By the Open Sea A novel that does not insult your intelligence Authorized translation by HIlie Srhlcussner; SI. 25 net B.W.Huebsch.Publisher, 225 Fifth avenue, NewYork ■IIBIEiriii! Uty? Christmas Smtk Number OF The Nation WILL BE PUBLISHED NEXT WEEK Besides its regular circulation, several thousand extra copies will be sent out. There will be reviews of Holiday publications and numerous notes on Juvenile Books. Usual Rates for Advertising. ■ D ■ "

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VI The 1ST a t i o ii [Vol. 97, No. 2526 Latest Publications of Dodd, Mead & Company SCOTT'S LAST EXPEDITION By CAPTAIN R. F. SCOTT, C.V.O., R.N. The journals of Captain Scott, together with the re- ports of the journey and the scientific work. Edited by Leonard Huxley and Lady Scott. With photogravure frontispieces of Captain Scott and Dr. Wilson; facsimile reproductions of Captain Scott's diary; 16 full-page illustrations in colors and more than 200 in black and white. Also with maps, charts, etc. Two Volumes. Large 8vo. Bored, $10.00 net. Expressage extra. ITALIAN YESTERDAYS Legends, historical events, anecdotes of famous peo- ple, and the author's own experiences, all described in her delightfully intimate and entertaining manner. Two Volumes. 8vo. Boxed, $0.00 net. Expressage extra. By MRS. HUGH FRASER Author of "A Diplomatist's Wife in, Many Lands," etc. RELIGION IN SOCIAL ACTION By GRAHAM TAYLOR Resident Warden Chicago Commons Social Settlement; Professor Social Economics, Chicago Theolog. Seminary The author has seen at practical work the principles and methods here dealt with, and he has seen at- tested the study and work which his book outlines for the local community. With an Introduction by Jane Addams. 8vo. $1.25 net. Postage 14 cents extra. The RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD 1 865-1 877. Vol. \ II of A History of the United States With this volume Professor Schouler brings to a close his notable history of the United States. By JAMES SCHOULER Bound in uniform style with other volumes of set, or as a separate volume. 8vo. $2.00 net. Postage 19 cts. extra. IVlllv AoLAU The hero of the French Revolution described and an- By LOUIS BARTHOU, Prime Minister of France alyzed by one of the greatest of modern statesmen. Illustrated. 8vo. $3.50 net. Postage 15 cents extra. THE CHINA COLLECTOR A Guide to the Porcelains of the English Factories By H. W. LEWER This book aims to present a simple and concise state- ment of all the facts known about English china. With 32 pages of Illustrations, together with Reproductions of Authentic English Marks. 8vo. $1.60 net. Postage 13 cents extra THE COMPLETE POEMS OF PAUL LAURENCE DUNBAR Shadow," and a number of poems never before published. Erontispiece. 8vo. $2.00 net. Postage 17 cents extra Comprising in one volume the contents of "Lyrics of Lowly Life," "Lyrics of the Hearthside," "Lyrics of Love and Laughter," and "Lyrics of Sunshine and THE LOG OF A WOULD-BE WAR CORRESPONDENT By H. W. FARNSWORTH The plain, unvarnished, but nevertheless highly enter- taining, tale of a young American who had the de- termination to see the Balkan War as a war cor- respondent. 12mo. $1.00 net. Postage lO cents extra. THE CHILDREN'S BLUE BIRD Expressly adapted for children by GEORGETTE LE BLANC (Madame Maurice Maeterlinck) from the famous play by Maurice Maeterlinck. Translated by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos. With Illustrations in Color and in Black and White by Herbert Pans. 8vo. $2.50 net. Postage 20 cents extra. SNOW WHITE A fairy play in seven acts from the Brothers Grimm as presented at The Little Theatre in New York. With Illustrations in Color by C. H. Palls. 8vo. $2.00 net. Postage Hi cents extra. Publishers DODD, MEAD & COMPANY New York

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HOLIDAY BOOK I^UMBER VOL. XCVII— NO. 2527 THURSDAY, DECEMBER 4, 1913 £eaf; && PRICE TEN CENTS Some SCRIBNER Art and Letters Art and Common Sense By Royal Cortissoz Contains Essays on Topics of Such Lively Interest as "The Post-Impression Illusion" and "J. P. Morgan as an Art Collector" $1.75 net; postage extra American and English Studies By Whitelaw Reid Contains the great editor's Writings in Politics and Education Assembled in Two Handsome Volumes 2 vols. $4.00 net Art in Spain and Portugal By Marcel Dieulafoy Member of the Institut and One of the Highest Living Authorities A Complete Account of All Their Arts from Origin to the Present Illustrated. $1.50 net; by mail, $1.65 Shakspere as a Playwright By Brander Matthews A Fascinating Study of Sha'<spere's Stage Craft With the Help of Fresh Information About the Elizabethan Playhouse He Relates Shakspere More Closely with the Theatre of His Time $3.00 net; postage extra Mural Painting in America By Edwin H. Blashfield A Complete Study of the Subject Written in Full | Sympathy with the Layman by the First [ American Authority. Handsomely Il- lustrated in Such a Manner as to Bring Out the Significant Points in the Art $2.00 net; by mail, $2.19 Holiday Books Special Holiday Editions Henry van Dyke's The Toiling of Felix In a Beautiful Holiday Edition Illustrated by Herbert Moore $1.50 net; by mail, $1.69 Pacific Shores from Panama By Ernest Peixotto Who Wrote and Illustrated " Romantic Califor- nia " and " Through the French Pro- vinces." Describes a Beautiful Voy- age Discovered by the Author $2.50 net; postage extra Stevenson's K idnapped Beautifully Illustrated with Full-Color Pictures and Lining Paper By N. C. Wyeth $2.25 net; postage extra The Poems and Bal- lads of Robert Louis Stevenson Complete in One Volume with Portrait $2.00 net Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows With Ten Charming Full-Color Pictures by PAUL BRANSOM $2.00 net; postage extra If You Touch Them They Vanish By Gouverneur Morris A Story of Singular Originality and Beauty. Illustrated with Full-Color Pictures by Charles S. Chapman $1.00 net; by mail, $1.09 The Poems of Henry van Dyke Complete in One Volume with Portrait This is the new edition of the Com- plete Poems of Henry van Dyke, printed upon a Special Paper and Bound in Lea- ther- $1.75 net; postage extra History and Biography The United States and Mexico By George L. Rives A Complete Account of our Relations with Mexico up to the end of the Mexican War; Recognized as a Book of Immense Im- portance as well as of Peculiarly Ad- ventitious Interest by the "Nation," "The New York Sun," "Times" and all the other Leading Reviews of the Country 2 vols. $8.00 net; expressage extra The Autobiography of George Dewey, Admiral of the Navy In which the Greatest American Sea-Fighter Living Tells the Story of His Career from His Early Days under Farragut and Porter through the Capture of Manila $2.50 net; by mail, $2.69 Reminiscences of a Soldier's Wife By Mrs. John A. Logan Is a Volume of Both Biography and Autobiog- raphy, for it Contains the Life of Her Famous Husband, and Giving Glimpses of Mexican and Civil War Days, Bridges the Gulf Between Pioneer Days and Now $2.50 net; by mail $2.69 Early Memories By Senator Lodge In which this Eminent Statesman and Man of Letters Recalls His Boyhood and Young Manhood in Boston Up to the Time When He Entered Congress. His Recollections Form a Striking Feature. His Pages Are Scattered Through with Stories of Statesmen and Writers and with Pointed Comments $2.50 net; by mail, $2.69 The Panama Gateway By Joseph Bucklin Bishop Is Recognized on All Sides u the Authoritative Story of the Panama Canal from the Days of Columbus up to the Present Tim; $2.50 net; by mail $2.69 CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, Fifth Avenue at 48th Street, NEW YORK

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11 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2527 r 1 t riio Nation A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post Office as second-class mail matter.] The Nation is published and owned by the New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Villard, President; William J. Pattlsnn, Treasurer; Paul Elmer Mure, Editor; Harold deWulf Fuller, As- sistant Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada .$3.r>0, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $4.00. Address THE NATION, Box 704, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 523 Editorial Articles: "Recall" of the Ives Decision 526 Eugenics and Common-Sense 526 Mexicanizing England 527 Combining in Social Work 528 Barbara Frietchie and Fame 529 Special Articles : Charles Eliot Norton 529 News for Bibliophiles 532 Correspondence : Widening the Legal Vision 532 Dialect Verses and College Flummery 533 From Scholars to Undergraduates . . 533 The Cafeteria 533 A Remedy for Insomnia 533 Literature : Holiday Books.— 1 533 La Renaissance. — The Renaissance. — Cesare Borgia. — Maximilian the Dreamer: Holy Roman Emperor, 1459-1519 535 The Passionate Friends 537 An Average Man 537 The Lovely Lady 537 Youth Will Be Served 538 Wealth and Welfare 538 A History of Continental Criminal Procedure, with Special Reference to France 539 The German Classics of the Nine- teenth and Twentieth Centuries 539 Notes 540 Children's Books 543 Science : Robert Fulton, Engineer and Artist: His Life and Works 544 Drama : Thoughts and After-Thoughts 545 Music : Chopin the Composer. — Chamber Mu- sic 540 Art 547 Finance : Three Factors in the Outlook 549 Books of the Week 550 JUST PUBLISHED CITY PLANNING A comprehensive analysis of the subject arranged for the classification of books, plans, photographs, notes, and other collected m.aterial. By JAMBS BTUBGIS PEAT, Assistant Professor of Landscape Architecture and h. in in. hi of the School of Landscape Archi- tecture, Harvard CJnlvei Ity, and THEO- DORA KIMBALL, Librarian of the School. 8vo. Paper. 103 pages. $1.00. HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMHItllMJE, MASSACHUSETTS. New Books For All Tastes Fiction The Iron Trail By REX BEACH "It is Rex Beach's power of description which holds the reader's interest so intently, though his love-story is a good one." — Brooklyn Eagle. "In 'The Iron Trail,' Rex Beach has hit the bull's eye again. . . . We will be very much mis- taken if this does not prove to be one of the most popular books that Rex Beach has ever written." — Philadelphia Inquirer. Illustrated. $1.35 net. The Way Home By the author of "The Inner Shrine," BASIL KING "One sees and feels the materialism of our day, nowhere so great, maybe, as in New York. The book is a brilliant and moving demonstration of the thesis, 'Man cannot live by bread alone.' The situations are clear, and skillfully handled, the characters real people. The book interests — holds, moves one. It is a book you want to lend to a friend, and then, when he has read it, sit and talk it over with him. I will preach on it some evening."— AT. McG-ee Waters, Pastor of Tompkins Avenue Congregational Church, Brooklyn. Illustrated. $1.35 net. By Mrs. HUMPHRY WARD The Coryston Family A love story, with a heroine who will rank as Mrs. Ward's most charming por- trayal of young womanhood of to-day, and a dramatic representation of the dramatic struggle between the radical and aristocratic elements of English society. As a rich, sombre background against which the youthful love episodes stand out, is pictured the desperate efforts of a forceful woman to hold her power. Illustrated. $1.35 net. By KATE LANGLEY BOSHER The House of Happiness Mrs. Bosher has found a new field. Her work in it has produced this book, which appeals, perhaps, more deeply to human sympathy than any of its predecessors. There is a love story in it, of course, the wooing of a charming girl by a splendid man ; but it is the boy, Cricket, who wins the heart of every reader. Who that knows "Mary Cary" can forget her sweet, sunny nature? Cricket is surely kin to her. Frontispiece. $1.25 net. Autograph leather edition, limited to 500 copies, $1.50 net. A Changed Man By THOMAS HARDY A new book to arouse the keen interest of every Hardy lover — and every reader of stories. These tales are like condensed novels — rich in Hardy's genius and idyllic of the Wessex country. We mingle in the lives of the romantic- milkmaid, the dragoon, the knight, Alicia, and the shepherd who saw. Frontispiece. $1.35 net. The Passionate Friends bvh. g. WELLS No man's woman is the heroine, a living reality in this new novel. Mr. Wells says some sharp things about our right to live our own lives, and he tells us how one man and one woman did it. "The Passionate Friends" is a good story — and much more. Frontispiece, $1.35 net. Of Permanent Interest Familiar Spanish Travels By WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS "A fragrant blend of mellow autobiography, literary associations, romantic his- tory and charming and piquant impressions of travel." — N. Y. Tribitur. "A fascinat- ing account of Spanish life and places, all the more important because they are de- scribed and interpreted by Mr. Howells's pen. . . . We feel that he has done for Spain to-day as vividly and as faithfully what Gautier did for Spain almost a cen- tury ago." — Boston Transcript, illustrated, $2.00 net. Miracles of Science By HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS The story of the modern miracles of the laboratory and observatory told in popular language free from technicali- ties, so that the least scientific readi I will understand and enjoy it. I" ■ nating chapters are revealed the hi led developments of science In astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, and medi- cine. Illustrated, $2 net. Social and Economic Forces in American History American life, the manners and cus- toms of our ancestors, from the earlli I colonial days, arc here described by the distinguished scholars who have con- tributed to the twenty seven volumes of the "American Nation." The gen i a I reader, as well as the historian, will Snd these pngcs full of Interest \ work of authority. $1.50 net. HARPER & BROTHERS

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Dec. 4, 1913] The ISTation 111 HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY'S Illustrated Gift Books The Carolina Mountains By Margaret W. Morley "Seldom has any section been afforded a more sympathetic interpreter of its physical charms, or of the life and character of its people."— Springfield Republican. Fully illustrated. Boxed. $3.00 net. By mail $3. 21. The Country of Sir Walter Scott By Charles S. Olcott "In following Mr. Olcott on his tour through Scot- land and England, one has the assurance of being in the hands of a well-informed guide."— The Nation. 60 illustrations. Boxed. $3.00 net. By mail $3.23. Picturesque New Zealand By Paul Gooding "A lively and entertaining description of a land of which wc ought to know more than we do. Illus- trated with splendid photographs." — New York Sun. 58 superb illustrations. $3.50 net. By mail $3.72. Mediaeval Byways By L. F. Salzmann This entertaining volume is practically a compan- ion volume to "Touring in 1600" and "Pilgrim Life in the Middle Ages." Illustrated. $1.75 net. Carriage extra. Dandies and Men of Letters By Leon H. Vincent "Twelve sketches of famous dandies, historically accurate, vivacious, and kindly." — San Francisco Argonaut. Illustrated. $3.00 net. By mail $3.20. The Art of the Great Masters By Frederic Lees "The plan of the book is admirable, and its rich- ness of illustration and suggestion deserves all praise." — Boston Transcript. Limited to 100 copies for America. Beautifully illustrated. $12.50 net. Postpaid. The Russian Ballet Text by A. E. Johnson This beautiful holiday book gives in a picturesque and entertaining way the stories of the sixteen elab- orate ballets in the repertoire of the Russian dancers. Illustrations in color and black and white by Rene Bull. $7.50 net. Carriage 41 cents. Scott's Ivanhoe E. Boyd Smith Illustrations "Never has this classic appeared in a more cap- tivating guise or one more certain to meet the ap- proval of those youthful readers for whom it is in- tended."— Milwaukee Free Press. Fully illustrated in color. $2.73. $2.50 net. By mail Letters of Alexander Agassiz With a Sketch of His Work and Life By George R. Agassiz "Both the specialist in science and the general reader interested in the development of a singularly strong and variously gifted character will heartily enjoy the work." — The Dial. Illustrated. $3.50 net. By mail $3.71. Letters of Charles Eliot Norton With biographical comment by Sara Norton and M. A. DeWolfe Howe "For lovers of literary letters this is the book of the year. . . . It is a large and kindly spirit that speaks throughout, the spirit of the finest culture America can produce." — Chicago Record Herald. 2 vols. Illustrated. $5.00 net. Carriage 44 cents. 1 The Life of John Bright By G. M. Trevelyan "A splendid record of one of England's bravest, finest and ablest statesmen. Mr. Trevelyan has done his work well." — Congregationalist. Illustrated. $4.50 net. By mail $4.68. A Confederate Girl's Diary By Sarah Morgan Dawson "No such intimate diary of the war from a wo- man's point of view has yet been given to the world, and certainly no diary of such unusual literary merit." — San Francisco Argonaut. Illustrated. $2.00 net. By mail $2.15. Hawthorne and His Publisher By Caroline Ticknor "A charming piece of literary workmanship. . . . All admirers of America's greatest novelist will find much new material presented in gracious generos- ity."— Boston Transcript. 2 vols. Illustrated. $3.00 net. By mail $3.16. Memoirs of Li Hung Chang Introduction by Hon. John W. Foster "After this self-revelation of the greatest mind modern China has produced one instinctively studies that extraordinary mask of a face and sees under- neath it the index of a character at once just, gener- ous and lovable." — Boston Transcript. Frontispiece portrait. $3.00 net. By mail $3.17. Harrison Gray Otis By Samuel Eliot Morison "He was a man of whom his country, as well as his State, may well be proud." — Providence Journal. Illustrated. 2 vols. $6.00 net. Carriage 37 cents. The Life of Lyman Trumbull By Horace White James Ford Rhodes says: "You deserve the thanks of all students of history for bringing before them the great Senator in an at- tractive form and by the use of materials that would not otherwise have come to light." Illustrated. $3.00 net. By mail $3.19. Illustrated Holiday Bulletin sent FREE on request HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY 4 Park Street, BOSTON 16 E. 40th Street, NEW YORK

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IV The ]STatiori [Vol. 97, No. 2527 A SELECTION OF NEW BOOKS for CHRISTMAS Including Many Works of Permanent Value JUNGLE DAYS By ARLEY MUNSON, M.D. The experiences of an American woman doctor in India. One of the most remarkable records of human achievement published in recent years, and a book that warrants a permanent place in every library. $2.50 net. IUi mail $2.70. ALL THE DAYS OF MY LIFE An Autobiography by AMELIA E. BARR Tbe autobiography of a woman full of years and of honors, whose days have been brimming with work, renunciation, sorrows, joys, and continuous Christian faith and fortitude. $3.50 net. By mail $3.70. TWO ON A TOUR IN SOUTH AMERICA By ANNA WENTWORTH SEARS A bright, breezy, amusing account of a journey made by a New York woman and her husband. A jolly travel book of exceptional interest. $2.00 net. By mail $%.16. THE LIFE OF JESUS in the Light of the Higher Criticism By ALFRED W. MARTIN An especially timely study of the life and teachings of Jesus, treated historically and philosophically, but in the clearest, simplest fashion. $1.50 net. By mail $1.62. 8vo. Price $7.50 net. EGYPTIAN ART: STUDIES By SIR GASTON MASPERO A veritable guide to Egyptian art in all its varieties. Profusely illustrated. Postage extra. WOMAN IN SCIENCE ByH. J. MOZANS, Ph.D. After outlining woman's capacity for scientific purposes, Dr. Mozans takes up, step by step, her achieve- ments in all the departments of pure science from the earliest times to the present. A fountain of inspiration for those interested in the cause of women. Frontispiece. $2.50 net. By mail $2.70. THE PHILOSOPHY OF NIETZSCHE By G. CHATTERTON-HILL The best and most readable exposition of the teachings of the philosopher that has yet been available for the general reader. Much important material hitherto not generally known has been included. AUGUST STRINDBERG By L. L1ND-AF-IIAGEBY A thoughtful monograph combining a critical estimate with a sufficiently full and searching biography. The whole presenting a clear picture of this elusive author in his relation to modern thought. 21 Portraits. $2.00 net. By mail $2.1 .',. THE FLOWERY REPUBLIC: CHINA By FREDERICK McCORMICK The history of the developments of the last few years, together with the exciting story of the Chinese Revolution, are told by the famous war correspondent, who was an eye witness. "The best book on the new China." Illustrated. $2.5.0 net. By mail $2.70. ROBESPIERRE AND THE WOMEN HE LOVED By HECTOR FLEISCHMANN A picture of the incorruptible Robespierre, not as a vampire or a Nero, but as a lady's man, which he undoubtedly was. With twenty illustrations. $4 00 net. By mail $4.20. ROMANCES OF THE FRENCH THEATRE Bj FRANCIS GRIBBLE The lives on and off the stage of the most famous French actresses are Intimately described, without sup- pressing material fads. Illustrated. $4.00 net. By mail $4.20. DESCRIPTIVE CIRCULARS MAILED FREE UPON REQUEST D. APPLETON & COMPANY ""&%£"* Publishers

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Dec. 4, 1913] The Nation v 1fooliba\> publishers ooks 5. B. Xippincott Company pbfla&elpbia Complete Holiday Catalogue Mailed on Request The Curious Lore of Precious Stones By GEORGE FREDERICK KUNZ, A.M., Ph.D., D.Sc. With numerous plates in color and double-tone. 8vo. Cloth, decorated in blue and gold, gilt top. Boxed. $5.00 net. Postpaid, $5.25. This work represents the observations and discoveries during 25 years of collecting on the part of Dr. Kunz. It is an interesting galaxy of anecdote, research, and information upon a fascinating subject, full of hu- mor and romantic interest. The general reader, the lover of beautiful stones, the student of the occult and mys- ticism, the religious, as well as the lapidary and the jeweler, will find it entertaining and valuable. For libraries it is a reference volume of inestimable worth. Cymbeline Edited by HORACE HOWARD FURNESS, Ph.D., LL.D., Litt.D. Being the Eighteenth Volume of A NEW VARIORUM EDITION OF THE WORKS OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Royal octavo. Cloth, gilt top, uncut edges, #4.00 net. Half morocco, gilt top, #5.00 net. Carriage extra. This volume was the last work from the pen of the late Dr. Purness, who was known the world over as the greatest Shakespearean scholar of our time. In the Variorum Edition he left a monumental work unrivalled in its particular field. The continuance of it is fortunately assured under the editorship of Horace Howard Fur- ness, Jr., whose many years' association with his father in the work has well equipped him for the task of editing the remaining plays. The Romance of the Newfoundland Caribou Dugmore. Large By A. 8vo. Radclyffe $3.75 net. This is an intimate account of the life of the reindeer of the Western Hemi- sphere, illustrated with many striking photographs from life and a painting by the author. FINE ILLUSTRATED EDITIONS French Color Prints of | the XVII Century With 50 plates in color and an intro- ductory essay by Malcolm C. Sala- man. Bound in buckram. Hand- somely decorated. Large octavo. $12.00 net. Lady Laughter By Ralph Henry Barbour. Illustra- ted in color by Gayle Hoskins. With page decorations in tint and decorated title-page by Edward Stratton Holloway. l2mo. Hand- some cloth. Boxed, $1.50 net. Post- paid, $1.65. The Barbour holiday book this season is a real pleasure-giving combination. The colored illustrations, beautiful binding, excellent letter-press, page decorations, and title, "Lady Laughter," are all in perfect harmony with the story, which is in Mr. Barbour's happiest vein. Colonial Architecture for Those About to Build By Herbert C. Wise and H. Ferdi- nand Beidleman. With 207 illus- trations. 8vo. Decorated cloth. Boxed. $5.00 net. Postpaid, $5.25. Being the Best Examples, Domestic, Gov- ernmental, and Institutional, in Penn- sylvania. New Jersey, and Delaware, with Observations Upon the Local Building Art of the Eighteenth Century. A remarkable collection of excellent re- productions in color of fifty color prints representative of the period, including choice examples of the most famous French engravers. A Rose of Old Quebec By Anne Hollings worth Wharton, Author of "In Chateau Land," etc. Frontispiece by M. J. Spero, and seven illustrations in double tone. 12mo. Beautifully bound in blue, white, and gold. $1.25 net. Post- paid, $1.37. This charming romance produced in at- tractive holiday style is written in Miss Wharton's inimitable and entertaining manner. She has made use of the his- torical love affair between Lord Nelson, then a young Captain, and a Quebec beauty. Handy Book of Curious Information By William S. Walsh. Crown 8vo. Half morocco, gilt top, $3.50 net. Postpaid, $3.75. Uniform with Lip- pincott's Readers' Reference Li- brary. An invaluable volume of curious facts and bits of knowledge inaccessible in any other works of reference. Old Italian Lace By Elisa Ricci. In two volumes, crown folio. With numerous plates in color, photogravure and black and white, specially mounted. $30.00 net. Describes minutely Italian laces and also those of France and Flanders. This monumental work contains some TOO illustrations of life-size photo- graphs and drawings of every sort of Italian lace, and reproductions in color, photogravure, etc., of great works of art, showing their actual use. Tales from Washington Irving' s Traveller Eight full-page illustrations in color by George W. Hood. 8vo. Cloth, with picture insert. Decorative lining papers. Gilt top. Boxed, $2.50 net. Postpaid, $2.70. Mr. Hood has caught the spirit of the tales in his beautiful colored illustra- tions, and decorative lining papers. The letter-press is perfect and the volume makes a very attractive and valuable gift book. Symphonies and Their Meaning Volume 111 Jutt Published Modern Symphonies Volumes I and II Classic Symphonies By PuiLir H. Coir. Per volume, $2.00 net. Postpaid, $2.12. As material for the study of the great works of music, these books are un- rivallrd.

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VI The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2527 CHOICE BOOKS ON THE CENTURY CO.'S HOLIDAY LISTS THE REMINISCENCES OF AUGUSTUS SAINT-GAUDENS Edited and amplified by his son, HOMER SAINT=QAUDENS Two volumes, royal octavo, about 400 pages each. Frontispiece portraits in photogravure, and eighty-seven reproductions of Saiut-Gaudcus's work, and of photographs of interesting persons and places. Price, boxed, $7.00 net; carriage, 36 cents. THE NEAR EAST Text by ROBERT HICHENS, with eighteen illustra= tions by JULES GUERIN, twelve in the exquisite colors of the original canvases And many reproductions from carefully selected photographs. The cover, of Byzantine design, in gold and rich color, is of exceptional beauty. Royal octavo, 268 pages. Price $6.00 net; carriage 26 cents. ROMANTIC AMERICA By ROBERT HAVEN SCHAUFFLER, author of "Romantic Germany" Rich in real information, with the characteristic charm of each region pictured with rare skill and sympathy. Frontis- piece in color and seventy-nine illustrations, plates in tint, by Maxfield Parrnh, George Inness, Jr., Joseph Pennell, AndrS Castaigne, Winslow Homer, Albert Herter, etc. Royal octavo, 340 pages. Price $5.00 net; carriage 19 cents. THE HOUSE IN GOOD TASTE By ELSIE DE WOLFE, America's Most Successful Woman Decorator A unique and delightful discussion of the problems of house- furnishing which come to every woman, whatever her environ- ment or her income. Frontispiece portrait of the author. Four insets in color and forty-eight in black and white, showing interiors designed and carried out by Miss de Wolfe. Royal octavo, 300 pages. Price $2.50 net; postage 20 cents. A TRAVELER AT FORTY By THEODORE DREISER Author of "Jennie Gerhardt," "The Financier," etc. An unconventional travel book and a personal narrative far out of the ordinary. Pictures by Glackens. Price $1.80 net; postage 14 cents. THE TRADE OF THE WORLD By JAMES DAVENPORT WHELPLEY Who knows conditions of which he writes An authoritative and brilliant presentation of many phases of international trade and the vital part it plays in world progress. Price $2.00 net; postage 16 cents. ZONE POLICEMAN 88 A Close=Range Study of the Panama Canal and its Workers, by HARRY A. FRANCK, author of "A Vagabond Journey Around the World" The record of the author's experiences and adventures as census-taker and plain-clothes policeman in the Canal Zone. A faithful, accurate, vivid picture of things as they are— fascinating for its tropical color, its intense reality, its racy humor. Illustrations from Mr. Franck's own snapshots. Price $2.00 net; postage 12 cents. Fabre, Poet of Science By Dr. C. V. LEGROS. Introdnetion by HI. Fabre. A delightful and satisfying record of the life, work, anil thought of one of the most interesting characters and one of the foremost naturalists of the age. Price $3.00 net, postage 14 cents. Gift-Books for Many Tastes Around-the-World Cook Book By MARY LOUISE BARROLL. A care- ful compilation of six hundred choice receipts gathered from many lands, which every American housewife should have. Price $1.50 net, postage 13 cents. My Lady of the Chimney Corner By ALEXANDER IRVINE. "My Lady" was Irvine's mother, an Irish peasant woman of great heart and rare spiritual In- sight. Attractively bound in green and gold. Price $1.20 net, postage 9 cents. Put This Fiction on Your Gift Lists T. TEMBAROM By FRANCES HODGSON BURNETT The latest and greatest success by the Princess of Story- tellers. Everybody loves T. Tembarom. And the Boston Transcript calls it: "An old-fashioned tale that is some- times romantic, sometimes realistic, sometimes plausible, but always enjoyable. . . . Mrs. Burnett's skill is the skill of the born teller of tales." Charles S. Chapman has illustrated the book delightfully and in an entirely new manner. Price $1.40 net; postage 12 cents. WESTWAYS By Dr. S. WEIR MITCHELL Whose "Hugh Wynne, Free Quaker" ranks as the great novel of the American Revolution and one of the most brilliant and powerful novels of our times. Many readers consider "Westways" Dr. Mitchell's greatest work. Price $1.40 net; postage 12 cents. THE TRUTH ABOUT CAMILLA By GERTRUDE HALL Not since Miss Sedgwick's "Tante" have the publishers is- sued a more distinguished piece of literature than this story of a fascinating Italian adventuress. Price $1.30 net; post- age 13 cents. MURDER IN ANY DEGREE By OWEN JOHNSON A collection of some of this popular author's best short stories, bristling with dramatic situations, and surprising ier with curious turns of the plot. Price $1.30 net; postage H cents. THE TINDER BOX By MARIA THOMPSON DAVIESS Author of "The Melting of Molly." A whimsical comedy, written with deliciously flavored sen- tences around the old mate-motif, from such a modern fem- inist viewpoint that every reader feels both charmed and challenged to the point of a personal response. Delicious il- lustrations by John Edwin Jackson. Price $1.00 net; post- age 7 cents. THE WHITE LINEN NURSE The irresistible new book by the author of "Molly Make-Be- lieve." An adorable little book for a gift in its blue-and white cover and with its ultra-clever illustrations by Pfeifer. Price $1.00 net; postage 7 cents. THE JACK-KNIFE MAN By ELLIS PARKER BUTLER Every character in "The Jack-Knife Man" is alive; and in this very real, very appealing story, Ellis Parker Butler, acknowledged master of fun, broadens and deepens his tone to that of human comedy. Price $1.25 net; postage 11 cents. THE THIRTEENTH JUROR By FREDERICK TREVOR HILL Author of "Lincoln the Lawyer," etc. A timely novel portraying vividly the evils of a politically influenced judiciary and the injustice of law that is the tool of lawyers. Eight full-page illustrations by Gordon (Irani Price $1.20 net; postage 10 cents JOHN BARLEYCORN By the Author of "The Call of the Wild" First and foremosl a. powerful, gripping story — Jack Lon- don's own story of wlmt life lias brought him, and of his ex- periencea .With alcohol. Price (1.80 net; postage 11! cents. The Century Co.'s attractive new Holiday Catalogue contains, among many all" T helpful suggestions for /minim/ planning, « "Classified List of Books for Young Folks," which gives wide choice of some of the very best books for children ever published. Sent on post-card request. THE CENTURY CO., Union Square, New York

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Dec. 4, 1913I The Nation vn NEW ILLUSTRATED BOOKS NEW TRAVEL BOOKS Twenty Centuries of Paris By MABELL S. C. SMITH This notable addition to the Crowell Travel Series comprises a study of the great European capital at different historical periods, be- ginning with the first settlement on its site two thousand years ago. The author is especially well quali- fied to write on the subject, as her interest in things French has been lifelong. Especially valuable is the description of Paris at the present time, given from an intimate first- hand knowledge of the city. The volume is embellished with 32 full- page illustrations and a good map. 8vo. Cloth, gilt top, $2.00 net Through England with Tennyson By OLIVER HUCKEL An invaluable book for any trav- eler planning to visit the Tennyson country. Dr. Huckel recently spent several weeks among the English and Welch scenes celebrated in Tennyson's verse, and the results of his pilgrimage are given in these bright, readable chapters. At ap- propriate points the text is inter- spersed with quotations from the poems. The illustrations, 32 in number, many of them from photo- graphs by the author, are particu- larly fresh and interesting, and add greatly to the attractiveness of this fascinating work. A map of the Tennyson country is included. 8vo. Cloth, gilt top, $2.00 net BOOKS ILLUSTRATED IN COLORS Parsifal By Richard wagner The Legend of the Holy Grail retold from Wagner by T. W. Rolleston, and illustrated by Willy Pogant. The artist has supplied 16 plates in full colors, numerous auto-lithographs and line drawings, and has done the lettering of every one of the 192 pages of this volume de luxe. 8vo. Limited edition, leather, $15.00 net. Velvet Persian, $10.00 net. Cloth, $6.00 net The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam A new edition of this classic, illustrated and decorated by Willy Pogany. 24 illustrations in color, a large number of exquisite border designs, and in two colors throughout. Printed from the same plates as the Crowell de luxe edition, but slightly smaller in page size, with the object of bringing this beautiful work within reach of all lovers of Khayyam. 8vo. Velvet ooze, $3.50 net. Tnlaid leather, $4.00 net. Cloth, Lorna Doone By R. D. BLACKMORE Special holiday edition of the famous "Romance of Exmoor," a classic that needs no introduction to English-speaking readers. 16 fine full- page colored drawings by Christopher Clark. Svo. Cloth, $2.50 net OTHER NEW ILLUSTRATED BOOKS Discovery and Conquest of Costa Rica By R. FERNANDEZ GUARDIA m A wealth of information about this important Central American republic, by a leader in its political and educational affairs. 9 maps, 50 full-page illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, $3.00 net The Myths of Mexico and Peru By lewis spence An important and fascinating book by an authority on archaeological and historical topics. Deals with -the ancient civilization of Mexico and Peru, the Mayan mythology, etc. 64 full-page illustrations by Gilbert James and other artists. sv... Cloth, $2.50 net Excursions By henry d. thoreau The latest volume to appear in the handsome edition of Thoreau's Works illustrated by Clifton Johnson. There are 33 full-page illus- trations from photographs. The introduction is that of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Svo. Cloth, gilt top, ?2.00 net Tristan und Isolde Retold by Oliver huckel Richard Wagner's musical masterpiece given in English blank verse by one fully in sympathy with the spirit of the great German. Issued in elaborate style, with black-letter type by the Merrymount Press, and printed in two colors. ilium. Cloth, gilt top, 75 centa net THOMAS Y. CROWELL COMPANY, NEW YORK

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Vlll The 1ST a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 21527 BOOKS FOR GIFTS FROM THE LIST OF E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY UNIVERSALLY APPRECIATED UNIVERSALLY SUITABLE FOR HOLIDAY GIFTS THE TEMPLE SHAKESPEARE Edited consistently by a schola r of international authority, Dr. ISRAEL GOLLANCZ. The most handsomely printed and hound of all pocket editions of Shake- speare's plays. Pleasant to read, light to han- dle. A play to a volume. Forty volumes, each Cloth I Leather 35c. net | 55c. net Postage, per volume, 3c. FELLOWSHIP BOOKS which in form and thought fitly express your sympathy with all that increases beauty of living. Friendship By Clifford Bax Divine Discontent By James Guthrie Freedom By A. M. Freeman A Spark Divine By R. C.Lehmann Solitude By Norman Gale Romance By Ernest Rhys Childhood By Alice Meynell The Joy of the Theatre By Gilbert Cannan The Quest of the Ideal By Grace Rhys 75 cents net per volume. By mail SO cents. Over 650 volumes are now ready in EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY AMONG THE LATEST ISSUES: Russell's Life of Gladstone A Century of Essays Stevenson's An Inland Vo- age and Travels with a Donkey Neale's Fall of Constantinople Dostoieffsky's Letters from the Underworld, etc. Balzac's Lost Illusions Aesop's and Other Fables Swe«ienborg's The Divine Provi- dence Ibsen's The Pretenders, etc. Atlas of Africa and Australasia Hahnemann's Organon of the Ra- tional Art of Healing Rousseau's The Social Contract Mme. Calderon de la Barca's Life In Mexico in cloth, 35 cents; leather, 70 cents per volnme; postage is cniis NEW ILLUSTRATED BOOKS Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan and Lorraine. By Julia Cartwright (Mrs. Ady) The record of a life singularly eventful and romantic, yet hitherto unwrit- ten. Like Mrs. Ady's "Beatrice D'Este," "Isabella D'Este," etc., it is based largely on original research and illustrates interestingly sixteenth century history. Demy 8vo, $6.00 net. The RubaiyatTof Omar Khayyam With 75 full-page illustrations by EDMUND J. SULLIVAN, the famous illustrator of Sheridan's Rivals, Tennyson's Dream of Fair Women, etc. Demy 4to, $6.00 net. Poems from Whitman's Leaves of Grass With 25 plates in colors by M. COOK, so perfectly in keeping with the spirit of the verse that lovers of Whitman must delight in them. Demy 4to, $6.00 net. Old World Love Stories Translated by EUGENE MASON from the lays of Marie de France, and other Mediaeval Romances and Legends. Illustrated and decorated by R. L. Knowles, in harmony with their subtle old-world charm. In a decorated box, demy 8vo, $3.00 net. The Story of My Heart By Richard Jeffries With illustrations in color reproduced from paintings of the landscapes Jeffries loved with such intensity of feeling. 8vo, boxed, $2.50 net. The Gathering of Brother Hilarius By Michael Fairless Author of "The Roadmender," etc. With illustrations in color, admira- bly sustaining the spirit of this beautiful allegory. 8vo, boxed, $2.50 net. Fifty Caricatures By Max Beerbohm Not even Du Maurier equals "Max" in the range of the subjects of his satiric art, as here exhibited. Reproductions tipped upon dark back- grounds. 8vo, $2.00 net. The Garden City By C. B. Purdom A Study in the Development of a Modern Town. With four colored plates and over 200 photographic illustrations, plans, etc. 8vo, $3.50 net. BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG Illustrated in Colors The Bible Story and Its Teaching for Children By the Baroness Freda de Knoop With forty plates in colors, reproduced from famous paintings. 8vo, cloth, decorated cover, $2.50. The Booh of the Sagas By Alice S. Hoffman Author of "The Children's Shakespeare," etc. With full-page illustrations in color, and many drawings in line by Cm-don Browne. Cloth, 8vo, $2.50. PUBLISHED BY 681 FIFTH AVE. NEW YORK E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY We carry a full stock of new and standard books, including many foreign publications. I

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\- [913] The Nation IX EARTH HUNGER AND OTHER ESSAYS By the late WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER, LL.D. Edited with an Introduction by Albert Galloway Keller, Ph.D. Professor Sunnier made genera- tions of nun think. These essays, of them his famous classroom ire going to make men — and ' ep on thinking; and, of even more Importance, teach them to think clearly as they ponder the ■octal issues of the tin / n • ih Wa • and Other Essays. 8vo. Cloth bti It top. 374 pages. Prict $2.25 net. Postage 20 cents THE MONROE DOCTRINE, AN OBSOLETE SHIBBOLETH By HIRAM BINGHAM, Ph.D., F.R.G.S., au- thor of "Across South America." Twice brought before the Congress of the United States, quoted on three continents, and reprinted within three weeks of publication, is, in brief, the brilliant career of this book. It is not only "good reading,'' but epoch-making. 12mo. Cloth binding. Gilt top. 154 pages. Price $1.15 net. Postage 10 cents extra. THE FRAMING OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES By MAX FARRAND, Ph.D., Professor of His- tory, Yale University. "Professor Farrand better than any other historian on record is equij.pcd to write a history of the Constitu- tional Convention. . . . The dis- cussions which are found in this book, the full appendix, and the ad- mirable index, make of Professor Farrand's book a valuable document for all time, and of especial impor- tance in the annals of constitutional history." — Boston Transcript. 8vo. Cloth binding. 281 pages. Ap- pendix of 47 pages. Index. Price $2.00 net. Postage 18 cents extra. POPULAR GOVERNMENT, ITS ESSENCE, ITS PERMANENCE AND ITS PERILS By WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT, LL.D., D.C.L. Woman's Suffrage, Socialism, Initiative, Ref- erendum and Recall, the Supreme Court, and Congress are some of the phases of popular Gov- ernment which Professor Taft considers. Some he favors, and to several he is opposed. His two notable addresses before the American Bar Asso- ciation meeting at Montreal in September are included in the volume. They are entitled: "The Selection and Ten- ure of Judges " and "The Social Importance of Proper Standards for Admission to the Bar." Second printing before publication. i2mo. Cloth binding. Gilt top. 283 pages. Index. Price $1.15 net. Postage 10 cents extra. YALE BOOK OF AMERICAN VERSE Edited by THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY, LL.D., L.H.B., Professor of English, Emeritus, Yale' University. (Published under the auspices of the Elizabethan Club of Yale University.) "The best attempt yet made to present in a sin- gle volume the best of American poetry." ■ — Brander Matthews. "The Yale Book of Verse is an excellent anthol- ogy.''— Theodore Roosevelt in The Outlook. "The Yale Book of American Verse is a delight to Ihe eye as an example of fine book-making. The contents are printed on smooth, heavy paper, the type is clear, and the poems appropriately placed within wide margins. The binding is of Yale blue, with gold decorations. This anthology includes the best of our American classics. ... It was prepared and edited by Professor Thomas R. Lounsbury, whose taste is to be highly commended, likewise his admirable and discriminating preface, which is all that a preface should be." — American Review of R cents extra. An Index to Books of Enduring Value as Gifts, together with the Catalogue of the Publications of the Yale University Press, will be sent free upon request. YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS 135 Elm Street, New Haven, Conn. 225 Fifth Avenue, New York City

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The 1ST a t i o 11 [Vol. 97, No. 2527 NEW BOOKS OF PERMANENT VALUE ORIENTAL RUGS Ky Waller A. Hawlcy. With 11 Color Plates, 80 Half-tone Engravings, including 4 Maps. 4to. Cloth. $7.50 net. This volume will be appreciated by all art lovers, as it deals with Oriental rugs in a comprehensive manner, including all the latest infor- mal 'on upon the subject. ROBERT FULTON: ENGINEER AND ARTIST His life and work. By H. W. Dickinson, A.M. I., Mech. B. 31 Illustrations. Cloth. 8vo. $3.00 net. The recent celebration of the centenary of the introduction of steam navigation on a commercial scale renders this important biography of timely interest. The author has been instrumental in discovering a mass of documentary matter relative to Fulton, and has thus been able to pre- sent the facts about him in an entire'y new light. A STAINED GLASS TOUR IN ITALY "Stained Glass Tours in England," With 33 Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth. By Charles H. Sherrill, author of "Stained Glass Tours in France," etc. $2.50 net. The proverbial search for a needle in a rick of hay offers the same sort of difficulty as a tour in Italy to lock at stained glass. This book is pleasantly written, and illustrated by views — of architecture, mostly — which will indicate to the tourist what to see and where to look for it. ANTHONY TROLLOPE: His Work, Associates and Originals By T. H. Escott. Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth. $3.50 net. This book sets forth in chronological order a series of personal inci- dents and experiences that have never before appeared in print, but that are absolutely essential for a right understanding of Trollope's writings. THE PORTRAITS AND CARICATURES OF WHISTLER An Iconography By A. E. Gallatin. With 20 Illustrations, three in Photogravure, includ- ing 10 important unknown Portraits. The edition is limited to 450 copies imposed and printed by the Merrymount Press. Full Cloth. Leather Label. ?3.00 net. Also a de luxe edition printed on hand-made paper, limited to 50 copies. $5.00 net. THE M EC CAS OF THE WORLD By Anne Warwick, author of "The Unknown Woman," etc. 17 Illustra- tions from Photographs. 8vo. Cloth. $2.00 net. a "new kind" of travel bock, describing the life and manners of the principal modern capitals in a. light and entertaining style. It includes the cities of New YorK, Paris, Vienna, Madrid, and London. THE SOUL OF PARIS By Verner Z. Reed. Colored Frontispiece and 8 other Illustrations by Ernest C. Peixotto. Large 12mo. Cloth. Gilt Top. $2.50 net. Mr. Verner Z. Reed is well known to many readers through his con- tributions to The Atlantic Monthly. This book of essays is the outcome of Mr. Reed's travels in many lands, and gives us his experiences and his impressions of The Desert; The Soul of Paris; A Rosary of Cities; A Rosary of Islands; Egypt; Some Socialistic Estates; Sunset in the Desert: Dead Cities ol the Dead; The Sea. THE VALLEY OF SHADOWS By Francis Grierson. New Holiday Edition. With 13 Full-page Color Plates. 12mo. Cloth. Jacket in Colors. $1.50 net. A new edition of a great work which tells in a vivid manner of the author's own boyhood in Lincoln's country. LYRICS AND DRAMAS By Stephen Phillips, author of "Marpessa," etc. 12mo. Cloth. $1.25 net. A new volume from one who stands alone, the premier poet-drama- f i 1 of his time. JOHN LANE COMPANY, NEW YORK THE MOSHER BOOKS MY new Catalogue for 1913, old-style wrap- per, eighty pages, octavo, mailed free to all who apply for it. From year to year these Catalogues have been issued with the view of mak- ing known The Mosher Books and what they repre- sent in up-to-date bookcraft. // your dealer does not keep them there's a reason! Many of the best dealers do keep them. The complete line in New York, for example, can be found at Brentano's, 5th Ave. and 27th St. Also at The Little Shop Around the Corner, 2 East 29th St. THOMAS B. MOSHER PORTLAND, MAINE PICTURES FOR YOUR HOME Medici Prints, a series of reproductions in color after the great masters. Catalog with 25") illustra- tions sent on receipt of 15c. in stamps You will find many sugges- tions for a gift at Chiistmas time. FOSTER BROS. 4 Park Square, Boston DECEMBER FREE The issues of the Nation for December will be sent without charge to new sub- scribers for the year 1!)14. The Nation, 20 Vesey St., New York

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Dec. 4, 1913I The Nation XI Some of Little, Brown & Co.'s Holiday Books ; W Send lor Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue of Our Complete List of New Books. The Romance of the American Theatre By MARY CAROLINE CRAWFORD Recalls the good old days of the drama and its actors, playhouses, etc. With 64 illustrations. 8vo. Boxed, $2.50 net; postpaid, $2.66. The Story otHarvard By Arthur's, pier isc and colorful history of the university. With if, drawings by Vernon H. Bailey. 8vo. Boxed, $2.00 net ; postpaid, $2.17. Athens, the Violet-Crowned By LILIAN WHITING Presents vividly the aspects and resources, the scenic, artistic, and social conditions of Athens to-day. With 32 pages of illustrations. 8vo. Gilt top. In a box, $2.50 net; postpaid, $2.70. A Line o' Cheer for Each Day o' the Year By JOHN KENDRICK BANGS A delightful gift-book of cheerful verses for daily read- ing. Decorative border. $1.25 net; postpaid, $1.36. "A moving picture that holds his audi- ence spellbound." — ■ Boston Transcript. The Big Autumn Travel Book Across Unknown South America By A. Henry Savage-Landor "A great story of perilous explora- tion." — New York World. A solid addition to the world's knowledge of South America, setting forth the remarkable adventures of the author in a vast unexplored region of South America. With nearly 300 illustrations from photographs, 8 in color, a ltd maps. 2 vols., 8vo. Boxed, $10.00 net; postage extra. The Old Franciscan Missions of California By GEORGE WHARTON JAMES A comprehensive handbook giving the legends and his- tory of the old Missions. Fully illustrated. 12mo. $1.50 net; postpaid, $1.65. The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence By CAPTAIN A. T. MAHAN With maps and diagrams. 8vo. Boxed, $3.00 net; post- paid, $3.22. FICTION Joan Thursday By LOUIS JOSEPH VANCE. The soul-story of a New York shop girl who becomes a leading actress, pronounced by the critics Mr. Vance's best work. Illustrated. $1.30 net; by mail, $1.41. Fatima By ROWLAND THOMAS "A pure joy," says the Bookman of this highly imag- inative story of an Egyptian maiden. Pictures in color. $1.35 net; postpaid, $1.48. By the Author of "The Amateur Gentleman" "His Most Charming Achievement" The Honourable Mr. Tawnish By Jeffery Farnol By the Author of "The Broad Highway" A sparkling story of the same period as the author's longer novel, "The Amateur Gentleman," that tells how a fine London gentleman won the girl he loved. Illustrated in color by Charles E. Brock. $1.00 net; postpaid $1.08. The Double Life of Mr. Alfred Burton By E. PHILLIPS OPPENHEIM "A pure, unadulterated comedy."- — San Francisco Chron- icle. "A distinct advance on anything he has written." — Boston Transcript. Illustrated. $125 net; postpaid, $1.36. The Joy of Youth By EDEN PHILLPOTTS "A jolly comedy involving an artist, a nice English girl, and an absurd baronet." — Chicago Post. $1.30 net; postpaid, $1.41. The Eye of Dread By PAYNE ERSKINE A novel of love and mystery in which two young men come to blows over a girl and disappear, by the author of "The Mountain Girl." Illustrated. $1.35 net; post- paid, $1.46. The Gringos By B. M. BOWER A dramatic romance of the old California days in 1849 by the author of "Lonesome Land." Illustrated. $1.25 net; postpaid, $1.36. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, 34 Beacon St., Boston. THE GREAT ART GIFT-BOOK OF THE YEAR ART By Auguste Rodin (Translated from tbe French of Paul Gael] bj Mrs. Romilly Fedden.) With over 100 illustrations in photogravure and half-tone. Buckram, $7.50 net; three-quarter levant, $15.00 net; carriage additional. A book which takes its place at once as the most important art book in years. It •covers practically the whole range of an. and abounds in memorable analyses of the works of the masters of painting and sculpture, ancient and modern. Send for desoriptive circular. Small, Mnynnrd & Co., Publishers, Boston REMARKABLE DISCOVERIES IN EGYPT PROF. FLINDERS PETRIE now flevotea his entire lime to tbe Egyptian Research Account (So ciety), whose discoveries relate to the history, arts and sciences of ancient Egypt, and t Ira pre dynastic age The Society, managed by a Com- tnfttee of forty eminent men and women, publish?* an annna] quarto volume, profusely Illustrated, of thai Aoulri be In hundreds of prftillc and private libraries. Clrci lars of tie expiora tlona and bonks freely furnished. Address REV. DR. WILLIAM COPLEY WINSLOW, 525 Beacon St.. Boston. 5 PRESIDENTS and VICE-PRESIDENTS of the I". S.. .'1 .Tustiees V S. Supreme Court, 15 Bishops, '-'■"> University Presidents, are among 200 eminent men and women, whose letters to me, commendatory, are Included in a booklet, descriptive of "Tin Art or- Lrrnra Loivo," the new English edition of I.niL'l I'om.nro's 'tali "l.ii Vita Bobrla"- -completed at age 96 -the most Ith and Ion.' life ever written. Tbe descriptive booklet Is fri e. let me mail it to yon: it vrill set yon to t h I ti 1. 1 n z. 1 Address | . r WILLIAM F. BUTLER, 100 '•'' •'- I: ' Building, Milwau- kee, V

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Xll The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2527 REVELL'S NEW BOOKS AT ALL BOOKSELLERS Charles 11. Lcrriyo Doc Williams A Tale ol the Middle West "The bomelj bumor of. the old doctor and his childlike faith In 'the cure' is so intensely unman that he captures the sympathy of the layman at once— a sympathy that heroines the deepest sort uf Interest."- — Topvka Capital. Illustrated, $1.25 net Martha S. Gieloir Uncle Sam This story of the Southern mountain peopli makes ao irresistible appeal. 1 1! .si rrite.l. rJOe. ne Caroline Abbot Stanley The Keeper of the Vineyard A Tale ot the Ozarks "A return-to-nature story with hotli real ami substantial Qualities — the exceptional kind of story one likes to And riding on the crest of the sea of fiction." — Indianapolis Aeus. Illustrated, .$1.25 net lid ward A. Stciiicr The Parable of the Cherries A fascinating story — a call to a larger broth- erhood by the author of "On tbe Trail of the Immigrant." .">Oc net I Norma Hinsdale Pitman The Lady Elect A Chinese Homanee "A romance with all the plot, situation and charm of a modern popular love-story to meJ e the book Irresistible. "■ — Hook News. Illus- trated by Chinese Artists, $1.25 net Hichard S. Holmes Bradford Horton, Man Unquestionably Dr. Holmes's greatest story. There is an appeal of sincerity and a relieving humor wholesome and kindly. Bradford Horton stands in fiction as a creation worthy of its author. Cloth, $1.25 net The Story of a Thousand Books A Vivid Panorama of the Life of Christ, By WAYNE WHIPPLE THE STORY-LIFE OF THE SON OF MAN Nearly a thousand stories woven into a continuous and complete chronicle of tbe life of the Saviour. Story by story, the an th or has built up from the best that has bee 1 written a vivid and attractive narrative of the life of lives. Illustrated, $2.50 net Author ot "The Story-Life of Lincoln," — Washington, etc. The Book of a Tho- sand Stories I. T. Thurston Author of "The Bishop's Shadow" The Torch Bearer A Camp Fire Girls' Story "The Camp Fire Girls of America Will gather innumerable recruits out of this good story alone. Any healthy, normal girl reading it will be unable to resist and, like bee to clover lied. will she betake herself in haste to the most near-by of tbe order's recruiting stations." — Washington Star. Illustrated, $1.00 net Mary Steirart Author o! "Tell J/e a True Story," etc. The Shepherd of Us All These stories of Christ are retold for children from the standpoint of the children of the fishermen and shepherds of Palestine at the time of Christ. Illustrated, $1.25 net Marietta Holley (./osiah Allen's Wife.) Samantha on the Woman Question "This is the book we have been waiting for — What Samantha doesn't know, isn't worth knowingi — will throw a little humor on a situa- tion which is becoming too intense." — Examiner. "As funny as the author's first book." — S. F. Chronicle. Illustrated, $1.00 net Clara F. Lau ghliu Author of " 'Everybody' 's Lonesome" The Work-a-Day Girl A Study of Present Day Conditions "Nobody could read this book without a quickened sense of his duty toward the girl who works. Miss Laughlin has looked deep in- deed and with sympathy and tender insight." — Chicago Ret ord-llerald. $l.fiO net EX-SENATOR CANNON'S BOOK Brigham Young and His Mormon Empire Frank. J. Cannon, Dr. George L. Knapp The life story of the man who founded a Mohammedan kingdom in a puritan republic. The real inside facts about one of the most romantic and interesting characters in American history. Illustrated, $1.50 net Charles G. Trumbull Anthony Comstock, Fighter An authorized biography of this great fighter for purity. The story is one of l&e-and-death adventure, moral and physical heroism, and in- comparable achievement. Illustrated, $1.25 net The Publishers will be phased to send their list of New Books — about one hundred titles — upon application. NEW YORK FLEMING H. REVELL COMPANY CHICAGO A NEW BOOK OF EXCEPTIONAL VALUE THE BOY WITH THE U. S. INDIANS By FRANCIS ROLT-WHEELER Filth Volume of "U. 8. Service Series." Profusely illustrated from photographs taken in work for V. S. Government. $1.50. Each volume of this series must be submitted in manuscript for rigid censorship by the heads of the department of public service with which it deals, thus rendering it free from erroneous or misleading statements. Th« Bureau of Ethnology and the Office of Indian Affairs have united in giving the author an opportunity to show the American Indian as he really was and is: the Menominee in his birch-bark canoe, the Iroquois in his wigwam in the forest, the Sioux of the plains upon his war pony, the Apache in his arid desert, the Pueblo in his massed communal dwellings, and the Tlingit of the Pacific Coast with his totem-poles. A thread of adventurous search connects the whole. Previous volumes are "The Boy with the J. S. Survey," "The Boy with the U. S. Foresters," "The Boy with the U. S. Census," and "The Boy with the U. S. Fisheries." For sale everyivhere. Send for our Free Complete Catalogue. LOTHROP, LEE & SHEPARD CO., Publishers, Boston CHRISTMAS CARDS AND BOOKS YOUR FRIENDS WOULD ENJOY. 1 CatalogueNo. ') may be bad on request Hlfrefc JBartlett 69 Cornhlll Boston, Mass. ANCIENT HISTORY By IIUTTON WEBSTER, Ph.D. Professor In the University of Nebraska. ("JIVES especial prominence to the social, Industrial, and commercial lite of the Ancients. Art, literature, religion, and po- litical development are not negflected. cloth. <l!)M pages. 2J8 illus. 58 maps. $1.00. D.C.Heath&Co.J'ubli.sliors.Bojton.NewYork.Chicago JOHN W. LUCE & CO. have just issued the following books of distinct literary interest: "Blanchette" and "The Escape" Two Plays by BRIEUX Wiib Preface by H. L. Mencken CLOTH. NET $1.25 New Popular Edition. Fully Revised, wltb New Material Added. THE Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche By II. L. MENCKEN For more tban five years tbls work has been recognized by students and the reading public as tbe leading authority on this famous German philosopher and bis teachings. CLOTH. I'll ICE, NET 91,50. Contemporary Russian Novelists Ry BERGH pkksky. Translated by Frederick Elsemann. Price net $1.60. Up to Midnight By GEORGE MEREDITH. An almost on- known weak omitted from the "Complete Edition." Net 75e. The Satakas of Bhartrihari Edited, with lntr< stlon, bj J, M. Sen nedy, Firs! in the Oriental Philosophy Series. Ne1 Jesus of Nazareth By ALEXANDB \ VON HERDER. A poetical drama in B see s. Ncl $1.00. Paul Verlaine Translated from the German of Stefan Zwelg by 0. B\ Thels. A brilliant mono- graph. I I MSS. SUCCESSFULLY PLACED [Criticised, Rei lied ' I Bend tot I saflet 0 (Reference i : i"i» In N'ai kham and others, Eatob i BOO UNllliD LITERARY PRESS, l2i3thAve.. New Yort i

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Dec 4, 1913J The Nation xin Longmans' New Books Gracechurch Hy John Atscotjqh, Author of "San Celestino," "Levia Pondera," etc. $1.75 net. (Postage 11 cents.) "As a writer of charming essays and tales, he has provided mental refreshment tor many thousands. . . . It Is scarcely a matter of opinion that 'Gracechurch' is ,1 good book which cannot fail to benefit its readers." — Editorial, N. P. Times. Royal Spain of To-day By Ti:viiiosa Bates Batchellke, Author of "Italian ties and Country Seats," etc. With 5 Photo- gravures, 6 Color Plates, and 80 Half-tone Plates on Cameo Plate Paper. Large 8vo. Cloth, Ornamental. in a box, J5.00 net. ( Expressage extra.) Mis. Batcheller has had unusual opportunities to study and describe a country and a people of great charm but little understood by the average traveller. This book is principally an account of a motor jour- ney through Spain recently taken by Mr. and Mrs. Batcheller, who were accompanied by H. R. H. the In- fanta. Eulalia, and is particularly suitable as a gift book. English Prose A SERIES OE RELATED ESSAYS FOR THE DIS- JION AM) PRACTICE OF THE ART OF WRITING 1 ami Edited hy Frederick Wn> 1 1 \ m Roe, Ph.D., of the University of Wisconsin; and George Rot Elliott, Ph.D., of Bowdoin College. Crown Svo. Pp. viii + 487. $1-50. Man and His Forerunners. Incorporating Accounts if Recent Discoveries in Suffolk and Sussex By H. V. Hi iiii-Urii'i \. Ph.D. Authorized translatior by A. G. TiiAiKi.it. With Frontispiece, 70 Figures in the Text, and 3 Tables. $1.00 net. (Postage 6 cents.) Clio, a Muse; and Other Essays, Literary and Pedestrian By G. M. Tuevelyan, Author of "Garibaldi's Defence of the Roman Republic." With Map. $1.50 net. (Post- age extra.) Contents: Clio, a Muse — Walking — George Meredith — Poetry ami Rebellion — Poor Mu ggleton and the Classics — Jolm Woolman the Quaker — The Middle Mareues — if Napoleon had won the liattle uf V aterloo. ". . . An exceedingly careful, exact, and painstak- ing worker. . . . He possesses such an imaginative and an allusive style that he may be read with a con- stant pleasure, not only by the student, but by the reader who is seeking merely a literary diversion." — Lnsloii Transcript. Samplers and Tapestry Embroideries By Marcus B. Huish, LL.B. Also "The Stitchery of the Same," by Mrs. Head; and "Foreign Samplers," by Mrs. C. J. Longman. With 24 Reproductions in Color, and 77 other Illustrations in Monochrome. 4to. $3 25 net. (Postage 26 cents.) The first edition of this work met with great success among all lovers of Art Needlework. This edition con- tains 24 reproductions in color of the most beautiful examples of Needlework Samplers from England and America, dating from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century. Carducci: A Selection of His Poems With Verse Translations, Notes, and the Three Intro- ductory Essays by G. L. Bickersteth, M.A. With a Portrait. 8vo. Pp. xvi+346. $3.50 net. (Post- age 15 cents.) "Giosue Carducci was a man whose writings, whether in poetry or prose, have at first so stimulating an effect upon an English reader that it is difficult for him not to envy Italy her possession. . . . Mr. Bickersteth's book is a valuable study of the poet." — Morning Post, London. Published by Xongmans, (Sreen, & Co. Fourth Ave. and 30th St. New York OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AMERICAN BRANCH A History of Chess By H. J. R. Murray. Royal 8vo, pp. 902. With many illustrations. Cloth $12.00 Half Morocco $14.00 The aim of this work is three-fold: to present as complete a record as is possible of the varieties of chess which exist or have existed in different parts of the world; to investigate the ultimate origin of these games and the circumstances of the in- vention of chess; and to trace the development of the modern European game from the first appearance of its ancestor, the Indian chaturanga, in the beginning of the seventh century of our era. Many books have been written upon the history of chess, but none covers exactly the same field as this work. The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English With Introductions and Critical and Explanatory Notes to the several books. Edited in conjunction with many scholars by R. H. Charles. Vol. I Apocrypha, Vol. II Pseudepigrapha. Demy 4to, cloth, pp. 696+886, 2 vols. $19.25 The first complete English edition of the non-canonical Jew- ish literature of the two centuries, before and the century after the birth of Christ. This is four-tenths larger than the Kautzsch edition, and the index alone fills 140 columns. "A triumph not alone for English typography, but for Eng- lish scholarship. . . Dr. Charles has surpassed Kautzsch both in quantity and quality."— .Y. Y. Tillies, Nov. 30, 1913. The Rhesus of Euripides Translated into English rbyming verse with explana- tory notes by Gilbert Murray. Crown 8vo, cloth, pp. xii + 67 "oc The Living Past: A Sketch of Western Progress By F. S. Martin, M.A. Cr. 8vo, cloth, pp. xvi+288. $1.15 Contents: Looking Backward — The Childhood of the Race — The Early Empires — The Greeks — The Romans — The Middle Ages — The Renaissance and the New World — The Rise of Modern Science — The Industrial Revolution — The Revolution, Social and Political — Progress After Revolution — Looking Forward — Ap- pendix on Books — Index. The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley By Thomas Medwin. A new edition printed from a copy copiously amended and extended by the author and left unpublished at his death. With an Introduc- tion and Commentary by H. Buxton Forman, C.B. 8vo, cloth, pp. xxxii + 542 $5.00 The Crown of Hinduism By J. N. Farquhar, M.A. An attempt to discover and state as clearly as possible what relation subsists be- tween Hinduism and Christianity. Demy 8vo, cloth, pp. 469 $2.50 Ancient Gems in Modern Settings Being Versions of the Greek Anthology in English Rhyme, by various authors. Edited by G. B. Grundy. Demy 16mo, cloth, pp. lxxii+392 82.00 Also on Oxford India Paper, limp leather... $.'{.00 "The moat satisfactory presentation of the Anthology now available In English. . . . altogether a charming little book." — The />'"'. July i«, ' FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. SEND FOR CATALOGUE. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AMERICAN BRANCH 35 WEST 32ND STREET, NEW YORK

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XIV The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2527 New Macmillan Books The Best Holiday Gifts "The Most Important Book of the Year" The Life of Col. Roosevelt THEODORE ROOSEVELT An Autobiography In this stirring autobiography, replete with the most varied and interesting experiences, Col. Roosevelt writes intimately of his life, his philosophy and the achievements which have helped to mould his re- markable career. During many years no other single personality of the present day has attracted such general attention in national and world-wide policies, and no more vivid picture of contemporaneous history probably will ever be written than Col. Roosevelt's own story of his life. In its interpretation of Col. Roosevelt's striking personality, this work is not only of national but of international importance. The book is handsomely bound and is unusually attractive, with illustrations of portraits, facsimiles of various documents, pictures of buildings, localities and other interesting and appropriate matter. Decorated cover. Gilt top. Richly illustrated. Octavo. $2.50 net; postpaid, $2.75 MY LIFE WITH THE ESKIMO By Vilhjalmur Stefansson A great explorer's story of life, adventure and peril in the Arctic regions. Illustrated. $4.00 net ■NEW BOOKS OF TRAVEL AND^ADVENTURE- Hunting the Elephant in Africa By Captain H. Stigand Introduction by Colonel Roosevelt A graphic recital of dramatic hunting incidents. Illustrated. $2.50 net THE BARBARY COAST By Albert Edwards Interesting experiences in North- ern Africa by the author of "Pana- ma," "Comrade Yetta," etc. Illustrated. $2.00 net ■NEW BOOKS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS ! DEERING AT PRINCETON WHEN I WAS A LITTLE GIRL By Alice Brown A delightful story of quaint hu- mor and happy characters. Illustrated. $1.25 net By Latta Griswold The lively college experiences of the author's hero, "Deering of Deal." Illustrated. $1.35 net By Zona Gale An exquisite and charming tasy romance of childhood. Illustrated. $1.50 net fan- ■NEW NOVELS OF REALISTIC INTEREST- THE VALLEY OF THE MOON By Jack London One of this author's best love stor- ies, the hero again an unforgettable big man. Illustrated. 91.35 net VAN CLEVE By Mary S. Watts A modern American story, invit- ing in the intensity of its realism. Cloth. 91.86 net TIDE MARKS By Margaret Westrup "A literary find. A Cornish novel of unusual interest." Cloth. $1.35 net "The Most Profoundly Interesting Novel of the Times" THE INSIDE OF THE CUP MR. WINSTON CHURCHILL'S Ily the Author of "Richard Carvel," "Collision, " "A Modern Chronicle," etc. "Abounds in thoughtful delineation of character, presents certain salient aspects of city life with fidel- ity and restraint, while the interwoven love-story offers, in its refined and spiritual intensity, a refreshing contrast to much that is overheated in the fiction of the day." — London Tunes. "A hook that will live." — New York Times. Illustrated. Cloth. $1.50 net MacmillaiTs Illustrated Catalog of Books for Christmas Gifts Mailed Free to Any Address PubllHhed nt 04-<Mt 5th Avenue New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY on Bala Wnerever Boolu Are Sultl

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The Nation A/ II 1 HK, I 111 I.SIHY. DECEMBER 4, 1913. The Week President Wilson not only read bis first annual message in person, but made it one that could be read. This is not merely a question of style, but of length. Compared with the messages of Taft and Roosevelt, Mr. Wilson has revised his downward by fully 75 per cent. This he has accomplished by leaving out the customary long reports on the various operations of the Government — reports which will be separately submitted to Congress and printed — and concentrat- ing attention upon a few topics, such as our relations with Mexico, the establish- ment of a system of rural credits, and amendments to the Anti-Trust law. In all the points mentioned the Pres- ident followed his known policies. The only surprise of the message is what may be called the political part of it. He urges legislation to bring about an entirely new and uniform method of nominating candidates for the Presiden- cy. This is by direct primary elections throughout the entire country, the Na- tional Conventions to be abolished, ex- cept for the purpose of framing party platforms; and even then the Conven- tions would be composed, not of dele- gates elected for the purpose, but of the party nominees for the Presidency and for Congress. In a word, the President would have the nation adopt what is virtually the system in States like Wis- consin and New Jersey. He gives no hint of the way in which Congress could attack the problem; cites no Constitu- tional warrant for his recommendation; refers to none of the enormous difficul- ties, both theoretical and practical, which would obviously have to be sur- mounted. One thing, however, is certain. Congress and the country will not dis- pose of this highly contentious subject so lightly as the President appears to be ready to do. pare with this the following estimate of French incomes quoted by the Paris correspondent of the London Daily Tele- graph: Persons having an income of over £200,000 a year 20 £ 40,000 a year 85 £20,000 a year 360 £4,000 a year 3,400 £2,000 a year 9,800 £1,000 a year 51,000 £400 a year 123,000 £200 a year 294,000 £40 a year 8,000,000 This shows somewhat less than 65,000 persons with incomes above $5,000; and interpolated between that limit and the one next below it, we find approximate- ly 100,000 persons with incomes above $4,000. At this rate, allowing for differ- ence of population, the number in the United States would be about 250,000 instead of the estimated 450,000, indicat- ing the greater abundance of good-sized incomes here. But the difference is far more striking when we go lower down; for out of the eight and a half million incomes in France — that is, roughly speaking, the eight and a half million families — eight million fall below a thousand dollars a year. At that rate, there would be only one and a quarter million incomes in the United States exceeding a thousand dollars a year. the calling of a world conference to dis- cuss the matter and see whether the nations "cannot agree upon a plan for lessening the cost of preparation for war." His desire that the United States should take the initiative in the assembling of such a conference will be widely seconded. When our income-tax law was first drafted, with the flat exemption of $4,000, it was estimated that the number of persons subject to the tax would be about 450,000. It is interesting to com- Secretary Daniels's first report is hailed as showing that he is "no one- battleship man." Nothing less than two will satisfy him. To such a narrow line has the space between the advocates of an "adequate" navy and the disarma- ment fanatics been reduced! But it is not this feature of the document that will receive most attention. Even the members of the General Board are frank to recognize "the futility of hoping or expecting that the ships and men its policy calls for will be provided." It is the idea of a "naval holiday" that will have the strongest appeal for the nation. Ten years ago, Mr. Daniels points out, our largest battleship cost $5,000,000; the next Dreadnought will cost $14,000,- 000. "When," he asks, "is this acceler- ating expenditure to be reduced?" Ac- cordingly, while heartily endorsing Win- ston Churchill's suggestion of a vaca tion of one year in battleship-building, he goes a step further by recommending For a new party, innocent of the wiles of politics, Illinois Progressives must be granted to be rapid learners. Gov. Dunne, having some "minority patron- age" at his disposal, informed the Pro- gressive leaders of just what offices he had set aside for them and their follow- ers, and left it to these leaders to do the "allotting." Were they upset by this, strange offer? Not in the least. A few conferences, and the thing was done in. a way that could not have been improv- ed upon by the Old Guard. It is true that one little rift remains unclosed. When the offices in question had been placed upon the table, there were strong hopes that everybody would give his en- dorsement to Mr. Funk, Progressive can- didate for Governor last year, for the Public Utilities Commission "plum." It is a good office, and Mr. Funk has fought hard for the party. But for some months Mr. McCormick has not spoken to Mr. Funk, and the other leaders hardly felt like going ahead and giving him the post without McCormick's assent. So the progress of Mr. Funk — to office — halts. The whole affair, however, is re- assuring as showing the ability of the Progressives to take their eyes off their lofty ideals long(enough to fasten them upon mundane objects. A period of thirteen days was enough to give Louisiana a revised Constitu- tion. The substance of the amendments is not of much interest outside of that State, the principal one being due to the necessity of improving the State's financial condition. The circumstances of the revision, on the contrary, are of unusual interest. At a special election, held on the last Tuesday in October, the voters empowered delegates to adopt amendments upon two matters, these be- ing named in the act of the Legislature providing for the election and for the Convention. The Convention, however,

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524= T li e 1ST a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2527 proceeded to frame and adopt several amendments dialing with other sub- jects, Including an anti-Trust ordinance. This action would not be particularly serious if, as is usual in the CI amendments to a State Constitution, the had the final word upon it. In the presi 1: t instance, however, the wil; Of the Convention is absolute. The ami ndments went into effect the mo- ment they were signed by the delegates, and popular opposition to any of them is limited to protest or possibly to ap- peal to the State Supreme Court upon the ground that the Convention exceed- ed its authority. Commission government came in like a flood on Monday, when 23 third-class Pennsylvania cities, of from 5,000 to 100,000 inhabitants, assumed a modified form of it. Mayor and Council were sup- planted by five commissioners, one of whom is elected as chief executive, the others as departmental heads. The Pennsylvania Constitution requires the Legislature to include all the cities of a class in any change in city government. The way towards the present innovation was paved last year by a bill which re- duced the councilmen of second-class cit- ies to nine, of whom three should be elected on a general ticket. The need of some kind of reform, moreover, has been demonstrated in the recent mis- management of funds in certain cities, while there has been a general feeling that the old plan was inefficient. But considering the mixed results with which cities have voted on the commis- sion form in other States, Pennsylvania may think herself lucky that under her laiv she has not spent the autumn watch- ing a determined majority drag a pro- testing minority into line. situation has nothing of the picturesque in it. If the head of a municipality de- liberately fails in the first duty of any chief of government, to preserve public order and afford protection to the citi- zen, he must step out of office. Even the volatile Mr. Shank is aware of this. While John P. White, president of the United Mine Workers of America, and other officers of that association are on trial in West Virginia, indictments have been found against them by a Federal grand jury in Colorado. They are charged in the Colorado indictments either with attempted monopoly or with conspiracy in restraint of interstate commerce; and the West Virginia in- dictments, found several months ago, were likewise for offences against the Anti-Trust law. This has a special in- terest owing to the concern with which President Wilson's action in signing the Sundry Civil Appropriation bill, in spite of its peculiar rider concerning labor unions and farmers' associations, was so widely regarded. Whether these actions against labor-union heads were institut- ed by the respective local United States District Attorneys with or without con- sultation with the Department of Jus- tice at Washington, their prosecution is calculated to set at rest any doubts that may have been entertained as to the President's purpose strictly to live up to the declaration he made in signing the Sundry Civil bill. The issue on which Mayor Shank of Indianapolis has resigned office is one thai rises above the level of a pictur- esque career of the kind that delights the writer of newspaper squibs. Hith- erto Mr. Shank has indulged in compar- atively harmless pranks in which the of the people and the mounte- bank were sometimes indistinguishable. But when it comes to the Mayor of a city taking sides in a street-car strike to the point of announcing that he would not afford protection to traffic against violence on the part of the strikers, the Comment in the press on the recent meeting of the National Institute of Arts and Letters at Chicago would indicate that we are not yet prepared for an academy of "immortals." But every re- current December makes it plain that in one field there is, indeed, pressing need for some recognized authority to lay down rules and award honors. The pres- ent methods of picking an All-American eleven are arbitrary, uncodified, and productive of much geographical and academic heartburning. The West has long chafed under the arrogance of East- ern exclusiveness, and has gone in for an All-Transalicgbariian eleven of its own. Even within the restricted area of the Atlantic seaboard the Thomas Aquinases of football have been having a dreadful time. They are swamped by the wealth of material. They have re- sorted to the expedient of picking first, second, and third All-American teams, substitute teams, defence teams, and at- tacking teams, and in many other ways iiave shown that their (ourage is not oqual to their en^rnio'js task, i'he tune for one-man autnority in this impor- tant sphere has gone. We :iecd a Na- tional Academy with headquarters at sVashington and officially delegated pow- er to select the champion eleven and bestow honors in drop-kicking, punt- ing, tackling, and bucking the line. We look to see the idea incorporated in the 1916 Bull Moose platform. Not often does one find in the day's news a more pleasing item than that which came from Philadelphia on Tues- day in regard to the Glenriddell manu- scripts of Burns. Here is a rare case of "all's well that ends well"; the con- clusion of the affair is as delightful as its beginning was unpleasant. The sale of the precious relics by the Liverpool Athenaeum was — in our opinion justly — regarded as something very like a breach of trust on the part of the directors of that institution; and, apart from this aspect of the matter, Scotchmen, and lovers of Burns generally, were indig- nant that the books, if they left their old repository, should go to a private in- dividual across the Atlantic wno happen- ed to covet them and was able to pay for them. Now it turns out that they have fallen into worthy hands, for Mr. Gribbel, the ultimate purchaser, an- nounced at the dinner of the St. An- drew's Society at Philadelphia that he was arranging to restore them to the land of their birth. Few such restora- tions have been received with such a thrill of genuine pleasure and gratitude as will greet Mr. Gribbel's announce- ment, frae Maidenkirk to Johnie Groat's. The story of the construction of the cathedral on Morningside Heights in this city bids fair to fall in with the tra- dition of church-building in Europe. We have the comparatively leisurely pace at which the work is carried on; not quite so deliberate as Cologne or .Milan, to be sure, but sober enough for our electric age. it must be close to twenty years since ground was broken on Morningside Drive, and we are stin far iiiiin the completed structure. Tradi- tional, too, is the change In archlteol and plans during the course of the

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Dec. 4, 191 3 | Tli e Nation 525 work. In mediaeval Europe such chang- es were inevitable as one generation of constructors succeeded another and put 11 ideas and personality into the fabric. Perhaps it is well that a great lastical monument should embody the doubts, the hesitations, and the Changes of mind of men as well as their aspirations and their faith. Rather nov- el is the decision of the trustees to sub- mit the alternative plans for the com- pletiOD of the cathedral to the adjudica- tion of the public; but the idea is not entirely new. On a small scale it has been followed in France, where statues and memorials have sometimes been set up on probation. Newspaper men have no reason to complain of the way they are treated by college professors. There are still plenty of academics to whom "newspa- per English" is a synonym for slovenli- ness, . prolixity, and violence; and it would be too much to expect that the "highbrow" element should surrender without a struggle. On the other hand, the number of college instructors in English who are setting up the news- paper ideal for their students is growing mightily. What more could the reporter ask than this tribute from a member of the Iowa State College faculty? With all Its faults I still believe in the news style as the most efficient style of this modern day for presenting information through the written word. It has been hammered out in the heat and stress of newspaper work to meet the demands of millions for something to compel their attention, interest them, and give them information in the quickest, clearest way. . . . The news sense, the ability to see what is new, and its new meaning to the great world of humanity, is necessary to men in every field of endeavor, but es- pecially to men who write. Newspaper English at its best has the qualities that its enthusiastic admirers claim for it — vigor, concrettness, direct- ness, and that demand on the attention which comes from dealing with the liv- ing facts of a vital, contemporary world. Yet this is no more than to say that a stirring message usually compels fit expression. But newspapers are not al- ways delivering vital messages; yet they are bound to go on the assump- tion that every day is Armageddon. Then one gets newspaper English at its worst. Let a battle be fought in Mex- ico, with the attention of a continent hanging upon the issue, and the reporter will rise to his opportunity. But when no battles are fought, when no crises are reaching their climax, what comes out from Mexico? Columns upon columns of vague conjecture, if not worse; of irrelevant facts; of rumors magnified and multiplied, and all this vague mat- ter diluted with repetition, prolixity, tautology, pleonasm, and all the other ills against which the rhetoric textbooks warn us. Sir Wilfrid Laurier's espousal at Ham- ilton of free food as a campaign issue has been long foreshadowed, and is shrewdly calculated to appeal to both the St. Lawrence and the prairie prov- inces. That it does so on different and slightly contradictory grounds will prob- ably be lost sight of in a general glori- fication of the principle of low tariff rates. To Manitoba and Saskatchewan Sir Wilfrid can promise that a free- wheat measure, operating through the reciprocity agreement with the United States, will throw open the great Amer- ican market to Canadian growers. Just how this access to a new and higher market will lower the price of flour in Ontario and Quebec it is not easy to see. But it would at least equalize prices, and might destroy the growing monop- oly of the Canadian Pacific in wheat shipments, which has been a main factor in the high cost of food stuffs in the East. In the fact that since the pas- sage of the Underwood tariff Canadian meats and dairy products have risen greatly, and are actually sold for less across the border than at home, the Lib- erals have a powerful appeal for demol- ishing the tariff wall. Nor is their stand unpatriotic, for they contemplate new preferential rates to England in woollen and cotton fabrics, of no less advantage to Manchester and Birmingham than to their own consumers. But in essence a victory for the Laurier platform will virtually accomplish what the Reciproc- ity bill of 1911 attempted. French railways, too, have need or "safety first" provisions, even if their lack of them does not result so disas- trously as does ours. There is a famil- iar ring about the report upon the re- cent Melun wreck: "The engine-driver ran past three signals set clearly against him." As for steel carriages, it may be doubted if France has so much as heard of them. Yet the schedules are not slow. There is one train on the Northern Railway that has a run of a hundred miles in a hundred minutes, and makes it. The locomotives used on the French railways are more complicated than ours, and hence require closer at- tention from the driver, who is accord- ingly left with too little time to watch the track. Here are exemplified our own favorite faults of speed and economy, for it is the super-heaters and the steam- saving devices that have done much to make the engine engross the driver's mind. Suggestions are not wanting for meeting the dangers created or increas- ed by this more rapid travel. In addi- tion to the block system of signals now in use, audible signals for the engineer's benefit are sought for. It is interesting to note, however, that the French rail- way managers do not seem greatly dis- turbed over the imperfections of such audible signals as are already employed, since they look with distrust upon any- thing that tends to reduce the vigilance of the driver and thus renders him less of a man and more of an automaton. Ex-Chancellor von Biilow's warning to his countrymen against French designs upon Alsace-Lorraine finds pertinent comment in the outbreak of something like open warfare between the inhabi- tants of Zabern, in Alsace, and the Ger- man garrison. If anything is likely to nurture the spirit of revanche in the hearts of the French people it is pre- cisely such extraordinary exhibitions of militarist arrogance as have brought on the disorders at Zabern and have aroused resentment in the Reichstag, a body which, in spite of its large Socialist membership, is not inclined to be any too harsh on the Fatherland's army. The spirit of toleration in dealing with a conquered people which the 1 Great Britain has shown again and again to be the safest means of foster- ing loyalty, still seems foreign to Ger- man methods of government. Arbitrary oppression of citizens by the military does more to foster the anti-derm. 1 ing in the conquered provinces than all the fulminations of French patriots. And so long as the anti-German spirit is alive in Alsace, the hot-heads across the frontier will make good use of it.

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5£6 Tl±e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2527 "RECALL" OF THE IVE8 DECISION. Figures of the vote at the last elec- tion in New York State on the Consti- tutional amendments have been coming in very slowly, but they leave no room to doubt that Amendment .Number Two has been ratified by a heavy majority. This result was a foregone conclusion. There was virtually no opposition. The amendment removes all limitations which the New York Constitution might otherwise be construed to place upon the power of the Legislature to enact laws for the protection of the lives or safety of employees or for any desired system of workmen's compensation for injuries or death. Yret this highly important amendment was not only passed by two successive Legislatures, with very lit- tle difficulty, but went to the people with the explicit endorsement even of newspapers of the most extreme "capi- talistic" type. The decision of the Court of Appeals in the Ives case, pronouncing unconsti- tutional the workmen's compensation act drawn by the Wainwright Commis- sion, was the occasion for this amend- ment of the State Constitution. In the opinion of some excellent lawyers, that decision was an instance of that extreme interpretation of Constitutional re- straints which for a long time was prev- alent among our courts, though it is now in a fair way to disappear altogether, and is in distinct contrast to the spirit shown for some years past by the Su- preme Court of the United States. That Court has unanimously upheld an em- ployers' liability act whose constitution- ality had been disputed on essentially the same grounds as those asserted in the Ives case; and in a number of deci- sions concerning the scope of the police power it has laid down doctrines based upon liberal interpretation. This Ives decision has furnished no end of capital to Mr. Roosevelt and his followers. They have pointed to it as showing the urgent need of his scheme for the recall, or reversal, of judicial de- cisions by popular vote. Now the ob- ject has been accomplished, not only with great ease, but with great prompt- ness, while leaving the functions of the judiciary unimpaired; yet there is no telling but the Rooseveltians may re- gard this not as a disproof, but as a vin- dication, of their position. "It is true," they may say, "that you have found it easy to amend the Constitution, while we have been talking as though it were next to impossible; but wouldn't our way have been much better? Why not just set aside the objection to the par- tieular law you want, instead of going to the length of amending the Constitu- tion itself? If the Court was wrong in its interpretation, would it not be best simply to reject this in the specific in- stance, and let the future take care of itself?" The plea is not without plausibility. But there is a fundamental and fatal objection to it. The process of popular appeal upon specific decisions cannot possibly be limited to cases in which the Court's interpretation of the Constitu- tion is "wrong." It is bound to worK out in practice as simply a vote on the disputed legislative measure; and, how- ever sound and wise may have been the decision of the Court as a matter of Constitutional interpretation, the people would vote it down if they wished the measure enacted. Indeed, the Colonel, in his most recent statement of the re- call-of-decisions project, drops the Con- stitutional element completely, the ques- tion to be put to the people being sim- ply whether the law in controversy shall stand or not. It is a tenable position that we should be better off without any written Constitution; it is a tenable position that, even with a written Con- stitution, the judiciary should have no power to declare laws unconstitutional. But to have a written Constitution, and to give the courts the power to pass upon the validity of a law under it, and then to permit Constitution and judicial decision alike to be reduced to so much waste paper whenever a popular major- ity desires to have its way in spite ot them, is a palpable absurdity. One feature of our judicial system which is clearly in need of alteration is pointed to in the situation arising out of the adoption of Amendment Number Two. The United States Constitution contains a provision essentially identical with that in the State Constitution upon which the Ives decision was based. It is by no means inconceivable that if the validity of a compulsory workmen's com- pensation act, passed at Albany this winter, were to be challenged as a viola- tion of the Constitution of the United States, the Court of Appeals might de- cide against the law. Probably it would ! not, since the Supreme Court's prece- dents would then be binding; but it is possible that the new law would involve some feature not covered by the prece- dents. Now, if the Court of Appeals were to decide against the law as violat- ing the United States Constitution, an appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States ought to be possible. But it is not. Under the Federal statutes, such an appeal does lie from a decision upholding the law, but not from a de- cision invalidating it. This is an anom- aly, though it is not difficult to see how it may naturally have arisen. But all that is required to remove it is the pass- ing of an act of Congress. This ought to be done at a very early date. It would remove a real grievance. The matter has been brought forward from time to time, but has apparently been neglected out of sheer inertia. It would be a particularly happy stroke for Sena- tor Root to advocate this reform and push it to speedy accomplishment. EUGENICS AND COMMON-SENSE. A decided reaction from the first fine frenzy of the militant eugenists is re- vealed in the latest literature on the subject. It is a reaction based less on the fundamental principles of the new "science" than on the application of such principles; based less on the conten- tion that eugenics is utterly wrong than on the contention that we do not know enough of the subject to justify us in formulating definite rules of conduct for individuals or the state. From the eugenic laboratories in England, where the doctrine had its origin, there now come warnings against the dangers that lie in overhasty assumptions and gener- alizations. This was the tenor of Pro- fessor Bateson's speech at the recent In- ternational Congress of Medicine in Lon- don, and it was the point driven home by another English student of repute in his recent animated controversy with Prof. C. B. Davenport, who probably stands at the head of investigators in this country. The cry to-day is for cau- tion. The difficulty is not one of ascertain- ing the end towards which the laws of heredity should be directed — always a tremendous objection to the "stock- farm" argument. We simply do not know enough about the laws of heredity. Theory is outrunning fact. Tills would

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4, IWJ Tlie ISTation 527 Mem to be admitted even by those who have lost no time in advocating the ap- plication of eugenic principles to life. Professor Davenport has admitted that nt pronouncement concerning iting of strength with \veaknes3, for which he was so violently assailed by an English critic, was dictated, in th° last resort, not by strictly scientific con- siderations but by common-sense. And common-sense is always bound to make itself heard under such circum- ■tani is. Common-sense has no author- ity in the field of pure science where discoveries frequently consist in estab- lishing the truth of things that the or- dinary sense of men has declared impos- sible. But once the principles of science are brought into touch with life, the cor- rective and inhibiting influence of com- mon-sense must enter. It is then, when we are facing a practical problem, that we so often find that the latest teach- ings of science have been anticipated oy the ordinary experiences of mankind. Those few principles of eugenics which we are to-day bound to recognize have been recognized, and applied, for ages. Eugenics is embodied in the laws and regulations of marriage obtaining among all peoples, and all creeds and legal sys- tems. The prohibition of marriage with- in certain degrees of kinship is largely based on eugenic principles, consciously or unconsciously. The Catholic Church, in forbidding the marriage of cousins, is more thoroughly eugenic than some of our cautious eugenists are inclined to be to-day. Science renders immense ser- vice by giving definite expression to, and supplying a conscious basis for, practices that men have developed in the harsh experience of the ages. And this long continuity of human experience must always remain as one of the tests for legislation dealing with the intima- cies of life. Common-sense, as applied to this ques- tion of eugenics, denotes something far different from a Gradgrind philoso- phy of hard facts and strictly prudential considerations. Common-sense connotes sentiment, poesy, and the higher human instincts when it upholds the sanctity of life, of love, and of human purpose against the stock-farm interpreters of eugenism. Common-sense is much more philosophical than the mass of pseudo- scientific eugenists when it refuses to fix its attention upon an isolated pro- blem to the overlooking of counter-pro- blems. Common-sense refuses to grow ex- cited over the necessity of preventing the "degeneration" of the race because it recognizes that no such process is under way; because it recognizes that the health of the race is improving, that the span of human life is increasing, and that a greater proportion of the race is tasting a greater share of happi- ness than ever before. Common-sense is aware, for instance, that discoveries are constantly and continually made in the field of medicine which at one stroke do more for the health and well-being of the race than the eugenists could hope to attain through ages of painful effort. In general, common-sense recognizes that, as compared with the difficult and uncertain business of improving the race by regulating birth, a vastly great- er amount of good can be accomplished by concentrating upon the human ma- terial after birth. To drop into scien- tific vernacular, common-sense opposes the well-proven influence of environ- ment to the still dubious functioning of heredity. It recognizes that poverty, al- coholism, and crime are not prenatally determined, but are the product largely of social conditions. It was Prof. Karl Pearson, the most distinguished of Gal- ton's followers, who conducted an inves- tigation some years ago into the effects of alcoholism upon the young, and found that the children of alcoholic parents are not noticeably inferior in health to the children of sober parents. The eugen- ists are appalled by the birth-rate in the English slums, and foresee the swamp- ing of the fit of the nation by the unfit. But common-sense ventures to doubt whether the English lower classes have ever been better off than they are to- day, and asks to what extent a rapidly growing population has been justified by the peopling of the waste places of the earth and the upbuilding of an em- pire with its millions of prosperous col- onists. It is not a simple problem. Every broad assertion made in behalf of com- mon-sense immediately calls for its reservations and exceptions. The ideal of a healthier race towards which the eugenist strives cannot wisely be put aside by any man of sense. Nor can certain contentions of the eugenist be dismissed, such as the demand for the regulation of marriage among the no- toriously diseased or otherwise obvious- ly unfit. But the great objection is that, passing from what is absolutely justi- fied, the eugenists, on the basis of prin- ciples whose validity is by no means established, have been clamoring for a short and easy way with problems of the utmost concern for the future of the race. MEXICANIZING ENGLAND. If we may believe the dispatches, the British Isles will soon be filled with rival armies. In Ulster fifty or sixty thousand men are drilling — with wooden guns. Not to be outdone by Belfast, Dublin has begun the recruiting of an "army." Ten thousand men enrolled the first day. They will presumably drill with shillelahs. But the thing does not stop there. The striking Transport Workers in Dublin are catching up the idea. They, too, say they will have their army, General Larkin will take the field against General Redmond, with General Carson perhaps moving against both from the North of Ireland. And at the same time the embattled ladies un- der General Drummond may be march- ing on Downing Street. It will soon be so that every political faction, even every clique, will have its "army." The Labor party and the trades unions are growing restless, with everybody else arming, and say that the time is draw- ing near when they also will cease to de- pend upon voting to get what they want, and will seize guns to extort it from the Government. The whole thing, if we are to accept the reports as printed, has a Mexican air. Sir Edward Carson does not like what the Government proposes to do in Ireland, and so he issues his pronuncia- miento in Belfast, just as if his first name were Eduardo and his last Orozco. John Redmond looks with dislike and envy upon this North of Ireland insur- rection, and raises his "cry" in Dublin, after the fashion of "el grito de Hidal- go." Then there are the "plans" of Larkin and the suffragettes and the la- bor unions, put out with all the prolix- ity and the vehemence of a Comonfort or a Madero rushing to arms. An alarm- ed and too credulous observer might think that, by a year from now, Prime Minister Asquith will be in London like another Huerta in Mexico City, giving out bulletins about the operations

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528 T li e Natio n [Vol. 97, No. 2527 against rebels in all parts of the United Kingdom. In the very fact that all this sounds comic lies the best hope that a peaceful and sensible way out will be found. Eng- lishmen, too, have an "ancient humor" which will save them at the last. The process of raising an "army" to enforce every local or factional demand will soon reduce itself to the absurd; and then the armies will disband amid a uni- versal smile. Batteries of public ridi- cule will be opened on the fierce paper- warriors. This kind of firing has, in- deed, already begun — it is probably the only firing that will be done — and it is as hard for public men to endure it in England as it is on the Boulevards of Paris. Several months must pass before any of the Irish armies will have any excuse for mobilizing, and when the time comes it will very likely be the old story over again of thousands of infuri- ated and determined patriots who would have risen had they not been prevented by the police. That the entire matter has a deeply serious aspect, however, no one who stops to think will deny. Not without disquietude can those accustomed to as- sociate England with ordered liberty read of these threats of violence and of civil war. English political methods have always been rough. The Chartist movement had its fringe of incendiar- ism and murder. What the Fenians did and attempted, it is not necessary to re- count. The lawless outrages by the suf- fragists can plead many bad precedents. But those English agitators misread the history of their own country who think that anything is to be gained by terror- ism. It was not the burning and killing threatened by the Chartists that won the workingmen the vote; nor was it the pulling down of the Hyde Park railings, so often cited mistakenly; but the long appeal to reason and justice made by the Quaker, John Bright, and those who fought by his side, using only weapons of warfare that were spiritual. This is the kind of peaceful triumph of an idea that we like to think of as characteristic of England; and every friend of hers is shocked and pained to read of this )sw incursion of rowdyism in English public life; every man proposing to do what is right in his own eyes, regard- l«rjs of the law, and throwing away the #w>Uc* 'n order to grasp the bludgeon. For these sporadic outbreaks of war- like talk and action, the example set by Ulster is no doubt largely responsible. Sir Edward Carson and his followers have much to answer for in cultivating the spirit of violent resistance to the law of the land. The thing could not be confined to their corner of Ireland. No sooner do the men of Belfast undertake to act upon Lord Randolph Churchill's fine gasconading cry, "Ulster will fight, and Ulster will be right," than the men of Dublin shout in response, "Leinster will fight, and Leinster will be right." To this kind of angry separatism has led a movement avowedly started in the name of the Empire! It is one of the huge absurdities of the notion of rais- ing armies to get what you are too rash and impatient to seek to obtain by the slower methods of discussion and law- making. First evoked by professed Im- perialists, the spirit of violence has speedily given us a Larkin, addressing great audiences in England and crying out, "Damn the Empire!" COMBINING IN SOCIAL WORK. Germany has lately shown the possi- bility of two institutions, one formed for the practical treatment of a social evil, the other for its theoretical study, existing in ignorance of each other, though by joining they could heighten their effectiveness. At the International Congress of Criminologists at Copen- hagen last summer, emphasis was laid upon a proposal for a Kriminalistisches Reichsinstitut at Berlin. It was to study criminal psychology, sociology, and psychiatry; police methods, trial meth- ods, and the Bertillon and other sys- tems of identification; with prisons and penal systems in detail. In the course of discussion, however, so Professor von Liszt writes in Die Woche, Chief of Po- lice Lindenau, of Berlin, and the rep- resentatives of the University of Berlin discovered that in two divided parts the Reichsinstitut already existed. One was the Polizei-Prasidium, with a special museum, a criminal laboratory, a sys- tem of graphic charts, and a collection of criminal archives. The other was a department of the University, a Krimi- nalistisches Seminar, enrolling large classes. No one doubted the value of a Royal Institute; but why spend thou- sands for one when by throwing open the doors between classroom and bu- reau a perfect substitute could be cre- ated? This is an example of shortsighted- ness in sociological work. Of the ne- cessity for coordinating schemes of so- cial benevolence we hear much; some plans for central supervision of philan- thropies have actually been put into operation. But they meet a need coming after that of combining efforts at the active treatment of a social evil with those for its theoretical study. Any positive maladjustment in society calls into being an agency to deal with it. Such agencies are remedial. Of anoth- er sort are those reform organizations which study social questions in a scien- tific spirit. The boundary line between the two is more and more broken down. But even in so complex and advanced a matter as criminology the division is still found, as the German criminol- ogists discovered. It is natural to demand that the re- form agencies shall cover both grounds. The primary basis for this is not econ- omy of effort and money; rather, it is the feeling that social schemes should be planned upon the broadest possible scale. The proposal for the Reichsinsti- tut is typical of this new requirement; it was to unite the effective with the theoretical, the permanent reform with the immediate remedy, the humanita- rian with the philosophical. It is a partial estimate of the need for inclusiveness of scope which prompts to expand one or the other isolated agency, without an effort to bring the two together. The Berlin Polizei-Prasidium might have gone on enlarging its functions indefi- nitely, as might also the Seminar of the University; yet neither would have reached its full usefulness, since their constitutions forbade trenching on each other's field. But once the largest pos- sible view is taken, a hundred agencies spring to their places in the plan. It is a frequent criticism of schemes of practical reform that they are wanting in breadth and in insight into the fu- ture. Theoretical studies are said to be remote, Intangible, and academic. The winning forward of social movements is by eliminating the deficiencies Of UK- two and joining their virtues In a recent Issue of the N ttitteenth Century, an article afeon "Blundering Social Reform," By Sir Cuill'onl L Molcsworth, gathers together a number

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Dec. 4, 1913J T li e Nation 529 Of instances of costly errors on the part of institutions prominent in philan- thropic work in the British Isles. The conclusion of the writer is that too of- ten the eyes of England's legislators and social reformers are fixed either upon the ground at their feet, or upon noth- ing but the distant horizon. He quotes a sentence from Chateaubriand's "Me- moirs": "There are two consequences in history: an immediate one, at once recognized; and one in the distance, which is not at first perceived. These [uences often contradict each oth- er." His conclusion is that, while the breach between the practical and the theoretical schools of social reformers is often bridged, the very complexities of modern reform keep the necessity for eternal vigilance always present. And he tries to show in England to-day the necessity for that broadness of purpose which, in Herbert Spencer's phrase, holds in mind not merely "the immedi- ate object to be achieved, but the indi- rect and far-off result." BARBARA FRIETCHIE AND FAME. The story of Barbara Frietchie is again under fire. Whittier's account of the supposed incident of September 13, 1862, is felt as an aspersion upon the Confederate troops, and so testimony is offered concerning the affair that would delight the heart of a district attorney. Why any one should be offended by the tale is not evident. "Who touches a hair of yon gray head," Stonewall Jack- son is represented as exclaiming, "dies like a dog. March on!" Surely this is true Southern chivalry. But it does not satisfy the critics in the Southland, and they remind us accordingly, not simply that the story is false, but that it has been proved so by the mouths and the pens of several persons who ought to know. Here is a letter written from Frederick City only nine years after the war by Valerius Ebert, nephew of Bar- bara and administrator of her husband's estate, setting forth that Jackson and his troops did not pass nearer the Frietchie residence than three hundred yards, that they were never on the same street as the house, and that the lady herself, being ninety-six years old, was bedridden, and so far from being able to clamber to the attic window that she could not even get upon her feet with- out assistance. Finally, Whittier him- self is said to have acknowledged that he had been misled and to have express- ed his regret over the occurrence. If this is not enough to demolish the myth, there is a later version, come fresh from Frederick City, which tears it to shreds. Two of Jackson's men, so this rendering goes, having entered the Frietchie house to take down the of- fending flag, Dame Frietchie chased them back into the street with a broom. It is possible that in this form the tale will be no more palatable to its critics than it is in the orthodox version, but when you set out to dispose of a myth, you cannot object to others who are en- gaged in the same laudable endeavor. But those who resent the story as Whit- tier told it do not stop with destructive criticism; they attempt to put it entire- ly out of the way by showing its proba- ble origin. To Col. Kyd Douglas of Jack- son's staff belongs the credit for the fol- lowing narrative: Two very pretty girls, with ribbons of red, white, and blue floating from their hair, small Union flags in their hands, rushed out of a house as we passed, came to the curbstone, and with much laughter waved their flags defiantly in the face of the General. He bowed, raised his hat, and turning with his quiet smile to the staff, said, "We evidently have no friends in this town." "Doubtless," comments the Charlotte, N. C, Observer, "girls or women who were Union sympathizers waved Union flags at Confederate invaders in the border States or the Union States beyond." But as for anything such as is related in con- nection with Barbara Frietchie, perish the thought! Why should one have a grudge against myths? Well, the truth is that very few persons are so enamoured of fact as to wish to war against myths. All that most of us care to do is to crush a particular myth that offends us. Some of the leading critics of this Barbara Frietchie tale, for instance, become stanch supporters of a myth, or at least of an extremely doubtful story, when any one ventures to wonder about the Mecklenburg Declaration of Indepen- dence. The shoe is then on the other foot. All the evidence tending to estab- lish the fact of such a Declaration is greeted as entitled to respect. Any one contemplating an attack upon a myth of any standing would do well, there- fore, to begin doubtfully and far away. If you have reason to suspect the au- thenticity of the Boston Tea Party, com- mence your war upon it in Nevada or Arizona. Point out the considerations that incline Bostonians to cling to any tale that does honor to Revolutionary traditions of this kind. Pour scorn upon the narrowness of the spirit that prefers local glory to the pure and un- adulterated truth. Your Nevada or Ari- zona audience, not being especially con- cerned in the issue, will agree with you heartily, and in time you may create a sentiment regarding the famous Party that will put Boston decidedly on the defensive. If one looks at the story of Barbara Frietchie in cold blood, one fails to see why the exact truth about it should greatly matter. Prove it to be false, and what have you achieved except to deprive a picturesque figure of its halo? But we do not look at myths in cold blood. If we could, we should not care for them. When we read about Bar- bara, we are not a jury in the box, mak- ing up our minds about the relative weight of evidence in the case of Jack- son vs. Frietchie. Not at all. We are up there in the attic window with the in- trepid old woman. More than that; it is our hands that seize the flag as it falls from its shattered staff. It is our hands that wave it defiantly before the advanc- ing guns, our voice that shouts the chal- lenge that may mean its silencing for- ever, and our victory for a cause that is dearer to us than life. We value myths, not for their truth to history, but for the tribute they pay to the possibilities of human nature. We cling to them, not because their destruction would deprive us of our ideas of the past, but because it would strike a blow at our faith in ourselves. CHARLES ELIOT NORTON. One of the mottoes prefixed to the sec- ond volume of these letters* is a sen- tence from Sainte-Beuve, which would read in English something like this: "The illustrious writers, the great poets, scarcely exist without having about them other men, themselves essential rather than secondary, great in their in- completeness, the equals in the inner life of thought with those whom they love, whom they serve, and who are kings by right of art." The words could not be more fitting if they had been written with Norton in mind, so perfect- 'I.rttrr* of ChorUs Blfo< Xnrlnn. Wltli nio- Ktapliiral Comment by Mis Daughter Sura Norton anil M. A. iii'Wiiic,. Howe. Boston : Boafbton Mifflin Co. Two -volumes, illustrated.

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530 T li e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2527 ly do they express his relation to the artists of his generation. We think of him first, perhaps, as the friend of Ruskiu and Carlyle, of Longfellow and Lowell, and of the other writers who were giving lustre to the Victorian and — may we say? — Cantabrigian age, and we recall the epitaph he once playfully suggested for himself: "lie had good friends, whom he loved"; but we do his memory wrong if we regard him merely as parasite, or shadow, of those greater reputations. He was more than friend and audience; he was counsellor and, at times, judge. One of the few notes of personal resentment in his correspon- dence is a protest against a passage in Ruskin's "Pra;terita" which had repre- sented him as seeking unasked the so- ciety of the more famous man. Ruskin, indeed, meant to cast no slur, and in the same book adds the most generous praise of his "first tutor": "Norton saw all my weaknesses, measured all my nar- rownesses, and, from the first, took serenely, and as it seemed of necessity, a kind of paternal authority over me, and a right of guidance — though the younger of the two — and always admit- ting my full power in its own kind." Something of that "rectorial power" he had with whomsoever he lived, whether individual or community, and from it came his honor and a measure, too, of bitter reproach. His letters, as they are now published in selection, have other claims to attention, but their greatest value is in the clear revelation of the man himself to those who knew him not at all or, like the writer of this essay, knew him but slightly, and of the source of the authority which made him among his more productive contempo- raries an (gal au dedans. The opportu- nity to set forth the nature of that pow- er brings a peculiar pleasure, not with- out a sense also of humility, to the present editor of the journal whicti Norton helped to found and into whicn so much of his character entered. I. As for the work of the editors of these volumes it is sufficient to say that there is not a word of their own about Nor- ton, nor is there a letter of his included, which would have given offence to his scrupulous taste in such matters; and, on the other hand, there is no evidence that anything has been omitted which is necessary to the understanding of the man and his position. Possibly the in- terest of the volumes would not have been diminished if an even stricter se- lection had been exercised in the earlier letters. He came to maturity late, and it is the gravity of his judgment more any adventitious aids of fancy or cleverness that holds our attention. His letters in this respect are curious- ly unlike those of Lowell, with which one naturally compares them. After the 1 scence of youth Lowell charms us with his grace and keeps us almost spellbound with the fecundity of his wit; we say that never was there a fellow like this to amuse and entertain. But somehow the interest does not quite hold to the end; we are a little irked to find that he never entirely controlled his own faculties; we never touch bottom with him, not so much because of the depth of his mind as because of the drift of its currents. With Norton it is just the reverse. We begin by thinking him, comparatively at least, a trifle dull; but as we read on we are caught by the sheer integrity of his utterance; we are impressed by the feeling that here was a man of utter veracity, who never swerved aside to be funny or wise or profound or original, but was concerned to say with unflinching precision just what he felt and thought. No doubt these virtues are in a way negative and denote a certain slowness of imagina- tion and a certain lack of higher spon- taneity in the writer, but at the worst we are not annoyed by the attempt to conceal such deficiencies under a sham sprightliness, and at the best we forget them by reason of other positive quali- ties. There is nothing in this correspon- dence in any way equivalent to the wing- ed phrases in which Lowell describes to Norton the effect of Emerson's Phi Beta Kappa oration: "It began nowhere and ended everywhere, and yet, as always with that divine man, it left you feeling that something beautiful had passed that way — something more beautiful than anything else, like the rising and set- ting of stars," etc. Nor was it within the compass of Norton's pen to write any one of a dozen of those improvisa- tions in which Lowell fairly takes your breath away with the audacity of his wit. But neither was it within the scope of Lowell's intelligence to give finality to one of the commonplaces of experience with just such grave and pondered beau- ty of expression as that which Norton used to Leslie Stephen on the death of his brother: "It is one of those changes which alter the whole habit and aspect of life — shutting up so many chambers to which nobody else has a key, increas- ing the solitary and silent part of life which grows so disproportionate to the rest as we grow old." In the end we suspect that most readers will say, as they close the second of these volumes: Here is the larger man and the deeper nature, and here, after all deductions, are the finer letters. But it must not be supposed that Nor- ton was pedantic or priggish in his cor- respondence, or sent out an epistle with the solemn consideration of a judge handing down a decision. He is familiar and easy enough on occasion, and at times strong and picturesque. Espi 1 lal ly during and after his third long visit abroad his letters and journal gain In liveliness by 1 1"' oc easiona I portraits of men and reports of conversations. Nat- urally, Carlyle is prominent in these, and he is presented as abounding in the kind of humorous exaggeration by vir- tue of which Norton always defended him against his detractors. One day it is Carlyle discoursing on Browning: So he went on. till some one asked him if he had seen Browning lately. "Na," said he, with a twinkle in his eye, "but I've read the whole of his new poem, 'The Ring and the Book,' in four volumes, from be- ginning to end, without omitting a word, and a most extraordinary production it is — a work of great ingenuity and full of verra strikin' sentences. I met Browning, indeed, in Piccadilly the other day, and I told him I'd read his poem from the first word thereof way to the last, and he said to me, quickly, 'Well! Well?' and I replied that I thought it a book of prodigious tal- ent and unparalleled ingenuity; but then, I suppose trusting to the sincerity of my own thoughts, I went on to say that of all the strange books produced on this dis- tracted airth, by any of the sons of Adam, this one was altogether the strangest and the most preposterous in its construction; and where, said I, do ye think to find the eternal harmonies in it? Browning did not seem to be pleased with my speech, and he bade me good morning." At another time it is Carlyle's swift judgment of Sumner, whom he defines as "the most completely nothin' of a mon that ever crossed my threshold — naught whatsoever in him or of him but wind and vanity." And again it is Car- lyle on Carlyle, expressing a fundamen- tal truth about himself which some of his critics have still to learn: While we were sitting by the fireside, be- fore we left the house this afternoon, he said, speaking of himself— "I've been much misunderstood in my time, and very lately now I was readin' an article on Froude's view of Ireland in the last number of Mac- millan, written by a man whom ye may have seen, one , a willow pattern of a man, very shrill and voluble, but harmless, a pure herbivorous, nay, graminivorous creature, and he says with many terms of compli- ment that there's 'a great and venerable author' who's done infinite harm to the world by preachin' the gospel that Might makes Right, which is the verra precise contrary to the truth I hold and have en- deavored to set forth, which is simply that Right millers Might. And I well remember when, in my younger days, the force o' this truth first dawned on me. It was a sort of Theodicee to me, a clew to man; facts to which 1 have held on from that day." II. But it Is Norton himself we come I" seek in this correspondence, rather than Carlyle or another, and Norton's place as the last representative of a remarkable generation ultimus Novorum Inglican- iiriim. Some day we shall appreciate New England literal tire al Its 1 rue value, Bui before that daj we < \\ learn to distinguish between w hat Is provincial and what Is merely local, [f anything is provincial it is to Incorporate BUCB

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Dec. 4, 1913J T li e ]ST a t i o n 531 1111 ii as tlie old Scottish poets in the 111.1 i 11 body of English literature, as is commonly done in manuals of the sub- ject, and to relegate the Massachusetts writers to an appendix, if they are men- tioned at all, as though they were for- eign to the spirit of the language in which they wrote. In one of his let- ters from London, Lowell tells of a Scotsman who "had the ill-manners" to compliment him on his English: "Why, 1 shouldn't know you wen n't an Eng- lishman. Where did you get it?" Low- ell's was the reproof valiant. "1 couldn't resist, " he says, "and answered with a couple of verses from a Scottish ballad— I got it In my mither's wame, Whaur yi '11 get never the like! He will never compliment me again, 1 fear." Whatever justification there may be for separating off the New England group lies rather in their cosmopolitan- ism. It is true that they showed symp- toms of a weakening at the root by their too ready submission to influences from Germany and Spain ana Italy, but in the main they were faithful inheritors of one of the dominant British tradi- tions. Through all the changes that in- evitably came with the passage of two hundred years, they still remembered the voice of Bunyan and Baxter and Marvell and Herbert and Wither and the others to whom their fathers had hearkened at the time of the great ex- odus. They created no one piece quite of the first rank in the realm of the imagination, but the body of their work, when the final account is made, will stand out honorably in the general pro- duction of the Victorian era, and the spirit which controlled them and whicn rises from their books as a kind of fine and fragrant exhalation, will be recog- nized as one of the very precious things in the history of the world. And Norton himself was fully aware of the beauty and meaning of that tra- dition into which he was born. No doubt, in the course of his long life he said many hard things about America, speaking sometimes not altogether wise- ly. Like others of his generation, he was caught up by the enthusiasm of the years when the country was moved to its depths by a passionate idea, and had it not been for ill health he would have fought in the Civil War with the sol- diers of his State. But after the war he was never in sympathy with certain marked tendencies of democracy and never hesitated to express his opinion. "I have been too much of an idealist about America," he wrote, near the end of his life, "had set my hopes too high, had formed too fair an image of what she might become. Never had nation such an opportunity, she was the hope of the world." This disillusion was in part due to his fastidious social sense, ued by the contrast of America i with the large opportunities he had en- ! joyed. Society was to him "the very rarest and best thing that the world proper can give us. It is the thing that our modern materialism is largely kill- ing out — that is, in its highest form, the society that bears witness to leisure and culture, and good breeding, made up of men who, though versed in affairs, are still idealists and lovers of poetry." This was the idea he had in mind, no doubt, when he began a lecture on the word "gentleman" before a large class with the grave pleasantry: "None of you, probably, has ever seen a gentle- man." Such sentiments and words were not always taken kindly, and when, as at the time of the Spanish War, he did not hesitate to expose publicly the mixture of hypocrisy and thoughtless- ness that entered into the popular fu- ror, resentment against him became al- most a mark of loyalty to the country. Opinions may still vary in regard to his tilt with Senator Hoar; there are those who still think he was rightly rebuked for "the habit of bitter and sneering speech"; but these, we may suspect, are not many. Reading the letters of Nor- ton and Senator Hoar side by side, most of us to-day will feel that honor and truth are rather on the side of Norton, and his address to the Cambridge Club, which, in a garbled report, called forth the storm of reproach, will seem to-day the memorable utterance of a calm and virile patriotism. Nor should it be for- gotten that the address ended with the strong words, "Nil desperandum de re- pvblica." Norton himself did, in fact, never despair. Many times in his letters he expresses his faith in the essential soundness of the people, and as he grew older his confidence in the destiny of his country increased rather than diminish- ed. It is notable that the architecture of the World's Fair at Chicago was to him a magnificent achievement and a greater promise, and that from the city itself he could draw happy auguries for the future of America. A Brahmih of New England who can admire Chicago is not quite lost to virtue. III. But withal, whether for his credit or discredit, it must be admitted that Nor- ton stood before the country and exer- cised the office of critic as the product of a particular time and place. He was of Cambridge, the earlier Cambridge which was, with Concord, one of the eyes of New England, the Greece of Greece, so to speak; and this position he never forgot. Again and again in his letters he refers to the exceptional char- acter of the generation in which his own life began. "I believe, indeed," he says once, writing at the end of the cen- tury, "that the very pleasantest little oasis of space and time was that of New England from about the beginning of the century to about 1825 [he himself was born in 1827]. The spirit of that time was embodied in Emerson, in Long- fellow, in Holmes, and in Lowell. It was an inexperienced and youthful spir- it, but it was a happy one; it had the charm of youth, its hope, its simplicity, its sweetness." He might have added, as his reader no doubt added, that he, too, was one of the bearers of that spirit — sacra fero ingentl percussus amove — though, for the hopefulness of youth, he brought other qualities. Innumerable forces of inheritance made him what he was. His ancestor, John Norton, named for his more noted uncle, one of the four famous Johns (Cotton, Norton, Wil- son, and Davenport), took charge of the parish of Hingham in 1678. In the same year he published a poem, being nothing other than a "Funeral Elogy, Upon that Patron of Virtue, the truly pious, peer- less & matchless Gentlewoman, Mrs. Anne Bradstreet." In 1897 our Norton edited the poems of the matchless gen- tlewoman, and in his introduction wrote of her with more than his usual freedom and intimacy: It struck me that there would be some- thing of quaint appropriateness in my writ- ing, at this long interval, in regard to her whose praises he [John Norton] had sung, and that the act would not be without a certain piety toward my ancestor. And, further, I reflected, that as I could trace my descent in one line directly from Gov. Thomas Dudley, the father of Mrs. Brad- street, and as portraits of her brother, Gov. I Joseph Dudley, and his wife, looked down ' on me every day while I sat at breakfast and dinner, she, as my Aunt many times removed, might not unjustly have a claim upon me for such token of respect to her memory as had been asked of me. . . . She cherished in herself and in her chil- dren the things of the mind and of the spirit: and if such memory as her verses have secured for her depend rather on the circumstance of a woman's writing them at the time when she did, and in the place where she lived, than upon their poetic worth, it is a memory honorable to her, and it happily preserves the name of a good woman, among whose descendants has been more than one poet whose verses reflect lustre on her own. (Through one of her children she is the ancestress of Richard Henry Dana; through another, "of Oliver Wendell Holmes.) From a daughter of John Norton, married to John Quiney, were descended John Adams and John Quiney Adams. In the direct male line came Andrews Norton, who in 1811 was appointed a tu- tor at Harvard and later professor of saired literature. In 1821 be married Catharine Eliot (wine lation- Shlp with President Eliot), and toon bought the house with some lift;. of land in Cambridge known as Shady Hill. In that quiet home, which was to welcome so many of the great scholars and writers of the world, and whose gracious courtesies and dignity so many Harvard men still cherish in memory as a possession equal in value to any

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2 T li e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2527 learning,* Charles Eliot Norton, one of lour children who grew to maturity, was born, and there, alter many years and many labors, laid down his life. By every right of tradition Norton be- longed with the group of scholars and poets who just preceded him in birth, and he belonged with them also by vir- tue of his own accomplishments. When we consider the work 01 that generation it seems as if we saw the energy of a strong people, nourished through long discipline and austere abstentions, now suddenly freed from repression and dis- playing itself in manifold, and all too brief, expansion. Each man had his par- ticular share in that activity: to one it was the exercise of wit, to another the sentiment of home and hearth, to another the comfort of religion, to an- other the recreation of the past, up an- other the critical judgment, to another the symbolism of a brooding imagina- tion, to another the freedom of nature, to another the justification of the un- trammelled spirit. Now it must be ad- mitted that in none of these fields was Norton quite eminent; even as a critic his writing falls below Whipple's, who was nevertheless in every way a smaller man than he. It is not unlikely that the melancholy which shows itself occa- sionally in his letters was in some small measure due to the consciousness of these deficiencies. So he writes one day to Lowell: "Except for George, I have been very solitary. From year to year I seem to myself to grow more and more silent, and to express less of what is in my soul. I should like to have the pow- er of expression — at least long enough to give form and utterance to a few of the deeper conceptions of Life and its significance and uses which come to one as one grows old and draws the lessons from his own experience." It is true, as he says, that he never embodied his wisdom of experience in literary form, but this wisdom is precisely what he stood for among his contemporaries, and just because we feel this in his letters we shall treasure them. He was, in the deepest sense of the word, the man of culture, the ripe scholar, to whom the lessons of the past had become a person- al experience. To the multiform flower- ing of the time he brought the true cos- mopolitanism. But he brought also with that culture, and this was his finest gift, a peculiar virtue of inheritance. More than any other man of his group, he represented the naked New England conscience and its tenacity of character. It may seem that his powers were manifested chiefly in negation. To the individual, and par- ticularly to the young student who showed promise of achievement, he •i'of :i bappr recollection t Norton's nn-istiniix reception, of student*, we tin- inter 1 n ih" \a Hon of Mny 11, 1911, written from a fur m wiiy college "I Bouts Dakota, could be generous of help ftHlJ encourage ment. But in relation to the community at large he stood undeniably as critic and check; and this attitude was often deeply resented. What has this man done, people would ask in a tone of cavilling rebellion, that he should set himself up as judge over others? Well, the question was not unnatural; yet is not character always in some way nega- tive? Is it not of its very essence to act as a check upon the impulsive tem- perament, and even upon the ranging enthusiasms of the soul? And especially in the hour of expansive liberty that came to New England when it had bmk- en from the bondage of religion, it was desirable that the principal of restraint, broadened indeed by contact with the world, but not weakened or clouded, should have had its voice and embodi- ment. On the ship which brought Nor- ton home from Europe in May of 1873 Emerson also sailed, and we have in Norton's journal a record of his wonder- ful conversation, with the journalist's comment and criticism. For one who reflects on the later course of New Eng- land and America these are memorable pages: Emerson was the greatest talker in the ship's company. He talked with all men, and yet was fresh and zealous for talk at night. His serene sweetness, the pure whiteness of his soul, the reflection of his soul in his face, were never more apparent to me; but never before in intercourse with him had I been so impressed with the lim- its of his mind. His optimistic philosophy has hardened into a creed, with the usual effects of a creed in closing the avenues ot truth. ... He refuses to believe in disorder or evil. Order is the absolute law; disorder is but a phenomenon. . . . But such inveterate and persistent opti- mism, though it may show only its pleas- ant side in such a character as Emerson's, is dangerous doctrine for a people. It de- generates into fatalistic indifference to moral considerations and to personal re- sponsibilities; it is the root of much of the irrational sentimentalism in our Ameri- can politics. . . . Never were truer words put on pa- per. The pure whiteness of Emerson's soul is, when all has been reckoned up, the finest thing that New England has given to the world; but in the society for which he ministered as a high priest of ecstatic vision, there was a place also, an indispensable place, for the question- er who stood for the traditional New England conscience and sense of evil. We shall do well to honor Norton in our memory as one who through all spiritual temptations kept his feet firmly planted on the bedrock of character. The winds of folly blew about him as they blow about us, the dust of pedant- ries smote his eyes, cant and sentiment- alism fouled his air, but he held to his course unmoved, cherishing always in his heart what is lovely and of g.>od report, a. faithful teacher, to whom were veil applied the words of the poet who tad been Hi.- chief study of his life: Felice te, che si parli a tua posta. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. An additional note on the political fea- tures of the Washington Benevolent Society (see the Bibliophile in the Nation, October 30), from the Democratic point of view, may be of interest. The Democrats always regarded the social and benevolent work of the society as subordinate to its political activity. When the Providence branch was organized in 1810, the Rhode Island Repub- lican denounced its members as "wolves in sheep's clothing," their real object being to prevent the execution of Congressional commercial laws, and to neutralize the pow- er of the Democratic Tammany Society in elections. The outbreak of war with Eng- land in 1812 was accompanied by great ac- tivity on the part of the Federalists. The \sl,irr Patriot con- tain much interesting material on this sub- ject. A very witty satire on the society is, "The Book of the Washington Benevo- lents; otherwise called the Book of the Knaves," published in Boston in 1813. There Lb a eepy q{ this pamphlet in the collection of the American Antiquarian Society. W. A. Robinson. Correspondence WIHKN1NO THE I.KCAI, VISION". To thb Editor op The Nation: Sir: The Columbia Law Review for No- vi'inber contains an article entitled "The Kul arc of the Common Law," by Robert LudlOW Fowler, Surrogate of New Ym-k County. The article can be interpreted in only one way. It is a veiled allack on a notable and systematic effort POT? being inade to w|den thj legal rielon of American judges, prarlllionrrs, edUCfttpri, and slu a.rnis. by enoouraglng ■ study of contem- porary Jurisprudence as it exists on the Continent of Europe, Among the leaden

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Dec-. 4, 191 3 I The ]ST a t i o 11 533 of this notable and systematic effort — so leasing to the Surrogate of New York are Mr. Justice Oliver Wendell John U. Winslow, Chief Justice of in; i'rof. John H. Wigmore, of the Northwestern Dniverslty Law School; Prof. Boscoe Pound, of the Harvard Law School; Howell, Esq.., of the New York bar, and Edward Lindsay. Ksq., of the Pennsyl- vania bar. Three learned societies which have done much to foster this notable and systematic effort are the American Bar As- sociation, the Association of American Law Schools, and the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology. The last two organizations are now engaged in trans- lating editing, and publishing no fewer than thirty-three volumes of modern legal literature by European authors. The article in question contains a number of amusing errors. One of them is seen in this sentence; "It. was the Italian Mazzini and the Central European Democracy of 1849 who first employed the term 'Progres- sives' and came out for the 'Progress of Humanity'" (p. K04). Like so many judges in New York, the Surrogate is evidently more Interested in politics than in juris- prudence. If he knew the a-b-c of com- parative jurisprudence, which he condemns so glibly, lie would know that long before 1849 the adjective "progressive" was used aangeably with "historical," to indi- cate a method of studying law and social science. Anybody can verify this by glanc- ing over chapter x of Book VI of the first edition of John Stuart Mill's "Logic," pub- lished in 1843. Tyrrell Williams. Washington Dniverslty, St. Louis, November 26. DIALECT VKRSES AND COLLEGE FLUM- MERY. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir : The letters upon these topics in your issue of November 13 interested me much, and 1 hope that others among your readers will continue the discussion more fully than I can at present. Of course, in both cases there is involved the question of taste; I hold that one of the functions of the Nation is to improve our standards rather than to follow or even condone the fashions of the day, too often set by the ignorant or thoughtless. That which may be at first piquant may become by repetition wearisome and even odious. Dogberry, Mrs. Malaprop, Natty Bumpo, and the Yankee of the "Biglow Papers" had the merit of novelty; virtually they were original creations. Similar place may be accorded to the earlier verse of the Hoosier type. But no such claim can be made for their imitations, through all grades, down to the ineffable vulgarities of the legends of the "comic" pictures in some contemporary newspapers, based upon what one may imagine to be the language of the slums. So, too, "Old Folks at Home," "Old Uncle Ned," and "Mighty Lak a Rose" were new departures; but words fail to characterize their degenerate imitations, the "coon songs" that flood the music shops and are tolerated by persons otherwise apparently refined. The writer of the letter on "Deans" re- fers to an article of some years ago on "The Flummery of Caps and Gowns," which I wish had been known to me before pub- lishing the letter, "Is the Academic Cos- tume Worth While?" in Science for Janu- ary 31 last. Those who still try to per- suade themselves that scholarly dignity is enhanced by gaudy garments are sympa- thetienlly referred to the costumes of the Philippine Bukidnons in the current num- ber of the National Geographic Magazine. Burt G. Wilder. Brookllne, Mass., November 24. FROM SCHOLARS TO UNDERGRADU- ATES. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Habits of speech doubtless follow facts of life and are significant of them. It. is worthy of notice, then, that those who formerly attended our colleges were called "scholars." A specialization and intensifi- cation of the meaning of that word led to a shift in usage. They became "students," merely scholars in the making. Now, since they so frequently do not study at all, the word "students" in its turn is dropping out of use. Members of faculties everywhere show a growing tendency to speak of the mass as "undergraduates," a non-commit- tal term, and of portions of the whole as "members of the class of 1913," or "mem- bers of Mathematics III," and so on. In the old days the "female sex" in col- lege was referred to as "young ladies." Now they are openly called by their elders "giils," and in private conversation "chil- dren." Can speech affect fact? By persistent use of "scholars" (to go to the extreme) and "young ladies," can we change at all the trend of things? At least this is true: in general people try to live up to what is expected of them, good or bad, and when the teaching force of a college proclaims its discouragement and frankly expects no serious work of its "undergraduates," even by so doing it lessens its chance of get- ting serious work. C. A. H. Smith Hadley, Mass., November 27. THE CAFETERIA. To the Editor of The Nation : Sir : Let me answer briefly the query in regard to "Cafetaria" presented by Mr. Hart in his letter of November 12. The form cafeteria is the only one recognized in Los Angeles, where this type of dining place took its rise above seven years ago. Although the word chosen by its originator, a lady who has left this form of business and is now conducting a hotel, might be Italian, yet our proximity to Mexico, where Spanish is spoken, favors a Mexican origin; and this is the case. The accent on the penultimate is still imperative here, where the cafeteria has become an established in- stitution. The original cafeteria was opened at the northeast corner of Hill and Fourth Streets in the winter of 1906-7, and was soon a popular resort. Next year, in the block just south on Hill Street, an unpretentious cafeteria was opened by two business men. who conducted it with such success that they have now two large houses across the street, where excellent music is served by a string band. Los Angeles is, indeed, a city of cafeterias, so much so that a Senator from the northern part of the State facetiously proposed last year that, if the southern part should set up for itself, it might adopt the name "Southern Cafeteria." And a com- plaint was made that in the census she returned last year the city gave no list of the number of her cafeterias. The first cafeteria was soon distanced, its management being slow to adopt music and other improvements. It reorganized it- self two years ago as the "Original Cafe- teria," and is now known as the "Ameri- can Cafeteria." There is a busy cafeteria at the University of Southern California, which has been open for several years ; others are to be found at the Young Men's Christian Association and elsewhere. So much for our local form of restaurant; it has never been so popular at San Fran- cisco. James Main Dixon. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, November 29. A REMEDY FOR INSOMNIA. To the Editor of The Nation : Sir: I venture to speak in your columns of a remedy for sleeplessness which I have found useful, after vainly trying the vari- ous methods that are so often resorted to in the hope of coaxing sleep, such as fixing the attention upon a single subject or upon any one object in the room, counting, im- agining a waving field, or the heaving sea, etc. It is not easy to describe what is mainly a negative process, but, roughly speaking, I try what I call to unthink. I shut out, as it were, any image or thought that obtrudes upon the blankness of the mind, and keep before me only the con- sciousness that all is blank and dark. In my case this expedient works well, and perhaps it may also benefit others. Wheth- er it has the merit of objective originality I do not know. X. New ymk. November 28. Literature HOLIDAY BOOKS.— I. Travel is well represented this year among the more festive publications. Thus"E6then" ($3.50 net) comes from Lippincotts with il- lustrations by Frank Brangwyn, some of these ornaments for chapter-heads full-page color plates pasted in. No travel book out of the Orient, published since 1844, has equalled Kinglake's for color and humanity and persuasive veracity, and Mr. Brangwyn has not been disloyal to the spirit of his author. Also of the Orient, and suited to the writer's sense of color and form, and to his powers of varied descrip- tion, is Pierre Loti's "India"; of which George Inman's translation is of recognized quality. As issued in Duffleld's new edition ($2.50 net), the book is finely bound and printed, and a score of illustrations are added from the hand of A. Hugh Fisher, A.lt.K. To these last only a qualifi ion can be allowed. Of the frontls- 11 a colored painting In oils, we shall not speak; but the other illustrations are mere outline sketches, rough and hazy to the destruction of vividness. In the case of another Oriental work, Robert Hichens's "The Near East: Dalmatia I Constantinople" (Century; $t; net), with

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r>:>> 1 T li e Natio n [Vol. 97, No. 2527 paintings in color by Jules Guerln, author, illustrator, and publisher have joined to make a notable gift-book. To readers fa- miliar with text and pictures as they have appeared serially in the Century, the ar- resting feature of the volume will be its cover, of Byzantine design, in gold and rich colorings; but the heavy paper, the large, clear type, ami (lie plates upon which the lllu 'lions are printed all deserve praise. Mr. Hichens's descriptions are of the most freshness in Turkey, which seems to have appealed Chiefly to him; and the same coun- try has wrought with best effect upon the artist. From the "Arabian Nights" we have the "Princess Radoura" (Doran; $3 net), retold by Laurence Housman in vigorous English, which, while not absolutely disdaining ar- chaic phrases, gets along with a small number of them. The illustrations, how- ever, supply the necessary atmosphere. Ed- mund Dulac knows how to represent a scene and to furnish a decoration at the same time. His pictures tell a story clearly, as if that were their one aim, and yet from central figure to decorative border there is a wealth of color and design. The present series of illustrations is a worthy addition to the notable list that he has to his credit. Turning from the East to the West, we have Walter Tyndale's "Artist in Italy" (Doran; $5 net). When the narrator of a journey paints his own pictures of it. there is not likely to be any of that discrepancy too often felt between text and illustration. This harmony of conception is, however, the least of the merits of Mr. Tyndale's work. The places to be depicted, although limited to Venice and the hill towns of Tuscany, are selected with good judgment, and paint- ed with happy skill. The bright colors of the market-places alternate with the quiet- er hues of town walls and the varying effects of sunlight upon sea and shore. A new joyous edition of "Lorna Doone" is as fixed an event as Christmas itself. This year Crowell brings out the novel with six- teen illustrations in color by Christopher Clark ($2.50 net). Although the pages are large, the volume is light. The lover of this romance will be gratified to see how faith- fully the illustrator has followed the text, while allowing his imagination full play. Other new novels in holiday dress are not lacking. A clean specimen of these, with colored pictures, but with the look of a thing to be handled and read, is Hardy's "Under the Greenwood Tree" (Putnam; $2 net). A still more attractive volume from the same house is "Tom Brown's School Days" ($3 net), which might be ranged among the children's books if children can be of all ages. Views of Rugby, inside and out, will make the story more vivid for American readers who are not familiar with li b '; 1. Thackeray is represent- ed by an edition of "Vanity Fair" (Doran; ' ' on which great care has been ex- 1 1 fl by artist, and publisher, In case of so live a charact - 1 Becky Sharp, who forms the centre of most of the illustra- tions, opinion lifter as to how she outwardly appeared at the crucial mo- in' eh. oi iii careei STel h maj bi lid 1 mi 1 1 bey a re 1 piquant, and bis coloi a are pretty witl To the four of Thorcau's books which the Company has already published ''lustrations by Clifton Johnson, is now added "Excursions" ($2 net). Those familiar with Mr. Johnson's work will not Deed to have the many careful photographs in the present volume recommended to them. All arc taken in or about Concord; and vary from snapshots of The Farmer with his Scythe and The Woodchopper's Dinner, to such bits of pure nature as The Snowy Woodland and Moonlight on Lancas- ter Meadow. For the most part they chime admirably with the text. Only now and then the line of a trolley down a country road, or the gleam of telephone wires across a shady landscape, reminds us of the distance from our day of the author of "Wild Ap- ples," "A Walk to Wachusetts," and "The Succession of Forest Trees." Emerson's bio- graphical sketch is printed as an introduc- tion, and the book is bound in appro- priate russet and green. The transition from Thoreau to Richard Jefferies is a transi- tion from natural Nature to hectic Nature. And not the least hectic of Jefferies's books, though with an interest of its own, is the intensely subjective "Story of My Heart." E. W. Waite's pictures for this book, in Dutton's'new edition ($2.50 net), should sat- isfy the most discriminating. They are not over frequent, being only eight in number; each is a landscape pure and simple, with- out human figure or scarcely even the sug- gestion of human life; and they are of attractive coloring and outline. Mr. C. J. Longman introduces the book with some hitherto unpublished letters from Jefferies to his firm, at the time (1883) the work was first going through the press. In Albert B. Osborne's "As It Is in England" (Mc- Bride, Nast; $3 net) there are again lovely bits of English country and country towns. Mr. Osborne has avoided the cities, because, aside from London, which is too big for his purpose, they don't interest him. We meet the old standbys, the cathedrals, cas- tles, universities, besides a cosey cottage here and there. Though the text is not dis- tinguished, it forms pleasant reading. For a view of nature as the scene of ac tive life, and for an attractive holiday book, one may take "Winter Sports in Switzerland" (Dodd, Mead; $4 net). Skat- ing, skiing, tobogganing, "tailing," known in this country as "hitching," and all the other out-of-doors games with which Switzerland makes merry in the winter are well caught in colors by C. Fleming Wil- liams. The rich atmosphere and the va- ried lights on the mountains offered him an excellent background of color. Merely to look at all this pictured sport makes one breathe deeply and one's blood tingle. E. F. Benson, who is something of an author- ity on these subjects, besides being a writ- er of novels, furnishes the text, which runs to nearly 200 large pages. Not only Is he most informing, he is able to convey the zest which the topics demand. We regret that 1 lure is room for only one sample: Then the glad word goes forth that the ini I" in and you hurry forth to skate on ii. But mountain and wood and Iand- scapi nie all mirrored in it, as in perfect- ly still water, and It I a li ■ li 1 init here 1 I 1 loot or two thiol blingly you launch yourself on it, Si ' nM' to belli ' ' in Its solidity ; tor 1 erli trfaci rou weed and stump under water, The very fishes iii Lslblj below s ou Maeterlinck's "Nev 1 ol ' 1 1 ther Mature Studies" is brought out in a choice ] edition by Dodd, Mead ($4 net). Alexander Teixeira do Mattos, who has done more than any one else to present this author in adequate English, is responsible for the text, and there are a number of full-page illustrations in color by Kdward J. Det- mold If at first glance the colors seem a bit too vivid, closer observation will show that they are in reality calculated with great accuracy. Detailed studies of flowers and birds and insects are the sub- jects chosen. Perhaps the most attractive of Mr. Mosher's books this season, both for sub- stance and for form, is a reprint of Alex- ander Smith's "Dreamthorp," in clear type on a clean page, and with no nonsense. Mr. Mosher in his "foreword" speaks of a revival of interest in Smith's poetry and prose. Of the former, we are not so sure; it is hard to imagine the world taking the paroxysms of "A Life Drama" very seri- ously again; but this "book of essays writ- ten in the country" is full of good quiet writing, and has never lacked its warm admirers. Mosher has also done well to bring out in a separate volume what, is perhaps the most successful work of England's new laureate, "The Growth of Love." It is here reprinted in old-style Roman face from the unique edition in Fell's Old English type (100 numbered copies), published at Oxford in 1830; and will serve both as a timely gift and one of enduring worth. Dr. Bridges's own attitude towards this sonnet- sequence is expressed in number lviii. It may represent, considering his well-known aversion to publication, something more than conventional self-effacement: 0 my uncared-for son^s, what arc ye worth, That in my secret book with so much cine 1 write you, iiiis one here and that one there, Marking the lime and order of your birth? Now, with :i fancy so unkind to mirth, A sense so hard, a style so worn ami bare, Look ye for any welcome anywhere From any shelf or heart-hoi n Hie earth? Should others ask you this, say then I yearned To write you such as once, when I was young, Finding I should have loved ami thereto turned. "I'wcre something yet to live again ug The gentle youth beloved and where 1 learned My art be there remembered tor my song. Among Mr. Mosher's other new publi- cations are Gilbert Murray's translation of the "Andromache" of Euripides, Mary F. Robinson's "Songs from an Italian Gardi a," and "The Sermon on the Mount." F. Hopkinson Smith has done text and pic- tures for "In Thackeray's London" (Double- day, Page; $3.50 net). The text is partly Hopkinson Smith and partly Thackeray, and wholly satisfactory, and the twent \ one full-page pictures in crayon are of a gray, shadowy, rain-soaked London. That is the advaniag of England's capital over every other city. For 1 loo the artist oeed doI resort to the expedient of blurring clear outlines and brc-iUim; reel 1 linen 1 an;' lei a nd covering sunshine with a mantle 1 I London offers all thai nu.iv made, n car tainly has plenty of atmosphere on an au tumn day ol I" ,. V. Iml ol her Capita I '.hi ' ompa re with a citj In w hich BI teen 1 ears of fog and aooi produce 1 be most di semblanci ol anl Iqultj : Ntothini cai be new in 1 1 ■ 10 ire I ba □ I Mr. Smii h starts al evitablo point Chartei bouse and Gn 1 Friars and Col. Newcomo, ami and

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Dec. 4, 1913J The Nation 535 young New-come and Pendennis in Middle Temple. Among the many other holiday books we may mention Maeterlinck's "Our Friend »Og," in unpretentious form (Dodd, Mead; $1.25 net). The translation has been made by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos and 1 lie short-lived Pelleas made il Aldcn. Four booklets of tinted paper hold sundry productions by Carolyn 1 Franklin Bigelow Corporation). Their titles me "The Ke-e.ho Club," "The 1 Feminine," "Girls and Gaiety," and Ing Prose." "The Wisdom of Ber- nard Shaw, being Passages from the Win Us of Bernard Shaw, chosen by Charlotte F. Shaw" (Brentano's; $1 net), is a volume of size, having upwards of. 400 pages and hound in a red leather sufficiently splashed with gilt to harmonize with the glitter of the contents. Those who con- to a liking for Harrison Fisher's paintings of fresh-cheeked girls and natty young men will find in Dodd, Mead & Co.'s "Beauties" ($3.50 net) a collection of his typical productions, printed and bound with a single eye to holiday attractiveness. Buyers of hooks at this season may care to have their attention called to the titles of several large and handsome publications, which have just come to our table and must be reserved for more deliberate treat- ment than can be afforded them in this plai e. Longmans, Green & Co. have now r< ady Vols. XVII to XX of their great sub- scription edition of William Morris. From Dodd, Mead & Co. come "Scott's Last Ex- pedition" in two large volumes ($10 net), Mrs. Hugh J- laser's "Italian Yesterdays," in two volumes ($G net), and A. B. Cham- berlain's "Hans Holbein, the Younger," in two quarto volumes ($16 net). All of these books are elaborately illustrated. GOBINEAU'S "RENAISSANCE." La Renaissance'. Savonarole, Cesar Bor- gia, Jules II, Leon X, Michel-Ang^. Scenes Histoiiqu.es. Par le Comte de Gobineau. Sixieme edition, 1911. Paris: PI011. The Renaissance. Savonarola, Cesare Borgia, Julius II, Leo X, Michael An- gelo. Translated by Paul V. Cohn. Edited with an Introduction by Dr. Oscar Levy. New York: G. P. Put- nam's Sons. $2.75 net. Cesare Borgia. By William Harrison Woodward. London: Chapman & Hall. Maximilian the Dreamer, Holy Roman Emperor, 1459-1519. By Christopher Hare. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $3 net. The emergence of Gobineau at this date illustrates the caprice which some- times determines fame. George Mere- dith, writing to John Morley on Febru- ary 1, 1906, says: "If you have not read the 'Renaissance' of the Comte de Gobi- neau, you will find pleasant relaxation in it. The ideas in the heads of the char- acters of the time are given with master- ly sureness, in refreshing French." That reference, published in Meredith's "Let- ters" less than two years ago, apparent- ly started up Mr. Cohn and other trans- lators. The tardiness of English recognition need not surprise us. On the Continent, however, Gobineau has long been not only well known, but even the object of a vigorous cult. It is from him, a Frenchman, that the Germans have drawn many of their arguments for mili- tarism and their doctrines as to what constitutes a dominant race. For twen- ty years Gobineau societies have flour- ished in the Fatherland, "Gobinismus" has taken its place in the vocabulary of accepted political and racial truths, Gobineau's works have been translated into German, and many essays, critiques, and monographs have poured out upon them. In France also Gobineau long since came to his own. His "Renais- sance," crowned by the Academy, has passed through six editions, and his seminal ideas have become common property: but he seems to have been fieet pted there as a politico-literary thinker, as an artist in pen-portraiture rather than as the apostle of a new creed. The fact that he regarded the French as a decadent and the German as a crescent people may account for the fact that his countrymen, with their usual intellectual hospitality, welcome him as a man of letters rather than as a prophet. Born in 1816 of a noble family, Arthur Gobineau was a bookish youth, and a reader and thinker at the age when most of his class devoted themselves to dissipation. In 1848, he served De Tocqueville as secretary. Then he en- tered the diplomatic career, filling min- or posts at Berne, Frankfort, and other places. He spent three years as first secretary at Teheran, thereby getting material for his "Histoire des Perses.' For nearly twenty years he alternated between short sojourns in Paris and ser- vice at Athens, Rio de Janeiro, Stock- holm, and the East. He died in 1882. The year before, he fell in with Rich- ard Wagner, who, captivated by Gobi- neau's views on aristocracy and artists, published, in the Bayreuther Blatter, an article by him on "Heroism and Chris- tianity." This led to the "discovery" of Gobineau by the Germans, who soon came to accept as gospel Gobineau's laws of race supremacy. These had appeared in his epoch-mak- ing book, "Essai sur l'inegalite des races humaines," the first volume of which was printed in 1853, and the second in L855. This is not the place for a critique of the "Essai"; suffice it to say that in it Gobineau investigates why some have achieved greatness while others have remained mediocre, or hav sunk to be the subjects and sla the powerful. He concludes that purity of stock accounts for these dift\ 1 on which what we call moral consider- ations have little influence. That a race is stiong is proof enough for him that it ought to be strong; and its aim should be to go on strengthening itself at tne expense of its neighbors. This pleasant doctrine harmonized with the desires of tne "superior" peoples of Eu- rope when they set out, a quarter of a century ago, to subdue or assimilate "inferior" peoples; and, being based on the cornerstone of absolute aristocracy, it also fortified the theory of the Super- man which has been exploited during the past two decades. In short, Gobi- neau had assembled the most character- istic elements in Nietzsche's system thir- ty years before Nietzsche himself. These would be reasons enough to explain Gobineau's importance; and to them should be added the fact that he was the spokesman of conservatism in its life-and-death struggle with democracy. One may, however, read his "Renais- sance," published in 1877, without a knowledge of these details; for in it Gobineau writes objectively, seeking neither to preach nor to persuade, but simply to exhibit the chief figures of that period in typical acts and utter- ances. He uses the dialogue as his medium, a device which lends objectiv- ity to his portraits and has the advan- tage of sparing the reader long descrip- tions and explanations. But mere dia- logue does not always result in dramat- ic quality, and on many occasions it resolves itself into monologues in which, as in Browning's best examples, we can- not always separate the author from his creation. There must inevitably be in such work a suggestion of the knowledge that comes by retrospect, which the ac- tors themselves could not have had. Nevertheless, the total effect is one of verisimilitude: Gobineau has caught the strange drama of the Italian Renais- sance in many of its most marked fea- tures, and he has painted them with re- morseless veracity. Only a doctrinaire, steeped in Gobi- neau's theory of racial and individual su- premacy, would discover in "The R< nais- sance" a glorification of the pessimism which culminates in the Superman. If Gobineau chose the wickedest period of modern times because it gave the play to individuality, he does not hush up the horrors to which unbridled ego- tism led. The moralist can from him a hundred arguments against the soul-killing license of the Renais- irguments just as cogent as, and more savory than, those which Dr. Levy, in his introduction, draws from him. Gobineau devotes his dialogues to the careers of Savonarola. '', Bar I'.orgia, Julius II, I.co X, and Michael Angelo. Pound each of these protngonists he groups ;i host of contemporaries, nearly horn have historical antecedents, Beginning with Savonarola, he shows how, when the Roman Church had reach-

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53<3 T li e JN" ution [Vol. 97, No. 2527 td tae highest point of corruption, tnai God-fearing, terribiy earnest iriar tritd to reioi 111 tae church from witnin, and how, despite his genius and his zeal anu the support of a righteous remnant, ne was unshed by the monslious ecclesias- tical machine as ruthlessly as an Alpine cliinber by an avalanche. Only second to Savonarola in this dialogue are Alex- ander VI and Machiavelli — the Borgian Pope bent wholly on securing the great- ness of his dynasty and his own sensual gratifications, Machiavelli longing for some master — a Mohammed, or even a Tamerlane — to rise up and guide the revolution. It is not by accident that Gobineau puts into the Borgian Pope's mouth, not into Maehiavelli's, the rules of statecraft w hich have passed for Machiavellian. We cannot mention, much less crit- icise in detail, even the most salient passages in the 550 pages of these dia- logues. For subtlety, no portrait excels that of Alexander VI, with his super- stition, his cruelty, his man-of-the-world politeness, his love of luxury and of the fine arts. He carries a holy wafer in a little gold box to ward off evil, just as a negro carries a rabbit's paw; and, not having it, he drinks the poison be has prepared for the cardinals. Casar Borgia is less complex, and his unblush- ing villanies necessarily shock us less than those of his father, whose portion as head of the church made his iniqui- ties tenfold worse. In Julius II we be- hold the familiar warrior-prelate, who loved fighting before all things, whose conscience troubled him with no scru- ples, who seemed at times to doubt the efficacy of the crucifix, but never that of the sword. Leo X is admirably sketched, as in the scene with the Sax- on envoy Maltitz — come to discuss Luther's arraignment of Tetzel — whom the Pope dismisses with the words: "I am disposed to remain conciliatory in all matters, provided that the needs of the Apostolic Chamber are satisfied." To which Cardinal Bibbiena adds: "My dear Maltitz, you understand that we do not care whether the money comes by way of indulgences or otherwise; but remember that in any case we want the money, and you must not imagine that we will yield an obolus of this money." Such passages, which crystallize the irreligion of the heads of the church, are, however, only bits of the great whole. Gobineau, who professed him- self a Roman Catholic to the end, had no quarrel with the church. To him, clerical corruption was merely an inci- dent in the vast historic episode. He describes the sins and foibles of kings, soldiers, scholars, politicians, and art- ists with equally pitiless impartiality. Contrary, perhaps, to his intention, but wholly in harmony with the fact as he states it, the Renaissance, which wo win to admire as the Golden Age when individualism, freed from moral re- straints, was to blossom in a thousand beautiful talents, turns out to be tne Heyday of primitive lusts, passions, and ferocities. Even the artists, whose work alone remains to gladden posterity, seem mere accessories to the general orgy of Supermen. But Gobineau does not show us, we do not feel sure that he could show, an inevitable connection between moral and social degeneration and splen- did achievements in art. Nevertheless, Gobineau keeps the art- ist constantly in mind. The one figure who comes and goes through his dia- logues is Michael Angelo, with whose death, indeed, he regards the Renais- sance as clcsed. If there be any char- acter in his dramatis personrr, through whom the author himself seems to speak, it is precisely Michael Angelo. We cite two characteristic passages: "I am an artist," says Buonarotti, "and I see in the world only my work, and above all our holy religion. I do not inquire why the Lord God — blessed be his name — has put on the earth so many princes, captains, and podestas, who devour each other. Their only occupation ought to be to do virtuous deeds, punish vice, and protect the arts. They do just the opposite. God ought to suppress them. It is true that then we should fall into the hands of the populace, the vilest beast that ever crawled on the ground." In that last sentence speaks Gobineau, who had seen the blue-bloused Parisian mob swarm up the boulevards in 1848, and had thereafter loathed Demos in all his forms. So he puts into Michael An- gelo's mouth, at the close of the book, what we may regard as his own sum- ming up of the Renaissance: I knew Brother Savonarola, and the as- pect of his august face has never vanished from my memory. I have lived by his teachings. Either because he demanded too much of us, or because poor Italy presumed too much upon her forces and imagina- tion in her was disproportioned to honesty, Italy quitted his hands and remained in those of vice. Yet, nevertheless, she felt herself; sir- was conscious of her superior- ity over the rest of the world. She despis- ed other countries and used their resources for her own ends ; they held her in ad- miration and she knew it. She knew that she was great and dreamed only of be- coming greater. Her artists . . . you know what they have been! Now, all is over. The lire is extinguished. There exists no Italy more. Those whom we disdained become our masters. The artists have perished. I am the last survivor of the holy phalanx; what they call by the same glorious name we bore are now only traders, and not with- out impudence. It was time Indeed to die! We die ill, miserably. What matter? There have been beautiful souls, glorious souls In this Italy, henceforth enslaved and pros- trate. I do not regret to have lived. . . . We leave great things after us and great examples. Earth is richer than she was be- fore we came. The restraint of utterance which char- acterizes this farewell belongs to Go- bineau throughout his book. He is no maker of epigrams. He never resorts to rhetoric to heighten his ellects. Though the persons and episodes he de- scribes are among the most extraordi- nary exemplars of romanticism running riot, Gobineau treats them as a classi- cist. This does not mean that he dis- dains realistic touches in order to en- hance the lifelikeness of his presenta- tion. Take, for instance, the Florentine citizen who, at the execution of Savo- narola, says to his wife: "It was a pret- ty fine ceremony, and even imposing! But I think it's going to rain. Let's go home." To which she replies: "Yes, my dear, let's go home! I am afraid of catch- ing cold." By such a sardonic stroke — • and there are many of them — Gobineau reminds us of the tragic contrast be- tween the supreme moments of human passion and historical crisis, and the in- difference with which dull persons be- hold them. He never falls into the "pa- thetic fallacy," for he knows too well the insensibility of Nature to Man's joys and sorrows. While he has at his com- mand the historical facts, he does not always stick slavishly to historical se- quence; for his purpose is, primarily, to interpret the significance of the Renais- sance. So he dates the last interview between Michael Angelo and Vittoria Colonna thirteen years after her death; and in other cases he prefers the spirit to the letter of the records. Occasional- ly, as in the matter of the poisoning of the cardinals by Alexander VI, investi- gations made since Gobineau wrote have either raised doubts or reversed earlier opinions. But after all necessary qualifications, "The Renaissance" remains essentially a true book, in which one of the most amazing episodes in history is vividly embodied. It extenuates nothing; it sets down naught in malice; it leaves you, in the main, to draw your own de- duct ions. If Gobineau had possessed Voltaire's style, it might have been a literary masterpiece; but even so, one feels that it must have been easier de- liberately to satirize wickedness in "Candide" than to spread dispassionate- ly on the vast canvas of "The Renais- sance" a host of persons who reveal themselves heart and soul to the life. With Gobineau to personalize the Re- naissance, and Burckhardt to generalize its manners, customs, and ideals, one who is not a specialist can come at its essence. Mr. Cohn's translation, although not distinguished, is readable, and, wher- ever we. aava C pared it with the French we have found it trustworthy. Dr. Oscar Levy's introduction, whether in tone or substance, is most objection- able. Thai the fastidious aristocrat Gobineau, whq d| it$l ited vulgarians and disdained to take part in controversies

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Dec. 4, 191 3 I Th.e JSTation 537 or to defend li is views in public — leav- ing his books to speak for him — should be championed by a ranting atheist, is irony without mitigation. It is not the atheism that he would object to; it is the crudity, the lack of knowledge, the vulgarity of manner, the raw-turnip flavor. We infer that Dr. Levy, who is Nietzsche's English sponsor, venerates Nietzsche, Stendhal, and Gobineau as mankind's supreme products. His intro- duction dials chiefly with Gobineau's theories of racial primacy and of aris- , with digressions in which he aims bungling sarcasm at the poor god of the nineteenth century, or assails H. S. Chamberlain, or expatiates on the blunders of "the hopeless Nazarene." These topics, and many others, have nothing to do with "The Renaissance." Of the two recent books included un- der our title, Professor Woodward's "Cesare Borgia" deserves commendation as a solid piece of work. He has exam- ined t lie authorities without prejudice, and, having canvassed the conclusions <if modern historians, he gives his own verdict dispassionately. He has the his- toric sense well developed. His print- ing of the text of a score of documents adds to the value of his volume, in which, while some of the sensational crimes attributed to the Borgias are dis- proved or doubted, the general charges against them are confirmed. Mr. Christopher Hare is too well- known a bookmaker to require an intro- duction, lie is a popularizer of history through the medium of striking person- ages. In Maximilian I he takes for his hero the Emperor whose reign corre- sponded with the culmination of the Italian Renaissance, and whose policy led him to meddle in Italy. Mr. Hare has perhaps exaggerated "the dream- er's" ability and good qualities; but he is justified in exalting the interest of Maximilian's career. CURRENT FICTION. The Passionate Friends. By H. G. Wells. New York: Harper & Bros. Mr. Wells has hit upon an effective ex- pedient for giving this story an individ- ual atmosphere. Middle-aged Stephen Stratton is supposed to write it for the future benefit of his son, still a child at the time of its writing. So far as it is a confession, it is that of one man to another, outside the conventional relation of father and son. He fears that he may never be able to break down that con- vention in speech, and that with the years he may "become inaccessible as old people are sometimes inaccessible" — as his own father has been. But con- fession is not a word that Mr. Wells uses. One needs, in whatever shadowy sense, a conviction of sin for that. Stephen Stratton, with all his regrets, with all his sorrow in the past, looks upon himself as a product, a type ot family and race; and sadly yet not de- spairingly predicts for his son, so like him in body and temperament, an ex- perience not unlike his own. There is much in these pages of Wells- ian dreaming about a new fraternity, a new social order, a new world-race. The man Stratton at last devotes his life to the great vague cause of progress-by- unification. But this comes about half by chance — humanity being sought as a refuge from the unhappiness of an indi- vidual. The real story is the old story of a man and two women. Lady Mary is the sweetheart and companion of his youth. At first glance, she might be the old-fashioned heroine, the shrinking, beauteous one, longing to be wooed, and helpless in the arms of her lover. But In i- slenderness, her blue eyes, and gold- en hair, belong to a very modern per- son. The first kiss of the young pair is as much her doing as his: she is his equal in age, in authority, in mind. She has a stronger consciousness of self than he — loves him but will not leave her tower for him: "I don't want to become some one's certain possession," she cries, "to be just usual and familiar to any one. No, not even to you. . . . Don't you see? — I want to be wonderful to you, Stevenage, more than 10 any one. I want — I want always to make your heart beat faster. I want always to be coming to you with my own heart beat- ing faster. Always and always I want it to be like that." So she will not have her Stephen, and, to insure that thrilling attachment, engages herself to another man. It is understood that the marriage is to be nominal, but that does not console Stephen, and he goes off to South Africa. It is not his fault that instead of finding the quietus of a Boer bullet, he returns, some years later, one of the lions of the war. Presently there comes a new intimacy with Lady Mary, lapsing from strained friendship into the entanglement of the flesh. Then fol- low suffering, scandal, and what the narrator somewhat pretentiously calls "tragedy" in the suicide of Lady Mary. Nobody comes out unscathed, least of all the innocent (but wise) Rachel, whom Stratton has married, and for whose son he tells his story. Yet, looking back, he discerns in the figure of Lady Mary, in his own figure, "a symbolical value," not as sinners from whose sin the world may draw a moral, but as victims of a false civilization — beings with "a sense of fine things entangled and stifled and unable to free themselves from the an- cient limiting jealousies which law and custom embody." There we are! Mr. Wells is but another victim, more intelligent than some oth- ers, of that passing belief that somehow happiness is to result for humanity from setting the emotions free of restraint rather than from the deliberate adjust- ment of the individual to the responsi- bilities imposed upon him. An Average Man. By Robert Hugh Ben- son. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. Mr. Benson has adopted in this book one of the most effective of all modes of religious propaganda — the method of what one may call the non-argumenta- tive argument. He employs all conceiv- able means for the making of converts to Catholicism save that of direct ex- position of Catholic doctrine. He is con- stantly on the verge of exposition, but he goes no further. His characters are often found engaged in heated religious argument, but no sooner do we come upon them than some semi-personal is- sue arises and takes precedence. And yet one does not have the impression that the author is evasive, or that he avoids the main issue because he cannot grapple with it. On the contrary, one feels that he has held himself back, that, in deference to the proprieties of the novel, he has not tried to create be- lief in any other way than by showing the effects of faith, and lack of faith, upon character. When we close the book, however, we realize that every turn of events has its tactical effect. The very fact that the hero does not after all become a con- vert, is a part of the general scheme of the book, by which Catholicism takes on the charm of a lost cause and a forsak- en belief. The Anglican Church stands for worldly success, for propriety and convention; the Catholic, in some part through the social disrepute that attach- es to it, appears a refuge of spirituality and idealism. With a fortune newly ac- quired, but an appropriate place among county families still to make, the hero finds that Catholicism would be too much of a handicap in his career, and beats an inglorious retreat. He is, af- ter all, only "an average man." The Lovely Lady. By Mary Austin. Xew York: Doubleday, Page & Co. Mrs. Austin's story has color instod of plot. The Lady appeared to Peter in his boyhood and her face often took on the features of those he loved best. She was his dream princess, and lived in a Wonderful House with "walls of shining pale greenish gold," amidst gardens. She was to Peter the princess whom St. George had saved in killing the fire-spit- ting dragon. And as the Lovely Lady became the princess, Peter became the knight. For he, too, had a dragon to eneounter — he was paying off the mort- gage on the house in which his mother and crippled sister lived. Peter also was full of courage, but he discovered that "princesses wore for fairy-tales — that girls want Things." So Peter de- termined to get rich and overcome the dragon Things. He left for Xew York

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538 T li e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2527 and struggled lor success, forgotten and forsaken even by his dream princess. Bui as he grew richer and overcame the dragon Things, he felt the need oi something beyond riches. When lie met Eunice Goodward, he thought she was his long-soughl princess. But the prin- cess proved faithless and Titer went to the Old World to rind the Shining Mouse with its gates of music wherein he might find comfort. He found pools and cypress and "the fountain's soft inces- sant rain," but not the Wonderful House. Then the Girl appeared, and he saw her as he knew he should always see her — "his wife and the Lovely Lady." And for the first time the Wonderful House opened to him the gates of home. Mrs. Austin's delicate touch, the play of color, and the aspects of fairyland that rise from every page, as well as the little practical lessons she sees fit to in- sert, leave the reader in no mood for criticism. Youth Will Be Served. By Dolf Wyl- larde. New York: John Lane Co. Nothing happens in this novel. But then a great deal might have happened; and since the spice of life is in its hopes and fears, there is ample defence in logic and common-sense for the story- teller who adopts the plan of making his story thrilling by not having any. It must be supposed in the present in- stance that the lady who calls herself Dolf Wyllarde has proceeded with delib- eration. For she is no tyro at the game, and she has charged her book with pos- sibilities of the most explosive sort. Here are some of the ingredients: A young wife in London and an elderly hus- band engaged in fighting his country's battles in India and the like remote places, an admirable male cousin of the absent husband acting as Mentor, an admiring troupe of young men holding commissions in the Household Cavalry, a neat flat in Knightsbridge overlooking Hype Park, acquaintance in musical and stock-broking circles, a handsome and unscrupulous Jewess, supper parties off the Strand with partners one would not care to invite to meet one's own set, and motor rides with persons of the same sort. It is the heroine who calls these lit- tle affairs "Cur Parties." But they are all perfectly innocent, bless you! Of course, meantime, the reader's feelings are going to be harrowed. Supposing the lady should kick over the traces! Supposing Cousin Mentor were to turn out to be no better than Lancelot and Tristan and such fellows! Supposing one of the curs were to bite the fair hand that condescended! Supposing the handsome and unscrupulous Jewess should steal the sable coat or lead cap- tive the young son, by wis time out of Eton and ready for Sandhurst! Suppos- ing on some motor trin the host (no bet- ter than he should be) should not ride in front with the chauffeur! Supposing — but the explosive possibilities are end- less. As already intimated, the book is lull of them. And, then, the London smart set is all about you — you look out of your back windows upon the Park, you buy your things in Bond Street, you meet titled persons at parties, and you have elderly relatives who cling to Victorian traditions and give you Prayer Books. The author knows the trick. TRUE PROSPERITY. Wealth and Welfare. By A. C. Pigou. New York: The Macmillan Co. $3.25 net. It is a popular delusion, declares Pro- fessor Pigou, that while economic science itself is a difficult subject, the dis- cussion of practical problems, in which economic forces play an important part, can safely be undertaken with- out special preparation. There is, as he rightly says, no warrant for this view. The study of economic theory is, indeed, difficult; but the application of the knowledge which that study wins to the guidance of practical affairs is an even harder task; for it needs not only a full understanding of the theory, but also the trained judgment that can bal- ance against one another a large num- ber of qualifying considerations. This would be the case even if human life were such that economic welfare and welfare in general were coincident terms. But, in fact, man does not live by bread alone; and, therefore, besides estimating the probable economic con- sequences of his action, a reformer needs always to beware lest, in his ardor to promote economic benefit, he may sacri- fice unwittingly some higher and more elusive good. Professor Pigou's analysis of the task constitutes one of the most painstaking economic works of recent years. The wealth and variety of information which he employs remind the reader of Adam Smith, as does also the subtlety of his dissections. And one might suppose, too, that he had once occupied the chair of moral philosophy; yet one must not ex- pect to find here that almost artless dic- tion which characterizes the most com- plicated discussions in "The Wealth of Nations." The reader understands at the start that he has a task before him, but he sees also that the task is well worth the effort. This work might almost be called an analysis of human consciousness; for Professor Pigou begins by telling us that welfare can belong only to states of consciousness, his aim being to make clear the distinctions between economic welfare and general welfare, and to show the interplay of the two. He tells us, for example, that causes that modify economic welfare may influence other parts of welfare, not directly, but indi- rectly through objective conditions of welfare other than the national divi- dend. The most important of these con- ditions are the services rendered by cer- tain objects of natural beauty, and those rendered by persons, for which no mon- ey payment is made. The effect of eco- nomic causes on objects of natural beau- ty is illustrated by the frequent desola- tion of beautiful scenery through the hunt for coal or gold, the desecration widely wrought by uncontrolled smoke from factories, and the degraded form frequently assumed by public advertise- ments. Effects or services rendered by certain people occur whenever economic causes, such as Poor Law or factory regulations, or fluctuations in the de- mand for men's labor, divert women workers from factory work or paid home-work to unpaid home-work, in at- tendance on their children, economical preparation of the family meals, repair or the family clothes, thoughtful expen- diture of housekeeping money, and so on. It is clear, in cases of this kind, that the changes that appear in econom- ic welfare result almost entirely from the definition that Professor Pigou has selected for that term, and do not rep- resent any considerable change in total welfare. For the most part, economic causes act upon economic welfare, not directly, but through the national dividend. The gross national dividend consists of the annual flow of those goods and services that can easily be brought into relation with a money measure, and the true net dividend consists of the gross national dividend minus an appropriate allow- ance for depreciation of capital. If a cause is introduced which makes for an increase in the aggregate size of the net national dividend, provided that the ab- solute share of no group of members, in terms of the commodities which that group is accustomed chiefly to consume, decreases, the economic welfare of the community as a whole is likely to be augmented. If a cause is introduced which makes for an increase in the ab- solute share of relatively poor groups of persons, provided that the magnitudo of the aggregate national dividend does not decrease, economic welfare is likely to be augmented. If a cause is introduced which diminishes the variability, or in- equality in time, of the dividend, and especially of that part of it which ac- crues to the poorer classes, economic welfare is likely to be augmented. On these theses the present work is built up. The argument is too closely knit, is the product of too many streams of observation and reflection, to admit of recapitulation in remarks of thiB length, The inference; which we draw first and last from all that Professor Pigou has to say is that to keep the national divl-

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Dec. 4, 1913J T h. e ]ST ation 539 dend undiminished is the only sure means of safeguarding individual wel- fare. His chapters on the distribution of the national dividend, in which he discusses at some length attempts to Improve the distribution by the delib- ice of resources from relatively rich to relatively poor per- sons, reflect powers of analysis of the highest order. We are reminded that the advantage to the real income of the poor, which an act of transfer- ence brings about immediately, can only prove an advantage on the whole, if the aet docs not involve an injury to the magnitude of the national dividend. The consequences of artificial and differen- tial wage-rates are here explained, as are also those of direct attempts at by philanthropists or the state on behalf of the less fortunate classes. The reader need not be told that a discussion of such points as these strikes at the very heart of the most important practical problems of the present day. There are many theorists who would like to diminish the portion of the national dividend now going to the rich and increase that of the poorer classes. Professor Pigou does net af- ford these much encouragement in con- nection with artificial and differential wage rates. He does say, however, that there is little doubt that plans could be devised which would enable transfer- ence from rich to poor to be made with results advantageous to production. This end could be attained through Govern- ment establishment of a national mini- mum of conditions, below which the for- tunes of any citizen are not allowed to fall. Economic welfare, he says, is best promoted by the establishment of a national minimum at such a level that the direct good resulting from the mar- ginal transference to the poor just bal- ances the indirect evil brought about by the consequent reduction of the divi- dend. This is admirable, but is it cer- tain that the human mind could be found which could strike this balance? If not, what would happen? A History of Continental Criminal Pro- cedure, with Special Reference to France. By A. Esmein. Translated by John Simpson. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. $4.50 net. This is the fifth volume in the Conti- nental Legal History series, published under the auspices of the Association of American Law Schools. Although the title-page ascribes the authorship to Pro- fessor Esmein, several chapters are tak- en from the writings of Professors Gar- rand and Mittermaier. These have been woven together very deftly, and the book is interesting and instructive. No American lawyer can read it without learning many things. He may be sur- prised, at times, as when he reads on page 595: "The criminal procedure is less formal in the United States than in England. Technical errors in procedure are immaterial, unless they impair the material rights of the defence." Such statements will make him wonder wheth- er the author is mistaken, or whether our American agitators for reform in criminal procedure have been too much disturbed. In the four prefaces and introductions to this volume, the American reader is congratulated upon the opportunity here afforded to gain wisdom from the experi- ence of continental nations. It is sug- gested that "America could benefit by imitating to some extent the mixed type of criminal procedure now in use on the Continent of Europe"; and the assertion is made that "criminal procedure in the United States is half a century or more behind that of Great Britain and Conti- nental Europe." A careful perusal of the volume has led us to a different conclusion. In our opinion, it warrants the American citi- zen in congratulating himself that he is not subject to the criminal law ot Prance or Germany. Undoubtedly, he can learn much from the experience of the French, under their various systems of criminal procedure, but it will be chiefly by way of warning. This ap- pears to be the view of Professor Es- mein, as well as of such statesmen as M. Briand and M. Ribot. They believe in the public accusatory methods of the English procedure, which are our meth- ods also. One of the best historical sketches of the English jury system (which we have inherited) is found in this volume, as well as one of the strong- est arguments for the retention of that system. Professor Esmein has unstint- ed praise for the members of the State's Council, who braved the opposition of Napoleon and gained the victory for jury trials, in criminal cases, while he laments the fact that they were not able to discard entirely the harsh methods of the old inquisitorial system. His belief in the value of the jury for criminal trials is unshakable: The jury is one of the institutions, the happy product of history in a particularly favorable environment, which is found to answer the crying needs of civilized hu- manity. Born among the English, adopted by the French Revolution, it is being prop- agated gradually along with modern civili- zation, like the constitutional government and the civil State. A great civilized na- tion cannot renounce it without losing its rank. It is, it may be said, one of those conquests which, once achieved, are final. Professor Esmein deprecates the pres- ent French rule which forbids a sum- ming up by the presiding judge; and prefers the English practice, under which the judge "directs the jury as to the rules according to which their ver- dict must be rendered," and uses "his authority to make the jury feel the weight and import of the evidence." French experience, upon this point, should warn us against weakening the influence of the judge and subordinating him either to the emotions of the jury or the caprice or the populace. The lessons to be learned by Ameri- cans from this volume appear to be these: Retain the grand and petit juries in their integrity. Have all criminal proceedings conducted publicly. Main- tain a well-educated and independent judiciary to preside at criminal trials; to decide all questions of law; to make a clear and impartial statement to the jury of the issues of fact in the case, and to pass upon appeals from the trial court. Rid criminal procedure of its technicalities, so far as this can be done without injustice to the prisoner. Give no heed to the strident demand for the adoption of some Continental system of criminal procedure in the place of that which we have inherited, as one of the institutions of English common law. Be ready always to reform criminal pro- cedure, but reject all schemes for revolu- tion. The German Classics of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Masterpieces of German Literature Translated into English. Vols. I, II, and III. Edited by Kuno Francke and William Guild Howard. New York: The German Publication Society. German literature is still largely an unexplored field to those unfamiliar with the language, and to give English read- ers a survey of the classic writers through good translations is certainly a commendable plan. It must be said that the publishers of the work before us have, to judge from the first three vol- umes, missed a rare opportunity, though it is fair to add that the real work of the editors, whose names appear on the title-page, promises to become more ap- parent in the subsequent volumes. The intrinsic importance of what has so far been done scarcely justifies the elabor- ate apparatus of editors, especial writ- ers, translators, and consulting boards of foreign authorities, that has been set in motion for this enterprise. We find in the three volumes translations, all well known, of several of the dramatic masterpieces of Goethe and Schiller, to- gether with renderings, also old for the most part, of some of their poems and of various prose writings. Thus, we have of Goethe the "Iphigenia in Tauris," the entire "Faust" (minus, however, the "Dedication," the "Prologue on the Stage," and the "Prologue in Heaven"), the "Elective Affinities," and an extract from "Wilhelm Meister's Travels"; while of Schiller there is "The Death of Wallenstcin" and "William Tell." Twenty-six poems by Goethe and fifteen by Schiller appear in the collection.

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54:0 X li e !N" a t i o ii [Vol. 97, No. 2527 Opinions will differ as to the selections made. Of Goethe we have neither "iJer Qott Liiui die Bajadere," nor "Die Braut von Koiintli," nor "Iter Zuuherlehrling. " The editors have done wisely in avail- ing themselves of Anna Swanwick's translations of the "Iphigenia" and of "Faust," and of Ellen Frothingham's ad- mirable rendering of "Hermann und Dorothea"; but there certainly was no need of including Lord Lytton's wooden version of "Der Graf von Habsburg." Of fresh translations there is little in these volumes, and that none of the best, unless we except Charles Wharton Stork's spirited rendering of Goethe's "Greeting and Departure." On the whole, poetry fares better than prose at the hands of the translators, though Miss Julia Franklin's version of Goethe's "Shakespeare und kein Ende' deserves a word of praise; Professor Coleman's verse is far more idiomatic than Dr. Louis H. Gray's translation of Goethe's "Letters to Wilhelm von Hum- boldt and his Wife." The opening sen- tence of the first letter reads: How many an hour have I thought of you with genuine and lively interest; and nearly every time I have marvelled at the outrageous intention which correspond- ents can express, that when far apart they will write to each other once a month. Such handling of Goethe's prose is un- fortunately only too common with Eng- lish translators. It is the irony of fate that halting phrases should be put into the mouth of the great German to whom the world owes the classic translation of Benvenuto Cellini's "Autobiography," of Diderot's "Le Neveu de Monsieur Rameau," of Manzoni's ode to "The Fifth of May," and Voltaire's- "Maho- met" and "Tancrede." And how full of charm are his versions of the letters addressed to him by Carlyle and Walter Scott, and how sound his advice to translators! The editors have prefixed to the first volume a General Introduction by the eminent critic, Prof. Richard M. Meyer, of the University of Berlin. In itself this is a valuable piece of writing, though by no means an exhaustive sur- vey of the subject, and we fear it will not be found easily comprehensible by English readers unacquainted with the main currents of German literature. At all events, as here presented, what Pro- fessor Meyer has to say falls strangely on English ears. It may safely be said that no English or American writer on the subject would have expressed him- self as Professor Meyer does. The fol- lowing passage will make our meaning clear: On the whole, however, German lyric poetry is rather made up of simple forma- tions in the style of the folk-song, espe- cially since the important rhythmic transformation of this material by Heine created new possibilities for accommodat- ing the inner form to D 1 -matter without conspicuously changing the outer form. For two great simplifying factors have, since Goethe, been predominant in protecting our lyric poetry from unfruit- ful artificiality; the influence of the folk- song and the connection with music have kept it more full of vital energy than the too literary lyric poetry of the French, and richer in variety than the too cultivated lyric of the English. Whoever shut the door on the influences spoken of, as did Franz Grillparzer or Hebbel, and, in a differ- ent way, Annette von Droste-Hulshoff or Heinrich Leuthold, at the same time nulli- fied a good part of his efficiency. This is difficult reading, though proba- bly a literal translation; what the Eng- lish reader finds cloudy, the German accepts unhesitatingly in the original. The volumes contain valuable articles on Goethe and Schiller, by Prof. Calvin Thomas, and there are various other scholarly and readable critical notices. It is to be hoped that succeeding vol- umes (there are to be twenty in all) may disclose greater originality and more striking merits than are discov- erable in the three at hand. Much cer- tainly is promised by the publishers. The external appearance of the work is that of the various voluminous anthol- ogies of literature to which we have be- come accustomed. The paper is scarcely good enough, and the illustrations vary greatly in merit, some of them being very pleasing, while others are poor re- prints. Notes Putnams publish this week "The Rise of the Novel: Johnson and his Circle," being Vol. X of "The Cambridge History of Eng- lish Literature," edited by A. W. Ward and A. R. Waller, and "The Sonnets of Wil- liam Shakespeare: New Light and Old Evi- dence," by the Countess de Chambrun. Among the new books which Revells are bringing out is "The Story-Life of the Son of Man," by Wayne Whipple. The Oxford University Press announces for immediate publication "The Layman's Old Testament," which will be procurable in two volumes or one. It comprises the major part of the Old Testament, with selections from the Apocrypha, edlti 1 with brief notes by Canon Glazebrook. The text is that of the Revised Version, amended by the use of many of the marginal readings. Chronicles, Esther, Lamenta- tions, and the Song of Solomon are omitted entirely, and also repetitions, passages in which the text is unintelligible, and certain 1 forms of speech which are too frank for modern taste and add nothing to the sense. It is announced by the Henry Bradshaw Society of London that the Introduction to the "Stowe Missal" is now In the pi that this work will be completed bj Mm publication at an early date of the long- delayed second volume. Professor EXaverfltild has enlarged the pa- per which he read as the Creighton Lec- ture to the University of London and also submitted in part to the London Confer- ence on Town- Planning, and it is about to be published under the title "Ancient Town-Planning," by the Oxford University Press. Greek and Roman town-planning — in Italy and the Roman provincial towns — is dealt with, and there are also a chap- ter on Roman building laws, an appendix on town-planning in China, and thirty-six plans and other illustrations. The seventh annual meeting of the Amer- ican Association for Labor Legislation will be held at the Shoreham Hotel, in Wash- ington, on Tuesday and Wednesday, De- cember 30 and 31. The programme this year, which includes a joint session with the American Political Science Association, will bring out prominently the plans of the Federal Industrial Relations Commission, recently appointed by President Wilson. Prizes amounting to $2,000 have been awarded to winners of the Hart, Schaffner & Marx essay contests for 1913. The first prize of $1,000 was won by Arthur E. Suf- fern, a graduate student of Columbia Uni- versity, for a paper entitled "Conciliation and Arbitration in the Coal Industry in the United States." The second prize in the graduate contest was given to G. P. Wat- kins, formerly a graduate student of Cor- nell University, now of the Public Service Commission, New York city. He produced a paper entitled "Welfare as an Economic Quantity," and received a prize of $500. In the contest among undergraduates, the first prize of $300 went to Jenss Waldo Myers, Cornell University, for a paper en- titled "Unemployment." The second prize for undergraduates, amounting to $200, was given to Fred W. Eckert of North- western University, who wrote an es- say on "Government Regulation of Public Utility Securities." Longmans have a new edition, in cheaper form, of Andrew Lang's "Maid of France." The third edition of Jessie Thi Clarke's "Songs of the South" (Doubleday, Page) differs from the first only in the omission of three poems: "All Qutet Along the Potomac" and "The Long Ago" having been shown to be wrongly credited, and the biographer of George I). Prentice having confessed error in attributing "A Nam. 10 the Sand" to that journalist. This leni anthology contains many poems by minor Southern writers, from St. George Tucker to living hands, not conveniently to be found elsewhere. We recall a preacher of a generation ago whose method of sermonizing was to choose one of the abstract virtues, such as faith or humility, and illustrate it by a seriatim application to the Biblical characters, be- ginning always with Adam. By a somewhat similar method, rather popular among the anthropologists, Lewis Leopold has built up a sizable volume on "Prestige," to uhi'h the publishers (Dutton) have given an In posing appearance. Mr. Leopold brings in his task a large store of reading, literary, 1 1, anil anthropologics I, w hi b makes some of his pages Interesting, though more of them are dull, and 11 whole seem pointless. To acquire prestige among your fellows you musi bi III their comprehension. Prestige 1 1 ttdl Imply Intrinsic excellence; II i« none the

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Dec. 4, 1913] The Nation 541 less an important social force; but "per- sons of value" should not make prestige an end In itself. It should seem that so lame a conclusion might be demonstrated book abounds in. obscure ami ill-constructed sentences of a kind to suggest that the writer, though a man of culture, is not quite at home in the Eng- lish language. idranath Tagore, now of Nobel prize fane, Is, II I image may be per- making hay while the sun shines. I n the Nation ot November 20 his love "The Gardener," were noticed, and now we have two further volumes from him. One of these, "The Crescent Moon" (liacmlllan), is a booh of "child-poems" prettib h from the original Bengali by the author himself. This vol lit illustrations in color. Tin' other new book by Mr. Tagore is of lit character altogether. It is called ii!lan), and is a study of the ancient Hindu philosophy of the Upanishads for modern use. We must say frankly that we do not take more pleasure ition than in most of the oth- ers ot the sane> kind, whether they be pro- dui d I ' pious Hindu propagandist societies or by private Oriental gentlemen \e a passion for reconciling Jesus and Krishna, or by enthusiasts of the Oc- ho have gone astray in the mazes of the Vedanta. A fair specimen of Mr. Tagore's philoso- phy may be found on page 28 : To understand anything is to find in it something which is our own, and it is the discovery of ourselves outside us which makes us glad. This relation of under- standing is partial, but the relation of love is complete. In love the sense of difference is obliterated and the human soul fulfils its purpose in perfection, tran- scending the limits of itself and reaching across the threshold of the infinite. Which is pretty enough gush, though wo- fully trite. It may even have a parallel in some Sanskrit passage of the Upanishads or Brahmanas, for anything may be found in those books, but it is about as far from their real spirit as the sunset is from the sunrise. We have here merely another illustration of the modern, rather flabby mysticism which is crusading over the world. Most writers of travels are so cocksure of freshness and a new literary point of view that it is pleasant to find George Ham- lin Fitch admitting, in "The Critic in the Occident" (Elder), to a mere journalistic motive. As in "The Critic in the Orient," his sketches are entertaining and clear, but serve their best purpose as the matrix of a wide array of photographs. Greece, Italy, and France are each shown in fifteen well-chosen plates, in sepia; London and New York have between them twenty more, and there are ten photographic inserts of scenes varying from Pompeii to Fifth Ave- nue. The word "critic" means only, in Mr. Fitch's words, that in long years as lit- erary editor of the San Francisco Exam- iner he had so developed the "newspaper instinct" that to jot down observations upon his peregrinations was "as the breath of [his] nostrils." "Self-Realization" (Holt), by Henry W. Wright, of Lake Forest College, is a fresh attempt to solve the difficult problem of introducing the undergraduate to the sig- nificance of moral philosophy. Following in general the course laid by T. H. Green, Professor Wright has steered clear of the Scylla of mere practical moralizing, but he has not escaped the Charybdis of ab- stractness and remoteness. One reason is that his handling of the ethical problem is not quite rigorous. Especially unsatis- factory is his treatment of the crucial 1 of self-sacrifice. Does it pay to sacrifice self on behalf of social welfare? Mr. Wright seeks to prove that it does pay, and even that such a sacrifice would be rec- ommended by an enlightened self-interest. I case one fails to see why egois- tic motives are condemned as inadequate. Mr. Wright offers no discoveries in the field of ethics. He is content to present onventional morality of the more idealistic sort as final. The treatment of the subject is, however, comprehensive and well-ordered, and in these important re- spects the book is not ill-suited for its purpose as a text. Prof. John M. Gillette's "Constructive Rural Sociology" (Sturgis & Walton) is a product of the growing interest in country life. There are not many essentials of ru- ral existence about which we cannot here acquire solid information, and often help- ful suggestion. The author has much to say concerning the types and the advan- tages and disadvantages of country life. He deals extensively with the economics of agricultural production, the question of the improvement of transportation and commu- nication not being neglected. Rural health and sanitation, the task of making farm life attractive, the socialization of country life, each of these vital subjects is dis- cussed sanely and sympathetically. The value of such a work cannot be overesti- mated by any one familiar with rural con- ditions in America. Economists and social philosophers continually preach a "return to the land," often without reflecting that j a return to the land means the abandon- j ment of much that "exalts and embellishes civilized life." If the conditions of rural life are still such as to repel those who have passed their lives in cities, it is a fair inference that they are unworthy of those who have clung to the land. Doubt- less rural conditions are improving in many ways, as Professor Gillette instances; but that very much remains to be done to make country life as inspiring as it should be, is easily gleaned from these pages. The author has attempted to give the facts and conditions of country life a broad sociolo- gical interpretation, and has achieved no small measure of success. We know the farmer and his needs better than before. "Louis XI and Charles the Bold" (Mof- fat, Yard), by Lieut.-Col. Andrew C. P. Haggard, is a journalesque and disjointed narrative of some 400 pages, based upon secondary accounts and an uncritical read- ing of Commines and other memoirs. It adds nothing to our knowledge of the sub- ject, furnishes no new interpretation of the fects, and is not even a well-told story. The author has scarcely understood the odd mixture of qualities which goes by the name of Louis XI, and has done nothing more with him than to present, by means of cheap literary devices, some of the more superficial characteristics of the man. A good life of Louis XI in English would be welcome ; but the present book may be safely ignored by serious students, while those who desire only entertainment will do well to go straight to the memoirs. "Sirenica" (Lane), by W. Compton Leith, is by turns an apology and an indictment of the man-destroying sisters called Sirens. Their lay entices, not as the vulgar be- lieve to sensual pleasure, but to dissent, hatred of common things, high adventure. The Sirens are the goddesses of romance, eternally disquieting a world whose inr terest it is to submit to classic restraint. A reasonable and enduring happiness can come to him who has heard the Sirens sing— only a Meeting ecstasy and 11 joy. Our author passes in re- view the course of the world, and finds it tnpt at reason and a quest of hap- ever thwarted by the fact that many of the best will follow instead illusion (or is it higher reality?) in the realm the Sirens rule. As might be expected from the author of "Apologia Diffidentis," the style is distinguished with a preciosity that at times becomes saccharine. The publish- er has shown a sense of Mr. Leith's literary modcls in making the book with ruled pages, like a seventeenth-century duodeci- mo. This is in every way an unusual and delightful book for a fastidious reader. A quotation will show that Mr. Leith is by no means unqualifiedly the champion ot the Sirens; at least, he gives fair warning of their hidden talons: Like the rule of some rigid order, the service of the Sirens chills human sympa- thy ; theirs is a sequestering law, too strange to share with many. Every hour of abandonment, each adventurous escape, enfeebles the hold upon common life; the colors of love and dislike grow paler, as all is said to pale when a long sickness draws to its end, and the soul is near its passing. The surface of the mind dulls like a mirror of silver tarnished; the re- flections that once played over it come no more; it is estranged from the old light and the moving images of the world. To one thus inhumanly entreated, all men become as travellers moving in the next room of the inn, arriving and departing brought nearer or removed by a machinery of unshared indifferent fates. His nature is slowly frozen; a fatal coldness rises in him, as from that icy poison of Nonacris of which it is fabled that Alexander died. Those contemplating a tour in Spain and Portugal cannot do better than provide themselves with "The Tourist's Spain and Portugal" (Dodd, Mead). The author, Ruth Kedzie Wood, has contrived to pack into her little book a surprising amount of In- formation. This has the merit of being the result of her own researches; nothing seems to have been taken from other guide books. There is full information with re- gard to steamboats, railways, cab tariffs, history, art. local customs, and many other things of interest to the traveller. In the appendix is a list of recommended hotels. Kven timetables are given showing the service rendered between principal together with the cost of tickets. In fu- ture editions the publishers would do well to correct the too numerous misspellings of foreign words. There are eight 0 on page 52 alone. These trivial errors pro- duce a bad impression and mar an other- wise admirable work. Mr. Arnold Bennett's literary equipment consists principally of an acute observation

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5-42 T he Nation | Vol. 97, No. 2527 and a gift of pungent expression. To these qualities must be added a singularly reten- tive memory, or, if not that, a habit of pain taking dotation of impressions. He has little of the reforming zeal of Wells, still less of the romantic Are of Locke. immonplai e world, as he knows it, is, as he might say in the quotation marks that be finds so useful, "not half bad." There was a time, after "Clayhanger" made its appearance, when one thought of him as of one who held the promise of greatness, but of late years Mr. Bennett has settled down to a good workaday pace. It would be an exaggeration to say that he "adorns all that he touches," but at least he has the faculty of making most that he touches interesting. His method of arresting at- tention becomes at times a trifle mechan- ical, as might be expected of one who must turn out an almost incredible number of words per annum. The same tricks of style that appear in the novels appear again in "Your United States," and they crop up with even greater frequency in "Paris Nights" (Doran), his latest book of "im- pressions of places and peoples." It ex- hibits all Mr. Bennett's defects, but it exhibits his virtues as well. It is a bulky volume of attractive make-up and excellent type, containing a series of impressions gained in many parts of Europe; and most of it is very readable. At least half of the volume is devoted to his own land, and it is unquestionable that he writes best of what he knows best, which is the English middle classes. After spending a somewhat uninstructive evening with him at the Paris Varietes, or listening while he endeavors to convince himself that his native canni- ness is in peril of being overset by the meretricious attractions of Monte Carlo, it is a real relief to go with him again to the Potteries which he knows so well, to walk by his side along London's Embank- ment, or even to spend a day in his com- pany at that North of England holiday inferno, Blackpool. Mr. Bennett's genius is domestic, and not the less admirable on that account, and he is at his best when explaining a mystery like the chronic te- pidity of the hot water in the establishment of a "Mr. Smith," where the water, being heated by the kitchen range, is at its hot- test at midday on Sunday, when nobody wants it, and at its coldest mornings and evenings, when everybody wants it ; or when he is philosophizing on the household trials of "Mrs. Smith," and the problems pre- sented by the case of Matilda, the maid-of- all work. "Paris Nights" is illustrated by E. A. Rickards, whose clever and spirited sketches add much to the attractiveness of the volume. It is a pleasure to welcome the series of handsome, serviceable volumes which D. B. Updike at the Merrymount Press, Bos- ton, is publishing in the Humanist's Libra- ry, edited by Lewis Einstein. The last vol- ume to appear is Albrecht Dlirer's "Rec- ords of Journeys to Venice and the Low Countries," issued under the editorship of Roger Fry. With the appearance of each DUmbi r we feel tempted to praise at length the quality of paper, printing, and editing. Such care is not wasted when bestowed upon Hi- largi figures of the Renaissance Pi the subjects of this rich Library, and is Indeed no more than replacing them in the settings to which they were accus- tomed in their day. In some respects the let- ters from Venice, written in 150G to Wilibald Plrkhelmer are the most interesting part of the book. They have a touch of gayety which is lacking in the later journal. Dilrer enjoys the society of the Venetian painters, at least of some of them. Bellini "has praised me highly to many gentlemen. He would willingly have something of mine, and came himself to me and asked me to do something for him, and said that he would pay well for it. . . . He is very old and yet he is the best painter of all." But some of the artists he calls "faithless, lying, thiev- ish rascals," who are so jealous of him that they threaten his life. Diirer de- scribes his one lesson in dancing and vows that it shall not be repeated, owing to the expense and his ineptness; he tells of pre- cious stones and Greek books he has col- lected for Pirkheimer, and twits him on his loves, in the last instance furnishing a hu- morous drawing. At the time of his journey to the Nether- lands, 1520-1521, Diirer enjoyed an assured reputation and was on friendliest terms with Flemish painters. Yet we hear all too little of them on the personal side, rather too much space being given to the state of his finances. On one occasion he paid one stiver for a bath; on another he gave an attentive servant ten stivers as a tip, etc. There is one glowing passage based on ru- mors concerning Luther: On the Friday before Whitsuntide, 1521, tidings came to me at Antwerp that Martin Luther had been treacherously taken pris- oner, for he trusted the Emperor Charles's herald, who had been granted to him with the Imperial safe conduct. . . . Immediately there appeared ten knights, who treacher- ously carried off the pious man, who had been betrayed; a man enlightened by the Holy Ghost, a follower of Christ and of the true Christian faith, and whether he lives yet or whether they have put him to death, I know not. If he has suffered, it is for the sake of Christian truth and be- cause he has fought with the un-Christ- like papacy, which strives with its heavy load of human laws against the redemption of Christ. He records a dinner with Erasmus, but without comment. Altogether, -the journal gives the impression of a man somewhat conscious of his fame, yet of one who is painting quite as much for the money there is in it as for his love of it. The trans- lation has been done by Rudolph Tombo. W. A. Dwigglns furnishes an attractive title-page, and Mr. Fry's introduction gives a comprehensive summary of Dlirer's artis- tic achievements. The artist who can write his own descrip- tive text and make the story of his travels as charming as his pictures is a rare per- son. At last one of his kind has visited the West Coast of South America, and the re- sult is most satisfactory. A couple of years ago Ernest Peixotto took his sketch-book from Panama to Lima, Mollcndo, Cuzco, and La Paz; then, retracing his stops, went up the Pacific Coast via Acapulco to the Gold- en Gate. The result is a delightful volume called "Pacific Shores from Panama" (Scribner), reminding one of Hopkinson Smith's ability to acquire accurate In- formal ion, put it into pleasant English, and illustrate it, with charming sketches. Mr. Pel: otto has gone a tep furl her, b ad, I <• stead of limiting himself to somewhat dls connected travel essays, has told the whole story oi bis journey in an Intimate manner, He makes no pretence at erudition or schol- arship. There is no Index, and the map is redolent of the era of the buccaneers. His volume is essentially of the gift-book type, and yet it is more than that, for the text of richly illustrated gift books is rarely as interesting and as trustworthy as in the present case. There are remarkably few misstatements. The author has succeeded also in catching that elusive will-o'-the- wisp "atmosphere." To those who are fa- miliar with the West Coast the volume will' be welcome, because it contains so many of those fleeting artistic scenes which the traveller's camera fails to get. While for those to whom the West Coast is still a terra incognita one could not wish a hap- pier fate than that they should be intro- duced to the hospitable shores of Peru through the delightfully graphic pages of Mr. Peixotto. "Rambles in Autograph Land" (Putnam), by Adrian H. Joline, is, as it were, the literary testament of a disappearing type of enthusiast. Autographs — meaning, of course, letters or literary manuscripts; Mr. Joline scorned the collecting of mere sig- natures— are on the one hand the trophies of a fascinating kind of hunt; on the other the clues to historic personalities. About half the book is given up to general con- siderations on collecting, the other half is a running commentary on Mr. Joline's own autograph collections with many facsimiles. Here whim rules supreme. The writers were so vivid to Mr. Joline that he' patted them on the back, abused them, derided them, lauded them to the skies, as the mood demanded. Sometimes the comment is charmingly mellow, again tiresomely lengthy or crudely testy. Altogether it is a readable jumble, and an interesting me- morial of a sturdy personality, but light- ness of touch, the saving grace of such abiblin, is absent. One finds oneself read- ing along chiefly for tidbits like this from Frederick Locker-Lampson to Miss Col- lins, a poet's daughter, with a gift of ear- rings: "I am very glad you like the ear- rings. How is it that, your father being a poet, you never have had your ears bored?" On the occasion of the first general meet- ing of the session of the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, held in the rooms of the Society of Antiquaries, Bur- lington House, London, Mr. Ellis H. Minns read an important paper on certain Greek documents of the first century b. c, re- cently found in Western Media. Mr. Minns explained that the documents— three in number— were preserved out of a collec- tion from near Avroman. The first and second were in Greek, but the third, which has not yet been deciphered, was probably in Pehlevi. The (act that the first two were written in Greek was interesting, be- cause non-Egyptian was rare. It went to prove, what had been suspected by ar- chaeologists for some time past, namely, the existence of a strong element of Hel- lenism in the most eastern portion of the Seleucld empire. With regard to the con- tents of the documents, they were both conveyances of a vineyard called Dadbaka- bag. Each Is, acoordlng to as ancient cus- tom, in duplicate, tin' "close" version being tied up and sealed by the wltl pre- vent any tampering with it, the "patent"

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Dec. 4, 1913J The Nation 543 version, usually the fuller, being acces- sible. The dating formulae give the titles of the Parthian Kings. One is of the time of Mithradates II, the other from the reign of Phraates IV. The names of the follow, three of Mithradates, two his sisters, the other a daughter of Tigranes; four of Phraates, including a Cleopatra, but not naming Musa. The place names are all unknown. The death is reported from England of William Prideaux Courtney, who had a solid reputation especially as a biographer. He did considerable work for the "Diction- ary of National Biography," and published a number of scholarly books, amont; them "Register of National Bibliography," 3 vols, "The Secrets of Our National Literature," and "Dodsley's Collection of Poetry." CHILDREN'S BOOKS. eason, it is well worth the parents' While to examine the delightful reprint of Anntole France's "Girls and Boys" (Duffleld)— a book rendered distinctive by the charming color-plates of Boutet de Monvel. The text is full of that under- standing of child life which will fascinate the grown reader, and gain the immediate sympathy of the young. The illustrations are by a master hand of simple line and color. The French has been feelingly trans- lated. Altogether the combination is re- freshing. "Mother Goose" (Century) consists of a judicious selection of some of the old nursery rhymes, compiled and illustrated by Arthur Rackham. Each page is a clear example of well-placed type and wide mar- gin, while the line drawings are a'mong the best Mr. Rackham has done. "Gulliver's Travels" (Harper) belongs to a series embracing such other well-known classics as "Robin Hood," "The Swiss Fam- ily Robinson," and "Tom Brown's School Days." It is introduced in the right spirit by W. D. Howells, and the illustrations by Louis Rhead, imitative of wood-cuts, con- vey an admirable idea of the marvels, large and small, which crowd this "supreme" story. A companion to last year's "Treasure Island" is the present edition of Steven- son's "Kidnapped" (Scribner), with pictures by the same artist, N. C. Wyeth. It is difficult to find a more adventurous-look- ing volume, with the essential action of the story heightened by colored illustra- tions as piratical as they are dramatic. An edition of similar artistic propor- tions is "Tales from Washington Irving's Traveller" (Lippincott), illustrated in color by George Hood, whose method is a com- bination of Howard Pyle's and Maxfield Pa Irish's. But the pictures are disap- pointing both in imaginative conception and in pictorial effect. Once more is "The Arabian Nights" (Holt) subjected to selection and over- hauling, this time by the judicious hand of Frances Jenkins Olcott, formerly super- visor of children's work in the Pittsburgh Carnegie Library. A brief preface indi- cates her excellent taste in using the same version, and her conscientious efforts to preserve as much of the original as lies within juvenile understanding. Several un- familiar stories are included. Whatever the decorative format of "The Arabian Nights," there is not quite that flavor which the old-time wood-cut gave of men with baggy trousers and women with veiled faces. An imported edition of Hawthorne's "Tanglewood Tales" is sent forth by the T. Y. Crowell Company. This has been thoroughly illustrated by the English art- ist, George Soper. It is interesting to note a tendency on the part of children's literature to follow lines similar to adult fiction. We have had many novelized dramas within recent years. This season finds two well- known plays converted into stories for the young. When Maeterlinck's "Blue Bird" was produced at the New Theatre, while it was not regarded strictly as a play for children, at least it contained much child Interest in it, and did, in fact, attract num- berless young folk. It may even be safely conjectured that they caught the. 1 aning of many of the mystic scenes. But 1 ' i H" Maeterlinck has evidently thought there was room for the "Children's Blue Bird" (Dodd, Mead), a daintily bound, fat- looking volume, with pictures by Herbert Pans, rather than photograph scenes from the stage production. Much descriptive matter is used, with here and there a sprinkling of dialogue. Florence Yates Hann has been more orig- inal in converting Rostand's "Chanticleer" into a kind of La Fontaine fable for children (Stokes). The work has been done in a skilful fashion, for, instead of rewriting the story, a straight narrative on the order of a minute synopsis has been made, with much relish of humor and much use of satire. Wherever the dialogue has been translated it has been done collo- quially and well. Many a grown person will relish this juvenile book for the spir- ited manner in which the incidents have been utilized. The pictures by J. A. Shep- herd are unfailingly in accord with the uniqueness and wisdom of the text. On its own merit the book deserves success. "The Strange Story Book" (Longmans) is the last volume to receive the editorial care of Andrew Lang. It therefore con- tains a portrait of this caterer to child- hood's folklore, and an introduction by Mrs. Lang telling something of the twenty- five years' service bestowed on the compilation of the many-hued series of story books. We have no reason to change our views re- garding the use of ethnological matter for children whose time would be better spent with Grimm and Andersen. As usual, the outward garb of this volume is handsome. To one reading "The White Duckling and Other Tales" (Crowell), translated by Na- than Haskell Dole, there may be some add- ed zest in the fact that the stories have been collected by the Czar himself for the amusement of the Imperial children. Cer- tain it is that the pictures by Bilibin are rich in color and imagination, at the same time that they are very Russian. This is a reissue of what has hitherto been known as "The Russian Fairy Book." Emilie Kip Baker's "Stories of Old Greece and Rome'' (Macmillan) is an e combination of mythology and lit adly wani 1 s in a know- ledge of Olympia, and as incapable of un- derstanding allusion to the gods and god- desses as we are of placing Biblical ref- erences. The author has wisely compiled an appendix wherein poetic references are given, .so that the reader may be accus- tomed to associate the names with litera- ture. For example, after reading the story of Prometheus, told in a simple and agree- able manner, we are referred to yEschylus's "Prometheus Bound," Shelley's "Prome- theus Unbound," and to the poems on Pro- metheus by Longfellow and Lowell. Here is a Christmas gift that is a tonic for the weak imagination of the modern child. "The Pipes of Clovis" (Little, Brown), written with freshness of style by Grace Duffle Boylan, is an interesting story of legendary character. Its hero is a forest- er's son who can play upon his pipes such music as to lure to him the beasts and birds of the land. Fortunate also that the lad discovers how to draw towards him all horses near and far, for a time arrives when his Queen is threatened by the Huns. The barbarians soon overflow the land, and this hero of ours, mounted upon a wild horse, whose feet are touched with magic swiftness, pipes the enemy out of the coun- try and saves the day. A very holding story is this, and one above the ordinary. The "Children's Book of Christmas Sto- ries" (Doubleday, Page) has been compiled by Ada M. Skinner and Asa Don Dickinson to supply a want in the library. The fron- tispiece is that delightful color print by John Leech of Mr. Fezziwig's Ball in Dick- ens's "Christmas Carol." In the table of contents we find many old friends — as many as the law of copyright would allow. Poetry is slimly represented this season. What there is of it, however, is of a marked kind. Frances Jenkins Olcott has compiled what she calls an anthology of "Story Tell- ing Poems" (Houghton Mifflin), selected for story-telling and reading aloud, as well as for the children's own reading. There are many fables, myths, legends, tales, romantic or historical in treatment, so the editor argues, which, told in rhythmic form, are so logical in manner as to render it easy to retell the plots. Take, for instance, the sad career of "Augustus who would not have any Soup," as detailed by Dr. Heinrich Hoff- man: the story possibilities in it are as striking as those in Campbell's "Lord Ullin's Daughter," in Cowper's "John Gilpin," and in Browning's "Pied Piper." For the benefit of those teachers who would emphasize the ethics in each poem, a subject index has been made. This is a judiciously planned little book, and no child could have a more competent guide than Miss Olcott. E. Boyd Smith is an artist very much In demand. He seems to be the official il- lustrator for Houghton Mifflin. For a very richly manufactured edition of Scott's "Ivanhoe," he has done a number of color- ed full pages — pale in tint but sufficiently chlvalric In conception. This volume ex- emplifies the belief that, given a popular exterior, Scott will be read as often as ever he was. The grown-up editions are much too severe In format and in paragraphing. Peace-loving parents will frown upon H, O. Wells for writing "Little Wars" (Small, Maynard), but we personally cannot but delight in the science of warfare which he lias reduced to terms of the nursery floor. Last year we hailed his "Floor Games" as much because they opened an infinite field of association between father and child as because they were delightfully described.

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5-4-4 The N" a t i o ii [Vol. 97, No. 2527 Soldiers of tin and lead and wood, weap- ons such as an elastic garter, a pea-shoot- er, a rubber ball — and an untrammelled floor! Follow the rules of the game as Mr. Wells frames them, and you will have an exciting round of military tactics and strategy— what he calls "tin murder." It is to be hoped that squeamish parents will not let their children miss such fun. The more conventional type of book now claims our notice— the book of advice, more practical than Cobbett's sanctimonious guid- ance, less biographical than Smiles's "Self- Help." Lily R. Foxcraft has written the typical commonplaces in "While You Are a Girl" (Pilgrim). The text is perfect enough in its model attitude to turn the saintliest young person bad. Mrs. Chris- tine Terhune Herrick's "My Boy and I" (Dana Estes) is better, and is tempered with a sense of humor. She particularly addresses the mother who has not yet real- ized that the son has a definite place in the household— the right to have his friends and to cultivate his interests. There is only a step from being to doing in our present-day children's literature. That is why A. Russell Bond's "With Men Who Do Things" (Munn) will particularly appeal to the ambitious boy. For it dis- cusses all the engineering activities to be seen in or near a city,' and one gets a clear idea of many of the marvels occur- ring right before our eyes. Unfortunately, the romance of skyscrapers, of foundation building, of water tunnelling, and other similar activities is marred by ad artificial story dealing with two boys who witness the wonders described. Science Robert Fulton, Engineer and Artist: His Life and Works. By H. W. Dickinson. New York: John Lane & Co. $3 net. This biography has been written to do justice to a famous inventor, who has, perhaps, been overestimated by American biographers, and has not re- ceived proper credit from English \\ lit- ers. When it is recalled that Fulton spent some of the most important years of his life in England, it is not so sur- prising that we should be indebted at last to an English writer for an impar- tial survey of his life. Fulton's life in England as an artist is considered carefully, as it was a pe- riod of great influence on his character. Mr. Dickinson evidently believes that he abandoned his profession and turned suddenly to that of engineering because of the conviction that he could never be- come more than a respectable artist. His American biographers are prone to give the impression that Fulton at once be- came a successful engineer and inven- tor. But Mr. Dickinson's analysis of the work of these years shows it rather as a foundation for future attainments, lingly fertile in ideas though he ' be, he needed time to learn what bad done. Fulton's real work began in his long visit to France. Perceiving that war was the chief occupation of the country, he conceived the idea of attacking ships with submarines armed with explosives which could be attached to the hulls of vessels. Mr. Dickinson's account of the long endeavor to perfect the submarine is most interesting, and the apprecia- tion of Fulton's genius in this inven- tion, of his scientific spirit, and of his daring and surprising success in build- ing and operating his submarines, is ac- curate and just. Fulton's persistence was indefatigable, and, though a for- eigner and unknown, he managed to hold the attention of officials of all ranks, and even finally interested Na poleon, who not only appointed so emi nent a commission as Volney, Monge, and Laplace to report on the invention, but also gave a grant of money and of- fered an opportunity to try his "tor- pedoes" against the English ships. Then, just as Fulton's hopes were highest, came the bitter disappointment of neglect and dismissal. Mr. Dickinson gives as the probable reason for this ac- tion of Napoleon, the conviction that, however brilliant the experiment, it was only an experiment. He says: Xapoleon was ready and anxious to em- ploy any means known to science to further his ends, but it was no part of his policy to take up anything that had not been put into practice successfully. He allowed Ful- ton to work out his invention just to that point where he could judge whether or not it would be of use to him, and having con- vinced himself that it could not, dropped the matter without hesitation. And he was right; Fulton's series of experiments, bril- liant though they were, only showed that until a motor could be developed capable of working under the restrictions imposed, further progress was impracticable. For this development the world had to wait many years longer. The remainder of Fulton's life waa spent on the problem of steam navi- gation, which he was destined to solve so brilliantly. Disgusted with the fail- ure of his submarines, he must undoubt- edly have felt that the great need for such boats was something better than muscular power to propel them. Thus his failure led him to his great work. With undiminished energy he obtained the financial aid of Chancellor Livings- ton and plunged into the designing and building of a steamboat. After many mishaps, the public trial of the first steamboat took place on the river Seine. Mr. Dickinson could find only a brief reference to it in one of the Paris news- papers, which recorded that, "On the 21st Thermidor (9th August, 1803) a trial was made of a new invention, of which the complete and brilliant suc- cess should have important conse- quences for the commerce and Interna] navigation of France. . . ." But Fulton and Livingston had no in- tention of remaining in France; they were looking forward to the sure re- ward which awaited them in America. Fulton soon left for England, where he acquainted himself with what English engineers were doing and where he ob- tained from Boulton and Watts an en- gine for his boat. At last, after nine- teen years of absence, he returned to his native land and finished his life- work. Mr. Dickinson gives Fulton am- ple credit for the way in which he met and overcame obstacles of all kinds, but he sets rather undue emphasis on his executive ability, which withdraws the attention from his inventive orig- inality. He thinks that the English were so far advanced in steam engineer- ing that it could have been but a few years before they would have solved the problem. But the same can be said of almost any invention, and the fact is that English engineers had tried and failed, whereas Fulton succeeded. Ful- ton's calculations and plans, as present- ed by Mr. Dickinson himself, are the most convincing evidence of Fulton's in- ventive genius. From the days of "Wake-Robin," which John Burroughs wrote while a government clerk in Washington, to "The Summit of the Years" (Houghton Mifflin), his latest vol- ume of essays, is a matter of above four decades — decades stretching back into that Mid-Victorian era of complacency, pro- priety, and signal achievement, and for- ward into this age of science of which Mr. Burroughs confesses that he, too, at times feels "the weary weight." His latest book differs little from his first. The new vintage is, all things considered, quite as good as the older ones, for if it leaves one some- what more solemn, one enjoys nevertheless the old mingled tranquillity and exhilara- tion. The first essay, in the author's most confidential and at the same time most ur- bane mood, contains an Emerscfnian sen- tence that summarizes a large part of Mr. Burroughs's philosophy: "What I meet in life, in my walks, or in my travels, which is akin to me, or in the line of my interests and sympathies, that sticks to me like a burr, or, better than that, like the food I eat." Another essay, "In the Noon of Science," marks a shift in emphasis since the author's previous volume, "Time and Change," in which science was conceived as tending to crush out religion and 1 now, the fault turns out to be ours — we, not science, are found wanting, for where is that "mental robustness, or spiritual Joy >r. 1 ha 1 ena bias one to tra d and spiritualize aclenci (Perhaps, after all, the scientific spirit has spll I away.) \ Itl b lei nd poetry go hand in hand" in 1 bat "tk Illuminate the common," life In In "undoubtc.il>' the ugliest and mo latic that an] country or age ever saw." Verily, Mr, Burrow erful rather than cheering. el Ion "i M r Burroughs's 1 h Hve or ilx ot the > i.vb — Is given up to a 1. '

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Dec. 4, 1913J Tlie Nation 545 animal mind. Relying on the term "in- stinct," even though the "new psychology" is Inclined to avoid the word, Mr. Bur- roughs stoutly maintains, as he has main- tained for years, that "we reason for the brute"; and he professes scant interest in the laboratory study of animal psychology. He entertains, indeed, a general suspicion of elaborate paraphernalia", of "pother and appliances and tiresome calculations," and exclaims (as he well may) : "With what ^roughness the new men -study the birds." From Mr. Burroughs's essays, and from most "nature books," Dr. Townsend's "Sand Dunes and Salt Marshes" (Dana Estes) dif- fers in being a sober account, in the man- ner of Gilbert White, of the innumerable ting phenomena which the Massachu- coast, particularly at Ipswich, has 1 to the author in almost forty years. Half of the dozen chapters deal with the changes in the formation of dunes, ami win and flora and the harbor Mai that are characteristic of the Ipswich dunes; most of the other half are devoted to a similar study of salt marshes. This book one may well find refreshing, as Lowell found Gibbon ihrough the writer's "honest 1 tagination." It con- tains an it, ml is heavily loaded With illustrations from photographs. usly less hai 6 iliir of tin' foregoing is Stanton Davis Kirkham, whose somewhat trivial view of nature is again exemplified in "North and South" (Putnam). Despite the title, the book is not complementary to the author's "East and West," in which both North and South were already am- ply represented. Moreover, the mode of treatment is dissimilar, since in the present volume two localities are studied, and In the earlier vol- ume about a dozen. The two places are Pine Bank in western New York, where the writer spends his summers, and Milford in South Carolina, whither he goes each winter to "be with my friends the birds." Mr. Kirkham's theory is that each part of our country has a delightful "atmosphere," or "spirit," which is unique, an atmosphere that is expressed by certain trees and birds, such as the white pine and the Carolina wren, and that it behooves us, as loyal citi- zens and true images of God, to have fel- lowship with these atmospheres. Every part of the country has its peculiar fascination; imagine Mr. Kirkham exclaiming with Mr. Burroughs, "Oh, the flat, featureless, mo- notonous, cornstalk-littered Middle West!" Though his writing sometimes has charm, the following sentence is only a little worse than others : "To truly associate with plants and birds means to completely lend one's self to them, to frequent their haunts almost as they do themselves." The latest style in the out-of-doors life seems to prescribe an open barn door. Mr. Burroughs's essay entitled "A Barn-Door Outlook" begins: "I have a barn-door out- look because I have a hay-barn study, and I chose a hay-barn study because I want- ed a barn-door outlook." We should not, therefore, be shocked by the novel- ty of the title of Mr. W. P. Eaton's book, "Barn Doors and Byways" (Small, Maynard), whatever we may think of the jocund but unlovely "Gift Book" binding in gold and milk white. It is worth noting that, whereas Mr. Burroughs desires his barn-door outlook in order that he may have "a wide, near view," Mr. Eaton de- sires his in order to have his scenery prop- erly framed — "there was the picture, per- fectly composed, the soul of the pasture caught." Mr. Eaton insists that he is not a naturalist, and that "a great deal of gush is written about birds," and he wisely con- fines himself to vivacious description and reminiscence. Though devoid of intellectual weight and emotional intensity, his essays are very agreeable reading on account of the vividness of the pictures which he care- fully composes for us, and of the sensations and sentiments aroused in him by roads and rivers, harbors and swamps, abandoned farms, and Berkshire winters. The illus- trations— drawings by Walter King Stone — are for the most part capital, and are thor- oughly in accord with the mood of the book. "The Stars and Their Stories" (Holt), by Alice Griffith, is a book for young people, containing an excellent collection of star- lore, with much likelihood of reflex help- fulness to literature as well as science. The author would seem to have brought together comprehensively from every source, excerpting widely and wisely; and her pen collaborator, Margaret Burroughs, has aided greatly in visualizing the asterisms referred to. Here and there a classic painting is introduced, with a few tech- nical photographs; and at the end are maps of mid-latitude skies, though far from being as good as they ought to be. We have Addison and Aratus, Browning and Bryant, Carlyle and Catullus; also Hood and Hawthorne, Lowell and Longfellow, Taylor and Turner, with Richard Proctor and Edward Everett not neglected, the dig- nified address of the last named at the dedication of the Dudley Observatory in Albany half a century ago being appropri- ately adapted. Here, too, is Macaulay's "Battle of Lake Regillus," a much too lengthy lay sung at the feast in honor of Castor and Pollux. The interesting little book concludes with Galileo's account of his first telescope, translated from the Sidereua Nuncius, and cannot fail to turn starward old and young alike. Sir Robert Stawell Ball, Lowndean pro- fessor of astronomy and geometry at Cam- bridge University, England, and for the last twenty-one years director of the Cam- bridge Observatory, died last week in Lon- don. He was born in Dublin in 1840, son of Robert Ball, a well-known naturalist, and was educated at Abbott's Grange, Ches- ter, and at Trinity College, Dublin. He devoted himself throughout his college course to mathematical and physical stud- ies, and graduated in 1861 as university student in mathematics. In 1867 he was ap- pointed to the chair of applied mathe- matics in the Royal College of Science, just established in Dublin, and in 1868 director "i ih. Science and Art Museum in that city. He became a fellow of the Royal Society in md professor of astronomy in the University of Dublin and royal astronomer "i Ireland in 1874, which posts he held until L892, when lie was chosen for the Cam- bridge chair. He was made scientific ad- viser to the Commissioner of Irish Lights in 1884, and at various times he was presi- dent of the Royal Astronomical Society, of the Mathematical Association, and of the Royal Zoological Society of Ireland. He received the degree of LL.D. from Dublin, and was knighted in 1886 by Queen Vic- toria. Sir Robert visited America in 1901- 02 and again in 1907. On the first visit ho delivered a series of lectures under the direction of the late Major J. B. Pond, and lectured also at several universities and before various learned societies. He pub- lished many memoirs on mathematical, as- tronomical, and physical subjects, and the following works on astronomy: "A Treatise on Spherical Astronomy," "The Story of the Heavens," "Starland," "In Starry Realms," "In the High Heavens," "Time and Tide," "The Earth's Beginning," and "Popular Guide to the Heavens." Drama Thoughts and After-Thoughts, By Her- bert Beerbohni Tree. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co. $1.50 net. This is a clever, witty, and entertain- ing book, but it is also disingenuous, be- cause, in maintaining its particular thesis, it studiously ignores, or misrep- resents, the chief argument of its oppo- nents. Professing to deal with many topics, the one object of it is to justify the system of spectacular production of Shakespearean and other classic plays adopted by the author, the well-known manager of His Majesty's Theatre, in London, and to establish his claim to be regarded as the leading living inter- preter and preserver of the poetic drama. The points of his own brief, scattered through various chapters, may be summarized as follows: Starting from the proposition that Shakespeart is not for an age, but for all time, he argues that he must be considered not only as an ancient but a modern au- thor, and that therefore his works are entitled to whatever illusionary advan- tage may be conferred upon them by the latest devices of modern theatrical illustrative art. He quotes passages from the speeches of Chorus in "Henry V" — with a curious misapprehension of their actual drift— to show that Shake- speare bemoaned the absence of such appliances. What he meant, of course, was that all such defeats must and might be supplied by the imagination. Sir Herbert holds that it is easier to believe in ships and armies, the splen- dors of pageantry, etc., when you can see them. As for the cutting and trans- position of the text, that he asserts— not without plausibility— must have born common in Shakespeare's own day. Cer- tainly, it is true that in doing this he has only followed authoritative prece- dent Furthermore, he contends that the text itself, of which the most vital parts are scrupulously respected, is re- inforced by this illuminntive treatment. Upon mere literary enthusiasts— Id a!

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54.G The ]NT ix t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2527 ists as he calls them — who are in favor of a modest or "adequate" scenic equip- ment for such masterworks, he pours out all tlie vials of his contempt. Final- ly— and he seems to think it an unan- swerable argument — he adduces his box- office receipts as evidence that the mass of public opinion is on his side. Now, much of this, or even all of it, may be true, but none of it touches the real issue. There are, of course, those who believe that the sublimest creations of Shakespeare's genius can be enjoyed best in the closet. They may be left out of the question. Among theatre- goers, even of the most intelligent sort, very few object to scenery in itself, or would deny the possibility of its aid to illusion. What the real Shakespeare- lover — not necessarily a deep student — does object to most vehemently, is the unnecessary elaboration of scenery at the expense of the text and the art of acting, which it is the prime function and privilege of the theatre to foster and develop. Herein lies the gist of the charge which the most competent crit- ics, since the days of Charles Kean, the first actor-manager who used the glitter of tinsel to blind the eyes of his patrons to his histrionic deficiencies, have pre- ferred against his successors and imitn- tors, including Sir Herbert Tree. And it is this vital nub of the whole mat- ter that our essayist most carefully avoids. He discourses, with much glib unction, of the glories of his art, of the archaeological and historical value of his pictorial decorations and his trium- phant materialization of poetic visions, but concerning the acting, the actual in- terpretation of the plays themselves, he preserves, possibly from motives of mod- esty, a discreet silence. And yet, when the honor, and popularization, of Shake- speare is the aim, this is the all-impor- tant point. Sir Herbert himself, pre- sumably, if pressed, would admit so much. This axiom granted, it follows, as a natural and inevitable corollary, that, in every Shakespearean produc- tion conducted on sound artistic prin- ciples, the principal character should be entrusted to the actor most capable of interpreting it. Sir Herbert, therefore, in protesting that his policy is the right one, virtually asserts his own preemi- 111 rue as the interpreter of Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, Shylock, and Falstaff. This claim, to say the least, is not sup- ported by the bulk of the best critical opinion. It is only fair to add that in tli is arbitrary and egotistical prerm'>- tion of the most conspicuous parts he has. simply followed the system of which lift is so ardent an advocate. Incidental- ly, he has also touched upon its most obi ions and mischievous fallacy. The very stress that he lavs upon the at tractive po\n ers evts," and "Believe As You List," togeth- er with a competent introduction, notes, and glossary. Israel Zangwill has recently finished a 11 ree act play, i which he lias given the title "Plaster Saints." The chief issues arc of a grai ir, hut their seri- ousness is leavened by an element of com- edv. The piece lias been acquired by Gas- ton Mayer, who hopes to produce it at a London West End theatre early in the com- ear. The Bushey Repertori Theatre has be- iperatloni In Fngland wll b a pro- 1 - ol three plei ea, "The Lad ": 1 be lonnetfl," by Bernard 1 in Unseen Helm ma a," hy Miss Laurence Alma-Tadema, and "The Maha- rani of Arakan," by Rabindranath Tagore and George Calderon. Two further per- formances arc promised during the season, apart from meetings, debates, and lectures, while Arthur Bourchier has offered the use of the Garrick for a matinGe. The Bir- mingham Repertory Theatre also is mak- ing a fresh start with "Candida" and "The Critic," and a lecture by John Drinkwater on the subject of "Repertory Theatres." Arthur Bourchier has procured a piece, in four acts, by Herr Paul Lindau, entitled "Der Anderer." A French adaptation, called "Le Procureur Hallers," is at the Theatre Antoine. Although there is a certain simi- larity between the main idea of "Der An- derer" and that of "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde," the story, its incidents, and char- acters are widely different from those in Robert Louis Stevenson's book. Moreover, Herr Lindau's play ends happily, in marked contrast to the tragic conclusion of Ste- venson's story. Music Chopin the Composer. By Edgar Still- man Kelley. New York: G. Schirmer. $1.60. Chamber Music. By Thomas E. Dun- hill. New York: Macmillan & Co. $3.20 net. In the field of musical literature Mr. Kelley's volume on Chopin is the most original and valuable book of the year; in some respects, moreover, it is the most important of all the monographs on this great and popular composer. Time was when the learned musicians condescendingly patted Chopin on the back as a writer of pleasing drawing- room pieces of the better sort, who, to be sure, indulged in daring feats and irregularities that deserved censure. The eminent German critic, Rellstab, found him "inexhaustible in his ear-splitting discords, forced transitions, harsh mod- ulations, ugly distortions of melody and rhythm." Others conceived of his pieces as being the result of a mental condition akin to the morbid process in a mollusk which yields pearls. An English critic declared that Chopin's sojourn in Paris "exerted a salutary influence on his art, inasmuch as it toned down his Arabian howl." Others of the wise men admit- ted the subtle charm of his music, but denied that it had any scientific basis; one of these critics being Niecks, Chopin's most elaborate biographer. A prominent virtuoso spoke to Mr. Kelley of Chopin as (lie greatest composer for the piano, adding: "But, of course, he was no musician like P.ralmis." Tin:; general estimate of Chopin afford- ed a striking illustration of the academ ie superstition thai science ami charm of style are incompatible. Liszt was the lirst In divine that Chopin's music was Intellectual as well as sensuous anil emotional ; thai its harmonic | issue was "both original ami erudite"; thai his

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Dec. 4, 1913] The Nation 547 works mark "an epoch in the formation of style'; that one might advantageous- ly "dissect his magnificent pages, which afford so rich a field for scientific 1 lion." He did not, however, himself undertake this task, and it has remained for Mr. Kellcy to do it. No one could be better qualified, for he is not only one of America's foremost and most erudite composers, but he has the gift of expressing himself clearly. His theme is the structural art of Chopin and its influence on contemporaneous composers. While others have hinted at these things, Mr. Kelley is the first who does not content himself with brief remarks, but discusses the topic thor- oughly, citing passage after passage, in parallel columns, as it were, to prove his assertions. All music composed since the thirties and forties of the last century shows, Mr. Kelley is convinced, Chopin's influ- ence, either directly or indirectly. Even Wagner is not an exception; he admir- ed what lie called the "equipoise of means and ends" in Chopin as much as he did in Palestrina or in Mozart, and the examples cited by Mr. Kelley show beyond a doubt that he was strongly influenced by the chromatic progres- sions of Chopin; indeed, Wagner's "kin- ship to the Polish master is as evident as his relationship to Beethoven." Particularly interesting and novel are Mr. Kelley's remarks on Chopin's atti- tude towards the orchestra. He is com- monly supposed to have been almost a bungler in this department of composi- tion, but in truth he actually anticipat- ed some fine orchestral effects of the fu- ture, as when he added a trombone to the score of his E minor concerto — "an unheard-of procedure in concerted music." With plausible ingenuity Mr. Kelley makes it seem probable that the main reason why Chopin wrote so little for the orchestra was that the intensely chromatic character of his music made it unavailable for that purpose till chromatic horns and trumpets had been introduced by Wagner. While this is more or less conjectur- al, Mr. Kelley establishes beyond a doubt that Chopin not only mastered the sonata form, but contributed fresh and important elements, opened new vistas, and introduced features which greatly increased the difficulty of treatment, as compared with the simple melodic curves of the classical school. "So ab- solutely did Chopin absorb the spirit of the sonata, so completely did he ac- quaint himself with every device known to the craft, that all his greater works became sonataficd." These great works are coming more and more to the front. Among them are the mazurkas, which have not been heretofore as popular as the valses, chiefly because of their ex- otic accents and harmonies. When Paderewski or Hofmann plays one of these mazurkas it mystifies audiences as much as it enchants them by its ex- otic, orchid-like features. Mr. Kelley devotes several pages to showing how Chopin was one of the first of the mod- erns to introduce novel harmonic ef- fects by using the old Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, and other modes, thus anticipating Debussy. Attention should be called to one more of Mr. Kelley's theses, which is important as a corrective of the gener- al tendency of professional musicians to accept German art as the world-lan- guage and to look on all other music as lacking universality. The author shows how Chopin manifested Polish, French, Italian, German, and Oriental traits, "thus enabling him, in a certain sense, to speak a more universal tone language than Bach or Beethoven." It would have been well if the author of "Chamber Music" could have read and digested Mr. Kelley's great book be- fore he wrote his own. Like many, if not most, professionals, he labors under the delusion that perfect form in music is a German specialty. Chopin wrote a trio and a sonata for piano and violon- cello which have never been surpassed for musical beauty, but Mr. Dunhill does not even refer to them. Another master of form and style, Grieg, is cited in these pages chiefly to show how not to do it (from the German point of view). These shortcomings, however, should not prevent students from con- sulting this volume. German masters undoubtedly did contribute the bulk of the world's best chamber music, and of this Mr. Dunhill gives an excellent ac- count, taking up in succession the string quartet, the string trio, quintet, sextet, etc.; strings with piano; wind instru- ments, and larger combinations approxi- mating orchestral size but not too large to be played in a private room. Of timely interest is the chapter on wind instruments, as this species of chamber music is coming more into favor every year. While intended chiefly for writ- ers of chamber music, listeners will find much in these pages a knowledge of which will increase their pleasure in lis- tening to concerts. The conductor who did more than any one else to educate Parisians to like Wag- ner got the money he needed for teaching them from his father-in-law, a wealthy manufacturer of a hair tonic. One Is re- minded of this by the appointment of a new director of the Paris Grand Opera, Jacques Rouche, who has made a fortune by the manufacture of perfumery. He will doubtless be called upon to draw on his bank account, notwithstanding the $160,000 which the Opera gets from the iment annually; for, apart from "Faust" and "Carmen," there are hardly any op'' ting some of Wagner's, that pay their own way in Paris. The lat- est manager to discover this is Gabriel Astruc, who has decided to close his new Theatre des Champs-Elysees because of his deficits. At first everything went well. Russian singers and dancers drew large audiences last spring. It was hoped that the production of neglected operas, such, as Berlioz's "Benvenuto Cellini," Weber's "Freischutz," Rossini's "Barber of Seville," and Moussorgsky's "Boris Godounoff," would keep the ball rolling, but it didn't. Wag- ner's operas would no doubt have helped, but they have not been available, as the copyright does not expire till January. The youthful prodigy, Erich Wolfgang Korngold, whose compositions have, within a short space of time, found a hearing in all parts of the musical world, and the quality of whose indisputable talent is still a matter of general discussion, has recently published a new piano and violin sonata that was played a short time ago in Vienna by two prominent artists, Flesch and Schnabel. Very pretentious, mon- strously difficult, and inordinately long, the general impression it left behind was of tedium, however flattering the rapturous applause may have been, part of which may, perhaps, be set down to spontaneous enthusiasm, but part, also, to the consider- ation for the boy's father, the leading critic of the leading Austrian paper. Work has begun in San Francisco on the construction of a million-dollar music hall which will seat 11,000 persons, and be head- quarters for a "continuous music festival" during the time of the Panama Exposition. There will be pageants, orchestral concerts, folk-lore concerts, interstate and inter- national competitions, and other entertain- ments, prominent among which will be a Welsh Eisteddfod. Prizes are offered for choral and instrumental works. Prof: ^Ellsworth C. Phelps, teacher of music in the public schools of Brooklyn, died on Saturday at the age of eighty-six. He was the composer of more than five hundred pieces of music, including "Hia- watha," a symphony in five movements; "Emancipation Symphony," a light opera entitled "David," and thirty or more or- chestral compositions. Adolf Schlosser, who is dead in his eigh- ty-third year, was a pianist of considerable note, and for many years a professor at the Royal Academy of Music, London. He composed chamber-music, piano studies, and songs. His father was Louis Schlosser, who was a friend of Beethoven's. Art "Japanese Flower Arrangement: Ike Bana Applied to Western Needs" (Lane), by Mary Averill, is a prettily printed qtfarto with numerous outline illustrations. The author follows not the more abstruse and artificial canon of the school of Enshiu- Ryu, but the simpler and more Informal methods of Koshln-Ryu. These are still sufficiently conventional for a Western taste. The requirements of a good ar- nt are, that it should be clear, tri- partite, asymmetrical yet balanced, and that it should suggest the season and give of growth. The arrangement should also be in a definite proportion to the flow- er holder. All this is different enough-

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5 -is The N at ion [Vol. 97, No. 2527 from the Western flower lover's Ideal of masses of roses in midwinter. The direc- tions are Imple and explicit, the diagrams clear and often Intrinsically delightful. An . pecia] advantage of the system is that irerj acceptable arra □ ts may be made with branches in the absence of flowers. To follow the texl nod diagrams would be a lion for any flower lover, and as well a disciplinary exercise in taste. "Early English Water Colour" is the lat- [I on to ori ilurg's Little Books on Art ($1 net). The author, C. E. Hughes, has made a pretty complete list of all Eng- lish aquarellists born before 1820, and has clearly analyzed the style of the more prominent. The book perforce falls into the form of a condensed critical and bio- graphical chronicle, and is somewhat hard reading. As a pocket manual for the tour- ist collector it has evident advantages. There is a colored frontispiece besides thirty-six other illustrations. Although John La Farge had long planned to write on the chief pictorial representa- tions of the Gospel stories, "The Gospel Story in Art" (Macmillan; $5 net) was his last work, dictated in invalidism and left in an incomplete condition. The story of Christ is followed chronologically, but the pictures are introduced as the occasion sug- gests. Usually Giotto is the starting point and Rembrandt the end, but whenever pos- sible Delacroix is introduced. Holman Hunt's Light of the World serves as a cover design, but concerning the religious painting of the Pre-Raphaelite there is sig- nificant silence. This cannot be reckoned among La Farge's important books, yet it is delightful in a rambling way and not without flashes of his rare wisdom. One reads it not for systematic information, here it is defective enough, but for a rather casual sort of enlightenment. There are many illustrations, and it should be an acceptable gift to a cultured person. There are a good many slips owing to lack of final revision. A few of the more important, waiv- ing contestable or negligible matters of attribution, we subjoin. It would be diffi- cult to find a Doubting Thomas in the work of Giotto, or a Christ among the Doctors in that of Botticelli. Bianchi Ferrari (p. 244) is converted into Gaudenzio Ferrari; the doors of Beneventum (p. 251) into Bona- .ventura. The text calls for Tintoretto's Crucifixion at S. Cassiano, but the Crucifix- ion of S. Rocco is reproduced. It would have been a convenience to the reader and a safeguard against such slips if the loca- tion of the picture had been given. There is scarcely a topic connected with the Nile-land upon which any one is more competent to write than is Gaston Mas- pero, the director-general of the Service of Antiquities of Egypt. Hence, when a work is published by him such as "Art in Egypt" (Scribner), one feels assured that the subject has been covered with clearness and thoroughness. The book itself, with its five hundred and sixty-five half- tone illustrations, convinces one that every facility has been placed at the disposal of the reader. The only criticism that can be i is that the illustrations are very often separated from the corresponding text by several pages. Doubtless this is to count of the large number of pictures. But at the same time the read- er may, by taking the pains to examine the illustrations referred to. find almost every statement of the text verified pictorially. this is done one has a sense of be- ing swamped in detail. The historical plan which underlies the treatment is the true one and it serves to bring out the element ress and development so often de- nied to exist in the art of Egypt. In fact, it lias been feasible to write a true history of Egyptian art, and particularly to illus- trate it. only within a few years, because it has only been possible to represent its artistic efforts faithfully within a decade or so. The old engravings of the earlier books were almost invariably no more than caricatures of the originals. Such repro- ductions as were given in such monumental works as Lepsius's "Denkmaler" were high- ly conventionalized and quite untrue to the varieties and variations of the actual work. Not till the introduction of the half- tone was it possible to show the fineness of the execution attained by the Egyptian artist, whose low reliefs were characterized by almost infinitesimal gradations of sur- face level. With this book in hand one scarcely needs to visit the various museums which store the chief treasures of Egyp- tian art. As contrasted with the foregoing, another volume on "Egyptian Art" (Appleton), also by Maspero, has a double value. The book is made up of translations of twenty-five magazine articles published at various times, some dated as far back as 1890, some undated, dealing with as many topics con- nected with the art and archasology of Egypt. The majority have to do with va- rious pieces of statuary and examples of the goldsmith's work in jewelry anl plate. Fach arlicle may be regarded as an ex- cursus upon some topic in the smaller book, while nearly all of the 107 illustrations have a special value on account o their larger size and greater detail. The second respect in which the book has considerable value is historical. The articles reflect the views entertained during the past quarter of a century or more, while the footnotes call attention to the changes which in- vestigation has made meanwhile. There are two points on which the emphasis is laid: first, the proof of the existence of lo- cal schools of art at various centres and the absence of that uniformity with which Egyptian art has been charged; and, sec- ondly, the fact that almost without ex- ception the objects described had to do with the theological views of the makers or owners of them. Comparatively few can be dissociated from the Egyptian belief in the future life. The statues were portraits, so that the disembodied spirit might read- ily recognize its proper abiding place, its place of residence and retreat; the funereal objects served to secure the possession of the things represented in the land of shades. There are repetitions in the artl- 1, , might i"' ' cpected from the method and order of their original preparation and publication. These have been retained pur- po ely, they are historically true and nee 1 hey serve to record the reit- erations which were needed to convince the skeptical of the truth of the positions ad- ?ani d. Censure is due for adherence to i!,, 1 . - thod of transcription of proper names in an English version, which serves to confuse the layman hopelessly and in many cases almost completed to hide the real identity of the person in- tecded. In "Thomas Jefferson as an Architect and Designer of Landscapes" (Houghton > 1MI111 1 a la udscape arch ti ct of distinc- tlon, Mr. Warren II. Manning, has asso- ciated his labors with those of a physician and scholar, Dr. W. A. Lambeth, of .the t Diversity of Virginia. The handsome vol- ume which embodies the result of these labors is a contribution of great importance to the documented history of our national architecture, for it is based throughout on original sources in the archives of the Uni- versity of Virginia and elsewhere, checked at every point by a careful study of the buildings themselves. The outcome of these investigations reveals Jefferson as no mere amateur and dilettante, copying the detail's of antique or Palladian models and relying upon others, with a more practical train- ing, to work out his ideas, but as a real architect who combined scholarly erudition and a refined taste with a surprising amount of practical experience in the sci- ence and business of building. The volume is divided into two parts; the first, under Dr. Lambeth's name, treating of Jefferson's work as an architect; the second, by Mr. Manning, of his work as a landscape de- signer. The University of Virginia natu- rally furnishes the largest share of the, work discussed, but Monticello and Jeffer- son's hand in the design of Farmington and Bruno (Virginia estates) receive proper at- tention. The many photographic prints are excellent, including facsimiles of manu- scripts and sketches by Jefferson, as well as views of the buildings designed by him. The picture presented of Thomas Jefferson as a man of wonderful resource in widely varied fields is attractive, and is well supported by the evidence set forth by the authors. "Home Furnishing" (Lane), by George Le- land Hunter, is a very valuable book of its ' Ind. It consists of chats, in a popular vein, about furniture, rugs, carpets, lamps, and other lighting fixtures, wall papers, window shades and draperies, potteries and tapes- 1 lies. The author, who has been connected with a journal of the upholstery trade and who in recent years has qualified as an ex- pert in tapestries, has the gift of talking very directly ad homincm or, and this is more important, ml muliercm. He knows th foolishness of many amateur home mak- ers and t lie unscrupulousness of some pur- veyors to their needs and tastes. The story may or may not be apocryphal of the Kansas City woman who entered a New furniture store to inquire when b should find Mr. Chippendale's shop and who, when informed that the gentleman had been dead some years asked to be directed to Mr. Sheraton's; it at least illustrates the kind of public which exists for these books ol household art. it. is a fortunate home 1.1 1 er I hat «cts so good b guide as M 1 Hunter, whose outlook on art is epitomized 11 this pai <■■ Art is a da u eroui m ord, The i; 1 e 11 too 1 a; the cultivated use II too little To dosi ribe a 113 1 hlng as product Introduces doubt mom the 1 ■ ' ol the connoli seur, bo familial are we witii 1 in- a rl supplements ol new ape pen and . ini .1 ad wit ii a id shops and 1 he b rl depart mentfl ol la rgi ton ind the ma mi fai tu rer w b akei a bad copj ol some 1 hing good a Imosl Invariably trii 1 to lit!

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4, I9I3J X li e N" a t i o n 549 n fake to Tact by means of the pre- liv, art. The information about present values of antiques sounds authentic even though the figures will soon be antiquated. The au- thor, or proofreader, on page 213 passed the name of Mrs. Maria Longworth Stover, which, of course, should be Storer. George Browne Post, architect, died on at his home in Bernardsville, N. J. born in New York in 1837, and in 1858 received the degree of civil engi- neer from the School of Science of New York University. He studied architecture n.ird M. Hunt. Eor gal- in the Civil War he was pro- moted to the rank of colonel. Some of the buildings designed by Mr. Post are the New York Cotton Exchange, New York Produce Exchange, New York Stock Exchange, Col- lege of the City of New York, Pulitzer building, the building of the Equitable Life Assuran Societj that was burned in 1912, the buildings of the Prudential Life and Mutual Life Insurance Companies, in New- ark, N. J.; the Wisconsin State Capitol, Cleveland Trust Company building, Cleve- land, O., and the Manufactures and Liberal Arts buildings at the Chicago Exposition. Mr. Post was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor in 1001 and won great dis- tinction in this country. Finance THREE FACTORS IN THE OUTLOOK. While business on the financial mar- kets this past week was declining to al- most negligible proportions, three con- siderations, each embodied in the actual incidents of the day, appeal to the finan- cial mind as possibly having a signifi- cant bearing on the future. One was the Interstate Commerce Commission's hear- ing of the request of the Eastern rail- ways for permission to raise their freight rates. Another was the advanc- ing of the banking and currency bill to an important stage in its progress to- wards enactment. The third was the ut- ter stagnation on the Stock Exchange it- self, which raised the question, what, if anything, it foreshadowed in the field of general industry, the tendencies of which are so often indicated beforehand by the action of the speculative and in- vestment market. Of the railway-rate hearing, it may be said at once that the railways presented a strong prima facie case for higher rates. It was based on evidence that ex- penses have increased largely during the past few years, with no compensatory increase in price of the transportation which the railways sell. Part of this in- crease in expenses has been merely the railway's side of the phenomenon known to every one as the rising cost of livinsr; part has been an absolute grant, by ar- bitration boards, of higher wages to rail- way employees. It has resulted, accord- ing to the railway evidence, in a station- ary or declining net income, in the face of increasing gross receipts. The rail- ways asked for an average advance of 5 per cent, in freight rates. The evidence yet to be heard may show that they are entitled to this, or to 10 per cent, or conceivably to none at all. But the point of paramount interest, in this hearing, is the policy which the Commission will announce in their findings. As matters stand, the railways are in the very try- ing position of seeing the price of what they have to buy move steadily up, while, unlike other industrial concerns, they are inhibited from making any advance in what they have to sell. The Interstate Commission, with whom the inhibitory authority is lodged, must now say what its attitude hereafter is to be, and the decision is of great importance to investors. It has been argued, both that a bank- ing and currency law will immensely help the financial situation, and that it will inject into that situation new and formidable perils. But, obviously, this depends on the character of the bill enacted. With many excellent qualities, the House bill contained many very seri- ous defects. When the Senate commit- tee engaged in thorough review of its provisions, with an eye to amendment, an outcry arose, in certain quarters, that the programme of enacting the law in the extra session which ended last Mon- day was being inexcusably blockaded. Fortunately, the committee did not lis- ten to these angry criticisms, and the bill has already gone over to the winter session. There are more reasons than one why this was fortunate. One of the strong- est arguments for postponing the vote on the banking bill to the winter ses- sion was the obscurity thrown about it, alike by its opponents and by its de- fenders. The spokesmen for the bill were beginning to talk of the Money Trust coercing the Senate, of the crim- inal Stock Exchange, of the need for | "teaching a lesson" to the bankers. But the hostile critics were going even fur- ther, reading irredeemable paper money into the unhappy bill, pointing to a mon- ster, hitherto unknown to political econ- omy, but now described by the interest- ing name of "fiat credit," and reminding us that if the bill is passed, the Presi- dential campaign of 1896 will have been fought in vain. All of these high deliverances, wheth- er from friends or enemies, have no really serious relation to the bill. They properly belong to the class of oratory or literature known as humor of the day. But what that other humorist. Sir John Falstaff, would have called their "damnable iteration," had some inevita- ble results in clouding the atmosphere Open Senate debate being now assured, there is prospect of a little fresh air in the controversy. In Congress itself, the danger was not so mucu that these ec- centric views of the pending questions would of themselves influence the vote of either house, as that the directing of attention to such imaginary flaws in the bill might serve the highly undesirable purpose of diverting attention from oth- er points where thorough consideration and intelligent amendment are required. Whether the lapse in Stock Exchange activity, last week, to the smallest daily total of sales in twenty-flve years, does or does not mean a similar contrac- tion in the volume of general business to small dimensions, is doubtless open to discussion. But even if the general scope of this forecast were to be admit- ted— and the present tendency of the steel trade is at least in that direction — it would require a somewhat daring inference to suppose that volume of trade would have to come down to that of 1888. Analogies do not present them- selves in just that way. Our abnormal- ly dull seasons on the Stock Exchange, in recent years, have frequently been accompanied or followed by dull times in trade; but the slackening in business never went to any such lengths as that in stocks and bonds. It could not possibly do so. The fa- miliar argument, that "business cannot stop moving when the needs of a hun- dred million American consumers have to be provided for," is not overwhelm- ingly convincing against trade reaction; but it certainly disposes of a possible decline in business operations to a tenth or a twentieth part of what they late- ly were. The truth of the matter is that the Stock Exchange is extravagant in its way of "reflecting things." Because daily sales of stocks in 1900 ranged be- low half a million shares, and rose to two or three millions in April, 1901, it was certainly not to be inferred that merchants and manufacturers in the lat- er month were doing five or six times as much business as in the earlier period. Neither is any one likely to suppose that the country's trade is about to fall to one-tenth of what it was a few months ago, because the daily transactions on the Stock Exchange, which used to be half a million shares, got down one day of last week to fifty thousand. It is not in this way that deductions are to be drawn from the stock market, h more useful analogy may be found in the temper and attitude of the market. For three weeks past, all Wall Street has been insisting that Stock Ex- change prices must decline. Everything that could break them, from a Mexican crisis to a half-page advertisement by Thomas W. l.awson, was hurled at it; but prices stood immovable. If worse things were to come in the financial world, it was clear that the market ought to break again; and yet it would not break. If the daily trading had been shares instead of '>0,ono, it is probable that Wall Street would have

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550 X li e N" a t i o ri [Vol. 97, No. 2527 gazed in wonderment at the amazing demonstration of strength. What this may mean, so far as re- gards the future course of the Stock Ex- change itself, is any man's conjecture. But what it may reasonably be taken to foreshadow, as regards the course ot general trade in the immediate future, is that trade itself will presently be at- tracting comment because it holds up so surprisingly well. It will perhaps be said of general business, as it has been said with somewhat wearisome iteration of stock-market prices, that there is nothing to expect but for -things to go from bad to worse. With each succes- sive happening of an unfavorable na- ture, we shall hear that now, at last, the blow has fallen. But if Business, on a conservative basis of operations, thereupon listens calmly to the prophets of destruction, and goes about its own affairs without regard to them, it will fairly duplicate the stock market of the past week. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Adams, C. F. Trans-Atlantic Historical Solidarity. Oxford Univ. Press. Adams, Henry. Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $6 net. Adcock, A. St. J. The Booklovers' London. Macmillan. $1.75 net. Ambler, Louis. The Old Halls and Manor- Houses of Yorkshire. Seribner. Arnold, Hugh. Stained Glass of the Middle Ages in England and France. Painted by L. B. Saint. Macmillan. $7 net. Austen's Sense and Sensibility. Edited with notes by E. L. Miller. Macmillan's Pock- et Classics. 25 cents. Balleine, G. R. The Layman's History of the Church of England. Longmans. 50 cents net. Barthou, Louis. Mirabeau: A Biography. Dodd, Mead. $3 net. Bellet, Daniel. La Nouvelle voie Maritime, le Canal de Panama. Paris: E. Guilmoto. Bergstrom, Hjalmar. Karen Borneman; Lynggaard & Co. : Two Plays. Trans, from the Danish by Edwin Bjorkman. Mitch- ell Kennerley. $1.50 net. Betty's Bungalow Doll-House: Kitchen and Bed Room; Living Room and Bed Room. Bungalow Book & Toy Co. Bolton, H. E. Guide to Materials for the History of the United States in the Prin- cipal Archives of Mexico. Carnegie In-* stitution of Washington. Book of Baby Pets. Illustrated by E. J. Detmold; descriptions by F. E. Dugdale Doran. $2.50 net. Boswell's Life of Johnson. Selections, with notes by M. H. Watson. Macmillan's Pocket Classics. 25 cents. Brady, C. T. The Island of the Stairs. Chicago: McClurg. $1.35 net. Bragdon, Claude. A Primer of Higher Space. Rochester, N. Y. : The Manas Press, Brandl, Alois. Shakespeare and Germany: A Lecture. Oxford Univ. Press. Brilioth, Borje. Grammar of the Dialect of Lorton (Cumberland) Publications of the Philological Society. Oxford Univ. Press. F. F. The Every-Day Life of Abraham Lincoln. New, revised edition. Chicago: Browne & Howell. Browne, o. H. Elements of Figure Skating; Skating Primer; The New Skating; Hand book of Figure Stealing (Fourth, revised edition). Springfield, Mass.: Barney & Berry. Brown, B\ II and Rankin, H. A. Simple Pictorial Illustration, Isaac Pitman & Sona. I A I!. A .Tolly Jingle Book. Bos- ton ■ I'ili/rim Press. $1 net. Cammack, Key, a Spartan Primer. Pic- tures by <;. <;. Drayton. Duffleld. Chavannes, Edouard, Les Documents Chi- nois Deeouverts par Aurel Stein. Oxford University Press, (Hogg's Directory of Booksellers. Rochdale, England : James Clegg. Cochran, Jerome. General Specifications for Concrete and Reinforced Concrete. Van Nostrand. $2.50 net. Coester, Robert. Verwaltung und Demok- ratie in den Staaten von Nordamerika. MUnchen: Duncker & Humblot. Collection of Short Stories, Edited by L. A. Pittenger. Macmillan's Pocket Classics. 25 cents. Colles, H. C. The Growth of Music Part II, The Age of the Sonata. Oxford Uni- versity Press. 90 cents. Colquhoun, Mrs. Archibald. The Vocation of Woman. Macmillan. $1.50 net. Commons, J. R. Labor and Administration. Macmillan. $1.60 net. Connelley, W. E. The Life of Preston B. Plumb, 1837-1891. Chicago: Browne & Howell. $3.50 net. Cook, Edward. The Life of Florence Nightingale. Macmillan. 2 vols. $7.50 net. Cotterill, H. B. Ancient Grew. Stokes $2.50 net. Cunnington, E. E. Lessons in Pawn Play. Dutton. 75 cents net. Davenport, C. B. Heredity of Skin Color in Negro-White Crosses. Carnegie In- stitution of Washington. Davenport, H. J. The Economics of En- terprise. Macmillan. $2.25 net. De Garmo, Charles. Principles of Second- ary Education: A Text-Book. Vol. I. Macmillan. $1.25 net. Dodd, W. G. Courtly Love in Chaucer and Gower. Harvard Studies in English, Vol. T. Boston: Ginn. $2. Dreiser, Theodore. A Traveler at Forty. Century Co. $1.80 net. Dunbar, P. L. Complete Poems. Dodd, Mead. $2 net. Evans, F. W. The Ride Home: Poems, with The Marriage of Guineth : A Play in One Act. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. $1.25 net. Exner, A. H. Japan As I Saw It. Stokes. Facsimiles of Twelve Early English Manu- scripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge. Oxford Univ. Press. Fairless, Michael. 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Dec. 4, 1913] The Nation 551 Robbins, C. H. Tbo Gam: Whaling Sto.-iea Revised edition. Salem, Mass.: New- comb & Gauss. Roll Wheeler, Francis. The Boy with the U. S. Indians. Boston: Lothrop, r.ee & Shepard. $1.50. Sage, J. H., and others. The Birds of Con- necticut. Bulletin 20, State Geological and Natural History Survey. Hartford, Conn. ' Sanday, W. The Primitive Church and Re- union. Oxford University Press. Bardou, Victorien. Les Femmes Fortes. Edited by A. C. McMaster and F. B. Bar- ton. Oxford University Press. 60 cents. Schurz, Carl. Lebenserinnerungen bis zum Jahre 1850. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. $1. Sedgefield, W. J. Beowulf. Second edition, revised. Longmans. $3 net. Select Early English Poems. Edited by I. Gollancz. I. Patience. Oxford Univer- sity Press. Servia, Heroic Ballads, translated into Eng- lish verse by G. R. Noyes and Leonard Bacon. Boston: Sherman, French. Shakespeare's Tragedie of Cymbeline. New Variorum Edition. Phila. : Lippincott. C. G. 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Longmans. $7.50 net. Williamson, J. A. Maritime Enterprise, 1485-1558. Oxford University Press. Willson, Beckles. Quebec. Stokes Willy. Colette. Barks and Purrs. Des- mond FitzGerald. $1.25 net. Woodruff, H. S. Really Truly Nature Sto- ries. Doran. $1 net. Woodruff, H. S. The Lady of the Light House. Doran. $1 net. Woolman, M. S.. and McGowan, E. B. Tex- tiles: A Handbook for the Student and the Consumer. Macmillan. $2 net. Wordsworth's Poems. (World's Classics.) Oxford Univ. Press. Wright, E. M. Rustic Speech and Folk-Lore. Oxford University Press. Ready This Week The Claude Shepperson Edition of E. V. Lucas's OPEN ROAD , The 13th American and 20th English edition of this standard anthology is embellished with 16 full-page pictures in color. Small Quarto. $5.00 net. L. P. Jacks' ALL MEN ARE GHOSTS. Another collection of remark- able stories by the author of "Mad Shepherds," which the Boston Transcript found "one in a thousand for its truth to hu- man nature and literary excel- lence." $1.35 net. Published Last Week Lionel de Fonseka's ON THE TRUTH OF DECORA- TIVE ART The Nation: "A spirited and pi- quant criticism of our artistic concepts which deserves and ought to be read." $1.25 net. I. M. Rubinow's SOCIAL INSURANCE, with Special Reference to American Condi- tions. 8vo, 525 pp. #3.00 net. Franz Zizek's STATISTIC- AL AVERAGES. Author- ized Translation with Additional Notes and References by W. M. PERSONS. i2mo. $2. so net. Recently Published An Edition de Luxe in 2 Vols, of Burton E. Stevenson's HOME BOOK OF VERSE Over 3,000 American and Eng- lish Poems — Modern verse as well as the great standards. 2 14 Morocco, boxed, $18 75-page circular free. Reg- 1 vol. cloth edition, India paper, $7.50 net. Bolton Hall's THE MAS- TERY OF GRIEF A non-devotional book of comfort. By the author of "Three Acres and Liberty." #1.00 net. Romain Rolland's JEAN-CHRISTOPHE JEAN-CHRISTOPHE JEAN-CHRISTOPHE NEY'S END Each of these novels has a fairly complete interest in itself. Each $1.50 net. "This superb trilogy." — Boston Transcript. r\ PostHfie H per cent. V Co., I'roprietors. Boston, 2A Park St. Denver, 317 Mas. Tem. New York.liifiFifthAv. Portland. .'tiri.Iournnl lid. Washington, 18-17 U St. Berkeley. 2ir,lShatfk Av. Chicago, 28E.JacksonBd. Los Angeles,348DonglaaBd. Send to any address above for Agency Manual. IN PARIS JOUR- PROVIDENT TEACHERS' AGENCY 120 Trcmont St., Boston, Mnnx. We have good vacancies now. Teachers and Officers recommended for schools. COlleS universities. Director, JAMES LEE LOVB, AM., formerly of the Faculty of Harvard University. Harlan P. French, Pres. Vincent I!. Fl*k. BeC'jr. I'll I D \I.H\NY TEACH mis' M. knows how. Twenty-two years of successful ex- perience In bringing together goo good teachers. Send for Bulletin, 81 Chapel St., Albany, N. Y. P. M HOLLY Est:, hi, she! \utlioi-K" n ml I'ii I.I i-.li.r-.' Hi'|irc»pn tndvc i HI II AVEN1 E. NEW YORK. Uates and full Information sent upon application. .*.".. mm YEARLY BUSINESS OF voru own-, mall order; success sure; honest, legitimate: nmi!l capital; original method* Write \i clement MOORE, s iaiist, New Egypt, N. j.

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Tli e 1ST ix t i o 11 [Vol. 97, No. 2527 Desirable Gift Books for Christmas Animal Portraiture As presented Id a series f exquisite drawings from original paintings by Wil- liam Kiiliiioi'i ; accompanied by a scries of original articles by B. Lydekker, F.R.S. Size, imperial quarto (12 x 15 Inches), In cardboa ri STYLE 1. in a handsome cloth silt binding, Inlaid panel and gilt top. Net 92B.OO. STYLE 2. In portfolio form, with the fcexi in a bound volume, cloth, and the c 'ed plates mounted, and loose in a portfolio. Net $25.00. STYLE J!. In half morocco, polished. (A eh, .ice library binding.) \«t $30.00. This magnificent work forms one of the most remarkable collections of animal slu. lies that has ever hern issued. The truth and beauty of the paintings (ex- quisitely reproduced) allied to the author- itative articles, descriptive and anecdotic, marl; it as one of unique value and ar- tistic Importance, worthy of a special place in the library of every lover of animal life. The Legends of King Arthur and His Knights Compiled and arranged from the Ma- lory Legends by Sir James Knotvles, A new edition with 8 colored and 12 black- and-white full-page illustrations by Lance- lot Speed. Size, sy.xii inches, cloth gilt, gilt top. Net $2.00. By mail $2.15. A never-ending delight for young or old. These myths of knightly chivalry are full of wonder and inspiration. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY KATE GHEES A WAY. The Pied Piper of Hamelin By Robert Browning. Beautifully illustrated in colors by Kate Greenaway. A new edition, size lUxO in. Art hoard covers with cloth back. Net $1.50. A new volume in the "Peter Rabbit" Books. By Beatrix Potter. The Tale of Pigling Bland Number Two of the new series, uniform with "The Tale Of Mr. Toil." Size 5%X 4V4 inches. Art board covers, inlaid. Net SO cents. "Tom, Tom, the Piper's son. stole a pig and away he ran." 11/77/ ILLUSTRATIONS BY II. M. BROCS The Old Fairy Tales Comprising "Puss In Boots" and "Jack nnd the Beanstalk," pictured in lfi full- • aire, colored illustrations, and with pen- and-ink pictures in the text by II. M. Brock. Size, 10%x9 inches, art hoard covers with cloth back of artistic design. Not $1.00. The stories are also done separately. bound In art cartridge covers, limp. Net 40 cents each. A NEW LESLIE B1100KE PICTURE BOOK. A Nursery Rhyme Picture Book Containing "Oranges and Lemons" and "The Man in the Moon" and other nursery rhymes. Size, 10x8 inches, art board cov- ers with cloth back. Net $1.00. Also, in separate form: "Oranges and Lemons" and other nurserv rhymes; "The Man in the Moon" and other nursery rhymes. In limp cartridge paper covers. Xet 40 cents each. Abbeys, Castles, and Ancient Halls of England and Wales By John Tim?>» and Alex. Gnnn. A reissue in a handy form. Printed on a thin Bible paper. In three volumes: South, Midland, and North. With 32 fine full- page illustrations from photographs, spe- cially selected. Size, 7x41/, inches. In cloth gilt, gilt tops, boxed. Per Set, Net $3.50. "A book to charm the youth and manhood of the English-speaking race." FOR YOUNG CHILDREN. Dewdrops from Fairyland By Lucy M. Scott. With charming Il- lustrations in color and black-and-white from drawings by A. Duncan ('arse. 16m0 size, in cloth with gilt top. Net $1.25. By mail $1.35. Orig.'nal Fairy 'Pales told by a child of ten. Of all Booksellers, or postpaid (10 per cent. e\tra) fro 71 the Publishers FREDERICK WARNE & CO., 12 East 33d St., New York City IMPORTANT NEW BOOKS "Better than 'David H arum.' " — Exchange. The Hills o' Hampshire By WILL M. DRESSY and JAMES CLARENCE IIAItVEY. A tender story of a lovable man whose words and deeds too soon will live only in the memory, f r the type is rapid. y away. 12mo, bound in imperial silk Cloth, gold frontispiece, $1.25 net. Old Countries Discovered Anew a Motor Book for Everybody I:;, ERNEST TALBKRT. A chatty and Interesting account of a trip by motor-car through Holland, Germany, and across France. A complete guide to motoring In Europe. 8vo, cloth, fully illustrated, With handsome colored frontispiece, a map, and over GO photographs taken by the author. $1.50 net. Sand Dunes and Salt Marshes By UK CHARLES WENDELL TOWNSEND, author of "Along the Labrador Coast." "\ Labrador Spring," etc. The hook is Illustrated with nearly 100 remarkable photographs taken by the author. Large 12mo, cloth, $2.00 net. The Morte D'Arthur Bj ALFRED LORD TENNYSON. Each page Illuminated In colors and gold In missal style by Alberto SangOTlki, and the Whole reproduced in facsimile upon ivory surface [..mi with "Sermon 00 the Mount." 4to, parchment, $1.75 net. Woman's Club Work and Programs p.. CAROLINE FRENCH BENTON. Something unique and original, nnd should meet with a heart; reception by the Individual woman as well as the (dub woman nil over the country. Cloth, 12mo. Postage extra. $1.25 net. DANA ESTES & CO., BOSTON "Wniversitp of California fl>u Locations BUSINESS CYCLES. By Wes- ley C. Mitchell, xviii-f-610 pp. 77 charts, quarto. An analytic description of the compli- cated processes by which seasons of busi- ness prosperity, crisis, depression, and re- vival come about in the modern world. Bound in buckram $7-S° Sewed, papercoversonly 5.00 Expressage, 50 cents extra A FINANCIAL HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA, by W. C. Fankhauser. 308 pp $2.50 WOMEN IN TRADE UNIONS IN SAN FRANCISCO, by Lil- lian R. Matthews. 100 pp.. $1.00 THE LAUNCHING OF THE INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD, by Paul F. Brissenden. 82 pp 75 COMPLETE LIST OF TITLES AND PRICES WILL BE SENT ON APPLICATION. THE UNIVERSITY PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA STUDIES IN MILTON AND AN ESSAY ON POETRY By Alden Sampson, A.M. (Haverford College and Harvard University.) Illustrated ivith a wood-cut by Timothy Cole, N.A., from, the bust In clay of Milton at Christ's College, Cambridge, England. The studies which compose this volume deal mainly with the middle |>eriod of Milton's career, and are an examination of his de- velopment as a 1 t and of the various cir- cumstances which shaped ami brought to its final effectiveness his lifelong purpose to write a great epic poem. These yearsi ai- thOUgh at the time almost barren of poetic fruit, wore vital and formatlvi ones, edu- cating and enriching his nature, enabling him finally to speak with > maiding' power :is poet. State&man, moralist, and Impas- sioned lover of liberty. (,l limited number 0/ jimnfa on Japanese paper, printed front the wood-cut by Timothy For Sale by Ml llooksellers Him. 320 panes, unout. Price $2.00 net. Postage 18 cents. MOFFAT, YARD & CO., NEW YORK CITY .lust Published — a New Story by SELMA LAGERLOF In the Yule Number of the AMERICAN- Scandinavian REVIEW Illustrated In color from ZORN Not mi sale .'it newsstands. Trice SO ct'iits direct from The American Scandinavian Kc\ic\\. 20 West 45th St., New ^i or!

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Dec. 4, 1913] The Nation xv BOOKS FOR CHRISTMAS PRESENTS OF PERMANENT VALUE TO SUIT ALL TASTES AND ALL PURSES Send for Illustrated Holiday Ca+alojue Describing 500 Books for Preseits Life of Henry Labouchere Bj ULCAH labouchere: tiiok- LI>. Photogravure Portrait. 94.50 net. The moal Important blograpbj "f the - fun f amusing atoi 1 I10 was ms much adm 1 b] bait the worM M dlallked bj the other. To the River Plate and Back Hy w. .1. MOM. \MI. BO 111 astro tlons. 8.1..10 net. narrative "f a Journey 01 an American natural! ntlna i>.o net. This rolume floes not concern itself with an account ol tbe futile boarding "t dissociated n;i nir-s. t>nt with tbe Intellectual ani stlmulat- gathering letters, mainl- and other documents of the great men oi 1 be 1 ' sent. The Conquest of Mt. McKinley Ilv Itl.l.MOItl. BROWN. Over 100 Illustrations. 98.50 net. \ thrilling book of daring mountaineering ei the st my or three ex- peditions through the Alaskan wilderness to Mt. McKinley, North America's liighest and most inaccessible peak. The Old Boston Post Road H> STEPHEN JENKIXS. •^00 Illustrations. $3.1 r.O net. Every mile of this road from Battery to Boston is full of historic interest. My Beloved South By MHS. T. P. O'CONNOR. Portrait. !p2.."0 net. Mrs. O'Connor is a Southerner hy birth iind very much a Southerner in feeling. Her book is ii series of charming pictures of borne and social life in half a dozen Southern states. Our Irish Theatre By LADY GREGORY, Author of "Irish Folk History Plays," "New Comedies," etc. I2mo. Illustrated. $1.90 net. An account not only of the great contempo- rary dramatic movement of Ireland, but of the stage history of the Dublin Theatre from Its arec 1. Happy Women Dolly Madison — -Queen Louise — Dorothy Words- worth— Caroline llorsehel — Elizabeth Brown- ing— Charlotte Cttshman — Lueretla Mott — Florence Nightingale ■ — sister Dora — Jenny Lind — Louisa Alcott — Queen Victoria. I2iuo. With 12 Illustrations. SJS1..10 net. A series of delightful reading In which the aspirations and hopes, the defeated purposes and the silent burdens, the realizations and fulfilments of women find such beautiful expres- sion. An American Prima Donna Memoirs of CLARV LOUISE KEL- LOGG. With 48 Illustrations. 92.50 net. A delightful book by this famous singer, full of entertaining reminiscences about interesting 1 pie. The Southland of North America H:i mlileN antl Observations in Cen- tral America Durinjj Year 1!>12. By GEORGE PALMER PUTN \M. With 100 Illustrations and Map. 9a. ."SO net. "We know of no hook on Central America which puts the reader into more actual touch with that country than docs Mr. Putnam's." — The outlook. The Renaissance By ARTHUR COUNT GOBINEVU. 1G Illustrations. 93.00 net. The author reveals the essence of the Ital- ian Renaissance In five historical scenes, which cover the entire period from Savonirola (1485) to the death of Michael Angelo In 15G0. The Book of the Dead The Papyrus of Ani By E. A. WALLIS BUOGE, M.A., Lttt.D. Keeper of the Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum. Copiously Illus- trated and with a Facsimile in Colour of The Papyrus of Ani, in 37 Foiling Plates. 3 vols., royal 8vo, in box. 912.50 net. A book essential to every student of Egypt- ology. The magnificent series of colored Plates have been reproduced by authority of the Trustees of the British Museum. Our Books Are For Sale Everywhere, and the Books of All Publishers Will Be Fou;id in Our Retail Stores. Add 8% for carriage charges. NEW YORK 45th St., 2-6 W. 23d St., 27-29 W. LONDON 24 Bedford St. Strand SOCIAL PROGRAMMES IN THE WEST (The Barrows Lectures) By CHARLES R. HENDERSON, Head of the Department of Prac- tical Sociology in the University of Chicago. The lectures delivered with so much success in the Far East are included in this volume. The subjects are as follows : "Foundations of Social Pro- grammes in Economic Facts and in Social Idea'.s," "Public and Private Re- lief of Dependents and Abnormals," "Policy of the Western World in Re- lation to the Anti-Social," "Public Health, Education, and Morality," "Movements to Improve the Economic and Cultural Situation of Wage-Earn- ers," and "Providing for Progress." 212 pages, 8vo, cloth; $1.38 postpaid. The University of Chicago Press CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. AGENTS The Baker and Taylor Company New York TheCambridge Univ. Press. London and Edinburgh Karl W. rtiersemann Leipzig The Maruzcn-Kabushiki-Kaisha, Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto LIBRARY RESEARCH Researches made In Boston and riarvard Libra- ries. Ancient and modern languages. Translation, revision of manuscripts, etc. MISS M. II. BTTCKIN'QITAM, 96 Chestnut Street. Boston. Mass. FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY will send free on application, an attractive illustrated 48 page announcement of new children's books, with beautiful color pic- ture. Also an announcement of important fiction, poetry, humor, biography, etc., described fully and accurately. Books can be ordered from your bookseller. Please mention The Nation. 449 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK Strindberg's By the Open Sea A novel that does not insult your intelligence Authorized translation I tier; *1.25 net B.\V.IIuebach,Publisher,225Fifthavertue,NewYork I "TO LIBRARIANS " /( in of in'rrrxt nml Importance to know that tl,r- >"•' i in (M« mot- ■on he purchased from us at adtnn'a- geout prici PI III. It 1. IIIH IRIE9 SCHOOLS. roi.i i: UNIVERSITIES A. C. McCLUIK. <& CO.. CHICAGO

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XVI The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2527 Books for Christmas GOLD-,4 Tale of the Forty-Niners By Stewart Edward White Booth Tarkington says: " 'Gold' is White's big book. It is the epic of '49 written at last. Good for him." Illustrated. Net, $1.35. 275th Thousand LADDIE— A True Blue Story By Gene Stratton-Porter The "Boston Herald" says: "The public is the great jury, and the public knows what is good, and mankind never will escape the music of the 'still small voice.' " The public's opinion has made "Laddie" the greatest selling book of the year. Illn.strnted. Cloth, net, $1.35. Lea. her, net, $1.75. IN THACKERAY'S LONDON By F. Hopkinson Smith F. Hopkinson Smith has done nothing finer than these charcoal drawings and descriptions of Thackeray's characters. Delicate in line and texture, and warm with the enthusiasm of a true lover of the great novelist, they reproduce the spirit of the times in a very vivid way. 21 Illustrations. Net, $3.50. Edition de Luxe, net, $50.00. THE VANISHING^RACE By Joseph K. Dixon This is the Indian's own history of his race, of his customs, of his ideals, of his religion. The last Great Council of the race is described in detail and is illustrated by a remarkable collection of 80 photogravure plates. The volume is the most com- prehensive study of the vanishing race yet to be written. 80 Photogravure Illustrations. Net. $3.50. New Holiday Edition THE WONDERFUL ADVENTURES OF NILS By Selma Lagerlof Illustrated by Mary Hamilton Frye. This fairy tale has always been a great favorite with children, and nothing could be more charming than the illustrations Miss Frye has prepared for it. She has caught the spirit of the tale in a wonderful way and her drawings are delightfully quaint. -<» Illustrations in colors. Net, $2.50. The Companion Volume to "WILD ANIMALS I jfl AVE KNOWN" WILD ANIMALS AT HOME By Ernest Thompson Seton "Wild Animals I Have Known" made the author's fame, and those who are curious to know how he came to know them will find their answer here. It is a collection of just as delightful stories as its historic predecessor. Illustrated. Net, $1.50. At all Bookshops. DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO. Garden City, N. Y. The Rose Book By H. H. THOMAS. Author of "The [dea Garden," "The Gar den at Home," etc. Assisted :,y Walte E;islea, Member of Council of National Rose Society. A complete Guide for the lover or Grower of Roses. Willi 8 K age Colored Plates and i.' Beautiful Half- tone Photographs. 12mo. i; I ii I b $2.00 net; liy mull $2.15. The \ Everyday Life in Country \ The Holy Land "The Ring A1 and the Book By SIR FREDERICK TREVES Vathor al ''Tin Other Bide of the Lantern," Etc., I to. LIVING, vital document, de- scribing tin- scene of a Browning story <il' two hundred years ago — the story of the Pranceschini, hus- band and wife, and of the priest who (Mine between them. Illustrated with a colored frontispiece and more than a hundred beautiful, full-page half- tones on super paper. Octavo, Cloth. $5.00 net. Hi) mail, $5.22. A volume of beau- tiful paintings re- produced in color depicting life in Bible lands, ac- companied b y an explanatory text. Three prominent art- ists made the beautiful draw- ings, a n ii I lr. James Neil, M. A., prepared the interesting text. Large octavo, cloth, $2.50 net; by mail, $2.72. Modern Cities Studies of municipal problems by Horatio N. Pollock and Win. S. Mor- gan. Cloth $1.50 net; by mail $1.03. The Immigration Problem Third revised and enlarged edition, by Prof, Jeremiah W. Jenks, Ph.D.,and W. Jctt Lauck, A. B. Cloth, $1.75 net; by mail $1.90. Funk & Wagnalls Company, 354-60 Fourth Ave., New York, N. Y. FINE BOOKS FOR CHRISTMAS GIFTS THE WALLET OF, TIME Personal, Biographical and Critical Reminiscences of the American Theatre, 1791-1912. By WILLIAM WINTER Two volumes, boxed. Price, $10.00 net. Postage 50 cents extra. A Special Edition only, limited to 1250 copies. Printed on pare rag paper, made tor this edition. Beautifully illustrated. To read this work is to read the personal as well as professional history of many of the greatest Players who have appeared on the American stage. Personal recollections and theatrical history. Managers and man- agement, plays anil dramatists are discussed and depicted, as well as actors and acting. A truly sumptuous work in two large vol- umes, containing upwards of 1,300 pages, handsomely illustrated, representing the best in American literal ure. There is no lover of the theatre in this country — whether It be college professor, dramatic critic, actor, or clergyman — man or woman — who can afford to be unfamiliar with the contents ol this monumental work. Louis XI. and Charles the Bold By Lieut. Col. Andrew C. P. Haggard, D.S.O. Large 8vo, gilt top. Illustrated. Price, $4.00 vel. Postage, 18 cents. Colonel Haggard's story of the cruel and treacherous son of Charles VII. of France, told in his inimitable style, makes fascinating reading. Social Sanity By SCOTT NEARING I2inn. (loth, $1.25 net. Postage, 12 cents. A timely and able book by a writer well known for his writine on Sociological and Economic Questions, In his book Professor Nearing treats of certain influences and problems ol the greatest Importance to our present-da; civilization. The Panama Canal By EARLE HARRISON Size 7 ! , x 1 1 1 i . $1.00 net. Postage, 8 cents. Illustrated in full color by color photog- raphy from the original autoehrome photo- graphs by .Mr. Harrison, These sixteen pic- tures of the Panama Canal, taken direct by the author, and printed under his supervision, arc the must beautiful ever issued on this subject. The Spider's Web By REGINALD WRIGHT KAUFFMAN Author hi ■■rin House "l Bondage," eta. Illustrated by Jinn Paleologue. 12mo. $1.86 net. Postage, 11* oentt. A story in every way equal to "The II"":' of B lage," which was a masterpiece of narrative. This new story is written in the lies! manner of the author, anil while the story is ii"- Important thing), the Incidental causes thai go t" support Hi" tale throui I are matters of great m em to all imerlcans The New Dawn By AGNES C. LAUT Iliusiraiiii tni Jin" Paleologue. 12mo. $1.86 net. Pottage, i- oentt, \V" aiv iihMivs sun' of a good Btory from MisS i. mil. and ill" present Btorj is about the biggest thing she has ever fl There is a vastness in conception ami ■ icentratlon ami strength in iii" narrative that is tv markable. MOFFAT, YARD & CO. PUBLISHERS NEW YORK

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Dec. 4, 1913J The Nation xvn -j 11 in 11 1 11 1- J NflitflttrH of (f mlxty for Mmxt Slotira A New Volume of THE MUSICIANS LIBRARY FORTY SONGS BY ADOLF JENSEN Edited by VV. F. Apthorp. For High and Low Voice. Bound in Paper, Cloth Back $1.50 postpaid In Full Cloth, Gilt . . . $2.50 postpaid In this volume are gathered the finest of Jensen's songs, and they form a collection of rare excellence. y teacher of singing who wishes to be ready with works of the classic song repertoire and every con- cert singer will find the Jensen songs an essential and most useful part of the song library. "Adolf Jensen has created some of the masterpieces of song literature, and the cream of his productions is to be found in this volume." — Musical America. SPECIAL OFFER:— This book, paper cover, with THE MUSICIAN one year, $2.25 OPERA SINGERS A New Edition of the Famous Book by Gustav Kobbe Old pictures and biographical sketches have been dropped and new added, making it the best of musical gift books and the only one of its kind. Price, postpaid .... $2.50 SPECIAL OFFER: This book with THE MU- SICIAN one year, $3.35 BERGERETTES Romances and songs of the Eighteenth Century Collected and Transcribed with Accompaniments for the Piano by J. B. Wekerlin. With introduction and English text by Frederick H. Martens. Price, postpaid . . . . $1.25 SPECIAL OFFER:-This book with THE MU- SICIAN one year, $2.00 I Correspond with us about our EASY PAYMENT PLAN and The Musicians Library i Send for Musical Gift Book Circular with GRAND HOLIDAY OFFER RoomlS.DitsonBldg. OLIVER DITSON COMPANY Boston, Mass. ALGEBRA OF LOGIC By LOUIS COUTERAT Authorized translation by L. G. ROBINSON, with a Preface by PHILIP E. B. JOUR- DAIN, of Cambridge, England Cloth. Price $1.50 net. This is much the simplest and most concise handling of a subject treated much more extensively and ponderously by other representa- tives of symbolic logic, — for in- stance, Boole in England, Schroe- der in Germany, Peano in Italy, and Peirce in the United States. Couterat's treatise is well fitted to serve as an introduction to the study of mathematical logic. Mr. Jourdain's preface is of an histor- ical character and gives a very thorough account of the develop- ment of the subject and the various phases of it especially emphasized by each of its different represen- tatives. The Open Court Publishing Co. 122 South Michigan Ave., Chicago READING CASE FOR THE NATION To receive the current numbers in a convenient (temporary) form. Substantially made, bound In Cloth, with The Nation stamped on the Kide in ' gold. II" ids two volumes. Papers easily and I neatly adjusted. Sent, postpaid, on receipt "f 75c] THE NATION, 20 Vesey Street. New York. ' DE LUXE EDITION OF THIS FAMOUS AND DELIGHTFUL CLASSIC OF THE NORTHWEST, BEAUTIFULLY PRINTED, MAGNIFICENTLY ILLUSTRATED, AND SPLENDIDLY BOUND. The Canoe and the Saddle By THEODORE WINTHROP TO WHICH ARE NOW FIRST ADDED HIS Western Letters and Journals Edited, with an Introduction and Notes, By JOHN H. WILLIAMS Author of "The Mountain That Was 'God,'" Guardians of the Columbia," etc. The Royal 8vo, 500 pages, with 1G plates in color, 64 halftones, and 60 other illustrations, showing the great scenery of the Northwest, reproductions of celebrated historical pictures, Indians and Indian Life, portraits, etc., etc. Bound in y2 vellum (leather), with silk cloth sides, gilt tops and boxed. Price $5.00 net; express 30 cents extra. Winthrop's fascinating romance of travel remains our most vital picture of conditions in Washington and Oregon during the territorial period, sixty years ago. The value of his book, for all who are interested in Western history and adventure, has been doubled by the addition of his letters and diaries, which cover his entire stay on the Pacific Const. beginning at Pan Francisco early in 1853, and closing with his overland trip East via Salt Lake City in October. J. H. WILLIAMS, Publisher 630-632 PROVIDENT BUILDING, TACOMA, WASH.

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XVlll The Nation | Vol. 97, No. 2527 "Had we lived I should have had a tale to tell of the hardihood, endurance, and courage of my companions which would have stirred the heart of every Englishman." (From the last entry in Captain Scott's Journal.) That Wonderful Tale Is Told in SCOTT'S LAST EXPEDITION Being the journals of Captain Robert Falcon Scott, C. V. 0., R. N., together with the reports of the journey and the scientific work undertaken during the expedition. Edited by Leonard Huxley with the assistance of the surviving members of the expedition and of Lady Scott. With photogravure frontispieces of Captain Scott and Dr. Wilson; facsimile reproductions of Captain Scott's diary; 18 full-page illustrations in colors, and 260 in black and white, from the original drawings by Dr. E. A. Wilson, who perished with Captain Scott, and from photographs. Also with maps, charts, etc. Two volumes of 500 pages each. Large 8vo, boxed, $10.00 net. Expressage extra. OUR ETERNITY By Maurice Maeterlinck What of the future life? One of the greatest philosophers and writers of the present day expresses his pro- found convictions in his reply. Translated by Alexander Teixe'ira de Mattos. $1.50 net. Postage 14 cents extra. THE LIFE OF THE FLY By J. H. Fabre Marvellously interesting life histories of the Ply, by th> gifted scientist whose "Life of the Spider" was hailed as the most noteworthy book of any kind published during the first quarter of this year. Translated by Alexander Teiweira de Mattos. $1.50 net. Postage 14 cents extra. ITALIAN YESTERDAYS By Mrs. Hugh Fraser Italy, the land where she was born and grew up, has inspired the gifted sister of Marion Crawford to write a book which will rival her delightful and justly popular "Reminiscences of a Diplomatist's Wife." Tioo vols. $6.00 net. Expressage extra. RHYMES OF A ROLLING STONE By Robert W. Service Author of "The Si>ell of the Yukon," etc. Inspiring and full-throated as the blare of a trumpet, these virile poems by the Canadian Kipling appeal to all lovers of the big outdoor world. Illustrated, $2.00 net. Postage 14 cents extra. THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD 1865-77 By James Schouler From unused original material, and with the deliberate judgment and splendid impartiality of the trained his- torian, Mr. Schouler adds this final and crowning volume to his "History of the United States." $2.00 net. Postage 18 cents extra. A SHORT HISTORY OF ART By Julia B. DeForest Re-K<llte«l, Revised, Rewritten by CharU-s Henry Cnffln. A famous old history of art, a classic in its way, brought up to date by one of the best known and best writers on art topics of the present day. New plates. 300 new illustrations. 8vo. $3.00 net. Postage 30 cents extra. OUR FRIEND THE DOG By Maurice Maeterlinck Alter reading Maeterlinck's book one grasps for the first time the full and deep significance of the relation of the dog to man. He is more than a friend— he has been the one faithful ally of man from the earliest ages. Beautifully illustrated in color by Cecil Aldin. $1.25 net. Postage 12 cents extra. RELIGION IN SOCIAL ACTION By Graham Taylor Resident Warden. Chicago Commons Social Settlement; Vrofessor Social JCcon omic.i, CMcago Thcolog. Seminar!/ With an introduction by Jane Addams. A book of inspiration for all who are looking for the real betterment of the community. 12mo. $1.25 net. Postage 13 cents extra. THE CHILDREN'S BLUE BIRD By Georgette Le Blanc (Hmc, Maurice Maeterlinck) A delightful book for children which tells the story of the most popular p!.<\ Cor children that has been Been pears. Trantlated by Mevondet vattoa. UVu id In black and white by Herbert Paus. $2.50 net. Postage 20 cents extra. SNOW WHITE A fairy play in seven acts from the Brothers Grimm as presented a1 The Little Theatre in New York. i color ha 0. a. rails. 8vo. $2.00 net. Postage L6 cents extra. Willi Publishers Illustrated Catalogue of our New Hooks. DODD, MEAD & COMPANY New York

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V7 The WmmLT '***?> 8. a i ion VOL. XCVII— NO. 2528 THURSDAY, DECEMBER 11, 1913 ?£•&,£. PRICE TEN CENTS Macmillan's New Holiday Gift Books Theodore Roosevelt An Autobiography Colonel Roosevelt's Own Story of His Life This exceptional story of a life replete with human interest may be justly regarded as not only the official biography of Colonel Roose- velt, but also as one of the great literary events of the year. Decorated rover. Illustrated. 92.5*0 net. The Gospel in Art By John La Farge Author of "Considerations on Paintings," etc. Illustrated with 80 plates of fa- mous paintings described in the text, elaborately bound, this vol- ume reveals Christianity as depict- ed by the great artists of the era. Decorated covers. Illustrated. 95.00 net. My Life with the Eskimo By Vilhjalmur Stefansson A Great Explorer's Story. A fascinating book of description and adventure by the famous trav- eler and explorer, who has passed years of his life within the Arctic circle. Decorated cover. Illustrated. $4.00 net. Hunting the Elephant in Africa By Captain C. H. Stigand Introduction by COLONEL ROOSEVELT The recital of over thirteen years' dramatic experiences in the hunt- ing of big game in the jungles of East Africa. Cloth cover. Illustrated. $2.50 net. A Woman Rice Planter By Patience Pennington Introduction by OWEN WISTER The instructive experiences of a woman rice planter as the manager of two large plantations in South Carolina. Cloth eovers. Illustrated. $JJ.OO net. The Tudor Shakespeare The New Ideal Edition Published under tbe general editorship of Pro*. WILLIAM ALLAN NEILSON, I'll. P., of Harvard Universitr. and Prof. ASHLEY HORACE THORNDIKE, L.H.D., of Columbia University. The Facts About Shakespeare By the Editors The fortieth and final volume of the TUDOR SHAKESPEARE gives a corrected account of Shake- speare's life, environment, work, and reputation. Sold only with sets complete in forty volumes, in box. Superior cloth, $14. OO net the set. Leather, $22. OO net the set. Eacb volume edited with an in- troduction, complete text, notes, and glossary. Represents all that is best in American scholarship. Each volume of the Plays or Poems may be had separately. Leather. 56 cents net. Illustrated. lOmo. Superior cloth, 35c. net. The Facts About Shakespeare. Regular edition. 60 cents net. A NEW ONE-VOLUME TENNYSON The Complete Works of Tennyson New Edition, with notes by the Laureate and a Life by his son, Hallam, Lord Tennyson. Cloth, $1.75 net. Half morocco, $3.50 net. A NEW ONE-VOLUME BROWNING The Complete Works of Browning New Edition, including "Epps" and other poems published for the first time. Cloth, $1.75 net. Half morocco, $3.50 net. The Works of Rabindranath Tagore Nobel Prizeman in Literature, 1913. Gitanjali (Song Offerings). A Col- lection of Prose Translations made by the author from the original Bengali. $1.40 net. The Gardener. Poems of Youth. $1.25 net. The Crescent Moon. Child Poems. Colored illustrations. $1.25 net. Sadhana: The Realization of Life. A volume of essays. $1.25 net. Florence Nightingale A Biography By Sir Edward T. Cook In Two Vols. This biography, while enhancing the greatness of a noble life,- pos- sesses a special significance as cor- recting and supplementing what Sir Edward Cook describes as "a popular legend." Illustrated with photogravure por- traits, $7.50 net. Bulwer Lytton A Biography By the Earl of Lytton In Two Vols. The authorized life of this dis- tinguished nineteenth century au- thor and statesman, written by his grandson, the present Earl of Lytton. Photogravure portraits and other illustrations. $7.50 net. A History of Land Mam- mals in the Western Hemisphere By W. B. Scott Author of "Introduction to Geology" The marvelous story of the de- velopment of animal life from re- mote ages in North and South America. Cloth covers. Illustrated. S5.00 net. America As I Saw It By Mrs. E. Alec-Tweedie A sprightly, good-humored, keen account of American life by a witty English woman. Decorated covers. Illustrated. $3.00 net. American Ideals, Char- acter and Life By Hamilton Wright Mabie A candid and sympathetic por- trayal of Americans and their country. Cloth covers. $1.50 net. Published at 64-66 5th Ave., N. Y. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY On Sale Wherever Books Are Sold

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11 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2528 1 p The Nation A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post Office as second-class mail matter.} The Nation is published and owned by the New York Evening Posl Co. Oswald Garrison Villanl, President; William J. Pattison, Treasurer; Taul Elmer More, Editor; Harold deWoIf Fuller, As- sistant Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United Stales or Mexico; to Canada $8.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $4.00. ' Address THE NATION, Box 794, New York. Publication Office, 20 Ycsey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 553 Editorial Articles: "Idealizing" the Monroe Doctrine 556 Swifter and Surer Justice 556 Reichstag, Army, and Empire 557 The Town and Country Muse 558 Scientific Management of Christmas.. 559 Special Articles : News for Bibliophiles 559 Correspondence : Opium in the Dutch East Indies 560 Dialect in Literature 561 Thackeray's "Little Billee" 561 Celt and Kelt 561 Swinburne Bibliography 561 Insomnia 561 Literature : Holiday Books. — II 562 Die Religion Babyloniens und Assy- riens 562 Here Are Ladies 563 Pelle the Conqueror: Boyhood 564 Sons and Lovers 564 The Life of Henry Labouchere 564 Our Eternity 565 Early Memories 566 Familiar Spanish Travels 567 Great Debates in American History.. 567 Notes 567 More Children's Books 570 Science 571 Drama: Burbage and Shakespeare's Stage 571 Music: Richard Strauss's "Rosenkavalier"... . 572 Art: William Blake at the Tate Gallery .. 573 The Reminiscences of Augustus Saint- Gaudens 574 Finance : New Impressions 576 Books op the Week 576 JUST PUBLISHED COLLEGE LABORATORY MANUAL OF PHYSICS Revitu-d Edition By EDWIN H. HALL, Ph.D., LL.D. Professor of Physics in Harvard University \1mo. Cloth. 188 pages. 80 cents. These exercises are intended as a lab- oratory accompaniment to a general course in elementary physios. They aim to Kive the student firsthand ac- quaintance with the principles and apparatus most used. HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS iIASSACHUSBTTfl Just Published COWLING'S READING, WRITING AND SPEAKING^SPANISH FOR BEGINNERS By Margaret Caroline Dowling, IS.L. . Teacher of Spanish, Mission Iiigjli School, ana Francisco. 75 tin la Designed to give a working vocabulary and the ability to use it in speaking and writing simple Spanish. It makes con- nected speech a vital and constructive part of the first few months' work. Tbe thirty lessons that make up the main part of the book consist of reading lessons, special vo- cabularies, sentences as a basis for general conversation, oral drill on grammatical forms, etc. An interesting variety of illus- trations, scattered throughout the text, fur- nish excellent material for conversational drill. The vocabularies are practical and useful. AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO JUST PUBLISHED Representative French Lyrics of the Nineteenth Century Edited by GEORGE NEELY HEN- NING, Professor of Romance Lan- guages in The George Washington University With Biographical and Critical In- troductions aiid Notes From 400 to 2,000 lines of text are included from each of the following authors: Lamartine, Vigny, Hugo, Musset, Gautier, Leconte de Lisle, Baudelaire, Sully Prudhomme, Her- edia, and Verlaine. 406 pages, $1.00 Send for complete list of otber new and forthcoming texts in tbe INTERNATIONAL MODERN LANGUAGE SERIES, GINN AND COMPANY i New York Chicago London a Dallas Columbus San Francisco HISTORY OF ENGLAND By ALLEN C. THOMAS, A.M. Professor of History in Haverford College. "TRACES social and industrial progress, the rise of the common people to par- liamentary control, and the development of the British empire. Cloth. GOO pages. Maps and Illustrations. $1.50. D.C.Heath&Co.,Publishers,Boston,NewYork,Chicago Books by SWAMI ABHEDANANDA "DIVINE HERITAGE OF MAN," "SELF KNOWLEDGE," "SPIRITUAL UNFOLDMENT," "REINCARNATION," "INDIA AND HER PEOPLE," "HUMAN AFFECTION AM) DIVINE LOVE," "THE CURAT SAVIORS OF THE WORLD." etc. Send for catalogue. Address Vedanta ASH- RAMA, West Cornwall, Conn. Agents: RAKER & TAYLOR CO., New York. Strindberg's By the Open Sea A novel that does not insult your intelligence Authorized translation by Bilie Schleussneri £1.25 net B.W.Huebsch, Publisher, 225 Fifth avenue, NewYork F. M. HOLLY iv i . , i .i i foed LOO i. a ni bora' ii ml Publishers' iiriiicscniaiii a j ear ? All you need do is to send us £2.50 and we will return to jrou a certificate which you can sign and present to your l i Christmas Day. AND THE WAY OUT ii, 1 an get the certificate fii 1 is nd return it to us with the $2.50 and we will mail ii to \ ■ ><ii 1 1 iend,

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Dec. ii, 1913] The Nation 111 McClurg's New Catalogue of Rare & Fine Imported BOOKS Selections from the finest collection in the country Copy sent free on request A. C. McCLURG & CO. Dept. P. 218-24 S. Wabash Avenue CHICAGO Foreign Books and Magazines Correspondence Solicited E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY 681 Fifth Avenue, near 54th Street NEW YORK A practical handboolc for income tax payers, by an, authority. The Income Tax Law of 1913, Explained By GEORGE F. TUCKER, of the Bos- ton Bar, joint author in 1895 of "The Federal Income Tax Explained." Cloth. Price, $1.50 net. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publishers, Boston REMARKABLE DISCOVERIES IN EGYPT PROF. FLINDERS PETRIE now devotes bis entire time to the Egyptian Research Account (So- ciety), whose discoveries relate to the history, arts and sciences of ancient Egypt, and to Its pre- dynastic age. The Society, managed by a Com- mittee f furty eminent men and women, publishes an annual quarto volume, profusely illustrated, of great value, thai should be In hundreds of public and private libraries. Circulars of the explora- tions and books freelv furnished. Address REV. DR. WILLIAM COPLEY WINSLOW, 625 B on St., Boston. Now Ready JULIUS CAESAR Being the Seventeenth Volume In a New Var- iorum Edition of Shakespeare. Edited by Horace Howard Furness. Jr. Cloth. $4.00. ilalf mo- rocco, $5.00. Postage extra. J. R. MPPINCOTT COMPANY, Publish! rx, Philadelphia. MSS. SUCCESSFULLY PLACED Criticised, Revised. Typed. Send for Leaflet O. References: Edwin Markhara and others. EBtab.1890 INITED LITERARY PRESS, 123 5th Ave., New York LONDON IN ENGLISH LITERATURE By PERCY HOLMES BOYNTON, Assist- ant Professor of English Literature in the University of Chicago. This volume differs from all other volumes on London In that it gives a consecutive Illustrated account of London not from the point of view of the antiquarian but from the inquiring student of English lit- erary history. It deals with ten consecutive periods. In turn b; the work and spirit of Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton, Dryden. loin. son. Lamb, Dickens, and by the qualities of Victorian and contemporary London. 'I'lie emphasis is thus distributed over history and riven largely to tlie richer and more recent literary periods. The tem- per of each epoch is discussed, and then in particular those literary works which are Intimately related to certain localities in London. The work contains four maps and forty- three other illustrations, selected from the best of a great fund of material. 358 pp., 8vo, cloth ; $2.00, postpaid $2.17 The University of Chicago Press CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. AOENTS The Raker and Taylor Company New York ThcCambridge Univ. Press, London and Edinburgh Karl W. 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Illustrated 8vo. $3.50 net, postage 30c. extra DODD, MEAD & COMPANY Publishers New York Three Important New Books The Mechanistic Principle and the Non-Mechanical An Inquiry into Fundamentals, with Extracts from Representatives of Either Side By PAUL CARUS 8vo, pages 128 Cloth, $1.00 Among the subjects dealt with: — Mechanicalism and Teleology: A Contrast. — Motion and Movement. — The Will. — The Non-Mechanical. — Time and Space. — Causality. — The Significance of Form. — The Univer- sal and the Particular. — Mark Twain's Philosophy. — What is Man% — The Mind an Independent Ma- chine. — Spiritual Decision. — All Credit Belongs to Ood. — La Mettrie's View of Man as a Machine. — La Place Believes in Absolute Deter- minism.— Cause and Effect "Do Not Even Touch Hands."- — The Spirit in the Wheels. — The Mechanism of the Universe as Seen by a Theist. — The Machinery of Life. — In the New View There is no Room for "Ood." —The Melancholy Teaching of To-day. The Principle of Relativity in the Light of the Philosophy of Science By PAUL CARUS 8vo, pages 109 Cloth, $1.00 On the Absolute. — Tricks of Cogni- tion.— Comstock on Relativity. — On Absolute Motion. — Absolute 8p — Ernst Mach. — Objectivity. — Pri- mary Concepts. — Some Physical Problems of Relativity. — The Prin- ciple of Relativity as a Phase in the Development of Science. JUST PUBLISHED-New and Enlarged Edition of Prof. Ewald Hering's Classical Essay : On Memory, and the Specific Energies of the Nervous System Fourth Edition, containing addi- tional chapters on the Theory of Nerve Activity 12mo, pages 72 Cloth, $1.00 The investigations of Ewald Herlng, Professor of Psychology at the Uni- versity of Leipzig, have been largely accepted by his colleagues, and his v on Memory has become classical. The Open Court Publishing Co. CHICAGO LONDON

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IV The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2528 New Scribner Books on Art and Letters Mural Painting in America By Edwin H. Blashfield Explains the Whole Subject for the Layman, Emphasizing the Tremendous Educational Value of this Branch of Art The illustrations form one of its most interesting fea- tures: they are intended to show the actual processes of the work, and to indicate the decorative practice of the mural painter as influenced by various conditions. $2.00 net ; postage extra Colonial Furniture in America By Luke Vincent Lockwood Contains more than twice the matter and six times the illustrations of the original edition. With Eight Hundred and Sixty-nine Illustrations of Representative Pieces. Two Large Volumes. $25.00 net; expressage extra. Shakspere as a Playwright By Brander Matthews A Clear and Entertaining Study of Shakspere and His Plays with Relation Simply to the Theatre He gives a chapter on Shakspere's life, a lucid de- scription of the theatre of his time, many interesting comments on Shakspere as an actor, and a thorough study of the purely dramatic craftsmanship of his plays. $3.00 net; postage extra Art and Common Sense By Royal Cortissoz Art Editor of the " New York Tribune " Is a Discussion of Varied Artistic Subjects Written in Full Sympathy with the Layman Though- that common sense which the author advo- cates binds all the chapters together, it does not prevent them from being exceedingly entertaining and bright. There are certain ones of particular interest to such as do not usually take to art subjects. For instance, "J. P. Morgan as an Art Collector," "Four Leaders in American Architecture" (Richardson, Hunt, McKim, and Burn- ham), "The Post-Impressionist Illusion," and the first article which gives title to the book. $1.75 net; postage extra From the Porch By Lady Ritchie A Series of Kindly and Graceful Essays — largely Remin iscences of her Younger Days and of the Celeb- rities of that time, including Dickens and George Eliot — By Thackeray's Oldest Daughter $1.50 net Early Memories By Senator Lodge Contains Youthful Recollections of Many Great American Statesmen, Lawyers, and Men of Letters Here is a recollection from childhood: "He lived near us in Winthrop Place, and one evening in early summer, when my bedtime was drawing on, the maid said to me, as we sat by the window: 'There is Mr. Choate.' I looked and saw a tall man with black hair and dark, deep-set eyes stroll slowly by, his hat pushed back and his coat-sleeves drawn up as if for coolness." $2j0 net; by mail $2.69 History as Literature and Other Essays By Theodore Roosevelt Contains "Citizenship in a Republic," "The Thraldom of Names," "Productive Scholarship," "Dante and the Bowery," "The Search for Truth in a Rev- erent Spirit," "The Ancient Irish Sagas," "An Art Exhibition" $1.50 net; by mail $1.65 American and English Studies By Whitelaw Reid Contains the Great Editor's Reflections on Government, History, Education, and Criticism "The studies in 'Government and Education' which fill the first volume, dating from different periods, never- theless form a curiously well-knit sequence. It is as though this group of ten or twelve papers, produced on the most diverse occasions, had really been destined, consciously or unconsciously, to ultimate assemblage as constituting a representative body of the author's ideas on the past, present, and future of his countrymen. . . ." — New York Tribune. 2 vols. $4.00 net; postage extra The Life of Francis Thompson By Everard Meynell Will Probably be Finally Considered one of the Most Fascinating Literary Biographies Ever Written That so sensitive, pure and unworldly a personality as Thompson should have lived the life he did live Cor years among the brutalized, lowest class of London is almost incredible. This is the story of how he was suc- cessively a "spoiled priest," a medical student, and a commercial traveller; who went for a soldier and fled to London; who was there by turns an errand-boy, a hawker of newspapers, a boot-black, and a caller of cabs; until his street compositions found him friends and, finally, fame. $45q nd CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS The Collected Works of Francis Thompson In Three Volumes : One of Prose and Two of Verse. With Portraits and Illustrations from Drawings Poems, 2 Vols., $3.50 net; Prose, 1 Vol., $2.00 net The Set, $5.50 net FIFTH AVENUE AT 48th ST.

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The Nation ORK, THURSDAY, DECEUIlER 11, 1913. The Week The comments thus far made by mem- bers of Congress and others on Mr. Wil- son's recommendation concerning the method of nominating candidates for the Presidency, relate chiefly to Con- gressional legislation on the matter. But apart from the question of the agency there is another point involved in the President's statement which is well wor- thy of immediate attention. The party convention, he suggests, should be re- tained, though constituted upon a dif- ferent plan; but it should be held "only for the purpose of accepting the ver- dict of the primaries and formulating the platforms of the parties." Now, this goes far beyond the "preference" idea which most people have' in mind when speaking of Presidential primaries; for it precludes the possibility of the con- vention deciding even between the two candidates, say, receiving the highest number of "preference" votes in the event of nobody having a clear major- ity. One of the most important ques- tions, therefore, that would have to be considered is that of so dealing with the question of a scattering vote as to guard against possibilities of the most serious mischief. his personal views upon Congress; and we take it that he would not make a quibbling distinction between doing this in a public message and in earnest inter- views with members. President Wilson's explanation to the suffragists of the sharp line which he draws between his private opinions and those which he feels at liberty to urge upon Congress would have delighted the heart of Monsieur Distingue It in- evitably recalls the schoolboy who, when asked to define the art of logic, said that logic was not an art but a dodge. We say this quite irrespective of the particu- lar demand made upon the President. He would doubtless have made a like statement to a labor delegation asking what he did not wish to grant; and, in either case, it does not square with what we believe to be the sound conception of the Presidency as an office in which in- itiative and leadership are essential. For that matter, it does not square with President Wilson's own practice. No Executive has been more insistent or more successful than he in impressing The report of the committee of law- yers on the powers of the Republican National Committee is precisely such as common-sense would lead any one to ex- pect. The National Committee, it is de- clared, has not the power to change the basis of representation, but it has the power to direct that elections of dele- gates in any State shall be conducted in conformity with the laws of that State, even if these be at variance with the rules established by the party. It has also the power to call a special na- tional convention, giving due notice thereof. At the Chicago Convention of 1912, the snarl over the conflict between California law and Republican Conven- tion rules furnished a great deal of capi- tal to the Rooseveltians, the like of which can be made impossible hereafter by proper action of the National Com- mittee; but the main difficulty lay in the flagrant Southern-delegate scandal which the Colonel exploited vociferously. The special convention will undoubtedly take radical action in regard to the ba- sis of representation, which will reduce this element of difficulty to a minimum for the future. But it will doubtless do much more than that in the way of a harmony. Recent striking manifesta- tions of progressive weakness in the Progressive party are calculated to add greatly to the interest with which the gathering of the Republican clans will be watched by the country. In the Secretary of the Treasury's an- nual report to Congress, particular in- terest will be attached to the estimates of future public revenue. The ordinary Government receipts, for the fiscal year ending with last June, were $724,111,- 000; of that amount, $318,891,000 was contributed by customs duties and $344,- 416,000 by the internal revenue, includ- ing excise taxes and the corporation tax. Since the new tariff act and the income tax law went into effect in the first week of October, nearly nine months of the pending fiscal year will draw their reve- nues under the new and experimental provisions. For the full twelve months ending with next June, Secretary Mc- Adoo estimates a customs revenue of $270,000,000, or $74,400,000 less than was received under the higher duties of the preceding fiscal year. But the internal revenue he estimates as $407,000,000, or $62,500,000 more than in the fiscal year 1913; this being wholly due to the new income tax, which he thinks will yield $33,000,000 from corporations and $54,- 000,000 from individuals, offset by an $8,000,000 compensatory reduction in the corporation excise tax, which, since the new law was passed, has been super- seded by the income tax. In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, when tne new law will be in force throughout the year, he expects an income tax yield of $105,000,000, of which $40,000,000 should come from corporations and $65,000,000 from individuals, while customs reve- nue will be $69,000,000 less than in the twelvemonth ending last June. Our own expectation is that the in- come tax will be more productive than the Secretary thinks; though the fac- tors of uncertainty in such a calculation are numerous. As for the customs reve- nue, that also has elements which con- fuse the calculation. Last month, for instance, so far as the figures are at hand, produced a customs revenue only four to five million dollars less than November of either 1912 or 1911, whicn would hardly indicate as great a re- duction, for the whole pending fiscal year, as the Secretary thinks. In his more general comment on the Treasury finances of the year, Mr. McAdoo natur- ally makes special point of the placing of Government surplus funds with in- terior banks, against pledge of commer- cial paper, to avert an autumn strin- gency. Of the $50,000,000 thus offered by the Treasury, the national banks, up to November 25, had taken only $34,- 661,000. The Secretary, no doubt cor- rectly, lays as much stress on the psy- chological effect of the Government's at- titude as on the tangible results of the deposits. Observant financiers were aware, when the Treasury made its offer in midsummer, that the danger to the money market arose much more from

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554= T li e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2528 apprehension of imaginary evils than from actual shortage of funds to move the crops. That the Treasury's earlier offer to provide emergency currency un- der the Aldrich-Vreeland act, up to $500,000,000, should have elicited no re- quests at all from the banking commu- nity, is an incident from which various conclusions may be drawn. Some people are smiling at Secretary McAdoo for his discovery that the Trea- sury can be made a great engine of al- truism, but they ought to note, too, that he is making it the home of the sterner virtues. He has given out a letter offer- ing him a bribe for an appointment to office, together with his severe and crushing reply. The man had proposed to pay the Secretary one-third of his first year's salary. To the honor of the Administration, be it recorded that Mr. McAdoo was not tempted for an instant. He scorned the "$100 just as soon as appointed," and then improved the occa- sion to read a great moral lesson to the writer of the letter, and, incidentally, to the whole country. He roundly de- clared that the offer to bribe the Secre- tary of the Treasury "shows your un- fitness for public office"; and added: "You do not seem to realize that the era of graft and corruption in American politics is past." Some other things appear also to have passed: among them, one might infer, a sense of pro- portion and of humor in the Treasury Department. Every Secretary for years must have had idiotic or scoundrelly letters in his daily mail, which his clerks should have been discharged if they had not wit enough to throw away, but it remained for Mr. McAdoo to seize upon one peculiarly imbecile in order to demonstrate the Roman virtue of this Administration. ago, the bill was passed in the House almost unanimously; the vote in the Senate on Saturday stood only 43 to 20. When the bill was first brought up in the Senate, an attempt was made to rush it through, and the opposition, at that time represented only by two or three Senators, satisfied itself with a post- ponement of the vote to a fixed day. Under this condition, the gain of strength for the defenders of the park did not suffice to defeat the bill; but the objections to it, not only on the score of the invasion of the Yosemite, but also because of its effect on the farming lands whose irrigation supply will be cut off, were brought out very strikingly. Sen- ator Works, of California, fought the scheme vigorously; and a letter was read from one of the California Repre- sentatives who voted for the bill in the House, but who has discovered that he had been misled as to the facts and is now against it. The bill now goes to the President, with whom rests ultimate responsibility for the decision of its fate. And the paramount consideration in regard to that decision is furnished by the fact that the sacrifice of a na- tional possession of this nature is un- justifiable except upon the clearest pos- sible proof of its necessity. In spite of all the efforts of those who sought to preserve for the nation the beautiful valley in the Yosemite Nation- al Park which goes by the ill-sounding name of Hetch-Hctchy, the Senate on Saturday passed the bill which sacrifices it to the desire of San Franciscans for a cheaper water supply than, as they be- lieve, they could otherwise obtain. But the proceedings in the Senate, and the final vote, showed how much force there was in the arguments and facts ad- duced against the scheme. Three months What is the per capita cost of city government, and how does it rise or fall with an increase in the city's size? Material bearing on these questions was lately collected by a State Commission in Minnesota, and is analyzed by Prof. Edward V. D. Robinson in the Econom- ic Review. The answer to the second query is stated briefly: "In Minnesota the cost of municipal government in- creases much less rapidly than wealth. In other words, while average cost per capita varies directly, average cost by true valuation varies inversely, with the population." For example, to gov- ern every $10,000 true valuation costs $112.68 in Duluth; in St. Paul but $110.16; and in Minneapolis only $107.49. Lumping these cities in Class 1, towns between 20,000 and 5,000 in Class 2, and those below 5,000 in Class 3, it was found, again, that, while the per capita cost in Class 1 was $16.65, in Class 2 $12.01, and in Class 3 $11.42, the cost per valuation was, in Class 1, $107.20, in Class 2 $127.10, and in Class 3 $133.83. Thus every increase of 10 per cent, in the population of the aver age city increases the cost of govern- ment by about two cents for each citi- zen; but at the same time it increases the valuation per head about three cents, so that the net result is a gain. Professor Robinson has less definite reasons for believing that the same facts hold good throughout the country. The net result of the Minnesota figures is simply to suggest that in a typical State there rests with the great city an eco- nomic advantage in government which would tend to make the city greater still. Certainly, they give no support to the theory that "increasing cost of city government will set a limit to the con- tinued and ever-increasing congestion of population in urban centres," as com- pared with habitation in villages and small centres. The death of Col. Gaillard, the con- queror of Culebra Cut, comes pathetical- ly close upon the completion of the his- toric task. In a very real sense he gave his life to his work. Unremitting toil broke his health, and one likes to imag- ine that it was only a brave spirit which held him on the Isthmus till the work in hand was done. That task was car- ried on in the manner of the true work- man, outside of the glare of publicity and with thought only for the matter in hand. Had Col. Gaillard lived a few months, the nation would have undoubt- edly expressed its recognition of his ser- vices. His promotion to brigadier-gen- eral is contained in a bill which is now pending in Congress and which has been delayed in the stress of business. Pub- lic recognition, in addition to such post- humous honors as Congress may decide upon, should now take the form of gen- erous provision for those whom Col. Gaillard has left behind him. The merciless manner in which Villa and his fellow-commanders in the north of Mexico signalize their victories has justly stirred public horror and Indig- nation. But those who would fashion out of the "bandit" Villa an argument against the justice of the cause he represents, fail to make out their case. The ferocity of Mexican warfare might be compared with the greater ferocities of Balkan warfare among Christian aa tions and allies. Bui assuming thai Villa is an outlaw, who tor twenty years

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Dec. ii, 1913] The Nation 555 has bees .1 menace to public security, 1 the argument that the salvation ol Mexico rests only in the hand of a Dictator? If the iron rule of Fornrio Diaz could not rid Mex- ico of brigandage, is it not apparent that permanent peace in Mexico must come in some other way than through the suppression of popular freedom? Brig- andage on a large scale cannot flourish anywhere without the secret support of a discontented population. It was Span- ish misrule in lower Italy and Sicily that drove the people to support the marauders and secret societies of which they were so frequently the victims. Brigands though they may be, Villa and Zapata are the products of a political a in which the masses are made to feel that the "law" as administered from above is intended not for their benefit but for their subjection. Announcement that Lord Cromer, Lord Curzon, and Mr. Bryce have under way a movement for an American branch of the Anti-Slavery and Abor- igines Society should arouse interest here. The abuses that persist in the darker corners of the world will yield only to this kind of international ac- tion. In Africa, in South America, and in Asia it has been found that the at- tack upon such evils must be through the awakening of indifferent Govern- ments, and exposure of the methods of development companies. The sensitive- ness of diplomatic relations and the in- terlinking of business interests make it important that civilized society join hands in such measures. If the Ameri- can branch, which is proposed, could be headed by men like ex-Senator Crane and Booker T. Washington, and could throw a public light on the "shocking labor conditions" which investigators allege to exist in Mexico, Bolivia, and Peru, reforms of real world-value might follow. Representatives of the three chief parties concerned in Home Rule are on record as desiring an amicable confer- ence. Mr. Asquith's words were: "I in- vite an interchange of views and sugges- tions, free, frank, and without preju- dice." Replying to this invitation, Mr. Bonar Law said that "if the Government have any proposals to make, we will consider them carefully, honestly, and with sole regard, not to the interests of a party, but to the welfare of the na- tion." And the leader of the Irish, John Redmond, with both the previous state- ments before him, declared that he did not "shut any door upon a possible set- tlement by consent." Now comes As- quith's speech at Manchester accepting the basis of agreement suggested by Sir Edward Carson. This makes it highly probable that some way of adjusting the Ulster difficulty without fighting will be found. One reason for believing this is the fact that, as the Chief Secretary for Ireland, Mr. Birrell, insisted the other day, the Irish question has now reached such a pass that, even if the Conserva- tives were to come into power next year, one of the first things they would have to do would be to pass a bill giving Ire- land self-government. It is not only in the Senate at Wash- ington that the plague of eloquence de- vastates. Every year in the House of Commons an heroic member moves that "the length of speeches has increased, is increasing, and ought to be diminished." Now the evil is felt in France, where a Deputy has introduced a bill for the repression of eloquence in the Chamber. He would not go so far as one of his colleagues, who proposes to compel ora- tors to stand upon a trap-door in the tribune, which should be sprung the in- stant they passed the allotted limit of time. The bill in question would restrict the number of speakers who could be heard on any measure, and would abso- lutely forbid any one of them to go be- yond twenty minutes. This bold Deputy, M. Beauquier, maintains that, unless a man has absolutely nothing to say, he can say it in twenty minutes; of course, if he has neither ideas nor facts, it will take him longer. There is both reason and human experience behind this opin- ion. In studying the make-up of the new French Cabinet, it is interesting to re- call the nature of the discussion attend- ing the election of M. Poincar6 to the Presidency of the Republic last January. The advent of M. Poincare was hailed in a great many quarters, where the wish was father to the thought, as mark- ing the end of Radical ascendency in na- tional affairs, the end of factionalism, and the establishment of a policy of comprehensive patriotism embracing all parties. M. Poincare was the "strong man" who might even raise the Presi- dency to a position of real influence, and to that extent reduce the influence of the Chamber as expressed through the Cabinet. Specifically, under the new Ad- ministration the purification of national politics was to be brought about by the introduction of proportional representa- tion in Parliament. The Cabinet that now takes office is headed by M. Dou- mergue, a Radical-Socialist, and is made up of members of that group, Radicals and straight-out Socialists. Only one out of a dozen Ministers is said to be in favor of electoral reform. The Minister of Education is M. Viviani, Socialist and arch-enemy of the religious influence in the schools. M. Poincare's election has thus obviously brought about no revolu- tion in French Government policy. Secrets of European diplomacy are brought to light with sufficient fre- quency to prove that in this country, for all the cunning and audacity the London Times occasionally attributes to us, we are amateurs at the game, mere shirt-sleeved amateurs. The Matin of Paris has just published the text of two secret treaties between Servia and Bulgaria, signed in February, 1912, or more than half a year before the out- break of the war with Turkey. From these treaties it plainly appears that some of the European Powers were by no means taken by surprise when the conflict broke out. Russia was kept in touch with the plans of the allies, and Austria-Hungary and Germany were also cognizant of the way things were going; England and France were in the dark. When, therefore, the Euro- pean Concert in the early autumn of 1912 pleaded and fulminated against war, the majority of the Concert show- ed themselves admirable actors. There was a certain sincerity in the assertion of the Powers that the war would not be allowed to change the status quo in the Balkans. It should seem to have bem the hope at St.. Petersburg, Vienna, and Berlin, that the combatants would fight themselves into a condition of gen- eral exhaustion, with no vital change in the political situation and a conse- quently freer hand for the Powers to pursue their game of benevolent guid- ance in the Balkans.

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Z5& The Nation. [Vol. 97, No. 2528 "IDEALIZING" THE MOMiOE DOC- TRINE. Ambassador Page appears, quite un- wittingly, to have fluttered the English dovecotes by his speech at the Savage Club on Saturday night. The London Standard, at all events, took great alarm at his account of the way in which the present Administration at Washington intends to apply the Monroe Doctrine. Mr. Page will probably be surprised to wake up and find that he was threaten- ing British financial interests in Latin America, and that he was serving an important official notice. All that he had in mind, presumably, was to give a matter-of-fact summary of President Wilson's address at Mobile. It was in this that the new policies, so far as they are new, were outlined; yet the English press saw nothing to be frightened at in what Mr. Wilson said. His speech was praised for its fine idealism, though doubt was expressed if he would be able to work it out practically. Certain- ly, no threat to English investments in Central and South America was seen in it. It was left for the Ambassador, in merely repeating what the President said, to stir up an apprehension which the President himself did not excite. The nub of the matter lies in the "third proposition" laid down by Mr. Page, that "no sort of financial control can, with the consent of the United States, be obtained over those weaker nations which would, in effect, control their Government." This was not, of course, new with the Ambassador. He was simply paraphrasing the language of the President. Mr. Wilson had said that government in Latin America by concessionaires would be looked upon unfavorably by the United States. And he plainly intimated that adventurers who fought their way to temporary pow- er in those republics, purely for the sake of a chance at the Treasury and con- cessions, would not be recognized by this country. If this is, as the London Stan- dard asserts, a dangerous "elaboration" of the Monroe Doctrine, it is plain that it had already been made by President Wilson. Looked at calmly, we think that the truth and force in Mr. Wilson's plan can be discerned, but also the peril. It is true that financial scheming has been at the bottom of many a South American revolution. Possession of the Executive power by means of the army, together with a subservient Congress, has often been made a means of shameless exploi- tation. In Venezuela, Colombia, Nica- ragua, and elsewhere, revolutionists have seized the Government, squeezed it like an orange, and presently gone to join the colony in Paris of kings and presidents en exil. Mr. Wilson is quite right in putting his finger on tne weari- some repetition of this process as a great evil. If he can wisely and safely do anything to check it, he will surely be conferring a boon upon the revolu- tion-racked countries to the south of us. And no objection lies to one of the steps he proposes to take. This is to refuse to enter into relations with any chance "President" who upsets an existing Gov- ernment and fights his way to seeming power in order that he and his fellow- conspirators may feather their nests. In every such case, it would be well for the United States to decline to sanction this means of attaining office, with pe- cuniary greed stamped all over it. We could, while keeping our hands off, wait to see what happens to the usurper or dictator. We could do routine business with him as the de-facto head of the Government, but withhold full recogni- tion of the validity of his title until his own people had had time deliberately to confirm it. This is the policy which Mr. Wilson at first sought to follow with Gen. Huerta in Mexico, though the in- creasing disturbances in that country, with their imperilling of American lives and property, soon led him to go further and insist upon Huerta's retiring. The end of this diplomatic intervention in Mexico is not yet, and is probably a long way off; but the course of con- duct adopted by President Wilson at the beginning can be defended as proper and useful, and might be followed to ad- vantage in other republics. If an un- scrupulous military adventurer knows that he will not, on seizing power, be acknowledged at once as a "great and good friend," his vision of profit by revolution will be blurred. The case of this "idealized" Monroe Doctrine becomes much more dubious, however, when it goes on to the question of financial control, and of seeing to it that all Spanish-American governments are based upon the consent of the gov- erned. We are at this moment having illustration of the difficulties involved in this. Passing by the Xicaraguan treaty, which in effect proposes an Amer- ican protectorate, but which is now sleep- ing in the Senate committee, we have the Dominican affair. First of all, we are administering the finances of San Domingo. This by itself looks as if, when Ambassador Page declared that the United States would assent to no financial control which would amount to control of the Government, he meant no such control except by ourselves. It was confidently asserted that our ad- ministration of the Dominican custom- houses would make revolutions in that island impossible. But they have latter- ly shown their head again. The last one was abandoned upon the promise of our Minister that the United States would insure a fair and free election; and, ac- cordingly, several American "observers" are now en route to be a sort of unoffi- cial inspectors of election in San Domin- go next week. They sail despite a vigor- ous notification by the Dominican au- thorities that they are not wanted. In this kind of thing, it is obvious, there lie the seeds of mischief. Deprecat- ing "financial control" of Spanish-Amer- ican governments, we may be found ex- ercising it. Protesting against force, we may at any moment get into a position where we shall be using force. Standing up firmly for the consent of the gov- erned, we may presently be threatening the governed unless they consent to be governed by us. The whole policy is plainly one requiring the utmost care and discretion in the execution. One precaution, above all, is indicated. All these delicate plans and negotiations must be entrusted to men fitted by char- acter and training to handle them. It is this consideration which heightens the folly of displacing experienced and ac- ceptable Ministers so as to make room for Mr. Bryan's happy-go-lucky friends. That way madness lies. SWIFTER AND SI RER Jl sTICE. In the December World's Work Mr. George W. Alger shows again how an elaborate growth of law-made regula- tion has hampered our judges. And it is, happily, at this vicious system that those who, in the various States, are working for reform of Judicial p ure, are Intelligently striking. We have already seen what a gain could be made by tbe Bupreme Court in Washington,

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Dec. II, 1913] The Nation 557 In expediting the business before it, when it was empowered to revise its own rules. Much remains to be done in the Federal courts, but the path has been blazed. It is for the States to take the lesson to heart. The hopeful trend of law-reform in America at present is summed up by Mr. Alger as aiming at two things: first, to induce our Legis- latures to give to courts the broad pow- ers which English courts possess; and, secondly, to adopt in the United States some of the time-saving methods in ju- dicial procedure which have been prac- tically worked out in England. whole thing is a human problem. There is nothing vastly mysterious about it. The simplest inquiry shows that there is a great and wholly needless amount of "waste motion" in our courts. The phrase is Mr. Alger's, and he uses it with no thought of making a pun, though he links it closely with the enor- mous number of useless and time-con- suming "motions" permitted to lawyers under the American practice. One law- reform committee after another has urged the English example, and has made the familiar comparison between the dispatch of business by judges in England and in the United States. This comparison, usually invidious in appear- ance, is not wholly fair. It may be that, as a rule, English judges are men of more ability and vigor than ours; and they may gain something from their assured position; but the main reason, after all, why they do so much better work is that they have so much better tools. On this point, some of Mr. Alger's statistics are highly illuminating. In 1907, the judges of the County Courts and the City of London Courts disposed of more than 1,300,000 cases. But judg- ment by default was entered in 448,000 cases, 413,000 were dismissed, 38,000 were tried by the judges without a jury (there were 929 cases tried with a jury), while 404,000 cases were tried by the registers, recorders, or referees. This last is the great relevant point. The English system provides for the han- dling of a large amount of court busi- ness by officers not strictly judicial. Mr. Alger declares that, in England, the greater part of the 63,732 orders signed by judges in non-litigated matters in New York County in 1912, and of the 14,914 orders in litigated matters, would have been disposed of by officials not called judges. In other words, the Eng- lish judges have far more assistance than ours enjoy; the superfluous rubbish of cases is swept away before the real issue comes before them, and hence they are able to make rapid decisions. It is along this line of improvement that the recent Practice act in New Jersey proceeds. It provides for com- missioners to whom application must be made to determine the nature and is- sues of a trial before it is taken into court at all. Thus irrelevancies are got rid of in advance, and sham defences stricken out. On one abuse in Ameri- can practice Mr. Alger comments with much force. It is that of permitting a case — or aspects of it — to be passed upon by a half-dozen different judges. Lawyers will make one motion before one judge and another before another, and so on, thus compelling different judges to familiarize themselves with a case which is really on trial elsewhere. There could hardly be a more ingenious method of wasting time and energy. But in England the rules of the court re- quire that one judge shall be assigned to conduct a given case from the be- ginning to the end, and all motions con- cerning it must be made before him. Is there any good reason why Americans should not display equal sense? Our plight is by no means hopeless. The wheels of our chariot of justice drive no more heavily than was the case in England when Sydney Smith wrote of the Court of Chancery that it showed "a complication, formality, en- tanglement, and delay which the life, the wealth, and the patience of men can- not endure." Smilar words are often used of our present judicial procedure, and they are deserved; but the way out is clearly indicated. Fortunately, a great amount of well-directed energy is now expended by committees of the bar on the problem of judicial reform. It is only necessary to make steady applica- tion of common-sense and human exper- ience. REICHSTAG, ARMY, AND EMPIRE. The debate in the Reichstag on Wednesday of last week, on the recent scandalous misconduct of an army offi- cer in Zabern, Alsace, is said to have been the most exciting and the bitterest in nearly twenty years. But it was not without precedent — unless it be In the intensity of feeling. War Minister after War Minister has stood up in the Reichstag to defy its members, denounce the radical wing, and to utter the medi- aeval doctrine that in the Empire the army is supreme, and that its sacred honor must be upheld at any cost. In each case the Minister has either come direct from the Kaiser or spoken for him impliedly, and always the Reichs- tag has been helpless because of the lack of a Ministry responsible to its will. It has passed now a vote of cen- sure on the Government — in itself an extraordinary occurrence — but nothing may happen. The garrison has indeed been removed from Zabern, somewhat to the dismay of the tradesfolk of that town; but no Ministers will fall, un- less the Kaiser yields to public pressure, because the Kaiser alone makes or un- makes them, and it is his belief, fre- quently expressed, that before the "gay coat" of the military the people must bow, as Gessler tried to force Tell to make obeisance to his hat. The Kaiser learns but slowly. It is precisely this independence of the Reichstag that renders the army so indifferent to popular anger and crit- icism. The newspapers may rage, but the army pays no attention to the "rad- ical, traitorous press." Individual mem- bers of the Reichstag may criticise, but it is the rule that no one high up in the army loses his place or suffers for any act of official tyranny or miscon- duct towards the public. Lieut. Baron von Forstner, the offending Zabern of- ficer, who gibed at the French Foreign Legion and the populace while drilling his company, is but too common a type. Oddly enough, the Reichstag is itself partly responsible for its own impotence, for, when the Ministry asks for more men, money, and arms, it votes them without hesitation. Even the Socialists made no determined fight last summer against the great levy for additional troops. The Reichstag invariably cow- ers before the old bogeys of a French war of revenge, of hostilities with Rus- sia or England, and authorizes what is at least a "two-Power army," while the nation as a whole unquestionably ap- proves. Thus the military trumphs and increases its stranglc-hold on the coun- try. As a whole, the nation approves, we re- peat. But deep down, we believe, there

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558 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2528 are feelings ominous for those responsi- ble for the present autocratic military regime. There is a national pride in the superb appearance, excellent phy- sique, and drill of the army, but at the same time there is resentment not only at the overbearing attitude of the corps of officers, but at the withdrawal of so many men from industrial life, the huge waste of funds, and the fact that wnen in service the men under arms are not only there to frighten off foreign na- tions, but to overawe their countrymen. They are truly the props of the mon- archy, though it is a gross exaggera- tion, of course, to say, as Gen. von Falk- enhayn did last week, that without them not a stone of the Reichstag building would remain in place. For the present it is an easy task for the militarists to rivet their chains upon the people. The army is pictured as a democratic insti- tution; every schoolboy is taught that but for it the German nation would never have come to pass, and could not now exist; and the periodical war scares are used to increase the terrible finan- cial burdens. These, despite the na- tion's wonderful prosperity, steadily in- crease the trials of the poor, hundreds of thousands of whom can no longer af- ford meat save as a rare luxury. And always the army stands, by its very na- ture, in direct opposition to liberal pro- gress of every kind. It would be cer- tain to support the Kaiser if he should order the closing of the Reichstag, pre- cisely as it ended the uprising of the people in 1849. And it is especially deplorable that the particular excesses which have aroused the nation should have taken place in Alsace-Lorraine. Prince von Biilow has recently published his regret that the German Government has made no better headway in the recaptured prov- inces. They form the clearest kind of demonstration of the folly of any con- quest to-day. The Germans have never won the hearts or the Alsatians any more than we have those of the Fili- pinos. They hold these lands as we do the Philippines, by brute strength. It is true that Alsace and Lorraine have shar- ed the prosperity of the Empire, but all the revenue they have paid into the trea- sury is but a trifle as compared to what they have cost the nation by reason of their being a chief cause of its huge militaristic expenditures. THE TOWN AND COUNTRY MUSE. Whether we like it or not, the lark and the nightingale are fast disappear- ing from poetry. As in Dr. Johnson's day, the city presents a superior appeal to that of the country, and various poets are responding to its call. They have turned in part to street scenes. They note the unexpected meeting of eyes in a crowd — that experience which to Lowell was always so stimulating — the veiled sorrow of a passerby, and all the other individual semblances that lurk behind the masses' collective atti- tude. Most of such written observa- tions are still in the experimental stage; at best are vignettes requiring a larger vision to lift them to real worth. Even Mr. Masefield's researches of the gut- ter, though bearing the authentic colors and intonations, are usually but raw material. One has only to compare one of his vagabonds with Wordsworth's poor Michael, simple character as the latter is, to feel the fundamental lack in much of such work. Yet there are features of the city which can stir the imagination to trans- forming power. Admitting that the chirp of the sparrow cannot compensate for the lark's wild delight or for Philo- mel's sorrow, yet the city, too, has its whirr of wings and gush of song. In- cidentally, it may be asked, has no city-dweller, stopping in the country, ever mistaken the note of a brook for a distant train? One American poet, Mr. Chester Firkins, sees sufficient poet- ic excitement in a subway express: I, who have lost the stars, the sod, For chilling pave and cheerless light, Have made my meeting-place with God A new and nether Night — Have found a fane where thunder fills Loud caverns, tremulous; — and these Atone me for my reverend hills And moonlit silences. A figment in the crowded dark, Where men sit muted by the roar, I ride upon the whirring Spark Beneath the city's floor. In this dim firmament, the stars Whirl by in blazing files and tiers; Kin meteors graze our flying bars Amid the spinning spheres. It was perhaps too fanciful to dis- cover in the Brooklyn Bridge, as one poet did, a great harp which softened by the breath of the sea the city's harsh music. Yet it illustrates an increasing endeavor to get behind the man-made metropolis and to reach its inner mean- ing. We commend to such writers that great witches' caldron which lies in New York over St. Paul's and near Dy the Singer building, where twilight merges into a thousand starry spaces and circling vapors cast a spell. Man builds, as man built Babel, and scarce- ly has he finished when his edifice is in- vested with a spirit on which he never reckoned and which only the seer can understand. Foreigners have wondered why our writers have done so little with the blast furnaces of Pittsburgh. Well, one poet, at least, has given us a notable picture of a smelter on a hillside, like a Cyclops, looking down on the city. Not only the city proper, but the spectacular handiwork of the city wherever found, is quickening more and more our young poets' fancy. For Mr. Percy Mackaye the automobile can also be a Pegasus. The following lines are a portion of his sonnet on that topic: Fluid the world flows under us: the hills Billow on billow of umbrageous green Heaved us, aghast, to fresh horizons, seen One rapturous instant, blind with flash of rills And silver-rising storms and dewy stills Of dripping boulders, till the dim ravine Drowned us again in leafage, whose serene Coverts grew loud with our tumultuous wills. Mr. Stephen Phillips, though without much success, has laid hold of the aero- plane. These new tendencies are most in- teresting, yet whether they will change the complexion of poetic imagery it is too early to say. Mr. Firkins, in the passage quoted, has described his feel- ings in the subway in the terms of the older poetry, using, that is, details which have a long poetic tradition. The strict modernist would, of course, object to this method by pointing out that it is almost as archaic to liken the sub- way to "fanes" and "firmaments" as to sing of Greek temples and the stars di- rectly. It is indeed a question whether the poets of the present can, even if they would, dispense with "lyric Apollo" and all his kin. Mr. Mackaye, in the one instance cited, has, it is true, con- fined himself to a language of motion and sound which seldom harks back. But as a general rule poetry will hardly achieve desired sweep and perspective without drawing on the poetic associa- tions of other days, and especially of the free out-of-doors. Wherever mere man, plodding for his daily broad — be it in a sweltering summer of the East Side or In the humdrum of a Wall Street

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Dec. II, 1913J The Nation 559 office — looks up and feels the stir of oth- er things, Pan has piped for him. The muse of the country and that of the city are really first cousins, only one of them just now bears the ignominy of being styled a "country cousin." SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT OF CHRISTMAS. It has long been felt that something should be done to curb the excesses of the Christmas spirit. Beginning about a month before the 25th of December, a large part of the world falls victim to the most extravagantly benevolent impulses. The shops become filled with jostling crowds of careworn, irritable persons who glare at one another and exhaust their ingenuity in efforts, usual- ly vain, to get the clerks to pay some attention to them. The evenings of the home are given over to discussions, now and then verging upon the acrimonious, as to what presents shall be purchased and where they shall be sent. This is often varied by conjectures as to what is likely to be received, and from whom. It is an inspiring spectacle. Everybody is thinking about giving. Finally, the long-awaited day arrives. The packages are opened. The doubt whether Cousin Kate would send anything or not is clear- ed up. With the strain of all these de- cisions removed, and their consequences known, there ensues a brief period in which people give way even more com- pletely to the impulses of good-will. They exchange greetings with some show of warmth, inquire after the pros- perity of those who do them any small service, and forget, for the moment, that business is business, and that life is short. It is sometimes as much as ten days after Christmas before normal conditions are restored. Will our descendants believe that it was not until the second decade of the twentieth century that the world was aroused to the viciousness of this an- nual debauch of kindness? Will they believe that it was actually necessary to form societies in order to keep our better selves from getting the better of us? Such must be our humiliating con- fession. The first step towards scien- tific management of Christmas was the preparation of lists of gifts, so that no debt, hanging over from the previous year, should go unpaid. But this was not immediately followed by another. People were still so completely under the control of their unregulated im- pulses that they gave without thinking whether their gifts were useful or only representative of sentiment. Fathers still brought drums and horns to sons who were in dire need of books on "How to Study." Mothers still presented their daughters with dolls instead of copies of the election laws. And the amount of cards sent round, from hand-painted ones to those bought by the gross, stag- gers the imagination. From this in- temperance of generosity we are just emerging. Its shadow is yet over us, so that we are not always absolutely sure of the distinction between the useful and the sentimental. But we are learning. The worst effect of the unregulated Christmas spirit is that it lulls our nat- ural suspicion of our fellows. To such an extreme of guilelessness has this car- ried us that the Police Commissioner of a great city has thought it necessary to issue an official warning. Don't forget, he says in substance, that this is in reality the same old lost world that it has been from the first. Christmases come and Christmases go, but human nature goes on forever. In particular, don't pay for C. 0. D. packages until you have taken a look at them, and satisfied yourself that they contain some- thing that you have ordered. Don't tempt your fellow-man by displaying what money you happen to have about you. Don't leave the room in which a messenger has delivered a parcel until the messenger has gone. Don't permit your cashier to hand out change before he has the piece of money he supposed himself to be changing. Don't leave your automobile unguarded in the street. Now, a careful person would be more or less apt to observe all of these injunc- tions v at any season. The point of the Commissioner's warning is that at Christmas the individual is inclined to be so soft-hearted as to become the prey of the designing. How foolish to imag- ine that everybody is benevolently in- clined merely because you are! The good citizens of that town may endeavor to obey the Commissioner. But it will be a bit hard at first to look upon the person next them with one gracious and one suspicious eye. This, of course, is only because scientific management of Christmas is so new. As soon as we have had time to get accustomed to it, we shall be able to stare any messen- ger-boy with a C. 0. D. package out of countenance while making him feel per- fectly at home by the ardor of our greet- ing. We shall have no trouble in cry- ing "Merry Christmas!" to the obliging stranger who directs us to the street we are hunting, in a tone that lets him know that we are not to be caught off our guard. It will become second na- ture for us to give the newsboy and the bootblack the little remembrance we have been in the habit of giving them, in a manner that tells them as plainly as words that we are not so "easy" as they may think we look. It is a high scientific ideal, but we shall manage to attain unto it. Whether it will be worth the trouble it will cost, is a question; it might even be easier to spread a little of the better part of the Christmas spirit over the rest of the year. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. Almost before Indiana had acquired its statehood an historical work of some dis- tinction was written and published on Hoosier soil. "The Sketchbook" and the "Leatherstocking Tales" had not yet ap- peared; William Cullen Bryant had pub- lished "Thanatopsis" only two years be- fore, when the village of Salem, lying among the hills thirty miles north of Louisville, made its debut as a publishing centre. It was before the days of railway or telegraph, and steamboats had only, be- gun to appear on the Ohio. Paper, type, and presses had to be hauled by wagon from Louisville. The State capital was at Corydon, and the site of its successor, Indianapolis, was still unbroken forest. Salem itself was a backwoods village, yet, as county seat, already boasted a weekly paper; and it was in this little one-room office that the work in question, a biography of Na- poleon, was published. In 1818, when this book appeared, its hero still had half his dreary imprison- ment at St. Helena to undergo. The title page reads : "The Life / of / Bonaparte, / late Emperor of the French, / &c, &c, &c, / from his birth until his departure / to the / Island of St. Helena, / by a citizen of the United States. / Salem, Indiana, / Printed by Pat- rick & Booth. / 1818." It will be observed that the author's name is not mentioned, and this omission has given rise to a deal of speculation. Some have thought that Mr. Patrick, the senior member of the pub- lishing firm, himself wrote as well as print- ed the book. Another and more interest- ing theory attributes the composition to a German or Polish officer who had served on the staff of Marshal Ney and with him had undergone the horrors of the Russian cam- paign. He had appeared in Philadelphia in 1815, shortly after the final catastrophe at Waterloo, in a state of destitution, and had gradually drifted westward till he set- tled at length in southern Indiana. He gave his name as Lehmanowskl (or Lema- nowslti), though some of those who came

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5<JO The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2528 to know him best declared later that it had originally been Lehnuum. Finding a widespread interest in Napoleon throughout the West, he prepared and delivered In many places a series of lectures on the career of the great captain, of whom he was a warm admirer. In private conver- sation he told many thrilling experiences of his own, declaring that he had taken part in 125 battles in the army of Napo- leon. Among other things he gave a cir- cumstantial account of the supposed execu- tion of his old chief, Marshal Ney, and of that hero's escape and his life in this country. While it is not possible to prove this officer the author of our book, there are several bits of evidence which have weight. First, the book itself is written with entire confidence of statement, and displays an acquaintance with the acts and words of Napoleon which is natural enough in one who had personally known him. Many documents, too — decrees, proclamations, speeches, etc.— are given bodily, some of which do not appear in much larger and fuller works. There is, furthermore, the direct testimony of an early resident of Salem, who knew Lehmanowski intimately, to the effect that he was the author; and this is reinforced by the assertions of Lehmanowski's own sons. Yet with all this, the proof falls short of certainty. As to the volume itself, it measures 4x7 inches over all, is printed on a tough, sub- stantial paper, and bound in full calf. The type is approximately 9-point, with a rather small face. There are occasional errors in the typography, mostly of single letters, but on the whole it is a fairly "clean" and ci editable piece of work. About one-third of the 257 pages of the biography are de- voted to the first thirty-five years of Na- poleon's life, and the rest to the history of his reign as Emperor. Only one short chapter— hardly more than five pages— is expended upon his early years, the second chapter opening with his marriage to Jo- sephine. Three chapters contain the story of the Italian campaigns which first re- vealed his genius to the world; then two are given to his Egyptian enterprise, and another two to his gradual absorption of supreme power as consul. The author's attitude towards his sub- ject is revealed in this paragraph: To a philosophic mind no spectacle could be more interesting than that which France presented at this period of her his- tory. It was the spectacle of a great na- tion which, after breasting the storms of a more terrible revolution than any that history records, was again forced back by a mighty combination of foreign powers to the point from which she started — to the sway of a family whom she had driv- en with ignominy from the throne and whose expulsion had been sealed by the blood of millions of her people. . . . The house of Bourbon was driven from the throne — for more than twenty years France remained steadfast in her aversion to that family; she waded through oceans of blood and endured every privation — the bravest of her warriors have fallen and the great- est and wisest of her patriots and philoso- phers have been sacrificed to confirm the expulsion of a dynasty which they de- clared incapable of reigning in conse- quence of its multiplied crimes. But vain have been her efforts! The iron hand of force has succeeded in dethroning the man who, with all his faults, has contribut- ed more in the fourteen years of his pow- er to the prosperity and glory of France than had been achieved for centuries be- fore; and in the vacant throne they have put a member of the proscribed family of Bourbon, a man of imbecile character, an enemy to all those glorious recollections which can alone console France under her present misfortunes; a king, in short, who has avowed himself indebted for his crown to the ancient and unrelenting foe of the nation he was about to govern. Such was the humiliating picture which France pre- sented at the period of Napoleon's abdi- cation. The explanation of the rout at Water- loo is one which a soldier of the grand army might have been expected to endorse. After mentioning the arrival on the field of the Prussians under Bulow and Blii- cher the author goes on : At this period a panic, strange and in- comprehensible in men who had distin- guished themselves by such unparalleled heroism before, was observed to have seiz- ed some troops of the middle guard, which immediately communicated itself to those around. The Prussians availed themselves of the moment and sprang forward to the charge, followed by the English army, and the effect was decisive. . . . Such was the issue of the ever-memorable battle of Mount St. John or Waterloo; a battle which cast a darker gloom over the destiny of France than any which has loured in her horizon since the day of Agincourt. Yet, fatal as the result was, the conflict shed a ray of glory on the arms of France of which defeat cannot rob them. For three days the French fought the armies of Prussia and England, com- manded by their ablest generals, and vic- tory attended them to the last hour, when it was snatched from their grasp by a fortuitous event which no skill could have anticipated. The history closes with the exile's em- barkation on the Northumberland, but in a brief appendix is given a two-page de- scription of St. Helena, followed by lists of the members of Napoleon's family, the kings created by him, and the nobility of his creation. The little book is readable and in the main remarkably correct, es- pecially when its early date is consider- ed. Unfortunately not more than five copies are known to be in existence, and even the State Library of Indiana, which makes a specialty of State history and lit- erature, has been obliged to be content with a typewritten copy. Hugh Macmaster Kingery. Correspondence OPIUM IN THE DUTCH EAST INDIES. To the Editor op The Nation : Sir: In your issue of November 13 I find a communication from Mr. Bertrand Shadwell, dated September 18, which con- cludes with the remark that, if the Dutch East Indian Government "could be In- duced, In the Interest of humanity, to re- nounce its profits [on the SSUe of opium] and to close its opium manufactory, the practice of the opium vice in Java would cease at once." Mr. Shadwell's implied wish is shared by many, but a formidable obstacle lies in the path of its realization, to wit, precisely those profits he rightly calls very large since the revenue derived from the opium monopoly in the Dutch East Indies exceeds the outlay by more than 200 per cent. As regards her renouncing this lucrative If unholy traffic, Holland has always shown herself perfectly willing to engage in any amount of talk while reserving her liber- ty to shun parallel action in the interest of humanity as a totally different mat- ter. Holland has consequently never lag- ged behind in joining opium conferences and congresses, bravely discussing condi- tions, and voting for or against amend- ments;'gladly extending her hospitality to the delegates of the participating coun- tries, lately assembled at The Hague. Hol- land furthermore, according to the pe- riodically recurring statements of her suc- cessive Ministers for the Colonies, takes nothing so much to heart as the moral and material welfare of the millions of in- habitants of her vast Asiatic possessions. But it is a curious fact that the louder she proclaims her determination to perform her colonial duties, the less chance these laudable intentions stand, by destiny's strange decree, of being translated into deeds— every one in her oversea dominions knows that. The opium vice has been imported into Java, not to forget the exterior possessions, and sedulously fostered expressly for the sake of gain. When the scandals of the opium farm began to cry to heaven, re- form was promised in the shape of the so- called Opium Regie. Government was going to restrain, gradually to prohibit, the use of opium by doing away with the Chinese middlemen, by preparing opium for native consumption in a Government opium manu- factory, and retailing it in Government opium shops, to be smoked in Government opium dens. And what now is the result of this fine measure? In the year 1903 I was clapped in jail, thanks to the power conferred upon Dutch colonial authorities by a mediaeval Press act, for predicting in the Batavia newspaper I then edited what since has happened and could not fail to happen, given Dutch colonial shortsighted rapacity. I foresaw, as any one might have foreseen, that the "reform" ushered in with a tremendous show of paternal care for the native population at the expense of the Dutch exchequer, would produce a dia- metrically opposite effect. In vindication of my protest, the opium habit has spread far beyond its former confines, and goes on spreading under the Government Regie worse than ever under the Chinese opium farm, with continually greater immediate profit to the aforementioned exchequer and corresponding greater loss, materially -and morally, to the peoples under Dutch colo- nial rule. The net gain, less than $5,600,- 000 in 1902, is estimated at $8,000,000 for the current year and $8,400,000 for 1914, while the actual net receipts will doubt- less enormously exceed the latter sum, since the Government estimates referring to this shady source of revenue are, for obvious reasons, kept very low. Yet official and non-official spokesmen of the Dutch and Dutch East Indian Gov- ernments declare solemnly in official, semi- official, and non-offlclal statements on each- and every occasion that they are stamping out the opium vice In the Dutch East In- dies—not the only fiction assiduously main- tained: mundus rult decipi, tfffO il'iipinliir. No wonder that the colopial •XCfillenotM, comfortably retired after their diligent application of this golden rule, meeting at their clubs or in the street, can htri lly

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Dec. ii, 1913J T li e Nation 5G1 refrain from smiling, like the Roman augurs, when looking at one another. J. F. SCHELTEMA. Edinburgh, November 24. DIALECT IN LITERATURE. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: When In doubt as to the merits of a literary dispute, consult Goethe. What he says concerning dialects seems to me to have a direct bearing on the subject re- cently discussed in the columns of the Hation. I translate from the second part (sixth Book) of "Wahrheit und Dichtung." I had been born and bred to use the Up- per-German dialect, and although my fath- er always cultivated a certain purity of language, and early called the attention of his children to what may be regard- ed as the defects of that idiom, preparing us thus for better speech, I still retained certain deep-seated and naive peculiarities, of which I had grown fond. I liked to air them, though by their use I invariably in- curred a severe reprimand from my new fellow-townsmen. [He was living in Leip- zig at the time.] . . . The Upper-Germans, and particularly those who live near the Hhine and Main (great rivers, like the sea-coast, diffuse general animation) are fond of expressing themselves in similes and allusions, and clothe sound common- sense in apt proverbs. Such language is sometimes blunt, though never out of place, considering its intent. Nevertheless, it can- not be denied that here and there a deli- cate ear may object to certain idioms. Every province loves its own dialect, for, properly speaking, the soul draws from it its very life-breath. But every one knows with what obstinacy the dialect of Meis- sen has lorded it over the rest, so that all other speech was almost excluded in that region. ... I was made to feel that I ought to eschew the use of proverbs, which, in- stead of beating about the bush, always hit the nail on the head. ... I was to forget all that, in the ardor of my youth, I had made my own. My inmost heart was, as it were, struck dumb, and I scarcely knew how to express the commonest things. Withal, I was told that one should speak as one writes, and write as one speaks ; while to me speaking and writing were absolutely two different things, each of which had its own rights. Elsewhere, in reviewing a play, written in the Alsatian dialect, Goethe deprecates the "consolidation of the various German dialects as a means of promoting national unity." This, he said, would only lead to "the destruction of the real character of the nation." He thought dialects "a per- fectly legitimate outgrowth of youthful im- pressions and of the concurrence of the organs of hearing, speech, and thought." Now, what Goethe says of the German language is equally true of another. But, in speaking of dialect, we must distinguish between long-established speech and passing slang, between what is homely and permanent and what is vulgar and ephemeral. True poets have at all times known how to put exist- ing dialects to effective use. In the most cultivated literary circles of northern Ger-* many the popularity of Fritz Reuter's plattdeutsche poems and stories is as great as is that of Hebel's "Alemannische Ge- dichte" in southern Germany. The charm of Rosegger's and Anzengruber's Styrian peasant speech is as real as that of Burns's Scotch idiom, which has captured the whole world. Some lines in Tenny- son's "Northern Farmer" are as striking as the polished verse of "In Memoriam." Gerhart Hauptmann's Silesian dialect Is often telling; his Berlin dialect never is.: Our "coon songs" are, indeed, generally vile, but in Foster's negro melodies the words seem as truly poetic as anything! ever set to music. Uncle Remus's negro prose continues to live and delight. Mis- tral has enriched Provengal speech until it has become, as has been said, the classic vulgate of the Felibres. Some dialects, such as the Pennsylvania Dutch, seem in- capable of furnishing poetic inspiration; others, like that of the mountaineers of Tennessee, when handled by as able a writer as Miss Murfree, have made their entrance into literature. Whether "hoosier" poetry deserves to be seriously discussed in a journal like the Nation depends en- tirely on the question whether we esteem the man who writes it a real poet or not. GUSTAV POLLAK. Now York, December 5- THACKERAY'S "LITTLE BILLEE." To the Editor of The Nation : Sir: In your issues of November 6 and 20 the News for Bibliophiles contains dis- cussions of the source of Thackeray's "Lit- tle Billee." The London Academy of July 12, 1884, has a letter on the subject by "E. G." (Edmund Gosse?), and there are other letters in the numbers for July 19 and August 16. The first letter contains the text of "Le Petit Navire," quoted from Melusine, I, 463. In the second number, which contains three letters, there is a \ rendering into Greek, and Alfred Nutt re- marks: "The 'Petit Navire' is a catch as familiar in France as the 'Three Blind Mice' in England. Every boy and girl throughout the country knows it by heart. There can be no doubt that Thackeray picked it up during his stay in France, and simply adapted it." Albert S. Cook. Yale University, December 4. CELT AND KELT. To the Editor of The Nation : Sir: When freshmen talk about "Kelts" something should be done. This barbarism — Kelt — came into fashion presumably some time after the late Professor Freeman had indulged his fancies of spelling — fancies hardly outdone by Robert Browning. The Hellenism of both men was picturesque, and it was pleasant to observe the freedom of these masters. Upon what authority — save that of a growing desire to be different from others — have Kelt and Keltic thus come into use? The answer would seem simple enough : a dictionary will clear up the matter. Cu- riously, I have found no single instance where Kelt and Keltic have been cited as warrant for this use. In one dictionary only is precedence given to Kelt over Celt, and that is in Liddell and Scott's Lexicon, though why it should be given first when later in the text "/kXtikos — Celtic. Gallic," is not apparent. The last edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica has no entry un- der Kelt, Keltic. The Standard and New International Dictionaries give Kelt as a variant for Celt, with no authorities; and the New International relegates Kelt to the fine print at the bottom of the page. Al- though the 1908 edition of Brockhaus's Kon- versationslexicon enters the name under Kelt for treatment — a cross-reference from the bare word Celt — the Wbrterbuch of Fliigel- Schmidt-Tanger enters only Celte, celtisch. Harper's Latin Dictionary naturally gives Celtic. From the French sense of the fitness of things one could expect only Celt, celtique, recognized in the dictionaries of that self-respecting language. And the Spaniards observe Romance tradition in Celta, celtico, etc. The real humor of Kelt is most keenly perceived in reading the long list of per- fectly natural English words, Celt, Celtic, etc., given in the Oxford Dictionary. Celt has been a normal form since 1607. Its origin is obvious; and nouns, adjectives, and adverbs have been made from it for 300 years. Celtic scholars in Great Britain have found Celt and Celtic quite good enough for their modest, not to say reverent, use. He would be rash who questioned Whitely-Stokes's taste or good sense in writing Celtic. Nor have Celtic scholars on the Continent felt bound to adopt an initial K for the word because the Greeks used it. The Zeitschrift fur Celtische Philologie suggests that Kelt is not uni- versal in German university circles. When Holder gave the name to his monumental "Alt-Celtlscher Sprachschatz" he did not affect a pedantic superiority to the usaga of the vernacular. Who shall defend this barbarism in Eng- lish? Kelt and Keltic are the only forms admitted in volume one of the Cambridge "Mediaeval History." Who will accept the# challenge thus thrown at the historical evi- dence for Celt offered by Oxford? In plain terms, is not Kelt a mere affectation? W. P. Reeves. Kenyon College. Gambler, O., December 3. SWINBURNE BIBLIOGRAPHY. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: May I solicit the aid of your read- ers in my attempt to render more nearly complete my bibliography of books, articles, and poems by Swinburne? This bibliog- raphy, tentatively published as an appen- dix to the new collection of Swinburniana entitled "A Pilgrimage of Pleasure," is ad- mittedly incomplete. It does not, however, pretend to mention articles or poems which have been gathered into volumes by Mr. Swinburne or his executor. It does aim to list all first editions and such essays, stories, and poems as Mr. Swinburne has not seen fit to reissue in book form. I shall be exceedingly grateful for such assist- ance as your readers may give me in my effort to publish a complete checklist of Swinburniana. Edward J. O'Brien. South Yarmouth, Mass., December 4. INSOMNIA. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: The remedy for insomnia contrib- uted to your Issue of December 4 may be called a mental method. There is a strict- ly physical method that often works suc- cessfully, as I and others have found. Get a woven rubber bandage from a surgical supply store and wind it around the chest, so that an appreciable exertion must be put forth to expand the lungs. The addi- tional effort required to breathe will in ft very short time relieve the congestion that

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52 T lie Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2528 is causing the trouble. The bandage must not be so tight as to cause real difficulty in breathing, or it will defeat the purpose de- sired. Oscar Woodward Zeigler. Baltimore, Mil., December 5. Literature HOLIDAY BOOKS.— II. * Dickens is naturally among the novelists brought out for the holiday season. Of the quarto "Old Curiosity Shop" (Doran; $5 net) the distinguishing feature is the illus- trations in color by Frank Reynolds, R.I. It is not every novel that admits of being elaborately illustrated to the satisfaction of those who treasure their own mental images of its characters; and when the thing does admit of being done, there are still a hundred ways of going astray in the execution. But Dickens's story of Little Nell, and her grandfather, and Sampson Brass, and Sally Brass, and Quilp, and Dick Swiveller is precisely of the kind which good pictures cannot hurt; and Mr. Reynolds has made capital ones — at once good to look at and chiming in with our notion of the characters. Mrs. Gaskell, of "Cranford," was not a towering genius, but her work was sterling, and it has worn well. Dodd, Mead & Co. have issued her "Wives and Daughters" ($1.50 net) in a pleasing volume of 641 pages, with many illustrations. The print is small, but remarkably clear. There is an interesting analytical and critical pre- face by Thomas Seccombe, sketching and estimating Mrs. Gaskell's literary career as a whole, but devoted chiefly to this work. "The characters," says Mr. Seccombe in closing, "are as difficult as ever novelist attempted, the success as great as ever novelist achieved." Very slender are the princesses and much bewigged are their suitors in Kay Niel- sen's illustrations of the fairy tales which, retold by Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, form the text of the happily named volume, "In Powder and Crinoline" (Doran). Sir Ar- thur complains of a plentiful lack of fairy stories of the age of crinoline, but has made shift to find three, including one of his own. A charming book from Doran's is Bar- rie's "Quality Street" ($5 net). Here we have, owing to the brevity of the work, a quarto sumptuous in its heavy paper and large type, with illustrations by Hugh Thomson— some in color and some in black and white — of a rare delicacy and piquancy. Those to whom the play, as given by Maude Adams, is a delightful memory, will enjoy having that memory refreshed by the text and pictures of this attractive volume. Two essays, believed to be hitherto un- published, one by Charles Dudley Warner and the other by Walt Whitman, are put forth by the Carteret Book Club of New- ark in editions limited to one hundred copies. Warner's essay is a short appre- ciation of Charles Dickens, of whom it re- marks that half an hour "is worth a lifetime of his self-conscious analyzers." Whitman begins his essay, which is on lem," by suggesting that he may be going to write upon something that does not exist. But he thinks that It might ex- ist, and, if of the right kind, "might ar- rest, hold up to scorn, and in due time thoroughly exterminate, a false and vicious scbool of current writers, and might pre- pare lor, beget, and bring forward to ma- turity, crops of noble writers and even poets, instead. But this," he also thinks, "is supposing a stature of Critics and Criticism ... far higher than British or European literature has even yet af- forded." Robert Haven Schauffler has written a "Romantic America" (Century; $5 net). There is a robust text to carry the hand- some illustrations, which is not always the case with your volume de luxe. It is no disparagement to the galaxy of artists who have collaborated with the writer — Maxfield Parrish, Joseph Pennell, Andre Castaigne, Anne Bosworth Greene, Harry Fenn, and Henry Guy Fangel among others — to say that without their work the book would still be a vivid portrayal of the charm of American landscape and our older archi- tecture. Much of the material is necessa- rily preordained— the Grand Canon, the Yosemite, the Yellowstone, New Orleans, and the colonial homes of old Virginia; but the familiar stuff is freshly handled. The volume is a handsomely printed quarto. One of the most elaborately wrought books of the present season is "Parsifal, or The Legend of the Holy Grail, Retold from Ancient Sources, with Acknowledg- ment to the 'Parsifal' of Richard Wagner," by T. W. Rolleston, presented by Willy Pogany (Crowell; $6 net). The 192 pages have been reproduced by lithography in two colors, each page, including the lettering, being the work of the artist. There are sixteen plates in full color, besides nume- rous marginal designs. Though not distin- guished, the heroic couplets in which the legend is told move for the most part smoothly. From the same publishers comes a new edition of the "Rubaiyat" ($1.50 net), in less expensive style than that issued by them two years ago. Though the size of the page has been slightly decreased and the weight of the paper reduced, the new edition has been printed from the same plates as the more elaborate volume, and has the same number of illustrations (twenty-four) in full color. The work of the artist, Willy Pogany, is too well known to require description. Henry van Dyke's "The Toiling of Felix," a poem based upon the "sayings of Jesus" discovered in a papyrus fragment near the Nile in 1897, receives holiday recognition in an edition containing illustrations in color by Herbert Moore and border decora- tions by Edward B. Edwards (Scribncr; $1.50 net). Another book of verse is Rob- ert W. Service's songs of travel and ad- venture and sentiment, well named "Rhymes of a Rolling Stone" ($2 net), which has been brought out by Dodd, Mead with pho- tographic reproductions of many of the scenes described or alluded to. The first poem tells the story of the book: There's sunshine Id the heart of me, My hiood Kings in the breeze; The mountains are a part of me, I'm follow to the trees. My golden youth I'm squandering, Sun Libertine am 1 ; A- wandering, n- wandering, U11MI Ihe day I die. Walt Whitman's "Leaves of Grass" ap- pears in handsome holiday colors (Dutton; $6 net). As the text for her illustrations Margaret Cook, the artist, has apparently taken Whitman's verse, "I am the poet of the Body and I am the poet of the Soul," and has attempted to poetize the several stark masculine figures called for by the text by a mirage of colors and blurred out- lines; but she has had better success with the figures of women. The cover, which illustrates the title, is most effective, be- ing nothing more than a few sprigs in gilt superimposed upon a background of dull green cloth. Youthful readers and many who are not so young will find pleasure in the pages of "The Book of the Sagas" (Dutton; $2.50). Even in modern English Thor looks every inch a hero. But the English version, made by Alice S. Hoffman, would be much better if the trick of introducing sentences with "and" had not been overworked and the sim- plicity of the original Icelandic had not been falsified. The illustrations by Gordon Browne, R. I., several of them in glowing colors, are in themselves worth the price of the book. Mr. Max Beerbohm has chosen an oppor- tune moment to issue his "Fifty Carica- tures" (Dutton; $2 net). Funny and clever at any time, they are delicious at just this season when between the drums and tramp- lings of Sir Edward Carson and Mrs. Pank- hurst English statesmen have taken on a harassed look. Sir Edward Carson himself appears, or rather not himself, being con- ceived as something like a combination of the devil and a lily pad. But this is the only case in which the artist has permitted sym- bolic value to blur life-likeness. Outstand- ing personalities of other nations are rep- resented, such as Caruso, Hauptmann, and Rodin. A number of illustrations, four of them reproductions in color, may explain the in- clusion of Fromentin's "Masters of Past Time" (Dutton; $2.50 net) among the special holiday books. For those who do not know the "Maitres d'Autrefois" in the original this English version may be recommended. ASSYRIAN RELIGION. Die Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens. Von Morris Jastrow, jr. Three vol- umes. Giessen: Alfred Topelmann. In 1898 Professor Jastrow published bis "Religion of Babylonia and Assy- ria," in a series of handbooks on the History of Religion edited by him. In 1902 appeared the first part of a trans- lation of this work into German, under the title, "Die Religion des Babyloniens und Assyriens," a somewhat unusual ex- perience for an American author. In the announcement accompanying the first part of this translation, the com- plete work was promised in ten parts within a year, revised by the author and brought up to date. As the work progressed this original plan was chang- ed several times, until at last, after elev- en years, we have three bulky volumes, together with a portfolio of Illustra- tions, containing in all some 1,800 pages against less than 800 pages In tho orig-

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Dec. ii, 1913] Tlie Nation 563 inal. As the pages in the German are considerably larger than those in the English volume, the new German work may be said to be, in the matter of text, three times as large as the orig- inal English work. This difference in size is not, however, the only difference between the two books. The last seven chapters, or about one-half of the orig- inal English work, dealing with cosmol- ogy, myths and legends, future life, temples and ritual, and containing final- ly a general summing up, are altogether omitted from the German volume, which, in spite of its larger size, is therefore as yet a torso. Dr. Jastrow attempts to present an exhaustive treatment of the omen and magical literature of the Babylonians. Through the first four- teen chapters the difference in contents and in size between the two books is not great — 252 pages in the English to 272 pages in the German. It is when he begins to deal with the magical texts that the change takes place. The result is that the book is strangely out of pro- portion. The first 272 pages, constitut- ing the first half of the first volume, are part of a handbook of the history of the religion, like the original English edition. The remaining two volumes and a half are, in continually increas- ing ratio, a collection in full or by con- tent of all known magical texts, pray- ers and hymns, penitential psalms, and more especially oracles and omens of every description, particularly the omens derived from the examination of the liver and the study of the heavens. As might be expected from the length of time consumed in this immensely painstaking work, with the constant ad- dition of new material as a result of ex- cavations in progress, or new discov- eries in old material through decipher- ment of texts theretofore unknown, Pro- fessor Jastrow has undergone various changes of opinion in the process of publication. The pages dealing with the history and relation of the various forms of wedge-shaped writing, in the earlier part of the work, had to be re- written later, and, similarly, the views first expressed with regard to the Su- merian language, which Professor Jas- trow did not believe existed, were changed and modified later, the proof of the existence of that language having become too convincing for him longer to refuse to accept it. With all the wealth of material which he has pre- sented, Dr. Jastrow yet finds himself obliged to apologize in the preface for various omissions, especially a treatise on the Elamite language by Dr. Hiising, omitted for lack of space, and speci- mens of purely Sumerian hymns and penitential songs. The latter omission he promises to repair in another work, which is to treat also the material cov- ered in the latter chapters of the orig- inal English volume, not included in the present book. We wish, by the way, that in his preface the author had followed Anglo-American rather than German custom, and omitted altogether polemical references to his critics. Naturally, the relatively dispropor- tionate space allotted in this book to the discussion of omen literature gives the reader the impression that this was the real content of the Babylonian-As- syrian religion, and, in point of fact, in ordinary practice, magic did consti- tute, during a considerable part of its history certainly, the religion of Baby- lonia-Assyria, as it did of Egypt. This is evidenced by the great mass of this literature which has been handed down to us. Dr. Jastrow has deserved well of scholars, especially by his study of the omen texts. The more important re- sults of this study have already been noted in the columns of the Nation as the different parts of the work were issued. To many students, however, and to readers in general, the most interesting and valuable part of this whole publi- cation will prove to be the "Bilder- mappe zur Religion des Babyloniens und Assyriens," a portfolio of pictures deal- ing with or in any way illustrating Babylonian religion, 226 illustrations in all, with about 100 pages of text. As in the case of the omen literature, Pro- fessor Jastrow has sought to make this pictorial representation of Babylonian- Assyrian religion exhaustive, and he has, in fact, assembled here, if not all, at least all of importance, from the mon- uments of various sorts, including the seal cylinders. We note a few places in which the collection might have been enlarged to advantage, especially the parts dealing with the temples and zig- gurats, and with burial and the future life. In some cases, also, the pictures lack clearness; but, on the whole, Dr. Jastrow has accomplished his difficult task well, and the text accompanying the pictures is, in general, a sane and helpful interpretation of their meaning. The illustrations from the seal cylin- ders were selected by Dr. William Hayes Ward, who also wrote the text accom- panying. With these explanations and with Dr. Ward's general view of the Babylonian religion and its relation to neighboring cults, we do not find our- selves always able to agree. On page 105 he says: "The genuine Babylonian art nas carefully avoided everything ob- scene," "and he accordingly refers the figures of naked goddesses upon the cyl- inders to northern, particularly Hittite, influence, or ascribes the cylinders to other than Babylonian sources. In point of fact, sexual representations are ex- tremely common in the figurines found in the temples of southern and middle Babylonia in the very earliest period. Indeed, the temples are full of sexual symbols, both male and female, in the earliest period very crude and literal, and gradually assuming conventional forms. One does not need, after exam- ining the remains found in these tem- ples, to read Herodotus's account in or- der to be convinced that the sexual cult was very pronounced in the Babylonian religion. We think there is more of it on the cylinders than Dr. Ward has real- ized, although there is less there than in the images and figures to which we have referred. This is not the sort of thing that can be published in extenso, and Dr. Jastrow wisely exhibits very little of it in his pictures. He does, however, recognize its existence in the religious art. The last volume is provided with most elaborate indices, including a diction- ary covering in all almost 150 pages. They represent a colossal industry. One curious geographical error should be corrected in any future edition. The procession of the gods, in plate 98, is described as: "Grosse Felsenskulptur zu Malatia in Anti-Taurusgebirge." The real place is Maltai, about thirty miles due north of Mosul. CURRENT FICTION. Here Are Ladies. By James Stephens. New York: The Macmillan Co. Mr. Stephens is a poet, and so declar- ed himself by issuing two volumes of verse before. With "The Crock of Gold" he showed mastery of humorous and imaginative prose. That was an un- usual book, and the critic could only vaguely range it with "Alice in Wonder- land" and "The Water Babies" — which is to say, very much above and beyond books merely conventional or merely clever. "Here Are Ladies" is almost as unusual. The short papers here collect- ed are not quite stories — certainly not "short stories" in the American sense. They are "sketches" rather, scenes and situations presented on their own mer- its, as Maupassant, for example, often thought them worth presenting. These sketches arrange themselves for the most part in triads, as "Three Heavy Husbands," "Three Women Who Wept," "Three Happy Places," and so on. In most of them Mr. Stephens plays with the perennial subjects of romancer and satirist, women and marriage. But his play is mirthful, seldom merely face- tious, and never merely bitter; his hu- mor is that of a poet masking as a satir- ist. Taken by themselves, some of these pages, like certain episodes In "The Crock of Gold," may shock "the gentle reader," but their extravagance is (to compare small things with great) that of Rabelais rather than that of Swift A deep vein of romantic feeling under- lies all this display of cynicism, and crops up in the Intercalary verses which offer so sharp a contrast, on the surface, to the prose text. Mr. Stephens deals with types rather than persons. For example, the first of

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564: T h. e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2528 his "heavy husbands" is the silent man. Having thoughtlessly exposed himself to matrimony, lie looks forward to the wed- ding ceremony as the beginning of a life- time of conversation: It lay, therefore, that he must amend his own hand, and, accordingly, for the pur- pose of marital intercourse, he began a sad inquiry into the nature of things. The world was so full of things; clouds and winds and sewing-machines, kings and bri- gands, hats and heads, flower-pots, jam and public-houses — surely one must find a little to chat about at any moment if one were not ambitiously particular. But the dread moment arrives and he finds himself dumb: As he sat in the train beside his wife the silence which he so dreaded came upon them. Emptiness buzzed in his head. He sought diligently for something to speak about — the characteristics of objects! There were objects and to spare, but he could not say — "that window is square, it is made of glass," or, "the roof of this car- riage is flat, it is made of wood." Suddenly his wife buried her face in her muff, and her shoulders were convulsed. . . . Love and contrition possessed him on the instant. He eased his husky throat, and the dreaded, interminable conversation be- gan— "What are you crying for, my dear?" said he. Her voice, smothered by the fur, replied: "I am not crying, darling," said she; "I am only laughing." Perhaps the real charm and strength of the book lie in the fact that it is a man's book; a book free of the drawing- room conventions, decent or indecent, which now obsess our fiction; a book with the free and hearty voice of one honest man speaking to another in his shop or at his club. Telle the Conqueror : Boyhood. By Mar- tin Anderson Nexo. Translated from the Danish by Jessie Muir. New York: Henry Holt & Co. When this first of the four parts of this novel appeared some seven years ago, its author was hardly known even in little Denmark. Now he is famous there; and as his work has the sturdy human quality, which is of all qualities most likely to weather the risks of trans- lation, we see no reason why he may not reach a world-wide audience. He writes from his heart and his experi- ence. Like his hero, he fought his way up from the humblest origin and the least promising conditions to a place of dignity and influence. Pelle is the conqueror, because he is born, and never ceases to be, the captain of his soul. Nexo, like Pelle, passed his boyhood on the prosperous little island of Bornholm in the Baltic, where work and fair pay offered themselves to the starving farm laborers of Sweden and Denmark. Pelle is hardly more than a child when his old father brings him to Bornholm. They find a foothold upon one of the larger farms, and there, how- ever precariously, they stick throughout Pelle's boyhood. Stone Farm is a little world in itself; we hardly step beyond it in the course of these pages. The master, Kongstrup, is a big, thriving, earthy fellow, kind enough to his men, but a devastator among women. Life at Stone Farm involves much of the sav- agery, the wreaking of primitive emo- tions, which our newspapers gloat over, and our novelists (perhaps wisely) ig- nore. This writer neither gloats nor glozes over the simple facts of rural life, as he has learned them from experi- ence. His people of Bornholm are un- couth, unclean, lewd, but, above all, hu- man and lovable, if not likable. No fig- ure among them is less imposing or even respectable than Pelle's father, poor old Lasse, with his bragging cow- ardice, his belated gallantry, his innate feebleness of mind and soul. And yet there is something infinitely touching and even engaging about him. This in- effective, prattling, tippling drudge among the cowsheds has a heart of his own, and blood in his veins. Pelle, the young and strong, loves him. Their parting, when the time comes for Pelle to set out upon his great adventure, wrings them both, almost speechless though it be. Pelle held out his hand. "Good-by and thank you, father — for all your kindness!" he added gently. "Yes, yes; yes, yes!" said Lasse, shak- ing his head. It was all he was able to say. He went out with Pelle past the out- houses, and there stopped, while Pelle went on along the dikes with his sack on his back, up towards the highroad. Two or three times he turned and nodded; Lasse, overcome, stood gazing, with his hand shading his eyes. He had never look- ed so old before. . . . Now Lasse turned' and went in. How forlorn he looked! Pelle felt a quick de- sire to throw down the sack and run back and say something nice to him; but before he could do so the impulse had disappear- ed upon the fresh morning breeze. His feet carried him on upon the straight way, away, away. . . . Sons and Lovers. By D. H. Lawrence. New York: Mitchell Kennerley. It is hard to see why the author chose the coal fields of Derbyshire as his set- ting, and for his hero the son of a min- er, unless, indeed, he wished to imply that the free thinking and free living of a certain fashionable London society have penetrated, like the tango and the victrola, to the lower classes. The story will leave a gloomy impression on most readers. It is too strongly grasped and wrought out to be negligible, and will force many, in spite of themselves, to accept it as a true picture. As to the general background, there can be no question that the writer has his eye on the object. Life in the Morel house- hold, hard as it Is, is no more severe than an occasional miner's wife has to contend with. Mrs. Morel is obliged not only to wring enough from her hard- drinking husband to make both ends meet, but to bear him children in rapid succession; and the early chapters also relate her struggle to maintain the ideals to which before marriage she has been accustomed. In this battle lies the book's real charm and pathos. The moth- er's relation to her children, especially two sons, is described with the firm knowledge that brings conviction. The second son, Paul Morel, is the cen- tral character of the story. Having learn- ed to paint, though he continues in a clerkship throughout the book, he is promptly endowed by the author with all the heartache expected of great genius. He loves Miriam, the attractive daughter of a farmer, yet cannot marry her because she is too shadowy. In- stead, he claims her body, and, passion having cooled, is convinced that his soul requires pastures new. He has a sim- ilar and more extended relation with a young married woman living apart from her husband, and again interprets the vicissitudes of physical desire in spir- itual terms. At length his mother dies, after long-drawn-out suffering with can- cer; rather, her actual end is accom- plished by him by means of an overdose of morphia, intended, one must believe, not only to relieve her anguish, but his own as well. Then nothing is left for him. Miriam offers to marry him, but he refuses, and walks forth into the night. Paul's "affairs" are the indulgence of an egotist, whose egotism has no large transforming power. "LABBY." The Life of Henry Labouchere. By Algar Labouchere Thorold. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. $4.50 net. This is a book of varied and sustain- ed interest, but somehow fails to be completely satisfying. This fact, how- ever, may be a subtle recommendation. A life that was, in some senses, manqud, does not go ill with a biog- raphy that here and there is broken and disappointing. The work is full and conscientious, though occasionally marred by carelessness; it is quite with- out hero-worship or family pride; but it is a thing of sections and glances rather than a consistent and unified whole But so, too, was Labouchere. Mr. Thorold quietly assumes that he was "the greatest English wit since Sheridan." Thla might be challenged on several grounds. It would be like "Lab- by" to challenge it by remarking thai Sheridan was Irish and Labouchere was I'Yi 11. h. Such ho indubitably was not only by descent but by cast of mind :|'"l aptitude of expression. The crisp turn of his eplgramB and paradoxes reached

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Dec. ii, 1913J The ISTation 565 London by way of the Seine. One of them is well said to be inconceivable as coming from lips right English. It was his saying of a Parliamentary col- league— Bradlaugh, of course — that "the mere denial of the existence of God did not entitle a man's opinion to be taken without scrutiny on matters of greater importance." This is one of the class of utterances which led some to dub La- bouchere Voltairian. The resemblance is not thoroughgoing. But the quality of whimsical cynicism was bred in his French blood. He began to be audacious with his tongue in boyhood, and kept it up until almost literally the day of his death. A few hours before his end at Florence, an attendant upset a spirit- lamp by his bedside. Labouchere was startled out of his comatose condition, noted the glow, and said, "Flames? Not yet, I think," and quizzically laughed himself off to sleep. It recalls the Tal- leyrand story of the "souffrances de l'enfer" and "Quoi, deja?" Labouchere warmed his hands at many different fires of life. He was fond of travel, dabbled at the diplomat- ic career a few years, until his supe- riors could no longer put up with his freakish impudence; was for a time in Mexico, thought he admired the Unit- ed States — if he had lived here, Heaven knows what he would have said about us — was theatrical manager, journalist, Radical member of Parliament, and free lance in all. His escapades were as numerous as his witticisms. Both were doubtless fathered upon him, after the fashion of giving such things to him that hath. He himself had an embroidering memory; some of his early adventures, as he loved to recount them in smoking-rooms or write them out in Truth, lost nothing in the frequent re- telling. Many of them are set forth in these pages, and make amusing read- ing. They have been quoted endlessly — especially his retorts and verbal quips, which we are asked to believe were never stair-case wit. But, indeed, the evidence is ample that Labouchere was extraordinarily ready, as he was amaz- ingly adroit. And his manner is said to have been perfect. His whimsicali- ties were uttered with quiet delibera- tion, and his most terrifying audacities were accompanied hy an air of bland simplicity. This no doubt helped to give him his reputation in the House of Commons, where his set speeches were less attended to than his guerrilla inter- ventions in debate. In the latter he was unexcelled for airy hanter, for witty characterization, and for deft punctur- ing of pomposity. The points at which Labouchere touch- ed public life are clearly indicated by the author. As part proprietor of the Daily News, Labouchere found him- self in Paris in 1870, sent away the regular French correspondent, himself stayed through the siege and got out his letters by balloon. His work as observer and reporter was capital and brought him deserved fame. The other journalistic repute — if such it was — which he won was as owner and editor of Truth. Its present editor, Mr. Ben- nett, furnishes a chapter detailing La- bouchere's insouciant connection with that picturesque toy— for such the pub- lication long was to him. That a thing which he took up for amusement came to bring him in a good deal of money which he did not need, only added to the piquancy of the experience. His best labor he long gave to politics, un- til successive disappointments made him somewhat out of humor with pub- lic life. Party interest reached its highest in him about 1886, when he was doing his best to persuade Cham- berlain to support Irish Home Rule and thereafter make himself Radical Prime Minister. The letters which passed be- tween the two at that crisis are of more historical interest than anything else in the volume. We see here that Cham- berlain was nearer than had been sup- posed to agreeing to a modified Irish bill. But at the last moment he shied off, and Labouchere never forgave him. Nor did he ever expect again to live to see a Radical party triumphant. This was his greatest political disillu- sion. Next to it came Gladstone's refusal to invite him into the Cabinet in 1880, and Rosebery's to send him as Minister to Washington. The reasons are not very clearly given. Probably the deepest one was that Labouchere was not really taken by the English as a serious man. This is not to say that he was not sin- cere. Yet for a man horn rich, a cos- mopolitan, a professed wit, to announce himself a Radical of the deepest jet, was a little too riluch. for the ordinary Englishman. He could not help suspect- ing a pose. He joined in the chuckles provoked by the man, yet, after all, could not get over thinking of him as "Our Labby." So it was that the high- est ambitions were necessarily frustrat- ed. Yet Labouchere was not embittered. He kept a brave and smiling front to the world. Nor was his final retirement to Florence a retreat. Buying Michael Angelo's villa, he turned it inside out with refittings, observing that "old Michael knew nothing about the com- forts of a modern establishment, and it was time that he should learn them." There he passed his last years, surviv- ing, in a way, his own reputation, but kept warm to the end by enduring friendships. Our Eternity. By Maurice Maeterlinck. Translated by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50 net. The good fortune of Maeterlinck in his translators continues undiminished: an English Maeterlinck, if such existed, would propose few emendations in the limpid, fluid, and undulant prose of Mr. Alexander Teixeira de Mattos's version of "La Mort," now republished in a re- vised and much enlarged edition; for the grisly title, "Death," the grandiose "Our Eternity" (Dodd, Mead) has been substituted. Maeterlinck opens his argument by distinguishing the moment of death, the articulus mortis, from its formidable concomitants and environs, sickness, physical corruption, and retributive tor- ment— discriminations logically sound, but put forth with a little more com- placence than belongs properly to the mere act of "rectifying the frontiers" of a definition. In a chapter partly deriv- ed from a former essay, "L'lmmortal- iteV' he proceeds to demonstrate the un- likelihood of the permanent survival of the ego; the eternization of that trickle of memory in which he finds the frail and insubstantial nucleus of the ego impresses him as unreasonable. The logic in this section is subtle and astute, though, in deprecation of the emphasis on memory, a critic might suggest that what we demand in a future life is not so much continuity as proprietorship, the warmth and intimacy celebrated by William James, and that the difficulty in dissociating the two is a mere acci- dent of our temporal existence. The new chapters, iv-viii, deal with theosophy, psychical research, and re- incarnation. Maeterlinck's expertness in dialectic is really remarkable in a master of intuition, and his perfect craftsmanship is shown in the ease with which he adapts the spare and meagre syllogism — so prone, from Euclid to Macaulay, to the use of detached, stac- cato forms — to the sweep of his own flexible and vibrant periods. His wari- ness in the matter of so-called manifes- tations is truly admirable, and will sur- prise only those who have failed to con- sider that the mystical imagination, which is his prime faculty, is adverse to that appetite for signs and tokens which drives the unimaginative to seances suggestive of the recognition scenes at the winding-up of a Plautine or Terentian comedy. There is an amen- ity in Maeterlinck's incredulity that is almost without precedent; the burly, aggressive skepticism of Huxley and the feline Gibbonesque skepticism were both familiar to us, but the genuinely hu- mane, the winning, caressing skepticism that emanates from Saint Wandrille is almost a literary novelty. The author notes that spirits are loquacious as to the old life, but reticent as to the now, and doubts if experiment has educed any facts inexplicable by the aid of telepathy, clairvoyance, and suggestion. There follow two curious chapters on The Two Aspects of Infinity and Our Fate in these Infinities, in which the

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5<D& The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2528 old distinction between being and becom- ing, the resting and the flowing uni- verse, is expounded with an eloquence which, in its common leaning towards the sidereal and the metaphysical in- finite, recalls the speculations of Plo- tinus. In these roamings of the adven- turous imagination on the high seas oil thought, Maeterlinck shows the enter- prise, the zest, the controlled exultation, of the true explorer, and his inability to find a port (a failure which evokes in him an austere joy) provides new occa- sions for the exhibitions of his seaman- ship. It is hardly to be wondered at if, in these careerings through infinity, his particular theme seems almost to under- go that submergence which he foresees for the human personality. In the final chapter, Conclusions, af- ter hesitating between the two theories of a consciousness modified beyond rec- ognition, even self-recognition, and ab- sorption in the cosmic consciousness, Maeterlinck inclines very tentatively to the latter. In the one point in which he manifests a premature and indiscreet certainty, his temperament has got the better of his logic. He insists that in this new existence we cannot be unhap- py, since we should be parts of infinity, and a self-torturing infinite is inconceiv- able. The fortitude that enables the uni- verse to put up with the toothaches and heartaches in the section of infinity known as earth is left without explana- tion. The book as a whole will consolidate, if it does not raise, the reputation of its author. The presumptions of fragility and tenuity in the thought which a hasty reasoner might deduce from the aerial and exquisite style are not veri- fied by a scrutiny of the logic. With- out technical completeness or basic orig- inality, the work merits the praise of impartial temper, an alert critical spirit, acute and circumspect reasoning, duly circumscribed and wisely tentative con- clusions. Early Memories. By Henry Cabot Lodge. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50 net. "The world of Boston, when I opened my eyes upon it," writes Senator Lodge in the course of what he hints is the first instalment of an autobiography, "was a very small and simple world as I look back at it now in the glare and noise of the twentieth century. There was an abundance of gayety, but expen- ditures were small. Everybody knew everybody else and all about everybody else's family. Most people were related, for in the small colonial communities of the eighteenth century the established families had intermarried in a manner most bewildering even to the trained genealogist. Yet the extreme familiarity and ease of intercourse which I now ob- serve among young men and young wo- men entirely unrelated did not then ex- ist. However intimate people might be, a certain formality of address was thought to be demanded by good man- ners." This selection is characteristic of the volume, in which comment and airing of views accompany, sometimes clog, the narrative. Three pages are re- quired to express Senator Lodge's ab- horrence of the excessive magnanimity of some Northerners, who in their zeal virtually confess the justice of the posi- tion of the South in the Civil War. The expansion in the size and power of for- tunes also is a text for a long discus- sion; and the hurry of our time, with its consequences for the art of letter- writing and form in general, distresses the Senator greatly. It is all the more interesting, there- fore, to come upon a note which an Eng- lishman, Henry Greville, made in his diary in 1858, when the future United States Senator was eight years old. Wrote Greville: "An amusing letter from Fanny Kemble, dated Nahant, U. S. (a favorite sea-bathing place near Boston), received to-day, says: 'How you would open your eyes and stop your ears if you were here! This enormous house is filled with American women, one prettier than the other, who look like fairies, dress like duchesses or femmes entretenues, behave like house- maids, and scream like peacocks.' " This is sufficient evidence of Senator Lodge's judicial attitude towards the era of his childhood, and, indeed, he expressly denies being a laudator temporis acti. Yet a reader of a book of reminiscences may be forgiven for wishing a maxi- mum of memories and a minimum of moralizing. Of memories, there are, nevertheless, a goodly supply, and of a character for which one must be grateful. Although the story stops with its narrator's en- trance into public life, its continuance so far is enough to include a list of famous names like those of Rufus Choate, Evarts, Sumner, Phillips, Gov. Andrew, Motley, Parkman, Bancroft, Longfellow, Lowell, Holmes, and Emer- son. Not all of the best anecdotes are about the immortals. It was Dr. Bige- low, for instance, who was suggested by Lodge's father as the final court of ap- peal, when Lodge and some of his youth- ful friends, having announced their in- tention of going in swimming immedi- ately after a heavy luncheon, found that their notions of the proper time for vio- lent exercise ran counter to those of their elders. The boys went to the doc- tor, and put their question. He looked at them with a quizzical smile, and said: "I should not do it myself, but nothing hurts boys. Yes, you may go in." Sure enough, no evil results followed. One of the epigrams of Francis E. Parker, the lawyer, is worth quoting. Of a friend whom he in reality loved, he remarked: "If he had lived in the Middle Ages, he would have gone to the stake for a principle under a misapprehension as to the facts." Upon the occasion of a din- ner for Porfirio Diaz, a Mexican Senator asked Lodge what he thought of the guest of honor. Lodge answered that he looked rather stern, as if he would not hesitate to shoot an enemy before break- fast. "Shoot an enemy!" exclaimed the Mexican. "I have known him to shoot three hundred enemies before break- fast." There is a certain timeliness in one of the anecdotes about Evarts. On go- ing to the polling-place in New York one election-day, he was told by the election clerk that Mr. Evarts had already voted. "Has he, indeed?" said the lawyer, plea- santly, as if there were no such thing as fraud in an election. "I hope he vot- ed right." Sumner was not a wit, but there was keenness in a remark he made to Gambetta, after the two men had been discussing the situation in France. "Ah, M. Sumner," said the French lead- er, "il nous faut un Jefferson!" Sumner replied: "Trouvez un Washington, M. Gambetta, et un Jefferson arrivera." And, finally, there is the happy descrip- tion made by Lowell, upon a Commence- ment Day, of one of the early benefac- tors of Harvard: "There is William Pennoyer, of whom we know nothing except that he comes down to us in the most graceful of attitudes with his hand in his pocket." Nothing is of greater interest in a life story than the turning-points. As it happens, Senator Lodge can put his finger upon the influences that deter- mined him to become a public man and writer. He grew up without much thought of what he should be and do. It was not necessary that he should earn his bread; and no particular spirit of ambition had been aroused in him when, a few weeks after his graduation from Harvard, he set out for Europe with his bride. That winter, in Rome, he found a classmate, named Simpson. This man also was wealthy, but was pos- sessed of a longing to give his life to lit- erature and public service. Association with him fired Lodge with the same de- termination. A few weeks after they had parted, Lodge heard of his death, whereupon he wrote of his new idea to Henry Adams, whose course in mediaeval history in Lodge's senior year had been his first stimulus "to anything resem- bling active thought." Adams replied encouragingly, and a year later, when he became editor of the North American Review, made Lodge his assistant. While engaged in this work, Lodge went through the Harvard Law School. He was then appointed a lecturer at Har- vard in American history, which posi- tion he held for three years, resigning it in 1879. The next year he was elect- ed to the Massachusetts House of Rep-

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Dec. II, 1913J The ]STation 567 resentatives, and began his political ca- reer. Familiar Spanish Travels. By W. D. I lo a ells. New York: Harper & Bros. $2 net. Those who have read "My Literary Passions" will recall Mr. Howells's youthful enthusiasm for "Don Quixote,'' "Lazarillo de Tonnes," and other mas- terpieces of Spanish fiction. In later years he found kindred spirits in writ- ers like Palacio Vald6s and P6rez Gald6s, whose realism, like his own, is relieved by abundant humor and an op- timistic outlook upon life. It is sur- prising, therefore, that Mr. Howells waited until his seventy-fourth year be- fore visiting a land in which he had long dwelt in imagination, and which meant so much to his friends, Longfel- low, Lowell, and Hay. Readers of the present volume will rejoice that in his case Spain did not prove to be the un- attainable Carcassonne. His tour was the conventional one embracing Burgos, Valladolid, Madrid, the Escorial, Toledo, Cordova, Seville, Granaday Ronda, and Algeciras. He never strayed from the beaten track. All told he lingered only six weeks in Spain. We have, therefore, that com- parative novelty: a book of Spanish travels, the author of which does not pose as an authority or a romantic ad- venturer. And yet Mr. Howells had his adventures, of the same comfortable sort so often experienced by his own fictitious personages. Not even one who travels first-class by the Sud-Express and frequents, when possible, the dou- ble-starred hotels, can quite escape them in a land where, like the Knight of the Rueful Countenance, "we may plunge our hands up to the elbows in what they call adventures." And when in Spain adventures fail, there are always misad- ventures for the traveller to fall back upon. Happily, Mr. Howells experi- enced none of the latter more serious than his cold reception in Burgos, where he sat shivering beside a steamless ra- diator, and his failure to draw upon his letter of credit after a wait of several hours in a Valladolid bank. We cannot help thinking that if he had put up at a humbler hotel he might have basked before a comforting brazier. One al- ways pays dearly for luxury in Spain. And was he, we may ask, playing the part of a Roman in Rome when he ex- pected a Spanish banker to honor a let- ter of credit on the very day when it was presented? Mr. Howells's experiences make excel- lent copy. He is plainly most interest- ed in human types and the trivial inci- dents of travel. The reader must not expect him to go into ecstasies over the Alhambra. He wisely refrains from at- tempting to out-Irving Irving. Instead, he disarms criticism by confining his narrative to his own personal experi- ences. Mr. Howells's powers of close observation have not diminished with years. Every travelling-companion, cabman, servant, and blind beggar whom he met was made the subject of sympathetic study. In describing these types his genial humor and kindly phi- losophy find free play. On the whole, Spain has left upon him a pleasant im- pression. He experienced no more dis- illusion than was to have been expected. The title is well chosen. Writer and reader meet on familiar terms, and on ending the book one feels that one has himself made a pleasant tour in de- lightful company. Drawings by Nor- man Irving Black and Walter Hale add attractiveness. Great Debates in American History. From the Debates in the British Par- liament on the Colonial Stamp Act (1764-1765) to the Debates in Con- gress at the Close of the Taft Admin- istration (1912-1913). Edited by Marion Mills Miller. 14 vols. New York: The Current Literature Publish- ing Co. This collection is a very different sort of thing from a set of "The World's Best Orations." In those, the speeches are isolated, and are read as much for their literary as their political values. The present undertaking is rather to be compared with Benton's "Abridgment of the Debates of Congress from 1789 to 1856." The speeches are grouped by subject; sometimes they are quoted in full, sometimes in part, sometimes mere- ly summarized, and the historical cir- cumstances of their delivery are given, together with some account of the de- velopment of the legislation which they influenced. The word "debates" is in- terpreted in these volumes in a broad sense, as they include a digest of the Federalist, the Dred Scott decision, partly verbatim, partly in summary, and Lincoln's Gettysburg address. Each volume has an introduction in the form of a paper on some matter 01 public interest, although not all of these were written for this series. From an address of Senator Lodge, for instance, is drawn "The Constitution and Its Mak- ers"; from one by Charles Francis Adams, "The Doctrine of Equality and the Race Problem"; and from one by President Van Hise, "Control of Trusts by Commission." Among the others who contribute introductions are Woodrow Wilson, Walter H. Page, Henry Watter- son, Ida M. Tarbell, President Hadley, and Senator Burton. Each volume is il- lustrated with a photogravure of a pub- lic man or public event, such as Patrick Henry delivering the "liberty or death" speech, or Lincoln signing the Emanci- pation Proclamation, and also with re- productions of cartoons. In the preface is a selected bibliography of collections of American speeches. There are two indexes, one of persons and one of sub- jects. A work of this kind, done at all well, cannot but be exceedingly useful. As evidence of his industry, the editor lets us know that he leafed every page in the records of Congressional debate, and that these contain two billion words. Better proof, no*t only of his industry, but of. his judgment, is to be found in the text of the volumes resulting from this truly terrifying survey of verbosity. To take an example, the Webster-Hayne debate is introduced with a summary of its parliamentary history, while for a further discussion of the subject of pub- lic lands, out of which the debate arose, the reader is referred to debates on the homestead laws in a subsequent volume. After a brief description, in the lan- guage of contemporaries, of the scene when Webster arose to make his reply, we have the preliminary debate on "Con- solidation," the debate proper on "Dis- union by Nullification," with a cross-ref- erence to a digest of Madison's "Report on the Virginia Resolutions," cited by Hayne, the latter's almost forgotten re- buttal speech to Webster's great effort, and, finally, Benton's caustic commen- tary of a few days later upon the posi- tion of the Massachusetts Senator. The subjects treated range from the Stamp Act and the supremacy of Par- liament as discussed in both England and America through State rights and the tariff, including Canadian reciproc- ity, to child labor, pure food, woman suffrage, and the regulation of railway rates. All of these are arranged for the investigator with conscientious intelli- gence. The volumes put at the disposal of the student a mass of material, much of which has hitherto been buried so deep as to repel every one but the most persistent. Notes Macmillans will have ready shortly "The Philippines," by Dean C. Worcester. Count llya Tolstoy has arranged for the publication on both sides of the Atlantic of an English translation of his recollec- tions of his late father. The Rev. J. P. Mahaffy has been appoint- ed vice-provost of Trinity College, Dublin. Professor Dowden's place in the same col- lege has been filled by Mr. William Fitz John Trench, formerly professor of Eng- lish literature in Queen's College, Galway. Henry Holt & Company announce that they are about to publish the January issue of a new quarterly, to be called the Un- popular Review. In the mind of the editor "there is great need for the dissemination of some disagreeable truths." The prospec- tus states that

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568 The JSTation [Vol. 97, No. 2528 Most of the fallacies now popular depend upon vague notions that the republic can prosper with one law for the rich and another for the poor; that something can be had for nothing; that it is unnecessary to better the man in order permanently to better his estate; that the march of pro- gress should be tuned to the pace of the slowest; that policies can rise higher than their source, and that wisdom can be at- tained by the counting of noses. Though fault-finding will be a necessary part of its policy, the Review "will dwell upon remedies more gladly than defects, and . . . will be optimistic — spontane ously, though cautiously, optimistic." The titles of the articles in the first issue will be: "The New Irrepressible Conflict," "The Majority Juggernaut," "The Democrat Reflects," "The New Morality," "Professor Bergson and Psychical Research," "Two Neglected Virtues," "The Unfermented Cabinet," "A Needed Unpopular Reform," "Our Tobacco: Its Cost," "Our Alcohol: Its Use," "The Microbophobiac," "The Standing Incentives to War," "The Machin- ery for Peace," "En Casserole— Short Pieces on Tobacco and Alcohol, Answering Big Questions, Decency and the Stage, What's the Matter with Our Colleges? Proportionate News, Simplified Spell- ing." Mr. M. A. de Wolfe Howe calls our atten- tion to an error in a footnote in Norton's "Letters" (corrected in a later printing of the book) which was copied in the essay on Norton in the Nation of last week. "In- stead of saying that John Adams and John Quincy Adams were both descended from John Quincy, the note should have ascribed this descent to John Quincy Adams only. John Quincy was his mother's ancestor, not his father's." The Boston Public Library has issued a second revised edition of its "List of Books for Boys and Girls." It includes authors, titles, and subjects in a single alphabetical arrangement, the subjects being intended to meet requirements of the schools and to cover the range of chil- dren's interest. There are about 4,500 en- tries in the list, the alertness of which is indicated by the fact that there are ref- erences to fourteen Boy Scout books. We have received from the Clarendon Press the twentieth edition of the "Oxford University Handbook," which is the stu- dents' handbook revised to September, 1913. "The Complete Poems of Paul Laurence Dunbar" have been issued by Dodd, Mead & Co., in a single volume, with W. D. Howells's introduction to "Lyrics of Low- ly Life." The poetical works of Oscar Wilde have been added to Crowell's Astor edition of the poets, with a biographical introduction by Nathan Haskell Dole. The Oxford University Press announces the publication of "English Church Archi- tecture," by Francis Bond, author of "Gothic Architecture in England." The work is of an introductory character, such as is required by the general reader with no previous knowledge of the subject. It is fully equipped with glossaries and in- dexes, and contains 1,400 reproductions of photographs, sketches, measured drawings, plans, and sections. It is in two volumes, demy quarto. It is not perfectly clear from the preface to the Highways and Byways volume, "In the Border," just what portion, if any, of the actual writing was done by Andrew Lang and how much was left to his brother John Lang. Apparently both brothers had been gathering material together, but the composition is entirely the work of the sur- vivor. This, however, is a matter of curios- ity only. As it stands, the book is worthy of the unvaryingly excellent series which Macmillans have had the good fortune to carry through. Whether this account of the Borderland is as interesting to a particular reader as the other volumes have been, will depend on the attraction for him of the dour deeds of the Douglases and Percys and their like, compared with the more civilized literary traditions that prevail in the South- ern counties. But there is humor, too, in Mr. Lang's pages, besides the romance of ruthless feuds. As an example of this we may cite the story of the exciseman from the Highlands who used to sit under the nose of the Rev. Mr. Ramsay of Kelso, and scribble notes during the sermon with a keel-o-vine (pencil). Pausing in his dis- course one day, and looking straight at the offender, the preacher cried: "My brethren, I tell ye, except ye be born again, it is as impossible for you to enter the Kingdom of Heaven as it is for a Hielander no to be a thief! Man wi' the keel-o-vine, do ye hear that?" As might be expected, the book has much to say of trout fishing, but generally in a tone of lamentation for fac- tory-polluted streams and glories that have departed. It may seem desirable on many accounts to include a life of Jane Austen in the English Men of Letters series (Macmillan), but it is unfortunate that the author of this volume, Mr. Francis Warre Cornish, should have been so recently preceded by the excellent and official biography from the hands of Mr. William Austen Leigh and Mr. Richard A. Austen Leigh (noticed in the Nation, October 2, 1913). There was really nothing left for Mr. Cornish to say in the way of biography, and he has, possibly for that reason, devoted most of his chapters to a running comment on the novels. Here his criticism of the characters is shrewd and has the pleasant flavor of talk about people with whom one is intimately ac- quainted, but one cannot take much interest in the analysis of the plots. In attempting to reproduce the atmosphere of the country life which surrounded Jane Austen, it may be objected that Mr. Cornish rather over- draws. "The depth of Steventon leisure [a vile phrase] is indicated," he exclaims, "by the fact that Mr. Austen used to read Cowper aloud to his family in the morning." Such leisure seems to Mr. Cornish, look- ing from the superiority of a generation accustomed "to enhance life by locomotion," to be mere "vacuity." "London: An Intimate Picture" (Mc- Bride), is an attractive title, but the au- thor, Mr. H. J. Forman, unhappily fails to live up to its promise. As one reads, the dull conviction grows that this sort of thing has been done before, and done bet- ter. The author confesses himself an ar- dent lover of London, and we are glad to take him at his word; but not all ardent lovers have the gift to frame love fllttiM 'pusulng rare And sing tuem to 11 Imly fair, and we can only regret that Mr. Forman's achievement should fall short of the excel- lence of his intentions. To be intimate, one must be sympathetic, and sympathy is the quality that appears to be especially lacking in Mr. Forman's descriptions. He faithfully tells us who lived in such and such a house, and frequently adds some historical data concerning the place or the personage ; but this is not intimacy. Even when he comes to such a house of tragedy as Lady Hamilton's he will hardly pause in his businesslike progress down Piccadilly. Despite the presence of a chap- ter devoted to the Atmosphere of London and tributes to London's rains and fogs, "atmosphere" is exactly that which this book conspicuously lacks. That indefinable quality is only to be subtly conveyed and may not be consciously created. So far as the author's descriptions of London go, they are conscientious and accurate, but inti- mate they certainly are not. "I fear this is becoming a catalogue," he says, apolo- gizing for his account of St. Paul's Cathe- dral. A similar apology might be made for other chapters. Intimate knowledge of the matters con- sidered is evident on every page of "The Carolina Mountains," by Margaret W. Mor- ley (Houghton Mifflin). The varying atmo- spheric effects in the "Land of the Sky" and the "Sapphire Country," the customs and speech of the natives, the roads and the rivers, birds and flowers, Asheville and the moonshiners, are presented to the reader with a quiet enthusiasm that keeps the ac- count of them from becoming either a cata- logue or a mere exercise in rhetoric. In addition, glimpses are given of vanished or vanishing modes of life. So wide is the range of things comprehended within the writer's scheme that we are told of so ex- otic a development as Biltmore, with, how- ever, much more attention to the effect of the estate upon the economic life of those in reach of its influence than we get from, the ordinary travel book. The volume is a little larger than is necessary, as some his- tory and reflections are included that one finds oneself skipping. Mention should be made of the two dozen illustrations, almost all of which are from photographs by the author. Oliver Huckel's "Through England with Tennyson" (Crowell) suggests by its title- a not too serious or profound series of sketches. Indeed, these visits to literary shrines were executed with admirable fa- cility and dispatch, with the apparent ob- ject of "doing" the Tennyson country Id one short summer. Naturally some places, such as Dozmare (in this book called "Dozemary") Pool among the hills and bogs of Cornwall, were not visited at all. But such omissions can hardly perturb an au- thor who cherishes no ambition of making an original contribution to knowledge. The quotations and accounts that fill the volume are largely taken from a single source, Hal- lam Tennyson's "Memoir." The reference is seldom more explicit than "I also remem- bered having read somewhere," or "Some one has said." Sometimes it Is more definite but misleading. In describing Tennyson'B honeymoon at Conlston Lake he writes: "In this diary he [Tennyson] says of her [his wife] : 'I have known many women who- were excellent, one In one way, another

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Dec. ii, 1913] The ISTation 569 in another way, but this woman is the no- blest woman I have ever known.' " Now Hallam Tennyson, from whose account the saying is taken without acknowledgment, quotes it from a MS. of Aubrey de Vere as a remark of the poet to his friend while puffing a pipe In intimate converse. This holiday irresponsibility character- izes also Mr. Huckel's discussion of Tenny- son's poetry. The influence of surroundings on his poetry is of course too exacting a subject of investigation to be entered upon. The material of his poems must be dealt with in a romantic and nebulous manner. Of the ruins at Tintagel Mr. Huckel inno- cently remarks: "Some investigators con- tend that they cannot be quite so ancient as King Arthur's day." Our author is an adept on subjects where mistakes are diffi- cult. We read with wonder that Tennyson "was engaged on the 'Idylls of the King' for thirty years of his life." He then proceeds to enumerate "The Lady of Shalott" and "Morte d'Arthur," which certainly date from 1832 and 1833 respectively. He con- cludes: "In 1885 he completed the 'Idylls' by publishing 'Balin and Balan,' 'Geraint and Enid,' and 'The Marriage of Geraint,' which was really the first idyll of 'Enid' divided In two and completed." The facts are that "Balin and Balan" was published in 1885, but "Enid" had been divided in two parts, numbered i and ii, in 1884 under the title "Geraint and Enid." The titles for the separate parts were not introduced till 1888. To achieve these inaccuracies requires no special ingenuity, but to make thirty years stretch from 1832 to 1885 is not an ordinary feat. Erroneous statements and misleading conceptions about the most pop- ular poet of the nineteenth century might be viewed with a more tolerant eye if the narrative bore any special charm of per- sonal experience or wholesome enthusiasm for the great poet. "The Russian Ballet," by A. E. Johnson (Houghton Mifflin),, is a sumptuous holiday volume intended as a souvenir of the much- admired performances of the Russian danc- ers. There are numerous illustrations, many of them full page and colored, by Rene Bull. A brief history of the ballet introduces the volume, which includes the splots of sev- enteen of the most popular dances brought forward by Anna Pavlowa and the other Russians. With some recent additions to their repertoire the author is displeased, because of a tendency to "abandon dis- cipline and to run riot, achieving nothing and arriving nowhere." From San Francisco (Paul Elder & Com- pany) comes an exceptionally handsome volume, "The Old Missions of California," intended to be "a book as fine as the printer's art can make it." The missions are described in the order of their found- ing, and the author, Paul Elder, has culled facts from the writings of the fathers them- selves and from a score of volumes relating to them, including the exhaustive work, in several volumes, of Father Zephyrin En- gelhardt, now in process of publication. Among the illustrations are more than fif- ty duo-tone reproductions of photographs taken by Western artists. In all parts of Africa the influences of civilization are such that the primitive life, customs, and beliefs of the natives are fast disappearing. The record of these mat- ters, especially with reference to the negro, is found in Donald Fraser's "Winning a Primitive People" (Dutton). A member of the Livingstonia Mission, he came in 1896 to West Nyasa, which was then almost un- changed by contact with the Western world. On the high plateau to the west of the lake Nyasa lived two typical races, the Ngoni and the Tumbuka. The one was a conglome- rate of robust warrior tribes who had in- vaded the region from the south, the other was a weak and effeminate race whom they found there and had made their slaves. The sole occupation of the one was raiding, of the other to find shelter in the impenetrable forest. From his own experiences among them, Mr. Fraser is able to give a vivid pic- ture of early conditions. In his pages we see communities passing from indolence, ignorance, superstition, and lawlessness into thrift, intelligence, and well-ordered life. Where twenty-five years ago no na- tive had seen a book, or could count accu- rately beyond ten, there are now "250 schools and 15,000 scholars. There are 500 natives engaged in the work of teaching, and thousands of others who can read. They have schoolbooks, and pamphlets, re- ligious books, and above all, the Bible in the Ngoni and the New Testament in the Tumbuka language." All this has been ac- complished by the missionaries, aided since 1904 by the paternal oversight of the Brit- ish Government. The book contains 27 re- productions of photographs and two maps. Marshall Monroe Kirkman's "History of Alexander the Great" (Chicago: Cropley Phillips Co.) is a large volume sumptu- ously bound and adorned with illustrations that are purely imaginary but enlivening. Fully a third of his narrative is mere pane- gyric, and the shade of Alexander, who sighed for a Homer, ought now to be appeased. Not that we share the au- thor's belief that Alexander nowadays is popularly regarded as a "monster of blood and wine: a man of degraded personality whose unbridged (sic) passions and gross appetites overcame in him all sense of reason and justice" ; or that his reputation for intemperance "has destroyed the inter- est the multitude would otherwise feel in his personality." Even in our abstemious age we have not come to that. It is true that Niebuhr and Grote, with their eyes fixed on the glory that was Greece, and the achievements of the Athenian democ- racy, devoted much space to proving that Alexander was a filibustering barbarian who crushed the liberties of Greece. But who reads Niebuhr? And not even to Grote does the general reader turn for his con- ception, vague as it is. of the surpassing personality of Alexander. The Alexander the Great of the popular imagination, how- ever there enshrined, may be trusted to keep down the Alexander of critical his- torians who insist on permanence as a test of genuine achievement. Even President Wheeler's scholarly book in the Heroes of the Nations series, with its severely archae- ological illustrations, so different from Mr. Kirkman's elephants and scenery, make3 the best of such incidents as the murder of Cleitus. But he does not go so far as Mr. Kirkman, who declares that It was "an executive act," coldly calculated and to be approved by prudent men. Mr. Kirkman will hardly admit that Alexander died too young, lest anything should seem Imperfect in that "superhuman" and "godlike" ca- reer. In spite of these absurdities, Alex- ander's story is here well told, and while the average boy could not be induced to read President Wheeler's book with its careful analysis of all the conditions in Greece and the East, he will read Mr. Kirkman's rapid pages, and sympathize with his hero-wor- ship. We greatly fear that Prof. Henry C Emery's "Politician, Party, and People" (Yale University Press) will be misunder- stood by a good many of those who may happen to read it. The book, originally the Page lectures at the Sheffield Scien- tific School in 1912, attempts, apparently, an ethical survey of various aspects of po- litical duties and activities. Doubtless, it is legitimate, especially in the discussion of current problems, to raise questions rather than to answer them; but the way in which the thing is done, and the impli- cations which the author's statement of the case involves, are matters of some impor- tance. Shall a member of Congress prefer the interests of his district or State to those of the country? Shall the voter stay with his party when he does not agree with the party principles? Is the opinion of a leader more to be relied upon than the opinion of the people? The substance of Professor Emery's answer to these and many other similar queries is that these are serious and perplexing questions; that they often involve questions of conscience, that in dealing with them you have sometimes to act in one way and sometimes in an- other, and that, on the whole the balance of safety is on the side of party regularity. Perhaps, however, Professor Emery does not mean quite this; in which case we can only wish that he had stated his political philosophy with more precision. Incident- ally, the text, which preserves the familiar form of the lecture, ought to have been revised. There are numerous inelegancles, and on pages 42 and 58 are sentences that will not parse. "Beyond the Old Frontier," by George Bird Grinnell, is a new addition to Scrlb- ner's Adventure and Exploration series, ap- pealing particularly to the boy reader. Mr. Grinnell has not made the mistake of writ- ing down with malice aforethought to an arbitrarily assumed level of boyhood intel- ligence. The adult who has carried along enough of youth to relish stirring tales of adventure with Indians, buffalo, and other incidents of frontier life will find this a very readable volume, and after all there could be no better test of its fitness for boys. The book is made up largely of material from works now out of print, some- times quoted directly and sometimes given merely in substance. Alexander Ross, the Scotchman who was one of the early acqui- sitions of John Jacob Astor In his far West- ern fur-trading operations and wrote a book on "The Fur Hunters of the Far West"; George Frederick Ruxton, "Adven- tures in Mexico and the Rocky Mountains"; Lewis H. Garrard, "Wah-To-Yah and the Taos Trail," and John Palisser, an Irish- man who visited the American frontier In the late forties as a hunter and sightseer, are the authors upon whom Mr. Grinnell has chiefly drawn. "Unruly Daughters: A Romance of the House of Orleans" (Putnam) Is not a ro-

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570 rJT li e ]ST ation [Vol. 97, No. 2528 mance in the ordinary sense of the term, but an account of the doings of the six daughters of the Due d'Orleans, Regent of Prance. The author, II. Noel Williams, has now to his credit a long list of books dealing with the Court of France in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. He is familiar with the memoirs and with the best recent French literature on the sub- ject. He is accurate enough, and fair- minded enough, and knows his people well enough, and has written, in the present case, in a clear and sprightly, if some- what mechanical, style, a book which will doubtless prove entertaining to people who are interested in what Edmond de Gon- court called the "indiscretions of history." Mr. Williams himself seems inclined to write about people with tarnished reputa- tions, such as Pompadour, Du Barry, and the irresistible Due de Richelieu. People of that sort, however, may be important as well as notorious; and some of Mr. Wil- liams's books were well worth the doing. The main objection to the present under- taking is that the Regent's daughters scarcely merit so much attention; and of the six, those who receive most attention from the author deserve it least — the un- speakable Duchesse de Berry and Mile, de Valois. Still, familiarity with the Court of the Regent has this advantage: it makes the Court of Louis XV appear almost de- cent, and that of Louis XVI actually pu- ritanical ! "Before old age should make my hand falter, and the scenes and the faces of the past become indistinct in my memory, I desired to fix an image that is always with me," says M. Augustin Filon, the aged and devoted author of an excellent biography of Napoleon Ill's unfortunate son, "The Prince Imperial, 1856-1879" (Little, Brown). In 1867, when the shadows were still distant on the horizon, M. Filon was called from the Lycee at Grenoble to become tutor to the Prince Imperial. In July, 1870, the four- teen-year-old Prince started for the front with the Emperor, received his "baptism of fire," and in a boyish letter to his tutor described the French success at Sarre briick. But this success was swiftly fol lowed by the crushing Prussian blows and the mouse-trap at Sedan. M. Filon, who had remained at Paris with the Empress, telegraphed to the aides in charge of the Prince to make for Belgium, though not in the punning brevity which Republican enemies have merrily alleged: "Filons making myself known. Writing letters of condolence, harboring politicians, patting journalists on the back, hob-nobbing with them, and working with them to stir up social problems — that is what the head- strong call "making myself conspicuous." Others want me to travel through Europe willi a great retinue. I have turned a deaf ear. When one belongs to a race of soldiers, it is only with the sword in hand that one gains recognition, and he who wants to learn by travel must go far. The disaster at Isandhlwana gives me the op- portunity I want. The sequel is known. The Prince went with a party of half a dozen horsemen to look for a camping place near the Zulus. While the party was off its guard, preparing sup- per, it was suddenly attacked by Zulus, who had crawled up stealthily in the long grass. Most of the party managed to mount their horses and escape; but the Prince could not swing himself into the saddle of his frightened beast. He tried to defend himself with his revolver, but could not hold out against the overwhelming force of black spearmen. The spot where he fell, to which his mother made a pilgrimage the next year, is now marked by a simple cairn. M. Filon's devoted story of this boy's life is very human, with its good pho- tographs of the Prince's playmates, rooms, handwriting, and father and mother. It is also an authoritative biography, for in addition to his own intimate personal know- ledge, the author was allowed by the Em- press the unrestricted use of all her son's correspondence. In "Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament" (Oxford University Press) we have tor the first time a sub- stantially complete collection, in English translation, of the non-canonical Jewish writings of the period extending from 200 b. c. to 100 a. d. The work is in two hand- somely printed volumes, the first giving the Apocrypha, the second the Pseudepi- grapha; the general editor is R. H. Charles, of Oxford, well known as a scholarly stu- dent of this branch of Jewish literature. The first volume contains all the books commonly regarded as apocryphal (those, namely, given in the Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate, but not in the Hebrew Bible) except Second Esdras (Fourth Ezra), which, as claiming a false authorship, is put in the second volume; on the other hand, Third Maccabees, contrary to the usual custom, is inserted here. In the second volume are given Jubilees, the Letter of Aristeas, the Books of Adam and Eve, the Martyrdom of Isaiah, First Enoch, the It is not possible to take note here of the numerous and difficult critical and ex- egetical questions that arise in connection with the books included in the collection. It must suffice to say that the material is brought up to the date of publication (L. W. Batten's excellent volume on Ezra and Ne- hemiah, in the "International Critical Com- mentary," in which First Esdras is dis- cussed, appeared after the Oxford work was issued). A general introduction to each volume is furnished by Dr. Charles, and each book is edited, with introduction and notes, by a specialist. The various views held by scholars are stated and ex- amined, and extensive bibliographies are given. Thus the student of the non-canonical literature may gain a knowledge of the questions to be solved, even the most re- cent, and of the material available for their solution. He will find here also a view of the whole field, and will be able to compare book with book and critic with critic more conveniently than if he had to go to separate volumes devoted to the vari- ous books. The work will, doubtless, fur- ther the study of the Jewish thought of the period in question, a period remark- able for its religious and intellectual ac- tivity and important for the illustration of the New Testament. sur Belge.-Filon." From Belgium the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, the Prince crossed to England and joined his parents at Chislehurst. He was allowed to enter with English boys at Woolwich Academy, where he diligently studied the military engineers' course, and then passed on with the regular English officers to Aldershot. In 1879, after forty-eight hours of mental struggle, he made up his mind to ask to be permitted to join the English force which was to operate against the Zulus. His mother and the leaders of the Bonapartist party did their best to dis- suade him, but he replied in words (slightly ed which sound like an eel his great-uncle: All hopes are centred in my person; if that becomes great, the strength of the Imperial party becomes ten-fold. No one will be followed but a man of known energy, and my care has been to find a way of Sibylline Oracles, the Assumption of Moses, Second Enoch (the Secrets of Enoch), Sec- ond Baiuch (the Syriac Apocalypse), Third Baruch (Greek Apocalypse), Fourth Ezra, and the Psalms of Solomon; and, further, four books (Fourth Maccabees, Pirke Aboth the Story of Ahikar, and Fragments of a Zadokite Work), which, though not pseude- pigrapha, are added as reflecting certain ideas of the time. In regard to this ar- rangement in the two volumes, it may be observed that the Wisdom of Solomon and the Epistle of Jeremy appear under false names, and it is not clear why they stand in the first volume, while Fourth Ezra is removed to the second. The few Apoc- ryphal books omitted are of little or no Importance for the religions history of the time. MORE CHILDREN'S BOOKS. A little book which will appeal to a child's sense of humor as well as to his ideas of the "fitness of things" is Gelett Burgess's "The Goop Directory" (Stokes), wherein all people, from Marmaduke Argyll, who would insist on talking while eating, even to Rosie L. V. Trood, famed for playing with her food, are stamped both in pictures and verses for their coarse hab- its. As the author declares: In this Directory you'll see Just what you never ought to be. The illustrations are in accordance with the Goop curvatures, made famous in other volumes. Three once-upon-a-time stories by Eva March Tappan have been gathered together in a volume bearing the title "The House with the Silver Door" (Houghton). Silvery Girl and Silver Boy figure as characters in the first narrative. There are occasion- al drawings by Emily Hall Chamberlain. A brightly covered volume is "The Rose Fairy Book" (Doran), edited by Mrs. Her- bert Strang. Some of Perrault's tales have been retranslated, while Cinderella, All Baba, and Aladdin have been rewritten— shades of our honored classics! Even Red Riding Hood is grabbed from the jaws of death! The text is handsomely printed, and the pictures are plentiful. A story by Annie Fellows Johnston, called "Miss Santa Claus of the Pullman" (Cen- tury), is a mild narrative which seeks to reform young Will'm's idea of stepmoth- ers. At times the story borders on the sen- timental, but it is a book well suited to youngsters five and six years of age. Some years ago Dr. Headland gave us a »Ch e Mother Goose"; this year we meet lary Fenollosa's "Blossoms from a o Garden" (Stokes), a unique bou- quet of child-versos. Tho illustrations in color are by Japanese artists, dollcatoly

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Dec. n, 1913J T la e Nation 571 tinted and quaint In their Interpretative spirit. Juvenile dramatics are now a formid- able part of every boy's and every girl's education. Mrs. Emma Sheridan Fry has considered the subject in a handy brochure which she calls "Educational Dramatics" (Moffat, Yard). The manual is intended for teachers, club leaders, and amateur players. Stella G. S. Perry's "When Mother Lets Us Act" (Moffat, Yard) offers practi- cal suggestions for actual performances. If you would know how to make costumes and scenery, how to play statues, tableaux, pantomimes, and charades, this small book will give adequate explanation. "Plays for the Home" (Houghton Mifflin) consists of dramatizations, by Augusta Stevenson, of some of yEsop's Fables and the fairy tales of Grimm and Andersen — which reminds us that "Snow White," the children's play given so charmingly at Winthrop Ames's Little Theatre, has been Issued In book form by Dodd, Mead. There is a great field open to those who write small plays for children; such dialogues have to be kept as simple as possible. Martha Foote Crow has told the life of "Harriet Beecher Stowe" for the distinctive biographies which Appletons issue yearly for young readers. The author, who first saw Mrs. Stowe, an old lady, seated in chapel at Wellesley College, has handled her material reverently. It is to be deplored that Miss Porter's "The Scottish Chiefs" and Miss Aguilar's "The Days of Bruce" are not more gen- erally read. Old-fashioned in a sentimen- tal way, yet they contain the action of a wonderfully exciting time in history. It may be that R. L. Mackie's "Story of Rob- ert the Bruce," which has been imported by the Crowells, will serve to revive an inter- est in these two books. These publishers are to be commended for the biographical series of which this record of Bruce is one. We can well imagine the delight with which the expectant youngster will receive Chelsea Curtis Fraser's "Every Boy's Book of Handicraft, Sports, and Amusements" (Dana Estes), wherein every conceivable activity of youth is prescribed for: wood- working and electricity, printing and col- lecting, camping and gardening, to mention only a few. There are seven hundred pages of fun here. "The Handy Boy" (Lothrop, Lee) is Miss Neely Hall's contribution, actuated by the motto that to "do something" means to "be something." If the boy has no proper tools, this author suggests a practical way of earning the money to spend for them. "Harper's Beginning Electricity," by Don. Cameron Shafer, is another simplified manual of instruction. After a boy has sufficiently weighed its contents, there is no reason why he should not be able to untangle the most complicated electrical knot, and place electrical surprises all over his house — if he is permitted. To many the best of all fairy books is "The Fairy Book," by the author of "John Halifax, Gentleman." We are glad to see that Macmillans have brought out this col- lection in a handsome edition. It ap- pears in a cloth gilt cover, on which is embossed the legend of the little men who stole down and disappeared when the cock had crowed for the third time. The illus- trations in color, by Walter Goble, are as pretty and dainty things of the kind as we have ever seen. Brief accounts of the birds and animals which children are wont to coddle are fur- nished by Florence E. Dugdale in "The Book of Pets" (Doran). The creatures' habits and haunts are fully explained, with no great charm of style, together with the sort of care which they should receive. E. J. Det- mold's drawings in color are not always true to perspective. Science The world's cotton crop and manufac- ture is the subject of the leading article, by Prof. A. Woeikof, of St. Petersburg, in the Annates de Ocographie for November. He believes the great cotton fields in the future will be in the Russian empire, the eastern Sudan, and the middle Niger re- gion. The results of four years' study of the tsetse fly problem in the French colo- nies in western Africa is given by M. E. Roubaud, chief of the laboratory of the Pasteur Institute. In his opinion the fly will fundamentally change the conditions of life in tropical Africa and be a serious obstacle to the civilization of the natives. There is also a detailed account of the ninth inter-university geographical excur- sion by its leader, besides an urgent recom- mendation to make Rabat the capital of that part of Morocco under French protec- tion. The latest of the numerous atlases which are appearing these days has been prepared by Mr. Fawcett Allen, assistant map-cura- tor to the Royal Geographical Society, en- titled "An Atlas of Commercial' Geography" (Cambridge University Press; Putnam). For work below that of collegiate grade, the volume is one of more than ordinary excellence; it is intended to serve prima- rily as a companion volume to the same publishers' "Elementary Commercial Geog- raphy." Nevertheless, this atlas presents the fundamental principles of economic geography in such compact and workable form that it is adapted to still wider use. Though smaller in bulk and scope, Mr. Al- len's work bears a resemblance to the ex- cellent older "Handels-Atlas zur Verkehrs- und Wirtschaftsgeographie" of Scobel, and in one particular is superior, in that it contains a voluminous index. The maps are arranged in two main divisions, of which the first contains such general maps as are necessary to lay the foundation for teach- ing the principles of economic geography. Here are portrayed the main features of topography, ocean depths, the distribution of rainfall, ocean currents, drainage basins, and other similar factors in man's physical environment. These are followed by a se- ries of maps illustrating the distribution of man himself, the situation of the princi- pal languages of commerce, and the regions of supply of the world's leading raw pro- ducts. The second main division of the book contains a number of plates of each of the continents, arranged in a consistent series, and exhibiting their subject-matter in suf- ficient detail to serve a variety of pur- poses, including regional study. The color- ing of the maps is good, and in general each one is well calculated to impress the main points had in mind. In some cases, however, an attempt has been made to show too many separate things on a single map. The volume contains a well-written intro- duction by D. A. Jones, who is the assistant librarian to the Royal Geographical So- ciety. It is in the form of short paragraphs on the separate maps in the first main division of the book, and serves to indicate a logical method of study, by joining to- gether facts and observations in a natural sequence. Dr. John Green, an oculist of interna- tional fame, and since 1886 professor of ophthalmology in St. Louis Medical College, Washington University, died Sunday at his home in St. Louis. He was born in Worces- ter, Mass., in 1835, and graduated from Harvard in 1855, later studying medicine in Cambridge and in Europe. He was an assistant surgeon in the Civil War. Drama Burbage and Shakespeare's Stage. By Mrs. C. C. Stopes. London: The De La More Press (Alexander Moring). 5 shillings net. The title of this book does not give a very exact idea of its contents. It is a history of the three Burbages — James, Richard, and Cuthbert — and of their business ventures as managers of com- panies and theatres (The Theatre, Globe, and Blackfriars), from the first appear- ance of James Burbage as a member of the Earl of Leicester's company of ac- tors in the early years of Elizabeth's reign until the death of Cuthbert (who was himself never an actor) in 1636. Mrs. Stopes's work accordingly is not limited to the period of Shakespeare's activity. Moreover, her narrative of the years during which the great dramatist was composing plays for the Burbages' company is not written with any spe- cial reference to their connection with one another. Indeed, in the body of her work the author rarely mentions the plays that this company produced. The materials which we possess for the lives of the Burbages consist almost wholly of official orders and legal docu- ments pertaining to the numerous law- suits in which they were involved as theatre-managers. Such records, of course, throw little or no light on the personal traits of the men concerned or on what distinguished them In their art — the things that really matter. Mrs. Stopes has made some additions to the materials of this kind that were already available, but none, it seems to us, of any particular importance. T'nder such circumstances writers are tempted to draw far-fetched inferences in order to give some color to the dim Images on which they are working. We cannot but account it as an instance of yielding to this temptation when Mrs. Stopes ob- serves in regard to the acceptance of

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572 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2528 James Burbage by the Earl of Leicester as one of his players: "His acceptance argues not only James Burbagc's hon- esty and prudence, but his handsome appearance, charming manners, tact, and ready wit." On the other hand, there is a genuine personal interest in the letter from the Earl of Pembroke to Vis- count Doncaster which she has been so fortunate as to unearth in the British Museum. It relates to the death of Richard Burhage in 1619, and, among other things, makes it clear that rela- tions of genuine friendship could exist between an actor and a great nobleman of the time. The letter, as printed by Mrs. Stopes, runs as follows: My Lord, — I could not let my cousin Berkley go without this small testimony of my un- ceremonious respect unto your Lordship. . . . This day the French Ambassador took leave. . . . we shall put off our blacks [i. e., mourning on account of the death of James I's consort] and be laught at for it by all Christendom at Midsum- mer. . . . Now you have all that I know that past since your departure but that my Lord of Lenox made a great supper to the French Embassador this night here and even now all the company are at the play, which I being tender-harted, could not en- dure to see so soone after the loss of my old acquaintance Burbage. . . . Your Lordship's most affectionate friend and servaunt. Pembroke. Whitehall 20th May. Among other new details presented in this book we may note that Mrs. Stopes fixes 1583 as the year when Richard Burbage began his career on the stage. She also gives good reasons for dating at the end of 1575 or beginning of 1576 the order of the corporation of London wholly prohibiting all plays within the city and consequently for again con- necting the founding of The Theatre with the decree of expulsion. Since E. K. Chambers's discussion of the mat- ter some years ago it has heen custom- ary to assign a later date to this order. The little in the book that relates di- rectly to Shakespeare is conjecture pure and simple — for example, the suggestion that the poet first came to London in order to press the law-suit of his family about the Asbies property and the theory that "Midsummer Night's Dream" was written for the marriage of Sir Thomas Heneage to the mother of Shakespeare's patron, the Earl of Southampton. We do not see, either, why Mrs. Stopes should have reproduced so obvious a forgery as the elegy on Richard Burbage which Collier pretended to have discov- ered in some unknown manuscript. At the end of her volume the author has assembled the documents on which her account of the Burbages is based. They occupy almost as many pages as the account itself. Those which sprang from the Burbages' law-suit with their ground landlord, Giles Alleyn, are in- terminable. The liberties which Mrs. Stopes has taken with the original spell- ing of these various documents seem to us uncalled for. A more serious ground for complaint is that hardly ever throughout the work does she indicate whether a document has appeared in print before. Most of these records have, of course, already been published by at least one of the earlier writers on the stage, such as Collier, Halliwell-Phil- lipps, Hazlitt, and others. References to these works would have been helpful even to professional students. Among the notes especially valuable is the list of the court performances of the Bur- hages' company from 1560 on, for a period of eighty years. A. C. McClurg & Co. announce a volume containing three plays by Arthur Schnitz- ler in an English translation by Horace B. Samuel. The plays are entitled "The Green Cockatoo," "The Mate," and "Paracelsus." Among forthcoming books announced by Brentano's are the following: Bernard Shaw's "Fanny's First Play," "Misalli- ance," and "The Dark Lady of the Sonnets," the three pieces in one volume, and a volume of "Three More Plays by Brieux," containing "La Robe Rouge," "La Foi," and "La Femme Seule." Martha Hedman, who lately appeared with John Mason in "Indian Summer" and "The Attack," is going to London to support Sir George Alexander in the latter play. During the last three weeks of their ten- ancy of the St. James's Theatre, in London, Granville Barker and Lilian McCarthy are illustrating the advantages of the reper- tory system by changing their programme every night. The Birmingham Repertory Theatre has just produced a translation by Christopher Sanderman of the German dramatist Max Halbe's play, "Der Strom," rechristened "The River." The original was done some eight years ago in London by a German company, with Frau Rosa Bertens in the part of Renate, which Miss Darragh sus- tains in the present version. Lewis Waller has been appearing In "Henry V" in Australia, with great suc- cess. It is a performance deserving of more appreciation, critical and popular, than it found in this city. "The Woodlanders" has just been played in the Dorchester Corn Exchange by the Dramatic Society of that town. A special correspondent of a London newspaper writes: "The Woodlanders," like all the preced- ing plays (with the single exception of "The Three Wayfarers," which was prepared for the stage by Mr. Thomas Hardy him- self), was adapted from the novel by Mr. A. II. Evans. It differs from all its pre- decessors in that the element of r u mor Ib much less conspii uou ■< ad ai 1 ae story advances it resolves itself unmlstai ably into tragedy, and ends on b Bombre tragic note— the death of Giles Wlnto rborne in the rain-sodden anhimn svoodB, and the Lament of the two « 0 who loved aim ■ Grace Melbury and Marty South over his dead body and his undeserved fate. "L'Occldent," a new play by the Belgian dramatist, Henry Klatemaeckeri, has Just been produced ;ii the Rene 1 anci In Paris. The scenes are laid in and about the navy yard at Toulon, where a fair Arabian girl is the favorite of the captain of the Dread- nought Fraternit6. Presently, she learns from a wandering tribesman that her whole tribe, including her father, her three broth- ers, and her younger sister, Fatma, had been killed during a bombardment near Mogador by a French warship. That war- ship was the Fraternity, and the captain, her lover, was its commander. Then she vows dire vengeance. The unsuspecting captain is the protector of a young lieu- tenant, who suddenly wishes to resign his commission and desert his duty because he is a slave to ppium, a pacifist, and a col- lectivist; and warfare in his estimation is the greatest of crimes. The girl of the des- ert finds in him her opportunity for re- venge. She uses all her charms to lure him to desert his duty at the very time that his ship is ordered away to face the enemy. But the captain of the Fraternite discovers the flight in time, catches up with the fu- gitive, and makes him listen to the voice of reason in a poignant scene at the end of the third act. Patriotism and the call of duty are stronger than love; and the child of the slaughtered Arabs returns to the desert. Music RICHARD STRAUSS'S "ROSENKAVA- LIER." The first and most important operatic novelty of the season had its premiere at the Metropolitan on Tuesday evening. Richard Strauss did not, as had been hoped, come to New York to superin- tend the production of his comic opera, "The Rose-Bearer," probably because re- sentment at the suppression of his "Sa- lome" after a single performance still rankles in his bosom; but he kindly al- lowed it — doubtless for a very substan- tial consideration — to be staged here, af- ter having vowed he would never again have anything to do with the Metropoli- tan. His presence would have added to the 6clat of the occasion, but could hard- ly have improved the performance, which, under Alfred Hertz, and with a cast including Frieda Hempel, Frl. Ober, Anna Case, Goritz, Weil, Jorn, and Reiss, was remarkably good. For this first performance the prices for seats had been nearly doubled, yet there was a large audience, and there was much applause. win 'ii the German newspapers, a few years ago, first began to give the world driblets of information regarding the "Rosenkavalier" much was made of the (act that it was to be entirely different from Strauss's other operas. "In place of bloodthirst, perversity, and general unhealthiness," readers were Informed) there would be "melody, merriment, and simplicity"; indeed, it was hinted that Strauss, whose usual aim seemed to be iii break all records In tba matter of complexity of scoring, had gone back I"

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Dec. ii, 1913 The ISTation 573 Mozart for his model. Naturally, all this served to arouse general curiosity, and when the opera had its first perform- ance, on January 26, 1911, in Dresden, the audience included so many musical celebrities that, as some one remarked, "if a bomb had been exploded in the Royal Opera, the course of the history of music would have been changed." Hugo von Hofmannsthal, who prepar- ed the libretto for "Elektra," also wrote that of the "Rosenkavalier." This name refers to a custom in vogue in Austria two centuries ago, in compliance with which a suitor for a lady's hand sent a cavalier to bring her a silver rose. The suitor in this case is Baron Ochs von Lerchanau, an extremely coarse and vul- gar personage, who, having come to the end of his pecuniary resources, has de- cided condescendingly to marry Sophia, the beautiful daughter of Von Faninal, a newly ennobled wealthy army contrac- tor. In the first scene Ochs visits his cousin, the Princess Werdenberg, to a*sk her aid in finding a suitable rose-bearer. The Princess, whose husband is one of Maria Theresa's field marshals, carries on, while he is absent in Croatia, an in- trigue with a youth named Octavian, who happens to be making love to the Princess when the Baron arrives, but hides behind a screen, whence he pres- ently emerges in the attire of a lady's maid. The Baron at once sees a chance for an intrigue, and invites the supposed maid to a supper. Left alone, the Prin- cess decides to select Octavian as the rose-bearer, though she foresees he will fall in love with Sophia. In the second act this actually happens. The Baron, who is present, becomes jealous and provokes the rose-bearer to a duel, in which he (the Baron) is wounded slightly. Before he leaves, a note is put in his hand from the "lady's maid," who promises to meet him at supper; and in the final act this meeting takes place. Arrangements have been made for playing all sorts of practical jokes on the Baron. Things reach such a pass that the police interfere. The Baron is completely routed, and Octavian wins Sophia's hand. The librettist calls his poem a "com- edy for music," but it is really a farce, of the broadest sort. In the original, the text of the first act is extremely coarse, and before the Imperial family allowed the opera to be performed in Berlin a sofa had to be substituted for the bed. The version used here is ex- purgated, and Otto Goritz, on whose shoulders the action chiefly rests, knows how to be funny without being offen- sive. He is the only one in the cast who sings everything intelligibly; but even he cannot greatly interest an American audience in a dialogue the fun of which lies largely in the use of the quaint Viennese dialect. Hofmannsthal has not given much more of real humor in this "comedy" than he has in his "Der Thor und der Tod" or his other plays. From the composer's point of view, his libret- to is less successful than the one he pro- vided for Strauss's "Elektra," being too crowded with details that cannot be ef- fectively set to music. In trying to illustrate all these details musically, Strauss displayed great ingenuity but spoiled the opera, besides making it ex- tremely difficult for the singers. Because of these complexities one can- not find the vaunted Mozartean quality in this score. That Strauss, however, tried to be truly tuneful for once is cer- tain; there are waltzes and other epi- sodes that are really melodious; but, un- fortunately, the melody is for the most part commonplace. Almost any musi- cian could sit at the piano and im- provise waltzes and tunes as good as these, by the hour. As in most of the other works of this composer, it is the orchestral coloring, chiefly, that en- chants; but the average opera-goer is not content with Jhat; he wants broad melodies and passionate accents, and these are not to be found in "Der Rosenkavalier," even in the love-scenes. These, in fact, are the dullest parts of the opera. There are beauty spots in each of the acts, but almost the only episodes one longs to hear again are the presenting of the rose to Sophia, where the music, with the aid of harps and celesta, becomes quasi-fragrant, and the trio at the end of the last act— a trio which the Straussites place on a level with the quintet in Wagner's "Meis- tersinger." It certainly is beautiful, and it shows a regard for the proper idiom of the human voice which the "Rose-Bearer" as a whole does not. Among musical and allied publications of the season, not all of which «an be re- viewed in these columns before the holidays, are "Memoirs of an American Prima Donna" (Clara Louise Kellogg), pub- lished by G.P.Putnam's Sons; "Symphonies and Their Meaning" (third series), by Philip Goepp (Lippincott) ; Loie Fuller's "Fifteen Years of a Dancer's Life" (Small, Maynard & Co.) ; Thompson's "Life of Ethelbert Nevin" (Boston Music Co.) ; "Ad- vice to Violin Students," by Wallace Ritch- ie (Scribner) ; Hamilton's "Outlines of Music History," revised edition (Oliver Ditson Co.) ; Spaeth's "Milton's Knowledge of Music" (Princeton University Library) ; Filson Young's "Opera Stories" (Henry Holt & Co.) ; Evans's translation of Wagner's "Opera and Drama" (Scribner) ; an ex- cellent guide to Humperdinck's "Han- sel and Gretel," by Lewis M. Isaacs and Kurt J. Rahlston (Dodd, Mead & Co.) ; Vincent D'Indy's "Beethoven," translated by Theodore Baker (Boston Music Co.) ; a translation, by Edwin Evans, of Berlioz's admirable analyses of Beethoven's nine symphonies (Scribner) ; Oliver Huckel's translation of Wagner's "Tristan and Isolde" (Thomas Y. Crowell Co.) ; "The Growth of Music," by H. C. Colles (Oxford University Press) ; Landon Ronald's "Mas- terpieces of Tchaikovsky" (F. A. Stokes Co.) ; C. W. Grimm's "Harmony Study" (W. H. Willis Co.) ; Joseffy's extremely valuable "First Studies for the Piano" (G. Schirm- er) ; Kobbe's "Opera Singers," profusely illustrated (Oliver Ditson Co.) ; "Swedish Song Games," by Kastman and Kohler (Ginn & Co.) ; "Old Fogy" (Theodore Pres- sor Co.) ; and Ethel Shubert's "Stories of the Operas" (Penn Publishing Co.). It is characteristic of Saint-Saens that at what he declared to be his final appear- ance as pianist and organist he played in Paris the other day pieces by Liszt and Mozart, two of his idols. He intends to spend the winter in Algiers and Egypt, en- joying nature and composing pieces for or- gan and piano; also, perhaps, a choral work. Art WILLIAM BLAKE AT THE TATE GALLERY. London, November 25. The director of the Tate Gallery con- tinues to make up for the general medi- ocrity of the British collection under his charge by giving special Loan Exhi- bitions, which are of genuine import- ance to artists. He has already, in the short time since the Gallery has been under his care, arranged shows of the Pre-Raphaelites, Whistler, the English Alfred Stevens, Legros; now, he has got together a fine and representative series of paintings, drawings, and prints by William Blake, which will remain on the walls until the end of December. It can hardly be said that of late years Blake has suffered from neglect or in- difference. Indeed, it is even a question whether he suffered so much in his life- time as his recent biographers and eulo- gists have a way of making out — wheth- er, in fact, his grievances, as in the case of Millet, have not been greatly overrat- ed. Pleasure in art is not to be mea- sured by the palatial studios the artist is able to build for himself or by the so- cial honors lavished upon him. Blake, no less than Millet, was free to lead the life that best suited him and to do the work he wished most to do, and no man can be called unhappy, or is to be pit- ied, who enjoys the privilege of living and working as he chooses. True, he did pass through moments of bitter pov- erty, but, on the whole, he prospered as well as most engravers of his day — and he was primarily an engraver; what is more, after his first years, he was sel- dom reduced to mere hack work or pot- boiling. It may be said that this could not have been except for the help of one or two men, like his friends, Butt and Linncll, who bought his work and com- missioned it. But most artists would starve if they looked to the general pub- lic for practical recognition. After his death, Blake was neglected and forgot- ten by all save the most forlorn saving

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574 T li e JST a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2528 remnant. The period was one when work such as his was bound to be neg- lected— the period when the majority oi' artists in England believed with Wilkie that to know the taste of tue public is the most valuable knowledge tor the artist, and, accordingly, did their best to play down to it. But the indif- ference came to an end with the publica- tion of Gilchrist's Life of Blake, half a century ago, and since then, and af- ter Swinburne had promptly opened the floodgates of his rhetoric upon Blake, almost too much has been said and writ- ten about him; he has been set on almost too high a pinnacle for all the world to see, numerous exhibitions of his work have been held, and he has been the easy prey of the English critic who, en- grossed in the literary or mystical meaning of his designs, can comforta- bly ignore that there is in them also a question of art. This is the difficulty with the post- humous popularity thrust upon Blake: Blake the artist has been sacrificed to Blake the mystic. He may have seen visions, and it may have been the vi- sions he desired above all to paint or draw or engrave. But how many art- ists could tell you that they, too, see visions, different as their inspiration may be from his — that they, too, with their fancy, imagination, mind's eye, or whatever it may be called, see before them their painting, or drawing, or print, complete before ever they put the first touch on canvas, or paper, or met- al. That Blake's visions were not in the least the same as those of most artists, that his preoccupation with them was greater, cannot affect the quality of his art one way or the other. To him might have been revealed still more ex- traordinary things, his preoccupation with them might hSve been still more intense, and had he not had the techni- cal ability to express himself, the reve- lations would not be worth the canvas or paper or metal on which he recorded them. A comprehensive exhibition like the present one at the Tate is therefore use- ful from time to time as a reminder that Blake was not merely a visionary, but an artist with a great deal of tecn- nical ability — of amazing technical abil- ity, when it comes to his prints. There are here numerous examples of his il- lustrations, culminating in the series for the Book of Job; in some cases sev- eral states shown side by side, the orig- inal reduced drawings done for Linnell included — a series that proves be- yond a doubt what a master he was of design, how splendid was his power of composition. No matter what the sub- ject, his beautiful interpretation of the text, "When the morning stars sang together, and all the Sons of God shout- ed for joy," in which the rhythmical lines and curves sing of themselves, would be one of the most memorable prints in the world. There are numer- ous examples of the paintings which he called frescoes, and for which the catalogue uses the term tempera, and they prove as indisputably what a mas- ter he was of color. The most famous are shown: The Canterbury Pilgrims, The Spiritual Form of Pitt Guiding Behemoth, The Spiritual Form of Nel- son Guiding Leviathan, Adam Naming the Beasts, all crammed full of meaning and symbol and allegory, and too fa- miliar to be described anew. With them are smaller less well-known subjects, The Temptation of Eve, Bathsheba at the Bath, Our Lady and Child, The Pro- cession from Calvary, and many besides, all together giving something of the same emotion that is felt before the Venetian masterpieces. Not that i would rank Blake with the great Ve- netians— he was not one of the giants — but he had a fine sense of harmony that in any other country, or at any oth- er period, might almost have made him their rival as a color%t. There are also examples of his color prints, his print- ed drawings, for which he invented or perfected his own method, one requiring a precision that probably no other en- graver of his day could have attained. To have invented or perfected a method adapted to one's own needs, to practice it, to excel in it— there is a pleasure that pays the artist more substantial coin than mere dollars and cents. Space has been found for the work of some of Blake's contemporaries, friends, and followers — Fuseli, Stothard, Flax- man, Linnell, Palmer, Calvert, George Richmond, almost all of whom were considerably influenced by him, and who seem at times to have endeavored con- scientiously not only to see visions, but to see his special kind of visions. Only a few exftmples of each of these men have been selected for the purpose, and, when thus shown with the Blakes, it must be confessed they leave the im- pression that they were ambitious art- ists, but that their achievements did not keep pace with their intentions. Here and there is a little masterpiece, like Stothard's Tam O'Shanter, that has a splendor and loveliness of color wor- thy of Blake. But as a rule this small- er series is overshadowed by the larger, though it is of sufficient interest to sug- gest that this group of artists, seldom seen and half-forgotten, might provide the director of the Tate with his next Loan Exhibition. A full and eleborate catalogue has been prepared by Mr. Archibald G. B. Russell, that should have its value for collectors. But a serious drawback to the pleasure and comfort of the stu- dent is the failure of the numbers of the works on the walls to follow in con- secutive order the n limbers of the books in the catalogue. This is a mistake SO seldom made in English exhibitions that it is all the more seriously felt. N. N. The Reminiscences of Augustus Saint- Gaudens. Edited and amplified by Homer Saint-Gaudens. New York: The Century Co. Two volumes. Illus- trated. $7 net. In his later invalid years Saint-Gau- dens dictated his autobiography. It is of a vivacity and inaccuracy worthy of his Gascon-Irish origins, and his son and biographer has had an uncommonly difficult task in building a two-volume memoir of such materials. But by cut- ting the autobiography into chapters, adding explanatory and corrective inter- chapters, and interweaving letters, the feat has been accomplished with consid- erable success. One gets, if hardly a satisfactory account of a notable artis- tic career, at least the sense of a bril- liant and lovable personality. "Saint-Gaudens was a foreordained art- ist. Trained in the hard school of stone cameo cutting, he supported himself by that trade through early years of pover- ty in Europe. Like almost all his Amer- ican predecessors, he found the way to Rome, and his marble Hiawatha done in 1871, his twenty-third year, is re- markably like the neo-classic work of Harriet Hosmer and Crawford. What turned him from this outworn mode to the delicate and strenuous modelling of the Early Renaissance masters, one would like to know. Here this book is disappointing. Saint-Gaudens made it a point of coquetry not to write shop, and we may merely guess how he came to follow the road of Fremiet and Mercie. In amy case, he became the chief exemplar in America of that re- fined craftsmanship in which the Early Florentines excelled, and in such disci- ples as Macmonnies, Adams, McNeil, and Fraser made it almost the distinc- tive American note in sculpture. His most personal qualities are shown in the remarkable portraits in low relief of which the Stevenson is best known. Af- ter fifteen years of hardships cheerfully endured, he did the Farragut, 1881, and his position as the leading American sculptor was assured. It seems to us on the whole his best work of a monu- mental sort, having a simplicity, direct- ness, and virility that were often re- fined away in the great works of his lat- er time. There never was a more scru- pulous craftsman. The inscription for the Stevenson portrait in St. Giles's, Edinburgh, was fully modelled twelve times. There are no loss than twenty- seven position sketches for the Peter Cooper. The scorn of 1 tie commonplace or over- emphatlc is the characteristic note of the artist. A somewhat scornful com- ment on Rodin's lial/.ac is one of the few artistic opinions r >rded Of Saint

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Dec. ii, 1913J The Nation 575 Gaudens. It looked too much "like a guttering candle." In his complete lucidity Saint-Gaudens was true to his Gallic heredity. The breadth of pathos which informs the splendid Shaw Me- morial and the repressed prophetic fire of the Sherman* he may well have drawn from his admirable Irish mother. On several occasions Saint-Gaudens complains humorously that Stanford White is trying to make a man-about- town of him, and, curiously enough, this memoir gives some sense of a self- protecting brilliancy and geniality, as if he kept the artist exclusively for the fevered solitude of the studio. No great artist who has written about himself has left so few opinions on matters artistic. It is as if Saint-Gaudens in- sisted on being judged solely by his work. Apparently it was enough for him to draw about himself the choicest spirits of his time, and by them to be judged simply as the delightful compan- ion. This programme of privacy, which may well have enriched his life, has nat- urally somewhat impoverished his me- moirs. As to the value of his work, aside from the mysterious figure of the Rock Creek Cemetery and the Farragut, it seems to lie in exquisite craftsmanship and charm. He is crisp and full of rather subtle implication; monumental breadth he rarely tried for or achieved. In that reaction towards fine craftsmanship which followed the first naive strivings of American art, he played an impor- tant, perhaps the most important, part. This religious devotion to technical per- fection implies a degree of self-con- sciousness which the very greatest mas- ters either never have or live down. Yet precisely this gospel of strenuous crafts- manship was what American art very much needed at the moment. Occasion- ally, as in the Shaw memorial and the two Lincolns, and earlier in the Far- ragut, Saint-Gaudens attained simplicity and gravity. Generally, his work re- veals a captivating preciosity discreetly minimized and evident only to a very sensitive observer. Indeed, his career has interesting analogies with that of his older contemporary, Whistler, bar- ring, of course, Whistler's waspishness. In both men are found the same fas- tidious taste, the same astute eclecti- cism, a similar positive charm, and kin- dred flashes of higher seriousness. In spite of the excellent studies of Messrs. Cortissoz, Cox, and Hind, the artistic personality of Saint-Gaudens remains to be elucidated. Naturally, this me- moir, being a personal memorial, makes no such attempt. It is interesting throughout, and will doubtless be satis- factory to those unplagued by the crit- ic's curiosity as to the way of the genius <7?<a artist. At the annual meeting of the Egypt Ex- ploration Fund, recently held in the rooms of the Royal Society, Burlington House, London, it was announced that arrange- ments have been made to complete this winter the excavation of the Osireion of Abydos. Results of the greatest importance for Egyptian archaeology and for the his- tory of Egyptian religion are expected from the enterprise. Prof. Edouard Naville, on whose advice the excavation was originally undertaken, will again take charge of the work. An interesting archaeological discovery has been made in Rome, near the Baths of Caracalla, by Professor Ferri. He found a large subterranean gallery, above half a mile long, as well as drains for carrying away the water from the Baths. In one 36 drains he came across frag- ments of a marble group representing Mithras killing the sacred bull. The Baths of Caracalla were already known to have been connected with the worship of Mithras, and this discovery further bears out this theory. In the excavations conducted on the Palatine by Prof. Giacomo Boni some im- portant discoveries have again been made. Traces of two Imperial palaces, those of Caligula and of Nero, have been brought to light. A number of houses belonging to the Republican period have been found- two under the vestibule of the palace of Domitian, three under the Basilica, one un- der the Treasury, and one under the Tri- clinium. Further, there have been unearth- ed traces of the Imperial nympheum, as well as numerous constructions dating from the age of Domitian. Marcel Dieulafoy's "Art in Spain and Por- tugal" (Scribner) is a rather curious ap- parition in the useful Ars Una series. Generally we find compilations of accepted results. A considerable part of this work is both original and somewhat controver- sial. M. Dieulafoy contends that all the significant features of early Spanish archi- tecture may be explained as adaptation of Iranian modes of building imported by the Moors. He insists further that in archi- tecture Spain, through Catalonia, contrib- uted nearly as much to France as .she re- ceived. We have no space to signalize the interesting anticipations of Gothic con- struction which M. Dieulafoy notes both in Spain and earlier in Persia. The rather lengthy presentation of such debatable matters, while most interesting for the special student, is a little hard on the lay- man for whom the series is intended. He, however, may skip contentious matters, and still find with profusion of small cuts plenty of highly condensed information. Un- usual and deserved prominence is given to the minor arts. M. Dieulafoy empha- sizes the unbroken tradition of polychrome sculpture in the peninsula, and generally stresses the national accent in those branches, like painting, in which foreign influence is most discernible. He writes from abundant knowledge and with unflag- ging enthusiasm. We fancy that few Impar- tial critics will share his unqualified ad- miration for plateresque architectural or- nament. Yet possibly no one who has his doubts about plateresque has any business to write on things Spanish. The publish- ers of this international series are to be congratulated once more on procuring a handbook which, without serious waiver of its informational function, has strong per- sonal flavor. The National Arts Club offers a prize of $1,000 for the best literary production em- bodying "A Critical Estimate of the Alt- man Collection," which shall be submitted by one of its members before March 1, 1914. The manuscripts will be submitted anonymously and the jury of award will be announced later. "Painting in East and West" (Long- mans), by Robert Douglas Norton, treats the whole contrast of Eastern and Western art in a very general way. Eastern art stops at suggestion and requires a definite effort of appreciation. Western art tends to imitation and requires only recognition. The defect of the Western theory of imi- tation Mr. Norton finds in a principle of limits. Once imitation is attained, nothing but repetition remains for later artists. For example, Chardin, Manet, and Cezanne may be said to have spoiled still life for their successors. The advantage of the Eastern theory of art as interpretation or suggestion of the rhythm of the universe is that such interpretation may be various. Moreover, such a programme implies the closest understanding between artist, phil- osopher, amateur, and critic. In compari- son the Western artist is singularly iso- lated and unrepresentative. His art be- comes a trick of mimicry "destined for un- trained eyes; eyes slow to recognize aught but the obvious and the proximate." What Western art lacks is worthy aims and a real public. Mr. Norton sees the remedy in an education in beauty such as Plato shad- owed forth in the "Republic." The race must be made anew aesthetically in the schools. Throughout the spirit of the book is winning, the style excellent, and the argument happily illustrated from both Eastern and Western literature. As to the rather lamentable lack of creative imagi- nation in most modern art, we fully agree with the author. Yet it is fair to note that the condition is a universal one. Except in an inherited dexterity the living art of the East has to-day no advantage over that of the West. Spiritually they are alike de- ficient, and deficient for the same reason that there is no authoritative body of liv- ing thought. Moreover, the charm of the great examples of historic Eastern art is not necessarily to be interpreted as supe- riority. Chinese landscape is uniquely ex- cellent, but in religious art we feel the great Buddhist painters had small advan- tage over a Simone Memmi or an Ambrogio Lorenzetti. Indeed, a comparison of the best with the best all along the line will bring a stronger sense of kinship than of difference. That modern Western art is suffering from raw individualism and gen- eral lack of ideas is patent. Such books as Mr. Norton's grave and thoughtful study help to make the situation clear. Familiar- ity with the well-balanced idealism of the Chinese painters and critics might well be the beginning of aesthetic wisdom for many a bewildered Western artist. Similarly a Far Eastern artist might find profit in the groat examples of older Euro- pean art. There is room for many such mediatory books at the present. Among the disciples of Blake the most remarkable were Samuel Palmer and Ed-

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5 7 6 T li e Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2528 ward Calvert. To Calvert's scant work Mr. , of Portland, Me., devotes a beau- tifully printed tollo in an edition limited to 400 copies. "Edward Calvert, Ten Spirit- ual Designs enlarged from Proofs of the Originals in Copper, Wood, and Stone," is the sufficient descriptive title. Mr. Mosher contributes a brief introductory note telling of the precious scrap-book from which the prints have been reproduced. He puts under requisition Mr. Herbert P. Home's excellent essay from the Hobby Borse, and relevant passages from the Memoirs of Calvert by his son. Our chief quarrel with an attractive work is the fact that the tiny designs have been enlarged to double scale. They suffer under a treatment for which no motive is apparent, except that of making a more ex- pensive book. The cuts are well known to the inner circle of art lovers, but deserve wider divulgation. Calvert had a charming idyllic imagination, and quite extraordinary decorative power. The blacks, whether in etching, wood block, or lithograph, have great depth and splendid disposition. He excels in this regard the numerous archa- istic illustrators who have served the Kelm- scott and the Vale Presses. Sincere belief in one's own genius is in itself sufficient to carry conviction to a cer- tain audience, and in Miss Elsie de Wolfe's "The House in Good Taste" (Century) we have evidence that the author has gained a considerable following among influential people who have come to believe her to be endowed with a special artistic gift. The reality of the gift is not so certain. Franklin Simmons, the American sculp- tor, died suddenly in Rome, Italy, on Mon- day. He was born at Webster, Me., in 1839. He was educated at the public school in Webster and at Bates College. He began modelling in the coarse clay from the An- droscoggin River banks in Maine, and his first attempt in sculpture was a statue called "The Sailor Boy." Since 1868 he had lived mostly in Rome. He produced about one hundred portrait busts in marble, fif- teen public monuments, among them being a Grand Army of the Republic monument of Gen. Grant and an equestrian monument of Gen. Logan for the Iowa Circle, at Wash- ington, and numerous ideal statues. He was decorated three times by the King of Italy. Finance NEW IMPRESSIONS. "When the Stock Exchange, during the past week or so, suddenly displayed re- newed activity, with an advance of 3 to 5 points in prices, there were reasons why the movement attracted unusual at- tention. The advance began and con- tinued in the face of a deficit in New York bank reserves, with money rates on the Stock Exchange up to 8 per cent., and with news of trade reaction and reduced employment of labor reported from many sections of the country. A rising stock market, therefore, seemed on its face to mean either that all the above-named unfavorable Influences bad been expected and were fully prepared for, or else that the watch-towers of finance had discerned on the horizon signs of a turn to better things. This was more fairly to be inferred, a rise in Stock Exchange prices is usually dependent on the facilities for credit which Wall Street at the moment appears conspicuously to lack. It is no new phenomenon, to be sure, for the market to advance in the face of de- pleted home reserves and high call mon- ey rates. But on most occasions of the sort, the achievement was made possible because our markets drew on London, which was bound to meet our needs for increased credits and for new gold re- serves, both because of our merchandise export balance and because of our robust bid for money. This year our country has the export balance— all things considered, it is ex- ceptionally great — and our market has made the bid for money. But the Lon- don reservoir of gold and credit has been all but shut to us — not, by any means, as in such years as 1905 and 1909, because we had already exceeded our rightful line of borrowings, but be- cause Lombard Street cannot spare the cash. Instead of Europe carrying Wall Street on its back, as happened on those earlier occasions, New York has this year most unmistakably been carrying hard-pressed Europe. This being so, and credit resources for the use of the Stock Exchange being to so great an extent blockaded both at home and abroad, it was a natural comment that the stock market's advance, these past eight days, may have meant more than a rise in an ordinary season would have done. When markets make a show- ing of the kind, Wall Street must have some definite explanation, and this week it discovered one which contented it. At Washington, the financial interests long ago found themselves fallen on evil days. The legislator who desired to "draw" the public had only to denounce the Interests from the floor of Congress. The legislator who pleaded for cautious action on a "regulation bill" was at once suspected of accepting retainers from the Money Trust. Corporation officers, if they appeared in a House committee- room to advocate a ponding measure, were apt to find that they had sealed its fate. Other organizations — even of what in bygone days was known as the frailer sex — may pound on the White House door and demand in threatening tones that the Chief Executive shall rec- ommend their case in his official address to Congress; incorporated wealth would not venture even to ask that its own case might be left out. Necessarily, under such circumstances, the financial community — ranging from the Small Investor to the Malefactor of Great Wealth — faced the opening pro- ceedings at each successive session of Congress with a sinking heart, asking despondently what fresh discipline they were to undergo. The President who hammered the pulpit was accepted as the prosecutor; the President who laid down the law was accepted as the judge, and the corporation always felt itself to be in the prisoner's dock. At last the time arrived when the wretched and possibly repentant corporation looked for a President who should be the heads- man; when, to its undisguised surprise, it had nothing handed to it, in the an- nual message of December 2, but an intimation that the Anti-Trust law should be clarified and "made fairer to all concerned"; that business men "should be relieved from all uncertain- ties," and that it is quite as important "that they should be set free to prosper as that private monopoly should be de- stroyed." Such assurances may of themselves mean much or little; that depends on the plan to be proposed, and on the manner in which Congress will receive it. This very week, there have been lumblings at the Capitol from the states- men who hold that all the world is wrong, and that it should be reformed overnight. But a somewhat striking tendency on their part to rumble by themselves, and without the enthusias- tic echo which used to follow their most violent proposals, is not easy to ignore. Nothing at all is heard, from the high authorities in politics, of hanging finan- cial magnates as high as Haman be- cause there has been reaction in the markets. Instead, the word appears to have been cautiously given out that a time of trade reaction is not a time to unsettle the business mind by new and startling moves in "regulation." When the protagonist of the Money Trust in- quiry declares himself "in favor of a general amnesty" in the matter of past corporation offences, there should seem to be something in the atmosphere, at Washington and elsewhere, to suggest at least a temporary suspension of the national sport of corporation-baiting. That is a matter of the future — which will as usual contain disappointments as well as reassurances. But the Wall Street which watches tendencies may have expressed its sentiments this past week, even in the stock market's more or less ineffective pull at the cords which bind it. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Baedeker's Spain and Portugal. 1913 edl- Scrlbner. $4.80. Barnes, P. T, The Suburban Garden Quids. \ia< miil.Hi. 50 cents net. 1 .. Maurice John Millington Synge and the Irish Theatre. Macniillan. $2.60 net'. Brett, <!. S. The <:ovcrnmont of Man. Mac- mi 11. in. $1.25 net. Broadley, a. m., and Melville, Lewis. The Beautiful Lady Craven. 2 vols. Lane, $7.50 net Undue. EJ, A. W. The Hook of tie The Papyrus of Ani. Putnam, $12.50 net,

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Dec. ii, 1 91 3 J X la e 1ST a t i o 11 577 Burton, M. L. Our Intellectual Attitude in an Age of Criticism. Boston: Pil- grim Press. $1.25 net. Buttel-Reepen, H. v. Man and his .Forerun- ners. Trans, by A. G. Thacher. Long- mans. $1 net. Campbell, M. G. A Textbook of Domestic e for High Schools. Macmillan. 90 cents net. Cautley, R. W. Descriptions of Land. Mac- Tuillan. $1 net. Chamberlain, A. B. Hans Holbein, the Younger. 2 vols. Dodd, Mead. $16 net. Chamber of Commerce, State of New York. Arbitration Records— 1779-1792. Private- ly printed. Channing, Edward. Student's History of the United States. Third revised edition. Macmillan. $1.40 net. ( l,.,t h.. Id-Taylor, H. C. Goldoni: A Biog- raphy. Duffield. $4 net. Chatterbox, 1913. Boston: Dana Estes. $1.25. Chesterton, G. K. Magic: A Fantastic Com- edy. Putnam. $1 net. Clarke, YV. H. Standard Organ Building. Boston: Badger. $2 net. Colonial Society of Massachusetts publica- tions. Vol. IV, Transactions 1911-1913. Boston : The Society. 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578 T li e ]ST ation [Vol. 97, No. 2528 Messrs. Henry Holt and Company PUBLISH THIS WEEK The January Number OF A NEW QUARTERLY The Unpopular Review H^* In response to immediate request a copy will be sent to any address, to be returned or paid for at the pleasure of the recipient. It may not be possible to meet delayed requests on these conditions. Heir* Subscriptions may be revoked at any time, and the money returned for the unexpired time,includingthe preceding number. CONTENTS: The New Irrepressible Conflict The Majority Juggernaut The Democrat Reflects The New Morality Professor Bergson and Psychical Research Two Neglected Virtues The Unfermented Cabinet A Needed Unpopular Reform Our Tobacco: Its Cost Our Alcohol: Its Use The Microbophobiac The Standing Incentives to War The Machinery for Peace En Casserole : — Tobacco and Alcohol — Answering Big Questions — Decency and the Stage — What's the Matter with our Colleges? — Proportionate News — Simplified Spelling. 75c. per copy. $2.50 per year Please address the Unpopular Review, 28 West 32d St., New York ■

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'jfccoaqii 090,1 A&] XV The Nation % •/ VOL. XCVII— NO. 2529 THURSDAY, DECEMBER 18, 1913 l^omc* ViCE TEN CENTS SS5^lS?S E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY UNIVERSALLY APPRECIATED UNIVERSALLY SUITABLE FOR HOLIDAY GIFTS THE TEMPLE SHAKESPEARE Edited consistently by a scholar of international authority, Dr. ISRAEL GOLLANCZ. The most handsomely printed and bound of all pocket editions of Shake- speare's plays. Pleasant to read, light to han- dle. A play to a volume. Forty Volumes, each Cloth I Leather 35c. net | 55c. net Postage, per volume, 3c. FELLOWSHIP BOOKS which in form and thought fitly express your sympathy with all that increases beauty of living. Friendship By Clifford Bax Divine Discontent By James Guthrie Freedom By A. M. Freeman A Spark Divine By R. C.Lehmann Solitude By Norman Gale Romance By Ernest Rhys Childhood By Alice Meynell The Joy of the Theatre By Gilbert Cannan The Quest of the Ideal By Grace Rhys 75 cents net per volume. By mail 80 cents. NEW NOVELS of special interest. The Egotistical I By ELLEN W. TOMPKINS "A friendly, sunshiny little book." — N. Y. Times. "An ideal Christmas gift."- — Chi- cago Tribune. Cloth $1.00 net.Postpaid $1.10 Snow Upon the Desert By S. MACNAUGHTAN "I have been immensely entertained by it. . . . It is a treat to get hold of such a book." — Jeannette Gilder. Cloth $1.33 net.Postpaid $1.47 The Story of Helga By RUDOLPH HERZOG Translated from the 50th German edition by ADELE LEWISOHN. The absorbing story of the career of a great singer. Cloth $1.35 net.Postpaid $1.47 FOR THE LOVER OF INFORMAL TRAVEL ALPS AND SANCTUARIES samueJWer Piedmont and the Canton Ticino By SAMUEL BUTLER, whoso genius for human companionship readers of his "Notebooks" well know. London critics are saying that the only book approaching it in distinction, wisdom, and humor is perhaps Thoreau's "Week on the Concord." But Thoreau and Butler are as different as Pied- mont and Concord. Illvs. with 85 drawings, chiefly by the author. $2.00 net. FOR THOSE INTERESTED IN THE PERSONALITIES OF HISTORY CHRISTINA OF DENMARK mlAAR.cHr Duchess of Milan and Lorraine (Mrs. Ady) The woman whom Henry the Eighth swore to have for wife but failed to gain had a life so singularly eventful and romantic that it is surprising that it should have been left unwritten until now. Mrs. Ady's researches into the Sixteenth Century history of "Beatrice D'Este," "Isabella D'Este," etc., revealed that this niece of Charles V was in close touch with so many events of her time in more than one country that this interesting volume naturally followed. It is of great value to every student of Italian history. Illustrated from portraits, etc. Cloth, 8vo, $6.00 net. FOR THE LOVER OF ROD AND LINE A Book of Fishing Stories By £dGbth2£LO Never before has so distinguished a gathering of enthusiasts been induced to match their best stories of exciting angling with good luck or bad. Among the contributors are the Rt. Hon. Sydney Buxton, Sir Edward Grey, Sir Herbert Maxwell, Sir Henry Seton-Karr, Lady Evelyn Cotterell, H. T. Sheringham, Lord Desborough, Dr. C. F. Holder, etc. The superbly illustrated quarto makes an ideal presentation book for the ardent fisherman. Illus. Quarto, decorated covers, gilt. $10.00 net. OTHER NEW BOOKS, FINELY ILLUSTRATED Old World Love Stories Translated by EUGENE MASON from the lays of Marie de France, and other Mediaeval Romances and Legends. Illustrated and decorated by R. L. Knowles, in harmony with their subtle old-world charm. In a decorated box, demy 8vo, $3.00 net. The Story of My Heart ny richard jeffries With illustrations in color reproduced from paintings of the landscapes Jeffries loved with such intensity of feeling. 8vo, boxed, $2.50 net. The Gathering of Brother Hilarius BJ.JfJ{SI5iL Author of "The Roadmender," etc. Illustrated in color. 8vo, boxed, $2.50 net. Caricatures By max beerbohm Not even DuMaurier equals "Max" in the range of the subjects cf his sa- tiric art, as here exhibited with rare humor and originality. 8vo, $2.00 net. BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG ILLUSTRATED IN COLORS The Bible Story and Its Teaching for Children By the BARONESS FREDA DE KNOOP 8vo, cloth, decorated cover, $2.50. With forty plates in colors, reproduced from famous paintings. The Book of the Sagas By alice s. hoffman Author of "The Children's Shakespeare," etc. With full-page illustrations In color, and many drawings in line by Gordon Browne. Cloth, 8vo, $2.50. Fifty publ^d £ p DUTTOn & COMPANY We carry a full stock of new and standard books, including many foreign publications 681 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK

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11 The ISTation [Vol. 97, No. 2529 The Nation A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post Office as second-class mail matter.} The Nation is published and owned bv the New rening Post Oo. Oswald Garrison Villar.l. President: John rainier Gavit, Secretary and Treasurer; Bmll M. ScbOlz, Business Manager; Paul Earner More, Editor; Harold deWolf Fuller, Assistant Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any pari of the United States or Ueaico; to Canada $3.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Onion, $4..O0. Address THE NATION, Box 704. New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. 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Dec. 18, 1913] The Nation 111 "The most eminent exponent of American culture at the present time. " Yale Review The New American Quarterly, Edited by Wilbur L. Cross. CONTENTS FOR JANUARY, 1914 THE DYING PANTHEIST TO THE PRIEST Henry A. Beers THE BACKGROUND OF THE AMERICAN NOVEL Robert Herrick THE LAW AND THE JUDGES, Arthur L. Corbin BURTON'S ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY Sir William Osier PEACE AND WAR IN 1913 Frederick Lynch TIIKY WHO SCENT THE TASSELLED PINE Frederick Brastus Pierce GOD AND THE FARMER Frederick Erastua Pierce NOYES AND MASEFIELD Henry Scidcl Canby THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BERGSON William Ernest Hocking BOCCACCIO. AN APOLOGY H. D. Sedgwick THROUGH THE SCUTTLE WITH THE TINMAN Charles S. Brooks RULERS OF THE MESOZOIC Richard Swarm Lull THE NEXT SESSION OF PARLIAMENT W. M. J. 'Williams BOOK REVIEWS DISTINGUISHED CONTRIBUTORS TO THE YALE REVIEW JOHN BURROUGHS ALFRED NOYES THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY ARTHUR COLTON LADY GREGORY SIMON FLEXNER HAVELOCK ELLIS GAMALIEL BRADFORD, Jr. HAMLIN GARLAND GERTRUDE ATHERTON WILLIAM LYON PHELPS SIMEON E. BALDWIN A. MAURICE LOW VIDA SCUDDER LOUIS V. LEDOUX WILLIAM H. TAFT AUTHORITATIVE SIGNED BOOK-REVIEWERS BLISS PERRY HUNTINGTON WILSON IRVING BABBITT MAX FARRAND GAILLARD HUNT JOHN GRIER HIBBEN BRANDER MATTHEWS HENRY A. BEERS FRANCIS B. GUMMERE JOSEPH JASTROW ELIZABETH WOODBRIDGE FRED MORROW FLING THOMAS SERGEANT PERRY FELIX E. SCHELLING GEORGE McLEAN HARPER STUART P. SHERMAN WILLIAM ELIOT GRIFFIS ARTHUR VINCENT TACK ELLSWORTH HUNTINGTON JOHN ERSKINE 75c. a copy. The increasing prestige of the YALE REVIEW is rapidly bringing it to the front as THE LEADER of American thought. ON SALE AT LEADING BOOKSTORES OR $2.50 a year. THE YALE PUBLISHING ASSOCIATION, New Haven, Conn. A sample copy of a recent number will be sent on request TRISTRAM THE JESTER By Ernest Hardt Awarded Volk-Sehlller and Kaiser Prizes and LIFE DREAMS attributed to A Bavarian Princess 5th Edition Both Translated from the German by JOHN HEARD, Jr. $1.00 each $1.07 postpaid FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. Publisher, RICHARD BADGER Gorham Press, Boston DE LUXE EDITION OF THIS FAMOUS AND DELIGHTFUL CLASSIC OF THE NORTHWEST, BEAUTIFULLY PRINTED, MAGNIFICENTLY ILLUSTRATED, AND SPLENDIDLY BOUND. The Canoe and the Saddle By THEODORE WIMTHROP TO WHICH ARE NOW FIRST ADDED HIS Western Letters and Journals Edited, with an Introduction and Notes, By JOHN H. WILLIAMS Author of "The Mountain That Was 'God/" "The Guardians of the Columbia/' etc. Royal 8vo, 500 pages, with 16 plates in color, 64 halftones, and 60 other illustrations, showing the great scenery of the Northwest, reproductions of celebrated historical pictures, Indians and Indian Life, portraits, etc., etc. Bound in % vellum (leather), with silk cloth sides, gilt tops and boxed. Price $5.00 net; express 30 cents extra. A practical handboolc for income tax payers, by an authority. The Income Tax Law of 1913, Explained By GEORGE F. TUCKER, of the Bos- ton Bar, joint author in 1895 of "The Federal Income Tax Explained." Cloth. Price, $1.50 net. LITTLE, BROWN & CO., Publisher!, Boston Winthrop's fascinating romance of travel remains our most vital picture of conditions in Washington and Oregon during the territorial period, sixty years ago. The value of his book, for all who are interested in Western history and adventure, has been doubled by the addition of his letters and diaries, which cover his entire stay on the Pacific Coast, beginning at San Francisco early in is:.::, and closing with his overland trip East, via Salt Lake City in October. J. H. WILLIAMS, Publisher 630-632 PROVIDENT BUILDING. TACOMA, WASH. THE TRUTH ABOUT WOMAN By O. GaaquoiiK' Hartley, 9t.60tut. i';*>ir i-i^. ntri DODD, MEAD A COMPANY - NEW YORK

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IV The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2529 Macmillan's New Holiday Gift Books Theodore Roosevelt ! The Facts About Shakespeare Au Autobiography Colonel Roosevelt's Own Story of His Life The official biography of ex-Presi- dent Roosevelt, and the most im- portant book of the year. Richly illustrated. $2.50 net The Gospel Story in Art By John La Farge This celebrated artist's last great work, a beautiful volume revealing Christianity as depicted by the great artists of the era. Illustrated. $5.00 net. My Life with the Eskimo By Vilhjalmur Stefansson A great explorer's story of daily life and adventure among the na- tives of the Arctic Regions. Illustrated. $4.00 net. A History of Land Mam- mals in the Western Hemisphere By W. B. Scott The marvellous story of the de- velopment of American animal life from remote ages. Illustrated. $5.00 net. A Woman Rice Planter By Patience Pennington Introduction by OWEN WISTER Interesting experiences of a wo- man planter in South Carolina. Illustrated $2.00 net. j By Prof. William Allan Neilson, Ph.D., of Harvard University, and Prof. Ashley Horace Thorndike, L.H.D., of Columbia University. A corrected account of Shake- speare's life, environment, work, and reputation. Regular edition. 60 cents net. Sold also uniform with sets of The Tudor Shakespeare The New Ideal Edition Complete in forty volumes, in box, including The Facts About Shakespeare. Superior cloth, $14. OO net the set. Leather, $^2.00 net the set. Each volume is edited, with an introduction, complete text, notes and glossary, by a scholar of un- questioned standing, so that the edition represents all that is best in American scholarship. Each volume of the Plays or Poems may be had separately. Leather, 55 cents net. Superior cloth, 35 cents net. The Works of Rabindranath Tagore Nobel Prizeman in Literature, 1913. Gitanjali (Song Offerings). A Col- lection of Prose Translations made by the author from the original Bengali. $1.40 net. The Gardener. Poems of Youth. $1.25 net. The Crescent Moon. Child Poems. Colored illustrations. $1.25 net. Sari liana: The Realization of Life. A volume of essays. $1.25 net. The Biography of Florence Nightingale By Sir E. T. Cook An exhaustive biography of one of the greatest of modern women. Illustrated. 2 Vols. $7.50 net. Bulwer Lytton A Biography By the Earl of Lytton The authorized life of this dis- tinguished 19th century author and statesman. Illustrated. 2 Vols. $7.50 net. Hunting the Elephant in Africa By Captain C. H. Stigand Introduction by COLONEL ROOSEVELT Dramatic experiences in the hunt- ing of big game in the jungles of East Africa. Illustrated. $2.50 net. America As I Saw It By Alec-Tweedie A good-humored, keen account of American life by a witty English woman. Illustrated. $3.00 net. American Ideals, Char- acter and Life By Hamilton Wright Mabie A candid portrayal of American life and customs by the well-known critic and author. $1.50 net. Macmillan's New Holiday Fiction The Inside of the Cup By Winston Churchill "The most profoundly interesting novel of the year." Illustrated. $1.50 net. Here Are Ladies By John Stephens Another alluring book by the unique author of "The Crock of Gold," "Insurrections," etc. $1.25 net. Macmillan Deering at Princeton By Latta Griswold A rousing • story of college life from freshman to graduation days. Illustrated. $1.25 net. Children of the Wild By Charles G. D. Roberts Inimitable stories about young animals as seen from a boys' camp in the forest wilds. Illustrated. $1.35 net. Van Cleve By Mary S. Watts A modern American story, invit- ing in the intensity of its realism. Cloth. $1.35 net. Mothering on Perilous By Lucy Furman An exhilarating story of a young woman's experiences working in a settlement school in the heart of the Kentucky mountains. Illustrated Cloth. $1.50. The Valley of the Moon By Jack London One of this author's best love sto- ries, the hero again an unfor- gettable type. Illustrated. $1.35 net. Toby: The Story of a Dog By Elizabeth Goldsmith The entertaining life adventures of a bewitching little animal. $1.25 net. s New Books for Boys and Girls The Voyage of the Hoppergrass By Edmund Lester Pearson The story of a wonderful voy- age, adventurous, exciting and hu- morous. Illustrated $1.35 net. Pinocchio Under the Sea Translated by C. M. Delia Chiesa Edited l»y J. W. l>n>is The fascinating story of a ma- rionette's submarine adventures. Illustrated, 91.20 net. When I Was a Little Girl By Zona Gale An ancient legend retold in sim- ple language. Illustrated. $1.50 net. Stories of Old Greece and Rome By I null. Kip Baker An exquisite fantasy romance of childhood. Illustrated. $1.50 net. Published at 64-66 5th Ave, N. Y. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY On Sale Wherever Books Are Sold

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The Nation \/ II YORK, THURSDAY, DECEMBER IS, 1913 The Week The condition upon which Mr. Roose- velt will accept the regular Republican nomination for President in 1916, as stated by his campaign secretary of 1912, is simplicity itself. All that the party of total depravity need do is to "purge" itself. Purge, says Mr. Martin, is the Colonel's own word. This is not the Herculean labor that one might think. Let the Colonel be named, and, ipso facto, the party is purged, black is white, the party of piracy is the party of social justice. We should not be surprised if this view of the matter had already occurred to the agile standard-bearer of the Progressives. Nor would acceptance of the nomination be desertion of the Progressives. The country has not so soon forgotten the inspiring scene when settlement workers joined with bosslets in the strains of "Everywhere he leads me I will follow on." How can you desert a party that proposes to cling to your coat-tails? The fact that in a number of direc- tions business activity has recently slackened makes all the more remarka- ble the almost complete absence of alarmist talk concerning the operation of the new tariff. The general judgment of business men is to the effect that the tariff has played little if any part in bringing about the conditions in ques- tion, and that the return of full activity is to be expected in the ordinary course of things, with the tariff just as it is. This feeling is not based on an examina- tion of the figures of foreign commerce, but on an appreciation of factors af- fecting business which have no relation to the tariff; and, indeed, the figures for the brief period since the new tariff law went into effect cannot furnish any solid basis for inference. Such as they are, however, they offer no temptation for exploitation by any who might feel inclined to use them to point an alarm- ist moral. As Secretary Redfield says, in commenting on them, "the flooding of our markets with the alleged cheap wares of Europe has not happened." Im- ports for October, the first month un- der the new law, were far less in quan- tity than in the same month of last year, while it happens that exports greatly increased. Incidentally, it is worth while to mention that, according to the doctrine that passed current in high-tariff circles during a period of a dozen years and more after the panic of 1893, business gets knocked in the head by a reduction of the tariff long be- fore the law is passed; and perhaps the failure of the thing to show any signs of going off on time this year may ac- count for the sobriety of the protection- ists in the present circumstances. This is most gratifying news that comes from Washington in relation to the Administration's policy as to segre- gation. Just how much has been done towards restoring the situation as it existed before the unfortunate move was made which introduced an offensive distinction between negroes and whites where none had existed is not yet quite clear; but it seems plain that the word Has gone forth that the segregationists must take the back track. In one im- portant office, it is stated, the separa- tion of the races has come to an end already, and it appears that a return to former conditions is under way all along the line. We trust that all this will soon take the shape of an accomplished fact; and we do not hesitate to say that in performing this act of justice and humanity, President Wilson will not only have the approval of his own con- science, but will distinctly and notably strengthen himself with the people of the whole country. The courage and right-mindedness which would be shown in a complete wiping out of his error would more than redeem the original fault. Penny wise and pound foolish is the policy of road-building in most parts of this country. Its folly is now much more apparent than formerly, owing to the coming of the automobile. Indian- apolis, for example, is waking up to the fact that it has been spending thousands of dollars on maintenance of roads which are always fast approaching dis- solution. Yet the county in which Is situated Detroit, the home of the auto- mobile industry, manages to keep its main roads in repair at a cost of from ten to twenty-five dollars a mile a year. This is to be placed in contrast with the sum of $900, $1,000, and $1,200 a mile expended in New Jersey, New York, and Massachusetts. The explanation is stat- ed to be that the Wayne County (De- troit) Commissioners have the wisdom and the courage to put $15,000 into every mile of new road, building it of concrete, and thereby virtually wiping out main- tenance cost. Even Detroit can hardly have the traffic of some other portions of the country, but its course in road- building could be followed with profit in many places. One important element in it is the continual study of the roads built, with the result of great improve- ments in the concrete structure. In explaining South Carolina's indif- ference to woman suffrage, the Columbia State makes a striking confession re- garding the misuse of manhood suffrage in that commonwealth. The State has about 330,000 men of voting age. But "the central and principal policy of our politics is the exclusion of 165,000 of these possible voters from the polls be- cause they are negroes." Worse remains behind, however, in the use the white voters themselves make of the franchise. "Everybody knows," the State declares, "that in recent years we have failed to conduct a white man's primary free from fraud and corruption. . . . We lack either the intelligence or the cour- age to prosecute bribe-takers and bribe- givers. Our corrupt-practice laws arc honored in the breach. We have so far neglected to arrange a party enrolment that is even a reasonable check on il- legal voting and repeating." The dis- couraging element in the situation Is that the primaries were once conducted honestly; their debauching is a recent development. If there be "treason" in the State's frankness, it is the kind of treason that it behooves honest voters to make the most of. Advocates of the army canteen who have asserted that nothing but the sale of beer and light wines in army posts would reduce drinking In the service and its corollary, venereal disease, will rub their eyes when they read Secre- tary Garrison's first annual report. The

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580 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2529 rate for alcoholism with troops serv- ing in the United States was, he says, lower in 1912-13 than in any year since 1873, with the exception of the war year of 1898. As for venereal disease, last year Secretary Stimson reported that the American army's record was "shame- ful beyond that of the army of any other civilized nation"; this year, Secretary Garrison says, the admission rate to hospitals for venereal disease has been reduced to less than one-half of the average annual rate for the five preced- ing years. What has worked these mir- acles? Chiefly a simple little law pass- ed by Congress stopping the pay of offi- cers and enlisted men incapacitated for duty by reason of drink or shameful disease. This legislation went into ef- fect on September 12, 1912, and therefore affected but nine and one-half months; a still more favorable showing is expect- ed for the year 1913-14, particularly as the army medical authorities have be- stirred themselves and have lent valua- ble aid by a campaign of education and of compulsory prophylaxis. Army opinion is turning more and more to the abolition of isolated army posts, those costly suburban villages whose very isolation and restraints make for restlessness and disorder. In their place, wherever possible, progres- sive officers hope to see our troops placed in barracks in cities, precisely as is the case in Europe and England. Then the canteen problem would solve itself, and if the men drank more than was good for them in the saloons of the town, the punishment could be of the sternest. Human nature is the same the world over; if German and French and British troops can be made to be- have amid urban temptations, ours can similarly be controlled, unless our offi- cers are unequal to the task. The dedication of "Grundy County's new $80,000 court house" in northern Il- linois is noteworthy for the sort of po- litical discussion of which it was made the occasion. Twelve words sufficed for the actual dedication, but the main part of the speechmaking was concerned with some of the most important issues of the day. Ex-Speaker Cannon spoke against the initiative and referendum, call of judges and decisions, Presi- dential primaries, and the direct elec- tion of President. A representative of Gov. Dunne spoke in favor of all of these changes, and a Chicago judge spoke against the recall of judges and deci- sions. Neither appeals to partisanship nor personalities were indulged in. Sure- ly, this is the stuff of which public opin- ion is made. There is appropriateness in such a discussion in the State that had the privilege of hearing the Lincoln- Douglas debates, and no reason exists, except the unwillingness of speakers, why the same kind of thing should not be more frequent everywhere. If there were any marks of irritabil- ity in the speech of the New Haven's new president before the Railway Busi- ness Association in New York, they are easily comprehensible in the light of eon- temporary events. But there can be no doubt that President Elliott's statement of the case of the railways against the Government in the matter of remunera- tion for the carrying of the mails is well founded. His protest against the prevailing method of fixing remunera- tion on the basis of weighings made once in four years is by no means so forceful as his explanation regarding the parcel-post problem. The four-year ar- rangement is one that has long been in effect, and in the absence of any violent protests by the railways hitherto may be assumed to have worked justly in the long run. A normal increase in mail traffic during these four years was as- sumed and presumably discounted in advance. But no such sudden increase as that occasioned by the parcel post was contemplated, and there cannot be the least doubt that the railways should be compensated proportionately, nor that they will be. Postmaster-General Burleson has already spoken out to that effect, and Congress will be urged to make the necessary appropriation. To charge "deliberate fraud" by the Govern- ment is absurd. The simultaneous award of two No- bel prizes — the year 1912 was not a year for friends of peace to rejoice over — to a statesman in the person of Elihu Root and to a professor of international law, is in accordance with precedent. In both cases the prize has been worthily bestowed. Some day, however, it is to be hoped that the administrators' of the NuIh I Kund will depart from the custom of choosing between professors of law and high officers of state and confer their peace prize on a class of men whose services have hitherto been un- recognized. We refer to a man like Dr. Karl Liebknecht, whose exposure of the intimate relations existing between gun manufacturers and army officials affords an excellent insight into the workings of armament politics. Or the Nobei Fund directors might reward the enterprising reporter or special correspondent who procured the other day for the Paris Matin copies of the secret treaties be- tween Bulgaria and Servia, in which the shrewd and unscrupulous game played by the great chancelleries of Europe on the eve of the Balkan War is brought to light. It is an open question whether such disclosures of the commercial and diplomatic wire-pulling that drives na- tions into "inevitable" and sanguinary wars, are not as powerful an agent for peace as the books of professors of in- ternational law or the acts of statesmen. Of the countless theories brought for- ward to explain the disappearance of the Mona Lisa from the Louvre, the sim- plest one seems to stand a chance of be- ing justified by the facts: that the theft, .namely, was the act of a madman. The young Italian who confesses to having stolen Da Vinci's masterpiece in re- venge for Napoleon's looting of Italy's treasures would very well fit the case of a motive of revenge taking shape in a disordered brain. Revenge or madness alone would induce a man to steal a treasure that could not be disposed of, unless to one of those fantastic art-lov- ers of whom Balzac used to write who might gloat in secret over a possession they never dare avow. Of the authen- ticity of the recovered portrait there would seem to be little question, after the opinion of the highly competent Ital- ian experts. The manner of its abstrac- tion from the Louvre, like all magnifi- cent acts of audacity, was simple to a degree. The portrait was not destroyed by acid, it was not stolen by the French Minister of Fine Arts, it was not spir- ited away in an aeroplane. A workman put the picture under his blouse and car- ried it off. It must be assumed that the person or persons who sent out the false wire- less reports of a fire on the Steamer EUo Grande thought they were doing 111) more than playing a. pracl hul joUi«. Thoy could hardly have been so deliberately

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Dec. 18, 1913] The Nation 581 inhuman as to take the risks they did take maliciously. Yet it is not at all impossible for just such a hoax to cause destruction of life and property. Sup- pose that another vessel had actually been on Are or in distress, and sending out wireless calls for help. These calls might have failed to reach the vessels racing towards the Rio Grande, owing to their getting out of range of the mes- sages; or they might have believed their first duty to be on behalf of the steamer first summoning their aid. Indeed, the calls sent out as a hoax would be likely to picture an especially dangerous con- dition, such as to lead a vessel to turn its course in the direction of the ship that did not require help rather than in the direction of the one that did. The least that the Government can do is to make the thorough investigation that is promised; but surely no one operating the wireless "for fun" will indulge in pranks of this sort, if he once realizes the peril in which he may be placing whole shiploads of human beings. Members of society saw themselves in moving-pictures last night and enjoyed the novelty immensely. Robert Burns's famous prayer has been answered. The gift has been given us to see ourselves as others see us. If soci- ety has enjoyed the revelation, it is to be congratulated. It is not always that the sight of one's own unfamiliar profile or the sound of one's unfamiliar voice is conducive to satisfaction. The motion film, in conjunction with the phono- graph, thus directed to self-study, can be made of enormous educational value and a factor for the increase of human happiness. Take the after-dinner speak- er. A cinematograph presentation of himself, erect above rows of heads bent in submission, reinforced by a phono- graphic reproduction of himself stagger- ing on through a Serbonian bog of plati- tudes and imbecilities, would make an extraordinary impression in the cold light of the morning after. The swelling tide of oratory will experience a remark- able subsidence when a speaker begins wondering whether he could really have been so big an idiot as he looks and sounds. and to present to the European Powers and the world a solid front, with the prayer that the policy which is being pursued, whatever it may be, will be a successful one and relieve us from the awful burden of such a war as I have described. One can only contrast the manly tone of this plea for calm and conscience in the face of a great emergency with the par- tisan outcry from Progressive quarters against President Wilson's "do-nothing" policy. Repeatedly we have been asked to consider how the Mexican question would have been settled in a jiffy if af- fairs were in the hands of some one who shall here be nameless, but who is now on the way from Paraguay into the Amazon forest. Just what would have been done to settle the Mexican difficulty off-hand, we are not told. Apparently, interest lies less in the point that some- thing would be done by this nameless statesman than that there would he something doing. Said Mr. Taft the other night with re- gard to Mexico: All that those of us who are not In the Government can do is to support the hands •of the President and the Secretary of State The defeat of the rebels at Tam- pico emphasizes the obstinacy of the present struggle as compared with the two previous campaigns, since the out- break of civil war in Mexico. It was in November, 1910, that the forces of Fran- cisco Madero began operations. By May of the following year President Diaz had abdicated and Madero had made his en- trance into the capital. The counter- revolution headed by Orozco came into being in February, 1912, and met dis- comfiture in about half a year, the Felix Diaz coup at Vera Cruz in October be- ing in the nature of an isolated demon- stration. The present campaign against Huerta began in March and has now been nearly ten months under way, al- though it is only within the last three months that the rebel offensive has as- sumed considerable proportions. It is notable also that the fate of Porfirio Diaz was decided in the northern States. This was true of the revolution head- ed by Orozco, whose downfall came at Torreon. The present fighting is much more obstinate. The Constitutionalists have pressed closer to the capital than in the two earlier uprisings, and have felt themselves strong enough to under- take an assault on a sea-coast town. But Huerta, though more closely pressed than either of his predecessors in office, is fighting back valiantly. heavy vote the proposal of a general sympathetic strike in support of the Dublin workers, as a blow at "Larkin- ism," would be hasty. Thereby the meaning is conveyed that Larkinism is a species of blatant demagoguery, a campaign for personal aggrandizement, without justification in the facts of life and labor in the Irish capital. The truth is that Larkin's is a passionate and pos- sibly unrestrained voice, which never- theless the conscience of the British na- tion at large has recognized as a voice crying out against the well-nigh intoler- able conditions to which the working class of Dublin is subjected. In voting down Larkin the man of wrath, the Brit- ish trade-unionists have simply declared that the spirit of wrath is not the state of mind in which to carry on a success- ful campaign of any kind, and especially so formidable a movement as a general strike. British labor in recent years has had experience with general strikes more or less complete, and has discov- ered, as labor all over the world has discovered, that the general strike is a weapon not lightly to be brought into play. To describe the action of the British Trade-Union Congress, in rejecting by a Viceroy Hardinge's recent speech at Madras defending the Hindus in South Africa contains some statements so straightforward that it is not strange much of the English press characterized it as a grave indiscretion. He spoke of the Hindus' "passive resistance" to laws which they regarded as invidious and unjust. "They have the deep and burning sympathy of India, and also of those who, like myself, without being Indians, sympathize with the people of the country." And the Viceroy went on to mention reports of repressive mea- sures "which would not be tolerated for a moment in any country claiming to be civilized," adding that these reports had been imperfectly denied by the Gov- ernment of South Africa. Such a speech was certainly not calculated to allay feeling, but there is no doubt of the Viceroy's sincerity. If he could display such heat, it is evident that native sen- timent is acute indeed. When news of the speech was received in South Africa, Gen. Botha replied with much resent- ment, challenging Lord Hardinge to bring any alleged cruelties under inves- tigation. Thus the Empire has the spec- tacle of not merely two of its peoples, but two of its Governments, at odds.

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582 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2529 THE ART DIPLOMATIC. "Your art diplomatic," once exclaimed Coleridge, "is stuff!" He was declaim- ing against the conventions and absurd rigmarole and roundaboutness of diplo- matic intercourse, and stoutly contended that sensible men did not do business in that way. But what would Coleridge have said of a system of appointing dip- lomatic representatives which resulted in the choice of men who neither knew anything about the technique of their calling, nor had any real fitness for the actual duties of their position? He would have used some word more pic- turesque than "stuff," we may be sure. The National Civil Service Reform League has to be more polite, yet at its annual meeting in Boston, last week, it made pointed reference to the way in which our diplomatic service has been injured by the Wilson Administration. As to other matters affecting the civil service, the League made hearty recog- nition of what President Wilson has stood for. What he has done is partly to be measured by what he has resisted. Congress has made several assaults on the reformed methods. To some of these Mr. Wilson has given way in form, so tar as concerns signing bills with vi- cious "riders" upon them, but has an- nounced his purpose, nevertheless, to keep in effect the principles of the merit system. For this and for his other acts in keeping off the thronging spoilsmen, the League accords him due praise. But the diplomatic appointments are the sore spot. As President Eliot put the matter in his address, the complaint is not only that Ambassadors and Ministers have been dismissed, but that they have been replaced by untrained men. The grava- men of the charge lies in the treatment of Ministers. Out of 35 in the service, 22 have been replaced by appointees whose diplomatic and other abilities have been sedulously concealed from the public. And several of the Ministers removed had the advantage of long ex- perience and were specially competent. To turn them out in order to give room for greenhorns is surely to make "stuff," or something worse, of the American diplomatic service. There is, of course, in all this no charge that any civil-service law has been violated. Ambassadors and Minis- ters are without protection In their of- fices. Too often the sport of politics themselves, they always walk, as Lowell said that he did, like St. Denis, with, their heads under their arms. This has been a long-standing folly and disgrace. But the point is that an effort had been under way to make an inroad upon this pie-counter theory of diplomatic appoint- ments. The shame of it had taken hold of President Roosevelt and President Taft, and they had set about humble beginnings of a reformation, looking to- wards something like a permanent ca- reer for able men devoting themselves to the diplomatic service. Young men of talent were named, without political dictation, as secretaries of legation. In the State Department an efficiency rec- ord was kept for them, and they were promoted when vacancies occurred and they had shown exceptional capacity to fill these. Finally, after a few years of training, several of them were ap- pointed Ministers, in comparatively un- important legations, all as a recognition for ability displayed, and as an earnest of a better system. But now nearly every one of these Ministers, who had fairly earned their positions without any aid from political influence, is turn- ed adrift at the demand of politicians. Of what use is it, under such circum- stances, to point to the fact that many secretaries of legation have been re- tained? What outlook have they? If they prove themselves unusually capa- ble, they will be promoted, it is said; yes, but will they not think, in view of what has happened, that promotion will mean simply an invitation to mount the guillotine and have their heads cut off? If this thing is to go on, the obvious ef- fect will be to put a premium upon stu- pidity or inefficiency on the part of young secretaries of legation, and to throw knowledge and skill out of the window as so much trash. For the harm that has been done to the diplomatic service President Eliot chiefly blames Mr. Bryan. This appears to be on the theory of Charles II, that his words were his own, but his acts his Ministers'. Of course, President Wilson must bear the ultimate responsibility. It is very likely true that the President turned over to the Secretary the work of selecting the appointees to minor diplomatic positions. It is certain that several of Mr. Bryan's friends have turn- ed up In these offices. Considering the great pressure of work put upon Mr. Wilson, it is not surprising that he de- sired the Secretary of State to relieve him of a part of it. But when a princi- ple was at stake, involving the good of the service and the hope of its steady betterment in the future, he should have laid down a rule for Mr. Bryan to ob- serve. It would have been both easy and right for the President to single out the few Ministers who had risen by desert, and against whom there were no charges, and to order that those men should be kept. They could be transferred, if desirable, but. must not be dismissed as if they were so many janitors. If something of this kind had been done, there would have been lit- tle complaint about the removal of Am- bassadors, frankly political appointees as most of them were — though there might still have been criticism of some of their designated successors — and the hope of opening at last a permanent ca- reer in American diplomacy would not have seemed to be wantonly strangled in its cradle. SENATOR ROOT ON THE BANKING BILL. The speech of Mr. Root in the Senate on the banking and currency bill has been read by most people, we imagine, with a feeling of perplexity. This bill has been before the public nearly six months. It has been under fire of tne National Bankers' Convention, has been examined by numerous financial organ- izations, has been publicly discussed by anti-Administration Congressmen, in- cluding some who had a hand in fram- ing the Aldrich bill, and has been made the subject of exhaustive revision and amendment in the report of the Repub- lican members of the Senate Banking Committee. But the singular fact is that none of these careful, experienced. and more or less hostile critics have in- cluded in their objections to the measure the objection set forth in his three-hour speech of Saturday by Senator Root — that the currency provisions of the bill are in effect identical with those of the Bryan platform of 1896, that the note circulation would always expand indefi- nitely and would never be reduced, and that the consequent perfectly inevitable inflation would be so prodigious as to wreck both public and private credit We say thai the lateness of this dis- covery of what, if the facts aro as Sen- ator Root alleges, not only supersedes every other objection to the banking

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Dec. 1 8, 1913] T li e JST a t i o n 583 bill, but must have been patent from the first in its provisions, is singular. But that is no reason for dismissing it from consideration. The Nation has insisted from the start that the highest public in- terest would be served by the urging of every rational objection to the House bill. We have ourselves devoted consid- erable space to pointing out with empha- sis what we believed to be the faults and dangers which it was necessary to remove, before the bill could be safely trusted on the statute books. If Senator Root's contentions are well grounded, there would be general agreement that the bill ought to be rejected. Let us examine these contentions. First, Mr. Root informs us, there is no limit placed by the law on the issues of notes to regional central banks, se- cured by an equivalent amount in high- grade commercial paper pledged against them, and by a 33 1-3 per cent, reserve in gold. Secondly, he tells us that the bill makes no provision to compel retire- ment of any notes from circulation. Therefore, the sure result must be that our trade "would absorb" of the new notes "the maximum which the required reserves permit"; that a period of wild inflation would ensue; that our gold, as always, would "leave the country in which the amount of currency exceeds the legitimate demands of business," and that then the whole structure would come down. The two questions which arise are, whether the facts are accu- rately stated by Mr. Root, and whether his deductions are correct. No arbitrary maximum is fixed in the bill for the amount of notes to be at any time outstanding; this is as true of the Republican report from the Senate Bank- ing Committee as it is of the House bill. But that the notes, as Mr. Root de- clares, are "not a currency for which the bill contains any provisions compelling reduction," is entirely untrue. The mo- ment any notes of one regional bank are received on deposit by another, they must, under heavy penalty, be sent back to the bank of issue for redemption. This clause, wholly ignored by Mr. Root, has attracted the close attention and warm commendation of every other con- servative critic. Thus for the facts. When one exam- ines the inferences drawn from them, one is likely to be perplexed as to what the Senator has in mind when he says that the country "will absorb the maxi- mum" of note issues "which the re- quired reserves permit." We can under- stand this statement only if it means that as much of the currency would De absorbed as the regional banks could conveniently provide a 33 1-3 per cent, gold reserve for. Mr. Root appears to think that no limit could exist to the gold supply available for that purpose. If this were so, the recent well-known difficulties of the European central banks, in obtaining gold reserves on which to build up an increased note circulation of their own, would be indeed myste- rious. The Senator further warns us of the outflow of gold from the United States which would ensue whenever an infla- tion process should be under way. That sequel would be altogether probable; and with what result? The gold exported would be taken from the regional bank reserves; but when the ratio of such a bank's reserve to its outstanding circu- lation falls below 33 1-3 per cent, no re- course would remain for the bank but to reduce its notes. We have failed to find, in the reports of Senator Root's speech of Saturday, the slightest recog- nition of this inevitable and automatic process. Yet that process, along with the raising of the official discount rate that naturally accompanies it, is the historic cornerstone of the regulation of note issues, markets, and foreign ex- changes by the central banks of Europe. It is far from our purpose to discoun- tenance any sober warning of possible dangers in the operation of this bill. We particularly welcome Senator Root's re- vival of the question, whether the bill ought not to adopt the Aldrich plan of an arbitrary maximum of untaxed out- standing notes, with a progressively ris- ing tax on issues in excess of it. But we repeat what we have said before, that extravagant misstatement in regard to provisions of the pending bill will do far more harm than good. That the present bill requires 50 per cent, more deposit of commercial paper, as collater- al for the notes, than the Aldrich bill re- quired; that it does not, like that bill, provide that the notes "shall be received for all salaries and other debts and de- mands owing by the United States," out- side of specific gold obligations, and that its authors rejected from the start the Aldrich bill's proposal for the use of the notes as part of an individual bank's re- serve— these facts have escaped Mr. Root's consideration; even though, if our recollection serves us, he himself favored the enactment of the Aldrich bill. BIOGRAPHY FOR THE MILLION. One of the less conservative of French reviews, Mercure de France, now possesses a department called "La Vie Anecdotique." The matter that falls into this particular pigeonhole repre- sents anecdotal biography. Excessively as biography in general haa grown in recent years, this form of it has grown disproportionately. The vogue of the frankly entertaining species of personal history is one of the most marked evi- dences of the popularization of learning. All the social factors that have helped the short story, the flashy novel, the clever magazine article, and other prod- ucts of New GrUb Street, have won read- ers for anecdotal biography. It places no strain upon the modern attention which regards even Paine's Mark Twain and Trevelyan's Macaulay as food for the time before the flood, when men had long lives and endless leisure. It has the merits of unflagging interest, dramatic quality, and a suggestiveness that leaves much to the imagination, without actual- ly requiring a passing of judgment. Above all, it tries to define from a background of history or society or art, in which few are interested, the breath- ing man — in whom all are interested. It is thus a democratization of the old memoir. It has given the lie direct to Lord Acton's principle, laid down in his "Advice to Persons about to Write a History," that "no public character has ever stood the revelation of private ut- terances and correspondence"! It is one of the extreme results of the ten- dency to discard the histories of men and "their times" for an account of per- sonality alone. Finally, it has grown in favor with the biographer, for it is narrative, not analytic; it is facile, and it relieves the writer of much of his responsibility for a formal verdict. All must grant certain of the claims of this kind of writing, from the few who read Plutarch to the many who find relaxation in the last volume of Recol- lections. But definitions are difficult What constitutes an anecdote is a mat- ter of perspective. And the only valid distinction Is between works wholly

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584 T li e IsT a t i o zi | Vol. 97, No. 2529 anecdotal and those only partly so, for any biography since Sir Thomas More has some infusion of the element. All that many get from Boswell is a score of pictures of that oaken Englishman, with his heart in the right place, who in his poverty put pence in the hands of children asleep on the doorsteps as he went home from night-work; who wrote Chesterfield the downright letter that ended patronage; who did penance one rainy day in Lichfield market for an unkind word to his father; who went after oysters for his cat Hodge lest his negro servant Frank should think it an insult to have to wait upon an animal. But these are true anecdotes and give us a flash into the soul of the hero. The cheap current anecdote, which might happen to a hundred characters, re- sembles only a detached incident from a newspaper or magazine. There is noth- ing in it to chime with the constantly developing character which a really seri- ous biography traces, and harmonizes through every change of circumstance. Thus the purely anecdotal biographies are like the picaresque novels, in that they may often be taken up with plea- sure, but never laid down with regret; for they never acquaint us with real per- sonalities. Much could be said about the baneful influence of biography of the opposite type, such as Sprat's "Life of Cowley," and Jeremy Taylor's funeral orations, which suppressed definition and familiar detail to aim at "moral effect and solemn grandeur." But the defect of anecdotal biography is that it not merely fails to touch the crises of life with proper emphasis, its concern being with the minor incidents, but that it fails also to touch the "stuff" of a life. The question is not merely one of pro- portion, but of insight. Beyond the first duty in biography of making the essen- tial events stand out, is the duty of de- veloping personality and choosing char- acteristic illustration. But what process of selection is used by the modern scamped biographical sketch, with its collection of anecdotes merely ornamen- tal or enlivening? Their dazzling suc- cession, like a stream of Roman candles, obscures true values, and this is the more regrettable, from the great wealth of present-day social anecdote. In its flower, anecdotal biography belongs to recent times, when clubs, academies, links of a hundred sorts, draw into new intercourse the roster of the great. It deals by preference with literary men, statesmen of the minor sort, artists and adventurers, rather than austere fighters of the camp or parliament. It is thus sheer want of the art of true nar- rative that is betrayed by inability to choose anecdotes which illumine charac- ter. The true novelist does not forget his plot, or the demands of character- drawing, in attention to incident. The thousands who piece together chatty lives with the intention of thus disavow- ing any claims to profound insight, or the power of making final conclusions upon character, often expose a worse weakness — ignorance of the very princi- ples of sustained story-telling. The sim- ple facts would be les3 dangerous to them and more satisfactory to the reader. Our flood of anecdotal biography is thus rather a literary fashion than the index of a new and dangerous attitude towards notable men. Multiplication of anecdotal memoirs will only the more certainly end in their classification as a sort of gossipy journalism. The same reaction may come that Edmund Gosse noted in the field of the bad novel, when he said that its writers began to appre- cite that "there is less intellectual ef- fort involved in writing a story of the third order than In any other work of letters." Out of the ruck may rise again the biography of sincere conception and careful workmanship. The whole anec- dotal tendency is a natural accompani- ment of the excess in the habit of mod- ern biography. Nowadays any person who has ever held a transient place in the public eye is entitled to a biography almost before he is safe in the grave. THE CITY MALIGNED. Even so wise and sympathetic an ob- server as "David Grayson" cannot help doing the city an injustice. That part of the Friendly Road (David Grayson, "The Friendly Road," Doubleday, Page & Co.) which lies in the open fields runs amidst scenes of peace. The wanderer makes no deliberate attempt to deny that there may be evil and sorrow in the "pure" country. Yet it is his belief, and more than that, his purpose, to show that whatever of evil and sorrow he en- counters on the highway is part of an inevitable scheme. Life's maladjust- ments in the rural regions need only to be scanned with an understanding eye to be revealed as something other and better than they appear. Whereas the city? When David Grayson enters the city it must be to find it given over to the grim turmoil of labor war. The men he consorts with must be strikers or labor agitators or dreamers of revolu- tionary ideals. He must not be long in the city before he encounters its most agonizing problem in the shape of a young factory girl lurking in the night shadows. When he leaves the city it is with a sense of escape. When he turns back to look at the city it is at a mon- ster lying there in the valley. But he is not fair. Here is a problem for the young thinkers of the pragmatic school who believe that the spirit of man is made over every thirty-three and a third years. The steam engine, Darwin, and wireless may reshape our world of ideas. Within a lifetime there may be revo- lutionary changes in the position of the church, of woman, of labor, of morals. But the belief that the land is good and the city is evil, because the land is nat- ural and the city is an excrescence, seems to be ineradicable. Specifically, we may deny that the contrast exists, and the next moment slip into the an- cient tradition. Specifically, we know that good can come out of the city. In the past the city has been the cradle of political freedom. In the present it is described by earnest students as the hope of democracy. In face of city slums we may yet recall that life is as healthful nowadays in the city as in the country, and that poverty, though more conspicuous and sordid, is possibly not more oppressive. City schools are better than country schools. City food is often more wholesome than country food. Hours of labor in the great city are shorter than in the small town or on the farm. Political morals in the city are not worse than rural morals. Great en- thusiasms and great charities flourish in the cities. So one will argue point by point; and having so argued, will unquestioningly subscribe to the heredi- tary faith that man was made for the land and lives in cities for his sins. So with the "drift" to the cities. One can see why this should bo seriously re- garded as an economic problem. To the extent that it destroys the balance be- tween food-producers and food-consum- ers, it is a very real difficulty. But it ceases to be real when wo moralize the

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Dec. 18, 1913] T h. e N" a t i o n 585 process, when we describe it as involv- ing a change from a natural life to an artificial life, from essential duties to undeserving duties, from honest plea- sures to factitious or reprehensible plea- sures. There is no real censure in say- ing that it is the crowds, the moving- picture theatre, the shops and lights, the dance-hall, that lure the young men and women from the farm. A moving-picture theatre is inherently just as moral in the city as it would be in the country. Dancing on a polished floor under elec- tric light is quite as excusable as danc- ing on a barn floor under kerosene lamps. And there is nothing immoral in the attraction of the crowd. On the contrary, those who lay stress on the cheap amusements of the town exagger- ate the appeal which those pleasures hold out to the farmer's children. It is not the specialized appeal of this or that particular pleasure which draws them, but the general appeal of that much-tra- duced entity, the crowd. Why not rec- ognize in this longing for the city mass one of the most fundamental of human qualities — the longing for companion- ship, the primitive instinct to huddle together for warmth and protection and cooperation in face of the mysteries of life? Mr. Chesterton has somewhere pro- tested, possibly in speaking of Charles Dickens, against the uniformly drab pictures which we are apt to paint of life among the poor. It does not occur to us that drab uniformity, as the more fortunate see it, may embrace, to those who live in it, as wide a range of sensations and experiences as any one class enjoys. In pictures of so-called "slum" life the tenement house and the corner saloon are part of the same de- pressing reality. It does not occur to us, as Chesterton points out, that a visit to the corner saloon may be just as ex- citing an event to the tenement-house dweller as a dinner at a gold and mar- ble hotel may be to the average mid- dle-class citizen. The city as a whole suffers from being reduced to some- thing of the same monotone. We as- sume that city life, as opposed to an ideal picture of country life, is one thing, whereas it is a thousand things. We as- sume that city pleasures mean the "Gay White Way" and the "lobster palaces." Yet we know well enough that city plea- sures mean also the libraries, the con- cert halls, the museums, the decent the- atres, not to mention the quieter plea- sures of social communion and quiet talk and the play of healthy children in a million households. Item by item we know these pleasures exist in the city. Only when we talk in symbols does the city become synonymous with Broadway on New Year's Eve. Sometimes the city turns. Balzac in "Les Paysans" and Zola in "La Terre" and Hamlin Garland in his earlier vein, have shown how the muckraking meth- od can be applied to life in the open country. And every little while comes a Government report on rural conges- tion, a study of village industries, a symposium on health conditions on the farm, which seem to shatter the ideal of Arcadia. But the ideal is indestruc- tible. It is proof against statistics and against reason, even as the traditional conception of the city is proof against them. The land obtrudes itself as the only rightful place for man. The city stands out as a temporary abode. Prim- itive instinct will not down. "PORNOGRAPHY FOR HIRE." The phrase is that of Eden Phillpotts. In a letter defending the rights of the sincere literary artist against the as- saults of a stupid censorship, he referred in a single scornful sentence to "those writers who deliberately deal with cer- tain facts and sink to pornography for hire." About them, or those who pub- lish them, Mr. Phillpotts affirmed, "there can exist no two opinions." But if he had been in New York during the past year he would have discovered several opinions. He would have encountered many men and women, apparently of sound mind and decent life, who defend the commercial exploitation of the baser human instincts upon the stage. In what is, in its essence, a purely money- making venture, they have read, not high art — for there is no pretence of that — but great and vital lessons to the community. They have resented the in- terference of the police with theatrical shows plainly demoralizing, on the ground that in no other way than by plays could the "facts of life" be pre- sented so as to convey a moral teaching of mighty import to the race. They will probably feel outraged by the action of the authorities last week in stopping another brothel drama. Of this we know nothing except by report, but it is ap- parently only a little more unblushing than several others freely offered to the public. The thing is done for hire. This is the point upon which the worthy peo- ple who seek to gather violets in the gutter refuse to fix their attention; yet it is essential to the whole discussion. No one objects to having the dangers of brutal passions made known in the right way and on proper occasion; the sole question is whether they ought to be promiscuously exhibited for cash. On this subject a vast amount of nonsense has been emitted in this city within the last months. We have been told that the theatre was coming to a new conception of its high mission. At last, the stage was to become a power for social reform. A new dramatic "movement" had arriv- ed, and it behooved us all to bow rever- ently before it. What rubbish this was the simplest inspection of the facts would show. The motive in all this display of indecency on the stage is necessarily the touch- stone of its moral intent, and that mo- tive is, without any concealment at all, mercenary. The wonderful "move- ment" in the drama is simply a passing fashion. Theatrical managers did not tumble over each other in the rush to see who could first produce the most "risky" play, because they had suddenly found artistic salvation. It was merely the jingle of the guinea that made them prick up their ears. One or two ven- turous pioneers discovered that money could be made out of turning the stage into a clinic for the study of disease, and then the others followed them pell- mell. There is absolutely no question of dramatic art about it. These belauded moral reformers — of the box-office — would drop the whole role the instant they perceived that there was no money in it. Let a reaction towards prudery set in, and let it be shown that it paid well to be a prude, and these same peo- ple would go in for kindergarten vir- tues as enthusiastically as they now go in for the unmentionable vices. In that fact lies hope, for soon the reigning the- atrical fad is bound to pass. With it, sensible people will earnestly pray, will pass also the intolerable mush that has been uttered about this temporary sink- ing into pornography for hire. Wholly apart from this stands the large and vexed question of the real art- ist and his difficulties in trying to see

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586 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2529 life steadily and see it whole. Eden Phillpotts, whose own work speaks for the serious conscientiousness and sad sincerity in which he labors, puts the matter as follows: A problem rises before us concerned with some human activity, or danger, or passion. We weigh it in the terms of art, whether it involve finance or politics, sex or religion; and should the vision grow and take shape and promise a live achievement, we embrace it. From that moment the matter absorbs our best ener- gies, and we devote ourselves heart and soul to the most perfect, beautiful and com- pelling presentation of our problem that lies within our power to accomplish. This is at least intelligible and respect- able; which is more than can be said of theories that improvise exalted art and deep morals out of the ephemeral coin- ing of money out of filth. We do not say, however, that Mr. Phillpotts satis- factorily answers all the questions which grow out of the relations of the artist to the public. It is said that he "must live"; but the austere artist should be the first to say that "je n'en vois pas la necessite." That is, if he really is devoted to his own vision of beauty, he will make the thought of tangible and pecuniary rewards an entirely secondary thing. If they come, well and good; but it should be something like a profana- tion to him to suggest that even the best and noblest in him should be sway- ed by the thought of "hire." NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. A little above two years ago, and about the same time, there appeared in England a couple of books on Thomas Love Peacock. One was written by Mr. A. Martin Freeman; the other by Mr. Carl Van Doren, of Co- lumbia University. Each was an excellent piece of work, well written, well planned, and showed an intimate knowledge of the subject by the writer. Mr. Van Doren's con- tribution was the completest biography of Peacock which has yet been published, while Mr. Freeman's, though not avoiding bio- graphical details, was chiefly a "critical study" of Peacock's novels, poems, etc. Both authors referred to an article "On the Poetry of Nonnus" which appeared in the London Mat/iizine for October and No- vember, 1822, and which was written by a contributor who adopted the pseudonym "Vida." Mr. Van Doren comments as fol- lows : The London Magazine for October and No- vember of the same year [1822] contains an artiete "On the Poetry at Nonnus," with considerable translations from the "Dlony- siacfc," wbiili Sir Henry Cole ascribed to Peacock, an ascription which has recently been accepted by Dr. Young. It is tolerably clear, however, that Cole had no reason for thinking Peacocb wrote the essay except the f;n t that. Peacock was exceptionally lon.l of Nonnus. A note which Cole seal to Nol,<:x and Queries, some years after ho had put the statement into print, asking whether the "Vida" articles in the London Magazine were by Peacock, confirms one in the belief that his previous judgment had been mere guesswork. Moreover, Peacock himself in 1862 sent Thomas L'Estrange a list of his periodical essays, in which he says nothing whatever of this one. A single article, indeed, might have escaped his mem- ory; an examination of the London Maga- zine shows that "Vida" contributed no less than nine articles to its columns from Oc- tober, 1822, to November, 1823. Two are on Nonnus, three on Quintus Calaber, three are versions from the Greek tragic poets ; and one a general essay "On the Tragic Drama of Greece." No one really familiar with Peacock's verse can think the transla- tion his; the prose of these essays has none of his point; and the last-named con- tains opinions so at variance with Peacock's own that little further doubt can remain. Mr. Freeman writes : An article on "The Poetry of Nonnus" in the London Magazine for October, 1822, is included in the list of Peacock's works. It would be interesting to know on what grounds it is attributed to him. The subject is, of course, one likely to be selected by an editor who wished for a contribution from him, and the writer's method of dealing with the received notions on the subject are mild- ly reminiscent of his polemical procedure. With this exception there is nothing char- acteristic of Peacock in the article, in man- ner or substance; the style is quite undis- tinguished; and the defence of Southey and Darwin, author of "the Botanic Garden" and the "Loves of the Plants," against the at- tacks of the critics, makes it difficult to accept this, without proof, as his work. The same pseudonym is used by a writer in a subsequent number on the "Tragic Drama of the Greeks," and is also appended to a series of translations from the tragedians by which this is followed. It will be seen that although both authors decide against the ascription to Peacock of the article in question, neither is able to enlighten his readers as to who, in fact, was the writer. The "only begetter" was Sir Charles Abraham Elton. Most, if not all, of the articles on the classics in the London Magazine were contributed by him. His first series of Essays, which bore the title "Lei- sure Hours," began in the number for Sep- tember, 1821, and was continued monthly up to April of the following year. They were signed "An Idler." In the May number the notorious Thomas Griffiths Wainwright, who was a frequent writer in the magazine, wrote the "Letter from Janus Weathercock, Esq." In it he requests the editor to "be so obliging to ask our Idler by the green sea, wherefore he gave up the fourteen syl- lable measure (which becomes him so well) in the 'Hymn to Ceres' — remind him, too, that we have never had a satisfactory speci- men of an English TEschylus or Euripides; and that some good things might be picked out of Quintus Calaber and Nonnus." An article on Quintus Calaber appeared in the journal for December, 1822, and was con- Mnueii in tli.- number tot January and Feb- ruary, 1828; that on Nonnus as before stat- ed. That "Vida" and "An Idler" were one and the same person is proved by the fact that the paper "On the Tragic Drama "I Greece," printed In .lone, i823, and also signed "Vida," was referred to in the edi- torial notes ("The Lit)n*B Head") for the preceding months: "We are compelled tor want of room to postpone the appearance or the following Interesting essays ... on the Tragic Drama of Greece. Hy the author of 1 leisure Hours." The Identity of "An Idler" with "Vida" having been established, it remains to pro- duce eviiiene,. iii,ii Kii,,n .- u i . I the author of "On the Poetry of Nonnus" were the same individual. This evidence is forthcoming in Thomas Hood's "Literary Reminiscences No. IV," one of the articles in "Hood's Own" (First Series), and in Barry Corn- wall's "Memoir of Charles Lamb" published in 18G6. Hood, it will be remembered, was for some time sub-editor of the London Magazine. His testimony is as follows: How I used to look forward to Elia! and backward for Hazlitt, and all round for Edward Herbert [John Hamilton Reynolds, Hood's brother-in-law], and how I used to look up to Allan Cunningham! for at that time the London had a goodly list of writ- ers— a rare company. It is now defunct, and perhaps no ex-periodical might so ap- propriately be apostrophized with the Irish funereal question— "Arrah, honey, why did you die?" Had you not an editor, and ele- gant prose writers, and beautiful poets, and broths of boys for criticism and classics [the italics are ours] and wits and humor- ists— Elia, Cary, Procter, Cunningham, Bowring, Barton, Hazlitt, Elton, Hartley Coleridge, Talfourd, Soane, Horace Smith, Reynolds, Poole, Clare, and Thomas Benyon, with a power besides? As before mentioned, Elton was the only one who wrote on classical subjects. Proc- ter's attestation is more definite : "Mr. Elton contributed many translations from Greek and Latin authors, from the minor poems of Homer, from Catullus, Nonnus, Propertius, etC." S. BUTTERWORTH. Correspondence OPIUM-SMOKING IN JAVA. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: I am not going to enter into a gen- eral discussion on the evil of opium- smoking in the Indias, and the possibility of prohibitive measures. I only feel bound to correct a few statements made by Mr. Bertrand Shadwell in his letter to the Nation on the subject. Opium-smoking is absolutely not a "chief," nor a "general vice," among the inhabitants of Java. Recent statistics speak of only .51 per cent, of the whole pop- ulation practicing opium-smoking, and this percentage consists chiefly of Chinese immigrants. This may show that "the in- habitants of Java" should not and could not be described as living on the slope of demoralization by opium. The Government Regie of opium, far from having been introduced from mere fiscal motives, has been an experiment to re- place the sale of opium by private con- tractors. The experiment has not been a disappointing one; in 1890 the contractors disposed of 105,800 katis of opium; In 1911, under Government Regie, 49,700 katis were sold. Furthermore, opium is not imported by the Government in the form of poppy heads, and the Government works do not manufac- ture the poison. It is imported as ready produce, and the business of the Government works consists only in giving it a Una] adaptation and shape— which serves also for the purpose of preventing unlawful smug- gling. Of course, the practiffB of a Oova en! in bringing into .initiation a dangerous narcotic, docs not suit my Idealism, and I .1 1 wish to whitewash the act. Hut It must be acta©* ledged 1 0*1 An ""u adopl ed policy Is not a bad one, having regard

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Dec. 18, 1913J The JSTation 587 to people who will use opium, and who would otherwise seek their satisfaction from unlawful and uncontrolled trade (a far more dangerous thing for the whole population, as then mercantile interests will try to make the narcotic popular). The policy of the Dutch Colonial Government is to restrict, not to favor, opium-smok- ing. Undoubtedly, the treasury of the Indian Government draws benefits from the prices paid by the smokers — although these bene- fits are not by far so large as several oth- er oountries find in their duties and ex- cises on spirits. Besides, opium prices are kept high, in order to deter amateurs. And It does not seem so unjust to find some revenue from the comparatively small group of smokers. Financial motives have absolutely not been preponderant in the Dutch Indian opium policy. That the system as a whole is not an un- reasonable one, may be ascertained by the fact that it is followed by the British Ad- ministration in the Straits, the Federate Malay States, Hongkong, and has long been in use in French Indo-China. That prohibition would not, as your cor- respondent thinks, make "the vice cease at once," may be seen from the experience in Australia. And have not smuggling and secret smoking been recently started in the Philippines also, where prohibition pre- vails? I do not intend to act as a champion for the Dutch, or for any system of deal- ing with the opium problem. But I could not endure to see the columns of a paper like the Nation, whose impartial style and perfect good taste I weekly appreciate as a reader, throw an entirely wrong light on the Dutch Colonial Administration. It is not fair to represent as a proof of the commercial spirit of the materialistic Dutchmen what is in reality the honest act of a Government which may pride itself on having placed the administration of its colonies on the ethical principle of re- sponsibility for the welfare of their in- habitants. Dr. J. A. Van Hamel, Professor of Law, University of Amster- dam. Amsterdam, December 1. THE HUNGER-STRIKE. To the Editor of The Nation-. Sir: The Pankhurstians have broken loose again, and the Pankhurstian hunger- strike, born of hysteria, has again been brought into play as an engine of redress. It is, in fact, a curious use of a primitive custom, which has proved remarkably ef- fective. From time immemorial the rejected lover has resorted to it in order to win the smiles, or at least the endurance or for- giveness, of his lady-love; every day the disappointed and hysterical child falls back upon it as a last resort to bring over the tender-hearted parent, who cannot en- dure to feel that the little one is suffering. Neither Is the use of the hunger-strike so very obsolete as a means of legal redress. It was in common use among the natives of India, surviving at Benares into the nine- teenth century (1846). It was not called the "hunger-strike," but "dharna baithna," or sitting "dharna." Tt was usM hv the Brahmans to enforce justice at the hands of wrong-doers, usually to collect a debt. The creditor went to the front doorstep of the debtor (he had no back door), and set- tled himself there with poison or a dagger in his hand, and there remained, taking neither food nor drink, until he died of starvation or obtained redress, which lat- ter he seldom failed of. Moreover, the debt- or must fast, too. The process of "dharna baithna" was the most effective known, for if the debtor went out over the threshold where the creditor sat, the latter used his dagger— on himself, not on the debtor — or took the poison; if the debtor chose to remain indoors, the creditor sat outside and starved to death, and in any case the moral responsibility for the death of the sitter, whether by the dag- ger, poison, or starvation, was visited upon the debtor by the community. A similar custom was formerly in vogue among the Irish, to how late a date I do not know. Perhaps, now, it may turn out that the Pankhurst is of Irish descent, and this hunger-striking may be due to an in- herited instinct, a sort of throwback. Still, we must account for the extraordi- nary effectiveness of this proceeding as used against the British authorities. Why should a dangerous criminal, who openly threatens and countenances revenge by commission of the most serious felonies, be allowed to go free because she chooses to starve herself like an hysterical child in disgrace? If a person who has suffered a wrong at the hands of another commits suicide as a result of the wrong, public opinion and, to an even greater degree, common superstition, have visited upon the wrongdoer the moral responsibility for the death of the injured, even perhaps to the extent of a blood feud. This is the respon- sibility which the British authorities have sought to escape by yielding to the hunger strike of hysteria. By yielding once they created public sympathy for criminals who, whatever their purpose, were none the less criminals, menacing public safety and public and private property. F. Sturges Allen. Springfield, Mass., December 11. HIRAM POWERS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In a recent number of the Nation, my grandfather's Greek Slave receives — in a pleasantly sympathetic manner, let me say — her accustomed funeral oration as a notable achievement of that illustrious but obsolete school of art, the neo-classic. Allow me to ventilate a few ideas on the subject. Was Hiram Powers a follower of Canova and Thorwaldsen — of those artists who, to quote Short's "History of Sculpture," "made no attempt to realize nature afresh," and abandoned that "personal standpoint which alone gives an art the highest value"? I believe not, for, said Hiram Powers, "The human form is infinite. It Is the image of God. I have found that, do my best, there was always a better In nature. Once knowing this, I have hesitated, and sought to find it, and this is the way to fame." True, Mr. W. J. Clark, Jr., in his "Great American Sculpture," tells us that the art- ist deceived himself In this: thought him- self working from a human model, I take it, when he was really working from a Greek marble. This argument cuts the knot at once, not even a wire knot could with- stand it; but to eyes accustomed to the Hiram Powers portrayed by Hawthorne and Mrs. Browning what a strange new Hiram Powers does it reveal ! To the eyes of an old lady of my acquaintance it brings a twinkle of kindly fun not unlike that, I fancy, with which her father once gazed down at a young visitor who was telling him that "really, Powers, your work is very good indeed." No, the keen, bright eyes of the American artist did not de- ceive him. They were often bent in rev- erent admiration on the masterpieces of Greece, and doubtless not without profit; but much oftener and much more reverently they were bent on "the image of God," just as he said. But, Mr. Clark assures us, the artist's intentions really matter very little; his works speak for themselves. Really? Does Powers's Faith, for example, claim very close kinship with Canova's? Has the Greek- Slave been sharing Venus's luxu- rious bath? I know, here we have the classic drapery, here we have the nude — the very canons of art which Canova ex- pounded to Napoleon. Are not these con- clusive? As for the drapery — which Pow- ers by no means always used — Bartolini himself "felt a repugnance to contem- porary costume." As for the nude, Is Rodin a neo-classic? Is the general impression produced on the beholder by Powers's works one of academic subservience to form for form's sake? Let us see how the artist's contemporaries were Impressed. Said one, in the Union Magazine, comparing the Greek Slave with the Medici Venus: "I have spoken of the want of sentiment in the Venus. The form is beautiful, but the face is confessedly insipid. The Greek slave is clothed all over with sentiment; shel- tered, protected by it from every profane eye. . . . The chasteness in these [Pow- ers's] statues is strongly contrasted with the usual voluptuousness of the antique." "It is less a mortal than a spiritual body," commented the National Intelligencer. "If we look in vain for the Intense and pas- sionate grief of the Niobe," said the Dem- ocratic Review, "it Is because she is sus- tained by a more spiritual and exalted faith." Not form, then, but spirit; and the artist meant it should be so. Said the New York Tribune: Mr. Powers seeks to found In sculpture the school of Humanity. He would carry into his art that divine spirit which since the advent of Christ has been moving among men. The supreme element in all his works — as we have reason to believe — and in the Greek Slave as we know, is the Human. All this Is something unknown to the antique, for the reason that Christian- ity brought It into the world; it has also been hitherto as little as possible express- ed In the whole range of modern sculpture. Is this not the root of the whole mat- ter? Hiram Powers was not a neo-classic, but something much better; he was one of the strong voices that gave utterance to the earnest, reverential New England of his time. He was convinced that "the moral Insight of Swedenborg, the correction of popular errors, the announcement of ethi- cal laws, take him out of comparison with any other writer," and In the language of his art— In his Hope. Faith, and Thar-

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588 T he Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2529 ity— he testified to his belief. His was the deep love of liberty, the watchword of his age, which spoke in Emerson; and that true priestess of freedom, Mrs. Browning, greeted in the "thunders of white silence" of the Creek Slave his "Declaration of In- dependenee" Was Hiram Powers a neo- classic? Call him a Greek, rather; for he, too, was the believing man who wished to symbolize their gods to the waiting people. Charles W. Lemmi. Simmons College, December 10. COLOR OF ANIMALS. To THE Editor of The Nation: Sir: In the Nation of August 28 a charm- ing book is reviewed, "The Childhood of Animals," by P. Chalmers Mitchell, and a sentence is quoted from the chapter on Color and Pattern: Patterns that we think conspicuous, and brilliant colors that we have tried to ex- plain as warning or advertising, or for purposes of recognition, or as nuptial plu- mage, may really be for protective or ag- gressive concealment. I bring up the point not as a scientist, but, being a painter, the word color at- tracts me wherever I find it. I find it again in a lecture by C. Hess, delivered be- fore the Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturfor- scher und Aerzte in Vienna (Verhandlun- gen, 1913). It appears that the gorgeous orange and red of deep-water fish can no more be dis- tinguished by their companions — with vol- umes of blue-green liquid separating them from daylight and the daylight reaching the colored blotches only on the rebound — than a futurist's picture could be made out if hung on the walls of the Blue Grotto. Barnyard fowl, looking through their red and yellow globules of oil, as through a glass darkly, must suffer agonies of Langeweile (from an artist's standpoint) ; for even the wondrous sheen on the roos- ter's tail becomes only a muddy mixture of a darker shade than the other golden browns in his plumage. Many other crea- tures see colors as a color-blind human being sees them — as so many shades of gray. Bees — but I have said enough to fill us with pity for all our left-over an- cestors. H. L. Munieli, November 25. THE FIRST SOUTHERN PRESIDENT. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: The letter of "G. H." in the Nation of November 20 ("Gettysburg, President Wilson, and the United States") contains one remarkable sentence — a part of the quotation from the address of Sir Francis H. Champneys— which reminds me of a similar statement made by a Dr. Hermann Diez in the well-known Illustrirte Zei- tung, about a year ago (November 14, 1912). The sentence to which I refer runs: "And the proof of that is that the present Pres- ident of the United States of America is the first Southern person who has ever oc- cupied that position." Dr. Diez, In his article ("Der neue President der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerlka"), discusses at some length the political conditions which were responsible for the election of President Wilson, and gives his readers considerable informa- tion about the family, academic and politi- cal career, and publications of the new President. And then he makes the startling assertion: "In him, then, a Southerner ap- pears, and, indeed, for the first time in the history of the American Union, at the head of the Government (In ihm tritt also ein Sudstaatler, und zwar zum erstenmal In der Geschichte der Amerikanischen Union, an die Spitze des Staates)." Now, such ignorance of the rudiments of American history on the part of an Eng- lishman, however high in rank, is not es- pecially astonishing; it excites perhaps at most a smile in the casual reader. For we do not expect an Englishman who is not a student of modern history to know much about our Presidents, any more than we (if not Englishmen) expect the ordinary American to know much about the rulers of England before and after the time of George III. But for a real German and a doctor of philosophy, who presumes to give the readers of a journal of such high standing as the Illustrirte Zeitung definite and trustworthy information about contem- porary American politics and statesmen, apparently to be blankly and blissfully ig- norant of the entire course of the previous history of this country, is more than as- tonishing. W. H. H. Cleveland, O., December 9. LETTERS OF H. H. FURNESS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In response to a request that has come to me from many quarters, I have decided to publish a volume of selected addresses and miscellaneous writings of my father, the late Horace Howard Fur- ness, and also a volume containing a selec- tion of his letters. I therefore beg for the use of your columns to ask the cor- respondents of my late father to be kind enough to send me letters that they may have from him, which after being copied will be carefully returned to their owners. The letters should be addressed to me at Wallingford, Delaware County, Pennsylva- nia, U. S. A. William Henry Furness, 3d. Wallingford, Pa., December 15. Literature FRANCIS THOMPSON. The Life of Francis Thompson. By Everard Meynell. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. $4.50 net. The fault of Mr. Meynell's book is one which it shares with most of the biog- raphy of the day: it is too long. The matter of length is, of course, relative, but we submit that 350 pages is too much for the life of a man who passed most of his days in the cloud land of opium and religious dreams and who, whatever estimate may be placed on his poetry, was in no wise a great person- ality. Mr. Meynell tells with unnecessary iteration of Thompson's insensibility to the fleeting of time, his vast superiority to the small duties of punctuality, and his ingenuity (like Hawthorne's) in escaping an invitation to dinner. These tricks and habits are in a way essen- tial to a true characterization, but they should have been described and illus- trated once for all, instead of being drawn through the book. And there are other errors of repetition. But if Mr. Meynell has not avoided the reigning prolixity of the day, he has in other respects written a book which stands well out of the ruck by reason of its intimate knowledge and its vivid style. By this time every one knows, who cares to know, that Thompson came up to London with no other possessions but JEschylus and Blake in his pock- ets and, like De Quincey, with the thirst of laudanum in his veins, and that through a chance contribution to the magazine Mr. Wilfrid Meynell was then editing he was saved by that Catholic gentleman and his wife from the stony streets of London, and kept in the pur- lieus between civilization and heaven. As the son of that house, and as the in- timate friend of Thompson, the writer of this biography has had opportunities that no one else could have enjoyed. In his pages the man and poet is presented to the quick. Thompson himself suffer- ed from excess of reticence to a degree almost painful, and one of his best known remarks is his reply to an evan- gelist who approached him in Wardour Street. "He seemed to be spinning, like a falling leaf, and tossed by unseen winds of direction. . . . Out of con- fusion came a voice, 'Is your soul sav- ed?' . . . The mantle of protecting delirium fell away; the voice broke in upon his privacy, threatening his re- serves, seeking the confidences of the confessional. 'What right have you to ask me that question?' he replied." The complete revelation of Thompson's phys- ical infirmities in this biography, to- gether with the unsparing portraiture of his soul, might at first seem to lay the biographer open to the charge of violating the poet's cherished sanctity of reticence. But so much was already known and so much more was likely to be conjectured of his habits, that it was better to have the plain truth set down, and Mr. Meynell has furthermore writ- ten with such love and reverence for his friend as would have disarmed criticism under any circumstances. The result is that we know this elusive nature as we know few other poets of the past gen- eration— if only it will prevent some clumsier hand from attempting to draw the picture over again! Thompson left voluminous notebooks besides other manuscripts and letters; may the good angel of literature strengthen the biog- rapher to destroy them, and so preserve us from that long dribbling out of the dregs of a man's genius which is hap- pening to so many other writers. We shall not undertake to follow hero

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Dec. 1 8, 1913J The JSTation 589 the murky path of the poet. Of the most mysterious episode in his life noth- ing really new is told. In the introduc tion to a selection of Thompson's poems Mr. Wilfrid Meynell had already indi cated pretty clearly the facts that under- lay the beautiful lines which had tanta lized so many readers: Forlorn, and faint, and stark I had endured through watches of. the dark The abaahless Inquisition of each star, Yea, was the outcast mark Of all those heavenly passers' scrutiny; Stood bound and helplessly For Time to shoot his barbed minutes at me; Suffered the trampling hoof of every hour In night's slow-wheeled car; Until the tardy dawn dragged me at length From under those dread wheels; and bled of strength, I waited the inevitable last. Then there came past A child; like thee, a spring-flower; but a flower Fallen from the budded coronal of Spring, And through the city-streets blown with ering. She passed— 0 brave, sad, lovingest, tender thing ! And of her own scant pittance did she give, That I might eat and live: Then fled, a swift and trackless fugitive. Again like De Quincey (who was, so to speak, the pillar of fire and cloud that went before him all ttie way througu the wilderness), Thompson was saved from the last extremity of hunger and exposure by a girl of the London streets. In the purest spirit of charity she gave food and shelter "out of her scant and pitiable opulence," and then, with ex- quisite grace, hid herself from him as soon as he had found a home, saying, "They will not understand our friend- ship; I always knew you were a genius." She fled to unknown lodgings, and though sought, could never be tracked. The main facts of this strange and ten- der story were already known, but we are thankful for the few details Mr. Everard Meynell has been able to add. The most vivid portrait of Thompson in the flesh is that quoted from the reminiscences of Mr. Wilfred Whitten, who knew him for years as a valued contributor to the Academy when that review was edited by Mr. Lewis Hind. No apology is needed for copying out one of Mr. Whitten's paragraphs at length: A stranger figure than Thompson's was not to be seen in London. Gentle in looks, half-wild in externals, his face worn by pain and the fierce reactions of laudanum, his hair and straggling beard neglected, he had yet a distinction and an aloofness of bearing that marked him in the crowd; and when he opened his lips he spoke as a gentleman and a scholar. A cleaner mind, a more naively courteous manner, were not to be found. It was impossible and unnecessary to think always of the tragic side of his life. He still had to live and work in his fashion, and his entries and exits became our most cheerful in- stitution. His great brown cape, which he would wear on the hottest days, his disastrous hat, and his dozen neglects and makeshifts were only the insignia of our "Francis" and of the ripest literary talent on the paper. No money (and in his later years Thompson suffered more from the possession of money than from the lack of it) could keep him in a decent suit of clothes for long. Yet he was never "seedy." From a newness too dazzling to last, and seldom achieved at that, he passed at once into a picturesque nondescript garb that was all his own and made him resemble some weird peddler or packman in an etch- ing by Ostade. This impression of him was helped by the strange object — his fish- basket, we called it — which he wore slung round his shoulders by a strap. It had occurred to him that such a basket would be a convenient receptacle for the books which he took away for review, and he added this touch to an outward appearance which already detached him from millions. . . . He had ceased to make demands on life. He ear-marked nothing for his own. As a reviewer, enjoying the run of the office, he never pounced on a book; he waited, and he accepted. Interested still in life, he was no longer intrigued by it. He was free from both apathy and desire. Unembittered, he kept his sweetness and sanity, his dewy laughter, and his flutter- ing gratitude. In such a man outward ruin could never be pitiable or ridiculous, and, indeed, he never bowed his noble head but in adoration. I think the secret of his strength was this: that he had cast up his accounts with God and man, and thereafter stood in the mud of earth with a heart wrapt in such fire as touched Isaiah's lips. In the critical parts of his biography Mr. Meynell is equally full; whether he will be regarded as equally satisfac- tory, will depend somewhat on the atti- tude of the reader to Thompson's poetry. In his lifetime Thompson suffered from certain malevolent carpers who accused his friends of puffing his work out- rageously. Now, no one who is familiar with the character of Mr. Wilfrid Mey- nell and Coventry Patmore and their circle will believe that they descended to any improper log-rolling or printed a word about Thompson's work which they did not hold to be entirely justi- fied. But it is true, nevertheless, that the tone of their criticism was some- times of a kind to suggest that their judgment was a little biassed by their fervor in announcing "the great Cath- olic poet"; and this enthusiasm was caught by a few other writers for rea- sons romantic rather than religious. Thus, Canon Sheehan exclaims: "But Francis Thompson, who, with all his in- congruities, ranks in English poetry with Shelley, and only beneath Shake- speare." Mr. Louis Garvin declares that "The Sonnets [Shakespeare's] are the greatest soliloquy in literature; the 'Hound of Heaven' and 'Sister Songs' to- gether are the second greatest; and there is no third." Mr. Arnold Bennett again thinks that he "has a richer nat- ural genius, a finer poetical equipment, than any poet save Shakespeare." If Mr. Everard Meynell disagrees with these extravagant opinions, there is nothing in his book to show it. He, too, apparently, would place Thompson above Milton — not to mention the other religious poets of the seventeenth cen- tury— and only second to Shakespeare. Such wild sentences naturally evoked an equally unfounded depreciation at the time, and their repetition will re- pel a good many readers of the present biography. Thompson at his best — he has, unfortunately, his worst also — is great enough to need no such absurd laudation. Mr. Meynell is at his best as critic when he writes specifically of Thomp- son's place as a mystic. He is right in drawing a sharp distinction between the vaporous, relaxing mysticism of a Maeterlinck and that of the true Cath- olic poets. He quotes the saying of Mr. Arthur Symons: "The mystic, let it be remembered, has nothing in common with the moralist," and to it opposes the words of one who was "Thompson's nearest exponent": "Mysticism is mor- ality carried to the nth power." The distinction is just, and is fair to Thomp- son; but it is not quite final. There is still the vexing question, how far such mysticism as Thompson's, thoroughly moral though it be, is the voice of the conquering spirit and how far it is mere- ly the anguish and escape from a ruin- ed body. Rather than attempt here the solution of so complicated and treacherous a difficulty we shall close with Mr. Wilfred Whitten's exquisite characterization, which no one who has felt the magic of the poet's more sonor- ous melodies will deny: "Thompson knew that above the gray London tu- mult, in which he fared so ill, he had hung a golden bell whose tones would one day possess men's ears." CURRENT FICTION. His Father's Wife. By J. E. Patterson. New York: The Macmillan Co. The excellences of this story are some- what disguised by a style sedate and homely — at times even ungrammatical — and only commendable for its consistent unpretentiousness. Apart from the mere matter of wording, the story itself is a model of simplicity and cumulative pow- er. Like Hardy's "Return of the Na- tive," it is a tragedy in which environ- ment fills the classical role of an im- placable fate. The scene is Foulness, off the Essex coast— an island at high tide, at ebb-tide connected with the mainland by passable roads. It is a land of dull and level aspect over which a gray and envious spirit seems to preside. A su- perstition is cherished among the in- habitants that this "spirit of the island"

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590 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2529 is inhospitable to ambition and pride of achievement, and that whoever among them prospers unduly above his fellows is sure to be overtaken by some mys- terious fatality before he can pass on the fruit of his labors to his children. This oracle, significant of the temper of the island people, is fulfilled in the case of Aaron Rugwood. Honest, hearty, masterful, happy in his acquisitions and a large generosity in which pride had no small share, his airs of local great man soon bred malice in his neighbors' hearts. Yet it was his marriage to his young ward Barbara, raising the unnat- ural barrier of rivalry in love between him and his only son, that completed his spiritual ostracism. Nothing could be truer or sadder than the way in which the growth of this passion and the slow recognition of its presence by each of the unhappy three are described. And it is hard to say which one most strong- ly enlists our sympathy — the young wife who so bravely pitted her loyalty against her love; the son, tormented and pur- poseless, hiding a burning heart under his dreamer's melancholy; oe middle- aged Aaron, desperately striving to fight down his jealousy and the overwhelming consciousness of his isolation. The book leaves us with an abiding impression of truthfulness and a genuine respect both for the author's understanding of his material and for his dramatic intelli- gence. The Valley of the Shadows. By Francis Grierson. New York: John Lane Co. This is not a novel in the sense of a continued romantic narrative. It is a book of miscellaneous reminiscences of ante-bellum days, which the author has chosen to cast, for the most part, in the form of fiction. Mr. Grierson's father was an English settler on the Illinois prairie in the late fifties. Slavery was already the great issue all over the coun- try; the fear of change was in the air. Even the little prairie community to which the reader is first introduced was beginning to substitute politics for re- lfgion as its chief emotional stimulus. This community and its typical figures are described with a good deal of vivid- ness, though diffusely. Negro fugitives appear from time to time on their un- derground road to Canada, and the slave-catcher and his bloodhounds are seldom far behind. It is the Lincoln country; we see the issue between North and South, and even more dis- tinctly between freedom and slavery, more and more identified with the op- posing figures of Lincoln and Douglas. The author is not at his best when he gets to a crisis. The actual meeting in the famous debate between the two champions is a tame affair in his render- ing of it, despite a liberal use of adjec- tives. He fails to get the swing and the atmosphere of the occasion. The later chapters carry us to the out- break of the war, when the Griersons were living in St. Louis, and had the best of chances to see war in the mak- ing. Young Grierson acted as page to Gen. Fremont during his stay in St. Louis. A good deal of space is given to an account of Fremont's expeditions in the Far West, and one chapter recounts the raid of Gen. Grierson, a cousin of the author. The book contains a good deal of first-hand information about the conditions of American life at the mo- ment of the great crisis. The illustra- tions in color by Evelyn Paul are of un- common merit. Molly Beamish. By H. de Vere Stack- poole. New York: Duffield & Co. Mr. Stackpoole apparently set out to give us a light sketch of Irish eigh- teenth-century society, its wit and ad- venture. His success is doubtful. The only hint of Irish wit which Mr. Stack- poole has succeeded in bringing out lies in a marked addiction on the part of everybody to introduce all remarks with a never-failing "Faith," as well as in a particular optimism on their part in the presence of the bailiff. As to the amateur gentleman of the road, he had no sooner taken a purse than he threw it back at the white, babbling face, and rode off. Of course, they pursued him, and naturally he came for aid to a beau- tiful Irish girl, who offered him a hid- ing-place. Of course, he fell in love with her at once, and to prove his devotion offered to assist her in her difficulties — for she had difficulties of her own. She, too, had taken, not to the "road," but to society. And, Faith! her father had been trying to keep up social appearances on no money at all, and now the bailiff had come; and society would discover their poverty and give them up; and buxom Molly would then not meet the March- ioness of Blagdon at the home of Lady Dexter; and, Faith! she did so long to see her (all in one breath). Molly did go to the party, and was snubbed by everybody, when the door opened and the highwayman entered, introducing himself as the Marquis of Blagdon — the husband of the social lion had died, and this was his heir. And, Faith! he led fair Molly home in triumph to the wel- coming arms of the attending bail iff-but- ler. The Maid of the Forest. By Randall Parrish. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. In those days when the Indian roam- ed the forests of the West, where now is Ohio, led by the renegade, Simon Gir- ty, only the strength and heroism of the soldiers and woodsmen saved the country to civilization. Joseph liny ward was one of the little less than common type of soldier and woodsman combined, and in one of his perilous expeditions he was aided by Ren6 D'Auvray, a French-In- dian half-breed. Their remarkable ad- ventures in the almost trackless woods are told by Randall Parrish in "The Maid of the Forest." Hayward's feats of strength and endurance seem almost be- yond belief, yet there were giants in those days; men who never knew fatigue or fear. There are few dull moments in the story. ANOTHER VOLUME OF HEDIN'S TRAVELS. SVEN Trans-Himalaya, Discoveries and Ad- ventures in Tibet. By Sven Hedin. With 156 illustrations from photo- graphs, water-colors, sketches, and drawings by the author, and four maps. Volume III. New York: The Macmillan Co. $4.50 net. In this third volume Dr. Sven Hedin concludes the narrative of his latest ex- plorations in Tibet and the Himalayas. Starting from the source of the Indus and the lofty plateau round the Ma- nasarowar Lakes, which were so fully described in the last preceding volume, he carries us down the long valley of the Sutlej, through regions hitherto very little known, to Nakunda and Sim- la, in British territory. Between the earlier and the later parts of the ac- count of the actual travelling there are interposed several chapters discussing the reports of previous explorers and presenting a sort of scattered history of the discoveries made in the wild, lofty, and dreary country, where the Indus, the Sutlej, and the Tsang po (which in its lower course we know as the Brah- maputra), all rise near one another. These chapters contain interesting no- tices of Andrade, the first Jesuit explor- er of Tibet, in the seventeenth century; Tieffenthaler, another Jesuit; Moor- croft; Csoma Sandor, of Koros, the fa- mous Hungarian scholar, who went out to find the original home of the Magyars, and of many other travellers; and they discuss in detail the different concep- tions of the mountain structure of this part of Asia which geographers had formed. The discussion is in parts rather confused, and the details could not be examined here without too great an expenditure of our space. We must reiterate the expression of our regret, conveyed in our notice of the last two volumes of Dr. Hedin's book, that he has chosen to describe the mountain ranges north of the Sutlej and the Tsang po as "the Trans-Himalaya," for, accord- ing to the usage of English geogra pliers, and indeed of geographers generally, such a term is naturally used to de- scribe a Region, i. <\. the region beyond the Himalaya, and is not a convenient description for a mountain range or se- ries of ranges. There is, of course, no native name for this range, or series at ranges, just as there was originally no single name for the mountains we rill the Alps, or for those commonly, If ineor-

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Dec. 18, 1913J The ]STation 591 Hue, the famous traveller, and Cardinal Wiseman, who have done the like, and who have found therein evidence of a powerful influence exercised upon the Buddhists of Tibet and China by Cath- olic missionaries in the Middle Ages. One of the oldest of the authorities whom he quotes, Father Georgi, attrib- utes the resemblances to the wiles of the ancient heresiarch Manes. Others ascribed them to the action of Satan himself. The whole subject of the evo- lution (out of the teachings of Sakya Muni and of the traditions regarding him) of Buddhist forms of worship and the hierarchy of Lamaism, is an ex- tremely curious one, hut with it Dr. Hedin does not himself attempt to deal. He may certainly be acquitted of any intention to wound any religious sus- ceptibilities, for many others before him bave made the same comparison. The book abounds in illustrations, but we should have been glad of a map on a larger scale of the upper Sutlej re- gions. Perhaps this is reserved for a volume to follow, containing the scien- tific results of the expedition. Such a map would, however, have been helpful here, for on that which we find at the end of the present volume the author's route is by no means easy to follow. rectly, called the Carpathians, or for the man Catholic writers, including Father long mountain mass which forms the backbone of Norway. A general name has to be invented, as the names "Car- pathian" and "Dovrefjeld" were invent- ed, and Dr. Hedin has quite as much right as any one else to propose a name; but it should not be one which to ordi- nary apprehension suggests a vast re- gion and not a mountain chain. Those parts of the present volume which trace the course of the au- thor's wanderings are scarcely so in- teresting as was the narrative of his discoveries in Central Tibet, and his account in Volume II of the sacred mountain Kailas, and his ad- ventures in navigating the Manasaro- war Lake. A good deal of what he tells us here about Lamaist priests and monasteries differs but little from what we heard in the earlier volumes; and though the descriptions of the savage scenery all along the course of the Sutlej are striking, they are less novel than those of the great Tibetan pla- teau. The long and narrow gorges of the rivers that descend through this region to unite, after traversing the Punjab in the great Indus, are extreme- ly deep and narrow, but we are fairly familiar with their character from the books of English travellers, from Thom- son and others downward. Perhaps the most dangerous passage which Dr. Hedin had to encounter was that at the village of Poo, where a wooden canti- lever bridge, erected to span the Sutlej by English engineers, had collapsed just before the expedition to Gartok in 1904 of Capt. Rawling and Major Ryder. Dr. Hedin and his party had to cross the tremendous gorge through which the river foams on a cable of wire strands stretched between the stone piers that had supported the bridge, the fall of which had been due not to bad design, but to the fact that the timber, obtain- ed in the neighborhood, had proved ex- ceptionally brittle. In the Himalaya, as in the Andes, where the bridges that cross the deep canons are usually con- structed of bamboo poles, these cross- ings are the most nerve-testing experi- ences the traveller has to encounter (pp. 368 to 374). A good many interesting notices of Buddhist rites and customs find place here and there in the narrative, and one chapter is dedicated to an account of the discussions that have gone on regard- ing the similarities of the forms and ceremonies and the monastic system of Tibetan Lamaism and of Buddhism gen- erally with those of the Roman Cath- olic Church. Every one who travels in Buddhist countries is struck by these re- semblances, and many hypotheses have been invented to explain them. Dr. Hedin, who seems to have been attack- ed in some quarters for having in his earlier volumes dwelt on the fact, here defends himself by quoting many Ro- A Traveller at Forty. By Theodore Dreiser. Illustrated by \V. J. Glack- ens. New York: The Century Co. $1.80 net. For various reasons, Mr. Dreiser's grand tour was postponed beyond the fame of three novels and the age of forty. It is an age at which, without much abatement of enthusiasm, open- mindedness begins to be possible, and understanding is quickened by a sense of the swiftness of the years. As to open-mindedness, it was already Mr. Dreiser's forte, and the trip gave him abundant opportunity to open his mind still further. In England and France he was personally conducted by an admira- ble gastronome and manager-general. Except when "he slipped the noose, Mr. Dreiser was chiefly limited to disillusion- ed England and dissolute France. In Italy, Switzerland, Germany, and Hol- land he went his own gait and took his impressions a little easier. In the pursuit of knowledge Mr. Drei- ser showed enterprise. His London con- tacts were carefully arranged, but he managed to quiz a street-walker on his own "account. At Paris such investiga- tions were naturally part of the pro- gramme. Into all his observations Mr. Dreiser carries a keen, quiet curiosity that is pretty close to sympathy. There is an odd reverence about what can only be described as prying tactics. The style is fumbling and uneven, glancing might irreverently be called "heart to heart" talks, are of a queer baldness and rawness. We have to do with either the complete absence of literary technique or with a rather special technique which is hard to classify. Since the chapters are undeniably interesting and the pass- ing people often vivid, the effect obtain- ed with the hesitant, half-nonchalant manner which is familiar to readers of "Sister Carrie," we may suppose that a special technique is involved. As a matter of fact, we have to do with an attitude and a style allied to Russian realism. Absence of preposses- sion, desire to move with the material, an almost mystical respect for all ex- pressions of temperament — one who has these qualities in high degree may hope to achieve a myopic humanitarianism. This, indeed, is Mr. Dreiser's personal note. He adores temperament in all its phases. A hot-headed and violent labor leader is admirable, so is a winsome de- generate of the Paris cafes. Tempera- ment he will have, if only retrospective- ly. How otherwise explain the lugging in of Lucrezia Borgia at many pages of length? Now, this kind of myopic humanitar- ianism makes an excellent observer for certain men and matters. It would be hard to make more of Parisian cafe life than Mr. Dreiser has made. There is just the right blend of sympathy, with detachment. Most chroniclers of the theme are cynical — which Mr. Dreiser never is — or sentimentally fulsome, or morally scornful. But certain visions, rather worth while in their way, are denied to the myopic humanitarian. So far as know- ing the France that was and is the fer- tile mother of great ideas, the new Hellas of the world of letters, Mr. Dreiser might just as well have stuck to Broadway. Again, his notion of the great art patrons of Florence is that they were "ambitious, struggling, vain- glorious men." The element of taste and discipline that made these patrons true fellows of the great artists is ignored, for the sake, of course, of a fuller display of temperament. In short, distinction of any sort, especially intel- lectual distinction, eludes this sort of approach. Distinction is not casual, and may not be casually apprehended. Mr. Dreiser, both in his novels and in these travel sketches, is perhaps quite logically the foe of distinction, except in its aberrations. Distinction means hardness and discipline, restraint of temperament. Too much distinction would destroy utterly Mr. Dreiser's fa- vorite world. For resolving the undis- tinguished flux into its palpitating hu- man elements he has a rare gift. If he is loss than the great Russians whom lie recalls, it is because of smaller moral Krasp. His readings of life stop at a at things, quitting them, and returning sense of flux and a ready compassion, for a new try. The dialogues, which ' His subjects are chosen as fluid nnd

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592 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2529 pathetic. Of humor there is nothing in him, and next to nothing of philosophy. The less meaning there is in a person or an incident, the better he treats it. He prefers it should have no meaning. Let it be a casual reverberation of tem- perament, and for his purposes it is all the better. It is a peculiar art, for the artist is both in and out of his material; difficult to locate. That the art has an odd fas- cination, almost hypnotic in its way, is undeniable. Yet the perusal of this sin- gularly open-minded book awakens in at least one reader a keen desire for pre- judice, conviction, point of view. All narrow stable sentiments gain a new im- pressiveness after sufficient reading of Mr. Dreiser's patient, languid phrases. Why are Mr. Glackens's illustrations so refreshing in the setting of Mr. Dreiser's prose? Because they have sardonic hu- mor, are brusque and superior. Their incisive, prejudiced touch leaves Mr. Dreiser's universal sympathy with a maundering aspect. The word is too harsh, but it does emphasize both the quality and the defect of his point of view, and naturally of his literary pro- cedure. Lollardy and the Reformation in Eng- land. By James Gairdner, OB. Vol. IV. Edited by William Hunt. New York: The Macmillan Co. $3 net. The present volume, the fourth of the series, completes the life-work of Dr. James Gairdner, who died at the age of eighty-four in November, 1912. Begin- ning life as a clerk in the London Rec- ord Office at eighteen, he continued in that service for fifty-four years. As an editor his work has been of the highest value, and has been recognized by schol- ars with gratitude. It was not until af- ter his retirement from the Record Of- fice in 1900 that he began to devote him- self with the same energy that had marked his editorial work to the task of historical composition on a large scale. The result is seen in his "History of the English Church from the Accession of Henry VIII to the Death of Mary," 1902, and in the four volumes of "Lollardy and the Reformation." It is evident to any reader of this product of his latest years that Dr. Gairdner believed that he had, as his editor says, "a special work to do, almost a message to deliver." As a lifelong editor of documents, he em- ployed, of course, the method of docu- mentary demonstration, but gave thus only another illustration, if another were needed, that documents can be made to tell a story pretty much accord- ing to the intentions of him who uses them. Dr. Gairdner's purpose has been clearly set forth in notices of the for- mer volumes (Nation, Vol. LXXXVIII, p. 537; Vol. XCIV, p. 367), and need not be repeated here. It is clear that the present subject, the first year of good Queen Mary's reign, was especially welcome to the au- thor. His method is not essentially changed, but this volume is more read- able than the others, partly, doubtless, because it has a central figure to hold the narrative together and somewhat to check that diftuseness which made the reading of the former volumes a rather difficult task. Dr. Gairdner's problem here is to show the exceeding difficul- ties that beset the hapless Queen as she entered upon the heritage of Edward VI. He represents her as a rather tim- id, gentle soul, firm only on one point: that she personally would stand fast by the ancient religion and would attach to herself as counsellors only those who were in sympathy with this purpose. But where among Englishmen were such trusty advisers to be found? The answer is to be read in the complete- ness with which she threw herself into the arms of foreigners. "She naturally looked more for counsel and guidance to her cousin the Emperor, who had be- friended her in past troubles and whose advice came to her now through experi- enced and well-chosen Ambassadors." "Was it wonderful, from this point of view, that Mary trusted the Emperor's very able Ambassador far more than any of her own councillors?" This is the keynote of the whole story. Dr. Gairdner does not quite approve of the Spanish marriage. He refers to it, gently, as a misfortune for England; yet it does not rouse him to any vigorous denunciation such as he displays when- ever he approaches the subject of "Ed- wardine religion." He would rather that Mary should have married in Eng- land or not at all; but he has all charity for her perturbed spirit, which could not be at peace until she had thorough- ly redeemed England from heresy and schism. He has no sentiment about the poor princess Elizabeth, frightened half to death by her summons to the Tower, nor for the godly Gospellers -who were now silenced as their opponents had been by "Edwardine" tyranny. All his sympathy is for the defenders of the old religion and all his contempt and ridicule are reserved for the — no doubt often loud-mouthed— critics of that un- holy compact by which state and hie- rarchy combined had once held England in bondage. In fact, with all this bandying back and forth of documentary evidence, we do not get forward one step towards a real understanding of the' subject. The thing that really mattered was not whether one side or the other were the nicer in its methods or the sounder In its appeal to law, but that great, deep movement of English life and thought that constituted the true Reformation. Of this whether in the present or in the previous volumes of Dr. Gairdner's work we have very little trace. Only by way of implication, in his denunciations of every popular movement, his horror of violence except by way of repression, his contempt and distrust of all piety that was not regulated by apostolic ordi- nation, we get glimpses of a world of passionate feeling, which might long be repressed, but which sooner or later was sure to find expression in achievements and institutions that are the glory of the English race. Notes The following volumes will be issued next month by Stokes: "The Soul of Life; or, What Is Love?" a novel by David Lisle, and "Royal Auction Bridge with Nullos," by R. F. Foster. Rand, McNally & Co., of Chicago, have brought out among their Christmas books this year a selection of "Grimms' Fairy Tales," with attractive illustrations by Hope Dunlap. Two books promised this season by George W. Jacobs & Co. are Prof. Fred- erick A. Ogg's "Life of Daniel Webster" and Thomas Martindale's "Hunting in the Upper Yukon." Chatto & Windus announce a limited edition of Boccaccio's "Olympia"— the Latin text with a modern rendering by Prof. I. Gollancz — in commemoration of the six hundredth anniversary of the poet's birth. "Olympia," it will be recalled, is Boccaccio's lament over the death of his little daughter, Violante; it suggests the contemporary Eng- lish "Pearl," of which it has sometimes been said to be the source. The one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the incorporation of Brown University will be celebrated in the week beginning Sunday, October 11, 1914. The historical address will be delivered by the Hon. Charles E. Hughes. A valuable summary of facts throwing light on the commercial possibilities of South America is given by W. S. Tower, of the University of Chicago, in the December Bulletin of the American Geographical So- ciety. The population, productive areas, the transportation facilities, and the rela- tions with other countries are considered as the principal factors. The opening of the Panama Canal, he believes, will weaken the hold of New York on South American trade, it now has more than two-thirds of the total receipts and nearly seven-eighths of the total shipments. A late addition, but a very pleasant one, to the holiday books of the season, Is an edition of E. V. Lucas's "Open Road" (Holt), with Illustrations in color by Claude A. Shepperson. Of all the antholo- gies Mr. Lucas has made this "book for wayfarers" is, perhaps, the most delight- ful, and for those who follow the road In the comfort of their library chair this larger form of the book Is thoroughly ap- propriate. Dutton has reissued "The Private Pa- pers of Henry Ryecroft," by George Qls- sing, which woro first published In 1903. Glsslng pretended here to be merely the literary executor of a late friend, who, af-

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Dec. 18, 1913 ] Tlie Nation 593 ter many years, spent largely as a hack writer, had Inherited a competence, re- tired to the country, and jotted down the 1 form the present vol- ume. But it is known that the book, in no small measure, embodies Gissing's own experiences. Those who enjoy the quasi- philosophical essay in which nature is used for background will be glad to know that new editions of this exquisite book are still called for. The reader to whom falls, in the course of his year's work, the reading of many new books, is now and then refreshed by coming upon a book written from the shoulder or from the heart, and declining to range itself in any of the familiar cate- gories. Such, in an unpretentious way, is "The Mulberry Tree" (Dodd, Mead), by Winifred James. It is neither a book of travel nor a collection of familiar essays, but rather a miscellany written apropos of ;i nine months' voyage to, and sojourn in. the West Indies. The title derives from a fallen tree on which, as a child, the author first adventured in fancy upon the world's highway. She docs not profess to have seen anything in Jamaica or Haiti or Pan- ama that anybody with ordinary eyes and Intelligence might not have seen, nor has she attempted to "do" those places in the tourist sense. For the tourist, especially the American tourist, she has a horror; and her description of a party taking pos- session of Jamaica from a New York boat is characteristic : Old, young, lean, fat, trim, dowdy; as- sured slips of girls who sauntered about as if they held the bag that held the uni- verse; corsetted mammas, all shoulders and bust and no hips, sitting their chairs like the little short-legged, painted figures that drove the toy tin carts of childhood, and looking on with the sharp, alert gaze of watching birds. Cynical children with long legs and short socks who seemed to be stoically putting up with things; way- back fathers who came out of their fast- nesses with a full purse, a great bewilder- ment, and a full determination to pay no more for anything than it was worth and not knowing in the least what it was worth. Young men with padded shoulders, enor- mous trousers, and bulgy-toed shoes tied with sash ribbons; spinsters out in their middle age to know the world; all, except the cynical children, sworn as one man to see the most that could be seen and do the most that could be done in the time, all looking out for information with the same intentness as lizards look for flies, all with the same awful intelligence and the same nerve-destroying voices. To hear 468 American tourists talking together is like sitting out in the sun with your eye- lids cut off. I know, because, although I have never sat out in the sun with my eye- lids cut off, I have listened to 468 American tourists talking. Let us hasten to say that this observation was taken on our traveller's first day in Jamaica, and that during the months that follow the persons of whom she speaks most warmly are the Americans who, in all places and seasons, have risen to prove themselves serviceable as friends and de- lightful as companions. The villain of the book, If there Is one, is a lone Englishman, who, intrenched behind his nervous self- esteem, and his copy of the Times, darts fierce glances at a world which always threatens to intrude. "The Man with the Iron Hand" (Hough- ton Mifllin), by John Carl Parish, Is the first of a series of "True Tales of the Great Valley," to be drawn in substance from the immense store of narrative left by the early French explorers of the Mis- sissippi Valley and put into accessible form in reCent years by the editors of "The Jesuit Relations." Dr. Benjamin F. Sham- baugh is the general editor. The hero of the initial volume is Henry de Tonty, who was for a time the follower and friend of La Salle, and remained on the frontier in close relations with the natives long after his more famous leader's death. We call him the hero, but right here a diffi- culty inherent in the plan of the series makes itself manifest. Though the aim is to write history and not fiction, the form of title chosen is sure to whet the youthful appetite for a well-connected tale of stirring adventure, with De Tonty stead- ily in view as the chief figure. But the documents do not tell the story in quite that way, and a certain feeling of disap- pointment is almost inevitable. In "The Spirit of Paris" (Macmillan) Frankfort Sommerville contrives to impart not a little charm and freshness to a well- worn theme. Possibly his assertion that the series of sketches forming the volume are written "in the French style" might be questioned, but at least they are not writ- ten in the painfully familiar style of the American who has spent some time abroad and returns burning with the desire to im- mortalize his impressions in print. Mr. Sommerville's concern is not with the monuments, but with the life of Paris, and he has caught and is able to convey some- thing of the lightness and verve that give a zest to existence there. His talk is of Parisian men and women, of the cafe, the theatre, the first nights, the rmdinettes, the fashionable dressmakers, the artists and their models. Some of the sketches read like fiction, notably the account of the ar- tist who paints nothing but Salomes and the very charming little vignette entitled Arlette's Second Life; but the author in- forms us that they are all real studies from life. It is unfortunate that the pub- lisher has not seen fit to make the binding and paper of the volume equal in merit either to the author's text or to the twenty attractive illustrations in color done by half a dozen French artists. Mr. Robert J. Shores displays his divert- ing sense of incongruity by entitling his volume of essays "New Brooms" (Bobbs- Merrill). "New brooms sweep clean," we learn in childhood, but our author would smile enigmatically at the mere sugges- tion of thoroughness. He is irresponsibly discursive and whimsically entertaining in his remarks. He is all men. Now he is a philosophical cook who writes to the "Editor of the Idler" on the true value of cooks and other unallied topics; now he is Percival Pigeonbreast, a hotel "sponge," who illuminates the Editor on the useful- ness of that apparently undignified avoca- tion. Indeed, one would rather like to be the Editor of the Idler if he receives oth- er letters as quaintly perverse in their points of view as the twenty-nine here printed. They cover a wide range of inter- ests in our metropolitan life, from "Is Chesterton a Man Alive?" to theatre pro- grammes in "On a Certain Condescension in Fashion Writers," or such general mat- ters, always treated in a strictly personal way, as "The Abuses of Adversity." The essays are very unequal in their cleverness, but a fair notion of the far from Johnso- nian style of this most recent of Idlers may be gained from a passage in "Sartor Psy- chology" on prison reform: Though it will be a great step forward to dress these convicts like decent citizens, yet this is hardly enough. There must be a corresponding reform in their occupations and employments. There is certainly some- thing incongruous in the thOMgbt of a man clad in a frock coat and a silk hat break- ing stones with a hammer. Such a thing must appear bizarre even to the dullest of these unfortunates. To keep them at such labor would seem as if we were mak- ing sport of them. It would therefore bs advisable to devise for each inmate of our prisons some employment which will be in keeping with his clothes and, at the same time, congenial and respectable. Here is a man, let us say, who has been convicted of larceny. We will make a promoter of him. Here is another who has beau sen- tenced for gambling. He woulct make a good broker. Some of the best essays in English on the principles and purposes of education are found in "Essays for College Men" (Holt), chosen by Norman Foerster, Fred- erick A. Manchester, and Karl Young, of the University of Wisconsin. The first is President Wilson's Phi Beta Kappa ad- dress at Harvard on "The Spirit of Learn- ing," a plea for the reorganization of col- lege life so as to give scholastic and intel- lectual pursuits a larger opportunity in the social life of the institution. This is fol- lowed by President Meiklejohn's inaugural address, which is increasingly recognized as one of the ablest defences of humane studies and the cultural college. Catholic toleration is exhibited in the selection of the other twelve essays in the volume. There are several chapters from Newman's "Idea of a University," some of the famous deliverances of Huxley on scientific educa- tion, Matthew Arnold's American lecture on "Science and Literature," and addresses by Tyndall, John Caird, and Frederic Har- rison. Such a collection may be found use- ful, both in courses in college English and in the study of educational principles. In "Holland of the Dutch" (Scribner) Demetrius C. Boulger furnishes a good deal of information useful to the general reader, rather than specially to the tourist. For the book is not a guide or a volume of im- pressions. He attempts to set forth in business-like fashion the facts of Holland's principal activities — her commerce, law, education, army and navy, her colonial empire, agriculture, art, and literature. To the accounts of these is prefixed a brief historical introduction, and there are chap- ters on customs and amusements. Statistics constitute no small portion of the book and are so arranged as not to be dull. It will surprise many a reader to whom the struggle with Spain is the outstanding fact of Dutch history, to read that nearly two- thirds of the present population are Cath- olics ; but few who know a Dutch landscape will doubt that the country possesses above a million milch cows. We suppose that the author went directly to Government re- ports for his figures and that they are to be trusted. Yet the very limited knowledge of the language which he frequently reveals makes one uneasy as to his accuracy, and in certain instances it appears that he must have relied on French sources. So he writes

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594 The ISTation [Vol. 97, No. 2529 "Mool Hollande" and gives Gallic forms of some of Vondel's characters. If "slius," p. 54, may be regarded as a misprint for sluis, other errors leave one less charitable. In speaking of Marken, that now tourist- infested and spoiled island, Mr. Boulger says that foreign visitors sometimes go there "because it is one of 'the dead cities of the Zulder Zee,' but the islanders give them no encouragement to come again." To speak thus of Marken and to pass by unnoticed that shrine of artists, Volendam, argues nothing short of gross ignorance. Unusually broad-minded in its view of many so-called "heathen" customs is W. Barbrooke Grubb's "A Church in the Wilds" (Dutton). It is a story of years of labor in the establishment of a Church-of-Eng- land mission among the savage Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco. The same author published in 1911 an account of the life and the customs of the Lengua Indians of Paraguay under the title "An Unknown People in an Unknown Land." While his former book will always be more popular than the present volume, to the student of the problems of race development both are significant. Owing to his philosophical temperament and to his intimate acquaint- ance with many tribes of Indians in their wildest state, Mr. Grubb's observations are always valuable. It is characteristic of the author and refreshing to the reader to find a missionary arguing in favor of allowing the Indians to dress as their an- cestors dressed. Had more missionaries done this, there would be less chance for the ravages of white men's measles and other diseases to be laid at the door of the enforced adoption of "civilized" dress. A score of unusual and very interesting pictures and the chapter on folk-lore give the volume a stronger appeal for the an- thropologist than missionary works usually have. At the same time, Mr. Grubb's book may be highly recommended to those who have taken any interest in the subject of Protestant missions in Latin-America. Frequent criticism is made of the policy of maintaining proselyting Protestants in the cities of South America which are al- ready under the powerful influence of the Catholic Church. No such question arises in the Chaco. The Catholic Church, since the expulsion of the Jesuits in the latter part of the eighteenth century, has undoubt- edly neglected its duties towards the sav- age tribes of this region. Mr. Grubb has worked there in the same self-denying spir- it of tne early Jesuit pioneers, who thought nothing of living lonesome lives among the wildest Indians. His story sets forth in plain, simple language, unbiassed by sect or dogma, the results of one of the most striking pioneer missionary enterprises of modern times. The modesty of the man who has faced death in numberless ways during a considerable part of his life is strikingly brought out in the following paragraph: Nothing of note occurred during these three months, with the exception of an at- tempt to poison me, and the stealing of my food by Thlamosamap, who laid the blame 'in ,1 clog, and was promptly accused by n son of being bimielf the culprit. But Hi'' burning or my but, together with all my belongings, caused me the most in- conventenee, tor 1 was reduced to the un- pleasant necessity of dressing in [1 Indian garb for over a month, which won inc. tin; name of "Tathnawu-lumum" ("The man who looked well, decked with beads") — a name which I still bear in that district. Theodore Winthrop's "The Canoe and the Saddle" has been reissued in handsome gift-book form, with splendid colored plates, by John H. Williams, Tacoma, Wash. A likeness of Winthrop has been taken from a photograph of the time, and the familiar one, hitherto given by other pub- lishers in a fine engraving, is presented in a poor line-cut. The work was first pub- lished in Boston In 1862. It is an inter- esting record of travel in California and in Oregon and Washington in 1853-4. We find in its pages humorous and sympathetic descriptions of the Indians, incidents of the woods and river, anecdotes of following a dim trail through the dense forest, sketches of uplands and valleys, and one superb glimpse of the white peak of Ta- coma mounting above green trees. In regard to Winthrop Mr. Williams has added little that is new except for "a number of passages and, indeed, several brief letters," which were omitted both by George William Curtis in 1862 and by Mrs. Johnson in 1884. Yet he has connected Winthrop's narrative with authentic history of the regions traversed and has scattered through the book, in footnotes and in illus- trations not formerly used in this con- nection, many interesting cross-references. Indeed, we wish that some one would do for Winthrop's Panama records of 1852-3 what Mr. Williams has done here. But Mr. Williams's edition is often care- less in matters of detail. He states that he has followed the "original text," when as a matter of fact he has followed Curtis's ed- iting. Why, for example, does he not say "flirted with the buxom thirteenth of a Boss Mormon" in the closing passage, in- stead of using the emendation of "chatted," which we have seen pencilled on the origi- nal manuscript, in a hand other than Win- throp's— probably Curtis's? In some places, following Curtis, he has cut or omitted whole passages. We could find other faults. He refers only once to Winthrop's cele- brated novel "Cecil Dreeme," and then he spells it "Cecil Dreame" (p. xxv). He says he is informed (p. xxvi) that Curtis did not know Winthrop to be an author when he wrote the sketch of his life, in spite of indisputable opposite evidence in the sketch itself, which appeared August, 1861, and in spite of the earlier appearance in June and July of other military sketches. And the present reviewer has seen a manu- script letter from Curtis to C. B. Norton, July 3, 1861, which proves the contrary to Mr. Williams's assumption. An editor should seek corroboration before publish- ing. It was not, as Mr. Williams says (p. xxvi), the "closing incident" of "John Brent" which is supposed to have prevented earlier publication of that novel, but the incident of the death of Don Fulano, sug- gestive of anti-slavery n id show- ing the rescue of a "fugitive' slave." The route indicated on th< map (p. --^) is not well explained and the authority tor the picture of the "Duke of York" (p. 9) is not given at all. Nor do we like his reference to the "largo circulation" of "The Oanoe and Saddle" (p, BiB), Which except for "Life in the Open Air" was far and away tho poorest seller of all Winthrop's books. In "Chapters at the English Lakes" (Mac- millan) Canon H. D. Rawnsley adds one more volume to his studies of that charm- ing region. The present collection is of more than usual variety. Some chapters are brief renderings of the author's per- sonal impressions of the district in cherry time or during the skating season. Others are accounts of battles fought and won to preserve some ancient remains. Three give us archaeological lore, one paper even ven- turing back into the dim 330ns of geologic change, but always addressing the public of literary rather than scientific preten- sions. Four of the chapters deal exclusive- ly with the literary associations. The ones on John Wordsworth and Coleridge are carefully worked out from diaries, let- ters, and poetical references. The two on Charles Dickens are much more gossipy, one of them dealing more extensively with Angus Fletcher, who at various times acted as cicerone for Dickens, than with the exuberant novelist himself. For one who wishes to spend several weeks in the Lake District the little volume would be a very pleasant companion or propasdeutic. The recent Book of the Boone and Crock- ett Club contains more than its title, "Hunt- ing at High Altitudes" (Harper), would in- dicate, since it comes down to sea level in an interesting chapter on the Elephant Seal of Guadalupe Island, and still other por- tions are not concerned at all with the question of elevation. The body of the book is a collection of papers which might well be styled Memoirs of the Boone and Crockett Club, nearly 250 pages dealing with the bear-hunting experiences of the well- known ex-Confederate Colonel, William D. Pickett, on the headwaters of the Missouri, from 1876 to 1883. In much shorter chapters Daniel M. Barringer tells of three days' hunting in "the Old Rockies," and George L. Harrison, jr., of ibex shooting in the Thian Shan Mountains. The remainder of the book is rather miscellaneous, but of interest for its exposition of the really not- able services of the Club not merely to the cause of the preservation of game ani- mals and birds, but to the cause of "con- servation" in its broadest sense. The mov- ing spirits in the formation of the Club were for the most part men already interested in the finding of means to check the reck- less destruction in progress, and the Club proved the agency required to combine their efforts and push them to the point of pro- tective legislation, with machinery for its enforcement. It is worthy of note that Alden Sampson, whose vigorous protests against the Hetch-Hetchy bill are well known, was at one time secretary of this Club. Its influence was strong, if not in- deed decisive, in procuring the legislation necessary to rescue the Yellowstone Na- tional Park from the schemes of exploita- tion which had threatened it for ten or fifteen years after its establishment. The Club was also active in the establishment of our forest reserve system and in promot- ing the idea of "game refuges," such as have been established in various States. From its action also originated tho Now York Zoological Society, through the efforts of which the Bronx Zoological Part was in- stituted, and which was entrusted »nii the management o| Uu N«w fort Aquarium in 1902. The chapter wUoli relates tie Similar li< ■ ' ' I u I . lias been print

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Dec. 18, 1913] The Nation 595 ed before, in separate form, but has had no wide circulation and is well included here. Readers who know the facts will readily ex- cuse Mr. George Bird Grinnell, the chair- man of the Club's Editorial Committee and editor of the present volume, for the pride with which he refers to its aid in the pas- sage of the bill placing migratory birds under the care of the Federal Government, a measure originating with one of its most prominent members, the Hon. George Shiras. In literature Mme. Recamier continues to exercise the perennial fascination which was hers in life. The unique quality of the re- cently translated study ("A Great Coquette"; Brentano's) lies in the fact that the charm seems to have aroused a violent negative reaction in the temperament of her latest biographer, M. Joseph Turquan. Good men, and men personally disinterested (Miche- let among others), have before now ques- tioned the absolute spotlessness of this angel and "saint" of the Abbaye-aux-Bois. The reviewer confesses that to him there has always been something cloying about her excessive affectation of the color of lilies. It suggests the vulgarity of that English princess who was so solicitous that others should call her the Virgin Queen. M. Turquan, however, as if he had himself been foiled, with the ill-concealed malice of one who, even against his will, must vent his dipit amourcux writes, not so much about, as against her who was so strange- ly fond of men of letters if not of litera- ture. Indeed, M. Turquan would even deny that she was fond of men of letters; he would have it that she merely allowed, or, rather, invited, men of letters to become fond of her. It pleases him to emphasize the Beandalous story which others have only hinted at, to the effect that RScamier was not her husband but her father. He insists upon what has always been known, that she was of plebeian origin, and likes to taunt her with the fact that she had not spent her youth, as a grande dame should have done, A regarder entrer et sortir les duchesses. It is a mistake to believe that it was Mme. Rgcamier who reigned supreme in her salon; it was Ennui. That salon was half cathedral, half mortuary; there J. -J. Ampere became mummified, and the whole secret of its unique distinction lies in this, that nowhere have people ever taken so much pleasure in allowing themselves to be bored. This thesis is very well presented by one who has an unusually wide anecdot- al experience of her time and who in prac- tice at least accepts that old definition that history is organized gossip. In spite of the author's plausibility we. must still ask why should she have been able to per- vert, nay, even completely invert, human nature? The expense of spirit Is here wasted, and M. Turquan plainly overdoes. One may be a very honest woman, if we dare modify Moli£re, and not make people enjoy being bored. This is a far more difficult art than living blamelessly or lov- ing literature with an undying passion. The judicious must still believe, therefore, that she, who, when her youth already lay be- hind her, could for thirty years amuse the "unamusable" Chateaubriand and captivate the unwilling and so wary Sainte-Beuve, must have possessed other titles to distinc- tion than an unusual command of the in- sipid language of flattery, the memory of a pretty face and figure, and an uncommon intellectual shallowness. To make so sweep- ing a condemnation of Mme. Recamier amounts to denying taste to the French literary world of the Restoration and the July Monarchy. But if M. Turquan's pre- sentation is altogether one-sided, it is none the less interesting. He gives us what will perhaps be the last first-hand gleanings from oral tradition about an important figure in French social and literary his- tory. It is to be regretted, therefore, that so catchpenny a title should have been giv- en the book, and that the publishers should have allowed it to be translated by one who, among other gross ineptitudes, can bestow upon the gentle heroine "the smile of command" (sourire de commande). The fourth volume of "The Legends of the Jews," by Prof. L. Ginzberg, has been issued by the Jewish Publication Society of America. As previously pointed out, this series of volumes collects, for the first time on so extensive a scale, all the Jew- ish legends about Bible characters, not alone from rabbinical works, but from Hellenistic literature and even from the Church Fathers. Professor Ginzberg re- fers for his notes and references to the forthcoming final fifth volume, till the ap- pearance of which it would be impossible to appraise his contribution critically. But even as it is, his control of his sources, the ingenuity with which he has dovetailed to- gether the various versions of the legends, and the wide extent of his researches are sufficiently evident. The present volume deals with the Biblical characters outside the Pentateuch. It is characteristic of Jewish reverence for the Law that, while it took the three preceding volumes to cover the legends relating to the patriarchs and the other heroes of the Ave books of Moses, only this one volume was found nec- essary for the characters of the rest of the Old Testament. Among these, Joshua, David, Solomon, and Elijah stand out most prominently and are each the subject of a separate chapter. Solomon becomes a Ha- roun Alraschid In Jewish legend, and the few verses which relate to his rencontre with the Queen of Sbeba are expanded into a whole series of adventures. Elijah, too, becomes a popular hero in later Jew- ish thought, especially as the forerunner of the Messiah. The last chapter deals with Esther, around whom the folk-fancy of the Jews has lingered with special luxuriance, the only dramatic entertainment arising in- dependently among them in the late Middle Ages being connected with her name. Dr. Ginzberg's learned work is an important contribution to the study of the Hag- gadah, or legendary development of the Bib- lical narratives among the Jews, and, when completed with the necessary apparatus, will form a valuable source for the devel- opment of the interpretation of the Bible by the people among whom It took rise. Incidentally, it may be added, it is excel- lent reading and would doubtless serve as seasoning for sermons both among Jewish and Christian clergymen. At the end of this year will be published in Paris a volume enti 1 1 > ■ 1 "Melanges B6- mont," in commemoration of the twenty- fifth anniversary of Professor BSmont's career as a university teacher. The con- tents will be entirely the work of his for- mer students of the Ecole des Hautes- Etudes, at the Sorbonne, and will have to do with the history of England, whose poli- tics and institutions have long been M. Bemont's specialty. Among these papers is the hitherto unpublished Journal of the siege of Louisburg in 1758, found In the archives of the French Colonial Office by the talented specialist on French colonial subjects, M. Leon Jacob, who holds de- grees in letters and law from the University of Paris and a diploma for superior studies in history and geography, and who is also a laureate of the Institute. M. Jacob has published several monographs, one of them being a study of the effect of the Panama Canal on the French colonies. His Bemont contribution consists of some fifty folio sheets of manuscript and is unsigned. But the context shows that the author was an officer of the little French garrison at Louisburg. It forms part of the collection of "Fortifications de l'Am6rique Septen- trionale," composed of documents, maps; plans, etc., relating to Louisburg, among which is another account of the siege, also unpublished, the official report of Marquis Desgouttes, who commanded the French naval forces. M. Jacob's monograph af- fords several curious glimpses of the mili- tary customs of those days. Thus on June 17 we are informed that "the general com- manding the enemy sends the wife of our Governor a present of two pineapples," and we learn the next day that "Mme. de Drucour responds to the gift of the Eng- lish general by sending him a French of- ficer with some bottles of Bourgogne." But under the same date appears this line: "The English have captured one of our frigates and have sailed it by us so that we can see it." On July 6 the English Admiral proposes to the French Governor that he shall choose in an out-of-the-way corner of the town a refuge for "the ladies," which he promises "shall be specially re- spected." And the chronicler makes this very just comment: "It is impossible to conduct war on either side in a more cour- teous fashion." Dr. James MacAlister, for twenty-two years president of the Drexel Institute in Philadelphia, died at sea on Thursday on the steamship Caribbean, bound from New York to Bermuda. He was born in Glas- gow, Scotland, in 1840, and ten years later came to the United States. After graduat- ing from Brown University he attained prominence as a superintendent of edu- cation, both in the West and East. He was the author of several books on educational topics, among them "Manual of Instruc- tion in United States History and Civil Government," "Manual Training in the Public Schools of Philadelphia," "Art Ed- ucation in the Public Schools," and "Man- ual of Primary Instruction." Science The Putnams, as American agents of the Cambridge University Press, will soon put forth two new series of scientific books; the first will Include works coming within the field of psychology, and will be edited by Dr. C. S. Myers; the other, under the general editorship of P. Abbott, will be a

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59(3 The ISTation [Vol. 97, No. 2529 technical series dealing with applied sci- ence. Bird-Lore for November-December con- tains, in addition to articles upon, differ- ent birds and field notes, the annual re- ports of the Audubon Societies and field agents. Prom these reports two facts stand out prominently. The one is that the year is memorable for the passage of the most important and far-reaching measures for the conservation of bird-life that have ever been enacted. The great and widespread influence exerted through the introduction of bird-study in the schools is the other; 53,157 children have been enrolled in the Junior Audubon Classes during the pres- ent year. There is only one blemish in F. W. Oli- ver's "Makers of British Botany" (Putnam), namely, the portrait of Sir Joseph Hooker, which is given on an absurdly large scale. The portrait could have been reduced to the same scale as the others in the volume, much to its advantage and to the general attractiveness of the work. The treatise comprises a set of lectures upon British botanists, prepared with care and with a good sense of proportion by experts in the different portions of the field of botany. To these formal lectures the editor has added a few other communications of an equally high character, and thus the whole ground is well covered. The general result is im- pressive. It compels those who have re- garded the work done in the schools of the Continent as alone worthy of citation, to revise their opinions. Every student who has carefully examined the recent advance in British botany will be glad to have these records of the earlier triumphs in form so convenient and authoritative. An attractive little volume, entitled "The Airman" (Lane), by Capt. C. Mellor, R.E., should prove of more than usual interest to those who follow the progress of aeronau- tics. The author is an English army offi- cer, who, while on leave of absence from his foreign command, obtained at the school of the Farman brothers at Etampes an or- dinary brevet. This amounts to little more than a certificate (obtainable in from three to four days to as many weeks, according to the weather) to the effect that the hold- er is duly qualified to continue his more serious training as a pilot. The brevet is not given, however, until the pupil, unas- sisted, is capable of manipulating his ma- chine in flight, of describing a series of figures of eight, and of attaining an alti- tude of at least fifty metres. But to obtain the much-coveted brevet militaire a diffi- cult series of practical and theoretical tests is prescribed requiring service of several months in the French army. The expe- riences of Capt. Mellor, now thrilling, now dull, were recorded from day to day during his stay of four weeks at Etampes. His book is written in the form of a private diary, in which are combined frankness and impulsive narrative; the following descrip- tion of his first flight is typical: The Maurice [the type of machine in which he learned to fly] is provided with a double control, which permits the pupil to grasp a pair of handles on the control bar by putting his arms under those of the pilot from behind. There is also a sec- ond pair of footrests working the rudders. 1 am not permitted on this occasion, how- ever, to touch the controls. I am merely to watch the pilot and see what it feels like. Well, off we go— straight into the wind. We run more and more smoothly, and I am uncertain as to when we leave the ground. We skim along near the ground, rising very gently. Suddenly we shoot up a steep hill in the air. I wonder if it is all right — we seem to be climbing so rapidly. Then we flatten out and go horizontally for a hundred yards or so; Mien another shoot up, and another later on, which makes one's heart jump into one's mouth. The rush and press of air are terrific. My chest seems to be getting staved in and my ribs feel inclined to give way. I have difficulty in exhaling. The smallest opening of the nasal valve seems to give too much air. My blood rapidly be- comes super-oxygenated, and I experience a feeling of exhilaration. The writer does not subscribe to the pop- ular belief that aviation is "flying in the face of Providence," and contends that its dangers are considerably less than those of mountain climbing. The volume con- tains a brief introduction by Maurice Far- man, a few well-chosen illustrations, and an appendix in which are given the rules governing the granting of various certifi- cates in aviation, including those of the Royal Aero Club Special, and the French brevet militaire. Prof. Alfred George Compton, formerly head of the department of physics at the College of the City of New York, died Fri- day, in his seventy-eighth year; he was born in London, England. He entered the City College in 1849, the year it was found- ed, and immediately after graduation be- came a teacher in this institution, remain- ing from that time on its faculty until his retirement in 1911. Professor Compton was the author of "First Lessons in Metal- Working," "The Speed-Lathe," and "A Manual of Logarithmic Computations." Drama THE STAGE VS. THE DRAMA. The feud between playwright and the- atre manager is of long standing, and perhaps eternal. Shakespeare, who was both dramatist and manager, in the fa- mous prologue to "Henry V" affirms vig- orously the inadequacy of the stage, and inferentially the superiority of the play: Can this cockpit hold The vasty fields of France? or may we cram Within this wooden O the very casques That did affright the air at Agincourt? This subordination of stage effect to the recitation of the lines has prevailed until recent times. Unquestionably, texts have always been handled cavalier- ly to suit the whim of managers or the capacities of players, but until the breaking up of the stock companies about a generation ago the play got at least equal consideration with the individual actor and the staging. Where the stock company survives, respect for the play still is found. At the Od6on I have frequently heard in not too long an evening two comedies and a tragedy. Such a feat was possi- ble because the waits averaged two minutes. Naturally, the scenery and properties were of the simplest — just enough to indicate the place and to dis- patch the business. What counted was the sharp rendition of Moliere's action and dialogue and the eloquent declama- tion of Corneille's sonorous verses. In such a theatre one breathes the air of the golden age of the European drama; but such theatres to-day are mere survivals, supported not by popu- lar favor, but by state or private sub- sidies. The modern theatrical trend is distinctly anti-dramatic, an exaltation of the stage as such against the play. Hence Huntly Carter's book,* "The New Spirit in Drama and Art," is misnamed. Drama barely appears in his survey. He does, however, give a comprehensive account of the modern theatrical fer- ment as it may be observed in London, Paris, Berlin, and .Leipzig, and per- haps more significantly at Vienna, Buda- pest, and Moscow. In all he describes the activities of nearly a score of art theatres. As a chronicler he is en- thusiastic and eminently uncritical. Whatever is new and sufficiently odd attracts him; he labors under the pre- vailing delusion that the arts must evolve. This biological analogy will hold when two plays or pictures unite to form a younger artistic unit, not sooner. However, Mr. Carter provides a sufficiently vivid and accurate resume of the uneasiness and striving for novel- ty that shows itself to-day wherever the art of the theatre is taken seriously. It will be my task to seek the common spirit that underlies these apparently diverse endeavors. In shortest words, the new theatrical tendency is almost exclusively scenic, and generally anti-dramatic. Its most significant and most successful achieve- ment is the revival of the dance, not as an incidental divertissement to the play, but as the play itself. The world- wide vogue of the admirable Russian dancers, the acclaim of Professor Rein- hardt's pantomimes, are capital in- stances in point. The sudden popularity of the one-act piece is another indica- tion of restlessness and of discontent with the traditional forms of the drama. Moreover, in its more significant phases the scenic movement is resolutely anti- realistic, here agreeing with the paral- lel drift in painting and sculpture, and here once more parting company with both the contemporary and the classic drama. Before following these several lines of interpretation and considering the value of the new solutions, it may be well to inquire how the drama was deposed. On the one hand, the drama was smothered by elaborateness In stage set- ting, with the exaggeration of the star as a contributory cause; on tho other, *TJlS A' BptHi In Drtima and Art. By Unfit- ly Oarter, New fork: Mitohell Eennarley, in quarto, fully Ulimtriited.

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Dec. 18, 1913] The JSTation 597 by the narrowing of the drama as liter- ature implied in modern ideas of the right construction of a play. Whether or not the opera inherited its ornate fur- nishing from the court masque, is a matter of antiquarian curiosity. In any case, it was apparently the opera that early in the last century forced upon the theatre the most cumbersome scen- ery and accessories. Wagner is the cen- tral figure of the movement, but before his time the tendency was pronounced. In 1835 Eugene Delacroix admired the "magnificent moonlight" in Bellini's "I Puritani," and took the pains to note the pictorial method at length in his journal. Wagner naturally marked the high point in scenic elaborateness and realism. He has not really been surpassed. His perspective audacities in "The Flying Dutchman" and "Lohen- grin"; his forests, caverns, and celes- tial bridges in the "Ring," his interiors as in the Wartburg of "Tannhauser," his public squares in "The Meistersing- er," have tyrannized the imagination of managers for two generations. In Eng- land Irving added to the tendency a somewhat pedantic and archaeological exactitude, in which Sir Herbert Tree has loyally continued. In America Au- gustin Daly contributed the coquetry of a collector, setting his scenes when possible with properties of the period represented. Sardou made the spectacular piece international. So was lovingly but ignorantly wrought the gorgeous funeral pall of the drama. Scenic profusion became a substitute for well-balanced companies. Besides, where many intervals of nearly half an hour were involved, a great play simply could not be run off with that Continuity which is of the es- sence of every artistic effect. Imagine a symphony of Beethoven with long in- tervals between the movements! To re- store continuity, the circular stage has been contrived, but the true remedy is at' once simpler and more drastic. What we need is not elaborate settings more swiftly changed, but simpler settings and fewer. Thus Professor Reinhardt's sumptuous pantomimes are not in the direction of reform, but of reaction. They have meaning chiefly as the last logical step along scenic and realistic lines. He has perceived that a spec- tacle of sufficient ornateness and dra- matic tension requires no lines. The moving-picture theatre is repeating the demonstration with world-wide and im- pressive success. To say that the drama has suffered from the logical over-sharpening of its own ideals is at first sight a paradox. Yet I believe that one might pretty defi- nitely date the decline of the drama both as literature and as theatrical value from Eugene Scribe's famous doctrine of the piece Men faite. It is about eighty years since he threw off the phrase which has affected all modern dramaturgy. The well-made play must have a closely knit and logical action with utmost economy of dialogue. Naturally all di- gressions, including all incidental poet- ry, are forbidden. The soliloquy be- comes an anachronism. Everything must move swiftly to a satisfactory climax with the logical denouement hard on its heels. No principle of relief or variety is tolerated. Dramaturgy becomes a form of dialectic. Powerfully reinforced by the mature work of Ibsen, the theory of the well-made play has been exem- plified inexorably by Hervieu and Becque in France and by Pinero in Eng- land. The doctrine has produced some excel- lent plays. Its weakness is that it pro- claims all the acknowledged master- pieces of the acting drama to be ill- made. Under the strict rule, Moliere, a constructor of the neat sort, would come off hardly better than the notor- iously loose-jointed Shakespeare. A graver defect of the theory was that the well-made play turned out to be sadly ephemeral. Some thousands of pieces Men faites have had their day, but af- ter eighty years there cannot be said to exist a modern repertory. Clearly the difficulty is that the well-made play is made well in respect only of a particular moment and a peculiar audience. Times change and with them audiences, and the well-made play of to-day, with its precise adjustments to our present sen- sibilities and prejudices, is likely to seem merely old-fashioned to our wiser sons and daughters. Possibly, what Scribe regarded as poetical surplusage and lumber was, after all, the uncon- scious appeal of the playwright from a particular audience to posterity, a de- nial of that relativity within which great drama has ever been reluctant to confine itself. Here I am not raising the vexed question of the lite- rary drama. It is important for the well-being of the theatre not that plays should be masterpieces of literature, but merely that they should last long enough to provide a standard repertory and withal a sound tradition of acting and setting. But the well-made play has signally failed to do this, and there- in its bankruptcy is revealed. Between the smothering of the play under scen- ery and the reduction of dialogue to ex- plosive ejaculation, between the star and the long run, opportunities for educa- tion in acting have been curtailed, toler- able declamation has become exception- al, personal charm or beauty has made theatric intelligence superfluous. II. All remedies for the evils described above may be comprised in two main categories: first, simplification of the setting and rejection of bad theatrical conventions; secondly, the reform of the star system through a potent and enlightened stage-managership. Both remedies look towards the reform of what we may call the stage picture. Simplification has taken two roads: one somewhat archaeological, as in the revivals of Mr. Benson and Ben Greet, another quite abstract and modern, as in Gordon Craig's recent settings and in the representations of the Kunstler- theater at Munich. In most cases, sig- nificantly, the point of departure has been Shakespeare. So it may be well by a brief comparison between the Eliza- bethan and the modern stage to suggest what the problem of the stage picture is. The stage of Shakespeare presented no picture in the modern sense. Shake- speare's despairingly humorous chor- uses for "Henry V" show plainly that the only possible and tolerable picture must be evoked by his lines in the imagina- tion of the audience. His stage project- ed several feet into the pit, so that most of the time the actors were among the audience. No illusion of setting was possible. The actor was deprived of glamour and driven back upon the ele- mental devices of expressive action and fine declamation. Behind the stage was a narrower portico with a curtained door. Indeed, it is probable, though not certain, that the entire portico could at need be curtained off. Above the por- tico was a practicable gallery. With this meagre and fixed setting all places of a Shakespearean play could, with a little good will on the part of the audi- ence, be sufficiently suggested. The pro- jecting fore-stage was any large public place. Let us say, indifferently, a square in Verona, the ballroom of the Capulets, a street and a churchyard in Verona, a street in Mantua. The space under the gallery was at will a room in the Capu- let palace and Juliet's chamber. The central curtained door admitted, accord- ing to circumstances, to Friar Lau- rence's cell, or to the tomb of the Capu- lets. The gallery was, of course, Juli- et's balcony. All that the dramatist re- quired was an indication that the place was large or small, indoors or out, on the ground level or high. When am- biguity arose, as it did but rarely, the lines set the audience right. Only the indispensable properties were used, and these had to be carried on and off in view of the audience. This still is occa- sionally done in the classic French the- atre without giving offence. The ac- tors had, with trifling exceptions, to come on and go off without the aid of the curtain. So cruel a condition must have made for a stately and command- ins port. In r£sum6, there were no stage pictures in the sense of illusionary inseenntion, cither of particular plays or particular acts or scenes of any play. Or better, the actors were like statues set on a broad base before a fixed and impressive architectural background. The conditions were not unlike those prevailing In the Greek theatre and the requirements upon the actor were sim-

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598 The 3STation [Vol. 97, No. 2529 ilar. It was a sculptural, not a pictorial, arrangement. If the Elizabethan stage was sculptur- al, the modern stage is at least in in- tention pictorial. The proscenium arch constitutes a definite boundary or frame, within which the picture is composed. The lighting from the front gives bril- liancy to the picture. By drops and flats any setting can be simulated. A well- painted back, such as Mr. Belasco pre- sented in the last act of "The Girl of the Golden West," may open up miles of land and sky. Modern illuminants make it possible to reproduce the most fugitive and poetic phases of lunar or solar light. Mr. Daly provided in "The Midsummer Night's Dream" a moon- light that holds its glamour after near- ly thirty years. On penalty of long waits, to be sure, properties can be mul- tiplied ad libitum, mechanical devices of all sorts make the ghost an horrific plausibility and permit the bodily pres- ence of the chariot race. A whole range of incidents that a Shakespeare could only describe may safely be put on in any country theatre. In fact, the pic- torial apparatus of the modern stage seems absolutely perfect, and yet all the more enlightened managers are bother- ing about the stage picture. What is the difficulty? Simply that the actor can- not effectively be fitted into any pictor- ial scheme which requires more planes than a foreground and a remote dis- tance. To the eye the actor diminishes inappreciably within the range of up and down stage. He belongs, and is in proper scale, only in a foreground which has no middle distance. Any- where else he is too big for the picture. The false ingenuity of decorators multi- plies flats and makes the stage a tunnel. No real effect of depth is attained. The actor merely dwarfs the scenery as he retires from the footlights. No actor can gradually approach from a distance or gradually withdraw. You may de- scribe his going or coming, but if you present him in the flesh, the more you complicate stage perspective, and the more intermediate objects you introduce to express farness, the more you empha- size his palpable and ridiculous near- ness. You cannot safely set him against any back scene supposed to be a hun- dred yards away. You must crowd him to the wings on penalty of his spoiling the picture. Against a very near or a very remote background you may set him with impunity. Of course, I am aware of the heroic attempts to defeat stage limitations in the ascension of the soul of the Plying Dutchman, and in the gradual coming of Lohengrin in his swan boat. But without the music both effects would be ridiculous — as theatri- cal effect Little Eva's apotheosis is really more tolerable — and Lohengrin's advent invariably strikes me as mildly absurd, despite the most enchanting music imaginable. In short, the stage picture is in one plane as regards the actors, and in two at most as regards actors and scenery. Which comes to saying that the art of the stage is still not a pictorial but a sculptural art. A good deal of the recent reform of inscenation in England, Germany, and Austria has been in the way of recognizing this fact and clearing away the rubbish between the stage front and the background, with the frank perception that the actor has no abiding place in the intermediate regions. At all times the classic the- atre has unconsciously obeyed this law. And some recent effective designs show a return to it. The scene already cited from "The Girl of the Golden West," and the island setting for "The Admir- able Crichton," are examples. How com- patible these limitations are with spa- cious and romantic effect, Gordon Craig's designs for Ibsen's "Vikings," or, better yet, for Laurence Housman's "Bethlehem," show convincingly. III. A reform which clears off the canvas and papier-mache atrocities from the stage is wholly good, yet I doubt if we have yet reached a new rule of sim- plicity. For an audience that really loved the drama, the sparse and aus- tere realism of the French state the- atres would serve every purpose; but the modern audience cares much for stagecraft and little for drama. No purely archaeological reaction is likely to succeed. Salvation is not through abolishing the curtain and restoring the apron stage. Nor do some of the bold- est new experiments seem to have the necessary universality. Gordon Craig's stage settings, based on simple geomet- rical repetitions, are the most worthy of attention in this class. He works with uniform series of massive rectangu- lar columns, which may be set close or far, in pale or solid, simulating a grandiose architecture or merely form- ing a pattern to be artfully illuminat- ed. The effects which he obtained upon his little model stage at Florence were delightful. They depended on right set- ting of the columns and upon lighting which shot the uniform pale buff of the columns with the most varied and charming complementary tones of blue or violet. Since then Mr. Craig has proved the entire practicability of what I may call the basaltic idea by thus mounting "Hamlet" at Moscow. T fool sure that he will continue to produce fine designs in this geometrical mode, as he did in his earlier mood of simpli- fied realism. But the method seems to be too subjective for general applica- tion. It is, however, much in the air both in painting and stage setting. The Austrian and Hungarian managers work very much in Mr. Craig's fashion, but Without his strenuous consistency and abstractness. The whole movement will at least impose a systematic and dis- ciplinary principle of theatrical design. Personally, I am surprised that the experiment has not been more frequent- ly tried of giving the old poetical plays without specific setting. A mere bacK- cloth of verdure tapestry or the like has sufficed admirably for the play of "As You Like It." Other Shakespearean plays might require a few specific back-drops, the stage itself remaining frankly an ar- chitectural enclosure which becomes out- of-doors, or in, according to the clue af- forded by the back-cloth. A modern au- dience of the sort that will go to Shake- speare at all would readily accommo- date itself to such conventions. The set- tings should be made intrinsically hand- some, but decorative rather than realis- tic. Once established in the classic rep- ertory, it seems to me that the policy of a decorative simplicity would invade the modern field. Merely a reason- able economy would require the man- ager to use generalized decorative settings whenever he might, and spe- cific and realistic settings only when he must. Such flexible opportunism would expedite performances and regain continuity of effect, would permit the giving of classic plays entire, would make for a freer modern dramaturgy, and relieve the pedantic oppression now imposed on the stage by the well-made play. IV. On theatrical reform through ideal managership, just a word. The idea of an omniscient regisseur remains perma- nently attractive — one who holds that un- ruly member, the player, in the hollow of his hand; one who is the ideal and rever- ential interpreter of dramatic master- pieces, the tireless overseer of the min- utest details of action, declamation, lighting, decoration. Mr. Craig, who adds to the expansiveness of the crea- tive artist much of the ruthlessness of the abstract logician, has long dallied with this notion of the ideal regisseur, eventually finding it bankrupt, for the good reason that the actual actor is often ignorant and almost always hope- lessly insubordinate. There was a mo- ment when Mr. Craig, despairing of the actor, had recourse to the puppet. The puppet is tractable, and, as for the declamatory part, any manager may hope to engage an accomplished and even docile reciter for the text. I think no one who saw the puppets in action on Mr. Craig's tiny stage found the idea ridiculous or their presence otherwise than piquant and charming. Indeed, aside from being mechanically control- lable, puppets have distinct advantages i< mb and-blood actors. All per- spective illusions are possible with them, Mr. Craig could deploy an army upon a distant horizon and countermarch It in middle distance before presenting the chieftain down stage. The whole dl

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Dec. 18, 1913J The Nation 599 lemma of the middle-distance is readily solved by the puppet manager. I have touched on this clever experiment, first, because it reveals quite concretely the limitations of the ordinary stage pic- ture, next because I feel that the pup- pet theatre contains unutilized possi- bilities. But despite the puppets, and their more formidable allies, the dancers, pantomimists, and figurants for the cinematograph, the theatre will be redeemed by the actor and the man- ager, or not at all. By a detour we are once more confronting the problem of the regisseur. Common-sense clearly suggests that we must, while accepting broadly the conditions and limitations of stage-man- agership, endeavor to improve those con- ditions or make of those limitations sources of strength. The theatrical art necessarily deals not in absolutes and unities, but in happy compromises and approximations. Something of this rela- tivity there is in all the arts, but it dominates peculiarly in those arts in which the creator is not sole performer and interpreter. To carry over from such unmediated arts as sculpture, painting, and poetry the requirement of a unified and absolutely original impres- sion— to require this of such mediated arts as music and acted drama is an obvious solecism. And precisely the so-called infidelity of musician, actor, or conductor to the artist's orig- inal intention — an intention which is only matter of surmise after all — may result in illuminating the play or score from novel points of view, may legiti- mately enhance the masterpiece through sensitive and reverent interpretation. That the regisseur may recover power usurped by the actor, that stage-mana- gership may increasingly assume the re- sponsibilities of a fine art, we must de- voutly hope. V. Reviewing broadly the new theatri- cal unrest, it seems valid, notwithstand- ing its aberrations, in its consistent an- tagonism to petty realism. It strikes at an admitted evil, and provides a rem- edy. But the final simplification of the stage is not likely to be achieved along Mr. Craig's lines of austere sym- bolism, nor yet by the more bizarre and decorative methods pursued in Aus- tria-Hungary. A degree of naturalism the theatre can hardly dispense with. Excessive devotion to the dance and to pantomime are probably transient and merely incidental phases. The stage cannot long afford to repudiate or mini- mize the drama. On the contrary, re- form is likely through a new entente between the stage and the drama. "We need perhaps not exclusively the liter- ary play, but at least some literary plays, and, above all, liberation from the well-made piece cobbled together to match the passing whim of indolent and surfeited playgoers. Hauptmann, Ros- tand, Barrie, have been good risks even for modern managerdom. There is nat- urally money in appealing to the baser side of the playgoing public; there is also money with self-respect in appeal- ing to its better side. So far as the modern movement seeks emancipation from mere fuss and glitter, it is full of promise. It is likely to provide a stage stripped of trumpery and cleared for action. Such a stage, however, must overcome a stubborn predilection for mere gorgeousness. The brunt of the reform must be borne by a few far- seeing managers, and these must be supported by the friends of the new movement. Once tided over their begin- nings, theatres thus organized should prosper. Freed from the burden of spec- ulative salaries and costly mountings, the new-style regisseur would have dis- tinct advantages. Very likely he would have imitators when the commercial managers realized the folly of compet- ing with the cinematograph in natural- ism, with the music hall in splendifer- ousness. Indeed, the present formidable rivalry of vaudeville and the moving- picture show may rather sternly direct the theatre towards its finer traditions as the very condition of survival. F. J. M., jr. Mr. Clayton Hamilton -will bring out in January, through Holt, his "Studies in Stagecraft." Johnston Forbes-Robertson played Othel- lo for the first time in this country in the Shubert Theatre on Monday evening and acquitted himself of that difficult task with more success, perhaps, than was gen- erally* expected. His characterization, of course, was marked by intelligence rather than robustness. Even in the opening scenes his Othello savored of the court rather than the camp, exhibiting a suave and courteous dignity and to Brabantio a most tender and compassionate patience. In the oratorical passages, such as the ad- dress to the Senate, he was entirely satis- factory, although even here the absence of all suggestion of martial or rugged force was felt. He was most completely satis- factory, perhaps, in the scenes in Cyprus in the second act, when he showed pictur- esque qualities as the devoted lover of the fair Desdemona and as an energetic and efficient officer in time of broil and battle. His rebuke of Cassio was exceedingly ef- fective. In the succeeding acts, as the vic- tim of Iago's intrigue, he was extremely felicitous in marking the effects of the first gradual inroads of suspicion upon faith, but he failed in giving real tragic expres- sion to the storms of jealous rage and de- spair which finally possessed him. In these great crises the physical effort was more eloquent than the emotional utterance. But the impersonation was in many respects a remarkable one and was especially inter- esting in its earliest and latest phases. Unfortunately his support was of very in- different quality. The Iago, S. A. Cookson, in trying to be entirely natural became wholly dull and inefficient, and Gertrude Elliott played Desdemona without sympa- thy or insight. The stage management was excellent, but the general standard of the acting was low. The name of Sydney Grundy's new play, which will soon be produced in London, is "World Without End." Fred. Kerr will pro- duce the piece and sustain one of the lead- ing parts in it, that of a judge whose ex- perience of life has taught him to temper justice with mercy. Among other important characters in the picture are the governor of a jail and his wife, formerly a nurse, who has left at least one momentous in- cident in her past unrevealed to her hus- band. Alan Campbell will begin his managerial venture at the London Globe with a four- act play called "The Night Hawk," by Lechmere Worral and Bernard Merivale— the latter a nephew of the author of "All for Her" and "The White Pilgrim." The Incorporated Stage Society, of Lon- don, starts its fifteenth season with the production of a new four-act play, entitled "Change," by J. Q. Francis, a new drama- tist. To the piece was last year awarded the prize of £100 offered by Lord Howard de Walden for the best original Welsh play by a Welsh writer. "Mr. Wu," the new play at the London Strand Theatre, appears to be a pretty highly seasoned bit of melodrama. Mr. Wu is a Kowloon Mandarin, a blend of Oriental duplicity and ferocity and Oxford culture. When his beautiful young daughter falls a victim to the impetuous suit of Basil Greg- ory she disappears from public view. Then Basil also vanishes, and when his father threatens Wu with a revolver, he suddenly finds himself completely in the Chinaman's power. Wu then demands a private inter- view with Mrs. Gregory. He informs her that his daughter is dead, having paid the price of her shame, and that her son will soon be dead also, unless she, his mother, will sacrifice her own honor to save him. Mrs. Gregory tries to poison herself in a cup of tea, but Wu — who is as polite as he is relentless — insists upon drinking with her, and, having sipped, dies quickly in horrible convulsions. Wilfred Sheridan writes as follows to the London Times: In referring to an impending sale at Sotheby's, you wrote of the "original manu- script" of "The School for Scandal" as being among the items to be sold. I think it may interest the public to know that the original manuscript of "The School for Scandal" is at my home at Frampton Court, Dorchester. My grandfather, who was Sher- idan's grandson, had this original MS. laid down and mounted with a specially printed text. There are, as I know, several stage copies in existence. One of them, in my possession, is annotated by Sheridan; possi- bly the one advertised may be something of this kind. Stanley Houghton, a prominent young playwright, died last week at Manchester, England. "Hindle Wakes" and two short plays, "Fancy Free" and "The Younger Generation," by Mr. Houghton, have been given in this country. "Hindle Wakes," which was produced in New York on De- cember 10, 1912, went upon the road a few weeks after its first appearance. In spite of its somewhat cold reception, It was recognized as a powerful piece of realism, and the young playwright was regarded as one who had a big future before him. The

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600 The JST a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2529 setting of the play was Lancashire, and the characters spoke a broad Lancashire dia- lect. "The Younger Generation" was pro- duced at the Lyceum Theatre this season, with Grace George in the cast. Music "Hansel and Grctel": A Guide to Hum- perdinck's Opera. By Lewis M. Isaacs and Kurt J. Rahlson. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. $1 net. Opera Stories. By Filson Young. New York: Henry Holt & Co. Stories of the Operas. By Ethel Shubert. Philadelphia: The Penn Publishing Co. Wagner's "Tristan and Isolde." By Oliver Huckel. New York: Thomas P. Crowell Co. 75 cents net. Opera and Drama. By Richard Wagner. New York: Chas. Scribner's Sons. Two volumes. Twenty years have elapsed since En- gelbert Humperdinck surprised the world with an entirely new kind of opera — a German fairy-tale amalgamat- ed with the Wagnerian orchestra. At first thought this seemed a ludicrous mesalliance. As the authors of the guide to "Hansel and Gretel" remark: The same method which Wagner devised as an accompaniment to the passions of Isolde and the woes of Briinnhilde is here employed to give musical utterance to the playfulness and the trifling griefs and fears of Hansel and Gretel. The heroic side of the Valkyries is painted in colors no more brilliant than the broomstick ride of the Witch. The incongruity between means and end is glaring. Yet, wonder of won- ders! the inconsistence made, it is forgot- ten in the all-pervading charm and sin- cerity of the work. Inasmuch as this opera was an imme- diate success, its popularity spreading like wild-fire all over Europe, it should seem as if a guide to its beauties were superfluous. Yet, while the opera makes an immediate appeal to everybody by its emotional melody, it contains a wealth of detail that escapes the casual listener; and it is to call attention to these subtle merits that the guide was written. The story is told in full, the leading motives, twenty-six in all, are given in musical type, and the ingenious use made of them is fully explained. Spe- cial emphasis is placed on a misunder- standing which in some minds has pre- vented Humperdinck from getting all the credit due him. His occasional use of a borrowed folk-song has misled these persons into the belief that none of the music is wholly original. The four folk-songs used by him are named in the guide. It is altogether an excel- lent little book, which should find its place on the shelf next to the guide to Humpordinck's "Kbnigskinder," by the same writers. Filson Young's collection of opera stories includes "Hansel and Gretel." The other operas in it are "Faust," "Car- men," "The Magic Flute," "Don Giovan- ni," "Ai'da " "Madama Butterfly," "The Bohemians," "Cavalleria Rusticana," and "I Pagliacci." The writer's method con- sists in telling the plots of the operas as short stories without reference to the acts and scenes in the opera — a method which has its advantages. Ethel Schu- bert, on the other hand, follows the usual way of telling the plot, step by step. The forty-six operas chosen by her are those usually sung now at Amer- ican opera houses or exploited on the singing machines. The composers are arranged alphabetically, and a few biog- raphical facts precede the description of each one's operas, or opera; for of the twenty-four composers included, no fewer than fifteen are represented by only one opera. Of Massenet's, two are given. The omission of "Manon" is explained as being due to the fact that "Puccini's opera, 'Manon Lescaut,' tells the same story as Massenet's, and is now more frequently sung" — which is not true. Of Wagner's operas, ten are in- cluded. Oliver Huckel has his own way of Englishing Wagner's operatic poems, putting the stage directions into blank verse, together with the poetic lines. That his way has its admirers may be inferred from the fact that his "Tristan and Isolde" is the ninth of Wagner's operas thus treated by him. Mr. Huckel looks on this poem as the high-water mark of Wagner's genius. His book Is printed in black-letter type, with red heads, and half a dozen full-page illus- trations or scenes in the opera. That Wagner wrote, besides a dozen operas, the same number of volumes of prose works, not to speak of his letters, which make another dozen or so, is well known. The most important of his trea- tises on music is "Opera and Drama." Of this there are now two good English translations — one by W. Ashton Ellis, and another and better one by Edwin Evans, sr., a splendid specimen of the translator's art, which even those will do well to consult who can read the orig- inal; for Wagner's treatise, as printed in German, is "one unbroken sea of prose-matter." Besides doing this into idiomatic English, Mr. Evans has pro- vided chapter headings, section and sub- section headings, as well as subdivision of paragraphs, with numbers and separ- ate titles for each, thus making it a much more helpful book than the orig- inal. The table of contents takes up twenty-one pages and serves not only as a guide, but an appetizer; with its aid any one can in a moment satisfy his curiosity as to Wagner's opinions on the relation of music to poetry; the aria as springing from folksong; the ballet as springing from the folk-dance; limi- tation of the poet's means of expression; Mozart and Mendelssohn compared; Ros- sini's bid for popularity; the chagrin of Rossini at Meyerbeer's success; omnipotence of melody; religious music as operatic material; Beethoven's great inspiration; Beethoven's mistake; deg- radation of modern opera; terminal rhyme and conversational speech; the womanly relation of the tonal language to dramatic art; and a hundred other topics. The latest biography of Wagner is by John P. Runciman. The peppery London critic evidently does not like "Parsifal," but for the other works of Wagner he has the utmost admiration. Even in the "Ply- ing Dutchman" he finds "pages which Wagner never afterwards surpassed." Wag- ner's first wife "ought to have married a pork-butcher." His opinion of Wagner's character is summed up in these words: "He was one of the noblest, most generous men that have lived. There is not a mean trait in his character." Ernest Newman confesses that he has treated Wagner's love affairs in detail in his forthcoming life of that composer, which will be his third book on Wagner. "Richard Strauss," writes a correspon- dent, is a well-nigh all-convincing apostle for his own music, and after conducting with splendid success a number of his works in Karlsruhe recently, he went over to Vienna, where, at the head of the Tonkiinstler Or- chestra, he gave a concert which must have made him realize how firm his hold has become in the Austrian capital on a large contingent of the musical community. He gave a stirring interpretation to his latest opus, the Festival Prelude, written for the opening, a few weeks since, of the new Con- certhaus, which originally had been heard in a far less authoritative and impressive manner. Art Mr. H. Inigo Triggs, whose works "Formal Gardens in England and Scotland" and "The Art of Garden Design in Italy" are well known, now publishes a book on "Garden Craft in Europe" (Scribner), which treats the development of design from early times to the rise of the English Landscape School. The illustrations — largely from such old records as paintings and illuminated man- uscripts, or the less ancient sources of the collections of engravings— show the famous gardens of Europe as they were, or as they were designed to be, before they were over- laid with more or less incongruous subse- quent additions and changes. Of the design of the present day the book says little, be cause, the reader Is led to suspect, Mr. Triggs does not find much good modern design that is not merely an echo of form* work. This may fairly bo said of modern Italian work and of much French win 1 bul modern English design is quite as good 9 I the average work of the same scale at any previous time. For the sake of the completeness of the general Burvey, Mr. Trlgge's booh goi what little we know about anoienl garden in Europe and 1 be ga 1 di aa ol 1 be Middle Ages. Excepi for lome exoellenl llli tions from old brovlaries and nlmllur

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Dec. 1 8, 1913J The Nation 601 sources, however, he brings little new con- tribution to the subject. German and Aus- trian gardens, which are treated briefly, are of course of little value to the lover of garden beauty. They are apt to be copies either of English or of French styles, and are not nearly so well conceived as their prototypes. On garden design in the Neth- erlands, however, Mr. Triggs has much that is interesting to say. The painstaking, rather uninspired style of the low coun- tries, fanciful sometimes to grotesqueness, but always with a feeling of homely use- fulness and practicality, is well set forth by the illustrations, most of which will be new to the ordinary reader. Of the Spanish gardens, too, there are excellent illustra- tions, with original plans of the Generalise and the Alcazar. Good pictures of Spanish garden design are for some reason rather rare, and these are therefore the more val- uable. This book gives a more general view of the whole field of garden design in Europe than is found in any other one vol- ume. The illustrations are excellent, some of them are new. The text is a running description of the places illustrated, not at- tempting the difficult task of differentiating styles of design or tracing their changes to their sociologic causes. Dr. Anton Hekler's quarto volume on "Greek and Roman Portraits" (Putnam) contains in its 311 good "half-tone" plates an admirable selection of the chief exam- ples of portraiture which have come down to us. On the last two plates the illustra- tions are from coins, the rest are from marble statues and busts; and nearly every important museum in Europe, and not a few private collections, have furnished their quota. In this country the museum in Boston has afforded illustrations for nine plates, two each being given to the so- called Menander there, to the fine head of Augustus, and to the extraordinary terra- cotta head of an aristocratic Roman — a portrait that recalls in a startling manner the older generation of Boston's citizens. Those who know the fine examples of por- traiture which, have been acquired in the last few years by the Metropolitan Museum in New York will regret that a selection from these could not have found a place in the volume. The book is provided with an admirable "List of Illustrations," which in- cludes for each portrait the bibliography that is essential, and tells what parts are restored. There is also an "Index of Places," with references to the catalogue numbers of the several museums, and a list of the most important works on antique portraits. An introduction of 42 pages precedes the portraits, and furnishes a guide to the student in using them. This part also of the book shows the author to be well ac- quainted with the material of his subject, and reasonable and cautious in his attribu- tion of the portraits to individuals. But the discussion is marred by a subjective sort of art criticism, too common in Ger- many, by more or less verbiage, and some- times by a curious use of words (e. g.s "brazen" for bronze, "enframed in" for framed in, "selfless" for unselfish, "impor- tunate," page 21, apparently for inoppor- tune, etc.). We quote a few rather typical remarks: "The face is no longer the won- derful instrument on which all the spiri- tual faculties may sound their harmonies"; the Greek method of representation insist- ed "on the dynamics of spiritual life"; "Greek art essayed in particular to deal with the physiognomical problem which arises from the conflict between the strenu- ous, steadfast human intellect and an er- ratic, meteoric natural talent" ; "we are conscious," in looking at a portrait of Cas- sar, "of a tragic presentiment which veils the face like a thin autumn mist shrouding a heroic landscape." We may doubt also whether "crude realism" is a good term to apply to Ionic art, and whether Euripides really is the "greatest of Attic poets." In the spelling of proper names there is con- siderable inconsistency: Aristotle appears as Aristoteles; Alexander has the English form, though Menandros has not; in gen- eral k is not transliterated by c, yet Si- cyonian and Anticythera occur. In spite, however, of some marked defects in the introductory essay, it rests on much careful and thorough study, and this essential ex- cellence will overbalance many faults of detail. "Personal Recollections of Vincent van Gogh (Houghton Mifflin), by Elizabeth du Quesne van Gogh, is, as its title implies, an intimate memorial. One gets the softened but sufficiently clear picture of a fine mind prematurely consumed by its own unreason- able energies. The moody lad, incapable in practical concerns, spasmodically the evan- gelist and the artist, early suffered a men- tal breakdown through overstudy. A peril- ous emotional tension is in all his paint- ing, as well in that produced in lucid in- tervals as in that coming from the asylum at Aries. Through needlessly offending his kinsman, Mauve, Van Gogh threw away the chance of an education in his art. Native affinity drew him to Claude Bernard and Gauguin, luminists and extreme individual- ists. Without adequate knowledge of form or respect for the tradition of painting, he blundered strenuously along, the lines laid down by Cezanne. Maximum color and es- tablishment of his forms by color alone were his aims. The blare of his color and the potent distortion of his strokes suited his anguished emotion. His case is one in pathological aesthetics. His note is keen, individual, distinguished, but his ecstasy is that of delirium. The tortured contours and strident colors of his flower pieces have every mark of perilous hyperesthesia. His sister's Recollections, though the notorious tragic incidents of Van Gogh's career are suppressed or merely suggested, help one to understand the man. For him personally nothing but a profound compassion is in order ; for his art, steadfastly responsive to the exaltation of his mood, admiration is due. Certain rarely explored corners of emotional experience he has revealed with power and with complete sincerity. But the artistic aberration that makes a leader of Van Gogh deserves the severest condem- nation. Successful revolutions in art are not led by half-trained mad men, even when they happen to be geniuses. The dis- tortions and exaggerations which were a morbid but perfectly sincere expression of Van Gogh's personality, are meaningless and disgusting when coldly adopted by his imitators. His art is very special, intense, and limited. It is very appealing, but one should yield to the appeal with a full sense that this art is abnormal and eccentric; a pitiful tragic flower, unique and without power of reproduction. For the Post-Im- pressionist view of the matter the reader may be referred to a brief preface by A. B. Davies and a critical introduction by Katherine S. Dreier, who is also the trans- lator. Her plea gains no force from spell- ing Cezanne with an s and Giorgione with three i's — or is this a rebuke to prevailing oppressive literalism? The publishers have made the book attractive with orange boards as cover and many illustrations. Hermann Faber, an artist and etcher, who was known for his etchings of ani- mals and illustrations for standard medi- cal works, died last week at his home, in Germantown, Pa. He was eighty-one years old. During the Civil War he served as artist on the Surgeon-General's staff of the United States army, under Gens. Barnes and Woodward. He also illustrated the United States medical record of the war. Mr. Faber was born in Germany, and came to this country in 1854. Finance THE NEW HAVEN RAILWAY'S DIVI- DEND. On Wednesday of last week, the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railway Company, which had paid dividends un- interruptedly since its organization in 1872, and which, as lately as last year, paid 8 per cent, per annum, passed its quarterly dividend. The action was tak- en by the new management which was placed in charge of the property when Mr. Mellen, as a result of the long cam- paign against the alleged extravagances of his regime, gave up the presidency. In Wall Street, the news created a pro- found impression; it has been reflected, not only by a violent break in New Haven's shares, but by declines in the great majority of other railways. The suspension of the dividend would have been an incident of comparatively slight importance in the finances of most other railways, but, with a com- pany whose stock has for forty years been the refuge of New England's thrift, the natural reliance of bequeathed es- tates and little savings, it was a very personal calamity. Much has been said, by way of moralizing over the event, and most of it was beside the point. Peo- ple who ascribe all mishaps of railway finance to Government regulation have been telling the public how the rate re- striction caused the New Haven's trou- bles. People who cannot conceive of any financial calamity without some thieving capitalist as the cause of it have been calling for vengeance on the robbers of the company. Neither has grasped the meaning of the episode. As a matter of financial history, the present New Haven situation is a mournful landmark of the financial ideas and theories which gained such ex- traordinary vogue in 1001. Sober-mind- ed people, who think that half the world

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602 The JST a t i o n [Vol. 97, No. 2529 is mad to-day, with its New Ideas in social aud political philosophy — its "fem- inism," its "eugenics," its courses in public schools on "white slavery" and "sex hygiene," its "direct legislation," its "recall of judicial decisions" — ought once in a while to remember that the high finance of a dozen years ago was quite as mad, and with very similiar delusions. Where our social philoso- phers of to-day would have us make over human nature for the purpose of their experiments, our financial philoso- phers of a decade ago would have had us abolish the old rules of credit, of trade, of business prudence, and of in- trinsic values. Both of them looked with supreme contempt on the teachings of experience. Just as the delusions of 1913 base them- selves on the principle that to make a community well behaved you should discard all conventionalities and loosen all restraint on conduct, so the delu- sions of 1901 were pivoted on the theory that the way to make a man or a cor- poration rich and prosperous was to throw to the winds the old-fashioned maxims of financial prudence, and in- crease his debts indefinitely. Few com- panies fell more notoriously under the scope of this experiment than the unfor- tunate New Haven. The promoters of that theory seemed to imagine that tlie way to end the in- conveniences of competition was to buy up every competitor at any price he asked. If his enterprise was a worthless one, pay him what a prosperous com- pany was worth; if it was a going con- cern, pay him the price of a Golconda mine. Load your own company with mortgage debt to do it, and trust to luck for the outcome. The New Haven Com- pany was made to buy up trolley lines at the trolley promoter's figure, and connecting railways at whatever price was set by the astonished seller — all this with the absolute certainty before the eyes of the New Haven management that none of the companies combined through this wild extravagance could ask any more for its transportation ser- vices than before. The end of such a policy was foreshadowed from the day when it was adopted. With an enter- prise less soundly bulwarked by pre- vious conservatism and natural advan- tages than the New Haven was, it would have come long before it did. Considered in the light of that per- fectly well-known period of American finance, it is pretty safe to say that nothing will be gained to-day by railing at "Government restriction" or by start- ing on the trail of the Money Devil. What is necessary for the New Haven Is that which has already been done with many other corporate victims of the hallucinations of that period — the un- doing, as soon as prudent foresight will permit, of the mischief which this dec- ade inherited from the decade before it, and the reversion to the principles of sound finance and sober common-sense. This is the path which the New Haven's new management is taking. Contrary to a very prevalent view in Wall Street, the task is not one of destruction, but of reconstruction, with a view to a hap- pier future. BOOKS OP THE WEEK. Akins, Zoe. Papa (Mod. Drama). Kenner- ley. $1 net. Albalat, A. Comment il faut lire les Au- teurs Classiques Frangais. Paris: Ar- mand Colin. 3.50 francs. Austin, B. F. How to Make Money. Roches- ter, N. Y. : Austin Pub. Co. 25 cents. Baldwin, E. C. Our Modern Debt to Israel. Boston: Sherman, French. $1.25 net. Barbey, Frederic. Suisses hors de Suisse — au service du Roi et de la Revolution ; (documents inedits). Paris: Perrin. 5 francs. Beaunier, Andre. Les Idees et les Hommes. Paris: Plon. 3.50 francs. Becque, Henry. The Vultures, The Woman ot Paris, The Merry-go-Round : Three Plays (Mod. Drama). Kennerley. $1.50 net. Berard, Victor. La Mort de Stamboul Paris: A. Colin. 4 francs. Betz, Frederick. Aus der Jugendzeit: Se- lections, edited with notes. Boston: Heath. Bliard, Pierre. Les Conventionnels Regi- cides (documents officiels et inedits). Paris: Perrin. 5 francs. Brunot, Ferdinand. Histoire de la Langue Franchise des Origines fi, 1900. Tome IV — la langue classique (1660-1715) — Iere partie. Paris: A. Colin. 18 francs. Butler, Samuel. Alps and Sanctuaries. New, enlarged edition. Dutton. $2 net. Carter, J. G. A. The Sunset Road. Boston: Sherman, French. $1 net. Cartwright, Julia (Mrs. Ady). Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan and Lor- raine (1522-1590). Dutton. $6 net. Ceiarie, H. Petite "Novia" — une Francaise en Espagne. Paris: A. Colin. 3.50 francs. Champion, Pierre. Francois Villon — sa vie et son temps. 2 vols. Paris: H. Cham- pion. Chinard, Gilbert. L'Amerique et le Reve exotique dans la Litterature Francaise au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siecle. Paris: Ha- chette. 3:50 francs. Cim, Albert. Mystifications Litteraires et Theatrales. Paris: Fontemoing. 3:50 francs. Clermont, Emile. Laure (roman). Paris: Bernard Grasset. 3:50 francs. Dugmore, A. A. Radclyffe. The Romance of the Newfoundland Caribou. Phila.: LIppincott. $3.75 net. Dunn, S. O. Government Ownership of Railways. D. Appleton. $1.50 net. Everyman's Library. Nos. 653 and 662 — English Essays from Caxton to R. L. Stevenson and the Later Writers; Lit- erary and Historical Atlas of Africa and Australia, by J. G. Bartholomew. Dutton. Faguet, Emile. En lisant Oorneille — l'homme et son temps, l'Scrivain et son eeuvre. Paris: Hachette. 3.50 francs, Fieke, A. D. Mr. Faust (Modern Drama). Kennerley. $1 net. Fitchett, W. H. The New World of the South: The Romance of Australian His- tory. Scrlbner. 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Quelques pieces relatives a la vie de Louis I, Due d'Orleans, et de Valentine Visconti, sa femme. Paris: H. Champion. 7.50 francs. Hale, Philip L. Jan Vermeer of Delft. Boston: Small, Maynard. $10 net. Harrison, E. O. The Enchanted House and Other Fairy Stories. Chicago: McClurg. $1.25 net. Herklots, B. The Future of the Evangelical Party in the Church of England. Lon- don: Elliot Stock. Howard, G. B. The Red Light of Mars (Mod. Drama). Kennerley. $1.25 net. Hungerford, Edward. The Personality of American Cities. McBride, Nast. $2 net. Jacks, L. P. All Men Are Ghosts. Holt. $1.35 net. Jordan, D. S. America's Conquest of Eu- rope. Boston: American Unitarian Assn. 60 cents net. Leary, L. C. Syria the Land of Lebanon. McBride, Nast. $3 net. Le Gallienne, Richard. The Lonely Dancer, and Other Poems. Lane. $1.50 net. Le Pedigree — erreurs et verites en art. Jacques Callot — "le Saint-Sebastien" du Louvre; J.-H. Fragonard — "la Bonne Mere." Paris: Alvin-Beaumont. 1 franc. Lesueur, Emile. CEuvres completes de Maximilien Robespierre. Premiere par- tie — Robespiere & Arras: tome ii — les ceuvres judiciaires (1782-1786). Paris: E. Leroux. 8 francs. Library of Congress. Report of the Li- brarian, for 1913. Lindsay, N. V. General William Booth En- ters into Heaven, and Other Poems. Ken- nerley. $1.25 net. Locke, G. E. Queen Elizabeth. Boston: Sherman, French. $1.35 net. Lot-Borodine, Myrrha. Le Roman Idyl- lique au Moyen Age. Paris: Picard. Lucas, E. V. The Open Road. New edition, illustrated in color by C. A. Shepperson. Holt. $5 net. MacGregor, T. D. Bank Advertising Plans. Bankers Pub. Co. MacMillan, Mary. Short Plays. Cincin- nati : Stewart & Kidd. Maeterlinck, Maurice (avant-'propos). Les Songeries d'Adeline a 13 ans (illustrees ill l'auteur). Paris: A. Colin. 10 francs. Margueritte, Victor. La Rose des Ruines (roman). Paris: Fasquelle. 3.50 francs. Marvaud, Angel. L'Espagne au XXe siecle Paris: A. Colin. 5 francs. Mathlez Albert. Les Grandes Journees de la Constituante (1789-1791).— (L'Histoire par les Contemporains). Paris: Hachette. 2 francs. Mont, A. Mysteres Egyptiens. Paris: A. Colin. 4 francs. Old-World Love Stories. Trans, from the French by Eugene Mason. Illustrated and decorated by R. L. Knowles. Dutton. $3 net. Oliver, Temple. A Forest Idyl. Boston: Sherman, French. $1.20 net. Oily, E. N. Kings of Wealth vs. The \nn riean People. Ogilvie Pub, Co. $1. Oulmont, Charles. La I'oesie Fram.'aise du Moyen Age (Xle-XVe siecies). Parle: Mereiire de France. 3.50 francs. Pick, Bernhard. Jesus in the Talmud ; The Cabala. Chicago: Open Court Tub. Co. 75 cents each. Pliny's Letters. Anecdotes, edited with notes, by W. D. Lowe. Oxford Univer- sity Press. PoSte, Man-el. La PrODli I 'is an XVIIe:,i,, i, ParlB! A. Colin. 4 francs. Poineare, H. The Foundations of BclenCS. Translation by O. B. Halsted. loltBM Press. Pouget de Saint- Andro. Le G6n6ral Du- nionric/, (1788-1828) document! InedlU, Paris: Perrin. 5 francs.

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Dec. 1 8, 1913] The Nation 603 Rasch, Ewald. Electric Arc Phenomena. Trans, from the German by K. Tornberg. Van Xostrand. $2 net. . From the Porch. Scribner. Maurice. Aux confins de t'Europe et de l'Asie (Mediterrahee— Mer Noire— le Caucase). Paris: Plon. Roosevelt, Theodore. Progressive Princi- ples: Selections from addresses made dur- ing the Campaign of 1912. Progressive National Service. $1. Roupnel, Gaston. Le vieux Garain (roman). Paris: Kasquelle. 3.50 francs. Rubinow, I. M. Social Insurance. Holt. $3 net. Seashore, C. E. Psychology in Daily Life. D. Appleton. $1.50 net. Scott, R. P. The Voyage of the "Discov- ery." New edition. 2 vols. Scribner. Seche, Leon. Alfred de Vigny. Vol. I.— La vie litteraire, politique et religieuse ; Vol. 11 — La vie amoureuse. Paris: Mer- cure de France. 7 francs. Shakespeare, The Facts about. (Tudor Edi- tion.) By W. A. Neilson and A. H. Thorn- dike. Macmillan. 35 cents. Slosson, A. T. A Little Shepherd of Beth- lehem. Phila. : Sunday School Times Co. 50 cents net. Steed, H. W. The Hapsburg Monarchy. Scribner. Steiner, Rudolf. The Lord's Prayer: An Esoteric Study. Chicago: Rand, McNally. 25 cents net. Tweedie, Mrs. Alec. Busy Days. London: Routledge. Toy, C. H. Introduction to the History of. Religions. Boston: Ginn. $3. Urban, A. L. My Garden of Dreams. Phila.: Meehan & Sons. Whitaker's Reference Catalogue of Current Literature, 1913. 3 vols. R. R. Bowker Co. $5. Whitney, G. C. Above the Shame of Circum- stance. Boston: Sherman, French. $1.50 net. Winans, Walter. Animal Sculpture. Put- nam. Zizek, Franz. Statistical Averages. Trans- lated, with notes, by W. M. Persons. Holt. $2.50 net. SUGGESTED GIFTS Burton E.Stevenson's HOME BOOK OF VERSE Over 3,000 American and English Poems — Modern verse as well as the great standards. 2 vols. % Morocco, boxed, $18 net. Regular 1 vol. cloth edi- tion, India paper, $7.50 net. Caroline C. Richard's VIL- LAGE LIFE IN AMERICA The Diary of a School Girl (1852-72). Illustrated, 5(h printing, $1.30 net. William James' ON SOME OF LIFE'S IDEALS "Two of the finest things that ever came from his pen." — Chicago Tribune. Dainty gift book form, cloth, 50c. net, limp leather, $1.00 net. Romain RoIIand's Great Trilogy JEAN-CHRISTOPHE JEAN-CHRISTOPHE IN PARIS JEAN-CHRISTOPHE: JOUR- NEY'S END Each $1.50 net. i Postage 8 per cent, additional. H enry H olt&Co. ,*« voSrk Books For Xmas The largest stock and the best service. "All Books of All Publishers." 45th St. 23d St. Putnams Jost W. of 5th Av. JUST PUBLISHED NIETZSCHE AND OTHER EXPO- NENTS OF INDIVIDUALISM By Paul Carus. Illustrated with portraits of Nietzsche. Cloth, $1.25. A well-balanced presentation of Nietzsche's philosophy. Principal Contents: Anti- scientific Tendencies; Extreme Nominalism; Ego Sovereignty; Philosophy of Originality; The Principle of Valuation (includ- ing a review of Nietzsche's pre- decessors and disciples). The OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO. CHICAGO ROYAL SPAIN OF TO-DAY By TRYPHOSA BATES-BATCHEL- LER, author of "Italian Castles and Country Seats," etc. With 5 Photo- gravures, 6 Color Plates, and 80 Half-tone Plates on Cameo Plate Pa- per. Large 8vo, cloth, ornamental, in a box. $5.00 net (expressage extra). "It is safe to say that no visitor to Spain lias seen that picturesque land, or is likely to see it again, under the conditions that Mrs. Batcheller describes in ROYAL SPAIN . . . She . . . had the un- usual experiences of seeing the royal fami- lies of Spain aud Portugal near at hand, of mingling in the most aristocratic society under favorable auspices, and of visiting places that the public rarely sees, with full permission to use her powers of de- scription and her camera . . . She has a great deal to say that is of great interest. ... It is a Spain seen through the eyes of the privileged classes that is presented here. . . . The book is finely gotten up and well illus- trated."— New York Sun. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. JUST PUBLISHED PAUL ELMER MORE'S THE DRIFT OF ROMANTICISM An admirable group of papers on such authors as William Beckford, Cardinal New- man, Walter Pater, Fiona Maeleod, Nietzsche, and other leaders of the ro- mantic movement. $1.25 net. Postpaid, $1.37. Boston HOUGHTON MIFFLIN CO., NewYork JUST PUBLISHED! Black Glaze Pottery from Rhitsona in Boeotia By PERCY N. URE Svo, pp. 70, with ig plates, $2.50 FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. Oxford University Press American Branch 35 WEST 32ND STREET, NEW YORK. The Flowery Republic By FREDERICK McCORMICK is the most authoritative work on the new China. {52.50 net. By mail J52.70. .Just Published — a New Story by SELMA LAGERLOF In the Yule Number of the AMERICAN- Scandinavian REVIEW Illustrated In color from ZORN Price 50 cents at Brentano's, N. Y., and the HARVARD COOPERATIVE, Cambridge, Mass., or direct from The American-Scandinavian Review, 25 West 45th St.. New York. Strindberg's By the Open Sea A novel that does not insult your intelligence All ■ VPAHP IX nB"lA lBf4%Br&I#A ~ .__.—__-.-__- ". ~_. . Authorized translation by Ellic Schlcussncr; SI. 25 net SHAKESPEARE S WORKS D. APPLETON & COMPANY, NewYork B.W.Huebach.Publisher, 225 Fifth avenue, NewYork First Folio Edition.. Edited by Char- lotte Porter. 40 vols. Cloth, 75c. per vol.; leather, $1.00 per vol. "By all odds the beat edition now accessible." — [The Living Age. THOMAS Y. CROWELL CO., New York F. M. HOLLY Established 1905. Authors' and Publishers' Representative 156 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. Rates and full Information sent upon application. MSS. SUCCESSFULLY PLACED Criticised. Revised. Typed. Send for leaflet O. References: Edwin Markham ami others. Bstab.1890 UNITED LITERARY PRESS, 123 5th Ave., New York LARKIN, OF COTTON RUN By WILLIAM TEMPLER BECKER A thrilling Story of the Glorious West. 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604 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2529 VERSE OF CHARM THE LONELY DANCER By RICHARD LE GALLIENNE Frontispiece portrait. Cloth, 12mo. $1.50 net. This new volume shows Mr. Le Gallienne at his best, and it contains some of the finest lyrics our language or any other has produced. KNAVE OF HEARTS By ARTHUR SYMONS Author of "The Fool of the World," etc. Cloth. Large 12mo, $1.50 net. The latest collection of verse from the pen of one who stands at the head of all British poets of his generation. LYRICS AND DRAMAS By STEPHEN PHILLIPS Author of "Marpessa," "Paolo anil Francesca," "Herod." etc. 12mo, Cloth. $1.25 net. No admirer of Mr. Phillips' magnificence of expression and metaphor can afford to miss this volume. THE WORKS OF FRANCIS GRIERSON "Mr. Grierson has a right to speak; he succeeds in one of the most difficult forms of literature, the essay."- — The Spectator. THE INVINCIBLE ALLIANCE $1.50 THE CELTIC TEMPERAMENT $1.00 MODERN MYSTICISM $1.00 PARISIAN PORTRAITS $1.00 THE HUMOUR OF THE UNDERMAN $1.00 LA VIE ET LES HOMMES (In French) $1.00 THE VALLEY OF SHADOWS With 13 illustrations in colour by Evelyn Paul $1.50 net net net net net net net DELIGHTFUL TRAVEL IMPRESSIONS THE SOUL OF PARIS AND OTHER ESSAYS. BY VERNER Z. REED NINE FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS BY ERNEST C. PEIXOTTO Decorated Cloth. $2.50 net Mr. Reed is well known to many readers through his contributions to The Atlantic Monthly. This book of essays is the outcome of Mr. Reed's travels in many lands, and gives us his experiences and his impressions of The Desert; The Soul of Paris; A Rosary of Cities; A Rosary of Islands; Egypt; Some Socialistic Estates; Sunset in the Sahara; Dead Cities of the Dead; and The Sea. JOHN LANE COMPANY :. NEW YORK JOHN BROWN: A BIOGRAPHY FIFTY YEARS AFTER By OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD Some Tributes to this Remarkable Historical Work Philadelphia PUBLIC LEDGER. "A tremendous book; more thrilling than any book of fiction, powerful In its appeal, and which, while It is written soberly, as befits history, by the very nature of the narrative, often rises to the highest dramatic level." THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON. "I can only say after reading from first to last Its more than 700 pages that I have never encountered anything this side of Gibbon's 'Rome' which has made me feel more the personal power of a single work." JOHN T. MORSE, Editor American Statesmen Series, in ATLANTIC MONTHLY. "Perhaps in thus dramatically fashioning his volume, Mr. Vlllard obeyed an Instinct rather than acted upon a preconceived plan; that Is often the case with great work, where a writer's feelings are deeply enlisted. Be this as it may, the merit and charm are none the less; he has seize.) well a splendid opportunity and has written one of the great biographies of our literature." HORACE WHITE. "In my Judgment a contribution to American literature to take rank with the very best historical writing of our time or any time. The only Impartial history of the Kansas war." ST. CLAIR McKELWAY in the Brooklyn EAGLE. "A biography replete with facts and marked by courage and candor, learning and Justice." Portland OREGONIAN. "The most valuable and comprehensive biography Issued this season, and the best and most candid estimate of John Brown." W. E. CONNELLEY in the TOPEKA CAPITAL. "The un- prejudiced student and seeker for truth will herald the book us a great contribution to American history." Del Moines CAPITAL. "More powerful In Its appeal, more dra- matic than any book of fiction. Is this woDderful biography of John Brown." The NORTH CAROLINA REVIEW. "In this biography Mr. Vlllard has touched high-water mark. The book is a delight to the reader for many reasons. Full of life and movement, . written in an attractive and scholarly stylo, full of sympathy and yet without any loss In accurate presentation. It sets a new standard for biographical efforts." Baltimore AMERICAN. "While the book lias popular features in that it is cntraneingly Interesting, its scholarship is of the highest order and its style reminds one a little of Anthony Fronde. . . . Mr. Vlllard has illustrated In this book the finest Ideals of literary conception and execution." London TIMES. "It Is scarcely likely that any later writer will be able cither to add anything of Importance to Mr. Vlllnrd's collection of material or to better his interpretation of the whole story. . . . It at once becomes the standard, and probably the final authority on Its theme." 'Washington (D. C.) STAR. "Mr. Vlllard draws a compact, vivid, historic picture of the terrible focussing of this period upon our Civil War. Straight and clear In Its literary way, this biography Is a marvel of research and fair mindedness. " HENRY WATTERSON in Louisville COURIER-JOUR- NAL. "No fault may Justly be found with Mr. Vlllard's telling of the story. It Is minute and lucid, altogether fair and unvar- nished." It ti t 1 1 nt (Iowa) IIAWKEYE. "It is a book which will take a place In the library of every well established home In this pari of the country." THIRD EDITION Fully Illustrated with portraits and other illustrations. With copious notes and bibliography. $5.00 net. Postage 2G Mftff. Boston HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY New York

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The N > aiSjon V VOL. XCVII— NO. 2530 THURSDAY, DECEMBER 25, 1913 ^oaST PRICE TEN CENTS JOHN BROWN: A BIOGRAPHY FIFTY YEARS AFTER By OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD Some Tributes to this Remarkable Historical Work , Philadelphia PUBL.TC LEDGER. "A tremendous book; more thrilling than any book of Action, powerful In its appeal, and Which, while It Is written soberly, as befits history, by the very nature of tbe narrative, often rises to the highest dramatic level." THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON. "I can only say after reading from first to last Its more than 700 pages that I have never encountered anything this side of Gibbon's 'Rome' which bag made me feel more the personal power of a single work." JOHN T. MORSE, Editor American Statesmen Series, In ATLANTIC MONTHLY. "Perhaps In thus dramatically fashioning his volume. Mr. VUlnrd obeyed an Instinct rather than acted upon a preconceived plan; that Is often the case with great work, where a writer's feelings are deeply enlisted. Be this as it may, tbe merit and charm are none the less; he has seized well a splendid opportunity and has written one of the great biographies of our literature." HORACE WHITE. "In my Judgment a contribution to American literature to take rank with the very best historical writing of our time or any time. The only impartial history of the Kansas war." ST. CLAIR MeKELWAY In the Brooklyn EAGLE. "A biography replete with facts and marked by courage and candor, learning and Justice." Portland OREGONIAN. "The most valuable and comprehensive biography Issued this season, and the best and most candid estimate of John Brown." W. E. CONNELLEY in the TOPEKA CAPITAL. "The un- prejudiced student and seeker for truth will herald the book as a great contribution to American history." Des Moines CAPITAL. "More powerful In Its appeal, more dra- matic than any book of fiction, is this wonderful biography of John Brown." The NORTH CAROLINA REVIEW. "In this biography Mr. Villard has touched high-water mark. The book Is a delight to the reader for many reasons. Full of life and movement, written In an attractive and scholarly style, full of sympathy and yet without any loss In accurate presentation, It sets a new standard for biographical efforts." Baltimore AMERICAN. "While tbe book has popular features in that It is entrancingly Interesting, its scholarship is of the highest order and its style reminds one a little of Anthony Froude. . . Mr. Villard has illustrated In this book the finest Ideals of literary conception and execution." London TIMES. "It is scarcely likely that any later writer will be able either to add anything of importance to Mr. Villard's collection of material or to better his interpretation of tbe whole story. It at once becomes the standard, and probably the final authority on Its theme." Wusliingtoii (D. C.) STAR. "Mr. Villard draws a compact, vivid, historic picture of the terrible focussing of this period upon our Civil War. Straight and clear In its literary way, this biography is a marvel of research and fair-mindedness." HENRY WATTERSON in Louisville COURIER-JOUR- NAL. "No fault may Justly be found with Mr. Villard's telling of the story. It is minute and lucid, altogether fair and unvar- nished." Burliiijrtoii (Iowa) HAWKEYE. "It Is a book which will take a place in the library of every well established home in this part of the country." THIRD EDITION Fully illustrated with portraits and other illustrations. With copious notes and bibliography. $5.00 net. Postage 26 cents. Boston HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY New York McClurg's New Catalogue of Rare & Fine Imported BOOKS Selections from the finest collection in the country Copy sent free on request A. C. McCLURG & CO. Dept. P. 218-24 S. Wabash Avenue CHICAGO JUST PUBLISHED NIETZSCHE AND OTHER EXPO- NENTS OF INDIVIDUALISM By Paul, Carus. Illustrated with portraits of Nietzsche. Cloth, $1.25. A well-balanced presentation of Nietzsche's philosophy. Principal Contents: Anti- scientific Tendencies; Extreme Nominalism; Ego Sovereignty; Philosophy of Originality; The Principle of Valuation (includ- ing a review of Nietzsche's pre- decessors and disciples). The OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO. CHICAGO The Freshman and His College By FRANCIS C. I.OCKWOOI) A "^UAL tor use In the course In freshman Eng- 1 llsh, containing chapters on college life by David Starr Jordan, William DeWltt Hyde Charles William Eliot, William James, John But- ler Johnson, Alexander Melklejohn, John Orler Hibben, Walter W. Thoburn, and John Henry Newman. Clot*. 164 pagei. 80 ctnti. D.C.Heath&Co.,Publi3her3,Bo«ton^ewYork,aicago STANDARD ENGLISH CLASSICS Idylls of the King Edited by Willis Boughton, Teacher of English, Erasmus Hall High School, New York City; Lecturer on English, New York University. Cloth, xlvi+185 pages, 30 cents. The five selections In this new volume:— The Coming of Arthur, Qaxeth and Lynette, Lancelot and Elaine. The IIolj (Jrall, and The Passing of Arthur, are supplemented by such biographical, historical, and tech- nical data as will lead to a genuine ap- preciation of Tennyson and bis poetry. The editor's wide experience as teacher' In one of the large New York City high and as college professor, has enabled hltn to provide exactly the material needed for an intelligent interpretation of Tennyson, without encumbering his book with useless matter. GINN AND COMPANY Boston Atlanta New York < hlragn London Dallas Columbus San Francisco of Celebrities Bought and Sold. Send for price lUts. WalterR. Benjamin. 22', nth AT..N.Y. LBLISHED l^s7 Pub. "Till. OOUXOTOB," $1 a jr.

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11 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2530 The Nation A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Entered at the New York City Post Offiee as second-class mail matter.] The Nation Is published and owned by the New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Villard, President : John Palmer Gavit, Secretary and Treasurer; Kmil M. Scbolz, Business Manager; Paul Elmer More, Editor; Harold deWolf Fuller, Assistant Editor. Three dollars per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mexico; to Canada $3.r>0, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union, $4.00. Address THE NATION, Box 794, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. The Week 605 Editorial Articles: The Banking and Currency Law.... 608 Republicans and the Future 608 Burleson's Happy Thoughts 609 The Volunteer Army Bill 610 Ten Years of the Aeroplane 611 Can the "Fool" Be Revived? 612 Special Articles : Recent German Fiction 613 News for Bibliophiles 614 Correspondence : The Mexican Leaders 615 The Inventor of the Steamboat 615 A Correction 616 Opera at Munich 616 A Question of Iconography 616 Old French Words in English 616 Literature: Collected Poems 617 Dirk: A South African 618 The Spider's Web 618 The Desire of the Moth 618 Mascarose 618 Royal Spain of To-day 619 The Granger Movement 619 Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673- 1835 620 Notes 621 Science : Aristarchus of Samos, the Ancient Copernicus 623 Drama 624 Music : Memoirs of an American Prima Donna 625 Art: The Winter Academy 626 Chotscho 627 Finance : The Country and the Banking Bill..— 628 Books op the Week 629 JV8T PUBLISHED The SCIENTIFIC WORK OF MORRIS LOEB Edited by THEODORE W. RICH- ARDS, Professor of Chemistry in Harvard University. J2mo. Cloth. 240 pages. $2.00 net A collection of Essays, Lectures, and Reviews covering the life work of the late Professor Morris Loeb, one of the pioneers in America of the new physical chemistry. HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS OAMBKIIMJHJ, MASSACIITJHBTTTS DE LUXE EDITION OF THIS FAMOUS AND DELIGHTFUL CLASSIC OF THE NORTHWEST, BEAUTIFULLY PRINTED, MAGNIFICENTLY ILLUSTRATED, AND SPLENDIDLY BOUND. The Canoe and the Saddle By THEODORE WINTHROP TO WHICH ARE NOW FIRST ADDED HIS Western Letters and Journals Edited, with an Introduction and Notes, By JOHN H. 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The Nation •/ u YORK, THURSDAY, DECEMBER 25, 1913. The Week Between Mr. Mann, Republican leader in the House of Representatives, and Speaker Clark, who took the floor to re- ply to his "calamity" talk the other day, honors are even. Mr. Mann draws a harrowing picture of poverty and unem- ployment in Chicago, and declares that "the President and the other side of the House," instead of doing something to relieve the situation, are pursuing the "fatuous policy that they talked about on the stump." Mr. Clark, then ris- ing to reply, makes one point which, it must be admitted, is highly effective. Mr. Mann had pointed to the soup-hous- es and bread-lines brought in by the ca- lamity of Democratic rule, and had de- clared that nothing of the kind was known in the panic year of 1907; where- upon Mr. Clark neatly counters as fol- lows: The gentleman says there were no soup- houses in 1907. In that year I made a speech here, and quoted a whole lot of this kind of stuff which he has been quot- ing here to-day. Republican soup-houses was my theme on that occasion. This candid reference to his own bun- combe of the past is well enough as a reply to Mr. Mann's buncombe of the present; but why introduce a fresh bit of buncombe by throwing out dark sus- picions that the present depression, or the talk about it, is part of a Republi- can conspiracy to destroy the country's prosperity? Frank G. Allen, plough manufacturer of Moline, 111., is to be the standard-bearer of the new Progressive party for United States Senator, in the campaign of 1914. This was decided to-day at the State con- ference of the Moose men. But how can a mere conference, even though it be composed of the wisest men in the party, decide upon a nominee for office? What are primaries for? At the very time when these Illinois leaders of the Progressives were acting like reac- tionaries, the Progressives in the House of Representatives at Washington were calling attention to "the fact that re- form of the National Convention does not touch the fundamental difference be- tween the Progressive and Republican parties, and that in all probability Presi- dential candidates hereafter will be nom- inated, not by conventions, but by a di- rect vote of the people." Isn't what is good enough for a Presidential candi- date good enough for one who is run- ning for the Senate? Yet we read that in Ohio, too, the Progressives are to hold a conference early in January "to take steps to put a complete ticket in the field in the campaign for State offices next November." Few thought that President Wilson might veto the Hetch-Hetchy bill. When it passed both houses of Congress by emphatic majorities, its becoming a law was generally taken for granted. In signing the bill, which he says he exam- ined with care, Mr. Wilson gives a statement of his reasons for approval. These may be strong enough to have prevented him from exercising the veto power, and we raise no doubt of his having done what he sincerely thought to be his duty. A President does well to hesitate and be sure of his ground before setting up his judgment against the deliberate vote of Congress. But an argument for not vetoing the bill after it is passed is one thing, and the argu- ment against voting for the bill while it was pending is quite another. The latter is the argument which the cham- pions of the integrity of the national parks urged, and they need not now withdraw anything they have said. Pres- ident Wilson, without naming him, plain- ly alludes to Mr. Gifford Pinchot as one of the great advocates of conservation who have yet favored the Hetch-Hetchy invasion of the Yosemite. But this only shows how careful a man like Mr. Pinchot ought to be, lest his deserved authority be misused. And in this par- ticular case it has been more than in- timated that Mr. Pinchot was willing to give up Hetch-Hetchy in order to induce San Franciscans to be more favorable to the general policy of conservation. is distinctly emphasized by the fact that the dissolution was effected by friendly understanding between the company and the Attorney-General; for in order to satisfy Mr. McReynolds as he has been satisfied, it may be assumed that the practical effectiveness of the scheme of dissolution was fully made out to his mind. In the second place, it is impossi- ble to look upon the latest development in the series of great merger-dissolutions otherwise than as a link in the chain of legitimate consequences of the memora- ble decisions of the Supreme Court, dur- ing Mr. Taft's Administration, in the Standard Oil and Tobacco Trust cases. And finally, as an indication of the im- mediate temper of the time, the affair has very much the look of a manifesta- tion of desire on the part of the Wilson Administration for peace and not tur- moil between Government and business. Two alternatives are suggested in the annual report of the Interstate Com- merce Commission for the "persistence" of train accidents, "leading always to the same harrowing results." Either "a great majority of these deplorable rail- way disasters are unavoidable, or there exists a widespread lack of intelligent and well-directed effort to minimize the mistakes of employees in the operation of trains." For, the report says squarely, "All of the mistakes noted above are violations of simple rules, which should have been easily understood by men of sufficient intelligence to be entrusted with the operation of trains." The Com- mission goes even further. "The evi- dence is that in the main the rules are understood" (our italics). But in many cases "operating officers are cog- nizant of this habitual disregard of rules, and no proper steps are taken to cor- rect the evil." Has the Commissi! i heard of one James O. Fagan and of his showing up of the attitude of labor unions towards attempts by railway- managers to enforce discipline? Does the Commission know that one great The dissolution of the great telegraph railway was recently threatened with a and telephone combination presents strike because it proposed to take "prop- three points of cardinal interest. In the er steps to correct the evil" of avoid- first place, it is conclusive evidence that able accidents? the feat can be done — a thing that has been denied over and over in regard to j A country proud of such achievements cases of similar nature. This conclusion I as Col. Gorgas's ought to be sensitive to

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6Q(3 Tlie Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2530 the charge made by Professor Sedgwick, of the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology, that most of our city and State health boards are "incompetent and in- efficient." His speech echoes opinions expressed at the recent dedication of the medical buildings of the University of Nebraska. Speaking there for the West, as Professor Sedgwick has just spoken for the East, one scientist remarked that "trained experts are nowhere more seri- ously needed and unfortunately more difficult to secure than in the field of public health." Professor Sedgwick re- minded the cities that they did not spend time or money enough on experts in bacteriology, municipal hygiene, and sanitary engineering. Professor Ward asserted that the State and other univer- sities did not make adequate provision for training such experts. But both pointed to the same need. If the cities and States wake up to demand trained men, the laboratories will turn them out. system of passing on enforced schooling base their arguments on the higher tax- es involved in a change; the root of the matter being the inveterate prejudice against compulsory education of the ne- gro. It is highly encouraging to find papers like the Richmond Virginian de- fending the proposal. Deducting from the 200,000 the children in private schools and those above fourteen, the Virginian estimates that only the cost of educating 60,000 would be added to the present burden of the schools, and asks if that is too great to be assumed at once. The child-labor law in Virginia fixes the age limit at fourteen, and not at twelve, as in most Southern States, and the palpable evils resulting from idleness are behind the agitation. If to the children of a State is given leisure to study, facilities must follow. The Boston grand jury, which has re ported that it had not found sufficient evidence to warrant the indictment of any one for responsibility for the deaths of twenty-eight men in the recent lodg- ing-house fire there, makes another statement of a kind that occurs with almost monotonous regularity in the story of such calamities. The insuffi- ciency of the fire escapes had not miss- ed the attention of the inspectors of the Building Department, and an order had been issued to the owner, six weeks before the disaster, to supply additional means of escape in case of fire; but nothing had been done about it. It is often stated that there is not a suffi- cient number of inspectors in our cit- ies; but the trouble lies deeper. One inspector, under a system in which strict and stern enforcement of orders prevails, is more to the purpose than five inspectors with a lax execution of the law. they will, their attitude will be taken by sober people, and, we believe, will be justly taken, as indicating a desire for the undiscriminating exploitation, be- fore general audiences, of subjects the handling of which in that manner is full of danger. The presumption that this mischief vastly outweighs any good that may be accomplished is so strong that the most weighty and convincing evi- dence is required to overthrow it. Cer- tainly no one will regard Mrs. Belmont's ipsa dixit as constituting sucli evidence. That she thinks the drawing of miscel- laneous crowds to such an exhibition as the police have been endeavoring to sup- press a "mighty service" of which "fu- ture generations will reap the benefit" will be held perhaps to throw fresh light on the quality of her reasoning powers. To discussion of the many-sided pro blem of education in the South a propo- sal for compulsory education in Virginia has made a contribution of great, if indirect, encouragement to workers against child labor. Of the 600,000 chil- dren in Virginia, only 400,000 ever see the inside of a public schoolroom. Those who defend the present district-option Sixteen years of experience with the indeterminate-sentence law in Indiana show, according to the Board of Char- ities of that State, that of every hun- dred prisoners paroled, fifty-seven do as they agree and are discharged from su- pervision, twenty-six violate their pa- role, the sentences of six expire during the parole period, so that they are auto- matically discharged, two die, and the remaining nine are under supervision at a given time, "reporting" regularly. An interesting portion of the statement is that dealing with the financial aspect of the system. The earnings of these prisoners during the time they "report- ed" totalled more than $2,000,000. Their expenses amounted to $1,700,000. Hence, instead of costing the State $172 a year each, as does the average prisoner, these paroled men and women made their way and had savings of about $50 each. It is pointed out that "indeterminate" is a somewhat misleading designation, as the sentences served must fall between the minimum and the maximum terms prescribed by statute for the crime com- mitted. The parole boards at the various institutions have wide latitude both in granting pardons and in withdrawing the liberty of persons on parole. "Agitation," we read, "for celebrating the tercentenary of the Pilgrims' land- ing, and for a world's fair, began in 1909. It was felt that unless something was done to inform the world of New England's claim upon the year 1920 some other community might preempt the date." In this is tacit admission of the hampering multiplicity of interna- tional expositions. If Panama were to profit by Yankee shrewdness, she might soon proclaim that In 2214 will be held a fair celebrating the tercentenary of the Canal's completion. The case paral- lels the hurried announcement of the scholar that he has selected a certain spot in the domain of knowledge for a book, and warns all others off. But is it not possible that Plymouth's ambition overleaps itself? Of late, there has been a tendency to deny the necessity of world-wide participation in all world's fairs; from which we might assume the possibility of two existing simultaneous- ly— perhaps not side by side, but in dif- ferent hemispheres. Mrs. Inez Milholland Boissevain and Mrs. Alva E. Belmont, by their interpo- sition in support of the "white slave" moving-picture films in this city, are helping to identify the cause of woman suffrage with the advocacy of exhibi- tions of that character. Qualify it as The recall has been invoked in Orange- burg, S. C, against the Mayor and a Councilman, who are charged with be- ing "temperamentally unfit" for their po- sitions. This is an illuminating com- mentary upon the assurance which ad- vocates of this device often give us, that the recall will be resorted to only in cases of real importance. If the present attempt in Orangeburg fails, why not start another petition for a recall elec- tion, upon the ground thai the ClotQM

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Dec. 25, 1913J The ISTation 607 of the Mayor and the Councilman in question are not of a suitable color or cut for occupants of the offices they hold? Perhaps Orangeburg is demo- cratic enough to entertain a petition set- ting forth that these officials part their hair in the middle, or are a bit fussy about their ties. The Columbia State, while having its doubts about the desira- bility of making temperamental fitness an issue, reconciles itself to this elec- tion by the consideration that it may call the attention of the people of South Carolina to the existence of the recall as an essential part of the commission plan of government. Unless the recall is occasionally resorted to its value will de- teriorate. This is, indeed, a point that must not be overlooked. Why not in- sure attention to it by providing that if no one voluntarily invokes the recall, it shall be the duty of the Corporation Counsel to do so at least as often as every third year? Huerta's generals have taken a leaf out of the book of Pancho Villa, by en- listing the services of a press agent. The Constitutionalist commander has al- ways given notice of his strategic moves several days ahead. It is true that ne has usually followed up his advance no- tice by attacking in quite a different place from the one designated and in a manner not at all outlined in his "re- lease" copy. This is poor newspaper ethics. The efficacy of the method is un- deniable, however, and is acknowledged by the other side. Thus, in response to Villa's explicit statement of his plans with regard to the advance from Chi- huahua on Mexico City, comes a detailed strategic plan from Gen. Mercado, in command of the forces which recently evacuated Chihuahua with extraordinary celerity. Mercado now announces that he will immediately proceed to retake Juarez and Chihuahua, and by interpos- ing himself between the rebels and their base of supplies sound the death-knell of the revolution. Whether an army that felt itself too weak to hold a fortified city against the enemy is now strong enough to retake that city, together with other cities designated, is open to ques- tion. It would need a first-class press agent to make the thing seem probable. with a sentence of forty-three days' im- prisonment. This is the minimum pen- alty provided for such offences. As evi- dence at the court-marial proved the Lieutenant's allegation untenable that he had drawn his weapon in self-defence, it had no choice but to find him guilty. The outcome of the trial must be satis- fying to the outraged population of the disaffected provinces. It indicates the willingness of the higher officers in the German army to do the honorable thing. Had the offence committed by the Lieu- tenant been a really grave one, had he killed the cobbler and followed this up by slaughtering a few bystanders, doubt- less the penalty would have been some- thing more than the minimum imposed. But with the necessity of keeping the rabble in a proper attitude towards their superiors, so that the latter will not be rnder the painful necessity of rebuking "wild game" now and then, even the Al- satians must see that it would not do to be too hard upon a high-spirited young officer. The "heroism" of Lieut. Forstner, who struck a lame cobbler of Alsace over the head with his sabre, has been rewarded The difficulty of stamping out the duel in Germany is made plain by a re- cent occurrence in the army. It seems that a first lieutenant in one of the crack Guard regiments was retired a couple of years ago on the ground that tie was unfitted for a military career by reason of the lack of the "power of de- cision" necessary in a military officer. The facts in the case have now been made public as follows: This officer noti- fied his superior officers that because of conscientious scruples he could not sub- scribe to the doctrine of the duel. He was besought by a group of officers to change his mind. He yielded to them sufficiently to withdraw his protest, but the next morning his religious convic- tions resumed their sway, and he again notified the authorities that he stood by his position. They promptly retired him for indecision of character, which they carefully explained had nothing to do with his attitude towards duelling. They maintained that a man who could change his mind twice in twenty-four hours had not the force needed to make decisions in military emergencies. The case has attracted a great deal of at- tention in Berlin, and is likely to be discussed in the Reichstag. years ago, may have been partly out of disappointment at his failure to be chos- en as successor to Leo XIII. But since Rampolla's election had been prevented by the veto of Austria, which presum- ably was well-inclined to the choice of Cardinal Sarto, it would have been dif- ficult for Rampolla to carry on the Papal foreign policy under the new Pontiff. The Cardinal's sympathies were with the Western Powers as against the Triple Alliance. Under his successor, Merry del Val, the controversy between the Vatican and France, for some time under way, was sharply accentuated, and resulted, within two years, in the enact- ment of the Separation, law, the after effects of which are still visible in French political life. In Spain and Por- tugal, too, the Vatican has suffered re- verses more or less severe since the passing of Cardinal Rampolla from pow- er. In his failure to reach the Papal throne were once more exemplified the dangers that beset a personality strong enough to make enemies and not strong enough to ride down all opposition. Cardinal Rampolla's retirement from the office of Papal Secretary, just ten It now seems certain that it is the in- tention of President Yuan Shi-Kai to dissolve the Parliament at Peking. The step may be regarded as only a tempo- rary setback to the cause of represen- tative government in China. It is a form of reaction which other nations have witnessed and which would seem to be almost inevitable in the evolution of parliamentary institutions. For Yuan Shi-Kai, facing the obstruction of the representatives from the southern prov- inces, the move may be of immediate expediency. But it is also one fraught with danger. The revolutionists of the South have been furnished with an ex- cuse for another uprising. The hatred between the North and the South is a permanent factor on which those who oppose the rule of Peking can count Sun Yat-Sen, the head of the recent up- rising in the South, has made it plain that the struggle will be carried on. Un der China's loose system of provincia government and in the absence of a for midable standing army, there will al ways be local centres of discontent, and when the opportunity offers, insurrec- tion. Instead of attempting the extreme- ly difficult task of allaying the historio enmity between the Chinese of the North and the South, Yuan Shi-Kai has pre- ferred to put in force repression.

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608 THE BANKING A\ D CURRENCY LAW. The cloud of dust with which partisan or professional misrepresentation had so long surrounded the Banking and Currency bill has suddenly blown away, and the public recognizes the measure for what it actually is — one of the most remarkable achievements in sound con- structive legislation of our time. We do not so characterize it merely for the purpose of echoing the belated enthusi- asm of those critics who, until the pas- sage of the law had become inevitable, refused to perceive anything of the good that was in the bill. Still less do we dispute the assertion — the last stand of the purely destructive critics — that cor- dial approval of the act has been made possible largely through the amend- ments of the past two weeks. On the contrary, we wish to-day to express our own emphatic judgment that the result is most remarkable, for the very reason that the effort at currency reform began under such weighty handicaps, and that sober and statesmanlike deliberation has swept them so effectively away. About every great fiscal measure of the past half-century, in this country, has been made up of a bundle of com- promises with the faction of unsound finance. The Specie Resumption Act was a notable instance of the process; the Silver Purchase Act was chiefly a surrender to such influences; the Gold Standard Act of 1900 was enacted only after reiterating the legal-tender pro- viso for Government paper money. That the present law goes to the statute books without a single compromise of this sort, on any vital part of the work- ing machinery of the bill, is therefore a most exceptional result. That it should have been the work of the party whicn, barely a dozen years ago, was captured by Populistic leaders and committed to depreciated money — by a party in whose deliberations, during the six months' Congressional debate upon the bill, the theories of inflation have repeatedly found angry and defiant assertion — makes the issue at least a landmark in the history of American politics. No one is likely to deny that the credit for this achievement lies in great th President Wilson, to whose firmness, persistency, and unfailing tact lias been largely due the defeat of ig- Dorant and factious opposition witlnn th1 week In Washington, it has been Bald that their decision would be big with the Fate ,,, thi n i' irt 1 The pai

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Dec. 25, 1913] T li e Nation 609 pictured as standing, at this juncture, between two worlds, one dead, the other powerless to be born. In all this there is more rhetoric than cold analysis. Yet it is not to be denied that much impor- tant e attaches to the deliberations and conclusions of the Committee. This is shown both by the eagerness with which the meeting was looked forward to and the general sense of disappointment at the result. The Committee may say that too much was demanded of them. But both the demand and the regret that it was not fully met are clear indications of the feeling that the Republican par- ty, after a life of sixty years, had reach- ed a turning-point in its history. The decision of the Committee was frankly opportunist. There was the pro- posal of a special National Convention next year, to take the work of party re- form vigorously in hand. This was re- jected, but a series of State Conventions are to be asked to ratify the work of the Committee. That work itself is neither one thing nor the other, but a little of each. It does not strike at the root of unfair representation in the Con- vention; but it lops off a few branches. The South is to lose some eighty dele- gates, but will still be, on the basis of the actual Republican vote cast, grossly over-represented. On the other hand, the unreserved acceptance of the pri- mary laws in all the States, coupled with the agreement to shear the Nation- al Committee of the power to "go be- hind the returns," and seat or unseat delegates after contests have been ar- gued before it, will go a long way to- wards placating many hostile to the old regime. Evidence of this is furnished by the acquiescence of such men as Sen- ator Borah and Gov. Hadley. All this, however, relates only to par- ty machinery. How about the pulse of the machine? What driving impulse, what new outlook, what inspiring issue, came out of this gathering of Republi- can leaders in Washington? Here we put the finger upon the real source of disappointment with the proceedings. It was hoped that some promising step would be taken towards winning back the Progressives to their old allegiance. There was also the expectation that a strong lead would be given as to the fu- ture policy of the party; some lines marked out on which the Democratic Administration could be successfully at- tacked; a cry raised to which the coun- try could be rallied. But all this was left hanging. It may be that the Com- mittee thought it wiser to leave mea- sures of conciliation between Republi- cans and Progressives to be worked out quietly in the separate States, as they are actually working out in Indiana and Michigan and elsewhere. But as to thrilling appeals, or hailings of inspir- ing leaders, the difficulty was fundamen- tal. Their lack was made light of by the ingenuous Senator Smoot. "Issues," he cried, "what other issue do we need than mills closed and men out of work? And why deplore our dearth of leaders when all that we have to do is to rail at the blunders of the leaders on the other side?" This is not a very exalted sen- timent, but it undoubtedly meets with temporary applause. That the Republi- can party stands to profit, to an extent, by the inevitable reaction against the party in power, is as certain as any- thing in politics can be. But there is scarcely an entire platform in that. A great party ought to be able to show that it has some other reason for existence than the desirability of having a club with which to beat over the head the men who are in office. The Unit- ed States is still a good country to "bet on." In fact, intelligent foreign opinion just now favors the idea that this country is in better shape to face the existing world-wide financial depres- sion than is either England or France or Germany. The check here ought to be slighter and the recovery more prompt. But whether it come soon or late, the expectation of business disaster is a mighty poor diet for a national party to feed upon. Washington correspondents depicted the almost pathetic groping by the party of moral ideas for a moral issue. Such an issue could have been found if the spirit of its birth-year, 1856, still burned within its bosom. In that case, it would have done something to deal, not with the over-representation of the negro vote in the South, but with its suppres- sion. All that class of ideas, however, seems to have gone bankrupt in the Re- publican party. It could not even as- sert, with any effect, its later grandiose programme of a strong central Govern- ment, with legislation for everything and control of everything; for the old States' rights party has gone Republi- cans several better. But a political par- ty is one of the toughest animals, and the hardest to kill, known to natural history; and the mere fact that the Re- publicans are to-day so obviously with- out definite plans and forceful leader- ship, does not at all prove that the party may not, before many months, pull itself together and enter upon a new period of power and usefulness. BURLESON'S HAPPY THOUGHTS. When Postmaster-General Hitchcock came out with a sudden declaration in favor of Government ownership of the country's telegraph system, it was pres- ently made perfectly plain that Presi- dent Taft was unaware of this feature of the Postmaster-General's report, and he expressly repudiated the proposal. It seems in the highest degree improbable that any such situation existed in rela- tion to Postmaster-General Burleson's recommendation of the same step, in his report made public last week. There can be little doubt that President Wilson had been in touch with Mr. Burleson re- garding the matter, and that the dis- cussion of it was not inserted in the re- port without the President's assent. But it does not in the least follow that he wished to be understood as committed to the scheme. Only a few days ago, an- other member of the Cabinet expressed himself with a good deal of freedom on another large matter of Governmental policy; but the country has not taken Mr. Redfield's exposition of his views on Trust legislation as indicating any practical purpose on the part of the Ad- ministration, at least for the immediate future. All the indications are that, after a preliminary ripple of more or less excitement, the country will set- tle down to the opinion that the Presi- dent's assent to the raising of the Gov- ernment telegraph question by Mr. Bur- leson was given merely with the idea that there would be no harm in throw- ing out a "feeler" on the subject. Indeed, an examination of the way in which Mr. Burleson presents the matter should suffice, on general principles, to class his recommendation rather in the category of vaguely conceived plans for the future. He introduces it in immedi ate sequence to, and in the closest pos- sible connection with, his statements concerning the fiscal results of the par- cel-post undertaking. That this had long been a general desideratum, that It has supplied a public convenience, and

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610 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2530 that it is destined to become far more useful in the future, nobody denies. But it is certainly premature to pass upon the question of the degree of its profita- bleness. Mr. Burleson simply says that "it is expected that after the allowance of proper compensation to railroads for all service rendered there will come an- nually hereafter, as the result of the de- velopment of the parcel-post service, an increasing surplus." But waiving this point, there is between the addition of the parcel-post business to the previous similar operations of the Post Office and the taking over of the enormous plant and organization of the telegraph and telephone system a difference so vast and so vital that to make a simple infer- ence from the result in the one case to the result in the other is almost ludi- crous. And yet Mr. Burleson gravely sets it down that "the successful opera- tion of the parcel post has demonstrated the capacity of the Government to con- duct the public utilities which fall prop- erly within the postal provision of the Constitution." In one sense, of course, the conclu- sion here stated by Mr. Burleson is en- tirely true, whatever may be thought of his argument. It required no demonstra- tion, by means of the parcel post or oth- erwise, to show "the capacity of the Gov- ernment to conduct" the telegraph and telephone system. Everybody knows that if the Government were to take over that system, the system would go. The question is one of better or worse, of cheaper or dearer, of politically desira- ble or politically undesirable. It is by no means admitted that the Post Office performs its present functions with any- thing like the perfection which is to be desired. In some important particu- lars, its service is notoriously behind that of the best European post offices. As to the cost of the service, it must al- ways be remembered that interest on the cost of the great plant of the Post Office Department in the shape of build- ings and land is not reckoned as part of the annual outgo of the service as a whole; and as regards a special addi- tion like the parcel post it requires the most conscientious, as well as the most careful, computation to determine how much of the general "overhead" charges should justly be assigned to it before a conclusion can be drawn. It must be recognized, on the other hand, that in the event of the absorption of the tele- graph and telephone lines there would be a possibility of very great saving through consolidation of the two ser- vices; though against this must be plac- ed an increase of expenditure, to which it would be difficult to assign a limit, caused by the comparative laxity of ad- ministration and liberality of compensa- tion to be expected under Government ownership. Nor is the question of per- fection of service, as indicated by com- parison of European Government sys- tems with American private-corporation systems, a matter to be lightly dis- missed. Whenever this vast scheme may seri- ously be brought before Congress, with the Administration for its sponsor, the public will have a right to expect that its recommendation shall be accompa- nied by an exhaustive, competent, and judicial examination of all phases of the problem. The total absence of such ex- amination may be regarded as indicat- ing that no such practical purpose ex- ists at present. Nevertheless, we can but regard the utterance as untimely and unfortunate. A radical revision of the tariff had just gone into effect. A far-reaching reorganization of our bank- ing and currency system was about to be instituted. Business is, owing to a num- ber of causes, some of them of world- wide range, in a condition of great sen- sitiveness and of considerable depres- sion. There is a time for all things, and this is not a time for injecting into the situation unnecessary elements of doubt. It is this consideration which is sup- posed to govern the President in the purpose generally ascribed to him to let Trust legislation alone for the pres- ent. If such is his feeling, it is evident- ly desirable that there shall be no need- less disturbance of the public mind con- cerning the prospective attitude of the Administration. If he desires the coun- try to have a period of rest during which the two great measures enacted at his instigation may have a chance to work out their results, Cabinet officers should not be permitted to create the impression that other big issues may be crowded close upon the heels of those which, for the past twelvemonth, have absorbed the attention of the country. If we are to have a rest, let us have a rest. THE VOLUNTEER ARMY BILL. The passing by the House the other day of the long-pending bill prescribing the methods to be pursued in raising a volunteer army was erroneously de- scribed as giving the President power to call out 200,000 men, while the sud- denness of the House's action was at- tributed to the Mexican emergency. Un- doubtedly, this may have had some- thing to do with it, but the Senate plain- ly does not recognize that any crisis is at hand, for three weeks have passed and there is no expectation that it will act on the bill in haste. Probably it will not even take it up until well into the new year. When it does, it will mere- ly act on legislation long urged by the War Department and proposed when no- body foresaw trouble in any quarter. From this it does not follow that the bill is unimportant. It is important, if only because it radically alters the his- toric volunteer policy of the United States in various particulars. By it there is an effort to remedy the defects of the volunteer army of 1861-65, as well as others developed in 1898. It extends Federal control over the organization of volunteers to a degree which in 1861 would have been regarded, even in the North, as a serious invasion of States' rights, or at least the politicians' rights to appoint officers. Needless to say, it fixes no limit as to the number of vol- unteers the President may call out. The Washington correspondents who tele- graphed the 200,000 figure could as truth- fully have said that an army of a mil- lion was in contemplation because of Mexico. The bill merely prescribes how the President shall raise an army of vol- unteers after Congress has given him au- thority and has determined the number. Primarily, he must follow the proced- ure of the regular army, whose laws, or- ders, and regulations will be binding upon either the militia called into ser- vice or the volunteers. All three kinds of troops are to be on an exact parity as to organization and rights, no dis- tinction being made even in the com- position of courts-martial, which, differ- ing from those of the past, may be com- posed of militia, volunteer, and regular officers without restriction. The men of the volunteer forces arc to be taken "as far as practicable" from tho several stairs and 'fcerrit I proportion to their population, a;

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Dec. 25, 1913] The JSTation 611 tofore. It is in the appointment of of- ficers that we have a radical change, tor these are all to be appointed by the President, subject to confirmation by the Senate. The officers from a State will perhaps be suggested to the President by the Governor of that State, but the Pres- ident does not have to accept them un- less he sees fit. He may appoint every single volunteer colonel from the regu- lar army, for instance, for the bill per- mits the appointment of four regular officers to each volunteer regiment. Moreover, officers are not hereafter to be commissioned as belonging to any regiment, as, for instance, the First Mas- sachusetts or the Tenth Connecticut, but will be appointed as captains or lieu- tenants or majors of Massachusetts or Connecticut volunteer infantry, so that they may be promoted according to seni- ority in the entire branch of the volun- teers in which commissioned, and trans- ferred from one regiment to another at will. Indeed, it is not clear that the old State titles will be preserved; so far as this bill is concerned, there is noth- ing to prevent every regiment's being called "The Regiment of Unit- ed States Volunteer Infantry." Common- sense will, however, doubtless dictate the retention of the State designations so that local pride and the spirit of emulation may be cultivated. The great point is that under this bill the Presi- dent can prescribe the qualifications for officers and, if he chooses, exclude poli- ticians like William Jennings Bryan when they aspire to be colonels without military knowledge. Still another break with the past which will appeal particularly to our Civil War survivors is the provision re- quiring the establishment of a recruit- ing battalion for each regiment, to re- main at home in order to drill and for- ward to the regiment men to make good the losses at the front. There was no greater military mistake in the Civil War on the part of the Federals than the recruiting of their armies by new regi- ments. Instead of being reinforced, the veteran organizations at the front were allowed to shrink to almost nothing. Sometimes a State would forward re- cruits if the regiment persisted in de- manding them. Far more often the regiment was allowed to dwindle away. Thus the Twentieth Massachusetts, one of the bravest regiments that ever fought, took 243 men into battle at Get- tysburg (where they lost 127), and similar figures testified to the fidelity of the First Minnesota and many other veteran organizations. Brigades were frequently half the size of a full regi- ment; yet as late as the Wilderness campaign, new regiments which had never heard a shot fired were placed in line of battle with officers as inexperi- enced as the men. The politicians liked the system for the patronage it created, and the army paid the price. Every volunteer soldier, hereafter, will be enlisted for the entire war. There will be no more three-months or three- years men, if the bill passes; but it ex- pressly stipulates that all volunteers are to be promptly mustered out as soon as the imminence of war passes or the war itself ends. Needless to say that the President will also appoint all staff of- ficers of volunteers, including the quar- termasters and the medical officers on whose efficiency so much depends, and this ought to insure the selection of as competent men as can be obtained. On the whole, the bill marks a distinct ad- vance. There are things in it about which there will be two opinions, of course, as for instance whether under its provisions the regular army will not be rebbed of too many of its officers at the beginning of hostilities in order to bene- fit the volunteers. But providing as it does a modern machinery to be used only in the event of war and replacing antiquated enactments, it is in principle unobjectionable. TEN YEARS OF THE AEROPLANE. With, true dramatic sense Orville Wright chose the tenth anniversary of the now famous flight over the North Carolina sand dunes to announce that the real problem of the aeroplane to- day, the question of automatic stability, is on the point of solution. Improve- ments in mechanical invention do not always come from the Hand of tne orig- inal inventor. Yet it will seem emi- nently fit if the problem of making flight in a heavier-than-air machine nor- mally safe should be solved by one of the men who made flight in a heavier- than-air machine normally possible. The achievements of the aeroplane need not be rehearsed in detail. We have trav- elled far from the first successful ex- periments at Kitty Hawk. The Euro- pean seas have been forded by the aero- plane. The land area of Europe has been criss-crossed from north to south and from the Atlantic to St. Petersburg. The Alps have been surmounted, and altitudes higher than the tallest of Al- pine peaks have been attained. The aero- plane omnibus has carried nearly a doz- en men with safety. At the present mo- ment an ambitious airman is on his way from Paris to Australia by way of Indo- China and the East Indian land bridges. The conquest of the Atlantic is predict- ed for the near future. But it has been a process of devel- opment not devoid of vicissitudes. With continuous improvement in the gaso- lene motor, the radius and lifting power of the aeroplane have advanced rapid- ly. The element of safety has not kept pace. It is a regular feature of the day's news that the story of another triumph of airmanship in the matter of distance covered or altitude attained, or a difficult bit of navigation accom- plished, should be followed by another of the disasters such as have marked the past year. In the public mind the question has remained whether the achievements of the aeroplane are not, after all, the achievements of specially qualified or exceptionally daring navi- gators. This suspicion is justified, though only in part. In reading the al- most daily record of aeroplane mis- haps, one must keep percentage in mind. In relation to the number of airmen now plying their trade and the air- mileage covered, it may probably be shown that the ratio of accident is de- creasing. Nevertheless, the fact remains that, because of defects in the aeroplane and because of our ignorance of the laws of the medium it moves in, the ele- ment of accident is always present; and the expert is hardly more immune than the novice. The marvellous feats of a Pegoud are no guarantee that disaster will not overtake him in the course of a comparatively simple flight. In one respect, the aeroplane, like its rival the dirigible, has failed on the whole to justify' the first confident pre- dictions. And this is in regard to the part that aeronautics was to play in revolutionizing warfare. The Idea of aerial navies has fascinated the public mind; and more than the public. The zeal with which the Governments of Eu- rope have gone in for airship construc- tion would seem to run counter to our

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612 The Nation |Vol. 97, No. 2530 statement. Germany and France both claim the supremacy of the air, ac- cording as the dirigible or the aeroplane, on which they have staked their re- spective hopes, conies to the front in the news of the day. At the present mo- ment, for instance, the succession of dis- asters that has befallen Germany's giant Zeppelins has created an unmistakable reaction in favor of the heavier-than- air machine. But it is to be noted that the expert military partisans of neither aeroplane nor dirigible are over-san- guine in their claims. The popular con- ception of aerial Dreadnoughts battling in the blue behind skirmish lines of aeroplane destroyers is not entertained on the General Staffs. As yet, the only service expected of the new military arm is that of reconnaissance. And even in that field it is doubtful whether aeroplane and dirigible in the present stage of their development im- ply sweeping changes. A great Eu- ropean war would supply a thorough test. But in such military operations as have witnessed the participation of the aeroplane or the dirigible, their achievements have not been remarka- ble. The fact that bombs thrown from Italian airships have scattered a horde of Tripolitan tribesmen is of little mean- ing. A modern army equipped with high-elevation artillery might easily dis- pose of an airship raid. Skilful rifle fire has been shown to be effective in at least one instance, by picking off the aeroplane pilot on the wing. The wars in the Balkans were by no means slight affairs. Yet the only recorded achieve- ment of the airmen was around Adri- anople, where a Bulgarian navigator was described as encircling the city; but at a speed that would hardly make his ob- servations of great value to the com- mander in the field. In general, one is in- clined to think that the stress laid on reconnoitring in the air is exaggerated. A modern war on a large scale is not likely to be decided by superior informa- tion. Wireless, the field telephone, and the older systems of military signalling have reduced the possibility of secrecy to a minimum. Nor does it fail to be gratifying that this stupendous human invention should not first be turned to the uses of slaugh- ter. Orvllle Wright has stated his be- lief that the aeroplane will soonest come into use as a mail-carrier in sparsely settled regions devoid of railways. The aeroplane, for one thing, to be of practi- cal value, must have its chain of sta- tions, where it can take on supplies and make repairs at leisure; a condition hardly attainable under the stress of a military campaign. It is not at all im- possible that before we see navies bat- tling in the air we shall see aeroplanes crossing the Sahara along established routes and on something like schedule. CAN THE "FOOL" BE REVIVED? Though Shakespeare even in comedy gave the "fool" only a minor part, he seems to have felt with Jaques that for pure fun "motley's the only wear." After his day the fool fell into disuse; and if he may be said to have been re- vived at all, it has been at the hands of Bernard Shaw. But Shaw, for all his excellent nonsense, has taken the fool too seriously and made a hero of him. It would not be difficult to show that several of his leading characters embody the spirit of Touchstone, Feste, and oth- ers of that merry company. This is what must be meant when it is charged against Shaw that his personages, though seemingly versed in the ways of human nature, have no sense of emo- tional values. Like Touchstone's brain, theirs are as dry as the remainder bis- cuit after a voyage. Both sets of char- acters pretend to chaffer in the dry light of reason, where mere feeling never en- ters, and on the surface they are expert logicians. If Touchstone could convince the shepherd offhand that polished man- ners were an ample passport to the court, Mr. Shaw takes a whole play — his latest, "Galatea" — to snow that the acquisition of a refined pronunciation of the English language is all that is needed to make a duchess of a flower- vender, and an M.P. of a garbage col- lector. If the fool in "All's Well" can invent a specious justification of the unfaithful wife, Shaw constructs anoth- er play, "Man and Superman," out of a similar process of reasoning. Some might wish, indeed, that Shake- speare had given greater latitude to his fools, but he at least kept on the side of safety. There is, in any case, an ex- cellent chance for something approach- ing the Shakespearean fool on the stage to-day. The difficulty with Shaw's way is that, being so elaborate and preten- t.ioiiH himself, he Is met by equally elab- orate and pretentious arguments to prove that he must be fooling. But the true fool, by admitting himself a fool, is disarming, and despite his protests may chance to earn a reputation for profun- dity; just as in "Lear" the fool seems sometimes to be the only sane person on the stage. Our present American condi- tions are ripe for just such a minor personage, as may be seen by glancing at the usual method of dramatic satire. Suppose eugenics to be under fire. The ingredients of the play would be sure to be in part as follows: The son of a right liver would display a marked ten- dency to rakishness, after the manner of the traditional clergyman's son; and the marriage of an Ail-American cen- tre rush with the intercollegiate woman champion at high jumping would be blest by a son who at the final curtain would perish of nervous exhaustion. The play might awaken laughter, but, with others, it would excite a still greater zeal than exists at present for statistics. Now, any drama which sets its oppo- nents running to the refuge of figures is bound to be futile. What is needed both for the pure fun of the thing and to make eugenic faddists uncomfortable, is small doses of shrewd logic delivered by a character with whom it is impossi- ble to take offence. The American stage seems peculiarly suited to some such equivalent of the Shakespearean fool as we have in mind. For our audiences have sufficient homo- geneity to catch the casual satire. Ow- ing to the fact that everybody reads the newspapers, and the newspapers pub- lish everything, top gallery and orches- tra circle have much the same know- ledge of current events and are not far separated in respect to tears and laugh- ter. At present, the typical American's conception of comedy is largely shaped by so-called musical reviews, the spirit of which has affected the comic parts in even dignified plays. Every one knows what the humorous specialties are. The courtesies of subway life, the integrity of the political boss, the casuistry of the married man supposed to be passing the evening at his office, the politest ways of selling gold bricks, the severe but vul- nerable father, are grist to the come- dian's mill. In so far as the compass of his part is concerned, he corresponds well enough to the fool. He Is an on- and-off-the-stage character, and often has no more lines than, say, Touchstone.

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Dec. 25, 1913J The Nation 613 But he is a clown, not a fool, expert in tricks of countenance and intona- tion, and usually is also something ol an athlete, lie is dexterous in broad slap-stick humor, but knows nothing about the dry wit which was the fool's stock in trade. Owing to the wide in- fluence of these musical comedies, wit, strictly so-called, has almost disappear- ed from the American stage. Yet to many wit, properly administer- ed, would seem to be about the best anti- dote for the super-optimism and gush enveloping many of the modern move- ments of which the stage should take account. Here is an admirable oppor- tunity for the smart essayists who in increasing numbers are presuming to deal summarily with contemporary life. When they take to writing plays, as every one does, instead of spinning their wit out thin through the full career of a hero, let them concentrate it upon a minor character to serve as a sort of chorus. It is a character which should allure them. For the fool would also fur- nish them with an excuse for employing that modicum of cynicism which is the salt of wit and wisdom. Such a person- age, if well contrived, could unquestion- ably be introduced with profit in light comedy and, once successful there, would quickly find his way into worthier drama. It would be something of a dis- tinction to be the first to adapt the Shakespearean fool to modern American conditions. RECENT GERMAN FICTION. The schoolmaster plays a conspicuous part in contemporary German letters, not only as a type of frequent occur- rence in drama and fiction, but as a writ- er of both. Hermann Stehr, the Silesian, is one of the most interesting personali- ties among the authors that have grad- uated from the schoolroom. His stories have much of the spiritual and the imaginative quality of his compatriots, Carl and Gerhart Hauptmann, with an indefinable individual flavor all their own. His latest book, "Geschichten aus dem Mandelhause" (Berlin: S. Fischer), is typical of his manner. German folk- lore has so frequently associated the tailor's trade with eccentricity, that j Stehr could not quite get away from that preconceived notion, and has made his hero a very curious representative of his kind. But the interest really cen- tres in his son, the child that had cost his wife her life, and that the lonely j man adores as her precious legacy. The boy has inherited from his mother a morbid sensitiveness and the gift of song, from his father the tendency of weaving strange fancies and dreams. The widower and the motherless boy are taken care of by a deaf-and-dumb wo- man, who after some years of faithful service awakens in the emotional tailor a belated love-desire. He plans to make her his second wife, but the boy's sing- ing keeps alive the memory of the first and troubles him; and when the boy is forbidden to sing, he pines away. Then the paternal love of the man asserts itself, and the innocent temptress is sent away. As the woman with her bundle leaves the house, the tailor is reverently bending over a chest in the garret which contains some relics of the dead wife. At this moment there comes from the room below the voice of the boy, who had long been silent on his invalid couch, bursting forth into a song which seems like the call of a new life and a brighter future for both. The mystic atmosphere of the land that bred Jacob Bohme hovers over the book and exercises a haunting spell upon the reader. The latest novel by Arthur Schnitzler, "Frau Beate und ihr Sohn" (S. Fischer), has an absorbingly strong plot and a powerful psychological interest. The heroine, widowed at an early age, has a son who has just come to manhood and is infatuated with a former actress, from whom the mother is determined to separate the youth. But while she is devoting herself to this mission, she ex- periences an awakening of the love in- stinct and weakens at the plea of a college friend of her boy. A third young man plays the part of a Mephisto in this complicated dramatic situation. The characters are all of the world that Schnitzler knows so well and has fa- miliarized us with in his plays and nov- els, and are drawn with his usual clear, firm touch; the actress is an especially sympathetic figure. When Frau Beate realizes that she is no better than this woman and discovers that her name, too, is lightly treated by the young men, she finds herself involved in a hopeless- ly tragic conflict, for which there seems to be only the conventional dramatic solution — expiation by death. Traugott Tamm is not a well-known author, but one possessed of distinct merit. "Die Hingstberger" (Munich: Albert Langen) is a story with a very pronounced physiognomy. The call of the city has come to a little community in the heather-grown plains and has brought discord and distress to many a home. Young Jes Ole follows the lure, and out of the peace and the quiet of the paternal homestead drifts Into the tumult of the sea-port. He makes many mistakes at the beginning of his com- mercial career and becomes involved in a love affair which threatens to demor- alize him, but he issues as victor from the emotional conflicts and the economic struggles of his youth. Although his in- dividual fate is the centre of interest, the charm of the story is largely de- rived from the animated background against which it is relieved: a city life full of color and light, of sharp con- trasts, and dramatic interests. But its most commendable quality is its whole- someness. Ernst Weiss is a young Viennese writer, whose first work, "Die Galeere" (S. Fischer), is a most remarkable speci- men of that analytical fiction which seems irresistibly to haunt the genera- tion of German intellectuals, whose work responds to the demand for a scientific reading of life and for a close welding of life and letters. The hero is a young scholar engaged in study of the Roentgen-rays and haunted by the vague fear that their powerful influence upon the human tissues may produce fatal changes. Absorbed in his work, he does not notice, until it is too late, that he himself is the victim of that destructive force. The gradual decline of his men- tal powers is a rather depressing theme, but it is relieved by elements of con- ventional romance which lend a wider human interest. Gerhard Ouckama Knoop is one of those authors who have always a sur- prise in store for their readers. He has no formula, no model that he faithfully observes in the construction of his stor- ies. Each of his books has its own in- dividual character and makes the im- pression of a rare spontaneity. His "Nadeshda Bachini," "Die Hochmogen- den," and "Aus den Papieren des Frei- herrn von Skarpl" are as widely apart in matter and manner as possible; and his latest book, "Unter Konig Max" (Berlin: Egon Fleischel & Co.), is again as different from its predecessors. He revives in this book the old Munich of the mid-century, and on the thread of the narrative, which is concerned with the experiences of men and women of the aristocracy and of the middle class, whom the exposition tempts to engage in mild speculation, he traces the grad- ual changes in the city's physiognomy when the newer parts are settled by for- eign newcomers. The note of humor which enters into his sympathetic atti- tude towards his characters is especial- ly charming; he succeeds in awakening in the reader a genuine interest in the ups and downs of their existence and in their mild emotional experiences. Glimpses of aristocratic and of "bour- geois" interiors, conversations suggest- ing the intellectual tastes and pursuits of the period, Incidents which show the almost insurmountable barrier that separated the castes in that good old time, combine to make a very vivid and fascinating picture of the Munich that is no more. The book is such a novel and striking achievement that one Is curious to see what the next develop- ment of the author will be.

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614 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2530 A woman writer who is recently at- tracting attention has gone f&r back into the mediaeval history of Munich. "Die tolle Herzogin" (Egon Fleischel & Co.), by Nanny Lambrecht, is a story of Jacobe, a Bavarian princess of un- usual beauty and of extraordinary per- sonality, who figures largely in the more intimate chronicles of the Bavar- ian court. She had given her first love to one beneath her, had been married to a hopeless idiot, Prince Johann Wil- helm of Jiilich, and was murdered, a victim of political intrigue, in the pal- ace of Diisseldorf. There she still goes about, as the "woman in white," bear- ing in her hand her own head with its glory of golden hair: a story whicn fired the imagination of young Heine and has since lost little of its human appeal. The author tells it not in the impersonal manner of ordinary histori- cal fiction, but in a haunting impres- sionistic style, rich in color and quiv- ering with the emotional intensity and the passionate pulse of the heroine's tragic life. It seems a doubtful venture to-day to write a new book about Schiller, but Walter von Molo has undertaken the heroic task of writing not only one book, but a trilogy of novels about the poet who is as dear to the German heart as ever. The first story, "Urns Menschen- thum," appeared about two years ago, and dealt with Schiller's earlier life. The second, under the title "Im Titanen- kampf," has just been published (im- ported by G. E. Stechert & Co.), and covers the period in the life of Schiller which hegins in Bauerbach, the home of his friend, Wolzogen, and ends in Darmstadt after the first and unsatis- factory meeting with Goethe. The poet was at that time absorbed in the fate of his "Fiesco," "Kabale und Liebe," and "Don Carlos," and harassed and wor- ried beyond endurance by his struggle for a living. The author has not ideal- ized his Titans, but draws their por- traits with a well-tempered realism and an occasional touch of robust humor. Only one figure approaches caricature: Charlotte von Kalb, whose unfortunate nervous temperament and unhappy in- fatuation for Schiller make the impres- sion of being cruelly overdrawn. Max Geissler has a singular preference for places remote from the noisy high- ways of modern traffic and favoring a moderate pace of life which is of the past rather than the present. "Die Herrgottswiege" (Leipzig: L. Staack- mann) is set in such an environment and has a peculiar touch of good old- fashioned romance. For it begins with a gypsy couple, the only foreigners in the village, selling their homestead to a poet who has taken a fancy to it and going out into the world to satisfy their racial "Wanderlust." The poet trans- forms the old house with the walnut tree before the door into a beautiful country residence. But the bride whom he brings to the valley with the curious name which gives the story its title, does not share his love of rustic quiet and solitude, and unable to adjust them- selves to each other, they separate. Upon this conflict is built the simple plot of the narrative, which is mainly concern- ed with the hero's life, when he is once more alone in the dear old house. The character of this man stands out in strong relief against the background of the life he has chosen; he is a charac- ter that does not need the world. The wife, on the contrary, is of the type that drifts through life in a restless quest for some vague happiness which no man can give her; for the mysterious artist whom she joins and who does not ap- pear until the end of the book, is also deserted by her. The simple country- girl who eventually becomes the mis- tress of the old house is drawn with much sympathy. But the main charm of the story lies in its wholesome open- air spirit and in its lyric passages. Enrica Handel-Mazzetti, who some years ago created a great stir by her much-discussed story of the Thirty Years' War, "Die arme Margret," has written a Viennese society novel, which is not without a touch of Tendenz. For the heroine of "Briiderlein und Schwes- terlein" (imported by G. E. Stechert & Co.) is a young girl brought up in a convent, and while she is still wrapt up in the pious sentiments instilled in her immature soul by the Reverend Mother, brutally thrust upon the mar- riage market by her own mother who wishes to join a title to her husband's millions. This well-worn theme is handled with a virile strength and a dramatic intensity which were already apparent in the author's earlier book, and are bound to leave a profound im- pression. The courtship of the girl by a nobleman, bankrupt in morals and purse, is offset by the touching friend- ship between her and the son of the janitress whom she had known since her childhood. There are other episodes revealing the appalling corruption of the girl's own family, of the society about her, of the whole world in which she is to live, yet the plot hangs well to- gether and there is no evidence of pad- ding. The characters are drawn in sharp, strong outlines, like those of an old woodcut, and the total impression left by the book is a picture of cruel power. The apothecary has long been a fig- ure much favored by German noveMsts, for in the small towns he is invested with a mysterious authority and comes next in rank after the pastor and the doctor. That Ernst Zahn, the Swiss writer, who is particularly lucky in his portrayal of quaint types, would sooner or later hit upon an apothecary, seemed a foregone conclusion. "Der Apotheker von Klein-Weltwll" (Stuttgart: Deut- sche Verlagsanstalt) is the story of z: man who has lived in the great cen- tres of the world, has travelled much, and settles in the little Swiss town where he has inherited the pharmacy of his uncle. A philosopher with a touch of world-wise cynicism, he enjoys for a time to be the onlooker in the human tragi-comedies played upon this little stage; and he himself is an actor, a deus ex machina, who pulls the wires and shifts about the figures. Interesting characters they all are: the old assis- tant who served the uncle before him, the aged parson, the factory-magnate with the two sons, whose widely differ- ent temperaments are the cause of much sorrow to the mother, the housekeeper whom the hero has brought with him, and the women of the village with whom he becomes acquainted. The book has a charm faintly suggesting memories of Wilhelm Raabe. A. von Ende. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES. If to be born in New York and to write and publish stories in London be sufficient Qualification, then Charlotte Lennox is en- titled to a place among the early women novelists of America. But her memory is now only preserved by her association with Johnson, in a friendship warm and sincere which gave her writings the occasional ad- vantages of his friendly pen. She was the daughter of Col. James Ram- say, who was Lieutenant-Governor of New York, where she was born in 1720. Her colonial experiences could not have been very extensive, as she was sent to England in 1735, and married in 1748, or there- abouts, for little seems to be known of eith- er her marriage or her husband. That he was not a mere phantom we know from his recorded presence at the famous all-night sitting held in the spring of 1751 at the suggestion of Johnson to celebrate the ap- proaching issue of Mrs. Lennox's first novel. Sir John Hawkins, who had never before stopped up all night, and was plagued by toothache, was one of the score of guests, and tells us that Johnson's face in the morning at five "shone with meridian splendor, though his drink had been only lemonade.'' He invested Mrs. Lennox with a crown of laurel, invoking the Muses in strains which Hawkins has failed to report. Also it may be noted that the apple-pie provided by Johnson for the supper at the Devil Tavern was decorated with bay leaves. Her later writings includod a play which ran for but one night and some translations I'rom the French. She was a great favorite with Johnson, who helped her in various undertakings. What would presenl day readers say to the incident in her "Hen- riette," where two young ladies meeting for the first time in a stage coach propose to swear eternal friendship to each other? Her "Shakespeare Illustrated" was per- haps the first effort to show the sources used by our great dramatist. Hor varlod literary work, Including the editing of a ladles' magazine, did not bring hor rlohes and shn died In poverty In 1804. The most famous production of her pen was "The Female Quixote," which appear

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Dec. 25, 1913] The 1ST a t i o 11 615 ed In 1752, and perhaps owed most of Us success to the courage with which it chal- lenged comparison with "Don Quixote." There is a measureless distance between Miguel Cervantes and Charlotte Lennox, and any comparison of the real Quixote and the imitation is impossible. Lady Bella, "the female Quixote," is the daughter of the Marquis of and has been brought up in the country, where her father, a dis- appointed politician, avoids society. She has lost her mother, and has grown up with a mind filled with the nonsense of the tedious and long-winded romances of Scu- d6ry and La Calprenede. But apart from regarding the absurd incidents and ridicu- lous speeches of the "Grand Cyrus" as mod- els for life and conversation, Lady Bella is held up for our admiration as a marvel of good sense. The modern reader will, for the most part, regard her as lacking in courtesy, and loquacious and conceited be- yond endurance. Mr. Selvin has made a remark about Pisistratus — "You are mistaken, sir," said Bella, "if you believe there was any truth in the re- port of his having wounded himself; it was done either by his rival Lycurgus, or Theo- crites; who, believing him still to be in love with the fair Cerinthe, whom he court- ed, took that way to get rid of him. Nei- ther is it true, that ambition alone inspired Pisistratus with a design of enslaving his country: those authors who say so must know little of the springs and motives of his conduct. It was neither ambition nor revenge that made him act as he did; it was the violent affection he conceived for the beautiful Cleorante, whom he first saw at the famous baths of Thermopylae, which put him upon those designs, for seeing that Lycurgus, who was not his rival in ambi- tion, but love, would certainly become the possessor of Cleorante, unless he made him- self tyrant of Athens, he had recourse to that violent method, in order to preserve her for himself." Thus Lady Bella. Every man she sees Is either a "ravisher" bent on her abduction or a prince in disguise desirous of marry- ing her, and she will listen to no explana- tion of the incidents out of which she con- structs these imaginary plots. And she is proof against the mortification of the dis- claimers from supposed suitors. Her cou- sin Glanville, who, with her father's ap- proval, wishes to marry her, has a sorry time in sometimes attempting to humor her romantic whims, and in sometimes en- deavoring to convince her of the folly of her vagaries. Because Clelie in the ro- mance swims across the Tiber, Lady Bella throws herself into the Thames at Rich- mond, and does not succeed in reaching the opposite bank, but is picked up in mid- stream, and in the fever which follows is convinced of the folly of taking her hero- ine too literally. One agent in this con- version is the confession of a rival suitor of the little comedy by which he had made her believe that Glanville was another name for Ariamenas and that he had been guilty of the crime of endeavoring to obtain the hand of the Princess of Gaul at the same time that he was so vainly courting Lady Bella. Of such skimble-skamble stuff is the "Female Quixote" composed. Dr. Johnson supplied the dedication to the Earl of Middlesex, who it may be hoped paid handsomely in cash for the compli- ments bestowed upon him. How much fur- ther did Johnson aid the young lady in this book? The Rev. John Mitford in two essays which appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine for August, 1843, and January, 1844, suggested that the closing part of the book came from his pen, and the authoress seems to give a hint of extraneous aid when the last chapter is described as being in her "opinion the best chapter in this his- tory." Mr. Austin Dobson, in "Some Eigh- teenth Century Vignettes," has included one of Charlotte Lennox, but he does not enter into the question here discussed. A higher critic might easily imagine that Charlotte Lennox had brought her MS. of the last chapter, with its compliments to Richardson and the author of the Rambler, to Johnson, and he, seeing it to be some- what lame and impotent, had written round it the account of the discussion between Lady Bella and the grave Divine, in which she is finally convinced that Scudery is not an infallible authority on classical history and that the speeches and actions of the heroine La Calprenede cannot be adjusted to the details of eighteenth century society without serious damage to life and limb. The style of this last chapter is distinctly Johnsonian, and has a virile touch absent from the rest of Charlotte Lennox's fiction. The hint given by Mitford has not been fol- lowed up and is therefore worth noting for a new generation of Johnsonian critics and collectors. William E. A. Axon. Correspondence THE MEXICAN LEADERS. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: "The justice of the cause which Francisco Villa represents," to quote from a recent editorial article of the Nation, Is a phrase that will probably strike as queer any and every American possessing first- hand knowledge of conditions in northern Mexico. Is it possible that the Nation believes that a cutthroat of twenty years' standing Is in the field in behalf of legiti- mate, constitutional government? Has the Nation allowed itself to be humbugged by that silly shibboleth, constitucionalistaf What are the facts of the case? Mexico has a population of about 14,000,000 people, of whom 2,000,000 are whites of Spanish descent. The remainder, 12,000,000, are the original inhabitants, Aztecs, Zapotecs, Tol- tecs, Mayas, etc., commonly called peons. Not more than 10 per cent, of these peons can read or write. In culture they range all the way from the savage Yaquis and Coras to the useful and trustworthhy car- gadores of the towns. The average peon is mentally a child and morally a savage. Compelled by a strong Government to adapt his conduct to the standards of civilized life, he is a useful and generally contented member of the community; but the minute the compelling pressure is removed, he re- lapses into his primitive savagery. Villa, Zapata, Orozco, et al. are simply savages of superior intelligence. They are not taking up arms for the purpose of fur- thering clean, honest government, equal rights, incorruptible judiciary, abolition of the spoils system, universal suffrage, and representative, republican institutions. On the contrary, they take the field because that affords them an opportunity to mur- der, rob, and torture. They make no pre- tence at civilized warfare; they descend on a hacienda or pueblo, run off the stock, steal everything they can lay hands on, murder and mutilate the males and violate such women and girls as appeal to their savage lust. The only class that is exempt from their ravages is the pelado who has nothing more than a few handfuls of fri- joles and mais — on the well-known prin- ciple of vacuus viator cantabit. Nor are they upheld by any class of the people or by any secret society, as former- ly in Naples and Sicily. They rob, butcher, and torture anybody and everybody that falls into their clutches, regardless of sex, age, religion, politics, and nationality. They are out for loot and nothing else. They are not fighting for a purer, better government; they are fighting against any and all sorts of government. Government that protects the weak against the poor, secures to every man the fruit of his labor and self-denial, that hands out absolute justice — all that is anathema to them and always has been. Those people never built a railway, factory, or a dock, never irrigated a desert or re- claimed a swamp. They never constructed anything. But they might have been found years ago hidden in a lonely defile ready to pick off the arrieros of a pack train from the mines, skulking in the dead of night to rob a ranch or waylay a solitary trav- eller. They are still at their ancient trade, only on a larger scale. And that is the class of man that the Nation is upholding. Valgame Dios! Chicago, December 15. [We have given no certificate of char- acter to Villa. Many revolutionary movements have not been fastidious about their agents. — Ed. Nation.] THE INVENTOR OF THE STEAMBCxT. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: Your review of the new book, "Rob- ert Fulton, Engineer and Artist" (Nation, December 4), calls to mind that full jus- tice was never given to Fulton by English writers. The Britannica says that the first practical steamboat was built in 1802 by Symmington, and tried on the Forth and Clyde. In the small American school his- tories full credit for the invention of the steamboat in 1807 is given to Robert Ful- ton. Probably few persons really know who invented the steamboat, although all the standard American authorities, including Webster's Dictionary and Appleton's En- cyclopaedia of Biography, tell the truth in simple terms. Webster says: "John Fitch, American Inventor, Steamboat." Apple- ton's tells the whole story, which can be verified by the patent proceedings before the New York State Legislature. The Committee reported that "the steamboats built by Robert Fulton [in 1807] were the patent of John Fitch, In 1791, and that Fitch had the exclusive right." This Is a decision of record, and cannot be contro- verted. In 1785 the idea of propelling a boat by steam came to John Fitch. He wrote: I was ignorant that a steam engine had ever been Invented. The propelling of a boat by steam Is as new as the rowing of a boat by angels. On July 27 he wrote to the Speaker of the Pennsylvania Legislature:

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616 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2530 I am of the opinion that a vessel may 1 arried six, seven, or ten miles an hour by tlio force of steam, and believe it will 1 for sea voyages. Should I suggest thai the navigation between this country and Europe may be made so easy as short- ly to make us the most popular empire on earth, it probably, at this time, would make the whole very laughable. In October, 1788, thirty passengers were by his boat tw...ty miles from Phila- delphia to Burlington In about three hours. Later, it ran ninety-one miles in one day, and became a regular passenger boat. This was nineteen years before the "invention" of the Clermont from Fitch's plans. The New York Magazine of August 13, 1790, said : "Fitch's steamboat really performs to a charm." It went from 2,000 to 3,000 miles that summer on regular passenger runs. A larger boat, the Perseverance, was built, but was damaged by storm. Stock- holders would not put up more money. Fitch was ruined. In 1793 he went to France at the solicitation of the United States Consul at L'Orient. But France was in the midst of the Revolution, and Fitch left his valuable drawings with the Consul, and went to England. In 1794 he worked his passage home. In 1796 he ran a steamboat on Collect Pond, the site of the present Tombs Prison, New York. He returned to Bardstown, Ky., where he had taken up small lands. He found these squatted upon, and he committed suicide. Robert Fulton was in Philadelphia in 1785, and must have known about Fitch's steamboat. Fulton was in Paris from 1797 to 1804, and visited Mr. Vail, the United States Consul, who had Fitch's drawings. Mr. Vail said : "I lent Mr. Fulton all the specifications and drawings of Mr. Fitch, and he kept them several months." All tbe above evidence is a matter of record, easily to be obtained by the Eng- lish writers who give all the credit to Symmington, and by the popular America^ writers who think that Robert Fulton in- vented the steamboat. Fulton should have great credit for his perseverance in work- ing up Fitch's plans to commercial success. Yet one cannot help thinking that if Eng- lish writers believe we wrongly put for- ward Robert Fulton as the "inventor" of the steamboat, they have the right to claim successful priority by five years, for Sym- mington's boat was a good one. But John Fitch's boat ran three miles an hour fast- er than the famous Clermont, and did it about twenty years before the Clermont was built. Herbert Joseph Fitch. New York, December 18. A CORRECTION. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: In my Bibliophile paper of the life of Napoleon, in the Nation of December 11, the statement is made that the Indiana State Library has only a typewritten copy of the book. The librarian informs me that the copy now in the Library "is intact to page 241, and from there on a few pages have been added in type." The original statement was taken from a personal letter written by a man who seemed In a position to know, and so care was not taken to verify it, as should have been done. H. M. Kingery. Crawfonldvllle, Ind., December 15. OPERA AT MUNICH. To the Editor op The Nation: Sir: As an Englishman who has resided permanently in Munich for the last eight years, I am extremely interested in the dis- cussion in your columns about Munich as a town with "good second-class opera." You may be interested to hear that above 79,000 Americans visited Munich in the last twelve months, of whom no fewer than ten thousand attended the Wagner Sum- mer Festival at the Prince Regent's The- atre. At every performance 50 per cent, of the audience were Americans. If your con- tributor is correct in his surmises, these ten thousand Americans did not know what they were doing and should have stopped away. No, sir, Munich is not a "one-horse town," and the opera given here is not second-class, however much other interest- ed cliques may affirm. Dr. Maurice L. Ettinghausen. Munich, November 19. [The Nation of September 25 said, in support of the new venture in popular opera at the Century: "Among New York city's five millions there must be Munichs and Budapests and Milans and Dresdens; large population groups, that is, of honest provincial taste, who, if they followed their natural inclinations, would be happy with second-class opera (i. e., opera without such highly paid singers as Caruso) and a second-class seat at a good play." — Ed. Nation.] A QUESTION OF ICONOGRAPHY. To the Editor of The Nation : Sir: Will you spare me space to ask help from your readers on a point of iconog- raphy? I desire to know if any one can supply an instance in authenticated Italian painting of the Three Persons of the Trin- ity represented identically alike, without distinction or difference. This occurs in a small portable altar-piece at the Metro- politan Museum labelled "School of Si- ena." Your readers will recall, doubtless, at once the leaf painted by Jean Fouquet in the "Hours of Etienne Chevalier" at Chantilly, and probably also the great Coro- nation by Enguerrand Charenton at Ville- neuve-les-Avignon (which was shown at the Paris Exposition of French Primitives in 1904), for which the contract prescribed: "En cet paradis doit §tre la Sainte Trinity et du P6re et du Fils ne doit avoir nulle difference," and there are other instances, of course, in French art. In this little triptych in New York the Three Persons are seated at a table, indistinguishable in dress, gesture, and face. The Pieta, on the same panel, strongly recalls that now in the Louvre, which comes also from Avignon. In addition to these reminiscences of work done in the South of France, it has others of the art of the North of Spain— of Cata- lonia. The accomplished curator, however, is quite positive in calling it "Tuscan." The subject of Catalan art is new and far from sure, but all the more matter for study, and if this small altar-piece should prove to come from Catalonia (and a good deal of evidence seems to point that way) and not from Siena (which the qual- ity of the design makes to my mind im- probable), it would immediately become more interesting and perhaps more valu- able. My own immediate and practical in- terest lies in the iconographical significance for a little manual that I am working on. G. G. King. Bryn Mnwr, December 19. OLD FRENCH WORDS IN ENGLISH. To the Editor of The Nation: Sir: A careful rereading of "Gargantua" in the edition of Rabelais now in progress of publication by the Socifite des Etudes Rabelaisiennes has brought to my attention a fact sufficiently commonplace, but illus- trated with peculiar vividness in this text. I mean the number of words more or less current in sixteenth-century French that have quite disappeared from the vocabu- lary of to-day, yet survive in modern Eng- lish. To a certain extent, this is noticeable in authors even of the seventeenth cen- tury; I associate it especially with Moliere and La Fontaine; but it is of far more fre- quent occurrence in Montaigne and more frequent still in Rabelais. The philological notes in the new edition are, if anything, too numerous ; but it is a pity that, by doing away with a few of the voluminous illustrative passages from other authors, the editors did not find room to call at- tention to the survival in English of vari- ous words that are now obsolete in French. Such notes would be of special interest to cultured Frenchmen, most of whom are doubtless unaware of the existence of such forms in our tongue. As a linguistic phe- nomenon it is partly analogous to the traces of older forms left in the language of this country that have disappeared in England. I say "partly," for in some cases the Eng- lish word has come not from the French, but directly from the Latin. I have noted upwards of fifty such words in "Gargantua" alone. I find, among many more, paragon, remembre'e, remembrance (which survives as late as La Fontaine), translatay, haste! (=faites hate), pine (= gpingle), perturbe, phantasme, contemp- tible, oust (Eng. host, an army), route, tem- ple (— tempe, the sides of the head between forehead and ear), espies (— espions; the old word is found in J. J. Rousseau; query: English influence?), conventz (= convents), mute (=muet), depopuU, le bon tour (=le bon office, Eng. a good turn ; the old locu- tion is found in La Fontaine), hoirs (= heritiers; the old word survives in juris- prudence), manequins (here the French and English words are alike from the Dutch; the one has been taken and the other left), clere (cf. Eng. clerestory), librairies (= bibliotheques; the change in meaning is not grasped by the clerks in the French departments of various New York shops; they speak glibly of the "Library Cham- pion," the "Library Conard," etc.). I have notes by me of many more words, but the above will serve as examples. One hopes that in the volumes of "Panta- gruel" the editors will throw light upon certain words by consulting an English dictionary. Samuel C. Chew, jr. I«kerllle, Oonn., December 18.

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Dec. 25, 1913J The Nation 617 Literal u re ALFRED NOYES. led Poems. By Alfred Noyes. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co. 2 vols. $3 net. Now that Mr. Noyes's poetry has been collected into the compass of a pair of volumes, it is comparatively easy to see the reason of his reputation and popu- larity among those who are still serious- ly disposed towards poetry. In an emi- nent degree Mr. Noyes voices the inher- ent romanticism of his age. The eigh- teenth century was not a romantic age; nor in the ordinary sense of the term was the later nineteenth century — it was rather a realistic or naturalistic one. But the very close of that century and the beginning of the twentieth have seen a remarkable revival of romantic feeling. And, singularly enough — or perhaps not so singularly, when we think of it as a reaction from the preced- ing asstheticism of one kind and anoth- er— it has thrown back, for its inspira- tion, to the great age of romantic bar- barism. At least it has the same cult of violence and force as the glorious old romanticism of Elizabeth, beside which that of Wordsworth, Coleridge, and even Shelley seems tame and refrigerat- ed. Rebellious as the latter was, it wanted the tremendous Titanlsm of the original Prometheans. In particular it lacked the grandiose conception of na- tionalism, imperialism, and world-dom- ination combined with a lust of adven- ture, expansion, and power. For this reason it is not astonishing that, moved by a revival of the same spirit, Mr. Noyes should have looked to the elder age for his most characteristic themes and motives, as in his "Drake" and his "Tales of the Mermaid Tavern." To be sure, Mr. Noyes was not always quite as he appears in his later and maturer work. His final position is the result of a gradual development. In the beginning he seems, like most young poets, to have been more or less se- duced by the witchery of his craft. In this sense he was influenced, as was only natural, by the decadence of the nineteenth century. He, too, was not quite guiltless of dabbling in Vart pour Vart, with an admiring eye to Baude- laire, de Banville, and Gautier. A few of his lighter pieces also, as in "The Flower of Old Japan," are oddly, almost whimsically remindful of Gilbert and Sullivan. Or, again, he recalls Steven- Bon, the least Elizabethan of all men. Some of these things, as preserved in the collection, have come to seem sin- gularly pretty, effete, and fin de siecle in comparison with the current fashion: All along the purple creek, lit with silver foam, Silent, silent voices, cry no more of home! Soft beyond the cherry-trees, o'er the dim lagoon, Dawns the crimson lantern of the large low moon. But on the whole, and in spite of these deflections, it is towards the Eliza- bethan theme and motive that he is in- evitably borne. Even his weaknesses have the same general character: he is inclined to diffuseness, lack of economy, extravagance of resources. Most of his lyrics would be better if they were more compact and sudden. He flows and ed- dies and swirls around his subject. He writes too readily and too much. Of itself his style is naturally expansive and in so far epical. And it is, no doubt, for that reason that his later and nar- rative poems are the most successful. Nevertheless, he differs in some impor- tant respects from his prototypes — if such they may be called. In the first place, as is true of almost all reaction- aries, there is an elegiac or nostalgic note clearly perceptible amid all the martial and heroic clangor of his music — the sensible regret of a past that, when all is said and done, is dead forever and can never be restored and but feebly imitated: Marlowe is dead, and Greene is in his grave, And sweet Will Shakespeare long ago is gone! Our Ocean-shepherd sleeps beneath the wave; Robin is dead, and Marlowe in his grave. Why should I stay to chant an idle stave. And in my Mermaid Tavern drink alone? For Kit is dead, and Greene is in his grave, And sweet Will Shakespeare long ago is gone. Where is the singer of the Faerie Queen? Where are the lyric lips of Astrophel? Long, long ago their quiet graves were green ; Ay, and the grave, too, of their Faerie Queen ! And yet their faces, hovering here unseen, Call me to taste their new-found oenomel; To sup with him who sang the Faerie Queen ; To drink with him whose name was Astro- phel. This is a very different thing from the profound Elizabethan melancholy, with its desperate loathing of life and its voluptuous gloating on death; it is at once more deliberate and self-admiring. And then, again, with all his imperial- ism, there is a kind of sentimental hu- manitarianism about him, which is of a later age, too. It is a sentiment which finds perhaps its clearest expression — of all places — in the prologue to the American edition of "Drake": England, my mother, Lift to my western sweetheart One full cup of English mead, breathing of the may! Pledge the may-flower in her face that you and ah, none other. Sent her from the mother-land Across the dashing spray. . . . Sweetheart, ah, be tender — Tender with her prayer to-night! Such a goal might yet be ours — the battle- flags be furled, All the wars of earth be crushed, if only now your slender Hand should grasp her gnarled old hand And federate the world. . . . Over all this earth, sweet, The poor and weak look up to you— Lift their burdened shoulders, stretch their fettered hands in prayer : You, with gentle hands, can bring the world-wide dream to birth, sweet, While I lift this cup to you And wonder— will she care? As a matter of fact, the eighteenth century was the originator of two hu- manitarianisms, though we usually think of but one in connection with it. There was the rational one represented by Voltaire, which recognized an intel- lectual kinship among human beings through the bond of a common reason and morality or discipline. And there was a sentimental one, like that of Rousseau, which put all men upon a common level by virtue of a common nature — a nature subject to the same sensibilities and passions. It is the lat- ter that has descended to us. To-day man is no longer unique, as he is a reasonable being, as he has a mind and a. conscience and can be depended upon to think and to behave on a rational principle; this is no longer his mark and character separating him from ani- mal and thing. Rather, he is all of a family as he reacts to similar sensuous and emotional stimuli; and he is af- filiated with other animals on the same grounds — as well as with the insensate objects to whose stimuli he responds. He is no longer one of an aristocracy of mind; he is one of a democracy of im- pulse, whose strongest appeal is that he is the passive sufferer of a like fate with ourselves and the perishable uni- verse. And it is this sort of sentimental humanitarianism which seems to com- bine with Mr. Noyes's romanticism, as in his "Rank and File," and give to it, as to our age, much of its peculiar char- acter: Drum-taps! Drum-taps! Who is it march- ing, Marching past in the night? Ah, hark, Draw your curtains aside and see Endless ranks of the stars o'er-arching, Endless ranks of an army marching, Marching out of the measureless dark, Marching away to Eternity. See the gleam of the white, sad faces Moving steadily, row on row, Marching away to their hopeless wars: Drum-taps, drum-taps, where are they marching? Terrible, beautiful, human faces, Common as dirt, but softer than snow. Coarser than clay, but calm as the stars. . . . Hints and facets of One — the Eternal, Faces of grief, compassion, and pain, Faces of hunger, faces of stone,

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618 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2530 Faces of love and of labor, marching, Changing facets of One— the Eternal, Streaming up thro' the wind and the rain. All together and each alone. To be sure, in spite of his popularity, Mr. Noyes does not express all the fer- ment of his period. There is still a lin- gering of naturalism in our time — the sheer brutality of romanticism so ad- mirably expressed by Mr. Masefield and differing from the Elizabethan in that it fails to be dominated by heroic ideas. On the whole, the age of Elizabeth was heroic and romantic; on the whole, ours is romantic but not heroic. Mr. Mase- field is realistic and brutal, and ex- presses a part of us; Mr. Noyes is senti- mental and humanitarian, and expresses another part of us. The great poet of the age, for whom we pretend to be looking, will express both, if he ever arrives; he will be at once sentimental and brutal and realistic and humani- tarian. pate the story of Dirk's career, drawn this way and that by the two great mo- tives of his life. It is enough to say, as Dryden did of a greater book, that here is God's plenty. CURRENT FICTION. Dirk: A South African. By Annabella Bruce Marchand. New York: Long- mans, Green & Co. This is a story of a little Boer dorp: for all that, it is a novel in the great Victorian tradition. No one can read it without being reminded of Thackeray, of Meredith, and most often, perhaps, of George Eliot. But it is in no sense imi- tative of anything but life; it owes less to any of these masters than "Joseph Vance," for instance, owes to Dickens. It covers a period of some thirty years, ending in the eighties. Against the background of the mountains and the veldt it gives a lovingly minute and truthful picture of the life of the little village of Groenvallei — the farm, the kitchen, the stoep, the church, the gen- eral store. It presents with large sym- pathy and shrewdness and occasional keen irony a numerous and surprisingly varied group of characters. In many novels, though the scene be nominally in London, the leading char- acters seem to be by themselves, cut off from the world in a corner of no- where. Dirk van Rooyen in Groenval- lei has the advantage of growing up among very real and substantial human beings. As a child he sees his family ruined by Niemeyer, the unscrupulous lappie-smous, or peddler; his older brothers go to the bad, and his father and mother die broken-hearted. To take vengeance upon Niemeyer becomes the great passion of his life, and he educates himself with an eye single to this end. But he falls in love with Fanny, the good and gentle daughter of his enemy, a woman of the type that Fielding and Thackeray worshipped. It is strange to meet her among the pert and sophisti- cated heroines of to-day, strange and most refreshing. We shall not anticl- The Spider's Web. By Reginald Wright Kauffman. New York: Moffat, Yard & Co. Mr. Kauffman's shrill voice rises a note or two during this number; there is danger, or hope, that in time it may attain a pitch no longer perceptible to the human ear. But doubtless the super- man will have finer sensibilities. This is, it appears, the last of a group of four novels, planned by the author as long as four years ago, and artfully put forth, one by one, without intimation of their real character as a "cycle." Public and publishers, he had noted, were afraid of cycles. Nor, the question of method confronting him, did he think it advisa- ble to approach his audience by means of art. "I did not want to produce the effect of a work of art; I wanted to pro- duce conviction of truth." "The super- Imposing of one human being's will, or the will of any group of human beings, upon any other's, is the Great Crime." Modern society is determined by such superimposition. Our economic system is based upon it — and is the villain of the cycle. In the first three novels, "The House of Bondage," "The Sentence of Silence," and "Running Sands," the artificial com- pulsions of society upon the relation of the sexes are chiefly dwelt upon. Wheth- er because they eschewed art, or because they contained a good deal of salacity, the books soon had many readers. Pos- sessing their negative merit — it is cer- tainly not a work of art — the present story lacks the positive appeal of its predecessors. There are only two or three bits of nastiness in the book. Its range is wider, it attempts to carry the theory of social compulsion to its logi- cal conclusion. Luke Huber, the hero, comes to New York from the prov- inces, with the aim of reforming that city. He discovers that the city, and the whole country, is in the grip of a money-power which he at first identifies with one man, but in the end sees to be a system. He tries to battle with that power, is made the head of a "reform" party — and presently finds himself alone. The discovery that even the Church bows down to Mammon is the final stroke. Luke Huber is converted to dis- belief as others are converted to belief. He "comes to sec the sin of compulsion exerting itself against humanity in all the powers that conduct modern soci- ety; in the ownership of men and things; in our entire system of produc- tion and distribution, and in the crea- tures and ministers of that system: Government, Politics, Law, and what passes by the name of Religion." This is not precisely new doctrine, and we suspect that it can be made fresh and living in fiction only by the employment of that art which Mr. Kauffman so con- scientiously and successfully avoids. The Desire of the Moth. By Maxwell Gray. New York: D. Appleton & Co. An insubstantial title for a solid and thoughtful book. Though reduced to average bulk by the use of rather small type, it is considerably longer than the average novel. Ronald Leith, the hero, belongs to a class rare in fiction. Sixty years old when the story opens, he is introduced to us as a bank clerk, un- fitted by nature for his position, who has failed of promotion and is about to be superannuated. He has a common- place wife considerably his junior, and a daughter who is the apple of his eye. We see him, sensitive and of fine grain, buffeted by life and bowed down by the losing struggle against poverty. But he is a man with an unusual past, and his past suddenly reasserts itself in two ways, one material and one spiritual. A faithless friend, whom he had trusted and rescued from disgrace, dies and leaves him a large legacy. As a young soldier, he had been passionately in love with Beatrice della Rovesca, the daughter of a noble Italian family. Her apparent betrayal of him into a Sicilian ambush from which he barely escaped with his life has darkened his whole view of the world. By an accidental dis- covery in an old letter, he learns that she had really been faithful and had tried to warn him. Under the stimulus of these events he quickly regains his former resourcefulness and spirit. The style of the book is elaborate and allusive, at times slightly reminiscent of Meredith, though it lacks both his bril- liance and his obscurity. Occasionally the narrative is overweighted with de- scription. But in the main the author handles a complicated plot and a large group of characters with notable vigor and skill; and the strong and appealing figure of Ronald Leith finely dominates the story. Mascarose. By Gordon Arthur Smith. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. A troubadour set out to sing the glory of God and love and to sow a seed of happiness in the hearts of all. He came at length to the castle of Gavarret, and was there made welcome for his song. But the seed that he sowed spread too quickly, and ere long all were possessed of the malady of love. The Lady of Gavarret accordingly lost her heart to the troubadour, who accepted it not, as his own was pledged to Mascarose, a maiden of the woods. The lady's mother re-lost hers to a tiny page; the kitchen maid became enamoured of the guard, and all rejoiced in their affliction. More-

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Dec. 25, 1913] The Nation 619 over, the fair Lady of Gavarret would not be outdone, and she gave her heart to the Lord of Gavarret's chief rival. But the Lord of the manor was jealous of the happiness of all, and determined to destroy it. So he drove Aimar, the troubadour, from his castle. Not until Heaven intervened to punish the wicked Lord and permit happiness to his Lady, could Marlatz of Arc storm the castle and kill the wicked Lord. IN PRAISE OF SPAIN. Royal Spain of To-day. By Tryphosa Bates Batcheller. New York: Long- mans, Green & Co. $5 net. Few Americans are bold enough to venture a motor tour through Spain. Still fewer can boast of such a journey made in the company of a princess of the blood royal. Mrs. Tryphosa Bates Batcheller, of Boston, however, braved the rough roads of Spain, taking as her guest the Infanta Eulalia, best known to Americans through her official visit to the Chicago World's Fair of 1893. Other members of the party were an efficient chauffeur, an inefficient ladies' maid, and F. B., who plays an unobtrusive role as sfgner of checks, purchaser of gasolene, and filler of the thermos bottles. For the infanta must have her five o'clock Ceylon with unfailing punctuality. She takes it, we are told, without sugar and cream. Such a trip, taken by such a company, was sure to result in interesting experi- ences, raw material for a 600-page book of travel. At Barcelona the self-willed infanta seems to have shocked her Amer- ican friends by excessive democracy. Every native of that city, as all the world knows, is a potential thr*ower of bombs, yet Eulalia insisted upon stroll- ing on the Rambla, and under such circumstances every promenade became a thrilling experience. Happily, the in- fanta succeeded in maintaining her in- cognito, and all went well, barring a few unfortunate experiences at hotels. All these vicissitudes of travel she bore with perfect good-nature, and only twice lost her royal temper: once when the Governor-General of Granada want- ed to take her to church instead of to see the gypsies, and again when the maid ruined a favorite parasol. But what lady will have the heart to blame her for this? Not Mrs. Batcheller, who assures us that she herself would have spoken much more harshly under the cir- cumstances. Subsequently, the same of- fending maid was lost, just as the party was preparing to board a train. Eulalia displayed on that occasion a truly royal readiness of decision: "Let us go. I am sure she will have the sense to come on later." At Granada the Incognito was lifted, and the author knew the bliss of being pressed into service as a lady in waiting. The trip henceforth assumes an official character. At Jerez, Eulalia had an enviable experience. It seems that one wine merchant of that city has the cus- tom of dedicating a cask of sherry to each member of the royal family at birth. The infanta must needs drink out of her especial cask, although had she still been incognito she would have preferred her Lipton's. But how con- front her with the compromising date, 1864, which that cask all too plainly bore? Spanish gallantry was not at a loss. The 6 was inverted, and at a stroke Eulalia was rejuvenated by thirty years. But how the wine* must have suffered! Later the pilgrims reached Lisbon and were royally entertained by King Man- uel and his family; F. B. also received an invitation. The year was 1910, and nobody dreamed of the wretched repub- lic which the future had in store. The author found King Manuel most sym- pathetic. Lisbon was only a foretaste of what was to come in Madrid. Eulalia hurried away to Paris. Would one be- lieve it? She was soon to become a grandmother. But she remembered her American friends with numerous letters of introduction, which admitted them into the innermost penetralia of Madrid society. The author had many oppor- tunities to meet King Alfonso, Queen Victoria, Dowager Queen Cristina, the Infanta Isabel, and others. Again, Mrs. Batcheller's impressions of royalty were pleasant. Alfonso is not only King of Spain, but "King of Hearts to every Spaniard." He is handsome and robust. Cameras are not to be believed if they say the contrary. This admiration was reciprocated. Royalty repeatedly praises the author's books, her singing, her char- ities. One by one the great attached themselves to her chariot wheels. Each member of the courts of Lisbon and Madrid presented her with an autograph- ed photograph. These are reproduced, together with fulsome compliments to the recipient, which sometimes accom- panied them. As a narrative of success- ful lion-hunting, "Royal Spain of To- day" might well arouse the envy of a Roosevelt. Besides the record of the automobile trip, the book contains detailed descrip- tions of the places visited and much his- torical information, some of it incorrect. The Spanish Republic followed the brief reign of Amadeo, and did not precede it, as stated. Deceased authors like Pascual de Gayangos, Juan Valero, Me- nendez y Pelayo, and Pereda should not be numbered among the living. The il- lustrations are profuse and beautiful. The cover is especially attractive. The design is taken from an old missal in the cathedral of Toledo. The Granger Movement: A Study of Ag- ricultural Organization and Its Politi- cal, Economical, and Social Manifes- tations, 1870-1880. (The Toppan Prize, 1910-1911.) By Solon Justus Buck. Cambridge: Harvard Univer- sity Press. The Granger Movement embraced sev- eral farmers' organizations, of which the Patrons of Husbandry, or the Grange, was only the oldest and most striking. The movement began at a time when much was said about the power of organized labor, and its rapid success rested on the oelief that the ag- riculturists, if well organized, could dic- tate terms to other classes. The Pa- trons themselves disclaimed political purposes, but they were not able to sep- arate themselves entirely from political matters. Probably their insistence on non-political activities weakened the order materially. Other organizations appeared which avowed an intention of righting farmers' wrongs by the ballot, and they nad a rapid popularity. It took ten years for the movement to run its course, although it still survives, chiefly in the East, as a society to pro- mote agriculture. It had a strong influ- ence on the Farmers' Alliance, which arose in Texas about 1880 and spread throughout the South, and which found a parallel in the National Farmers' Al- liance, a very powerful society in the Northwest, a few years later. These or- ganizations kept alive the spirit of un- rest until it passed into the Populist movement of 1892-1896. Its later his- tory is known of all. The movement is, in its nature, very complex. Several societies must be stud- ied separately, State by State, each in several phases of activity. Dr. Buck has met this task with great industry and conscientiousness. He has left no side of the subject untouched, and he has sought minute facts in a multitude of difficult sources. His book is written according to the standards of our best academic schools. It is scholarly and scientific. If it is, meanwhile, confused in presentation, one must remember the great difficulty an author would have to make a monograph on such a subject either interesting or vivacious. The subject demands, also, severe and im- partial judgment. The Granger Move- ment in all its phases was the centre of bitter controversy. City dailies and the East generally derided it and denounc- ed its purposes. The farmers viewed their opponents with suspicion and made exaggerated charges. Between these war- ring sides the historian must draw the fair line of truth. To draw such a line is not an easy thing in this day, when present politics are concerned with the conduct of railways, Trusts, and capital- ists generally. In this respect the au- thor deserves all praise. He is not with- out sympathy for the farmers, but he

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(Jk^O The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2530 discusses their position dispassionately. He does not countenance the assaults on the capitalists. The movement is treat- ed impersonally and with due sense of the trend of the age towards a larger social control of the means of produc- tion. Three features of the monograph de- maud special mention. The first chap- ter is a good summary of rural condi- tions in the North and West in 1870, and it must prove very useful to students of social history. Chapter vii, Business Co- operation, is a valuable study of what is, possibly, the largest, and for a time the most successful, experiment in co- operation in our history. How great the experiment was may be seen from the fact that in Iowa alone in 1873 the Grange did business amounting to $5,000,- 000, and contended that in doing so there was a saving of 15 per cent, on family supplies purchased and 20 per cent, on agricultural implements. These results were so satisfactory to the Grange that it went into manufacturing, and became bankrupt. And there appeared the weak- ness of cooperative business; for no sooner did the tide run the wrong way than the farmers dropped the enter- prise; and it was not possible to raise $25,000 in stock in order to put the State agency on a safe basis. Another good feature of the book is the wealtn oi bibliographical material to which the student is referred. It embraces public documents, State and national, a large number of local agricultural papers, and many secondary works. Such material must be useful for any one interested in the history of our rural classes. Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1678- 1835: A Study of the Evolution of the Northwestern Frontier with a His- tory of Fort Dearborn. By Milo Milton Quaife, Ph.D. Chicago: The Univer- sity of Chicago Press. $4 net. The title of the volume Is misleading, for Mr. Quaife has in reality written a monograph on the first Fort Dearborn and the Chicago Massacre of 1812, and has added to this a sketchy prologue of the preceding century and a half and an epilogue in better proportions to bring the history of Chicago down to 1835. Since the value of the work depends on his study of the history of the first Fort Dearborn, which occupies with the ap- pendices two hundred and five pages of the four hundred and thirty-six pages of narrative, consideration should be first of all given to this part. In this monograph we have one of the most careful studies in Western history that have ever been made. To the so- lution of the difficult problems, Mr. Quaife has brought a mind well equip- ped and has proved himself an Indefa- tigable seeker of sources. Besides pos- sessing patience, he has proved himself an impartial critic well trained in the theory and practice of his science. His essay is the first critical study of the most romantic episode in the history of Chicago. One interesting account of this massacre is, of course, well known— that written by Mrs. Kinzie, a connec- tion by marriage of one of the important actors in the event. Naturally enough, Mrs. Kinzie drew her husband's ances- tor as an heroic figure and depicted those opposed to him as weak. So im- portant has the narrative of Wau Bun been in the historiography of Chicago that Mr. Quaife felt obliged to make a most careful examination of its trust- worthiness, and his conclusions, which are printed in Appendix ii, where all the sources are critically estimated, are as follows: The evident inability of the author to state the facts correctly is manifest throughout the work. It abounds in details that could not possibly have been remem- bered by Mrs. Kinzie's informants; in oth- ers that could not have been known to them; and in still others that could never have occurred. Undaunted by the absence of records, Mrs. Kinzie repeats speeches and dialogues verbatim, as she, apparently, conceived they should have been recited. Mr. Quaife has been able to recon- struct the story of the massacre by patching together the scraps of infor- mation from other sources. For the first time the action of Capt. Heald in evacuating the fort and destroying the arms is proved to have been justified. He was acting in accordance with Gen. Hull's order, which left him no discre- tion in the matter; and Mr. Quaife has demonstrated that Capt. Heald behaved throughout the whole affair in a man- ner befitting an officer. The important passage of Hull's order reads, in a more precise form than that given by Mr. Quaife, as follows: "It is with regret I order the Evacuation of your Post owing to the want of Provisions, only a neglect of the Commandant of De- troit [?]. You will therefore Dest[ro]y [?] all arms & amunition, but the Goods of the Factory you may give to the Friendly Indians who may be desirous of Escorting you on to Fort Wayne & to the Poor & needy of your Post." This order was responsible for the later dis- aster. When the garrison and citizens with their wives and children had pass- ed out of the fort, they were attacked by a powerful body of Indians, and there occurred the terrible massacre. Kinzie, who has been almost univer- sally upheld as the hero of the event, is here shown to have been a trader seek- ing his own interest. It may be that Mr. Quaife's sketch is not entirely free from bias, itself. For instance, there was no particular need of emphasizing the fact that John was in the habit of getting intoxicated, for in his day that particular form of indulgence was the most popular pleasure anions gen lie- men. Mr. Quaife also writes: "During these years t close of the eighteenth cen- tury) Kinzie was, of course, in league with the enemies of the United States,' whereas a more proper statement would he that Kinzie was at the time a citizen of Great Britain. Yet Mr. Quaife makes no use of ceriain doubtful testimony which points to Kinzie's serving the British during the War of 1812, al- though a possible case might have been made against him. A few minor criticisms may be passed on this part of the volume. The author has shown carelessness in small details, in his transcription of Heald's let- ter, which is also given in facsimile, he creates a paragraph where there is none; and fails to show that the word which he evidently is correct in de- ciphering as "destroy," a reading most important for his interpretation of the whole episode, is not clear and is at least open to question. In some cases he makes a probable assertion, and then uses it later as a proved fact, as when he guesses — for it is nothing more than a guess — that a Mr. Tanner was assist- ed at the Chicago portage by a French- man named Ouilmette, and then later uses this possible episode as a proof of Ouilmette's goodness of heart. Another kind of mistake is due to his lack of knowledge of the general conditions in the West, and an illustration is found in the case of the characterization of this same early Chicago citizen, Ouil- mette, who is said to have been "pos- sessed of more thrift than the typical frontier French habitant of this pe- riod." With a wider knowledge of the French habitant in Missouri and else- where, he would not have made such a comparison. The epilogue of this monograph is a running sketch of Chicago down to 1835. This part requires little attention from the reviewer, as it is in general accepta- ble," although Mr. Quaife does not write here as a master. One chapter deals with the fur trade, and is a good exam- ple of the author's excellence and lim- itation as an historian. When he treats of the factory system of the United States, particularly in its Chicago aspects, he is on the firm ground of his own knowledge, but his lack of special knowledge of the trade as carried on by the Canadian and St. Louis fur com- panies is painfully evident. The prologue should never have been attempted. In only one of the five chapters, which, to paraphrase a classi- cal saying, arc too short for a treatise and too long for an introduction, could Mr. Quaife qualify as a specialist. In these he runs over a long period of Northwestern history, using a few well- known but not always authoritative books as his guide, and one wonders whether his errors of omission or com- mission are the more numerous. Imag- ine a history of tho Old Northwest which skips nimbly over the period of

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Dec. 25, 1913J T h. e 1ST a t i o n 621 British occupation in two pages and a half! The first chapter of the prologue is devoted to the history of the Chi- cago portage. Here -Mr. Quaife did have special knowledge, for he was employed as expert historian by the defendants in a lawsuit over the question of the navigability of the Desplaines River, which was regularly used by the fur traders for one hundred and fifty years in passing from Lake Michigan to the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. The chapter shows the result. He has writ- ten a brief for the defendants, and the style employed is that of a brief. Like a lawyer, he has suppressed important information and magnified less impor- tant, so that he makes out a very pretty case; but it isn't history. Notes The Index of the Nation, July 1 to De- cember 31, will be printed with the issue of January 1. Announcement is made by Henry Holt of "Leaders to Our Western Sea, a Story of owth of Tin-so United states from the Alleghenies to the Pacific," by Fred- erick Samuel Dellenbaugh, explorer and artist. O. E. Stechert & Company announce for publication in January a Life of President G. Stanley Hall, of Clark University, pre- pared by Dr. Louis N. Wilson. The book will be illustrated and will contain a com- plete bibliography of Dr. Hall's published works. Dr. Wilson has been associated with. President Hall since the foundation of Clark University, and dedicates the book to the alumni. Prof. Leo Wiener's translation from the German of "The Education of Karl Witte" will be published by Crowell at an early date. In January Houghton Mifflin will bring out "In Freedom's Birthplace," a work by John Daniels, dealine with the develop- ment of the negro in Boston. Somewhat lat- er in the year the same house promises Mary Heaton Vorse's "The Heart's Coun- try." The Medici Society announces the publi- cation of the third and final volume of the Riccardi Press "Canterbury Tales." A number of religious book are in prep- aration by Longmans, Green & Co., among them the following: "The Life in Grace," by the Rev. W. J. Carey; "Paradise, a Course of Addresses on the State of the Faithful Departed," by Canon E. E.Holmes; "Pastor Futurus," by the Rev. Dr. John Huntley Skrine; "God's Cooperative Socie- ty," by the Rev. Charles L. Marson, and "Thesaurus Fidelium," compiled by Car- melite Tertiary. In the second portion of the library of the late Edward Dowden, which was put up at auction last week, were several in- teresting items. There was the "Poliman- tela," 1595, which contains the second known mention of Shakespeare. It is a unique copy containing the author's name in full, William Covell, and not William Clerke, as usually supposed. There were also contemporary manuscripts of Donne's poems, and some of his sermons, and the original proof-sheets of De Quincey's es- say on "The English Mail Coach." Mr. Arnold Haultain, who as literary ex- ecutor is preparing a second series of Gold- win Smith's letters, will be grateful for the use of any letters by Smith which were not included in the first series published last spring. Communications addressed care of the Bank of Montreal, No. 47 Thread- needle Street, London, E. C, will be grate- fully acknowledged. To the new edition of Thomas Hardy's works, Harpers have added a volume of short stories which have not hitherto been collected in book form. While these tales naturally do not represent the great Hardy of "The Return of the Native" and "Tess," they are well worth preserving. If for nothing else one might read through Prof. John MacCunn's "Political Philoso- phy of Burke" (Longmans) for the succes- sion of splendid quotations; and, indeed, their number and richness may bring some little surprise even to the reader who ac- counts himself pretty familiar with his Burke. Professor MacCunn's own style is, naturally, not of the ornate character of Burke's, but it is a genuine and refined style and offers an admirable setting for the quotations. The book, however, is no mere collection of striking passages. Pro- fessor MacCunn uses these rather as the structure of an admirable exposition of Burke's ideas. He has a profound respect for his author, and by nature, it is evident, a deep sympathy with the philosophy of the "Reflections," the "Appeal," etc., but at the end, when he summarizes the subject and shows Burke's relation to, and value for, the present, he writes and criticises as one thoroughly immersed in the current conceptions of democracy. The final point at issue is Burke's theory of a "natural aristocracy," which he accepts, and Burke's feeling that the only way to make sure of the existence of such an aristocracy is through the controlling power of prescrip- tive rights, with which feeling he totally disagrees. To discuss the issue as thus raised by Professor MacCunn would take us too far afield for our present pur- poses. We may only indicate two points which he neglects and which, to some readers at least, will seem of vital impor- tance. He is aware of a certain conflict between Burke's profound sympathy for the lower strata of society and an insistence on the exclusion of them from the active body politic. But he does not, explain how this conflict arises in part from the fact that Burke's philosophy, implicitly at least, is based on the seventeenth-century distrust of human nature, while in some ways he was deeply influenced by the eighteenth- century trend of humanitarianism. Still more vital is Professor MacCunn's failure to exhibit the character of the "natural aristocracy," which, as he thinks, must arise from the general prevalence of dem- ocracy. His theory calls for a very differ ent meaning for the word "aristocracy" from that which it had in Burke's t lary, yet he does not explain this differ- ence. A large amount of labor has gone into the making of "The Book of the Epic, the World's Great Epics Told in Story" (Lip- pincott), by H. A. Guerber. The author has given summaries not only of the main epics of western Europe, but of Balkan, Persian, Indian, Japanese, and Chinese works, to- gether with brief facts of literary history. For the summaries alone, undistinguished as their style is, many a student will be grateful; they should serve as a most con- venient work of reference. Take, for ex- ample, such a complicated and, it must be confessed, often confused poem as "The Faerie Queene." Even the few mortals now living who have read it through cannot hope to keep the order of its incidents clearly in mind, and without the help of a detailed resume might require no small amount of time trying to discover some de- sired portion. The introductions furnished by Mr. Guerber will be read with caution. Because of the necessity of compressed statement he has had at times to generalize without qualifications in matters which are extremely complex and indeed doubtful. In certain cases he has accepted unfound- ed rumors, as when he states dogmatically that Tasso was imprisoned solely because of his love for the sister of the Duke of Ferrara. Elsewhere he espouses a mere theory, asserting, for instance, that "Beo- wulf" was composed in Sweden and later reworked in England. Speaking of the ori- gins of Arthurian romance, he implies that Gildas and Nennius collaborated. In gen- eral the author furnishes dates, but it would have been well if he had done so in connection with all the works and authors mentioned. He might also, to advantage, have drawn up a bibliography of the ap- proved books of very general compass bear- ing on his subject. To most readers Elizabeth Berkeley, wife of the sixth Lord Craven and afterwards of the Margrave of Anspach, is known as the friend of Horace Walpole whose eccentrici- ties at once annoyed and amused that loyal correspondent. If her portraits do not flat- ter, she was indeed "The Beautiful Lady Craven," as A. M. Broadley and Lewis Mel- ville entitle their new book (Lane)'; and if her original memoirs told the truth, as they most emphatically do not, she was an innocent and much-abused creature. The "Autobiographical Memoirs" were first published in 1826, when the author, then the Margravine of Anspach, was in her seventy-sixth year. She had been sent away by her first husband. Lord Craven, for reasons good and sufficient; she had wandered over Europe with various friends and protectors; had conquered the Mar- grave and after the death of his wife married him ; and now, in the coolness of age, rich, and externally rehabilitated, she had settled down in England with the open attempt to win her way back into proper English society. She succeeded in getting about her a brilliant if somewhat miscella- neous circle, despite the coldness of her kinswoman, Queen Charlotte. The most amusing feature of the present publication is the contrast between the facts of her life as narrated by Messrs. Broadley and Melville in the long introduction which oc- cupies half of the first volume, and the ro- mance of her life as she paints it. She was herself not an ill writer, though with- out brilliance, and her memoirs have a certain historical value In their presenta- tion of men and places of the day, for her

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622 The Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2530 chief instrument of falsification was the simple expedient of leaving things out. The editors have added footnotes which consid- erably enhance the value of the work. There are also many illustrations, derived in part from Mr. Broadley's great collection of manuscripts and prints of the period. No fearsome man would attack such a subject as "American Ideals, Character, and Life" (Macmillan). Possibly Mr. Ham- ilton Wright Mabie would not have attack- ed it if he had not been appointed the first exchange lecturer from the United States on the Carnegie Peace Endowment. He wished to do for our country what Dr. Inazo Nitobe did for Japan in "The Japa- nese Nation : Its Land and Its People," a series of lectures delivered in this country on the same foundation. This book of Mr. Mabie's is of course the series of lectures he delivered, chiefly before university audi- ences, in Japan. To do this subject justice one should possess not only wide and ac- curate information, but unusual powers of insight and analysis. The author's long connection with a well-known periodical has made him familiar with several sides of American life, but it does not appear to have singularly endowed him with the criti- cal powers just mentioned. His attempt "to sketch with a free hand and in large outline the development of the American people" does not result in a very illumi- nating interpretation of the American spirit. Three whole chapters are devoted to the course of our literature. As a his- tory, they are too short. As an explana- tion of present America, they are not so written as to reveal our heart and soul. The writer's familiarity with the field has led him astray from the purpose of the lectures. Political America, on the other hand, which, for a Japanese audience, one would suppose the most interesting and sig- nificant feature of our national life, the feature best fitted to exemplify the Ameri- can ideal, is confined to one short chapter of general description. Our industrial ac- tivity, which is surely in some respects typical 'and unique, receives only sporadic consideration. One feature of American ideals Mr. Mabie has emphasized not un- duly— our interest in education, the per- vading belief in its efficacy from colonial times. So far as the book has a central conviction, this side of our idealism sup- plies it. Mr. Mabie declares that his addresses were delivered to audiences "of unusual in- tellectual alertness." It will take a simi- lar reading public to follow with interest the printed form. The statement of ideas is prevailingly abstract and general. Con- crete details and illustrative examples are consistently omitted. No sententious judg- ments or sharp outlines for the mind to hang to, no color or imagery to stick in the memory, are employed In explaining what is one of the most intangible of sub- jects— the nature and controlling spirit of a vast people. Henry Bradley adds to the "Oxford Eng- lish Dictionary" the section SEVERAL— SHASTBR (Clarendon Press). Therein is an article running above eighteen columns on the unruly verb "shall," which goes far towards Justifying the Dogberryian dictum that "to be a well-favoured man is the gift of fortune, but to write and read comes by nature." "Not one Londoner in a mil- lion," wrote the accurate Macaulay in 1837, "ever misplaces his will and shall." Oh, to have descended from a pure line of Cockneys! "Perhaps no Scot," says the Daily News in 1891, "ever yet mastered his 'shalls' and 'wills.' " In certain cases "shall" is sternly proclaimed a shibboleth. "In the first person, shall has, from the early Middle English period, been the nor- mal auxiliary for expressing mere futurity. . . . (To use will in these cases is now a mark of Scottish, Irish, provincial, or extra-British idiom.)" In the history of certain other cases, however, there is con- solatory matter for dwellers in the prov- inces and men of Scotch-Irish extraction; there are precedents various enough to make even the infallible Londoner sigh for the iron dogma of the schoolmaster. From a literary standpoint the most interesting discussion in this section is on the word "shard-born" or "shard-borne" in "Mac- beth," III, ii, 42. Toilet in the eighteenth century said that this epithet of the drow- sy-humming beetle meant "born in dung," but his interpretation has been generally rejected in favor of the explanation that "shard" means the "hard wing cases" on which the beetle is "borne," and the editors of the Clarendon Press Shakespeare, for example, say that Toilet's reading is "un- questionably wrong." Mr. Bradley, with the support of fresh instances of "shard" meaning "dung," maintains that Toilet was unquestionably right. If the Toilet-Brad- ley interpretation stands, posterity, reading in entomological works or in the "Hia- watha" of Longfellow of the beetle's "shin- ing shards," will be entitled to a learned smile. Some of the "low" words from this hemi- sphere will bear more investigation than they are receiving. Americans who have heard all their lives the word "shack" — a rough cabin or shanty — will be surprised to find the first recorded example dated 1881 (New York Times). "Shack" — meaning "to go after, as a ball batted to a distance" — is explained and illustrated only by defini- tions taken from two American diction- aries. To the writer of this note, "shag" would more accurately represent the sound heard on the "diamond" in the cry, "Shag it!" He is familiar, too, with an unnoticed intransitive use of the word, as, for ex- ample, in "Let us shag into town" — mean- ing to go on foot. Mr. Bradley traces the word "shark" from the year 1569, when Sir John Hawkins's men brought one of the tribe to London, and he duly illustrates the figurative senses In such phrases as "loan shark," "land shark," etc. But he entirely overlooks the admired and rehabilitated "shark" known to the American college world: primarily, the student who devours and digests learning with ease (not to be confused with the suc- cessful "grind"), and, secondarily, one who excels in any line of activity. With his in i nil fixed on the notion that a figurative "Shark" is a fraudulent rascal, what would an Oxford editor make of our college sto- ries? Cf. Richard Holbrook in "Stories of the Colleges," 1901, p. 94: " 'H'm,' laughed Jarvls, 'you're a real shark'"; also, Wil- liams College "Class Book," 1903, p. 29; " 'Dido' is a Math, shark of the first wa- ter." On no account should "A Leisurely Tour in England" (Macmillan) be opened at the first page of chapter i, and thence perused conscientiously from cover to cover. The method of reading should be modelled on the sketch map of the author's tour, in which the red line that marks his progress has neither beginning nor end; that is to say, the book should be picked up in a leisurely hour, opened at random, and read for so long as leisure and inclination serve. The author, James John Hissey, has a fair list of books to his credit, all dealing with the same subject, tours of England under- taken with the assistance of various kinds of vehicles. The means of progression chosen for the purposes of the present vol- ume was a small automobile, which, as Mr. Hissey sagely remarks, "is an excellent servant, though in truth a bad master," and each day's journey was made without any definite end in view. His tour took him from Eastbourne on the south coast of England to Aberdovey on the west coast of Wales. He avoided large towns, travelled generally along by-roads, stopped for con- templation or conversation, and made de- tours whenever the spirit moved him, and at the end of the day noted down in gossipy style what he had seen and done and heard. With but little alteration the present vol- ume, of nearly 400 pages, consists of these notes, illustrated with photographs and sketches by the author. It is a very pleas- ant book to read, full of the author's per- sonality and prejudices. There is a genuine love for beautiful scenery and beautiful ar- chitecture; above all, for what is old and mellowed. Mr. Hissey avows himself "no politician," but it is a safe guess that never in his life has he voted for other than a Tory candidate of the truest blue, for the sight of a disused windmill instantly im- presses him with the desirability of putting a tax on flour. One point in the narrative should be noted for especial gratitude: the automobile in which the tour was made is kept severely in its place as a means of progression only, and is not allowed, in the modern fashion, to obtrude itself as a char- acter in the story. The Selden Society, acting upon its re- cently declared purpose of issuing yearly when practicable an extra volume sup- plementing the regular series of the Year Books, has sent to its members two num- bers for the year 1913 (London: Quarltch). The first of these, Vol. XXVIII, contains select Charters" of Trading Companies, the other, Vol. XXIX, the Eyre of Kent, 6 ana 7 Edward II, volume three. The volume of select charters has the text of forty-one grants to companies, ranging in date from 1530 to 1707, all of which are to be found upon the Patent Rolls in the Public Record Office. These grants include Incorporations of merchants trading abroad, of companies for plantation, mining, fishing, Insurance, and water supply, and for the manufai ture of starch, soap, salt, saltpetre, paper, linen, tapestry, and silk. Thus the volm an be used as a kind of documentary appen- dlx to Scott's "Joint Stock Companies to 1720." The editor, (Veil T. C.-irr, lee; eon tiibuted a useful Introduction, tho most novel feature of which Is the close rela- I i on revealed between I lie Iradmr coin panies, as Joint stock undertakings, and tho gilds and municipalities of earlier times. As tho trading oompanj wbJob

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Dec. 25, 1913J The Nation 623 crossed the water, with its charter and a majority of its governing body, and settled the colony of Massachusetts was an incor- porated joint stock organization, it is evi- dent that many of the institutional features of early New England history were derived from the customs and practices of the me- dieval gilds of England. Mr. Carr is not the first to point out this connection, for others have suggested the probability of such an origin, basing their belief upon points of resemblance and other matters of internal evidence. But he is the first to show the continuity of the connection from the liveries of London, through the corpora- tion of the Merchant Adventurers, to the trading company, and thence to the com- panies for plantation in Virginia, Bermuda, Massachusetts, and Old Providence. The new volume of the Year Books is the eighth in the general series, and the third of the Eyre of 1313-1314. It con- tinues the volumes issued in 1909 and 1912, by adding the reports of civil actions un- der the remaining titles alphabetically ar- ranged from Mortdancestor to Variance. After an analysis of the cases in the vol- ume, the editor, William C. Bolland, dis- cusses at some length in his introduction the important light which one of the cases throws on a cryptic remark of Glanville's to the effect that the assize of Mortdancestor did not lie in respect of burgage tenure be- cause of another assize which governed such lands and tenements. This assize, which Pollock and Maitland could only guess might "still be lurking in the ar- chives of our boroughs," Mr. Bolland has discovered, though he is still unable to write its history. It is the assize of Fresh Force. Curiously enough, the name borne by this writ had no equivalent in French or Latin, being written "Fresheforce" in the one and "Frisca Forcia" in the other, in this respect differing from other writs in English law. Other cases in the volume furnish many interesting, if somewhat triv- ial, details of value for social history. Such, for example, is the item that a hare was valued at but half the amount of a rabbit, or to be more accurate a cony, as the term "rabbit" up to the early years of the seventeenth century was confined to the young of the cony. The cheaper rate at which the hare was held was undoubtedly due to the dislike felt by the richer classes for the hare as an article of food and to their preference for the flesh of the cony. Burton in his "Anatomy of Melancholy" bears witness to this dislike when he char- acterizes the hare as "black meat, melan- choly, and hard of digestion," breeding when eaten an "incubus," and causing "fearful dreams." As other mediaeval writ- ers testify to the same belief, it would be interesting to know whence such a remark- able view of the gastronomic effects of eat- ing hare's meat arose. Capt. Henry Francis Brownson, soldier, author, and lawyer, formerly of New York city, died at his home in Detroit, on Fri- day. He was born at Canton, Mass., in 1835. He was graduated from Holy Cross College, Worcester, Mass., and was admitted to the bar in 1856. Previously he had studied in Paris and at the University of Munich. For gallant service in the battle of Malvern Hill he received the brevet of captain. Capt. Brownson was the translator of "Love of Mary" from the Italian; of Balmes's "Fun- damental Philosophy" from the Spanish, and Tarducci's "Life of Columbus" from the Italian. He was the author of "Religion of Ancient Craft Masonry," "Faith and Science," and "Equality and Democracy." The Rev. Thomas Kingsmill Abbott, li- brarian of Trinity College, Dublin, and a noted scholar and writer, died in that city on Thursday of last week. He was born in Dublin in 1829, and was educated at Trinity College, where he was professor of moral philosophy, 1867-72, of Biblical Greek, 1875-88, and of Hebrew, 1879-1900. He wrote many books, both scientific and religious, among them being "Elementary Theory of the Tides," "Do This in Remembrance of Me," and "Sight and Touch: An Attempt to Disprove the Berkeleian Theory of Vision." Science Aristarchus of Samos, the Ancient Copernicus: A History of Greek Astronomy to Aristarchus, together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the sizes and distances of the sun and moon. A new Greek text, with trans- lation and notes. By Sir Thomas Heath, K.C.B., P.R.S., sometime Fel- low of Trinity College, Cambridge. New York: The Oxford University Press. This admirable piece of work makes the classic writings of Aristarchus ac- cessible for the first time in English, following by many years the new edi- tions of Cleomedes, Geminus, Simplic- ius, and, others in tne galaxy of the Greek astronomers. Sir Thomas Heath connects the origin of his book with an expressed desire of his old school-fellow, Professor Turner, now Savilian Profes- sor at Oxford, whose interest in Aris- tarchus we can well understand was greatly enhanced because an early prede- cessor in the Savilian chairs, John Wal- lis, had in the latter part of the seven- teenth century the honor of bringing out the editio princeps of the Greek text of this author. It is not, however, this text on which the present translation is based, but on the oldest and by far the best of all the ancient MSS., bearing the date of the tenth century, and known to scholars as Vaticanus Orcrcus 20Jf. On a photograph of this beautiful MS. Sir Thomas has mainly relied, because "it seems to be the ultimate source of all the others, and so much superior that the others can practically be left out of account." An entire chapter is devoted to the history of text and editions, and Sir Thomas Heath is no novice in these lines, having previously done, among other editions, the works of Archimedes (1897) and Apollonius of Perga (conic sections). Prefatory to the Greek text and his vis-d-vis translation, Sir Thomas has giv- en an extended and luminous presenta- tion of the cosmology of the Greeks, be- ginning with the pseudo-mythical astron- omy of Homer and Hesiod, wherein ce- lestial recurrences regulated the affairs of life; and Thales of Miletus, with whom the history of Greek astronomy properly commenced. This is followed by critical estimates of the brilliant but erroneous philosophy of Anaximander, who nevertheless drew the first map of the inhabited earth; of Anaximenes and his unique conception of the stars fixed upon a crystal sphere as in a frame; of Pythagoras and the spherical earth at the centre of all things, the planetary motions being independent; of the crude speculations of Xenophanes of Colophon, and the childish notions of Heraclitus of Ephesus; of the startling innovations of Parmenides and his flaming wreaths; of Anaxagoras of ClazomenaB, the first to promulgate the true doctrine of the moon, its phases, and eclipses; of Empedocles of Agrigentum and his theory of the motion of light; of the abandonment of the geocentric hypo- thesis by the Pythagoreans, Philolaus in especial, and the reduction of the earth to the status of a planet like all the oth- ers known to the ancients out to Sa- turn, as elaborated by Schiaparelli in his "I Precursor! di Copernico nell' Anti- chita," together with a discussion of their fancied harmonies of the spheres. The Atomists follow, especially Demo- critus of Abdera, whose astronomy, al- though himself an able mathematician, was so weak as scarcely to be able to stand by itself; then CEnopides of Chios, who discovered the obliquity of the ecliptic; Plato, whose idealistic system as set forth in the "Timaeus" is analyz- ed, with a presentation of the elusive system of the "Republic," which is blend- ed with myth and only in the remotest sense helpful to modern astronomical theory or conception; Eudoxus of Cnidus and his theory of concentric spheres elaborated by Calippus of Cyzicus; and Aristotle, who attempted to render this conception practicable, but with whom the number of concentric spheres grew to something in excess of four dozen without the mechanical absurdity ap- pearing to trouble any one. Plato and the all-embracing cosmic philosophy of Aristotle are set forth at great length, and no less the concep- tions of Heraclides of Pontus, the first to maintain that the earth turns round on its axis daily, and that both Mer- cury and Venus travel round the sun as a centre — the same Heraclides for whom Schiaparelli sought to claim anticipation of the heliocentric theory really due to Aristarchus Gruppe, too, was guilty of a somewhat flighty attempt to set up Plato as precursor of Copernicus. Coming now to Aristarchus, we find him a pupil of Strato, the disciple and successor of Theophrastus. Observations by him, quoted by Ptolemy, show him to have been an elder contemporary of

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324= rl? li e JST ation [Vol. 97, No. 2530 Archimedes (B. O. 287-212). Indued, it is in the "Psammites," or "sand-reckoner," of Archimedes, a strange treatise in which he sets a superior limit to the number of grains of sand it would take to fll] the universe, that we find the only extant account of the heliocentric theory of Aristarchus, save, perhaps, a refer- ence or two in the "Doxographi Graeci" and another in Plutarch's "De Facie in Orbe Lunae." While it is accepted as an undoubted historic fact that Aristarchus originated the idea of the earth's annual motion round tne sun, his hypothesis cannot have received much recognition; indeed, but one philosopher, a century later, Seleucus of Babylon, appears to have taught this theory, in combination with that of the earth's turning round on its axis once each day. And its simple truth appears to have been disregarded for seventeen centuries for very suffi- cient reasons. In the first place, Hip- parchus, contemporary of Seleucus and successor of Aristarchus, who is often called the father of observational astron- omy, reverted to the earth-centred sys- tem; and he was followed by Ptolemy, whose "Almagest," based in large part on the observations of Hipparchus, be- came the acknowledged astronomical Bible of the centuries. So the weight of these great names sealed the fate of the heliocentric system; likewise of its au- thor, who was the last astronomer among the Greeks or any other nation to attempt seriously to ascertain the physically true system before Coper- nicus. Besides this we must remember that the laws of natural philosophy were wholly undeveloped, and that the Ptole- maic tables of the celestial motions con- tinued through the Dark Ages, and even later, to be competent to predict the po- sitions of the heavenly bodies with about the same order of precision as it was possible to observe them in pre- telescopic days. But Aristarchus will possess equal in- terest for astronomers of every age be- cause he made the first truly scientific attempt to solve the problem of the sun's distance; and his ingeniously simple method is strictly without error, al- though it led him to a highly erroneous conclusion. Aristarchus was keen enough to see that just at the moment of the moon's quartering, when she is exactly dichotomized, lines drawn from her centre to the centres of sun and earth must make an exact right angle with each other. In consequence of the moon's slow and stately motion round the earth, and the ragged character of her surface, a very practical difficulty arises in observing the precise time when this phase happens: a difficulty which is still very much of an obstacle. In working up the geometric proof, Aristarchus reaches the definite result that "the distance of the sun from the earth is greater than eighteen times, but less than twenty times, the distance ot the moon from the earth." (Prop, vii, p. 377). Although we now know that the sun is, not 19, but 390, times farther away than the moon is, to Aristarchus must none the less be accorded the highest praise for this attempt, which failed then because the observational data on which it rests were necessarily crude and inexact. His style is thor- oughly classic, and his demonstration is worked out with the utmost rigor which the Euclidean geometry permitted. Sir Thomas Heath's book abounds in references to the ancient writers not only, but also to the modern literature on the philosophy of the Greeks, partic- ularly In French and German, with help- ful translations and quotations. But his book does not end with Aristarchus: he appends a chapter concerning improve- ments made by later Greek astronomers upon Aristarchus's estimates of sizes and distances, especially dealing with Eratosthenes and the first direct mea- surement of the earth's dimensions on scientific principles; and concerning those of Hipparchus, critically investi- gated by Hultsch, and of Posidonius of Rhodes, who, although a meteorologist, came vastly nearer the truth about the sun's distance than did any of his con- temporaries. Sir Thomas Heath's "Aristarchus" is provfded with an ample and excellent index, and as a masterpiece of critical research and scholarly presentation leaves little for any future English stu- dent of the Greek astronomy to do. Drama Henry Holt & Co. hope to issue early in January "The Continental Drama ot To- day, Outlines for its Study," by Barrett H. Clark. The dramatic censorsnip In England is an institution that lends itself readily to ridicule, and in "Censorship in England" (London: Palmer), Prank Powell and Frank Palmer have ridiculed it to the top of their bent. The book is written frankly from an ex-parte standpoint, but from the very violence of their antagonism to the censorship the authors have come near to spoiling their own case. Despite one's doubts of the institution, in reading these pages one is almost tempted to rise in de- fence of that much-abused individual, the censor. Only a confirmed cynic could be- lieve that the gentlemen who have held that office In recent years have been so de- plorably lost to sense of shame as the au- thors would give us to understand. More- over, while cordially agreeing that the pub- lic is a more satisfactory censor of the drama than an autocratic individual of possibly blameless life, but Of undistin- guished intelligence, one suspects from many passages in this book that the reason why the authors wish the stage to be free and untrammelled is primarily in order that plays reflecting the particular aspect of feminism that has been unpleasantly conspicuous during the present theatrical season in New York may be exploited with- out let or hindrance. Another flaw in the book is the entirely gratuitous attacks up- on religion and ministers of religion. We are told that the church has "consistently and indiscriminately denounced" the stage, a statement which, at the least, is altogeth- er too sweeping; and that "if the church had produced an army of social workers and not talkers, such phases of that [the white slave] traffic as are curable would have been cured ten years ago," the fact being, of course, as is generally known, that the church has produced a very con- siderable army of social workers in this particular field. Apart from blemishes of this kind and a general tendency to extravagance of statement, Mr. Fowell and Mr. Palmer have done their work well. Their re- search into the history of the office of Master of Revels, in which the censorship had its origin, has been extensive and con- scientious; the story is well told, and its recital is enlivened by a number of racy anecdotes of censorial peculiarities. In more recent times the movement for the abolition of the office of censor is fully de- scribed; the proceedings of the Royal Com- mission of 1909 are carefully analyzed, and its findings given. The whole subject is more thorny than might at first sight ap- pear, for the principle of the censorship has the support of the majority of theat- rical managers, whose views are entitled to consideration. For them the licensing of a play is a guarantee that the perform- ance will not subsequently be interfered with by the police. Hence the conclusion of the Commission, that application for a li- cense should be optional, seems a reason- able compromise, and it is regrettable that no action has as yet been taken by Par- liament to give effect to the recommenda- tions of the Commission. Even so. how- ever, the compromise would be at the best a pis oiler. That the morals of Great Britain would not be seriously imperilled by abolishing the institution is, we agree with the authors, sufficiently proved by the fact that music halls in England, which do not enjoy the benefit of the censor's paternal supervision and are constrained only by public opinion exercised through the box office and the police, have improved in tone during the past thirty years quite disproportionately to the advance made by the legitimate theatre. Mr. G. K. Chesterton rightly calls his •Magic" (Putnam) a fantastic comedy. This quality constitutes its chief merit as a bit of literary composition and Its essen- tial weakness as drama. Beginning in a Strain of whimsy, it drifts into an appa- rently serious discussion among represen- tatives of religious faith, scientific agnosti- cism, blatant materialism, speculative mys- lieism, and muddle-headed indlfferentism— vith hints of a possibly tragic Issue— and Unally ends with a transparent evasion which leaves the reader or spectator in complete doubt as to the intent of the play or the moaning of its author. The frnmo- work of the plot Is fresh and IngenlOUl and the dialogue full of point and sparkle. The

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Dec. 25, 1913] The JSTation 625 arguments, pro and con, if containing noth- ing new, are exceedingly well put. An easy- going duke, of most elastic principles, has two wards, a niece, who believes in fairies, and a nephew, who has been educated in 1, and believes in nothing but busi- ness facts. In the whole family there is a taint of insanity. To amuse the niece, the duke hires a conjurer, who poses before the young woman as a magician and is led by her as a supernatural being. phew ridicules the conjurer offen- sively, derides his tricks, and angers a Be doctor and a clergyman by crude ions of atheism. Finally, the con- jurer confounds the bumptious youth by changing a distant red light, the doctor's lamp, into a blue one, and the youth Is so bewildered by the seeming miracle as to be in danger of permanent insanity. The doc- tor declares that his only chance of recov- ery lies in an explanation of the mystery. For a long time the conjurer refuses to give this because no one would believe him. Finally he confesses to the niece, with whom he is in love, that in his pursuit of spiritualistic studies he has unwittingly fallen into the power of evil spirits whose nee he had doubted, and that it was by their aid he had performed his trick. Manifestly, he says, it would do no good to tell the sick man such a story as that. He might have added that it was not a tale that would appeal to a modern au- dience in contemporane >us drama. Mr. Chesterton evidently found himself confronted with a dramatic crux, of his own invention, beyond his ingenuity to solve. To dodge it, he makes his repentant con- jurer, after prayer, discover a rational but untrue explanation of the phenomenon— which, however, is not given — whereby such senses as he had are restored to the raving youth and everybody is supposed to be sat- isfied. To crown all, the duke's niece takes the conjurer for her husband. It was scarcely worth while to elaborate so much pretentious debate as a preliminary to such a lame and impotent conclusion. The gen- eral implication seems to be that fraudu- lent imitations of miracles suggest the pos- sibility of real ones, and that there may be more things in heaven and earth than are dreamed of in your philosophy. This on the surface is a tolerably safe proposi- tion, but it does not get much support from a comedy like this, which is suggestive not only of fantasy but of insincerity. There can be no doubt that the conjurer, if he believed in them, ought to have stood by his demons. When he shuffled, the whole fabric of the drama, as drama, collapsed. Mabel and Edith Taliaferro, under the management of Joseph Brooks, will appear in "Young Wisdom," a comedy by Rachel Crothers, at the Criterion Theatre on Mon- day, January 5, "The Man Inside" ending its run on January 3. This is their first season as joint stars. "Young Wisdom" is in three acts, and deals with some advanced ideas held by two young women. Charles Frohman has decided upon Mon- day, January 5, for the commencement of Maude Adams's New York season. On that night, in the Empire Theatre, -she will be seen for the first time in J. M. Barrie's "The Legend of Leonora," his first long play since "What Every Woman Knows." The London Criterion Theatre company, headed by H. V. Esmond and Miss Eva Moore, will begin their season at the Gar- rick Theatre on Wednesday, January 7, pre- senting as their first piece a farcical com- edy, "Eliza Comes to Stay," with the entire company which performed it at the Cri- terion Theatre. London. Mr. Esmond will act other plays while in New York. Prob- ably his second will be "The Dear Fool." Miss Eva Moore (Mrs. Esmond) was for- merly the leading lady of the St. James's Theatre, London, where, with George Alex- ander, she created important parts in many plays that were afterward seen in America. "The Dear Fool" had a recent trial in Edinburgh. One of the most valuable gifts ever be- stowed upon an actor is about to come upon the London market. This is the beau- tiful set of silver ornaments "Presented to Charles John Kean, F.S.A., by many of his fellow-Etonians, together with numerous friends and admirers among the public," on March 22, 1862. The presentation was made by Gladstone, then Chancellor of the Ex- chequer, at the St. James's Hall, Piccadilly. There are nine pieces of silver in all, the principal one being a large vase embellished with scenes from various Shakespearean plays produced by Kean at the Princess Theatre. Two other large pieces represent figures from "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and "The Tempest." The designs were made by H. H. Armstead, R.A. (1828-1905), and the trophy, which was valued at the time of presentation at 2,000 guineas, was executed by Hunt and Roskell. Music Memoirs of an American Prima Donna. By Clara Louise Kellogg. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50 net. "Too clever to sing well" is an ex- pression attributed to Mme. Maeter- linck. Clara Louise Kellogg is con- vinced that there is truth in it as well as sarcasm. "Wonderful voices," she declares, "usually are given to people who are, intrinsically, more or less nonentities." She herself is obviously an exception; for until thirty years ago she was 'one of the most admired sing- ers on the operatic stage, the leading European critic of her time, Dr. Hans- lick, of Vienna, going so far as to call her "the only one to compare with Pat- ti"; yet she has just given to the world a book of her reminiscences which in- dicates, among other things, that she owed her successes q.uite as much to her brains as to her voice. It is an inter- esting book, from cover to cover, pre- senting vivid pictures of life on the operatic stage of America and Europe from the year 1861, when she made her debut in New York, to the time of her retirement from the stage, shortly after her marriage to her manager, Carl Strakosch, in 1887. When she began her career, the belief was still current that America could not produce great voices or artists. The girl whose name is legion to-day — the girl who aspires professionally — was almost unknown at that time, and art- ists, instead of being lionized, were looked at askance. Miss Kellogg's dif- ficulties were increased by the fact that she was regarded as an intruder by the Italians, who, up to that time, had had a monopoly of the operatic stage in America. "Who is she," they would say indignantly, "to come and take the bread out of our mouths?" Overcoming all these obstacles, she was acknowledg- ed a full-fledged prima donna at the age of nineteen, and Europe soon endorsed her successes at home. "She has only one fault," wrote a London journalist: "If she were but English, she would be simply perfect. ' The dreaded Chorley found her, though so young, "a thor- oughly accomplished singer." He ad- mired her perfect enunciation of the words, her graceful figure, her counte- nance full of intelligence, and the dra- matic ability which she had displayed from the beginning — to such an extent, indeed, that Edwin Booth wanted her to give up singing and go on the dra- matic stage, while John Wallack, Les- ter's father, after hearing her in "Fra Diavolo," exclaimed: "I wish to God that girl would lose her voice!" Miss Kellogg, though of New England stock, happened to be born and brought up in South Carolina, and her first im- pressions were of negro music. She has not yet got over her love of the banjo, which fascinated her as a girl, and thinks it a thousand pities that the genuine negro minstrels, in whose per- formances were all the essence of slav- ery, and the efforts of the slaves to amuse themselves, have passed away. The first great prima donna she heard, when still an infant in arms, was Jen- ny Lind; she remembers the day clearly. Ere long she became one of the guild. The most interesting pages of her mem- oirs are those in which she gives pen pictures of the other great singers she was thrown with, among them Patti, Nilsson, Lucca, Titjiens, lima dl Murska, Josephine de Reske, Sembrich, Marie Roze, Minnie Hauck, Cary, Nor- dica, Maurel, Faure, Santley. For Mme. Nordica her admiration was and is particularly great. "Her breathing and tone production are about as nearly perfect as any one's can be, and, if I wanted any young student to learn by imitation, I would say to her, 'Go and hear Nordica and do as nearly like her as you can.' " There is some exag- geration in what she says In her elabor- ate estimate of the voice and art of Pat- ti (p. 130), concerning whom she re- marks that "she has allowed herself few emotions. Every singer knows that emotions are what exhaust and injure the voice. She never acted; and she never, never felt." Of particular interest is a chapter

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323 Tlie Nation [Vol. 97, No. 2530 on the royal concerts at Buckingham Palace for which Miss Kellogg was re- peatedly engaged. She seems slyly to poke fun at the whole thing. It is rather surprising to find her not par- ticularly enthusiastic over the Parisian theatres, which she thought "very limit- ed and disappointing." She found the French "most obstinate, one-ideaed," es- pecially when she was trying to force on them ideas of her own in acting French parts. An operatic manager said to her: "I think that Mademoiselle will make a mistake if she ever tries any- thing new!" Whatever the French may have thought of them, Miss Kelloggs ideas about the interpretation of the two most popular of all French operas, "Carmen" and "Faust," are among the best things in her book. Music is by no means the sole theme of this entertaining volume. Miss Kel- logg met many prominent men of let- ters, including the brilliant Boston gal- axy in the days of Lowell, Holmes, and Longfellow, and she records some of their sayings. There are also remin- iscences of war-time scenes, during which the opera that drew and aroused most enthusiasm was "The Daughter of the Regiment." One gets a vivid idea of life in Russia from her narrative of her own experiences in St. Petersburg. She had an interesting correspondence with a Japanese artist, some of whose letters she prints. But music is never out of sight for more than a page or two. She met some of the great composers, in- cluding Gounod and Verdi, with whom she once breakfasted. Among the ac- tors she met was Henry Irving, who told her what he knew about music, which was not much. Her chapter on opera in English, which she was the first to attempt successfully, is of inter- est at the present moment. The Schirmers have printed separately nine numbers (including the exquisite Mad- rigal) from Victor Herbert's latest comic operetta, "The Madcap Duchess." The same publishers have issued "Six Chansons Galantes" from the repertory of Maggie Teyte. They are selections from the comic operas of Gretry, Mehul, Isouard, Dalayrac, and Dez6de. The Imperial Opera in Vienna is spend- ing $32,000 in staging "Parsifal." A Venetian composer named Francesco Malepiero has received a prize for the best opera offered by Rome. Fifty-five manu- scripts were submitted. A "magnificent folly" is what a French critic calls the operatic venture at the Theatre des Champs-EIysSes. The manager made the mistake of supposing that because there was a temporary craze for Russian dancing and opera, there was a demand for a permanent company. The result show- ed average receipts of $400, while the ex- penses were $1,600 a night. The writer concludes that no opera is possible without a subvention. The Paris Grand OpCra and Opfira Comique cot respectively $100,000 and $00,000, yet are kept going With the greatest difficulty. At the end of a recent season the Opera authorities had to ac- knowledge a loss of $40,000. Kingsley's "Westward Ho!" has been used as the basis of an English opera by the novelist, E. F. Benson, and the composer, Napier Miles. It was produced a few weeks ago by the opera class of the London Academy of Music. Speaking of his opera to Robin H. Legge, of the London Telegraph, Mr. Miles said: During the years in which I was com- posing the music of the opera, I spent many weeks in the old lighthouse cottage on the top of Lundy at the edge of the cliff, with no land to the west of me nearer than America, but with the Somerset, Devon, and Cornish coasts lying to the south, so that I hope that I have not only soaked myself in the atmosphere of the place, but been able to get some feeling of the sea, the sky, and the sunshine into the music ; that, at least, was my aim. Mr. Miles believes strongly in the folk- song movement, and he knows of at least two folksong operas in preparation. Art THE WINTER ACADEMY. The winter exhibition of the Nation- al Academy of Fine Arts is wonderfully well hung this year, and those of us who remember the crowded walls it displayed this time last year are more than satis- fied with the improvement brought about by showing fewer works in a more dig- nified and impressive manner. It seems a pity, however, that a National Acad- emy should be restricted for lack of room, and with each recurring exhibi- tion the hope still springs that the ap- parently spasmodic and certainly oft-re- peated agitation for better quarters will ultimately attain the desired result. That the efforts in this direction have so long been futile is surprising when it has been so easy in the opulent years of the last two decades to get liberal assistance from a generous public for almost any well-presented cause. The artists them- selves are in all probability a great deal to blame for the slowness in bringing about the desired improvement, since many of them encourage the public to assume the attitude that the Academy is an antiquated affair that has outlived its usefulness and been supplanted by the one-man exhibition at the dealers and in the studios. The age of the institution must be granted, but only as an unquestionable advantage and reason for its continu- ance, since in times past many artistic reputations have been established by it, and a good part of the history of Amer- ican art is interwoven in the records of its annual exhibitions. And now, in spite of gibes and the tendency to regard the Academy as moribund, its passing could undoubtedly be stayed and its use- fulness revived and extended if it wore to have proper space for adequate ex- hibition. Its need seems to be — judging by similiar exhibitions in other coun- tries— a large central room, or rooms, for sculpture, with many smaller ones adjoining; in these last could be shown, as one-man exhibitions, the work of established Academicians, who by their presence could confer honor upon the Academy and, at the same time, receive fresh recognition from the community. Moreover, this kind of exhibition does away with the jarring juxtaposition of the canvases of artists wnose vision and interpretation are different or opposed; and also removes the temptation to speak in terms of paint more forcible than the occasion warrants, in order to be heard from the crowded Academy walls. In the meantime, the present showing in the rooms sums up sixty-three Acad- emicians, fifty-seven Associates, and two hundred and thirty-one non-members, which certainly indicates that for one reason or another members are not vital- ly interested this year. Scanning these pictures with the rec- ollection of the recent joyous recovery of a very famous picture fresh in mind, the query occurs to me: if one of these paintings should disappear would there be any deep emotion for the lost can- vas? Could not a neighboring one take its place as well, or perchance the artist paint a duplicate without hesitation or ado? Which is, after all, no more than a way of acknowledging that Leonardos are rare at any period of the world's his- tory, and that the work of these artists is not profoundly moving or specially necessary to any one's happiness. Never- theless, though it may not widen the vi- sion or give that exquisite pleasure that comes from the realization of indepen- dent thinking adequately expressed, the exhibition as a whole emphasizes how astonishingly well these finely trained, clever, and discriminating artists put themselves upon canvas. Richard Miller's nude is a case some- what in point. The white draperies on the chair, the deep opalescent colors of the robe of the standing figure, the re- flections in the mirror, the jewel case, and the one bright red flower held against the black hair of the nude fig- ure, combine to make an interesting col- or setting for the firmly modelled flesh with its pearly shadows and delicate pink tones; but beyond these qualities it does not go, and leaves the feeling that an artist who has the skill to com- pass so much should have the power to see and express far more. Of course, all the subjects that usual- ly appear in the exhibition are repre- sented this year, and among them the marines are noticeably Interesting. Ritschel's Rocks and Breakers (to which the Carnegie prize is .awarded) Is full of the power and sweep of the Incoming tide in the deep waters of the PaHllo Coast; Howard Russell Butler's glorious

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Dec. 25, 1913J The Nation 627 Day, Maine Coast, brings suggestion of the freshness and freedom of north-shore air and water; Hayler Lever is a new name that is brought to notice by the strong pure color and poor construction of his picture, entitled Smeaton Quay, St. Ives; Emile Carlsen's decorative Sky and Ocean gives the gentle roll of bil- lows under the summer heavens. Childe Hassam's two pictures are of sea and shore in resplendent sunlight, with the interest of figures besides, but his Diana has taken a most uncomfortable pose as to her uplifted arms and a most firmly planted one as to her feet. It is hard to believe that she could ever extract her- self from that pool. Elsewhere there are not so many snow scenes as sometimes, and the ex- cellence of those that do appear has no element of the unexpected in it, since this is the sort of thing Scofield and Redfield have done extraordinarily well before to-day. Redfield arrests and holds the attention more in his other picture — Between Daylight and Darkness — which shows a wide sweep of New York buildings, with myriads of electric lights shining forth across the mystery of a great city, in the fast settling gloom of approaching night. Among the other landscapes there are many more than can be mentioned that deserve recognition for sincerity of pur- pose and honest study of nature; as, for example, William Coffin's two admirable pictures in which saturated atmosphere and cloud shadow on the drenched fields are simply and effectively shown. Bruce Crane manages to put poetry and sim- plicity into his landscapes, and there is a quiet sincerity about Van Laer's No- vember Afternoon that brings the gaze back to it with increasing appreciation. On the other hand, Daniel Garber's more pretentious work does not grow in fa- vor with greater familiarity; perchance there are mannerisms and repetitions that call for back-to-nature study as a necessity, even for romantic and semi- decorative landscape. In a class by itself is the Waterfall, by John Sargent, loaned for this exhibi- tion. The view of the frowning granite cliffs that he has painted with so much power and significance kindles the de- sire to see how he might interpret that elusive chasm of many moods and diffi- culties— the Grand Canon of the Col- orado. In figures, there are the Indians by Couse, by Blumenschein, and by Sharp. The first seems over-sophisticated and sentimental; the second is a good dec- orative composition, with an attractive detail in the shape of a shy Indian child; and the third is not very inter- esting, and probably never would have been at all if Couse had not done it, or its like, first. Another figure that at- tracts in the way of disappointment is Hawthorne's Widow. The gloom of her bereavement has settled upon her garb and background and rendered them quite lifeless, while her eyes are dull with a far-away stare, not unfamiliar in Haw- thorne's pictures. The portraits of children by Lydia Field Emmet are finely executed. Espe- cially The Good Little Girl pleases, with her innocent self-satisfaction, and the detachment of her figure from the back- ground is an unobtrusive but extremely able piece of painting. Another portrait to be mentioned is that of Mrs. Irving Wiles, by her husband, which wins the Proctor prize, with easy, decided brush- work, good textures, rich blacks, and clear flesh tones and shadows. In sculpture Paul Manship is the re- cipient of the Helen Poster Barnett prize, for his archaistic group, The Cen- taur and Dryad; and, incidentally, all of the nine small pieces he is now exhibit- ing are the subject of much comment for their originality and charm. This attention is but the renewal of the inter- est his work commanded last winter in the exhibition of the Architectural League, just after his return from his three years in Rome. His style is an odd mixture of freedom and convention- ality. There is a largeness in his man- ner of handling a solidity, and thor- oughness in his modelling, an elimina- tion of non-essentials, and a consequent massiveness of appearance, that is very impressive. In spite of the smallness of his figures, they are more statuesque in effect than much larger forms of more complicated treatment. His freedom and his modernity are expressed in the im- portant parts of his work — there he gives no hint of reversion to archaic forms; but in the details, of hair and ornaments, or in the setting of an eye that can only he seen in front view though the figure is in profile, he gives the archaistic touch, which may be a pose; but, if so, is an allowable one, and piquant, but is by no means vital for the real excellence of the work. The restraint and beauty of his vase — Greco- Egyptian in design and in decoration — is most admirable; the little figure of Spring Awakening is instinct with life and joy down to the very toes, and if the head, with its archaistic rings of hair and slanting eyes, offends, it could be knocked off, and still the figure would express gladness; and the Portrait Stat- uette might be a full-sized woman, It is so simple, dignified, and stately. The world seems all before this young sculp- tor, still somewhere under thirty-five, ac- cording to the terms of the Barnett prize, and we may see him doing yet greater things, for which he has the foundation well laid. At any rate, it may be noticed his work is not in any way influenced by Rodin — so long the young sculptor's aim and idol; rather, I should say, he is of that newer school of sculpture, more simplified and architec- tural in its tendencies and represented by Maillol, the Frenchman, and the semi- English Epstein. L. S. Ghotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der wichtigeren Funde der ersten kbnig- lich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan. By A. von Le Coq. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen). 130 marks. On the ground-floor of the Royal Eth- nographical Museum at Berlin, just be- hind the Schliemann collection of Tro- jan antiquities, are now to be seen the original paintings, statuary, and some of the manuscripts which Professor von Le Coq brought with him from Chinese Turkestan. The present volume, hand- somely illustrated with 75 plates, of which 45 are colored, deals especially with the most important mural paint- ings, the paintings on canvas and on silk, the lesser arts, and the excavated sites, whereas the manuscripts, of which there are more than thirty thousand, are publishing elsewhere. In the introduction of eighteen pages our author sketches in a fascinating manner the history of the journey from Berlin to the Turfan Valley, and then gives, with illustrations and ground- plans, a description of the discovered sites. Of these, the most important is Chotscho, or Kucha, as the English write it, sometimes also called Idikut- shari. After this introduction there fol- lows a full-page description of each plate, in which the author only too sel- dom attempts an interpretation of the pictures. Indeed, he interprets only one of the large mural paintings (text to pi. 23), though many of the others certain- ly illustrate legends either of the prede- cessors of Gautama Buddha or of the god himself. The first to excavate systematically in East Turkestan were the Russians, under Dr. Klementz, in 1898. Later Dr. Stein made excavations for the English at Khotan in the Tarim Basin, south- west of the Turfan oasis. During the winter of 1902 Professor Griinwedel and Dr. Huth made an expedition to the Turfan Valley and discovered a large sacred precinct of Buddhistic monas- teries and temples at Idikutshari (Chotscho), dating from the ninth cen- tury of our era. Professor Griinwedel made plans of the buildings and draw- ings of the mural paintings, but he did not attempt to remove the pictures. The expedition of Professor von Le Coq, the chief results of which are published in the monumental work before us for review, covers a period of almost two years, 1904-1906, not counting the jour- ney. Much of his time was spent in cutting the paintings from the walla and carefully packing them in boxes for exportation to Berlin, thus preserving forever what would otherwise have been soon destroyed. At present he Is again

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628 The ]STation [Vol. 97, No. 2530 excavating in northern Chinese Turkes- tan. The earliest inhabitants of this coun- try were probably of Iranian stock, though other Indo-Germanic tribes may have lived there. As it appears from the finds, their architecture, art, and re- ligion did not come from China, but from Persia and India. Peaceably, side by side, there lived in the Turfan Val- ley Uighur Tartars, Buddhists from In- dia and China, Nestorian Christians from Syria, and followers of the Persian Mani. About 700 a. d. Turkish-speak- ing Buddhists, the Uighuri, the first among the Turks to acquire a high grade of culture, are found in possession of the country. The influence of the Syrian Christians had already been felt in the seventh century, whereas in the middle of the eighth century the Mani- chaeans were so influential that many of the Uighuri were converted to their religion. This brought renewed Persian influence into the land, and accounts for the strong influence of Persian minia- ture-painting seen in many of the pic- tures discovered by Professor von Le Coq. The Uighuri reached their zenith during the next hundred years. Their power was brought to a sudden close, according to our author, in 843. Later there was a partial restoration of Chotscho lasting until the end of the fourteenth century, when Islamism gave the final death-blow to this unique civ- ilization. After that time it was no longer the meeting-place of nations and of tongues. The mural paintings are in tempera on plaster or mud smeared over the adobe walls of the buildings. The fig- ures, often life-size, were first sketched in outline. Occasionally a stencil was used, as in the Lamaistic art of to-day. Then the drapery and other details were painted with a bold stroke and the out- lines retouched. Especially charming are the floral designs and tendrils that fill the field. The great skill shown in distributing the pictures over the wall- space at the disposal of the artist was evidently an antique inheritance. The grouping often reminds one of the Gan- dhara art of India. The subjects are altogether religious in nature. Stone sculptures are rare and are found only in the shape of small pillars with reliefs of Buddha. The most com- mon material was sun-dried mud, cover- ed with a white slip and then painted or gilded. This material was used even for colossal statues of Buddha, standing, sitting, or reclining. The heads of the statues are usually made from moulds, many of which have actually been found. It is significant for the Interpretation of the wall-paintings that the sculptures in a room are intended to form a part of the picture; thus the statue of Buddha often has its attendant figures painted on the wall. The decorative sculptures and the paintings belong to the same period as the erection of the buildings, the oldest about 600 a. i)., the youngest not later than 1400. These dates also hold for the movable objects, such as paintings on canvas and silk, the miniatures on paper from books, the wood-carvings and the objects in bronze, terracotta, and leather. The colored plates in Professor von Le Coq's book are masterpieces of mod- ern technique, and faithfully reproduce the originals. He is to be congratulated on this scholarly piece of work, which will serve as the basis for all future in- vestigation along these lines. Perhaps the most valuable result of the German expedition is the discovery of the miss- ing stepping-stone by which Grseco-In- dian art advanced across Asia to China and Japan. Walter Hawley's "Oriental Rugs, Antique and Modern" (Lane) covers familiar ground, but with more thoroughness than any previous English work on the subject. When a book must treat the entire field from the earliest examples to the commer- cially made carpet of to-day, the distribu- tion of space becomes difficult. It seems to us that Mr. Hawley has been judicious in this regard. The delightful Saracenic rugs, which are perhaps erroneously ascribed to Damascus, should have had something more than bare mention; more attention, too, might well have been given to saddle- bags and pillow mats. Doubtless such sub- jects were sacrificed to the need of- classi- fying a great number of weaves. Mr. Haw- ley's peculiar contribution is a close analy- sis of the weave. Early connoisseurs have stood chiefly on the knotting and the pat- tern. Mr. Hawley shows very interestingly that discriminations otherwise difficult may readily be made by studying the relation of warp to weft as revealed by the back of the rug. It all depends upon the pulling of the double knot and the tension of the weft-yarns. If the weft be left loose, it en- cases the warp regularly like a tube; if the weft be drawn tight, the warp is drawn in at each crossing and virtually disap- pears. Each knot, whether Ghiordes or Senna, is cast on two strands of warp, in what sailors would call hitches. According to the knotting, the two warp threads may lie parallel with the plane of the rug or one may be pulled up above the other. This produces characteristic effects on the back of the rug, and these habits of the loom are singularly persistent in given localitii This well-made book is in the large quarto form familiar through Mumford's classic work. There are eleven full-page color plates, beginning with the Ardebil carpet, and eighty hall-tone cuts. Especially use- ful are the diagrammatic tabli 0! typical border stripes of the various weavi a working treatise for colled' buyers generally, u to now in tho field. Architects, deslg ni 1 i, a ad Interior deco Icomi "1 ouis > \ 1 Furnl ure [Putnam) bj moui De Blci 1. tt i said em ' ■ Ii looted to 1 be ■ I 1 ailed "anl Ique" ti jrle, which In the later years of Louis XV abruptly supplant- ed the rococo manner, and which took its name from the succeeding monarch. The story of the evolution of the style is told in some 360 pictures, arranged in series so as first to show a number of complete in- teriors from Paris (including Versailles and Eontainebleau), the French provinces, Switzerland, and Germany; then isolated decorative panels, mantel pieces, and doors; and finally various individual pieces of furniture. A short introduction to the pic- tures indicates that the author is thorough- ly sympathetic with the Louis XVI work and not very fond of the preceding rocaille. "A body of artistic conceptions," he writes, "based upon an absence of all symmetry had, in its very essence, something outrageous; such an excess of eccentricities, despite all the talent of its protagonists, Slodtz, Caffieri, and Meissonier, could not endure; it only lasted as long as it did thanks to the artisans whose prudence, when execut- ing their work, considerably tempered the uncontrollable ardor of the designers." The nature of the reaction from rococo to neo- elassicism is illustrated by several instruc- tive citations from eighteenth-century doc- uments not generally familiar. The book was printed at Stuttgart; it is not free from typographical errors. Excavations are proceeding at Ostia un- der the direction of Prof. Dante Vaglieri with interesting results. On the site of the Forum and on the east side of the Temple of Vulcan the remains of shops constructed of tufa have been found, and at a lower level other shops of the oldest town of Ostia on this site have been de- tected. The wooden pavement of these buildings may be inferred from the char- red remains of beams which arc still pre- served. Professor Vaglieri argues from this discovery that the shops which once stood in the Forum at Rome were also of wood and of similar construction. At pres- ent he is excavating a large building, also in the Forum, which it is hoped will prove to be the Basilica. Finance THE COUNTRY AND THE BANKING BILL. Beginning a week ago to-day, after a fortnight of uncertainty and declining prices, the New York stock market sud- denly began to rise. With the advance, activity in trading increased; at the be- ginning of this week, after the largest business in two months, prices of many important shares were up 5 points or more, and what Wall Street calls the "undertone" of the market seemed to be altogether changed. This reversal of form did not occur in response to any- thing in the financial news. The vVall Street money rate had, to be sure, de- clined; but as against this stood the week's signs of disturbance on the Eu- ropean stock exchanges. The single overnight news develop- ment, between Wednesday's dosing and the opening on Thursday, was the agree-

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Dec. 25, 1913] The 1ST a t i o 11 629 ment of the Senate Democratic caucus, at Washington, on several changes in the Banking and Currency bill in line with conservative opinion. With the making of these changes it became evi- dent that the bill was on its way to im- mediate enactment. During last week's rise on the Stock Exchange Wall Street ascribed the buying to this news. Having gone to the cooference com- mittee of House and Senate — where fur- ther amendments of a conservative na- ture were incorporated — the bill is now a law. It will presently be in active operation, and the certainty of the early introduction of the new banking and currency machinery makes it im- portant now to ask, What will be its longer effect on the finances of the coun- try? The Wall Street market may have risen because it believed that the "re- discounting plan" would relieve our money tension; or because an irritating uncertainty of legislation would be out of the way; or because it expected cur- rency inflation; or, quite as possibly, because of some other reason unconnect- ed with the bill. But what of the real outlook? Of the effect of the new law in at least one direction, there is no doubt whatever. That it will altogether abol- ish financial panic is not in the least to be expected. Human nature, ex- cesses of speculation, and abuse of credit would have to be abolished first. But the precise phenomena of 1907 — the grasp- ing by each of our 25,000 banks at the other's reserves; their suspension of cash payments because of the hoarding of currency; and, finally, the open mar- ket premium on all kinds of currency and the issue of emergency paper mon- ey— would not be possible. In a similar panic outbreak, under the new system, every individual bank in each of the four or eight banking dis- tricts would at once apply to its re- gional central bank for the necessary currency. To get this currency, in what- ever sum it needed, it would tender its own commercial paper holdings to the regional bank, which would rediscount such offerings, open a book credit against them, and allow the individual bank, on the basis of that credit, to obtain and pay out notes issued at once through the regional central bank. The next point of interest would be, just how the system probably would work in the autumn "harvest demand." We should no longer have the moun- tain of re-deposited country bank re- serves in Chicago and New York, against which interior banks draw cash by the tens of millions, with the familiar re- sultant loan contraction. The country bank would tender its merchants' pa- per for rediscount at its regional insti- tution, and thereby establish an enlarg- ed reserve. It could then expand its loans. When it came to getting the requisite supplies of currency for pay- ing the farm-hands and providing the till-money of country stores in the ac- tive season, it would draw, as against that credit, either the present small notes of Government currency or the new reserve notes. When the farm-hands have been paid off, and both the "autumn re-stocking" and the "holiday trade" completed, five to ten millions in currency per week will come back, under the present system, to the New York banks from the in- terior. Under the new system, a coun- try bank, with its customers paying off their loans and its deposits swelled by return of currency from the channels of retail trade, would naturally reduce its own liabilities to its regional cen- tral bank. This it could do by sending to that central bank not only the su- perfluous reserve money in its vaults, but the notes similarly returned from circulation. All this would leave two serious ques- tions open. Under the new provisions, the reserves of the individual banks are much reduced, and a good part of the prescribed reserves may consist of the proceeds of its own commercial paper, rediscounted at a central bank. Would this mean so great facility for increas ing loans, and so little of the old-time "rope to the balloon" (which the larg- er cash reserve requirement provided), as to encourage undue expansion, not of the currency, but of credit? This is perhaps the most difficult of all points on which to make confident prediction. It is, however, just this problem which every European central bank has had to meet, and they have met it through the raising of the official bank rate for re- discount, whenever private banks were spreading out too far. But this very fact draws attention to the second uncertainty. Would the management of our regional banks be quick to adopt such policy, if they saw that the member institutions were en- couraging undue speculation? Our great city bankers have not been in all re- spects noted in the past for the pursu- ance of a money-market policy which was based on putting up discount rates with the open purpose of checking and obstructing a speculative movement, based on expanded credit. Still, with the new banking system will come new responsibilities, and a bank directorate which deals with banks alone is some- thing different from one which deals with powerful individuals. BOOKS OP THE WEEK. Adams, E. D. The Power of Ideals In American History. New Haven : Yale University Press. $1.15 net. Benson, H. K. Industrial Chemistry for Engineering Students. Macmillan. $1.90 net. Bhartrihari, The Satakas or Wise Sayings of. Translated from the Sanskrit by J. M. Kennedy. Boston: Luce & Co. $1.25 net. 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